Book^2i-T2i_.. GDTOiightN? GOEflUCIO' DEPUSOr. In)* lySMamSmsJiBarclajSlM / ^ ^:b HISTORY SALT LAKE CITY BY AUTF^ORITY OF THE CITY COUNCIL AND UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF A COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY THE COUNCIL AND AUTHOR. REVISING COMMITTEE : JOHN R. WINDER, Chainnan, R. T. BURTON, GEORGE A. MEEARS, S. J. JONASSON, GEORGE REYNOLDS, Secretary. EDWARD W. TULLIDGE, IH'BLISHER AND PROPRIETOR SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH: STAR PRINTING COMPANY. 1886. Entered accordins^ to Act of Congress in the year 1886, by EDWARD W. TULLIDGE, in the Office of the Librarian at Congress, Washin;^ton D. C. All Rights Rkskrvku. ^/ ^o^---' INDEX. CHAPTER I. Prefatory Review of the People who Founded Salt Lake City. Grand Colonization Design of the Mormon Prophet • 3 CHAPTER n, Governor Ford urges the Migration of the Mormons to California. Compact of the Removal. Address to the President of the United States. The Exodus. Mormon Life on the Journey. A Sensation from the United States Government, 8 CHAPTER IIL The Call for the Mormon Battalion. Interviews with President Polk. The Apostles Enlisting Soldiers from their People for the Service of the Nation. The Battalion on the March, . . 24 CHAPTER IV. The Mormons Settle on Indian Lands. A Grand Council held between the Elders and Indian Chiefs. A Covenant is made between them, and land granted by the Indians to their Mormon Brothers. Characteristic Speeches of famous Indian Chiefs. Winter Quarters Organized. The Journey of the Pioneers to the Rocky Mountains 32 CHAPTER V, The First Sabbath in the Valley. The Pioneers apply the Prophecies to themselves and their location. Zion has gone up into the Mountains. They locate the Temple and lay off the "City of the Great Salt Lake." The Leaders return to Winter Quarters to gather the Body of the Church 44 CHAPTER VI. Progress of the Colony. Destruction of the Crops by Crickets. Description of Great Salt Lake City . . 51 CHAPTER VII. The Primitive Government of the Colony. Provisional State of Deseret organized. Passage of the Gold Seekers through the Valley, 56 CHAPTER VIII. Arrival of Captain Stansbury. His Interview with Governor Young. Government Survey of the Lakes. Commencement of Indian Difficulties, 63 CHAPTER IX. Incorporation of Great Salt Lake City, Its Original Charter. The First City Council and Municipal Ofificers. Organization of the Territory. Arrival of the news of Governor Yr-mg's Appointment. Dissolution of the State of Deseret. Governor's Proclamation. Legalizing the Laws passed by the Provisional Government. Correspondence between Colonel Kane and President Fillmore. Stansbury's Voucher for Brigham Young, ... 72 CHAPTER X, Arrival of the Federal Judges. First appearance of the United States Officials before the cit- izens at a Special Conference. Judge Brocchus assaults the Community. Public Indig- nation. Correspondence between Judge Brocchus and Governor Young. The "Runa- way" Judges and Secretary. Daniel Webster, Secretary of State, sustains Governor, * Young and removes the offending officials. First United States Court. The new Federal Officers. Arrival of Colonel Steptoe. Re-appointment of Brigham Young. Judge Shaver Found dead. Judges Drummond and Stiles 85 CHAPTER XI, Sociological Exposition. Sources of our Population. Emigration. Polygamy . 97 »• INDEX. CHAPTER XII. Pictures of Mormon Society in the Founding of Utah. Life among the Saints. Their Social and Religious Peculiarities and Customs. Ecstasy of the Gold-hunters when they came upon " Zion." Views by Stansburv, Gunnison, and noted English Travelers, of the Mor- mons and their Institutions. Petitions for a Railroad. General Events 102 CHAPTER XIV. Carson Colony. The Great Famine in Utah. The Hand-cart Companies. Constitutional Convention. Death of J. M. Grant, Mayor of Great Salt Lake City. Biographical Sketch jij CHAPTER XV. Exposition of the causes and Circumstances of the Utah War. General Scott's Circular and Instructions to the Army. Magraw's Letter to the President. Drummond's Charges. The Republican Party Associates Utah with the South. The "Irrepressible Conflict." Fremont and Etouglas 121 CHAPTER XVI. Review of Judge Drummond's Course in Utah. He assaults the Probate Courts and de- nounces the Legislature at the Capitol. Judge Snow's Review of the Courts of the Ter- ritory. His Letter to the Comptroller of the Treasury. Judge Drummond leaves Utah and commences his Crusade. The Conspiracy to work up the " Utah War." The Con- tractors. Charges of Indian .^gent Twiss. The Postal Service. Contract awarded to Mr. Hyrum Kimball. Governor Young organizes an Express and Carrying Company. New Postal Service. War against Utah. Tlie Post Office Department repudiates its Contract. " Troops are on the way to invade Zion ! " 144 CHAPTER XVII. Tlie Pioneer Jubilee. Celebration of their Tenth Anniversary. Arrival of Messengers with the News of the Coming of an Invading .Xrmy. The day of Jubilee changed to a day of In- dependence Captain Van Vliet and the Mormon People^ 157 CHAPTER XVIII. Governor Young places the Territory under Martial Law. The Militia ordered out. The Seat of War. Correspondence between Governor Young and Colonel Ale.xander. Burning the Government Trains. Lot Smith's Story. Congress declares Utah in a state of Rebellion, .... i66> CHAPTER XIX. Correspondence between Governor Young and Colonel Alex-ander. Unflinching Attitude of both sides. Exchange of Courtesies. Tlie Governor invites a peaceful visit of the Officers to the City. A remarkable Letter from Apostle John Taylor to Captain Marcy 176 CHAPTER XX. Review of the Expedition. Kansas Troubles. General Harney relieved of the Command. General Persifcr F. Smith appointed in his stead. He dies and Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston is appointed. Disastrous March of the Second Dragoons to Utah. Scene of the Army in Winter Quarters 1893 CHAPTER XXI. The Nauvoo Legion ordered in for the Winter. Picket Guard Posted, March of the Legion to Gre-at Salt Lake City: received with Songs ot Triumph, A Jubilant Winter in Zion. Summary of Government Movements for the Spring Campaign 197 CHAPTER XXII. Buchanan Coerced by Public Sentiment into sending a Commission of Investigation. He sends Colonel Kane with a Special Mission to the Mormons. Arrival of the Colonel in Salt Lake City. His First Interview with the Mormon Leaders. Incidents of his Sojourn. He goes to meet Governor Cumming, and is placed under Arrest by General Johnston. His Challenge to that Officer. He brings in the New Governor in Triumph. Return of Colonel Kane 201 CHAPTER XXIII. Report of Governor Cumm'ing to the Government. The Government Records found not Burned, as reported by Drummond. The Mormon Leaders justified by the facts, and the People Loyal. Graphic and Thrilling Description of the Mormons in their Second Ex- odus. The Governor brings his Family to Salt Lake City. His wife is moved to tears at witnessing the Heroic Attitude of the People, 207 INDEX. 111. CHAPTER XXIV. The Arrival of Peace Commissioners. Extraordinary Council between them and the Mormon Leaders. A Singular Scene in the Council. Arrival of a Courier with Dispatches. " Stop that Army ! or we break up the Conference." "Brother Dunbar, sing Zion! " The Peace Commissioners Marvel, but at last find a Happy Issue. Retrospective view of the Mormon Army 214 CHAPTER XXV. Reflections upon the " Utah War." The Reaction. Current Opinion, as expressed by the Leading Journals of Europe and America. Governor Cumming pleads with the Saints. They return to their homes. The Judges. Cradlebaugh's Court. He calls for troops. Provo City invaded by the army. Conspiracy to arrest Brigham Young. Governor Cum- ming orders out the Utah Militia to repel invasion. Timely arrival of a dispatch from Government stays the conflict. Attorney-General Black's rebuke to the Judges. General Johnston's friends demand the removal of Governor Cumming. The situation recovered by the patriotism of Thomas L. Kane. Division in the Cabinet. Parallel of the Blane reminiscence of Jere S, Black. Judge Cradlebaugh Discharges the Grand Jury and turns Society over to Lawless Rule. The Indians Encouraged to Depredations on the Settle- ments. A Dark Picture of Salt Lake Society. Why Governor Cumming did not Investi- gate the Mountain Meadow Massacre, 238 CHAPTER XXVII. After the Utah War. Celebration of the Fourth of July. Benefits of Camp Floyd to the Community Trade with the Camp. The Pony Express. The Bulk of the Troops march for New Mexico and Arizona. Johnston leaves for Washington. The Departure of Governor Cumming. The Remnant of the Army ordered to the States. Sales of Camp Floyd. Goods worth Four Million Dollars sold for One Hundred Thousand De- struction of Arms and Ammunition. Lincoln's New Appointments for Utah. Comple- tion of the Telegraph Line. First Message from ex-Governor Young — " Utah has not Seceded." The Governor to President Lincoln and his Response. Utah's Manifesto on the Civil War 245 CHAPTER XXVIII. Mormon Service on the Overland Mail Line. President Lincoln calls on Brigham Young for Help. The ex-Governor's Response. Ben Holladay thanks Brigham. Lot Smith's Command. Report of the Service. General Craig Compliments the Mormon Troops, . 252 CHAPTER XXIX. Utah again asks Admission into the Union as a State. The History and Passage of the anti- Poiygamic Bill in the House and Senate. Tlie Bill signed by Abraham Lincoln. Presen- tation to Congress of the Constitution of the "State of Deseret," 259 CHAPTER XXX. Fourth of July Proclamation by the City Council. The City's Loyalty. The Two Governors. Great Speech of Governor Harding. The City honors the California Senator. Thanks- giving Proclamation. A change in Governor's Harding's Conduct 267 CHAPTER XXXI. The California Volunteers Ordered to Utah Sketch of General Connor. His First Military Order. Interestine Letter from the Command. Petition of the Volunteers to go to the Potomac. March from Fort Crittenden to Salt Lake. Preparations for Battle at the Jor- dan. Zion at Peace. Surprise of the Troops. The Halt at the Governor's Mansion. His Address to the Troops. Camp Douglas 273 CHAPTER XXXII. Battle of Bear River. Connor's Report to the Depyartment. History of the Battle. Congratu- lations of the Colonel to his Troops. Burial of the Dead. Our Citizens at the Funeral. The Battle as Recorded in the Military Historj' of Cache Valley, 283 # CHAPTER XXXIII. Great Mass Meeting of the Citizens to Protest against the conduct of Governor Harding and Judges Waite and Drake. The Reading of his Message to the Legislature. Deep In- dignation of the People. Stirring Denunciations by the Leaders of the People. Resolu- tions. Petition to Abram Lincoln for the Removal of the Governor and Judges. A Committee Appointed to Wait upon them and ask their Resignation in the Name of the People. The Committee's Report 291 IV. INDEX. CHAPTER XXXIV. A Counter Petition from Camp Douglas to Prest. Lincoln. Impending Conflict between Camp Douglas and the City. A Supposed Conspiracy to Arrest Brigham Young and run Him off to the States. Judges Waite and Drake hold Unlawful Courts in Judge Kinney's District. The Chief Jus'tice Interposes with a Writ to Arrest Brigham Young for Polyg- amy. It is Served by the U. S. Marshal instead of a Military Posse. The City in Arms. Expecting a descent from Camp Douglas. The Warning Voice of California heard. Booming of the guns of Camp Douglas at Midnight. The City again In Arms. False Alarm. Connor created Brigadier-General 3^2 CHAPTER XXXV. Trial of the Morrisites. Sentence of the Prisoners. They are immediately Pardoned by Gov- ernor Harding. Copies of the Extraordinary Pardons. The Grand Jury declares the Law outraged and presents Governor Harding in the Third U. S. District Court for Judicial Censure. Their History of the Morrisite Disturbance. The Court sustains the Censure, 318 CHAPTER XXXVI, Removal of Governor Harding, Secretary Fuller, and Chief Justice Kinney. Lincoln's Policy to " Let the Mormons Alone." Starting of the Union Vedette. Opening of the Utah Mines. Military Documents. Creation of a Provost Marshal of Great Salt Lake City, 325 CHAPTER XXXVII, Happy change in the Relations between the City and the Camp. Grand Inaugural Celebration of Lincoln by the Military and Citizens. Connor greatly moved by the Loyalty of the Masses of the Mormon People. The Banquet at night. The Citizens give a Ball in honor' of General Connor. The City in Mourning over the Assassination of President Lincoln, Funeral Obsequies at the Tabernacle 331 CHAPTER XXXVIII. Visit of the Colfix Party to Salt Lake City. A Telegram from the Municipal Council me ts them on the way with Tribute of the City's Hospitilities. They Accept the Welcome. Entrance into the City under Escort. Enthusiasm of the Party over the Beauties of the Rocky Mountain Zion. Grand Serenade and Speeches. Forecast of the Great Future of Salt Lake City, 337 CHAPTER XXXIX. The City Fathers take the Party to the Great Salt Lake. Meeting of the Speaker of the House and the Founder of Utah, The Nation Dines with the Church. The President Preaches in the Taber- acle at the Request of the Speaker, who in turn treats the Saints with his Eulogy on Lincoln. Advice to the Fathers of the Church to Abolish Polygamy by a New Revelation, in Exchange for a State. The Colfax Closet Views. Adieu to the Mormon Zion. Death of Governor Doty. A Talk on Polygamy with the Chairman on Territories, 350 CHAPTER XL. Beginning of the Anti-Mormon Crusade. The Change in the Colfax Views. Initial of the Action against the Utah Militia. Urging the Administration. Corrected Views con- cerning the Militia 358 CHAPTER XLI. History of the Utah Militia for the years 1865, 1866, and 1867. The Governor calls upon Camp Douglas for Aid Against the Indians, but is refused. The Government orders the Utah Militia for that Service. Secretary Rawlins Submits the Report to Congress, The Government's Debt to our Citizens of over a Million Dollars for Military Services Un- paid 363 .--CHAPTER XLII. Wade's Bill. Contemplated Reconstruction of the Militia. Absolute Power in Civil and Mil- itary Affairs to be given to the Governor. The Mormon Church to be disqualified from Officiating in Marriage Ceremonies. Acknowledgement of Plural Marriage sufficient Proof of "Unlawful Cohabitation." Aims on the Church Property and Treasury. The Trustee-in-Trust to be Under the Governor's Thumb 373 CHAPTER XLIII. Opening of the First Commercial Period. Reminiscences of the Earliest Merchants. Camp Floyd, The Second Commercial Period. Utah Obtains an Historical Importance in the Commercial World, Organization of Z. C. M, 1 378 INDEX. V. CHAPTER XLIV. Political Significance to Utah of the Election of Grant and Colfax. 'I he ''Fathers of the Church Speak to the Nation on the Subject of abolishmg Polygamy. Colfax s Disap- pointment and Ire. A Delegation of Chicago Merchants^Vis.t Salt Lake on the comple- tion of the U P R. R.; also Disdnguished Statesmen. Bngham \oungs Famous Con- versation witli Senator Trumbull. Council of the Chicago Merchants Statesmen and Utah Gentiles held at the House of j. R. Walker. Trumbull relates the Conversation with Sliam. A General War Talk.- The Second Visit of Colfax to Salt Lake City, . 39I CHAPTER XLV. The Vice-President Arranging for War on the Saints. He is let into the Secret of the Projected Sdbeite Schism and Encourages it. His Question-"Will Brigham Young Fight? ' Out- burst of the Schism. The New York Herald sends on a Special Agent with Instructions to ^ Support the Seceders 39 CHAPTER XLVI. Famous Discussion Between Vice-President Colfax and Apostle John Taylor. Speech of the Vice-President at Salt Lake City. Apostle Taylor's Reply and Answer to the Colfax Letter "^"^ CHAPTER XLVII. Birth of the Utah Liberal Party. PoHtical Coalition of Gentiles and Mormon Schismatics. Contest at the Municipal Election of 1870. Report of the First Central Committee of the ^^ Liberal Party, ^ CHAPTER XLVIII. Passage of the Woman's Suffrage Bill. Grand Mass Meeting of the "Sisters" Protesting Against the Cullom Bill, then before the Congress. Extraordinary Resolutions and Heroic Speeches of the Women of Mormondom 433 CHAPTER XLIX. Brief Review of Utah in Congress, from its organization to the passage of the Cullom Bill. Great Speech of Delegate Hooper in Congress against the Bill, in which he Reviews the Colonizing Work of the Mormons in the West, and Justifies his Polygamous Constituents, 439 CHAPTER L. Passage of the Cullom Bill in the House. Salt Lake City excited by the news. Mass;Meeting aT the Tabernacle. Memorial to Congress from the Mormon Community, affirming Poly- gamy as a Divine Law to them, and Reviewing the Unconstitutional features of the Bill. Resolutions. A Rare Puritanic Spectacle, ft 45» CHAPTER LI. Conservative Gentiles of Salt Lake City and the Seceding Mormon ] Elders hold Meetings to Pedtion for a Modification of the Cullom Bill. They maintain the Integrity of Mornion Families Federal Officers and Radical Gendles oppose the Petition, and favor the Bill with Military force, to execute it. Mr. Godbe goes to Washington to invoke forbearance. ^ Interviews with Grant and Cullom 4 4 CHAPTER LII. Dr Newman's Evangelical Crusade against Mormon Polygamy. He arrives in Salt Lake City-. Correspondence between the Chaplain of the Senate and the President o the Mor- mon Church. N'ewman accepts the Challenge. Brigham denies the Challenge, but invites the Doctor to Preach in the great Tabernacle. Newman's I ndigna ion . he Challenges Brigham, who accepts, and names Orson Pratt as his substitute. The Great Discussion before Ten Thousand People ^' CHAPTER LIII. President Grant bent on the Conquest of Mormon Theocr-.y. He ^PP^'^'^^^f ^'r^rnnfl"ir[ for that purpose. Arrival of the War Governor. Cancils. Preparations for Conflict with the Utah Militia. General Phil. Sheridan sent o, to view the situation. He is inter- ested in the Mormons and tempers the War Policy w ,1 a "Moral Force. Shaffer s Mil- itary Coup de Main. General Wells avoids a colli.i.n. Correspondence between the Lieut.-General and the Governor, ^'9 CHAPTER LIV. Contest for the Delegate's Seat in Congress. Call of the Liberal Central Committee^ Corinne chosen for their Convention. The Convention in Session Resolution to uphold Gov- ernor Shaffer. Nomination of Maxwell. Naming of the Party. The Liberals shamefully beaten, but resolved to send their "Delegate" to Congress, he being chosen for the pur- ^^ pose of contesting the Seat, 49 VI. INDEX. CHAPTER LV. The ''Wooden Gun Rebellion." Arrest of Militia Officers for assembling their Company. They are held Prisoners at Camp Douglas ; examined before Judge Hawley for Treason ; committed to the Grand Jury for Treason and placed under Bonds. The Grand Jury ignores the case. The serious face behind the extravaganza of the "Wooden Gun Rebellion." 492 CHAPTER LVI. The Two Celebrations of the Fourth of July, 1871. Resolutions of the Gentile Committee addressed to the City Council. Answer of tlie Mayor. The Rupture Grand prepar- ations on both sides. Proclamation of Acting-Governor Black, forbidding Militia Com- panies to march in the Procession. General De Trobriand with his Troops ordered out. Notes of the Grand Day, 499 CHAPTER LVH. Local Politics. Campaign of 1871. T- R- Walker heads the Liberal Ticket. Fair Prospects for the Liberals. Their Ratification Meeting. 1 he Sudden Cloud. Break-up of the Meeting. Split in the Liberal Party. Kelsey's Protest. Withdrawal from the Ticket. The Coalition Party buried at the Election, 505 CHAPTER LVHL History of the Judicial Administration of James B. McKean as reviewed by U. S. District Attorney Bates. The Chief Justice harangues the Grand and Petit Juries on the "High Priesthood of the so-called Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints," and sends them home for lack of funds. A Remarkabfe Document. The Press of the Country on the anomalous condition of McKean's Court 512 CHAPTER LIX. The U. S. Marshal preparing to receive prisoners. Action against the Warden of the Peniten- tiary and the Territorial Marshal. Hearing of the Case before Judge Hawley. Fitch and Baskin. The U. S. Attorney prefers the guns of Camp Douglas to the tedious process of law. Governor Woods commits himself also; whereat the Court in consternation calls them all to order, 522 CHAPTER LX. Opening of McKean's Court in September, 1871. .Selecting the Grand Jury. Arrests of Bri'o'ham Young and Daniel H. Wells. General expectation in the States that the Mor- mons would rise in arms to rescue their Leaders. Brigham Young in Court. A touching Spectacle, The Chief [ustice proclaims from the Bench that " a system " — "Polygamic Theocracy" — is on trial in the person of Brigham Young 526 CHAPTER LXI. Mass Meeting called by the Mayor of Salt Lake City to assist the sufferers of the Chicago Fire. Response of Mormon and Gentile. Donations led by Brigham Young and the City. " One touch of Nature." The Telegraph to Pioche completed. Congratulations and Thanks of Connor and others to Brigham Young 53^ CHAPTER LXIL The Hawkins' Trial. His polygamy construed into the crime of adultery. Found guilty and sentenced for three years to the Penitentiary. A characteristic sentence. The American Press on the Polygamous trials, 54° CHAPTER LXIV. President Young returns and confounds his enemies. His presence in Court Judge McKean refuses ^500,000 bail. Brighani a prisoner. Important correspondence between the Dis- trict Attorney and the Attorney-General. Suspension of Criminal Trials 551 CHAPTER LXV. Great Politiail Movements in the City in the spring of 1872. Governor Woods vetoes the State Convention Bill. The people elects their Delegates notwithstanding. Salt Lake County elects nine Gentiles and ten Mormons to the Convention. S. Sharpe Walker de- clines. Arrival of the Japanese Embassy. The City pays homage to the Ancient Empire. Grand receptions of the Embassy, 557 CHAPTER LXVL The State Convention at work. The Constitution of Nevada preferred as a basis. Gen- eral Connor declines his election as delegate. Judge Haydon opposes the State and moves that the Convention adjourn sine die. Hon. Thomas Fitch's remarkable speech for the State, in which he rehearses the history of the Judicial Proceedings in the U. S. Courts .of the Territory of that period, and appeals to his Mormon Colleagues to abolish polygamy, 5 ^ INDEX. VII. CHAPTER LXVII. The discussion for the State continued. Haydon and Bainum eulogize the Chief justice. Fiteh challenges the Record and is unanswered. Motion to adjourn Ir st, and business resumed. Deseret or Utah ? The name of Deseret prevails. The all important struggle over the Fifth Section of the Ordinance inviting Congress to put in its Flank. Orson Pratts leads the opposition, George Q. Cannon the members for the Section. The Plfth Section prevails, Grand points of the Model Constitution. Work of the Convention finished. Election for Congressman. Balloting for U. S. Senators. Efforts to organize the citizens into National parties, 579 CHAPTER LXVIII. Chief Justice McKean writes Editorials for the Salt Lake 7/ ibtine, sustaining his own De- cisions. The Senior Editor Impeached, in consequence, before a Board of Directors and Resigns. The "Gentile League of Utah" Organized to break up the Mormon Power. Attempts to Force the City Council. Revolutionary Meeting. Call for Troops 587 CHAPTER LXIX. Congressional History from 1870. Local Politics carried to Washington. Contest for the Seat. The Election of 1872. Hooper Retires with Honors. Geo, Q Cannon Elected, and Polygamic Colors Nailed to the Mast. Maxwell again Contests the Seat. The "En- dowment Oath" Charge against the Delegate. Denials of the Oath against the United States being Administered in the Endowment House. Scenes in Congress over Utah Affairs. Notes from the Delegate's Private Journal. Hon, Geo. Q. Cannon takes his Seat in the Forty-Third Congress, but a Committee is Appointed to Investigate the Con- testant's Charges. The Contest carried into the Second Session. Cannon Holds his Seat. 596 CHAPTER LXX. Political Coalition of 1874. Jennings for Mayor. Election for Delegate to Congress in 1874. Baskin Nominated. Election Day. U. S. Marshal Maxwell and his Deputies take charge of the Day and the Polls. Tumult in the City. The City Police Arrested by the U. S. Marshal and his Deputies. U. S Deputy Marshal Orr Arrested by the Police and is Habeas Corpused by Judge McKean. The Mob Assault Mayor Wells and tear his coat to pieces. He is Rescued by the Police Force, and Doors of City Hall closed. The Mayor Appears on the Balcony and Gives the Order to his Force to Beat Back the Mob, which is instantly done. The .Sequel. Cannon Elected by a 2o,cfco Majority against a 3,300 Vote of his Opponent ; but Baskin Contests the Seat in Congress 607 CHAPTER LXXI. The Fall of Judge McKean. The Ann Eliza Suit against Brigham Young. Alimony and Lawyer's Fees Granted pending the Decision. The Head of the Mormon Church Sent to the Penitentiary for Contempt of Court. The Public Censure Compels President Grant to remove Judge McKean from office 614 CHAPTER LXXI 1 1. The Presidental visit to Salt Lake City. Federal Officers and Gentiles claim the honor of re- ceiving the President; but the City Fathers charter a tram and "pioneer" the Presidential train to our city. Meeting between U. S. Grant and Brigham Young. Character marks. Long familiar chat on the way between Mrs. Grant and Brigham. Public reception given to the citizens. Visit to Temple Block. Mrs. Grant weeps for "these good Mormon people." The departure. Grant touched by the tribute of the Mormon Sunday Schools to him as President. " I have been deceived." 620 CHAPTER LXXIV. Death of Brigham Young. The City draped for its founder. Grand Solemn Funeral. Scr- ees at the Tabernacle. Tribute of the City Council to his memory 624 CHAPTER LXXV. Return to the early history of the City. Revolution of the Mormon Colonization plan. Patri- archal Order. Exposition of the formation of Society in Salt Lake City. 631 CHAPTER LXXVI. Organization of Society in Salt Lake City. The Land Rights, Views and incidents of the early days • 640 CH.\PTER LXXVIII. Origin of the British Emigration to Silt Lake City. Its circumstantial history. The P. E. Fund Company. Arrival of the first British Emigrants. Grand reception by the citizens. Mode of Conducting the Emigration. Dickens' Graphic Description of " My Emigrant Ship." 646 viii. INDEX. CHAPTER XXXIX. Eearly resources of our Territory. Emigrant trains laden with British homes. The Church Agent making purchases on the frontiers. Race mixture of the population 656 CHAPTER* LXXX. Social gradino- of Utah. A communitv of Manufacturers. The Public Works. Our mdus- tries and Industrial Men. Biographical sketches. Z. C. M. I. Boot and Shoe Factory. Prospects of Home Manufacturse. ... • ^^9 CHAPTER LXXXI. Openin<^ of the Mines Earlv Counsels of Brigham Young to the Mormons against their goincr into mining. General Connor and his troops prospecting in our canyons for gold and silver. Godbe and his party antagonize "the President's" home policies and advocate "the True Development of the'Territory." Mining operations of the Walker Brothers. Epitome of Mining operations °79 CHAPTER LXXXII. Our Railroads. Brigham Young marks out the Track of the " National Central Railroad " on the Pioneer journev to the Rocky Mountains. Petition of the First Legislature of Utah to Congress to build the Road to the Pacific. Building of the U. P. R. R. and C. P. R. R. Opening of the Utah Central and Utah Southern. The Railroads of later days. ... 708 CHAPTER LXXXIII. Circumstances that gave birth to Z. C. M. I. Its Incorporation and Constitution. Review of its History and Financial Status up to July, 1885, by the Church Authorities. The Direc- tors and Otificers of the Board in 1880. Summary 725 CHAPTER LXXXIV. Theatricals in the early davs in Salt Lake City. Organization of the First Theatrical Company. The Social Hall. Bo'wring's Theatre. Organization of the Deseret Dramatic Association. 735 CHAPTER LXXXV. Building and Opening of the Salt Lake Theatre. The first play. Reminiscences of tlie Com- pany. Theatrical Criticisms. 'Jhe early Stars. T. A. Lyne. The Irwins. Pauncefort, "You Can't Play Alexander." Julia Dean Hayne. John T. Caine's Benefit. The First Local Play put upon the Salt Lake Stage—" Eleanor DeVere." The Crowning Days of the Theatre. The World's Stars that have visited Zion 740 CHAPTER LXXXVI. Musical History of our City. Grand performance of the " Messiah." Personal sketches of the Musical Professors 7^8 CHAPTER LXXXVn. Literature and the Fine Arts. Utah Authors and Poets. Specimens. Salt Lake Painters. Our Young Sculptors. Art descriptions : — " Our Desolate Shores." 785 CHAPTER LXXXVIII. General History Resumed. Death of Judge McKean. Memorial of the Bar on the event. The Miles Case. D. H. Wells sent to the Penitentiary for Contempt. Grand Demon- stration of Citizens on his release 818 CHAf^TER LXXXIX: Renewal of the Political Action. Foreshadowing the Edmunds Bill in Hayes' Message. Gov- ernor Murray gives the Election Certificate to Campbell. Contest for the Delegate's Seat. Great Speech of Cannon on his retirement from Congress 823 CHAPTER XC. Political Campaign of 1882. Nomination of John T. Caine. Van Zile's Challenge. The Candidates before the People. Victory of "the People's Party 841 CHAPTER XCI. Organization of "The Democratic Club of Utah." The Election with its Ticket in the field. The Organ of the Club— The Salt Lake Democrat 854 CHAPTER XCII. Digest of the Municipal administration. City notes 864 THE ARE CIT AND ITS FOUNDERS. BY EDWARD W. TULLIDGE. CHAPTER I. PREFATORY REVIEW OF THE PEOPLE WHO FOUNDED SALT LAKE CITY. GRAND COLONIZING DESIGN OF THE MORMON PROPHET. It will be well affirmed in history that the Pioneers who founded Salt Lake City, were as the crest of that tidal wave of colonization which peopled these Pacific States and Territories. And the colonies which this wonderful state- founding community has sent to the West, since that tidal wave rose in the exodus from Nauvoo, will stand as the most marked example of organic colonization which has occurred in the growth and spread ot the American nation. Other States and cities, which have been founded since the first colonization of America by the Pilgrims of New England, have grown up and increased in their popula- tion upon the ordinary laws of national growth, to which has been superadded the promiscuous emigration of Europeans to this country; but not even in the ex- traordinary case of the growth of the Western States and Territories, excepting that shown by the Mormon people, has there been a spectacle of colonization proper, to mark the history ot America in the present century. Thus considered, it IS a most unique fact of the age that Salt Lake City was founded by a colony of the strictest type. In most of its leading features, the founding and growth of Utah resembles the founding of the American nation by the Pilgrim colonies, which sailed from England and Holland to establish religious liberty on a virgin continent, driven by the cruel force of persecution, yet whose every exile from the dear mother land became big with the genius of colonization, until the little companies of emigrants who left their native shores, very much in the character of religious outlaws, grew into a galaxy of States. Persecution undoubtedly at the onset drove the Mormons hitherward, as it drove the Puritans to this continent— drove them in fact into the verv path of their destiny— but as they came westward from Ohio, where their Zion first rose, they so fast imbibed the genius of colonization, that extermination brought forth in the mind of the Mormon Prophet the grand scheme to colonize the Pacific Slope with his people, and with them form in the West the nucleus of a new galaxy of American States. 4 HIS TOR ] ' OF SAL T LAKE CITl ' The first recorded note of the grand design of the Mormon Prophet to col- onize the Pacific Slope with his people, will be seen in the following entry from his diary: "Saturday, 6th [August, 1842]. Passed over the river to Montrose, Iowa, in company with General Adams, Colonel Brewer, and others, and witnessed the installation of the officers of the Rising Sun Lodge of Ancient York Masons, at Montrose, by Gen. James Adams, Deputy Grand Master of Illinois. While the Deputy Grand Master was engaged in giving the requisite instructions to the Master elect, I had a conversation with a number of brethren, in the shade of the building, on the subject of our persecutions in Missouri, and the constant annoy- ance which has followed us since we were driven from that State. I prophesied that the Saints would continue to suffer much affliction, and would be driven to the Rocky Mountains. Many would apostatize, others would be put to death by our persecutors, or lose their lives in consequence of exposure or disease, and some would live to go and assist in making settlements and building cities, and see the Saints become a mighty people in the midst of the Rocky Mountains." A year and a half later his design was matured, and his people ready to execute it. Here is a diary note of that date : "Tuesday, Feb. 20th [1S44]. I instructed the Twelve Apostles to send out a delegation and investigate the locations of California and Oregon, and hunt out a good location where we can remove to after the Temple is completed, and where we can build a city in a day, and have a government of our own." * * On the evening of the following day the Twelve met at the Mayor's office, and, according to the above instructions, appointed the following committee: Jonathan Dunham, Phineas H. Young, David D. Yearsley, David Fullmer, Alphonso Young, James Emmett, George D. Watt, Daniel Spencer. Subsequent action was also taken on the same subject, and volunteers were added to the committee. It was at this date that the Elders undertook a political campaign through the States to nominate Joseph Smith for the Presidential chair of the nation, but it is very evident that the removal of the Saints to the Rocky Mountains, or to California, was the real action contemplated by the Prophet, and not a successful campaign for the presidency of the United States. The event, however, did afford a rare opportunity for sending out the Apostles and a company of the ablest Elders, to make another missionary effort in the States before the contem- plated exodus. A few days later we find Joseph Smith alluding to himself in connection with the presidential chair, but he at once branches off to a subject which more particularly attracted his thoughts, namely, the annexation of Texas and the pos- session of the Pacific Coast by the United States. Said he : "As to politics, I care but little about the Presidential chair. I would not give half as much for the office of President of the United States as I would for the one I now hold as Lieutenant-General of the Nauvoo Legion. * * * "What I have said in my views in relation to the annexation of Texas is, with some, unpopular. The people are opposed to it. Some of the Anti-Mor- mons are good fellows. I say it, however, in anticipation that they will repent. HIS TOR Y OF SA L T LAKE CITY. 5 * * * We should grasp all the territory we can. * * The goveinment will not receive any advice or counsel from me: they are self-sufficient. * * "The South holds the balance of power. By annexing Texas I can do away with this evil. As soon as Texas was annexed I would liberate the slaves in two or three States, indemnifying their owners, and send the negroes to Texas, and from Texas to Mexico, where all colors are alike. And if that was not suffi- cient, I would call upon Canada and annex it." Mark next his bold empire-founding move, in petitioning Congress to raise a volunteer force of a hundred thousand in the service of the United States, to possess the Pacific Coast. Says he, under date of March 30th : "I had prepared a memorial to his Excellency, John Tyler, the President of the United States, embodying in it the same sentiments as are in my petition to the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States, dated March 26th, 1844, asking the privilege of raising 100,000 men to extend protection to persons wishing to settle Oregon and other portions of the Territory of the United States, and extend protection to the people in Texas. * '■' * "Also signed an introductory letter for Elder Orson Hyde, who is going to carry the memorials to Washington." To found empire for America was just in the line of his character. Destiny was pushing the Saints westward, and had Joseph Smith reached California at the head of an army of 20,000 pioneers, backed by the remainder of the 100,000 as emigrants, he would have given quite a Napoleonic account of himself, and opened the war with Mexico. This was clearly his intention, and it may be observed that he did not overrate his forces. And what makes the Prophet's bold national design so deserving of attention is the fact that the United States Government and the British Government were at that moment in an attitude of rivalry for the possession of the Pacific Coast, and that the United States barely escaped being worsted. Thus prefaced, let us listen to the report of Elder Hyde to the Prophet from the capital : "* * Judge Douglas has been quite ill, but is just recovered. He will help all he can; Mr. Hardin likewise. But Major Scrapie says that he does not believe anything will be done about Texas or Oregon this session, for it might have a very important effect upon the Presidential election; and politicians are slow to move when such doubtful and important matters are likely to be affected by it. * * * " I will now give you my opinion in relation to this matter. It is made up from the spirit of the times in a hasty manner, nevertheless I think time will prove it to be correct: — That Congress will pass no act in relation to Texas or Oregon at present. She is afraid of England, afraid of Mexico, afraid the Pres- idential election will be twisted by it. The members all appear like unskillful players at checkers — afraid to move, for they see not which way to move advan- tageously. * * " The most of the settlers in Oregon and Texas are olir old enemies, the mobocrats of Missouri. If, however, the settlement of Oregon and Texas be determined upon, the sooner the move is made the better ; and I would not advise 6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. any delay for the action of our Government, for there is such a jealousy of our rising power that Government will do nothing to favor us. •' Your superior wisdom must determine whether to go to Oregon, to Texas, or to remain within these United States and send forth the most efficient men to build up churches, and let them remain for the time being; and in the meantime send some wise men among the Indians and teach them civilization and religion, to cultivate the soil, to live in peace with one another and with all men." * * In a subsequent letter Elder Hyde said : '• We have this day [April 26th] had a long conversation with Judge Doug- las. He is ripe for Oregon and California. He said he would resign his seat in Congress if he could command the force that Mr. Smith could, and would be on the march to that country in a month. 'In five years,' said he, 'a noble State might be formed, and then if they would not receive us into the Union, we would have a government of our own.' " So we see that the American nation was not at that time prepared for the Prophet's bold design of occupying the Pacific Coast by an irresistible American emigration ; yet several years afterward Fremont, with his volunteers in Califor- nia, and Houston and Taylor by their action in forcing the war with Mexico, proved that a manifest destiny was in some such plan as that proposed; and an American emigration swept on like a tidal wave. And as it was, the Saints, per ship Brooklyn, were the first company of American emigrants to arrive in Cali- fornia; while simultaneous was the exodus of the entire community to the Rocky Mountains. Perhaps it w;ere well also to note here that this petition of Joseph Smith, in 1844, was probably the original basis of the action of President Polk in calling the " Mormon Battalion," and designing to use the Saints for the national conve- nience of possessing California. The whole of Polk's action in the case, and the instructions of the Secretary of War to General Kearney to '^make a dash into California, conquer the country, and set up a government there" in the name of the United States, show that the Cabinet were not only familiar with the Prophet's scheme, but that certain statesmen, at this date, endorsed it, A passing review of our national affairs of that period, will connect here most suggestively with the Mormon Prophet's bold proposition to the United States Government to possess the Pacific Coast by a hundred thousand Mormon colonists. From the period of Mr. Jefferson's administration the United States had been striving to checkmate the European Powers, especially Great Britain, France, Russia and Spain, in their schemes to occupy the Pacific coast and firmly establish thereon the dominion of Europe. At length the contest for the Pacific Coast laid between the United States and Great Britain, Mexico herself resigning to our ambitious mother country to prevent the march of American empire upon herself. The ships of both nations were riding in the Bay of San Francisco, the admirals were watching for their respective opportunities. In 1845 Great Britain had matured a masterly scheme to forestall our govern- ment in the possession of California, with the co-operation of Mexico. Mr. Forbes, the British Vice-Consul, was the principal agent of his government in carrying out this finely conceived design. A declaration of the independence of HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 7 California from Mexico was to be made, to be followed by a petition from a con- vention of Californians, to be taken under the protection of Great Britain. But the most diplomatic part of the scheme of the British government was to emigrate ten thousand of its subjects to the valley of San Joaquin, to own and occupy the country. An Irish priest by the name of MacNamara was chosen to fill this part of the scheme, and he went to Mexico in 1845, '^^ ^i^ mission to arouse the holy zeal of that republic against the "usurpation of the anti-Catholic and irreligious nation." He urged that no time should be lost or " within a year, California would become a part of the American nation, be inundated by cruel invaders, and their Catholic institutions the prey of Methodist wolves." Thus the Irish priest worded his petition to the Mexican government, urging an Irish emigration to that country for colonization in the interest of Great Britain. The Mexican government listened to this petition, and everything moved on favorably to the completion of the diplomatic scheme, which would have given California into the hands of Great Britain. Indeed, a treaty to this effect was actually signed be- tween the British and the authorities of Mexico and her province of California, and then came events of another shaping, culminating in the war between Mexico and the United States. Thus may be seen from the counterpart records of those times, that the Mor- mon Prophet was before-hand with Great Britain in the design of possessing the Pacific Coast by colonization, as the record shows that early in 1844 he petitioned the United States for the privilege of raising 100,000 men "to extend protection to persons wishing to settle Oregon and other portions of the territory of the United States, and extend protection to the people in Texas," while at the same time he was planning the removal of his entire people on to the Pacific slope, as seen in his diary note of February 20th, 1844, already presented. And it is a singu- lar fact in American history that two years later, and nearly simultaneous with the signing of the contract between the British Consul Forbes, Governor Pice of California, and General Castro, President Polk and his cabinet were entertain- ing the policy of sending a battalion of one thousand Mormon soldiers (this be- ing the original number) overland into California fully equipped and armed, to take possession of and defend that country, while another thousand were de- signed to be sent from the Eastern States by way of Cape Horn for the same service. President Polk, at this later date, designed to checkmate the British Govern- ment, with its ten thousand Irish emigrants, with from twenty to forty thousand Mormon Protestants under the American flag. Thus the true history of those times compared, shows the extraordinary fact that, two years after the assassination of the Mormon Prophet, the United States Government was actually prepared to accept his grand colonizing plan to take possession of the Pacific territory, which he offered in his memorial to President Tyler and the Congress of the United States, bearing date March 26th, 1844. Nothing seems more certain in the record than the fact that had not the assassination of the Mormon Prophet so soon followed his colonizing offer to the United States, he had moved with his people to the Pacific Coast two or three years earlier than the occupation of Utah. And had he gone on to California he would have raised the American flag there, and struck the first blow with his Legion, instead of Fremont doing it in 1846 with his volunteers. 8 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Had the Prophet moved with his people, either to the Rocky Mountains or California proper, it had been at the head of his Legion. Force of circum- stances, it seems, would have made him thenceforth a Prophet-General, while the very strength of his Napoleonic character would have shot him, like Jove's thunderbolt, into the action between the United States and Mexico. CHAPTER n. GOVERNOR FORD URGES THE MIGRATION OF THE MORMONS TO ALIFORNIA, COMPACT OF THE REMOVAL. ADDRESS TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. THE EXODUS. MORMON LIFE ON THE JOURNEY. A SENSATION FROM THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. Soon after the assassination of the Prophet and his brother Hyrum, Governor Ford, in a letter to President Young, under date of April 8th, 1845, urging the migration of the Mormons to California, said : " If you can get off by yourselves you may enjoy peace; but, surrounded by such neighbors, I confess that I do not see the time when you will be permitted to enjoy quiet. I was informed by General Joseph Smith last summer that he contemplated a removal west: and from what I learned from him and others at that tune, I think, if he had lived, he would have begun to move in the matter before this time. I would be willing to exert all my feeble abilities and mfluence to further your views in this respect if it was the wish of your people. "I would suggest a matter in confidence. California now offers a field for the prettiest enterprise that has been undertaken in modern times. It is but sparsely inhabited, and by none but the Indian or imbecile Mexican Spaniards. I have not enquired enough to know how strong it is in men and means. But this we know, that if conquered from Mexico, that country is so physically weak, and morally distracted, that she could never send a force there to reconquer it. Why should it not be a pretty operation for your people to go out there, take possession of and conquer a portion of the vacant country, and establish an independent gov- ernment of your own, subject only to the law of nations ? You would remain there a long time before you would be disturbed by the proximity ot other settle- ments. Jf you conclude to do this, your design ought not to be known, or otherwise it would become the duty of the United States to prevent your emigra- tion. If once you cross the line of the United States Territories, you would be in no danger of being interfered with." Knowing the intentions of Joseph Smith to remove the Mormon people, Senator Douglas and others had given similar advice to him ; and the very fact that such men looked upon the Mormons as quite equal to the establishment of an independent nationality, is most convincing proof that not their wrong- doing, but their empire-founding genius has been, and still is, the cause of the "irrepressible conflict" between them and their opponents. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CTTY. g The advice of Governor Ford, however, was neither sought nor required. Brigham Young, carrying out Joseph Smith's plan, had nearly matured every part of the movement, shaping also tiie emigration from the British Mission; but the Rocky Mountains, not California proper, was the place chosen for his people's retreat. It was than that the Mormon leaders addressed the famous petition to Presi- dent Polk and the Governors of all the States, excepting Missouri and Illinois, changing simply the address to each person. Here it is: " Nauvoo, April 24th, 1845. "His Excellency James K. Polk, President of the United States. '^ Hon. Sir: Suffer us, in behalf of a disfranchised and long afflicted peo- ple, to prefer a few suggestions for your serious consideration, in hope of a friendly and unequivocal response, at as early a period as may suit your con- venience, and the extreme urgency of the case seems to demand. " It is not our present design to detail the multiplied and aggravated wrongs that we have received in the midst of a nation that gave us birth. Most of us have long been loyal citizens of some one of these United States, over which you have the honor to preside, while a few only claim the privilege of peaceable and lawful emigrants, designing to make the Union our permanent residence. " We say we are a disfranchised people. We are privately told by the highest authorities of the State that it is neither prudent nor safe for us to vote at the polls; still we have continued to maintain our right to vote, until the blood of our best men has been shed, both in Missouri and Illinois, with impunity. "You are doubtless somewhat familiar with the history of our expulsion from the State of Missouri, wherein scores of our brethren were massacred. Hundreds died through want and sickness, occasioned by their unparalleled sufferings. Some millions worth of our property was destroyed, and some fifteen thousand souls fled for their lives to the then hospitable and peaceful shores of Illinois : and that the State of Illinois granted to us a liberal charter, for the term of per- petual succession, under whose provision private rights have become invested, and the largest city in the State has grown up, numbering about twenty thousand in- habitants. " But, sir, the startling attitude recently assumed by the State of Illinois, for- bids us to think that her designs are any less vindictive than those of Missouri. She has already used the military of the Slate, with the executive at their head, to coerce and surrender up our best men to unparalleled murder, and that too under the most sacred pledges of protection and safety. As a salve' for such un- earthly perfidy and guilt, she told us, through her highest executive officers, that the laws should be magnified and the murderers brought to justice ; but the blood of her innocent victims had not been wholly wiped from the floor of the awful arena, ere the Senate of that State rescued one of the indicted actors in that mournful tragedy from the sheriff of Hancock County, and gave him a seat in her hall of legislation ; and all who were indicted by the grand jury of Hancock County for the murder of Joseph and Hyrum Smith, are suffered to roam at large, watching for further prey. 10 HISTOR\ OF SALT LAKE CITY. "To crown the climax of those bloody deeds, the State has repealed those chartered rights, by which wo might have lawfully defended ourselves against aggressors. If we defend ourselves hereafter against violence, whether it comes under the shadow of law or otherwise (for we have reason to expect it in both ways), we shall then be charged with treason and suffer the penalty; and if we continue passive and non-resistant, we must certainly expect to perish, for our enemies have sworn it. '•And here, sir, permit us to state that General Joseph Smith, during his short life, was arraigned at the bar of his country about fifty tinfes, charged with crim- inal offences, but was acquitted every time by his country ; his enemies, or rather his religious opponents, almost invariably being his judges. And we further tes- tify that, as a people, we are law-abiding, peaceable and without crime; and we challenge the world to prove to the contrary ; and while other less cities in Illinois have had special courts instituted to try their criminals, we have been stript of every source of arraigning marauders and murderers who are prowling around to destroy us, except the common magistracy. "With these facts before you, sir, will you write to us without delay as a father and friend, and advise us what to do. We are members of the same great confederacy. Our fathers, yea, some of us, have fought and bled for our country, and we love her Constitution dearly, "In the name ot Israel's God, and by virtue of multiplied ties of country and kindred, we ask your friendly interposition in our favor. Will it be too much for us to ask you to convene a special session of Congress, and furnish us an asylum, where we can enjoy our rights of conscience and religion unmolested? Or, will you, in a special message to that body, when convened, recommend a remon- strance against such unhallowed acts of oppression and expatriation as this people have continued to receive from the States of Missouri and Illinois? Or will you favor us by your personal influence and by your official rank? Or will you ex- press your views concerning what is called the "Great Western Measure" of colonizing the Latter-day Saints in Oregon, the north-western Territory, or some location remote from the States, where the hand of oppression shall not crush every noble principle and extinguish every patriotic feeling? "And now, honored sir, having reached out our imploring hands to you, with deep solemnity, we would importune you as a father, a friend, a patriot and the head of a mighty nation, by the Constitution of American liberty, by the blocd of our fathers who have fought for the independence of this republic, by the blood of the martyrs which has been shed in our midst, by the wailings of the widows and orphans, by our murdered fathers and mothers, brothers and sisters, wives and children, by the dread of immediate destruction from secret combina- tions now forming for our overthrow, and by every endearing tie that binds man to man and renders life bearable, and that too, for aught we know, for the last time, — that you will lend your immediate aid to quell the violence of mobocracy, and exert your influence to establish us as a people in our civil and religious rights, where we now are, or in some part of the United States, or in some place remote therefrom, where we may colonize in peace and safety as soon as circum- stances will permit. HJSTORy OF SALT LAKE Cliy. n "We sincerely hope that your future prompt measures towards us will be dic- tated by the best feelings that dwell in the bosom of humanity, and the blessings of a grateful people, and many ready to perish, shall come upon you. "We are, sir, with great respect, your obedient servants, Brigham Young, ^ WiLLARD Richards, Orson Spencer, Orson Pratt, \ Committee, W. W. Phelps, A. W. Babbitt, J. M. Bernhisel, In behalf of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, at Nauvoo, Illinois. "P.S. — As many of our communications, post-marked at Nauvoo, have failed of their destination, and the mails around us have been intercepted by our enemies, we shall send this to some distant office by the hand of a special mes- senger." The appeal itself is not a mere attempt at rhetoric. The very inelegance of multiplied ties and sacred objects invoked and crowded upon each other, to touch the hearts of men in power, is truly affecting. There is a tragic burden in the circumstances and urgency of the case. But the prayer was unanswered. Towards the close of the year 1845, the leaders, in council, resolved to re- move their people at once and seek a second Zion in the valleys of the Rocky Mountains. It was too clear that they could no longer dwell among so-called civilized men. They knew that 'they must soon seek refuge with the children of the forest; and as for humanity, they must seek it in the breasts of savages, for there was scarcely a smouldering spark of it left for them, either in Missouri or Illinois, nor indeed anywhere within the borders of the United States. They had now no destiny but in the West. If they tarried longer their blood would fertilize the lands which they had tilled, and their wives and daughters would be ravished within the sanctuary of the homes which their in- dustrious hands had built. Their people were by a thousand ancestral links joined to the Pilgrim Fathers who founded this nation, and vvith the heroes who won for it independence, and it was as the breaking of their heartstrings to rend them from their fatherland, and send them as exiles into the territory of a for- eign power. But there was no alternative between a Mormon exodus or a Mor- mon massacre. Sorrowfully, but resolutely, the Saints prepared to leave; trusting in the Providence which had thus far taken them through their darkest days, and multi- plied upon their heads compensation for their sorrows. But the anti-Mormons seemed eager for the questionable honor of exterminating them. In September of the year 1845, delegates from nine counties met in convention, at Carthage, over the Mormon troubles, and sent four commissioners: General Hardin, Com- mander of the State Militia; Senator Douglass; W. B. Warren; and J. A. Mc- Dougal, to demand the removal of the Mormons to the Rocky Mountains. The commissioners held a council with the Twelve Apostles at Nauvoo, and the Mor- mon leaders promptly agreed to remove their people at once, a movement, as we 12 HIS TOR V OF SAL T LAKE 'CIVV have seen, which they had been considering for several years. Now were they brought face to face with the issue. The Mormon leaders sought not to evade it; but, with their characteristic Israelitish methods, resolved to grapple with the tremendous undertaking of the exodus of a people. On that exodus hung, not only the very destiny of the people, but the peace of the State of Illinois. Probably it was a sensible comprehension of this fact that prompted General Hardin to ask of the Twelve Apostles, at the council in question, what, guarantee they would give that the Mormons would fulfill their part of the covenant. To this Brigham Young replied, with a strong touch of common-sense severity : ^'You have our all as the guarantee ; what more can we give beyond the guarantee^ of our names?'' Senator Douglass observed, "Mr. Youno- is right." But General Hardin knew that the people of Illinois, and especially the anti-Mormons, would look to him more than to Douglass, who had been styled the Mormon-made senator; so the commissioners asked for a written covenant, of a nature to relieve themselves of much of the responsibility, and addressed the following: "■ Nauvoo, Oct. I St, 1845. " To the President and Council of the Church at Nauvoo : "Having had a free and full conversation with you this day, in reference to your proposed removal from this country, together with the members of your church, we have to request, you to submit the facts and intentions stated to us in the said conversations to writing, in order that we may lay them before the Gov- ernor and people of the State. We hope that by so doing it will have a tendency to allay the excitement at present existing in the public mind. "We have the honor to subscribe ourselves, Respectfully yours, John J. Hardin, W. B. Warren, S. A. Douglass, J. A. McDouGAL." The covenant itself is too precious to be lost to history ; here it is: "Nauvoo, III., Oct. ist, 1845. "7i? Gen. J. Liar din, W. B. Warren, S. A. Douglass, and J. A. McDougal: '' Messrs :—\x\ reply to your letter of this date, requesting us ' to submit the facts and intentions stated by us in writing, in order that you may lay them be- fore the Governor and people of the State,' we would refer you to our communi- cation of the 24th ult. to the 'Quincy Committee,' etc., a copy of which is herewith enclosed. "In addition to this we would say that we had commenced making arrange- ments to remove from the country previous to the recent disturbances; that we have four companies, of one hundred families each, and six more companies now organizing, of the same number each, preparatory to a removal. "That one thousand families, including the Twelve, the High Council, the trustees and general authorities of the Church, are fully determined to remove in HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CLTY. 13 the Spring, independent of the contingencies of selling our property ; and that this company will comprise from five to six thousand souls. "That the Church, as a body, desire to remove with us, and will, if sales can be effected, so as to raise the necessary means. "That the organization of the Church we represent is such that there never can exist but one head or presidency at any one time. And all good members wish to be with the organization : and all are determined to remove to some dis- tant point where we shall neither infringe nor be infringed upon, so soon as time and means will permit. "That we have some hundreds of farms and some two' thousand houses for sale in this city and county, and we request all good citizens to assist in the dis- posal of our property. " That we do not expect to find purchasers for our Temple and other public buildings; but we are willing to rent them to a respectable community who may inhabit the city. "That we wish it distinctly understood that although we may not find pur- chasers for our property, we will not sacrifice it, nor give it away, or suffer it illegally to be wrested from us. "That we do not intend to sow any wheat this Fall, and should we all sell, we shall not put in any more crops of any description. "That as soon as practicable, we will appoint committees for this city, La Harpe, Macedonia, Bear Creek, and all necessary places in the county, to give information to purchasers. " That if these testinionies are not sufficient to satisfy any people that we are in earnest, we will soon give them a sign that cannot be mistaken — we will LEAVE THEM. " In behalf of the council, respectfully yours, etc., Brigham Young, President. WiLLARD Richards, Clerk.'''' The covenant satisfied the commissioners, and for a time also satisfied the anti-Mormons. But their enemies were impatient for the Mormons to be gone. They would not keep even their own conditions of the covenant, much less were they dis- posed to lend a helping hand to lighten the burden of this thrice-afflicted people in their exodus, that their mutual bond might be fulfilled — a bond already sealed with the blood of their Prophet, and of his brother the Patriarch. So the High Council issued a circular to the Church, January 20, 1846, in which they stated the intention of their community to locate "in some good valley in the neigh- borhood ot the Rocky Mountains, where they will infringe on no one, and not be likely to be infringed upon.'' " Here we will make a resting place," they said, " until we can determine a place for a permanent location. * * * We ^Iso further declare, for the satisfaction of some who have concluded that our griev- ances have alienated us from our country, that our patriotism has not been over- come by fire, by sword, by daylight nor by midnight assassination which we have endured, neither have they alienated us from the institutions of our country." Then came the subject of service on the side of their country, should war 14 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. break out between it and a foreign country, as was indicated at that time by our growiiig difficulties with Mexico. The anti-Mormons took advantage of this war l)rospect, and not satisfied with their act of expulsion, they raised the cry, " The Mormons intend to join the enemy ! " This was as cruel as the seething of the kid in its mother's milk, but the High Council answered it with the homely anecdote of the Quaker's characteristic action against the pirates in defence of the ship on which he was a passenger, when he cut away the rope in the hands of the boarder, observing : "If thee wants that piece of rope I will help thee to it." " The pirate fell," said the circular, "and a watery grave was his resting place." Their country had been anything but a kind protecting parent to the Saints, but at least, in its hour of need, they would do as much as the conscientious Quaker did in the defence of the ship. There was, too, a grnn humor and quiet pathos in the telling, that was more touchingly reproachful than would have been a storm of denunciations. In the same spirit the High Council climaxed their circular thus : " We agreed to leave the country for the sake of peace, upon the condition that no more persecutions be instituted against us. In good faith we have labored to fulfill this agreement. Governor Ford has also done his duty to further our wishes in this respect, but there are some who are unwilling that we should have an existence anywhere; but our destinies are in the hands of God, and so are also theirs." Early in February, 1846, the Mormons began to cross the Mississippi in flat b:.ats, old lighters, and a number of skiffs, forming, says the President's Journal, "quite a fleet," which was at work night and day under the direction of the police, commanded by their captain, Hosea Stout. Several days later the Miss- issippi froze over, and the companies continued the crossing on the ice. On the 15th of the same month, Brigham Young, with his family, accom- panied by Willard Richards and family, and George A. Smith, also crossed the Mississippi from Nauvoo, and proceeded to the " Camps of Israel," as they were styled by the Saints, which waited on the west side of the river, a few miles on the way, for the coming of their leaders. These were to form the vanguard of the migrating Saints, who were to follow from the various States where they were located, or had organized themselves into flourishing branches and conferences ^ and soon after this period also began to pour across the Atlantic that tide of em- igration from Europe which has since since swelled to the number of over one hundred thousand souls. As yet the "Camps of Israel" were unorganized, awaiting the coming of the President, on Sugar Creek, which he and his companions reached at dusk. The next day he was busy organizing the company, and on the following, which was February 17th, at 9:50 A. m., the brethren of the camp had assembled near the bridge, to receive their initiatory instructions, and take the word of command from their leader, who ended his first day's orders to the congregation with a real touch of the law-giver's method. He said, "We will have no laws we cannot keep, but we will have order in the camp. If any want to live in peace when we have left this place, they must toe the mark." He then called upon all who HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. '5 wanted to go with the camp to raise their right hands. "All hands flew up at the bidding," says the record. After the dismissal of the congregation, the President took several of the Twelve with him half a mile up a valley east of the camp and held a council. A letter was read from Mr. Samuel Brannan, of New York, with a copy of a curi- ous agreement between him and a Mr. A. G. Benson, which had been sent west, undtr cover, for the authorities to sign. To make clear to the reader a story, which now belongs to our national his- tory, in connection with the first settling of California, it must be observed that Brannan, once known as one of the millionaires of the Golden State, had been the editor of The Prophet, published at New York. He seems to have been one of those sagacious men who saw in Mormonism the means to their own ends. At the date of the exodus he was in the charge of a company of Saints, bound for the Pacific Coast, in the ship Brooklyn. They took all necessary outfit for the first settlers of a new country, including a printing press, upon which was after- wards struck off the first regular newspaper of California. This company was, also, the earliest company of American emi^ants that arrived in the bay of San Francisco, and really the pioneer emigration of American citizens to the Golden State, for Fremont's volunteers cannot be considered in that character. Indeed, it is not a little singular that the Mormons were not only the pioneers of Utah, but also the pioneers of California, the builders of the first houses, the starters of the first papers, and, what has contributed so much to the growth of the Pacific Slope, the men who discovered the gold, under Mr. Marshal, the foreman of Sut- ter's mills. These facts, however, the people of California seem somewhat to hide in the histories of their State. Relative to the sailing of this company, Samuel Brannan had written to the Mormon authorities. Ex-Postmaster Amos Kendall, and the said Benson, who seems to have been Kendall's agent, with others of political influence, represented to Brannan that, unless the leaders of the Church signed an agreement with them, to which the President of the United States, he said, was a "silent party," the government would not permit the Mormons to proceed on their journey westward. This agreement required the pioneers " to transfer to A. G. Benson & Co., and to their heirs and assigns, the odd numbers of all the lands and town lots they may acquire in the country where they may settle." In case they refused to sign the agreement the President, it was said, would issue a proclamation, setting forth that it was the intention of the Mormons to take sides with either Mexico or Great Britain against the United States, and order them to be disarmed and dis- persed. Both the letter and contract are very characteristic, and the worldly- minded man's poor imitation of the earnest religionist has probably often since amused Mr. Brannan himself. In his letter he said: " I declare to all that you are not going to Califorma, but Oregon, and that my information is official. Kendall has also learned that we have chartered the ship Brooklyn, and that Mormons are going out in her; and, it is thought, she will be searched for arms, and, if found, they will be taken from us; and if not, an order will be sent to Commodore Stockton on the Pacific to search our vessel before we land. Kendall will be in the city next Thursday again, and then an i6 THE HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. effort will be made to bring about a reconciliation. I will make you acquainted with the result before I leave." The "reconciliation" between the Government and the Mormons, as the reader will duly appreciate, was to be effected by a division of the spoils among the political chiefs, including, if Brannan and Kendall are to be relied on, the President of the United States. The following letter of fourteen days later date is too rich and graphic to be lost to the public : "New York, January 26, 1846. " Dear Brother Young: " I haste to lay before your honorable body the result of my movements since I wrote you last, which was from this city, stating some of my discoveries, in rela- tion to the contemplated movements of the General Government in opposition to our removal. "I had an interview with Amos Kendall, in company with Mr. Benson, which resulted in a compromise, the conditions of which you will learn by read- ing the contract between them and us, which I shall forward by this mail. I shall also leave a copy of the same with Elder Appleby, who was present when it was signed. Kendall is now our friend, and will use his influence in our behalf, in connection with twenty-five of the most prominent demagogues in the country. You will be permitted to pass out of the States unmolested. Their counsel is to go well armed, but keep them well secreted from the rabble. "I shall select the most suitable spot on the Bay of San Francisco for the location of a commercial city. When I sail, which will be next Saturday, at one o'clock, I shall hoist a flag with ' Oregon' on it. " Immediately on the reception of this letter, you must write to Mr. A. G. Benson, and let him know whether you are willing to coincide with the contract I have made for our deliverance. I am aware it is a covenant with death, but we know that God is able to break it, and will do it. The Children of Israel, in their escape from Egypt, had to make covenants for their safety, and leave it for God to break them; and the Prophet has said, 'As it was then, so shall it be in the last days.' And I have been led by a remarkable train of circumstances to say, amen; and I feel and hope you will do the same. "Mr. Benson thinks the Twelve should leave and get out of the country first, and avoid being arrested, if it is a possible thing; but if you are arrested, you will find a staunch friend in him ; and you will find friends, and that a host, to deliver you from their hands. If any of you are arrested, don't be tried west of the Alleghany Mountains; in the East you will find friends that you little think of. "It is the prayer of the Saints in the East night and day for your safety, and it is mine first in the morning and the last in the evening. "I must now bring my letter to a close. Mr. Benson's address is No. 39 South Street; and the sooner you can give him answer the better it will be for us. He will spend one month in Washington to sustain you, and he will do it, no mistake. But everything must be kept silent as death on our part, names of parties in particular. "I now commit this sheet to the post, praying that Israel's God may pre- ~£^^^J3'JB Jeans' Sons J3BcLrs7aj StKT. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. ly vent it from falling into the hands of wicked men. You will hear from me again on the day of sailing, if it is the Lord's will, amen. "Your's truly, a friend and brother in God's kingdom. S. Brannan." The contract in question was signed by Samuel Brannan and A. G. Benson, and witnessed by W. I. Appleby. To it is this postscript : " This is only a copy of the original, which I have filled out. It is no gam- mon, but will be carried through, if you say, amen. It was drawn up by Ken- dall's own hand ; but no person must be known but Mr. Benson." The following simple minute, in Brigham Young's private journal, is a fine set-off to these documents: "Samuel Brannan urged upon the council the signing of the document. The council considered the subject, and concluded that as our trust was in God, and that, as we looked to him for protection, we would not sign any such unjust and oppressive agreement. This was a plan of political demagogues to rob the Latter-day Saints of millions, and compel them to submit to it by threats of Federal bayonets." No matter what view the reader may take of the Mormons and their leaders relative to the intrinsic value to the world of their social and theological prob- lems, no intelligent mind can help being struck with the towering superiority of men trusting in their God, in the supremest hour of trial, compared with the foremost politicians in the country, including a President of the United States, as illustrated in the above example. It is charitably to be hoped, however, that President Polk was a very "silent party" to this scheme, and that his name was merely used to give potency to the promise of protection, and to the threat that the General Government would intercept the Mormons in their exodus. Little did the political demagogues of the time, and these land speculators, un- derstand the Mormon people, and still less the character of the men who Avere lead- ing them; nor did "Elder Brannan" know them much better. From the beginning the Mormons never gave up an inch of their chosen ground, never, as a people, consented to a compromise, nor allowed themselves to be turned aside from their purposes, nor wavered in their fidelity to their faith. They would suffer expul- sion, or make an exodus if need be, yet ever, as in this case, have they answered, "Our trust is in God. We look to Him for protection." So far "Elder Brannan" understood them; hence his profession of faith that the Lord would overrule and break the "covenant with death." But these men did wiser and better. They never made the covenant, but calmly defied the consequences, which they knew too well might soon follow. Not even as much as to reply to Messrs. Benson, Kendall & Co. did they descend from the pinnacle of their integrity. But, be it not for a moment thought that the Mormon leaders did not fully comprehend their critical position in all its aspects. A homely anecdote of the apostle George A. Smith will illustrate those times. At a council in Nauvoo, of the men who were to act as the captains of the people in that famous exodus, one after the other brought up difficulties in their path until the prospect was without 1 8 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. one poor speck of da3light. The good nature of ''George A." was provoked at last, when he sprang up and observed with his quaint humor that had now a touch of the grand in it, " If there is no God in Israel we are a 'sucked in ' set of fel- lows. But I am going to take my family and cross the river, and the Lord will open the way." He was one of the first to set out on that miraculous journey to the Rocky Mountains. Having resolved to trust in their God and themselves, quietly setting aside the politicians, Brigham Young and several of the Twelve left the Camp of Israel for a few days, and returned to bid farewell to their beloved Nauvoo, and hold a parting service in the Temple. This was the last time Brigham Young ever saw that sacred monument of the Mormons' devotion. The Pioneers had now been a month on Sugar Creek, and during the time had, of course, consumed a vast amount of the provisions; indeed, nearly all, which had been gathered up for their journey. Their condition, however, was not without its compensation ; for it checked the movements of the mob, among whom the opinion prevailed that the outfit of the Pioneers was so utterly insuffi- cient that, in a short time, they would break in pieces and scatter. Moreover, it was mid-winter. Up to the date of their starting from this first camping ground, detachments continued to join them, crossing the Mississippi, from Nauvoo, on the ice; but before starting they addressed the following memorial : ' ' To His Excellency Governor of the Territory of Iowa : Honored Sir : The time is at hand in which several thousand free citizens of this great Republic are to be driven from their peaceful homes and firesides, their property and farms, and their dearest constitutional rights, to wander in the barren plains and sterile mountains ot western wilds, and linger out their lives in wretched exile, far beyond the pale of professed civilization, or else be extermi- nated upon their own lands by the people and authorities of the State of Illinois. "As life is sweet, we have chosen banishment rather than death, but, sir, the terms of our banishment are so rigid, that we have not sufficient time allotted us to make the necessary preparations to encounter the hardships and difficulties of these dreary and uninhabited regions. We have not time allowed us to dispose of our property, dwellings and farms, consequently many of us will have to leave them unsold, without the means of procuring the necessary provisions, clothing, teams, etc., to sustain us but a short distance beyond the settlements; hence our persecutors have placed us in very unpleasant circumstances. " To stay is death by ' fire and sword ;' to go into banishment unprepared is death by starvation. But yet, under these heartrending circumstances, several hundred of us have started upon our dreary journey, and are now encamped in Lee County, Iowa, suffering much from the intensity of the cold. Some of us are already without food, and others have barely sufficient to last a few weeks : hundreds of others must shortly follow us in the same unhappy condition, therefore : "We, the presiding authorities of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, as a committee in behalf of several thousand suffering exiles, humbly ask Your Excellency to shield and protect us in our constitutional rights, while we are passing through the Territory over which you have jurisdiction. And, should HIS TOR V OF SALT LA KE CI 7 V. 19 any of the exiles be under the necessity of stopping in this Territory for a time, either in settled or unsettled parts, for the purpose of raising crops, by renting farms or upon public lands, or to make the necessary preparations for their exile in any lawful way, we humbly petition Your Excellency to use an influence and power in our behalf, and thus preserve thousands of American citizens, together with their wives and children, from intense sufferings, starvation and death. And your petitioners will ever pray." In the diary of the President is a sort of valedictory, written before starting on their journey from Sugar Creek, which concludes thus: " Our homes, gar- dens, orchards, farms, streets, bridges, mills, public halls, magnificent temple, and other public improvements we leave as a monument of our patriotism, indus- try, economy, uprightness of purpose, and integrity of heart, and as a living testimony of the falsehood and wickedness of those who charge us with disloyalty to the Constitution of our country, idleness and dishonesty." The Mormons were setting out under their leaders, from the borders of civil- ization, with their wives and their children, in broad daylight, before the very eyes of ten thousand of their enemies, who would have preferred their utter de- struction to their " flight," notwithstanding they had enforced it by treaties out- rageous beyond description, inasniuch as the exiles were nearly all American born, many of them tracing their ancestors to the very founders of the nation. They had to make a journey of fifteen hundred miles over trackless prairies, sandy deserts and rocky mountains, through bands of \varlike Indians, who had been driven, exasperated, towards the West; and at last, to seek out and build up their Zion in vallevs then unfruitful, in a solitary region where the foot of the white man had scarcely trod. These, too, were to be followed by the aged, the halt, the sick and the blind, the poor, who were to be helped by their little less destitute brethren, and the delicate young mother with her new-born babe at her breast, and still worse, for they were not only threatened with the extermination of the poor remnant at Nauvoo, but news had arrived that the parent-government de- signed to pursue their pioneers with troops, take from them their arms, and scat- ter them, that they might perish by the way, and leave their bones bleaching in the wilderness. Yet did Brigham Young deal with the exodus of the Mormon people as sim- ply in its opening as he did in his daily record of it. So, indeed, did the entire Mormon community. ' They all seemed as oblivious of the stupendous meaning of an exodus, as did the first workers on railroads of the vast meaning to civiliza- tion of that wonder of the age. A people trusting in their God, the Mormons were, in their mission, superior to the greatest human trials, and in their child- like faith equal to almost superhuman undertakings. To-day, however, with the astonishing change which has come over the spirit of the scene, on the whole Pacific Slope, since the Mormons pioneered our nation towards the setting sun, the picture of a modern Israel in their exodus has almost faded from the popular mind ; but, in the centuries hence, when the passing events of this age shall have each taken their proper place, the historian will point back to that exodus in the New World of the West, as one quite worthy to rank with the immortal exodus of the children of Israel. 20 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. At about noon, on the ist of March, 1846, the " Camp of Israel" began to move, and at four o'clock nearly four hundred wagons were on the the way, travel- ing in a north-westerly direction. At night, they camped again on Sugar Creek, having advanced five miles. Scraping away the snow, they pitched their tents upon the hard frozen ground; and after building large fires in front, they made themselves as comfortable as possible under the circumstances. Indeed, it is questionable whether any other people in the world could have cozened them- selves into a happy state of mind amid such surroundings, with such a past, fresh and bleeding in their memories, and with such a prospect as was before both themselves and the remnant of their brethren left in Nauvoo to the tender mer- cies of the mob. In his diary Apostle Orson Pratt wrote that night, " Not with- ' standing our sufferings, hardships and privations, we are cheerful, and rejoice that we have the privilege of passing through tribulation for the truth's sake." These Mormon pilgrims, who took much consolation on their journey in likening themselves to the pilgrim fathers and mothers of this nation, whose de- scendants many of them actually were, that night made their beds upon the frozen earth. "After bowing before our great Creator," wrote Apostle Pratt, "and offering up praise and thanksgiving to him, and imploring his protection, we resigned ourselves to the slumbers of the night." But the weather was more moderate that night than it had been for several weeks previous. At their first encampment the thermometer, at one time, fell twenty degrees below zero, freezing over the great Mississippi. The survivors of that journey will tell you they never suffered so much from the cold in their lives as they did on Sugar Creek. And what of the Mormon women? Around them circles an almost tragic romance. Fancy may find abundant subject for graphic story of the devotion, the suffering, the matchless heroism of the "Sisters," in the telling incident that nine children were born to them the first night they camped out on Sugar Creek, February 5th, 1846. That day they wept their farewells over their beloved city, or in the sanctuary of the Temple, in which they had hoped to worship till the end of life, but which they left, never to see again; that night suffering nature administered to them the mixed cup ot woman's supremest joy and pain. But it was not prayer alone that sustained these pilgrims. The practical philosophy of their great leader, daily and hourly applied to the exigencies of their case, did almost as much as their own matchless faith to sustain them from the commencement to the end of their journey. With that leader had very properly come to the "Camp of Israel" several of the Twelve and the chief bishops of the Church, but he also brought with him a quorum humble in pre- tensions, yet useful as high priests to the Saints in those spirit-saddening days. It was Captain Pitt's brass band. That night the President had the "brethren and sisters" out in the dance, and the music was as glad as at a merry-making. Several gentlemen from Iowa gathered to witness the strange interesting scene. They could scarcely believe their own senses when they were told that these were the Mormons in their "flight from civilization," bound they knew not whither, except where God should lead them by the "hand of his servant." Thus in the song and the dance the Saints praised the Lord. When the HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 21 night was fine, and supper, which consisted of the most primitive fare, was over, some of the men would clear away the snow, while others bore large logs to th^ camp fires in anticipation of the jubilee of the evening. Soon, in a sheltered place, the blazing fires would roar, and fifty couples, old and young, would join, in the merriest spirit, to the music of the band or the rival revelry of the soli- tary fiddle. As they journeyed along, too, strangers constantly visited their camps, and great was their wonderment to see the order, unity and good feeling that prevailed in the midst of the people. By the camp fires they would linger, listening to the music and song; and they fain had taken part in the merriment had not those scenes been as sacred worship in the exodus of a God-fearing peo- ple. To fully understand the incidents here narrated, the reader must couple in his mind the idea of an exodus with the idea of an Israelitish jubilee; for it was a jubilee to the Mormons to be delivered from their enemies at any price. The sagacious reader will readily appreciate the wise method pursued by Brigham Young. Prayers availed much. The hymn and the prayer were never forgotten at the close of the dance, before they dispersed, to make their bed within the shelter of the wagon, or under it, exposed to the cold of those bitter nights. But the dance and the song kept the Mormon pilgrims cheerful and healthy in mind, whereas, had a spirit of gloomy fanaticism been encouraged, such as one might have exp'ected, most likely there would soon have been murmur- ing in the congregation against their Moses, and the people would have been sighing for the flesh-pots of Egypt. The patriarchal care of Brigham Young over the migrating thousands was also something uncommon. It was extended to every family, every soul; even the very animals had the master friend near to ease and succor them. A thousand anecdotes could be told of that journey to illustrate this. When traveling, or in camp, he was ever looking after the wel- fare of all. No poor horse or ox even had a tight collar or a bow too small but his eye would see it. Many times did he get out of his vehicle and see that some suffering animal was relieved. There can be no doubt that the industrious habits of the Mormons, and the semi-communistic character of their camps, enabled them to accomplish on their journey what otherwise would have been impossible. They were almost destitute at the start, but they created resources on the way. Their pioneers and able- bodied men generally took work on farms, split rails, cleared the timber for the new settlers, fenced their lands, built barns and husked their corn. Each night brought them some employment ; and, if they laid over for a day or two at their encampment, the country around was busy with their industry. They also scattered for work, some of them going even into Missouri among their ancient enemies to turn to the smiter the "other cheek," while they were earning sup- port for their families. At one of their first camping grounds, on a ten-acre lot which the pioneer had cleared of timber, they made the acquaintance of its owner, a Dr. Jewett. The worthy doctor was an enthusiast over mesmerisin and animal magnetism, so he sought to convert the Mormon leaders to his views. Brigham Young replied, "I perfectly understand it, Doctor. We believe in the Lord's magnetizing. He magnetized Belshazzar so that he saw the hand-writing on the wall." The 22 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Mormons, too, had seen the hand-writing on the wall, and were hastening to the mountains. The citizens of Farmington came over to invite the Nauvoo Band, under Captain Pitt, to come to their village for a concert. There was some music left in the "brethren." They had not forgotten how to sing the " Songs of Zion," so they made the good folks of Farmington merry, and for a time forgot their own sorrows. As soon as the "Camp of Israel" was fairly on the march, the leader, with the Twelve and the captains, divided it into companies of hundreds, nfties, and tens ; and then the companies took up their line in order, Brigham Young direct- ing the whole, and bringing up the main body, with the chief care of the families. The weather was still intensely cold. The Pioneers moved in the face of keen- edged northwest winds ; they broke the ice to give their cattle drink ; they made their beds on the soaked prairie lands ; heavy rains and snow by day, and frost at nif^ht, rendered their situation anything but pleasant. The bark and limbs of trees were the principal food of their animals, and after doubling their teams all day, wading through the deep mud, they would find themselves at night only a few miles on their journey. They grew sick of this at last, and for three weeks rested on the head waters of the Chariton, waiting for the freshets to subside. These incidents of travel were varied by an occasional birth in camp. There was also the death of a lamented lady early on the journey. She was a gentle, intelligent wife of a famous Mormon missionary, Orson Spencer, once a Baptist minister of excellent standing. She had requested the brethren to take her with them. She would not be left behind. Life was too far exhausted by the perse- cutions to survive the exodus, but she could yet have the honor of dying in that immortal circumstance of her people. Several others of the sisters also died at the verv starting. Ah, who shall fitly picture the lofty heroism of the Mormon women ! It was near the Chariton that the organization of the " Camp of Israel " was perfected, on the 27th of March, when Brigham Young was formally chosen as the President ; and captains of hundreds, fifties, and tens were appointed. Thus the Twelve became relieved of their mere secular commands, and were placed at the heads of divisions, in their more apostolic character, as presidents. The provisioning of the camp was also equally brought under organic man- agement. Henry G. Sherwood was appointed contracting commissary for the first fifty ; David D. Yearsley for the second ; W. H. Edwards for the third ; Peter Haws for the fourth ; Samuel Gulley for the fifth: Joseph Warburton for the sixth. Henry G. Sherwood ranked as acting commissary-general. There were also distributing commissaries appointed. Their duties, says the President's diary, "are to make a righteous distribution of grain and provisions, and such articles as shall be furnished for the use of the camp, among their respec- tive fifties." Thus it will be seen that the "Camp of Israel" now partook very much of a military character, with all of an army's organic efficiency. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 23 Towards the end of April the camp came to a place the leaders named Gar- den Grove. Here they determined to form a small settlement, open farms, and make a temporary gathering place for "the poor," while the better prepared were to push on the way and make other settlements. On the morning of the 27th of April the bugle sounded at Garden Grove, and all the men assembled to organize for labor. Immediately hundreds of men were at work cutting trees, splitting rails, making fences, cutting logs for houses, building bridges, digging wells, making plows, and herding cattle. Quite a num- ber were sent into the Missouri settlements to exchange horses for oxen, valuable feather beds and the like for provisions and articles most needed in the camp, and the remainder engaged in plowing and planting. Messengers were also dis- patched to call in the bands of pioneers scattered over the country seeking work, with instructions to hasten them up to help form the new settlements before the season had passed ; so that, in a scarcely conceivable time, at Garden Grove and Mount Pisgah, industrious settlements sprang up almost as if by magic. The main body also hurried on towards old Council Bluffs, under the President and his chief men, to locate winter quarters, and to send on a picked company of pioneers that year to the Rocky Mountains. Reaching the Missouri River, they were welcomed by the Potfowatomie and Omaha Indians. By this time Apostle Orson Hyde had arrived at headquarters from Nauvoo, and Apostle Woodruff, home from his mission to England, was at Mount Pisgah. To this place an express from the President at Council Bluffs came to raise one hundred men for the expedition to the mountains. Apostle Woodruff called for the mounted volunteers, and sixty at once followed him out into the line ; but the next day an event occurred which caused the postponement of the journey to the mountains till the following year. It was on the 26th of June when the camp at Mount Pisgah was thrown into consternation by the cry, " The United States troops are upon us ! " But soon afterwards. Captain James Allen arriving with only three dragoons, the excite- ment subsided. The High Council was called, and Captain Allen laid before it his business, which is set forth in the following ' ' Circular to the Mormons : I have come among you, instructed by Col. S. F. Kearney, of the U. S. Army, now commanding the Army of the West, to visit the Mormon camp, and to accept the service for twelve months of four or five companies of Mormon men who may be willing to serve their country for that period in our present war with Mexico ; this force to unite with the Army of the West at Santa Fe, and be marched thence to California, where they will be discharged. ''They will receive pay and rations, and other allowances, such as other volunteers or regular soldiers receive, from the day they shall be mustered into the service, and will be entitled to all comforts and benefits of regular soldiers of the army, and when discharged, as contemplated, at California, they will be given gratis their arms and accoutrements, with which they will be fully equipped at Fort Leavenworth. This is offered to the Mormon people now. This year an opportunity of sending a portion of their young and intelligent men to the ulti- mate destination of their whole people, and entirely at the expense of the United 2^ HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. States, and this advanced party can thus pave the way and look out the land for their brethren to come after them. "Those of the Mormons who are desirous of serving their country on the conditions here enumerated, are requested to meet me without delay at their principal camp at the Council Bluffs, whither I am now going to consult with their principal men, and to receive and organize the force contemplated to be raised. " I will receive all healthy, able-bodied men of from eighteen to forty-five years of age. J. Allen, Capt. ist Dragoons. ^'Camp of the Mormons at Mount Fisgah, ij8 miles east of Council Bluffs, June 26th, 1846. "Note. — I hope to complete the organization of this battalion in six days after my reaching Council Bluffs, or within nine days from this time." The High Council of Mount Pisgah treated the military envoy with studied courtesy, but the matter was of too great importance for even an opinion to be hazarded in the absence of the master mind : so Captain Allen was furnished with a letter of introduction to Brigham Young and the authorities at headquar- ters, and a special messenger was dispatched by Apostle Woodruff to prepare the President for the business of the government agent. CHAPTER HI. THE CALL FOR THE MORMON BATTALION. LNTERVIEWS WITH PRESIDENT POLK. THE APOSTLES ENLISTING SOLDIERS FROM THEIR PEOPLE FOR THE SERVICE OF THE NATION. THE BATTALION ON THE MARCH. We now come to a subject in Mormon history of which two opposite views have been taken, neither of which, perhaps, are unqualifiedly correct. It is that of the calling of a Mormon battalion to serve the nation in its war with Mexico, as set forth in the circular already given. One view is that the Government, prompted by such men as Senator Benton of Missouri, sought to destroy, or at least to cripple the Mormons, by taking from them five hundred of their best men, in an Indian country, and in their exodus; while the other view is that the Government designed their good and honor. The truth is that a few honorable gentlemen like Colonel Thomas L. Kane did so design ; but it is equally true that the great majority heartily wished for their utter extinction ; while Senator Douglass and many other politicians, seeing in this vast migration of the Mor- mons towards the Pacific the ready and most efficient means to wrest California from Mexico, favored the calling of the battalion for national conquest, without caring what afterwards became of those heroic men who left their families and HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY, 2S people in the "wilderness," or whether those families perished by the way or not. Moreover, the Mormon leaders are in possession of what appears to be very positive evidence that, after President Polk issued the "call," Senator Thomas Benton obtained from him the pledge that, should the Mormons refuse to re- spond, United States troops should pursue, cut off their route, and disperse them. Such a covenant was villainous beyond expression ; for, to have dispersed the Mor- mon pilgrims at that moment would have been to have devoted a whole people to the cruelest martyrdom. In any view of the case, it shows that the Mormons were an essentially loyal and patriotic people ; and, if we take the darkest view, which be it em- phatically affirmed was the one of that hour, then does the masterly policy of Brigham Youug, and the conduct of the Mormons, stand out sublime and far- seeing beyond most of the examples of history. The reader has noted Mr. Bran- nan's letter, received by the leaders before starting on their journey; they looked upon this "call" for, from five hundred to a thousand, of the flower of their camps as the fulfillment of the " threat." The excuse to annihilate them they believed was sought; even the General Government dared not disperse and dis- arm them without an excuse. At the best an extraordinary test of their loyalty was asked of them, under circumstances that would have required the thrice hardening of a Pharaoh's heart to have exacted. Here it will only be just to both sides to give Colonel Kane's statement, in his historical discourse on tlie Mormons, delivered before the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, as that gentleman sustained in the case very much the character of a special agent of the Administration to the Mormons. He said: "At tlie commencement of the Mexican war, the President considered it de- sirable to march a body of reliable infantry to California, at as early a period as practicable, and the known hardihood and habits of discipline of the Mormons were supposed peculiarly to fit them for this service. As California was supposed also to be their ultimate destination, the long march might cost them less than other citizens. They were accordingly invited to furnish a battalion of volun- teers early in the month of July. "The call could hardly have been more inconveniently timed. The young and those who could best have been spared, were then away from the main body, either with pioneer companies in the van, or, their faith unannouuced, seeking work and food about the north-western settlements, to support them till the re- turn of the season for commencing emigration. The force was, therefore, to be recruited from among the fathers of families, and others, whose presence it was most desirable to retain. "There were some, too, who could not view the invitation without distrust; they had twice been persuaded by Government authorities in Illinois and Mis- souri, to give up their arms on some special appeals to their patriotic confidence, and had then been left to the malice of their enemies. And now they were asked, tn the midst of the Indian country, to surrender over five hundred of their best men for a war march of thousands of miles to California, without the hope of return till after the conquest of that country. Could they view such a propo- sition with favor ? 4 26 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. "But the feeling of country triumphed; the Union had never wronged them. 'You shall have your battalion at once, if it has to be a class of elders,' said one, himself a ruling elder. A central mass-meeting for council, some har- angues at the more remotely scattered camps, an American flag brought out from the storehouse of things rescued, and hoisted to the top of a tree-mast, and, in three days, the force was reported, mustered, organized and ready to march." The foregoing is a graphic summary, but the reader will ask for something more of detail of this one of the chief episodes of the Pioneer history. On the first of July Captain Allen was in council at the Bluffs with Brigham Young, Heber C Kimball, Orson Hyde, Orson Pratt, Willard Richards, George A. Smith, John Taylor, John Smith and Levi Richards. At head-quarters they had not nearly sufficient force to raise the battalion. Yet they lost not a moment. In the character of recruiting sergeants Brigham, Heber and Willard at once set out for Mount Pisgah, a distance of 130 miles, on the back track. Here they met Elder Jesse C. Little, home from Washington, having had interviews with President Polk and other members of the Government. A condensation of Elder Little's report will, at least, give to the public the original plan of the Govern- ment in the call of the battalion : " To Ffestdent Brigham You ng and the Council of the Twelve Apostles: ^'■Brethren: In your letter of appointment to me dated Temple of God, Nauvoo, January 26th, 1846, you suggested, 'If our Government should offer facilities for emigrating to the western coast, embrace those facilities if possible. As a wise and faithful man, take every honorable advantage of the times you can. Be thou a savior and deliverer of the people, and let virtue, integrity and truth be your motto — salvation and glory the prize for which you contend.' In ac- cordance with my instructions, I felt an anxious desire for the deliverance of the Saints, and resolved upon visiting James K. Polk, President of the United States, to lay the situation of my persecuted brethren before him, and ask him, as the representative of our country, to stretch forth the Federal arm in their be- half. Accordingly, I called upon Governor Steele, of New Hampshire, with whom I had been acquainted from my youth, and other philanthropic gentlemen to obtain letters of recommendation to the heads of the departments." Governor Steele gave to Elder Little a letter of introduction to Mr. Ban- croft, Secretary of the Navy, in which the Governor said : "Mr. I,ittle visits Washington, if I understand it correctly, for the purpose of procuring, or endeavoring to procure, the freight of any provisions or naval stores which the Government may be desirous of sending to Oregon, or to any portion of the Pacific. He is thus desirous of obtaining freight tor the purpose of lessening the expense of chartering vessels to convey him and his followers to California, where they intend going and making a permanent settlement the present summer. Yours truly, John Steele." From Colonel Thomas L. Kane, Elder Little received a letter of introduc- HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 27 tion to the Hon. George M. Dallas, Vice-President of the United States, in which the writer said : ''This gentleman visits Washington, with no other object than the laudable one of desiring aid of Governn:ient for his people, who, forced by persecution to found a new commonwealth in the Sacramento Valley, still retain American hearts, and would not willingly sell themselves to the foreigner, or forget the old commonwealth they leave behind." Armed with these and other letters, Mr. Little started to Washington from Philadelphia, where he had enlisted, for his afflicted people, the zealous friend- ship of the patriotic brother of the great Arctic explorer ; and, soon after his arrival at the capital, he obtained an introduction to President Polk, through Ex- Postmaster-General Amos Kendall. The Elder was favorably received by Mr. Polk, which emboldened him to address a formal petition to the President, which he closed as follows : " From twelve to fifteen thousand Mormons have already left Nauvoo for Cali- fornia, and many others are making ready to go ; some have gone around Cape Horn, and I trust, before this time, have landed at the Bay of San Francisco. We have about forty thousand in the British Isles, all determined to gather to this land, and thousands will sail this fall. There are also many thousands scattered through the States, besides the great number in and around Nauvoo, who will go to California as soon as possible, but many of them are destitute of money to pay their passage either by sea or land. "We are true-hearted Americans, true to our native country, true to its laws, true to its glorious institutions ^ and we have a desire to go under the out- stretched wings of the American Eagle; we would disdain to receive assistance from a foreign power, although it should be proffered, unless our Government should turn us off in this great crisis, and compel us to be foreigners. "If you will assist us in this crisis, I hereby pledge my honor, as the repre- sentative of this people, that the whole body will stand ready at your call, and act as one man in the land to which we are going ; and should our Territory be in- vaded, we will hold ourselves ready to enter the field of battle, and then, like our patriotic fathers, make the battle-field our grave, or gain our liberty." There were present at the first interview between the Mormon Elder and the President of the United States, Gen. Sam. Houston, just from Texas, upon Mex- ican affairs, and other distinguished men. A singular circumstance in American history is here connected ; for at that important juncture in the history of our nation, as well as the Mormons, Washmgton was thrown into great excitement by the news that General Taylor had fought two battles with the Mexicans. This important event was directly bearing on the affairs of the Mormons, as much as upon those of the nation at large. The news of the actual commencement of the war between the two rival republics came in the very nick of time. Had Elder Little arrived in Washington six months before, or six months later, there would have been a marked variation from that which came to pass. We know not what the exact difference would have been, but it is most certain that President Polk would not then have designed to possess California by the help of these State- 28 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. founding Saints, nor would their shovels have turned up the gold at Sutter's Mill, nor would General Stephen F. Kearney have had at his back the Mormon Battalion as his chief force, when he made himself master of the land of precious metals, and put his rival, Fremont, under arrest. The day after his first interview with President Polk, Elder Little called again upon ex- Post master- General Kendall, who informed him that the President had determined to take possession of California; that he designed to use the Mormons for this purpose, and that they would receive orders to push through to fortify the country. This induced the Elder to address the petition already quoted. The President now laid the matter before the Cabinet. The plan offered to his colleagues was for the Elder to go direct to the Mormon camp, to raise from among them "one thoiisand picked men, to make a dash into California and take possession of it in the name of the United States." The Battalion was to be officered by their own men, excepting the commanding officer, who was to be appointed by President Polk, and to take cannon and everything necessary for the defence of the country. One thousand more of the Mormons from the East- ern States were proposed to be sent by way of Cape Horn, in a U. S. transport, for the same service. This was the original plan which President Polk laid before his Cabinet. After this Elder Little had his second interview with President Polk, who told the Elder that he " had no prejudices against the Saints, but that he believed them to be good citizens; " that he "was willing to do them all tlie good in his power consistently; " that " they should be protected ; '" and that he had "read the petition with interest." He further emphatically observed that he had " confidence in the Mormons as true American citizens, or he would not make such propositions as those he designed." This interview lasted three hours, so filled was the President with his plan of possessing California by the aid of the Mormons. But this generous design was afterwards changed through the influ- ence of Senator Benton. Before his departure west, Elder Little had another special interview with the President, who further said that he had " received the Mormon suffrages," that " they should be remembered ; " and that he had " instructed the Secretary of War to make out dispatches to Colonel Kearney, commander of the Army of the West, relative to the Mormon Battalion." On the 1 2th of June, Elder Little, in company with Colonel Thomas L. Kane, started for the West, the Colonel bearing special dispatches from the Gov- ernment to General Kearney, who was at Fort Leavenworth. Judge Kane jour- neyed with his son as far as St. Louis. The following is the order under which the Battalion was mustered into service : " Headquarters, Army of the West, Fort Leavenworth, June 19, 1846. '^ Sir : It is understood that there is a large body of Mormons who are de- sirous of emigrating to California, for the purpose of settling in that country, and I have therefore to direct that you will proceed to their camps and endeavor HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 2g to raise from amongst them four or five companies of volunteers, to join me in my expedition to that country, each company to consist of any number between 73 and 109 , the officers of eadlc. company will be a captain, first lieu- tenant, and second lieutenant, who will be elected by the privates, and subject to your approval, and the captains then to appoint the non-commissioned ofiicers, also subject to your approval. The companies, upon being thus organized, will be mustered by you into the service of the United States, and from that day will commence to receive the pay, rations, and other allowances given to the other infantry volunteers, each according to his rank. You will, upon mustering into service the fourth company, be considered as having the rank, pay, and emolu- ments of a lieutenant-colonel of infantry, and are authorized to appoint an adju- tant, sergeant-major, and quartermaster-sergeant for the battalion. "The companies, after being organized, will be marched to this post, where they will be armed and prepared for the field, after which they will, under your command, follow on my trail in the direction of Santa Fe, and where you will receive further orders from me. "You will, upon organizing the companies, require provisions, wagons, horses, mules, etc. You must purchase everything that is necessary, and give the necessary drafts upon the quartermaster and commissary departments at this post, which drafts will be paid upon presentation. "You will have the Mormons distinctly to understand that I wish to have them as volunteers for twelve months ; that they will be marched to California, receiving pay and allowances during the above time, and at its expiration they will be discharged, and allowed to retain, as their private property, the guns and accoutrements furnished to them at this post. " Each company will be allowed four women as laundresses, who will travel with the company, receiving rations and other allowances given to the laun- dresses of our army. " With the foregoing conditions, which are hereby pledged to the Mormons, and which will be faithfully kept by me and other officers in behalf of the Gov- ernment of the United States, I cannot doubt but that you will in a few days be able to raise five hundred young and efficient men for this expedition. " Very respectfully your obedient servant, (Signed) S. F. Kearney, Col. of First Dragoons. Per Capt. James Allen, First. Reg. Dragoons, Fort Leavenworth." The following from important documents sent from the War Office a quarter of a century later, to aid this author in his investigation of the call of the Mormon Battalion is presented here to perfect the view : "Adjutant General's Office. ^' Sir : I send herewith such papers as I have been able to find relating to the way the Mormon Battalion was received into service during the Mexican war. Your obedient servant, E. D. Townsend, Adjuiani- Genera/.'" "■ Hon. W. L. Marcy, Secretary of War, in a letter to General Kearney, dated June 3, 1846, states that it is known that a large body of Mormon emi- o£ HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. grants are en route to California, for the purpose of settling in that country, de- sires the General to use all proper means to have a good understanding with them,, to the end that the United States may have their co-operation in taking posses- sion of and holding the country; authorizes the General to muster into service such as can be induced to volunteer, not, however, to a number exceeding one- third of his entire force. Should they enter the service they were to be paid as other volunteers ; to be allowed to designate, as far as it could be properly done,, the persons to act as officers. "This appears to be the authority under which General Kearney mustered the Mormon Battalion into service. " The command was mustered out of service in California, in 1847, and one company was again mustered in immediately after to serve for twelve months. This company was mustered out in 1848 at San Diego." The other document of this Battalion history, furnished by the Adjutant- General, is General Kearney's order under which the Battalion was mustered into service. It will be seen from the above abstract of Secretary Marcy's letter to Gen- eral Kearney,, that there exists in the War Office to-day positive proof that the United States did design to colonize California by the aid of the Mormons. Extraordinary was the wording, that the United States Government " desires the General to use all proper means to have a good understanding with them, to the end that the United States ?nay have their co-operation in taking possession of and holding the country. ' ' We return to the Pioneer narrative : It will be remembered that Brigham Young, while believing the Battalion call to be a test of loyalty, hastened with Heber C. Kimball and Willard Richards to Mount Pisgah, 130 miles, to execute the " demand," as they deemed it, for a battalion ot their picked men to serve their country. They immediately sent messengers, with official dispatches from their High Council to Nauvoo, Garden Grove, and the regions around, calling to headquarters their old men and able- bodied boys to supply the place of their picked men going for the service of their country. Returning to Council Bluffs, the Twelve gathered the " Camp of Israel" to enrol the companies of volunteers. While Major Hunt, of the volunteers, was calling out the first company, Brigham Young conversed with Colonel Kane in Woodruff's carriage about the affairs of the nation, and told him the time would come when the Mormons would "have to save the Government of the United States, or it would crumble to atoms." Forty minutes after twelve of the same day, July 15, the Elders and the people assembled in the Bowery. President Young then delivered to the congre- gation a simple but earnest speech, in which he told the brethren, with a touch of subdued pathos, " not to mention families to-day;" that they had "not time to reason now." "We want," he said, " to conform to the requisition made upon us, and we will do nothing else until we accomplish this thing. If we want the privilege of going where we can worship God according to the dictates of H1ST0R\ OF SALT LAKE CLTY. jr our consciences, we must raise the Battalion. I say, it is right; and who cares for sacrificing our comfort for a few years? " Nobly did the Mormons respond to this call of their country. The Apostles acted as recruiting sergeants; nor did they wait for their reinforcements, but ■moved as though they intended to apply their leader's closing sentence literally; he said : "After we get through talking, we will call out the companies ; and if there are not young men enough we will take Xhz old men, and if they are not enough we will take the women. I want to say to every man, the Constitution of the United States, as framed by our fathers, was dictated, was revealed, was put into their hearts by the Almighty, who sits enthroned in the midst of the heavens; although unknown to them it was dictated by the revelations of Jesus Christ, and I tell you, in the name of Jesus Christ, it is as good as ever I could ask for. I say unto you. magnify the laws. There is no law in the United States, or in the Constitution, but I am ready to make honorable." ''There was no sentimental affectation at their leave-taking," said Thomas L. Kane, in relating the story to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. " The af- ternoon before their march was devoted to a farewell ball ; and a more merry rout I have never seen, though the company went without refreshments, and their ball was of the most primitive. It was the custom, whenever the larger camps rested for a few days together, to make great arbors, or boweries, as they called them, of poles, and brush, and wattling, as places af shelter for their meetings of devotion or conference. In one of these, where the ground had been trodden firm and hard by the worshippers, of the popular Father Taylor's precinct, was gathered now the mirth and beauty of the Mormon Israel. " If anything told that the Mormons had been bred to other lives, it was the appearance of the women as they assembled here. Before their flight they had sold their watches and trinkets as the most available recourse for raising ready money ; and hence like their partners, who wore waistcoats cut with useless watch pockets, they, although their ears were pierced and bore the marks of re- jected pendants, were without earrings, chains or broaches. Except such orna- ments, however, they lacked nothing most becoming the attire of decorous maidens. The neatly-darned white stockings, and clean white petticoat, the clear-starched collar and chemisette, the something faded, only because too-well washed lawn or gingham gown, that fitted modishly to the waist of its pretty wearer — these, if any of them spoke of poverty, spoke of a poverty that had known better days, '•'With the rest attended the elders of the Church within call, including nearly all the chiefs of the High Council, with their wives and children. They, the bravest and most trouble-worn, seemed the most anxious of any to throw off the burden of heavy thoughts. Their leading off the dance in a double cotillion was the signal which bade the festivity to commence. To the canto of debonnair violins, the cheer of horns, the jingle of sleigh bells, and the jovial snoring of the tambourines, they did dance ! None of your minuets or other mortuary pos- sessions of gentles in etiquette, tight shoes and pinching gloves, but the spirited and scientific displays of our venerated and merry grandparents, who were not above following the fiddle to the lively fox-chase, French fours, Copenhagen jigs. j2 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Virginia reels, and the like forgotten figures, executed with the spirit of people too happy to be slow, or bashful, or constrained. Light hearts, lithe figures, and light feet had it their own way from an early hour till after the sun had dipped behind the sharp sky-line of the Omaha hills. Silence was then called, and a well-cultivated mezzo-soprano voice, belonging to a young lady with fair face and dark eyes, gave with quartette acccompaniment, a little song, the notes of which I have been unsuccessful in repeated efforts to obtain since — a version of the text touching to all earthly wanderers : " By the rivers of Babylon we sat down and wept ; We wept when we remembered Zion, "There was danger of some expression of feeling when the song was over, for it had begun to draw tears, but, breaking the quiet with his hard voice, an elder asked the blessing of heaven on all who, with purity of heart and brother- hood of spirit, had mingled in that society, and then all disp>ersed, hastening to cover from the falling dews." CHAPTER IV. THE MORMONS SETTLE ON INDIAN LANDS. A GRAND COUNCIL HELD BE- TWEEN THE ELDERS AND INDIAN CHIEFS. A COVENANT IS MADE BETWEEN THEM, AND LAND GRANTED BY THE INDIANS TO THEIR MOR- MON BROTHERS. CHARACTERISTIC SPEECHES OF FAMOUS INDIAN CHIEFS. WINTER QUARTERS ORGANIZED. THE JOURNEY OF THE PION- EERS TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. With the departure of the Battalion, the flower of their strength, vanished all expectation of going to the Rocky Mountains that year, and the elders immediately set to work to locate and build their winter quarters. Ever exact to the organic genius of their community, their first business was to organize the High Council of a "Traveling Stake of Zion." This was done at Council Bluffs, July 21st, with Father Morley at the head of an incorporated council of twelve high priests. The Indians welcomed their " Mormon brothers" with a touch of dramatic pathos. "They would have been pleased," said Colonel Kane, "with any whites who would not cheat them, nor sell them whiskey, nor whip them for their poor gipsy habits, nor bear themselves indecently toward their wom'en, many of whom among the Pottowatomies, especially those of nearly unmixed French descent, are singularly comely, and some of them educated. But all Indians have something like a sentiment of reverence for the insane, and admire those who sacrifice, without apparent motive, their worldly welfare to the triumph of an idea. They understand the meaning of what they call a great vow, and think it is the duty of the right-minded to lighten the votary's penance under it. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY, 33 To this feeling they united the sympathy of fellow sufferers for those who could talk to them of their own Illinois, and tell the story how from it they also had been ruthlessly expelled. "Their hospitality was sincere, almost delicate. Fanny Le Clerc, the spoiled child of the great brave, Pied Riche, interpreter of the nation, would have the pale face, Miss Divine, learn duets with her to the guitar; and the daughter of substantial Joseph La Framboise, the interpreter of the United States (she died of the fever that summer) welcomed all the nicest young Mor- mon Kitties and Lizzies and Jennies and Susans, to a coffee feast at her father's house, which was probably the best cabin in the river village. They made the Mormons at home there and elsewhere- Upon all they formally gave them leave to tarry just so long as it suited their own good pleasure. "^The affair, of course, furnished material for a solemn council. Under the auspices of an officer of the United States, their chiefs were summoned, in the form befitting great occasions, to meet in the dirty yard of one Mr. P. A. Sarpy's log trading house, at their village; they came in grand toilet, moving in their fantastic attire with so much aplomb and genteel measure, that the stranger found it difficult not to believe them high-born gentlemen attending a costumed ball. When the red men had indulged to satiety in tobacco smoke from their peace pipes, and in what they love still better, their peculiar metaphoric rodo- montade, which, beginning with celestial bodies, and coursing downwards over the grandest sublunary objects, always managed to alight at last on their great Father Polk, and the tenderness of him for his affectionate colored children; all the solemn funny fellows present, who played the part of chiefs, signed formal articles of convention with their unpronounceable names. "The renowned chief. Pied Riche (he was surnamed Le Clerc on account of his remarkable scholarship) then rose and said : "■ 'My Mormon Brethren: The Pottowatomie came sad and tired into this unhealthy Missouri bottom, not many years back, when he was taken from his beautiful country beyond the Mississippi, which had abundant game and timber, and clear water everywhere. Now you are driven away the same from your lodges and your lands there, and the graves of your people. So we have both suffered. We must keep one another and the Great Spirit will keep us both. You are now free to cut and use all the wood you may wish. You can make your improvements and live on any part of our actual land not occupied by us. Be- cause one suffers and does not deserve it, it is no reason he should suffer always. I say, we may live to see all right yet. However, if we do not, our children will. Bon jour! '" And thus ended the pageant. But the Mormons had most to do with the Omaha Indians, for they located their camps on both the east and west sides of the Missouri River. Winter Quarters proper was on the west side, five miles above the Omaha of to-day. There, on a pretty plateau, overlooking the river, they built,- in a few months, over seven hundred houses, neatly laid out with highways and by-wUys, and fortified with breastwork, stockade, and block-houses. It had, too, its place of worship, "tabernacle of the congregation;" for in everythig thev. 5 j4 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. did they kept up the character of the modern Israel. The industrial character of the people also typed itself on their city in the wilderness, which sprang up as by magic, for it could boast of large workshops, and mills and factories provided with water power. They styled it a "Stake of Zion." It was the principal stake, too ; several others, such as Garden Grove and Mount Pisgah having al- ready been established on the route. The settlement of headquarters brought the Mormons into peculiar relation- ship with the Omahas. A grand council was also held between their chiefs and the Elders. Big Elk made a characteristic speech for the occasion, yet not so distinguished in its Indian eloquence as that of Le Clerc. Big Elk said, in re- sponse to President Young : " My son, thou hast spoken well. I have all thou hast said in my heart. I have much I want to say. We are poor. When we go to hunt game in one place, we meet an enemy, and so in another place our enemies kill us. We do not kill them. I hope we will be friends. You may stay on these lands two years or more. Our young men may watch your cattle. We would be glad to have you trade with us. We will warn you of danger from other Indians." The council closed with an excellent feeling ; the pauper Omahas were treated to a feast, very gracious even to the princely appetite of Big Elk ; and then they returned to their wigwams, satisfied for the time with the dispensation of the Great Spirit, who had sent their " Mormon brethren " into their country to care for and protect them from their enemies — the warlike Sioux. The Omahas were ready to solicit as a favor the residence of white protec- tors among them. The Mormons harvested and stored away for them their crops of maize ; with all their own poverty they spared them food enough be- sides, from lime to time, to save them from absolutely starving ; and their en- trenched camp to the north of the Omaha villages, served as a sort of a break- water between them and the destroying rush of the Sioux. But the Mormons were as careful in their settlement on the Indian lands as they had been in the Battalion case, to make their conduct irreproachable in the eyes of the General Government, and to do nothing, even in their direst necessi- ties, that would not force the sanction of the nation. They were, therefore, particular in obtaining covenants from the Indians and forwarding them to the .President of the United States. Here is the covenant of the Omahas: " West Side of the Missouri River, Near Council Bluffs, August 31, 1846. " We, the undersigned chiefs and braves, representatives of the Omaha nation of Indians, do hereby grant to the Mormon people the privilege of tarry- ing upon our lands for two years or more, or as long as may suit their conven- ience for the purpose of making the necessary preparations to prosecute their journey^west of the Rocky Mountains, provided that our great father, the Pres- ident of the United States, shall not counsel us to the contrary. And we also do grant unto them the privilege of using all the wood and timber they shall recpiire. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 35 And furthermore agree that we will not molest or take from them their cattle, horses, sheep, or any other property. Big Elk, his x mark, Standing Elk, his x mark, Little Chief, his x mark." On this matter Brigham Young wrote to the President in behalf of his people : Near Council Bluffs, Butler's Park, Omaha Nation, Sept. 7, 1846. '■'■Sir: Since our communication of the 9th ult. to Your Excellency, the Omaha Indians have returned from their Summer hunt, and we have had an in- terview in general council with their chiefs and braves, who expressed a willing- ness that we should tarry on their lands, and use what wood and timber would be necessary for our convenience, while we were preparing to prosecute our journey, as may be seen by a duplicate of theirs to us of the 21st of August, which will be presented by Col. Kane. "In council they were much more specific than in their writings, and Big Elk, in behalf of his nation requested us to lend them teams to draw their corn at harvest, and help keep it after it was deposited, to assist them in building houses, making fields, doing some blacksmithing, etc., and to teach some of their young men to do the same, and also keep some goods, and trade with them while we tarried among them. We responded to all their wishes in the same spirit of kindness manifested by them, and told them we would do them all the good we could, with the same proviso they made — if the President is willing; and this is why we write. Hitherto we have kept aloof from all intercourse except in councils, as re- ferred to, and giving them a it^ beeves when hungry, but we have the means of doing them a favor by instructing them in agricultural and mechanical arts, if it is desirable. It might subject us to some inconvenience in our impoverished situation, to procure goods for their accommodation, and yet, if we can do it, we might re- ceive in return as many skins and furs as would prove a valuable tempo- rary substitute for worn-out clothing and tents in our camp, which would be no small blessing. "A small division of our camp is some two or three hundred miles west of this, on the rush bottoms, among the Puncaws, where similar feelings are mani- fested towards our people. "Should Your Excellency consider the requests of the Indians for instruc- tion, etc., reasonable, and signifying the same to us, we will give them all the information in mechanism and farming the nature of the case will admit, which will give us the opportunity of getting the assistance of their men to help ns herd and labor, which we have much needed since the organization of the Battalion. "A license, giving us permission to trade with the Indians while we are tar- rying on or passing through their lands, made out in the name of Newel K. Whitney, our agent in camp, would be a favor to our people and our red neigh- j6 HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CI 7 Y. bors. All of which is submitted to Your Excellency's consideration and the confidence of Colonel Kane. "Done in behalf of the council of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- day Saints, at the time and place before mentioned, and Camp of Israel. Most respectfully, Brigham Young, President, W1LLA.RD Richards, Clerks ''To James K. Polk, President U. Sr Out of an absolute destitution, and in spite of their expulsion, the Mormons had flourished and increased in the wilderness, so that at the end of the year 1846, Winter Quarters had grown into twenty-two wards, with a bishop over each. As the spring opened, they began to prepare for their journey to the moun- tains, which at that day was almost appalling to the imagination. They had still over a thousand miles to the valley of the Salt Lake, and so little was known of the country any more than its name implied — the Great American Desert — that the Mormons could not look forward to much of a land of promise to repay them tor all the past. Yet sang their poet, Eliza R. Snow, who has ever on their great occasions fired them with her Hebraic inspiration : "The time of winter now is o'er. There's verdure on the plain ; We leave our shelt'ring roofs once more, And to our tents again. Chorus : — O Camp of Israel, onward move, O, Jacob, rise and sing ; Ye Saints the world's salvation prove, All hail to Zion's King ! " The pioneer song (as it was called) was, like their journey, quite lengthy. But the pioneers sang it with a will. It told them of their past; told them in exultation, that they were leaving the "mobbing Gentile race, who thirsted for their blood, to rest in Jacob's hiding place,'' and it told of the future, in pro- phetic strains. The word and will of the Lord concerning the Camp of Israel in its journey- ings to the West, was published from head-quarters, on the 14th of January, 1847. As it is the first written revelation eversent out to the Church by President Young, the following passages from it will be read with interest : " Let all the people of the Church of Jesus Christ of Lattter-day Saints and those who journey with them, be organized into companies, with a covenant and promise to keep all the commandments and statutes of the Lord our God. Let the companies be organized with captains of hundreds, and captains of fifties, and captains of tens, with a president and councilor at their head, under the di- rection of the Twelve Apostles ; and this shall be our covenant, that we vvill walk in all the ordinances of the Lord. " Let each company provide itself with all the teams, wagons, provisions and all other necessaries for the journey that they can. When the companies are organized, let them go to with all their might, to prepare for those who are to HrSTORY OF SALT LAKE CLTY. 37 tarry. Let each company, with their captains and presidents, decide how many can go next spring; then choose out a sufficient number of able-bodied and ex- pert men to take teams, seed, and farming utensils to go as pioneers to prepare for putting in the spring crops. Let each company bear an equal proportion, according to the dividend of their property, in taking the poor, the widows, and the fatherless, and the families of those who have gone with the army, that the cries of the widow and the fatherless come not up into the ears of the Lord against his people. " Let each company prepare houses, and fields for raising corn for those who are to remain behind this season ; and this is the will of the Lord concerning this people." "Let every man use all his influence and property to remove this people to the place where the Lord shall locate a Stake of Zion; and if ye do this with a pure heart, with all faithfulness, ye shall be blessed in your flocks, and in your herds, and in your fields, and in your houses, and in your families." * * On the 7th of April, 1847, the day after the general conference, the pion- eers started from Winter Quarters. As soon as they got fairly on the journey, they were organized as a military body, into companies of hundreds, fifties and tens. The following order of the officers will illustrate : Brigham Young, Lieutenant-General ; Stephen .Markham, Colonel ; John Pack, ist Major; Shadrach Roundy, 2d Major; Captains of hundreds, Stephen Markham and A. P. Rockvrood. Captain of Company i, Wilford Woodruff; Company 2, Ezra T. Benson ; Company 3, Phineas H. Young; Company 4, Luke Johnson; Company 5, Stephen H. Goddard ; Company 6, Charles Shumway; Company 7, James Case: Company S, Seth Taft ; Company 9, Howard Egan ; Company 10, Appleton M. Harmon; Company 11, John Higbie; Company 12, Norton Jacobs; Company 13, John Brown ; Company 14, Joseph Mathews. The camp consisted of 73 wagons; 143 men, 3 women and 2 children — 1 48 souls. Nothing cculd better illustrate the perfection of Mormon organization than this example of the pioneers, for they were apostles and picked elders of minute companies, and under strict discipline. Lieutenant-General Young issued general orders to the regiment. The men were ordered to travel in a compact body, being in an Indian country ; every man to carry his gun loaded, the locks to be shut on a piece of buckskin, with caps ready in case of attack ; flint locks, with cotton and powder flask handy, and every man to walk by the side of his wagon, under orders not to leave it, unless sent by the officer in command, and the wagons to be formed two abreast, where practicable, on the march. At the call of the bugle in the morning, at five o'clock, the pioneers were to arise, assemble for prayers, get breakfast, and be ready to start at the second call of the bugle at seven. At night, at half-past eight, at the command from the bugle, each was to retire for prayer in his own wagon, and to bed at nine o'clock. Tents were to be pitched on Saturday nights and the Sabbath kept. j8 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. The course of the pioneers was up the north bank of the Platte, along which they traveled slowly. They crossed Elk Horn on a raft, forded the Loup Fork with considerable danger in consequence of the quicksands, and reached Grand Island about the ist of May. This was the day on which the pioneers had their first buffalo hunt. There was much exciting interest in the scene, for scarcely one of the hunters had chased a buffalo before. They killed four cows, three bulls, and five calves. While on a hunt, several days after, the hunters were called in, a party of four hundred Indian warriors near by having shown signs of an attack. The Indians had previously been threatening, and were setting fire to the prairie on the north side of the Platte. The pioneers fired their cannon twice to warn the Indians that they were on the watch. A council was now held to consider whether or not it were wise to cross the river and strike the old road to Laramie, there being good grass on that side, while the Indians were burning it on the north. In view, however, of the thou- sands who would follow in their track, it was concluded to continue as before, braving the Indians and the burning prairies; for, said the pioneers: " A new road will thus be made, which shall stand as a permament route for the Saints." Thus the pioneers broke a new road across the plains, over which tens of thousands of their people have since traveled, and which was famous as the "old Mormon road," till the railway came to blot almost from memory the toils and dangers of a journey of more than a thousand miles, by ox teams, to the valleys of Utah. (It is a curious fact that for several hundred miles the grade of the great trans-continental railway is made exactly upon the old Mormon road). The pioneers were wary. Colonel Markham drilled his men in good mili- tary style, and the cannon was put on wheels. William Clayton, formerly the scribe of the Prophet, and, in the pioneer journey, scribe to President Young, and Willard Richards, the Church historian, invented a machine to measure the distance. Genera} Young himself marked the entire route, going in advance daily with his staff. This service was deemed most important, as their emigrations would follow almost in the very footprints of the pioneers. Those were days for the buffalo hunt, scarcely to be imagined, when cross- ino- the plains a quarter of a century later. Some days they saw as many as fifty thousand buffalo. They came to the hunting ground of the Sioux, where, a few days before, five hundred lodges had stood. Nearly a thousand warriors had encamped there. They had been on a hunting expedition. Acres of ground were covered with buffalo wool and other remains of the slaughter. No wonder the Indian of the plains bemoans his hunting grounds, now lost to him forever. Several days later there were again fears of an Indian attack, and the cannon was got ready. The pioneers were within view of Chimney rock on Sunday, the 23d of May. Here they held their usual Sabbath service. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. jg On the first of June they were opposite Laramie. Here they were joined by a small company of Mormons from Mississippi, who had been at Pueblo during the winter. They reported news of a detachment of the battalion at Pueblo that expected to start for Laramie about the first of June, and follow the pioneer track. This addition to the camp consisted of a brother Crow and his family (fourteen souls, with seven wagons). The next day President Young and others visited Fort Laramie, then occu- pied by thirty-eight persons, mostly French, who had married the Sioux. Mr. Burdow, the principal man at the Fort, was a Frenchman. He cor- dially received General Young and his staff, invited them into his sitting-room, gave them information of the route, and furnished them with a flat^bottom boat on reasonable terms, to assist them in ferrying the Platte. Ex-Governor Boggs, who had recently passed with his company, had said much against the Mor- mons, cautioning Mr. Burdow to take care of his horses and cattle. Boggs and his company were quarreling, many having deserted him ; so Burdow told the ex-Governor that, let the Mormons be what they might, they could not be worse than himself and his men. It is not a little singular that this exterminating Governor of Missouri should have been crossing the Plains at the same time with the Pioneers. They were going to carve out for their people a greater destiny than they could have reached either in Missouri or Illinois — he to pass away, leaving nothing but a transitory name. It was decided to send Amasa Lyman, with several other brethren, to Pueblo, to meet the detachment of the Battalion, and hurry them on to Laramie to fol- low the track. At the old Fort they set up blacksmith shops, and did some necessary work for the camp. Then commenced the ascent of the Black Hills, on the 4th of June. Fifteen miles from Laramie, at the Springs, a company of Missouri emi- grants came up. The pioneers kept the Sabbath the next day ; the Missourians journeyed. Another company of Missourians appeared and passed on. . A party of traders, direct from Santa Fe, overtook the Pioneers, and gave information of the detachment of the battalion, at Santa Fe, under Captain Brown. The two Missouri companies kept up a warfare between themselves on the route. They were a suggestive example to the Mormons. After they had traveled near each other for a week, on the Sunday following. President Young made this the subject of his discourse. He said of the two Missourian companies: "They curse, swear, rip and tear, and are trying to swallow up the earth ; but though they do not wish us to have a place on it, the earth might as well open and swallow them up ; for they will go to the land of forgetfulness, while the Saints; though they suffer some privations here, if faithful, will ultimately in- herit the earth, and increase in power, dominion and glory." General Young called together the officers, to consult on a plan for crossing the river. He directed them to go immediately to the mountains with teams, to get poles. They were then to lash from two to four wagons abreast, to keep them 40 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. from turning over, and float them across the river with boats and ropes; so a company of horsemen started to the mountains with teams. The "brethren" had previously ferried over the Missourians, who paid them $1.50 for each wagon and load, and paid it in flour at $2.50; yet flour was worth ten dollars per cwt., at least, at that point. They divided their earnings among the camp equally. It amounted to five and a half pounds of flour each, two pounds of meal, and a small piece of bacon. "It looked," says Wilford Woodruff, "as much of a miracle to me to see our flour and meal bags replenished in the Black Hills as it did to have the Chil- dren of Israel fed with manna in the wilderness. But the Lord had been truly with us on our journey, and had wonderfully preserved and blessed us." These little stores of flour were supposed to have saved the lives of some of the pioneers, for they were by this time entirely destitute of the " staff of life." The pioneers were seven days crossing the river at this point. While here they established a ferry, and selected nine men to leave in charge of it, with in- structions to divide the means accumulated equally, to be careful of the lives and property of those they ferried, to "forget not their prayers," and "to come on with the next company of Saints." They reached Independence Rock on the 21st of June, and the South Pass on the 26th. Several days later they met Major Harris, who had traveled through Oregon and California for twenty-five years. He spoke unfavorably of the Salt Lake country for a settlement. Next day Col. Bridger came up. He desired to go into council with the Mormon leaders. The apostles held the council with the colonel. He spoke more favorably of the great basin ; but thought it not prudent to continue emi- gration there until they ascertained whether grain would grow there or not. He said he would give a thousand dollars for the first bushel of wheat raised in the valley of the Salt Lake. At Green River they were met by Elder Samuel Brannan from the Bay of San Francisco. He came to give an account of the Mormon company that sailed with him in the ship Brooklyn. They had established themselves two hundred miles up the river, were building up a city, and he had already started a news- paper. They were several days fording Green River. Here the pioneers kept the 4th of July. The Mormon battalion now began to reinforce the pioneers. Thirteen of these soldiers, returning from the service of their country, joined them at Green River, and reported that a whole detachment of 140 were within seven days' drive. As the pioneers approached the valley of the Great Salt Lake, the interest became intense. The gold-finders of California, and the founders of the Pacific States and Territories generally, had but a fever for precious metals, or were im- pelled westward by the migrating spirit of the American people; but these Mor- mon pioneers were seeking the "Pearl of Great Price," and their thoughts and HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 41 emotions, as they drew near the Salt Lake Valley were akin to those of the Pil- grim Fathers as they came in sight of Plymouth Rock. During the last days of the journey, President Young was laid up with the " mountain fever," from which he did not fully recover till on the return trip to Winter Quarters. After passing Bear River, a council of the whole was called, and it was re- solved that Apostle Orson Pratt should take a company of about twenty wagons, with forty men, to go forward and make a road. Twenty-three wagons started the next morning. For awhile we will follow the journal of Orson Pratt : "July 2zst — We resumed, our journey, traveled two and a half miles, and ascended a mountain for one and a half miles; descended upon the west side one mile; came upon a swiit running creek, where we halted for noon: we called this Last Creek. Brother Erastus Snow (having overtaken our camp from the other camp, which he "said was but a few miles in the rear,) and myself proceeded in advance of the camp down Last Creek four and a half miles, to where it passes through a canyon and issues into a broad open valley below. To avoid the can- yon the wagons last season had passed over an exceedingly steep and dangerous hill. Mr. Snow and myself ascended this hill, from the top of which a broad open valley, about twenty miles wide and thuty long, lay. stretched out before us, at the north end of which the broad waters of the Great Salt Lake glistened in the sunbeams, containing high mountainous islands -from twenty-five to thirty miles in extent. After issuing from the mountains among which we had been shut up for many days, and beholding in a moment such an extensive scenery open before us, we could not refrain from a shout of joy which almost involun- tarily' escaped from our lips the moment this grand and lovely scenery was within our view. We immediately descended very gradually into the lower parts of the valley, and although we had but one horse between us, yet we traversed a circuit of about twelve miles before we left the valley to return to our camp, which we found encamped one and a half miles up the ravine from the valley, and three miles in advance of their noon halt. It was about nine o'clock in the evening when we got into camp. The main body of the pioneers who were in the rear were encamped only one and a half miles up the creek from us^ with the excep- tion of some wagons containing some who were sick, who were still behind. ''July 2 2d. — This morning George A. Smith and myself, accompanied by seven others, rode into the valley to explore, leaving the camp to follow on and work the road, which here required considerable labor, for we found that the canyon at the entrance of the valley, by cutting out the thick timber and under- brush, connected with some spading and digging, could be made far more prefer- able than the route over the steep hill mentioned above. We accordingly left a written note to that effect, and passed on. After going down into the valley about five miles, we turned our course to the north, down towards the Salt Lake. For three or four miles north we found the soil of a most excellent quality. Streams from the mountains and springs were very abundant, the water excellent, and generally with gravel bottoms. A great variety of green grass, and very luxuriant, covered the bottoms for miles where the soil was sufficiently damp, but in other places, although the soil was good, yet the grass had nearly dried up for 42 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. want of moisture. We found the drier places swarming with very large crickets, about the size of a man's thumb. This valley is surrounded with mountains, ex- cept on the north, the tops of some of the highest being covered with snow. Every one or two miles streams were emptying into it from the mountains on the east, many of which were sufficiently large to carry mills and other machinery. As we proceeded towards the Salt Lake the soil began to assume a more sterile appearance, being probably at some seasons of the year overflowed with water. We found as we proceeded on, great numbers of hot springs issuing from near the base of the mountains. These springs were highly impregnated with salt and sulphur : the temperature of some was nearly raised to the boiling point. We traveled for about fifteen miles down after coming into the valley, the latter parts of the distance the soil being unfit for agricultural purposes. We returned and found our wagons encamped in the valley, about five and one-fourth miles from where they left the canyon. ^^ July 2;^d. — This morning we despatched two persons to President Young, and the wagons which were still behind, informing them of our discoveries and explorations. The camp removed its position two miles to the north, where we encamped near the bank of a beautiful creek of pure cold water. This stream is sufficiently large for mill sites and other machinery. Here we called the camp to- gether, and it fell to my lot to offer up prayer and thanksgiving in behalf of our company, all of whom had been preserved from the Missouri river to this point ; and, after dedicating ourselves and the land unto the Lord, and imploring His blessings upon our labors, we appointed various committees to attend to different branches of business, preparatory to putting in crops, and in about two hours after our arrival we began to plow, and the same afternoon built a dam to irri- gate the soil, which at the spot where we were plowing was exceedingly dry. Towards evening we were visited by a thunder shower from the west ; not quite enough rain to lay the dust. Our two messengers returned, bringing us word that the remainder of the wagons belonging to the pioneer company were only a few miles distant, and would arrive the next day. At 3 p. m. the thermometer stood at 96°." Returning to the main body of the Pioneers, a few simple but graphic pas- sages from the diary of Apostle Wilford Woodruff will illustrate their entrance into the valleys of Utah better than an author's imagination. " J^i^fy 20th. — We started early this morning, and stopped for breakfast after a five miles' drive. I carried Brother Brigham in my carriage. The fever was still on him, but he stood the journey well. After breakfast we travelled over ten miles of the worst road of the whole journey. ^''jFuly 2ist. — We are compelled to lay over in consequence of the sick. '^y^uly 22d. — Continued our journey. ''^'yuly 2jd. — We left East Canyon; reached the summit of the mountain, and descended six miles through a thick-timbered grove. We nooned at a beau- tiful spring in a small birch grove. Here we were met by Brothers Pack and Mathews from the advance camps. They brought us a dispatch. They had ex- plored the Great Salt Lake Valley as far as possible, and made choice of a spot to put in crops. HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 43 '^yuly 24th. — This is one of the most important days of my life, and in the history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. "After traveling six miles through a deep ravine ending with the canyon, we came in full view of the valley of the Great Salt Lake; the land of promise, held in reserve by God, as a resting place for his Saints. "We gazed in wonder and admiration upon the vast valley before us, with the waters of the Great Salt Lake glistening in the sun, mountains towering to the skies, and streams of pure water running through the beautiful valley. It was the grandest view we had ever seen till this moment. Pleasant thoughts ran through our minds at the prospect that, not many years hence, the house of God would be established in the mountains and exalted above the hills; while the valleys would be converted into orchards, vineyards, and fruitful fields, cities erected to the name of the Lord, and the standard of Zion unfurled for the gath- ering of the nations. " President Young expressed his entire satisfaction at the appearance of the valley as a resting place for the Saints, and telt amply repaid for his journey. While lying upon his bed, in my carriage, gazing upon the scene before us, many things of the future, concerning the valley, were shown to him in vision. "After gazing awhile upon this scenery, we moved four miles across the table land into the valley, to the encampment of our brethren who had arrived two days before us. They had pitched upon the banjks of two small streams of pure water and had commenced plowing. On our arrival they had already broken five acres of land, and had begun planting potatoes in the valley of the Great Salt Lake. "As soon as our encampment was formed, before taking my dinner, having half a bushel of potatoes, I went to the plowed field and planted them, hoping, with the blessing of God, to save at least the seed for another year. " The brethren had damned up one of the creeks and dug a trench, and by night nearly the whole ground, which was found very dry, was irrigated. "Towards evening, Brothers Kimball, Smith, Benson and myself rode sev- eral miles up the creek (City Creek) into the mountain, to look for timber and see the country. " There was a thunder shower, and it rained over nearly the whole valley; it also rained a little in the forepart of the night. We felt thankful for this, as it was the generally conceived opinion that it did not rain in the valley during the summer season." How well this arrival of the Pioneers into their "Land of Promise" illus- trates the character of the Mormon people. Empire founding on the first day ; planting their fields before rest or dinner. Rain on the day of Brigham Young's arrival — to them a miracle of promise ! Already had his vision begun to be fulfilled ! U HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. CHAPTER V. THE FIRST SABBATH IN THE VALLEY. THE PIONEERS APPLY THE PROPH- ECIES TO THEMSELVES AND THEIR LOCATION. ZION HAS GONE UP INTO THE MOUNTAINS. THEY LOCATE THE TEMPLE AND LAY OFF THE " CITY OF THE GREAT SALT LAKE." THE LEADERS RETURN TO WINTER QUAR- TERS TO GATHER THE BODY OF THE CHURCH. The arrival of the main body of the Pioneers in the valley of the Great Salt Lake was on a Saturday. The next day to them was a Sabbath indeed. "We shaved and cleaned up," says Apostle Woodruff, in his graphic story of the Pioneers, " and met in the circle of the encampment." In the afternoon the whole " Congregation of Israel" partook of the Sacra- ment of the Lord's Supper. Then the valleys rang with the exultant themes of the Hebrew Prophets, and the "everlasting hills" reverberated to the hosannas of the Saints. Orson Pratt was the preacher of the great subject, which, to the ardent faith of those Pioneers, never lived in fulfillment till that moment. The sublime flights of the matchless Isaiah gave the principal theme. " O Zion, that bringest good tidings, get thee up into the high mountains ! " But Isaiah is not alone in the culminating inspiration. There is such a grand unity among the Hebrew prophets, when touching this subject of a Latter-day Zion, that undoubtedly, it was the burden of the divine epic to which the He- braic genius soared- Notwithstanding the mental diversity of these poet- prophets, in this crowning theme they gave us, not poetic fragments, but a glori- ous continued composition, as from a manifold genius. " Thy watchmen shall lift up their voice ; with the voice together shall they sing; and they shall see eye to eye when they Lord shall bring again Z'on." This was fulfilled to those Anglo-American Pioneers on that day. They felt they were the watchmen ! With the voice together they sang the theme, and did literally shout their hosannas. They saw eye to eye. " The Lord hath brought again Zion." Nor were these Mormon Apostles figurative in their applications; they ren- dered most literally to themselves every point. Orson Pratt declared, with an Apostle's assurance, that their location, in the valleys of the Rocky Mountains, was in the view of the ancient seers. That which was before seemingly contra- dictory in the extreme, relative to the Latter-day Zion, especially its location and the rapid transformation of its founding, was now made plain and most literal. Apostle Pratt reconciled it all. The Pioneers saw the vision of Zion harmonized on that first Sabbath in the valley, as they might have seen their own faces in a mirror. God would "hide his people in the chambers of the mountains! " Yet, in these "last days" he would "establish his house on the tops of the mountains, and exalt it above the hills ! " ins TOR Y OF SALT LA KE CI 7 Y. 43 And here were these Pioneers of Mormon Israel in a valley nearly thirty miles in diameter, encircled by a chain of mountains; here, in a valley nearly five thousand feet above the level of the sea — '■' exalted above the hills" — yet belted by mountains with everlasting caps of snow. It was indeed as the "chambers of the Lord," and the name which it popularly bore — the " Great Basin " — was nearly as striking to the imagination as its prophetic name. Latter-day Zion, too, was to be a place "sought out" — a place "not for- saken." They had sought it out by an exodus, and an unparalleled journey of a people, nearly fifteen hundred miles, over unbroken prairies, sandy deserts, and rocky mountains ; and they wei-e about to found their Zion in a primeval valley, where no city, since the creation, had ever stood — a place "not forsaken" by civilized people of the ages long since dead. The " solitary places" were to be "made glad," the "wilderness" was to "blossom as the rose," and the "des- ert" suddenly to be converted into the " fruitful field." Such was the sermon of the first Sabbath in the Great Salt Lake Valley. The Pioneers had chosen for the location of their Zion and her temples, the "Great American Desert," and they were about to make real the strange and highly colored picture. So much like the change in an enchanted scene has been the transformation which has since come over those desert valleys and canyons of the Rocky Mountains, that for the last quarter of a century the Mormons have been popularly described in nearly every nation of the earth as that peculiar people who have made the "desert to blossom as the rose." Look upon the valley of the Salt Lake to day as the Spring opens, when the gardens and orchards are in one universal rose- blossom, and there never was a prophetic picture more literally realized. Though feeble with that most languishing of diseases, the mountain fever, and scarcely able to stand upon his feet, Brigham Young was still the lawgiver on that first Sabbath, If he had not the strength to preach a great sermon on the Latter-day Zion, like that of the Mormon Paul — Orson Pratt — he was "every inch " the Moses of the Mormon Exodus. " He told the brethren," says the historian Woodruff, " that they must not work on Sunday ; that they would lose five times as much as they would gain by it. None were to hunt or fish on that day ; and there should not any man dwell among us who would not observe these rules. They might go and dwell where they pleased, but should not dwell with us. He also said, no man should buy any land who came here ; that he had none to sell ; but every man should have his land measured out to him for city and farming purposes. He might till it as he pleased, but he must be industrious, and take care of it. "On Monday ten men were chosen for an exploring expedition. I took President Young into my carriage, and, traveling two miles towards the mountain, made choice of a spot for our garden, " We then returned to camp, and went north about five miles, and we all went on to the top of a high peak, on the edge of the mountain, which we con- sidered a good place to raise an ensign. So we named it ' Ensign Peak.' "I was the first person to ascend this hill, which we had thus named. Brother Young was very weary, in climbing to the peak, from his recent fever. " We descended to tha valley, and started north to the Hot Sulpher Springs, ^6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. but we returned two miles to get a drink of cold water, and then went back four miles to the Springs. We returned to the camp quite weary with our day's ex- plorations. Brothers Mathews and Brown had crossed the valley in the narrowest part, opposite the camp, to the west mountain, and found it about fifteen miles. " Next day Amasa Lyman came into camp, and informed us that Captain Brown's detachment of the Mormon Battalion would be with us in about two days. '* We again started on our exploring expedition. All the members of the quorum of the Twelve belonging to the pioneers, eight im number, were of the company. Six others of the brethren, including Brannan of San Francisco, were with us. " We started for the purpose of visiting the Great Salt Lake, and mountains on the west of the valley. We traveled two miles west from Temple Block, and came to the outlet of the Utah Lake; thence fourteen miles to the west mountain, and found that the land was not so fertile as on the east side. " We took our dinner at the fresh water pool, and then rode six miles to a large rock, on the shore of the Salt Laks, which we namad Black Rock, where we all halted and bathed in the salt water. No person could sink in it, but would roll and float on the surface like a dry log. We concluded that the Salt Lake was one of the wonders of the world. " After spending an hour here, we went west along the lake shore, and then returned ten miles to our place of nooning, making forty miles that day. "In the morning we arose refreshed by sleep in the open air. Having lost my carriage whip the night before, I started on horseback to go after it. As I approached the spot where it was dropped, I saw about twenty Indians. At first they looked to me in the distance like a lot of bears coming towards me. As I was unarmed I wheeled my horse and started back on a slow trot. " But they called to me, and one, mounting his horse, came after me with all speed. When he got within twenty rods I stopped and met him. The rest followed. They were Utes, and wanted to trade. I told them by signs that our eamp was near, so he went on with me to the camp. From what we had yet seen of the Utes they appeared friendly, though they had a bad name from the mountaineers. The Indian wanted to smoke the pipe of peace with us, but we soon started on and he waited for his company. "We traveled ten miles south under the mountain. The land laid beauti- fully, but there was no water, and the soil was not so good as on the east. We saw about a hundred goats, sheep and antelope playing about the hills and val- leys. We returned, weary, to the pioneer encampment, making thirty miles for the day. *•' After our return to the camp. President Young called a council of the quorum of the Twelve. There were present: Brigham Young, Heber C. Kim- ball, Willard Richards, Orson Pratt, Wilford Woodruff, George A. Smith, Amasa Lyman and Ezra T. Benson. "We walked from the north camp to about the centre between the two creeks, when President Young waved his hand and said : ' Here is the forty acres for the Temple. The city can be laid out perfectly square, north and south, HIST OR Y OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 47 east and west.' It was then moved and carried that the Temple lot contain forty acres on the ground where we stood. It was also moved and carried that the city be laid out into lots of ten rods by twenty each, exclusive of the streets, and into blocks of eight lots, being ten acres in each block, and one and a quarter in each lot. " It was further moved and carried that each street be laid out eight rods wide, and that there be a side-walk on each side, twenty feet wide, and that each house be built in the centre of the lot twenty feet from the front, that there might be uniformity throughout the city. "It was also moved that there be four public squares of ten acres each, to be laid out in various parts of the city for public grounds. " At eight o'clock the whole camp came together on the Temple ground and passed the votes unanimously, and, when the business part of the meeting was closed. President Young arose and addressed the assembly upon a variety of subjects. " In his remarks the President said that he was determined to have all things in order, and righteousness should be practiced in the land. We had come here according to the direction and counsel of Brother Joseph, before his death ; and, said the President, Joseph would still have been alive it the Twelve had been in Nauvoo when he re-crossed the river from Montrose. " During his remarks. President Young observed that he intended to have every hole and corner from the Bay of San Francisco to Hudson Bay known to us. "On the 29th, President Young, with a number of brethren, mounted and started to meet the Battalion detachment, under the command of Captain Brown. " We met some of them about four miles from camp, and soon afterwards met Captains Brown and Higgins, Lieutenant Willis, and the company. There were 140 of the Battalion, and a company of about 100 of the Mississippi Saints, who came with them from Pueblo. They had with them 60 wagons, 100 horses and mules, and 300 head of cattle, which greatly added to our strength. " While we were in the canyon, a water cloud burst, which sent the water into the creeks from the mountains, with a rush and roar like thunder, resembling the opening of a flood gate. The shower spread over a good share of the valley where we settled. " We returned at the head of the companies, and marched into camp with music. The Battalion took up their quarters between our two camps on the bank of the creek. " While we had been exploring, the rest of the pioneers had been farming. "By the ist of August (Sunday) the brethren constructed the Bowery on Temple block, in which Heber C. Kimball was the first to preach. Orson Pratt followed in a discourse upon the prophecies of Isaiah, proving that the location of Zion in the mountains by our people was the fulfillment. " On Monday we commenced laying out the city, beginning with the Tem- ple block. In forming this block, forty acres appeared so large, that a council was held to determine whether or not it would be wisdom to re- 48 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. duce it one-half. Not being decided in our views, we held council again, two days later, when we gave as our matured opinions that we could not do justice to forty acres; that ten acres would be sufficient. "As we were under the necessity of returning soon to Winter Quarters for the Saints, it was thought best to go at once to the mountains for logs to build ourselves cabins, as the adobe houses might not be ready for our use. " On the 6th of August, the Twelve were re-baptized. This we considered a privilege and a duty. As we had come in a glorious valley to locate and build up Zion, we felt like renewing our covenants before the Lord and each other. We soon repaired to the water, and President Young went down into the water and baptized all his brethren of the Twelve present. He then confirmed us, and sealed upon us our apostleship, and all the keys, powers and blessings belonging to that office. Brother Heber C. Kimball baptized and confirmed President Brigham Young. The following were the names and order of those present : Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, Orson Pratt, Willard Richards, Wilford Woodruff, George A. Smith, and Amasa Lyman, Ezra T. Benson had been dis- patched several days before to meet the companies on the road. "In the afternoon of the next day, the Twelve went to the Temple Block to select their inheritances. "President Young took a block east of the Temple, and running southeast, to settle his friends around him ; Heber C. Kimball a block north of the Tem- ple; Orson Pratt, south and running south; Wilford Woodruff, a block corner- ing the Temple Block, the southwest corner joining Orson Pratt's ;• Amasa Lyman took a block forty rods below Wilford Woodruff's; George A. Smith one joining the Temple on the west, and running due west. It was supposed that Willard Richards would take his on the east, near President Young's. None others of the Twelve were present in the camp. " During the same evening the Twelve went to City Creek, and Heber C. Kimball baptized fifty-five members of the camp, for the remission of their sins; and they were confirmed under the hands of President Young, Orson Pratt, Wil- ford Woodruff, George A. Smith, and Amasa Lyman ; President Young being mouth. "On the next day (Sunday, August 8th), the whole Camp of Israel renewed their covenants before the Lord by baptism. There were two hundred and twenty- four baptized this morning, making two hundred and eighty-four re-bap- tized in the last three days. "In the afternoon we partook of the Sacrament. At the close of the meet- ing one hundred and ten men were called for, to go into the adobe yard, and seventy-six volunteered. " Brother Crow had a child drowned on the nth. " On the 13th the Twelve held council. Each one was to make choice of the blocks that they were to settle their friends upon. President Young took the tiers of blocks south through the city ; Brother Kimball's runs north and northwest : Orson Pratt, four blocks; Wilford Woodruff eight blocks; George A. Smith, eight; and Amasa Lyman, twelve blocks, according to the companies organized with each. HjS tor Y of salt la KE CI TV. 4g "Next day four of the messengers returned from Bear River and Cache Valley. "They brought a cheering report of Cache Valley. The brethren also re- turned who went to Utah Lake for fish. They found a mountain of granite. "The quorum of the Twelve decided in council that the name of the city should be the ' City of the Great Salt Lake.' "Sunday, August 15th, President Young preached on the death of Brother Crow's child; a most interesting discourse, full of principle. " Sunday, the 22d, we held a general conference, when the public assembly resolved to call the city the 'City of the Great Salt Lake.' " It was also voted to fence the city for farming purposes the coming year and to appoint a President and High' Council, and all other officers necessary in this Stake of Zion, and that the Twelve write an epistle to leave with the Saints in the valley. The conference then adjourned until the 6th of October, 1848. "On the morning of the 26th of August, 1847, the Pioneers, with most of the returning members of the Mormon Battalion, harnessed their horses and bade farewell to the brethren who were to tarry. The soldiers were very anxious to meet their wives again, whom they had left by the wayside, without a moment's notice, for their service in the war with Mexico. These being, too, the ' Young Men cf Israel,' had left many newly wedded brides; and not a few of those gal- lant fellows were fathers of first-born babes whom they had not yet seen. " The brethren in the valley were placed under the presidency of the Chief Patriarch of the Church— Father John Smith, uncle of the Prophet. The mem- bers of the quorum of the Twelve Apostles Brigham took wjth him ; but he left reliable men, among whom was Albert Carrington. "There were a number of companies also on the road, under principal men and chief ' Captains of Israel,' such as Apostles Parley P. Pratt and John Taylor, Bishop Hunter, Daniel Spencer, and Jedediah M. Grant, who was after- wards one of the first presidents of the Church. "On the fourth day of their return journey, the Pioneers were met by their messengers, under Ezra T. Benson, whom President Young had sent forward with instructions to the outcoming companies. These messengers gladdened the hearts of the Pioneers, with letters from their wives and brethren, and re- ported the coming ' Camp of Israel ' as divided into nine companies, numbering 600 wagons. On the 3d of September, they met the first division of fifty, under President Daniel Spencer, upon the Big Sandy; and, on the following day, on the Little Sandy, two more fifties, one under the command of Captain Sessions and the other under Apostle Parley P. Pratt. " They continued daily to meet the companies. Apostle Taylor bringing up his hundred on the Sweetwater. In this company was Edward Hunter, afterwards presiding Bishop of the whole Church. These brethren prepared a great feast in the wilderness, They made it a sort of a surprise party, the Pioneers being unexpectedly introduced to the richly-laden table. The feast consisted of roast and boiled beef, pies, cakes, biscuit, butter, peach sauce, coffee, tea, sugar, and a 50 HIS TOR y OF SALT LAKE CITY. great variety of good things. In the evening the camp had a da.ice, but the Twelve met in council to adjust important business. "Next day they met Jedediah M. Grant, with his hundred. He was direct from Philadeli)hia. He informed them that Senator Thomas Benton, the invet- erate enemy of the Mormons, was doing all he could against them. "At Fort Laramie Presidents Young, Kimball, and others of the Apostles dined with Commodore Stockton, from the Bay of San Francisco, with forty of his men, eastward bound. "On the 19th of October, the Pioneers were met by a troop of mounted police from Winter Quarters, under their captain, Hosea Stout, who had come to meet them, thinking they might need help." As they drew near Winter Quarters, the sisters, mothers and wives came out to meet the brave men who had found for them a second Zion. They also sent teams laden with the richest produce of Winter Quarters and the delicacies of the household table, which loving hands had prepared. When within about a mile of Winter Quarters a halt was called; the com- pany was drawn up in order and addressed by President Young, who then dis- missed the Pioneer camp with his blessing. They drove into the city in order. The streets were lined with people to shake hands with them as they passed. Each of the Pioneers drove to his own home. This was October 31st. The Pioneers on their return found the Saints at Winter Quarters well and prosperous. They, like the leaders, had been greatly blessed- The earth, under their thorough habits of cultivation and industry, had brought forth abundantly. During the first three months of the year 1848, the Saints at Winter Quar- ters were busy preparing for the general migration of the Church to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake; but they also petitioned the Legislature of Iowa for the or- ganization of a county in the Pottowatamie tract of land, and for a post office. On the 3d of February those who were in the "Battle of Nauvoo " com- memorated it with a feast. On the 6th of April the regular general conference was held, celebrating the organization of the Church; and on the nth messengers arrived from Great Salt Lake City. They were of the Battalion. A feast was made by President Young on the 29th for his immediate asso- ciates, some of whom were going on missions, others were designed to stay on the frontiers to conduct and bring up the emigration; while President Young himself was about to lead the vanguard of the people to the mountains. About the middle of May, all was bustle at Winter Quarters. President Young addressed the people Sunday, 14th, blessed those who were going with him to the valley, and those who were to tarry. He also blessed the Pottowat- omie land, and prophesied that the Saints would never be driven from the Rocky Mountains. On the 24th of May, President Young started for Elk Horn to organize his company. There were 600 wagons in the encampment. They formed the largest pioneer force which had yet set out to build up the States and Territories destined to spring up on the Pacific Slope. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 5/ We need not follow the Pioneers on their second journey to the Roclcy Mountains. Suffice it to say that Brigham led the body of the Church in safety to these mountain retreats, arriving in the City of the Great Salt Lake in Sep- tember, 1848. CHAPTER VI. PROGRESS OF THE COLONY. DESTRUCTION OF THE CROPS BY CRICKETS. DESCRIPTION OF GREAT SALT LAKE CITY. Of the colony in its first year's growth and doings, Parley P. Pratt says: '•'After many toils, vexations and trials, such as breaking wagons, losing cattle, upsetting, etc., we arrived in the Valley of Great Salt Lake late in Sep- tember, 1847. Here we found a fort commenced and partly built by the Pio- neers, consisting of an enclosure of a block of ten acres with a wall, or in part of buildings of adobes or logs. We also found a city laid out and a public square dedicated for a temple of God. We found also much ground planted in late crops, which, however, did not mature, being planted late in July ; although there were obtained for seed a few small potatoes, from the size of a pea upward to that of half an inch in diameter. These being sound and planted another year produced some very fine potatoes, and, finally, contributed mainly in seeding the Territory with that almost indispensable article of food. ''After we had arrived on the ground of Great Salt Lake City we pitched our tents by the side of a spring of water; and, after resting a little, I devoted my time chiefly to building temporary houses, putting in crops, and obtaining fuel from the mountains. Having repented of our sins and renewed our covenants. President John Taylor and myself administered the ordinances of baptism, etc., to each other and to our families, according to the example set by the President and Pioneers who had done the same on entering the valley. " These solemnities took place with us and most of our families, Novem- ber 28, 1847. " Sometime in December, having finished sowing wheat and rye, I started, in company with a Brother Higby and others, for Utah Lake with a boat and fish net. We travelled some thirty miles with our boat, etc., on an ox wagon, while some of us rode on horseback. This distance brought us to the foot of Utah Lake, a beautiful sheet of fresh water, some thirty-six miles long by fifteen broad. Here we launched our boat and tried our net, being probably the first boat and net ever used on this sheet of water in modern times. S2 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. " We sailed up and down the lake shore on its western side for many miles, but had only poor success in fishing. We, however, caught a few samples of mountain trout and other fish. " After exploring the lake and valley for a day or two, the company returned home, and a Brother Summers and myself struck westward from the foot of the lake on horseback, on an exploring tour. On this tour we discovered and partly explored Cedar Valley, and there crossed over the west mountain range and dis- covered a valley beyond; passing through which, we crossed a range of hills northward, and entered Tooele Valley. Passing still northward, we camped one night on a bold mountain stream, and the next day we came to the southern ex- treme of Great Salt Lake, and passing round between it and the West Mountain we journeyed in an eastern course, and, crossing the Jordan, arrived in Great Salt Lake City — having devoted nearly one week to our fishing, hunting, and ex- ploring expedition. During all this time we had fine weather and warm days; but the night we arrived home was a cold one, with a severe snow storm. And thus closed the year 1847. '•'January 1st, 184S. — The opening of the year found us and the community generally in good, comfortable, temporary log or adobe cabins, which were built in a way to enclose the square commenced by the Pioneers^ and a portion of two other blocks of the city plot. * * * "We had to struggle against great difficulties in trying to mature a first crop. We had not only the difficulties and inexperience incidental to an unknown and untried climate, but also swarms of insects equal to the locusts of Egypt, and also a terrible drought, while we were entirely inexperienced in the art of irrigation ; still we struggled on, trusting in God." Thus was the fair promise of the first harvest in the Valley destroyed by the desolating crickets. Their ravages were frightful. They came down from the mountains in myriads. Countless hosts attacked the fields of grain. The crops were threatened with ulter destruction. The valleys appeared as though scorched by fire. Famine stared the settlers in the face. All were in danger of perishing. Every effort was made by the settlers to drive the crickets off" by bushes, long rods, and other like means — whole families and neighborhoods turning out eti masse until the people were almost exhausted. At this frightful moment, when the utter destruction of their crops stared the little colony in the face, — while also on their journey were the companies under President Young, who would need supplies until the second harvest, the manifestation of a special Provi- dence was sent to save the people — so these reverent colonists believed. Immense flocks of gulls came up from the islands of the Lake to make war upon the destroy- ing hosts. Like good angels, they came at the dawn ; all day they feasted upon the crickets. The gulls covered every field where the crickets had taken possession, driving them into the streams and even into the door-yards, devouring them until gorged, then vomiting them and devouring more. Even as it was, there was a season of famine in Utah ; but none perished from starvation. The patriarchal character of the community saved it. As one great family they shared the substance of the country. An inventory of provis- ions was taken in the Spring of 1849, and ^^^^ people were put upon rations. HIS TOR Y OF SALT LAKE CITY. 53 Still their breadstuffs were insufficient, and many went out with the Indians and dug small native roots, while some, in their destitution, took the hides of ani- mals, which covered the roofs of their houses, and cut them up and cooked them. But the harvest of 1849 ^^^^ abundant and the people were saved. A passage of Indian history should not be lost here, as given by Parley P. Pratt in a letter to his brother Orson, in England, bearing date. Great Salt Lake City, September 5th, 1848. He wrote: "A few weeks since, Mr. Josepli Walker, the celebrated Utah Chief, men- tioned in the journey of Colonel Fremont, paid a visit to this place, accompanied by Soweitc, the king of the whole Utah nations, and with them some hundreds of men, women and children; they had several hundred head of horses for sale. "They were good looking, brave, and intelligent beyond any we had seen on this side of the mountains. They were much pleased and excited with every thing they saw, and finally expressed a wish to become one people with us, and to live among us and we among them, and to learn to cultivate the earth and live as we do. They would like for some of us to go and commence farming with them in their valleys, which are situated about three hundred miles south. "We enjoined it on them to be at peace with one another, and with all peo- ple, and to cease to war." The following from the First General Epistle sent out from the Mormon Presidency, in the spring of 1849, i^ valuable as a page of the early history. "On our arrival in this valley, we found the brethren had erected four forts, composed mostly of houses, including an area of about forty-seven acres, and numbering about 5,000 souls, including our camp. The brethren had succeeded in sowing and planting an extensive variety of seeds, at all seasons, from January to July, on a farm about twelve miles in length, and front one to six in width, including the city plot. Most of their early crops were destroyed, in the month of May, by crickets and frost, which continued occasionally until June ; while the latter harvest was injured by drought and frost, which commenced its injuries about the loth of October, and by the out-breaking of herds of cattle. The brethren were not sufficiently numerous to fight the crickets, irrigate the crops, and fence the farm of their extensive planting, consequently they suffered heavy losses; though the experiment of last year is sufficient to prove that valuable crops may be raised in this valley by an attentive and judicious management. "The winter of 1847-8 was very mild, grass abundant, flocks and herds thriving thereon, and the earth tillable most of the time during each month; but the winter of 184S-9 has been very different, more like a severe New England winter. Excessive cold commenced on the ist of December, and continued till the latter part of February. Snow storms were frequent, and though there were several thaws, the earth was not without snow during that period, varying from one to three feet in depth, both in time and places. The coldest day of the past winter was the 5th of February, the mercury falling 2,0° below freezing point, and the warmest day was Sunday, the 25 th of February, mercury rising to 21° above freezing point, Fahrenheit. Violent and contrary winds have been frequent. The snow on the surrounding mountains has been much deeper, which has made 54 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. the wood very difficult of access; while the cattle have become so poor, through fasting and scanty fare, that it has been difficult to draw the necessary fuel, and many have had to suffer more or less from the want thereof. The winter com- menced at an unusual and unexpected moment, and found many of the brethren without houses or fuel, and although there has been considerable suffering, there has been no death by the frost. Three attempts have been made by the brethren with pack animals or snow shoes to visit Fort Bridger, since the snow fell, but have failed ; yet it is expected that Compton will be able to take the mail east soon after April conference. "In the former part of February, the bishops took an inventory of the breadstuff in the valley, when it was reported that there was little more than three-fourths of a pound per day for each soul, until the 5th of July; and con- siderable was known to exist which was not reported. As a natural consequence some were nearly destitute while others had abundance. The common price of corn since harvest has been two dollars ; some have sold for three ; at present there is none in the market at any price. Wheat has ranged from four to five dollars, and potatoes from six to twenty dollars per bushel , and though not to be bought at present, it is expected that there will be a good supply for seed by another year. "Our public works are prosperous, consisting of a Council House, 45 feet square, two stories, building by tithing; also a bridge across the Western Jordan, at an expense of seven hundred dollars, and six or seven bridges across minor streams, to be paid by a one per cent, property tax; also, a bath-house at the warm spring. "A field of about 8000 acres has been surveyed south of and bordering on the city, and plotted in five and ten acre lots, and a church farm of about 800 acres. The five and ten acre lots were distributed to the brethren, by casting lots, and every man is to help build a pole, ditch, or a stone fence as shall be most convenient around the whole field, in jiroportion to the land he draws ; also, a canal on the east side, for^he purpose of irrigation. There are three grist mills, and five or six saw mills in operation, and several more in contemplation. " The location of a tannery and foundry are contemplated as soon as the snows leave the mountains. "The forts are rapidly breaking up, by the removal of the houses on to the city lots; and the city is already assuming the appearance of years, for any or- dinary country; such is the industry and perseverance of the Saints. "A winter's hunt, by rival parties of one hundred men each, has destroyed about 700 wolves and foxes, 2 wolverines, 20 minx and pole cats, 500 hawks, owls, and magpies, and 1,000 ravens, in this valley and vicinity. "On the return of a portion of the Mormon Battalion through the northern part of IVestern California, they discovered an extensive gold mine, which enabled them by a few days delay to bring a sufficient of the dust to make money plenti- ful in this place for all ordinary purposes of public convenience ; in the exchange the brethren deposited the gold dust with the presidency, who issued bills or a paper currency." HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 55 Captain Stansbury describing Salt Lake City and its environs, as viewed about the year 1S50, wrote: "A city has been laid out upon a magnificent scale, being nearly four miles in length and three in breadth; the streets at right angles with each other, eight rods or one hundred and thirty-two feet wide, with sidewalks of twenty feet; the blocks forty rods square, divided into eight lots, each of which contains an acre and a quarter of ground. By an ordinance of the city, each house is to be placed twenty feet back from the front line of the lot, the intervening space being designed for shrubbery and trees. The site for the city is most beautiful : it lies at the western base of the Wasatch Mountains, in a curve formed by the projection westward from the main range of a lofty spur which forms its southern boundary. On the west it is washed by the waters of the Jordan, while to the southward for twenty-five miles extends a broad, level plain, watered by several little streams, which flowing down from the eastern hills, form the great element of fertility and wealth to the community. Through the city itself flows an un- failing stream of pure, sweet water, which, by an ingenious mode of irrigation, is made to traverse each side of every street, whence it is led into every garden- spot, spreading life, verdure and beauty over what was heretofore a barren waste. On the east and north the mountain descends to the plain by steps, which form broad and elevated terraces, commanding an extensive view of the whole valley of the Jordan, which is bounded on the west by a range of rugged mountains, stretching far to the southward, and enclosing within their embrace the lovely little Lake of Utah. '' On the northern confines of the city, a warm spring issues from the base of the mountain, the water of which has been conducted by pipes into a commo- dious bathing house; while, at the western point of the same spur, about three miles distant, another spring flows in a bold stream from beneath a perpendicular rock, with a temperature too high to admit the insertion of the hand, (12S Fahrenheit.) At the base of the hill it forms a little lake, which in the autumn and winter is covered with large flocks of waterfowl, attracted by the genial temperature of the water. Beyond the Jordan, on the west, the dry and otherwise barren plains sup- port a hardy grass, (called bunch grass,) which is peculiar to these regions, re- quiring but little moisture, very nutritious and in sufficient quantities to afford excellent pasturage to numerous herds of cattle. To the northward, in the low grounds bordering the river, hay in abundance can be procured, although it is rather coarse and of an inferior quality. "The facilities for beautifying this admirable site are manifold. The irri- gating canals, which flow before every door, furnish abundance of water for the nourishment of shade trees, and the open space between each building, and the pavement [sidewalk] before it, when planted with shrubbery and adorned with flowers, will make this one of the most lovely spots between the Mississippi and the Pacific. '•The city was estimated to contain about eight thousand inhabitants, and was divided into numerous wards, each, at the time of our visit, enclosed by a substantial fence, for the protection of the young crops: as time and leisure will jd HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. permit, these will be removed, and each lot enclosed by itself, as with us. Tlie houses are built, principally of adobe or sun- dried brick, which, when well cov- ered with a tight projecting roof, make warm, comfortable dwellings, presenting a very neat appearance. Buildings of a better description are being introduced, although slowly, owing to the difficulty of procuring the necessary lumber, which must always be dear in a country so destitute of timber. " Upon a square appropriated to the public buildings, an immense shed had been erected upon posts, which was capable of containing three thousand per- sons. It was called 'The Bowery,' and served as a temporary place of worship until the construction of the great Temple. * * ^"^ A mint was already in operation, froni which were issued gold coins of the Federal denomi- nations, stamped without assay, from the dust brought from California." CHAPTER VII. THE PRIMITIVE GOVERNMENT OF THE COLONY, PROVISIONAL STATE OF DESERET ORGANIZED. PASSAGE OF THE GOLD-SEEKERS THROUGH THE VALLEY. During the first four years the colony grew up under the peculiar rule of the Mormon community. There was the "City of the Great Salt Lake" in name, but no regular incorporation until after the setting up of the Territory of Utah, under the United States administration. At first the city was simply a "Stake of Zion," with no secular functions in the common sense, nor a secular adminis- tration in any form, until the election for officers of the Provisional Government of the State of Deseret, when the bishops became magistrates of their several wards. Previous to their return to Winter Quarters, the Twelve Apostles organized a Slake of Zion, and appointed John Smith President, Charles C. Rich and John Young his counselors; Tarleton Lewis, Bishop, and a High Council. This or- ganization went into effect on the arrival of the emigrant companies, in the fall of 1847, when about 700 wagons, laden with families, located on the site of Great Salt Lake City. This, however, may be considered rather as a temporary Stake than the organization proper, for Great Salt Lake City was destined to be the permanent headquarters of the Church. With the Twelve and First Presidency at Winter Quarters, the Church herself was still in that place, and it was there that the First Presidency was re-established, with Brigham Young and his coun- selors, Heber C. Kimball and Willard Richards. This done, the Church evacu- ated Winter Quarters to establish herself in the valley of the Great Salt Lake, designing to send out therefrom her colonies, to found cities in every valley of these Rocky Mountains, HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 37 Immediately on the arrival of the body of the Church, under the presidency of Brigham Young in September, 1848, the regular social and ecclesiastical organizations of the community were effected, and the chief Stake of Zion organized in Great Salt Lake City. Commencing the re-organization at the general October Conference of that year, Brigham Young was acknowledged President of the Church in all the world, with Heber C. Kimball and VVillard Richards as his counselors. On the ist of January, 1849, John Smith, uncle to the Prophet Joseph Smith, was ordained Patriarch of the Church, and on the 1 2th of February the Presidency and Twelve proceeded to fill up the vacant places in the quorum of the Twelve Apostles. They next, in the words of their General Epistle, "^proceeded to organize a Stake of Zion at the Great Salt Lake City, with Daniel Spencer, president, and David Fullrper and Willard Snow, counselors. They also ordained and set apart a High Council of the Stake, con- sisting of Isaac Morley, Phinehas Richards, Shadrach Roundy, Henry G. Sher- wood, Titus Billings, Eleazer Miller, John Vance, Levi Jackman, Ira Eldredge, Elisha H. Groves, William W. Major, and Edwin D. Wooley. The other quo- rums of the Church were also re-organized. The Presidency of the Seventies was composed of Joseph Young, Zera Pulsipher, Levi W. Hancock, Jedediah M. Grant, Henry Hernman, Benjamin L. Clapp, and Albert P. Rockwood. John Young was ordained president of the High Priests' quorum, with counselors Reynolds Cahoon and George B. Wallace; John Nebeker, president of the Elders' quorum, with counselers James H. Smith and Aaron Savery. This re-or- ganization took place at the house of George B. Wallace, in the Old Fort. After these branches of the "spiritual" organization were perfected, the city was. divided into nineteen wards, over which bishops were appointed with their counselors. Under the direction of Brigham Young, who, throughout his lifetime, was the "all in all" in the colonization of Utah, the Apostles and Bishops com- menced to lay off the city, from the southeast corner, running west five wards, then returning, running east five wards, then west again, and so on. Bishop Newel K. Whitney was the presiding Bishop over the whole. The original Bishops of the nineteen wards were as follows: First Ward, Peter McCue; Second Ward, John Lowrey ; Third Ward, Christopher Williams; Fourth Ward, Benjamin Brown ; Fifth Ward (which for quite a while was without a Bishop), Thomas Winters; Sixth Ward, William Hickenlooper ; Seventh Ward, William G. Perkins; Eighth Ward, Addison Everett; Ninth Ward, Seth Taft; Tenth Ward, David Pettegrew; Eleventh Ward, John Lytle; Twelfth Ward, Benjamin Covey; Thirteenth Ward, Edward Hunter; Fourteenth Ward, John Murdock, Sen.; Fifteenth Ward, Nathaniel V. Jones; Sixteenth Ward, Shad- rach Roundy; Seventeenth Ward, J. L. Heyvvood; Eighteenth Ward, Presiding Bishop Whitney; Nineteenth Ward, James Hendricks. Under the government of the Bishops, Utah grew up, and, until the regular incorporation of Great Salt Lake City in 1851, they held what is usually consid- ered the secular administration over the people; Brigham Young was their director, for he formulated and constructed everything in those early days. Each of these nineteen wards developed, during the first period, before the reg- 8 ^8 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. ular incorporation of the city, like so many municipal corporations, over which the Bishops were as chief magistrates or mayors. Under their temporal admin- istration all over Utah, as well as in Salt Lake, cities were built, lands divided off to the people, roads and bridges made, water-ditches cut, the land irrigated, and society governed. In fact, under them all the revenue was produced and the work done of founding Great Salt Lake City. Perhaps the most unique ecclesiastical order of government belonging to the Christian era is that which has sprung up in the Mormon Church in the organi- zations and government of its Bishops. It is altogether out of the common ecclesiastical order and church regime; and the duties and calling of those be- longing to the Mormon Bishopric have originated a form of government pecu- liarly its own. Indeed, this branch of the Mormon development has not only shaped considerable of the history of this peculiar people, but given to the world something of a new social problem. We may not be able to determine how much the influence and life-work of these Bishops will in the future affect the growth of the Pacific States and Territories ; but, so far as the past is concerned, we know that under the Bishops the hundreds of cities and settlements of Utah and some of the adjacent Territories have been founded. Almost from the first organization of the Church and long before the organ- ization of the quorum of the Twelve Apostles, it was shown in the peculiar his- tory of the people that the Bishops were as the organic basis of the Mormon society, and the proper business managers of the Church ; but it was not until the Mormons came to the Rocky Mountains that the society-work of the Bishops grew rapidly into the vast proportions of their present social and church govern- ment. In Utah, they soon became the veritable founders of our settlements and cities; and, having founded them, they have also governed them and directed the people in their social organization and material growth, while the Apostles and Presidents of Stakes have directed spiritual affairs. It may be further explained, that a Stake of Zion, the initial of which we have seen organized in that of the Salt Lake Stake, is analogous to a county ; and the High Council is a quorum of judges, in equity for the people, at the head of which is the President of the Stake, with his counselors. The community grew so rapidly that before the close of the second year it was deemed w-ise to establish a constitutional secular government, and accord- ingly representatives of the people met in convention in the month of March, 1 849,. and formed the Provisional Government of the State of Deseret. A con- stitution was adopted, and delegates sent to Washington asking admission into the Union. Here is what they said : "We, the people, grateful to the Supreme Being for the blessings hitherto enjoyed, and feeling our dependence on Him for a continuation of those bles- sings, do ordain and establish a free and independent government by the name of the State of Deseret, including all the Territory of the United States within the following boundaries, to-wit : Commencing at the 33d degree of north lat- itude, where it crosses the loSth degree of longitude west from Greenwich ; thence running south and west to the boundary of Mexico; thence west to and down the main channel of the Gila River (or the northern part of Mexico), and HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. j-p on the northern boundary of Lower California to the Pacific Ocean; thence along the coast northwesterly to the iiSth degree, 30th minute of west longi- tude; theace north to wh^re said line intersects the dividing ridge of the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the dividing range of mountains that separates the waicfs flowing into the Columbia River from the waters running into the Great Basin on the south, to the summit of the Wind River chain of mountains; thence south- east and south by the dividing range of mountains that separates the waters flow- ing into the Gulf of Mexico from the waters flowing into the Gulf of California, to the place of beginning, as set forth in a map drawn by Charles Preuss, and published by order of the Senate of the United States, in 1848." The Twelve, in their general epistle, under date, "Great Salt Lake City, March 9, 1849, ^'""^^^ explains this organic movement: "We have petitioned the Congress of the United States for the organization of a Territorial government here, embracing a territory of about seven hundred miles square, bounded north by Oregon, latitude 42 degrees, east by the Rio Grande Del Norte, south by the late lines between the United States and Mexico, near the latitude 32 degrees, and west by the sea coast and California Mountains. Until this petition is granted, we are under the necessity of organizing a local government for the time being, to consist of a governor, chief-justice, secretary, marshal, magistrates, etc. elected by the people : the election to take place next Monday." Accordingly, on Monday, March 12th, 1849, ^'""i^ State election was held in Great Salt Lak^ City, resulting in the unanimous choice of Brigham Young as Governor; Willard Richards, Secretary; N. K. Whitney, Treasurer; Heber C. Kimball, Chief Justice; John Taylor and N. K. Whitney, Associate Justices; Daniel H. Wells, Attorney-General; Horace S. Eldredge, Marshal; Albert Car- rington. Assessor and Collector of taxes; Joseph L. Hey wood. Surveyor of Highwa} s ; and the Bishops ot the several wards as Magistrates. The first celebration in the mountains was held on the 24th of July, 1849 — the second anniversary of the entrance of the Pioneers. The following description of the celebration, by the " Chief Scribe," may be of interest to many: "The inhabitants were awakened by the firing of cannon, accompanied by music. The brass band, playing martial airs, was then carried through the city, returning to the Bowery by seven o'clock. The Bowery is a building 100 feet long by 60 feet wide, built on 104 posts, and covered with boards; but for the services of this day a canopy or awning was extended about 100 feet from each side of the Bowery, to accommodate the vast multitude at dinner. •'•' At half-past seven the large national flag, measuring sixty-five feet in length, was unfurled at the top of the liberty pole, which is 104 feet high, and was saluted hy the firing of six guns, the ringing of the Nauvoo bell, and spirit- stirring airs from the band. "At eight o'clock the multitude were called together by music and the firing of guns, the Bishops of the several wards arranging themselves on the sides of the aisles, with' the banners of their wards unfurled, each bearing some appropriate inscription. 6o HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. "At a quarter past eight, the Presidency of the Stake, the Twelve, and the bands, went to prepare the escort in the following order, at the house of Presi- dent Brigham Young, under the direction of Lorenzo Snow, J. M. Grant, and F. D. Richards : "(i) Horace S. Eldredge, marshal, on horseback, in military uniform; (2) brass band ; (3) twelve bishops bearing the banners of their wards; (4) seventy- four young men dressed in white, with white scarfs on their right shoulders, and coronets on their heads, each carrying in his right hand a copy of the Declara- tion of Independence and the Constitution of the United States, and each carry- •ing a sheathed sword in his left hand ; one of them carrying a beautiful banner, inscribed on it, ' The Zion of the Lord ; ' (5) twenty-four young ladies, dressed in white, with white scarfs on their right shoulders, and wreaths of white roses on their heads, each carrying a copy of the Bible and Book of Mormon, and one carrying a very neat banner, inscribed with 'Hail to our Captain;' (6) Brig- ham Young, Heber C. Kimball, Willard Richards, Parley P. Pratt, Charles C. Rich, John Taylor, Daniel Spencer, D. Fullmer, Willard Snow, Erastus Snow ; (7) twelve Bishops, carrying flags of their wards ; (8) twenty-four Silver Greys, led by Isaac Morley, Patriarch, each having a staff, painted red at the upper part, and a bunch of white ribbon fastened at the top, one of them carrying the Stars and Stripes, bearing the inscription, ' Liberty and Truth.' "The procession started from the house at nine o'clock. The young men and young ladies sang a hymn through the streets, the cannon roared^ the musketry rolled, the Nauvoo bell pealed forth its silvery notes, and the air was filled by the sweet strains of the brass band. On arriving at the Bowery the escort was re- ceived with shouts of 'Hosanna! to God and the Lamb!' While the Presi- dency, Patriarch, and presiding Bishops were passing down the aisle, the people cheered and shouted, ' Hail to the Governor of Deseret.' These being seated by the committee on the stand, the escort passed round the assembly, singing a hymn of praise, marched down the aisle, and were seated in double rows on either side. The assembly was called to order by Mr. J. M. Grant. On being seated, Mr. Erastus Snow offered up a prayer. "Richard Ballantyne, one of the twenty-four young men, came to the stand, and, in a neat speech, presented the Declaration of Independence and the Consti- tution of the United States to President Young, which was received with three shouts, 'May it live forever,' led by the President. "The Declaration of Independence was then read by Mr. Erastus Snow, the band following with a lively air. "The clerk then read 'The Mountain Standard,' composed by Parley P. Pratt:— " Lo, the Gentile chain is broken, Freedom's banner waves on high." "After the above had been sung by the twenty-four young men and young ladies, Mr. Phinehas Richards came forward in behalf of the twenty- four aged sires in Israel, and read their congratulatory address on the an- niversary of the day. At the conclusion of the reading, the assembly rose and shouted three times, 'Hosanna! hosanna! hosanna! to God and the Lamb, for- HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 61 ever and ever, Amen,' while the banners were waved by the Bishops. The band next played a lively air, and the clerk then rose and read an 'Ode on Liberty.' "The ode was then sung by the twenty-four Silver Greys, to the tune of 'Bruce's Address to his Army.' "The hour of intermission having arrived, the escort was reformed, the Bishops of each ward collected the inhabitants of their respective wards together, and marched with them to the dinner tables, where several thousand of the Saints dined sumptuously on the fruits of the earth. Several hundred emigrants also partook of the repast, as did also three score Indians," Orson Hyde, President of the Twelve Apostles, in the Frontier Guardian, published at Kanesville, Iowa, thus explains this first celebration, at which, it will have been noticed, the Declaration of American Independence was read: "Our people celebrated the 24th of July instead of the 4th, for two reasons — one was because that was the day on which Brother Young and the Pioneers first entered the valley ; and the other was, they had little or no bread, or flour to make cakes, etc., that early, and not wishing to celebrate on empty stomachs, they postponed it until their harvest came in." The explanation of Apostle Hyde has historical pertinence, when it is re- membered that in the Spring of this year the community were put on rations; it was this very harvest of 1849, that saved the people from a continuance of the famine, caused by the destruction of the crops by the grasshoppers in 1848. Here a passage of history seems due to the soldiers of the Mormon Bat- talion, relative to their connection with the early times of California, and the finding of gold, which largely tended to the rapid growth of Great Salt Lake City and started its currency. On being discharged from the United States service, four of the Mormon Battalion found employ with Mr. Thomas Marshall, in digging Captain Sutter's mill race, on the Sacramento River. One day these brethren were attracted by the mysterious movements of their foreman, Mr. Marshall, whom they partly surprised in the act of washing something which his shovel had just turned up. That something was gold ! The discovery was at once shared by Mr. Marshall and his men. Of course, at first there was some secresy preserved, but such a discovery could not be long hid, and soon the Mormons of California, both those of the Battalion and those who sailed to the Bay of San Francisco with Mr. Samuel Brannan in the ship Brooklyn, were working in the gold diggings. So that notwithstanding Mr. Marshall's shovel brought the initial glitter of Cali- fornia gold to light, it was the shovels of Mormon Elders that spread the golden tidings to the world. No sooner was the discovery bruited than the whole civilized world seemed flocking to the new El Dorado. Scarcely a nation but sent its adventurous spirits to the paradise of gold. From the American States themselves came colony after colony pouring daily towards the west. Gold was the incentive at first, but as that wondrous emigrational tide swelled, it became more like the migration of a dominant race for the purpose of founding a new empire. This did finally be- come the proper character ot the movement. The best blood of America was in those emigrant companies, and they took 62 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. witli them enough resources to found a new State; but there was no " royal road" to the land of gold; fifteen hundred miles then intervened between the western frontier of the States and Great Salt Lake City. The Mormon Zion became the "half-way house" of the nation. But the ambitious and spirited emigrants to California could not endure the tedious journey as the Saints had done. Before they reached the mountains they began to leave fragments of their richly-laden trains by the wayside. All along, the route was strewn valuable freight, with the ruins of wagons and the carcasses of oxen and mules. By the time the gold-seekers reached the valley of the Great Salt Lake, they were utterly. impatient and demoralized. Many had loaded their trains with clothing, dry goods, general merchaiidise, mechanics' tools and machinery, ex- pecting to find a market where gold was dug and a new country to be settled. But the merchant, alike with the adventurer, was at last subdued by the conta- gion of the gold fever, and provoked into a mania of impatience by the tedious journey. News also reached the overland emigrants that steamers, laden with merchandise had sailed from New York to California. The speculations of the merchants lost their last charm. That which was destined for California was left in Utah. In absolute disgust for their trains of merchandise and splendid emigrant outfits, they gave the bulk to the Mormons at their own price, and for the most ordinary means of barter. A horse or a mule outfit to carry the gold- hunter quickly to his destination, was taken as an equivalent for wagons, cattle, and merchandise. Parley P. Pratt, writing to his brother Orson under date July 8th, 1849, says: " The present travel through this place, or near it, will, it is thought, amount to some thirty or forty thousand persons. All will centre here another year, as much of it does this year. This employs blacksmiths, pack-saddlers, washing, board, etc., and opens a large trade in provisions, cattle, mules, horses, etc. Scores or hundreds of people now arrive here daily, and all stop to rest and re-fit." The Frontier Guardian, giving the news of the arrival of the gold-seekers in Great Salt Lake City related the story thus: "The valley has been a place of general deposit for property, goods, etc., by Californians. When they saw a few bags and kegs of gold dust brought in by our boys, it made them completely en- thusiastic. Pack mules and horses that were worth twenty-five dollars in ordinary times, would readily bring two hundred dollars in the most valuable property at the lowest price. Goods and other property were daily offered at auction in all parts of the city. For a light Yankee wagon, sometimes three or four great heavy ones would be offered in exchange, and a yoke of oxen thrown in at that. Common domestic sheeting sold from five to ten cents per yard by the bolt. The best of spades and shovels for fifty cents each. Vests that cost in St. Louis one dollar and fifty cents each, were sold at Salt Lake for thirty-seven and one half cents. Full chests of joiner's tools that would cost one hundred and fifty dollars in the East, were sold in Salt Lake City for twenty-five dollars. Indeed, almost every article, except sugar and coffee, were selling on an average fifty per cent, below wholesale prices in the eastern States." HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 63 In the fall, a company of Mormon Elders started from Salt Lake City, de- signing to work for awhile in the gold mines, after which some were to proceed on missions to the Sandwich Islands. The company consisted of General Charles C. Rich, Major Hunt of the Mormon Battalion, Captain Flake, captain of the company, George Q. Cannon^ Joseph Cain, Thomas Whittle, Henry E. Gibson and other prominent Mormons. This was the first company that under- took to go to California by the southern route. The expedition started with only about thirty days' provisions; yet sixty days on the road were passed before the first settlement was reached. The men went with pack animals. In crossing the desert they had often to turn back and re-take up their march in some other direction, which made the journey very long and severe, killing nearly all of their animals, so that the last three hundred and fifty miles were mostly performed on foot. But it was a fine company of men, and they were enabled fo survive one of the hardest journeys ever made to the State of California. CHAPTER VIII. ARRIVAL OF CAPTAIX STANSBURY. HIS INTERVIEW WITH GOVERNOR YOUNG GOVERNMENT SURVEY OF THE LaKES. COMMENCEMENT OF INDIAN DIFFICULTIES. In August of that year (1849) Captain Howard Stansbury, of the United States Army Topographical Engineers, with his assistants, arrived in the valley for the purpose of making a government survey of the lakes. He was accompanied by Lieutenant Gunnison who was, like Captain Stansbury, one of the earliest and most intelligent writers upon the Utah community. Of his arrival, Captain Stansbury thus reports to the chief of his department : " Before reaching Great Salt Lake City, I had heard from various sources that much uneasiness was felt by the Mormon community at my anticipated coming among them. I was told that they would never permit any survey of their country to be made: while it was darkly hinted that if I persevered in attempt- ing to carry it on, my life would scarce be safe. Utterly disregarding, indeed, giving not the least credence to these insinuations, I at once called upon Brigham Young, the President of the Mormon Church and the Governor of the Common- wealth, stated to him what I had heard, explained to him the views of the Gov- ernment in directing an exploration and survey of the lake, assuring him that these were the sole objects of the expedition. He replied, that he did not hesi- tate to say that both he and the people whom he presided over had been very much disturbed and surprised that the Goverument should send out a party into their country so soon after they had made their settlement; that he had heard of the expedition from time to time, since its onset from Fort Leavenworth ; and 64 HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CL7 Y. that the whole community were extremely anxious as to what could be the design of the Government in such a movement. It appeared, too, that their alarm had been increased by the indiscreet and totally unauthorized boasting of an attache of General Wilson, the newly appointea Indian agent for California, whose train on its way thither had reached the city a itv; days before I myself arrived. This person, as I understood, had declared openly that General Wilson had come clothed with authority from the President of the United States to expel the Mormons from the lands which they occupied, and that he would do so if he thought proper. The Mormons very naturally supposed from such a declaration that there must be some understanding or connection between General Wilson and myself; and that the arrival of the two parties so nearly together was the result of a concerted and combined movement for the ulterior purpose of break- ing up and destroying their colony. The impression was that a survey was to be made of their country in the same manner that other public lands are surveyed, for the purpose of dividing into townships and sections, and of thus establishing and recording the claims of the Government to it, and thereby anticipating any claim the Mormons might set up from their previous occupation. However un- reasonable such a suspicion may be considered, yet it must be remembered that these people are exasperated and rendered almost desperate by the wrongs and persecutions they had previovsly suffered in Illinois and Missouri ; that they had left the confines of civilization and fled to these far distant wilds, that they might enjoy undisturbed the religious liberty which had been practically denied them : and that now they supposed themselves to be followed up by the General Govern- ment with the view of driving them out from even this solitary spot, where they had hoped they should at length be permitted to set up their habitation in peace. "Upon all these points I undeceived Governor Young to his entire satisfac- tion. I was induced to pursue this conciliatory course, not only in justice to the Government, but also because I knew, from the peculiar organization of this sin- gular community, that, unless the 'President' was fully satisfied that no evil was intended to his people, it would be useless for me to attempt to carry out my in- structions. He was not only civil Governor, but the President of the whole Church of Latter-day Saints upon the earth, their prophet and their priest, re- ceiving, as they all firmly believed, direct revelations of the Divine will, which, according to their creed, form the law of the Church. He is, consequently, profoundly revered by all, and possesses unbounded influence and almost un- limited power. I did not anticipate open resistance ; but I was fully aware that if the President continued to view the expedition with distrust, nothing could be more natural than that every possible obstruction should be thrown in our way by a 'masterly inactivity.' Provisions would not be furnished; information would not be afforded ; labor could not be procured ; and no means would be left untried, short of open opposition, to prevent the success of a measure by them deemed fatal to their interests and safety. So soon, however, as the true object of the expedition was fully understood, the President laid the subject- matter before the council called for that purpose, and I was informed, as the re- sult of their deliberations, that the authorities were much pleased that the explora- HISTORY OF SAL 7 LAKE CITY. 65 tion was to be made ; that they had themselves contemplated something of the kind, but did not yet feel able to incur the expense; but that any assistance they could render to facilitate our operations would be most cheerfully furnished to the extent of their ability. This pledge, thus heartily given, was as faithfully redeemed ; and it gives me pleasure here to acknowledge the warm interest mani- fested and efficient aid rendered, as well by the President as by all the leading men of the community, both in our personal welfare and in the successful prose- cution of the work. "Matters being thus satisfactorily adjusted, as the provisions which had been laid in at the beginning of the journey were nearly exhausted, I left the city on the 1 2th of September, with teams and pack- mules, for Fort Hall, to procure the supplies lor the party which had been forwarded to that post by the supply train attached to Colonel Loring's command ; and at the same time to carry out that portion of my instructions which directed me to explore a route for a road from the head of Salt Lake to Fort Hall. The main party was left under the command of Lieutenant Gunnison, with instructions to commence the survey upon the basis already laid down." Returning from his exploration of a route from Great Salt Lake City to Fort Hall, and reconnoissance of Cache Valley, Captain Stansbury continues a narra- tive intimately connected with the early history of this city. He says: " Upon my arrival at Salt Lake City, I found that- the camp, under Lieuten- ant Gunnison, was then about sixty miles to the southward, upon Utah Lake. I accordingly joined him as soon as possible. The work, during my absence, had been carried forward by that officer with energy, industry and judgment. " I had hoped, from the representations which had been made to me of the mildness of the two previous winters, that we should be able to keep the field the greater part, if not the whole of the season ; but, in the latter part of November, the winter set in with great and unusual severity, accompanied by deep snows, which rendered any farther prosecution of the work impracticable. I was therefore compelled to break up my camp, and to seek for winter quarters in the city. These were not obtained without some difficulty, as the tide of emigration had been so great that houses were very scarce, and not a small portion of the inhabi- tants, among whom was the president himself, were forced to lodge portions of their families in wagons. "Upon terminating the field-work for the season, I despatched three men, one of whom was my guide and interpreter, with a small invoice of goods, to trade for horses among the Uintah Utahs, with directions to await my orders at Fort Bridger. Reports afterward reached us that a bloody fight had taken place between the Sioux and the Yampah Utahs, which'latter tribe reside in the vicinity of the Uintahs, and great fears were entertained that the little party had been cut off by one or the other of the contending tribes. Such a calamity, aside from the loss of life, .would have been of serious consequence to the expedition, as the horses I expected to obtain were almost indispensable to the return of the party to the States, the number of our animals having been much diminished by death and robbery. "It may as well be mentioned here, that the party thus despatched subse- 9 66 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. quently joined nie in the spring, as soon as the melting of the snows rendered communication with Fort Bridger practicable, bringing With them a drove of twenty-five horses. They had met with very rough usage from the Indians, hav- ing been robbed of a number of their horses, besides the whole of what remained of their goods and narrowly escaped with their lives. "From the report by Lieutenant Gunnison of his operations during my ab- sence, I make the following synopsis. "A thorough exploration was made, with the view of ascertaining the points for such a base line as would best develop a system of triangles embracing both the Salt Lake and Utah Valleys. "A line was selected, and carefully measured by rods constructed for the purpose, and tripod stations erected over the termini, which were marked by metal points set in wooden posts sunk flush with the surface of the ground. The length of the base is thirty-one thousand six hundred and eighty feet. "Fourteen principal triangulation stations were erected, consisting of large pyramidal timber tripods, strongly framed, to be covered, when required for use, by cotton cloth of different colors, according to the background. The triangles extended to the south shore of Utah Lake, and embraced an area of about eighty by twenty-five miles. "A survey and sounding had been made of the Utah Lake, and also of the river connecting it with Salt Lake : this operation requiring a line to be run of one hundred and twenty-six miles, principally by the back angle, with the theodolite. " Although such a result, from less than two months' labor, would be en- tirely satisfactory under ordinary circumstances anywhere, and would reflect credit on the energy and capacity of the officer in charge of the work, yet it may be remarked that it would be very unfair to judge of it by a comparison with similar results obtained in the Eastern States. There, all the accessories to such a work, especially water and timber, are abundant, and generally at a convenient distance: here, on the contrary, both are very scarce and hard to be obtained. All the water, for instance, used both for cooking and drinking, that was con- sumed on the base line, (requiring seven days of incessant labor in its measure- ment,) had to be transported upon mules from the river, which lay a mile east of its eastern terminus; and the force employed in the erection of most of the tri- angulation stations had to be supplied in a like manner. But the principal diffi- culty was the scarcity of timber. Wood grows nowhere on the plains; all the wood used for cooking in camp, and all the timber, both for posts on the base line and for the construction of the stations, had to be hauled from the moun- tains in many cases fifteen or twenty miles distant, over a rough country without roads. Almost every stick used for this purpose cost from twenty to thirty miles travel of a six-mule team. This, together with the delays of getting into the canyons, where alone the timber can be procured, cutting down the trees, and hauling them down the gorges by hand to the nearest spots accessible to the teams, involved an amount of time and labor which must be experienced before It can be appreciated. All this had to be done, however, or the prosecution of the work would have been impracticable. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 67 " Before leaving the Salt Like City for Fort Hall, I had engaged the services of Albert Carrington, Esq., a member of the Mormon community, who was to act as an assistant on the survey. He was without experience in the use of in- struments; but, being a gentleman of liberal education, he soon acquired, under instruction, the requisite skill, and, by his zeal, industry, and practical good sense, materially aided us in our subsequent operations. He continued with the party until the termination of the survey, accompanied it to this city, [Washington] and has since returned to his mountain home, carrying with him the respect and kind wishes of all with whom he was associated. "The winter season in the valley was long and severe. The vicinity of so many high mountains rendered the weather extremely variable; snows fell con- stantly upon them, and frequently to the depth of ten inches in the plains. In many of the canyons it accumulated to the depth of fifty feet, filling up the passes so rapidly that, in more than one instance, emigrants who had been belated in starting from the States, were overtaken by the storms in the mountain gorges, and forced to abandon every thing, and escape on foot, leaving even their ani- mals to perish in the snows. All communication with the world beyond was thus effectually cut off; and, as the winter advanced, the gorges became more and more impassable, owing to the drifting of the snow into them from the project- ing peaks. " We remained thus shut up until the 3d of April. Our quarters consisted of a small unfurnished house of unburnt brick or adobe, unplastered, and roofed with boards loosely nailed on, which, every time it stormed, admitted so much water as called into requisition all the pans and buckets in the establishment to receive the numerous little streams which came trickling down from every crack and knot-hole. During this season of comparative inaction, we received from the authorities and citizens of the community every kindness that the most warm- hearted hospitality could dictate : and no effort was spared to render us comfort- able as their own limited means would admit. Indeed, we were much better lodged than many of our neighbors; for, as has been previously observed, very many families were obliged still to lodge wholly or in part in their wagons, which, being covered, served, when taken off from the wheels and set upon the ground, to make bedrooms, of limited dimensions it is true, but yet exceedingly comfor- table. Many of these were comparatively large and commodious, and, when car- peted and furnished with a little stove, formed an additional apartment or back building to the small cabin, with which they frequently communicated by a door. It certainly argued a high tone of morals and an habitual observance of good order and decorum, to find women and children thus securely slumbering in the midst of a large city, with no protection from midnight molestation other than a wagon- cover of linen and the aegis of the law. In the very next enclosure to that occu- pied by our party, a whole family of children had no other shelter than one of these wagons, where they slept all the winter, literally out of doors, there being no communication whatever with the inside of their parents' house." Stansbury's report to the Government also supplies the initial pages of the Indian history of Utah. He says: 68 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. "The native tribes with whom we came in contact in the valley were the most degraded and lowest in the scale of being of any I had ever seen. They consisted of the ' root-diggers,' a class of Indians which seemed to be composed of outcasts from their respective tribes, subsisting chiefly upon roots dug from the ground, and the seeds of various plants indigenous to the soil, which they grind into a kind of flour between two flat stones. Lizards and crickets also form a portion of their food. At certain seasons of the year they obtain from the trib- utaries of both the Salt Lake and Lake Utah, a considerable quantity of fish, which they take in weirs or traps, constructed of willow bushes. Those that we saw were branches of the Shoshones or Snakes, and from the large and warlike tribe of Utahs, which latter inhabit a large tract of country to the southward. They are known among the traders by the designation of 'snake-diggers,' and 'Utes;' those of the latter tribe^ which inhabit the vicinity of the lakes and streams and live chiefly on fish, being distinguished by the name of 'Pah Utahs,' or 'Pah Utes/ — the word Pah, in their language, signifying water. "While engaged in the survey of the Utah Valley, we were no little annoyed by numbers of the latter tribe, who hung around the camp, crowding around the cook-fires, more like hungry dogs than human beings, eagerly watching for the least scrap that might be thrown away, which they devoured with avidity and without the least preparation. The herdsmen also complained that their cattle were fre- quently scattered, and that notwithstanding their utmost vigilance, several of them had unaccountably disappeared and were lost. One morning, a fine fat ox came into camp with an arrow buried in his side, which perfectly accounted for the dis- appearance of the others. "After the party left Lake Utah for winter quarters in Salt Lake City, the Indians became more insolent, boasting of what they had done — driving off the stock of the inhabitants of the southern settlements, resisting all attempts to re- <;over them, and finally firing upon the people themselves as they issued from their little stockade to attend to their ordinary occupations. Under these circumstances, the settlers in the Utah Valley applied to the supreme government, at Salt Lake City, for counsel as to the proper course of action. The President was at first extremely averse to the adoption of harsh measures; but, after several conciliatory overtures had been resorted to in vain, he very properly determined to put a stop, by force, to further aggressions, which, if not resisted, could only end in the total destruction of the colony. Before coming to this decision, the authorities called upon me to consult as to the policy of the measure, and to request the ex- pression of my opinion as to what view the Government of the United States might be expected to take of it. Knowing, as I did, most of the circumstances, and feeling convinced that some action of the kind would ultimately have to be resorted to, as the forbearance already sliown had been only attributed to weak- ness and cowardice, and had served but to encorage further and bolder outrages, I did not hesitate to say to them that, in my judgment, the contemplated expe- dition against these savage marauders was a measure not only of good policv, but one of absolute necessity and self-preservation. I knew the leader of the Indians to be a crafty and blood-thirsty savage, who had been already guilty of several murders, and had openly threatened that he would kill every white man that he HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CLTY. 69 found alone upon the prairies. In addition to this, I was convinced that the completion of the yet unfinished survey of the Utah Valley, the coming season, must otherwise be attended with serious difficulty, if not actual hazard, and would involve the necessity of a largely increased and armed escort for its pro- tection. Such being the circumstances, the course proposed could not but meet my entire approval. "A force of one hundred men was accordingly organized, and, upon the ap- plication of President Young, leave was given to Lieutenant Howland, of the Mounted Rifles, then on duty with my command, to accompany the expedition as its adjutant: such assistance also was furnished as it was in my power to afford, consisting of arms, tents, camp- equipage, and ammunition. " The expedition was completely successful. The Indians fought very bravely, but were finally routed, some forty of them killed, and as many more taken pris- oners; the latter, consisting principally of women and children, were carried to the city and distributed among the inhabitants, for the purpose of weaning them from their savage pursuits, and bringing them up in the habits of civilized and Christian life. The experiment, however, did not succeed as was anticipated, most of the prisoners escaping upon the very first opportunity. "On the 22d of February, about three p. m., a slight shock of an earthquake was felt in the southern part of the city, the vibrations being sufficient to shake plates from the shelves and to disturb milk in the pans.''' The historical importance of the first Indian expedition of this Territory, which was the beginning of the organization of the Utah militia, calls for the fol- lowing supplementary pages to Captain Stansbury's report. The organization of a militia for the protection of these colonies in an In- dian country was an imperative necessity, and to Daniel H. Wells, who had al- ready distinguihsed himself in military affairs, was given the task of creating it, and the rank of Lieutenant-General was conferred upon him by the Governor. The first company organized was under the command of Captain George D. Grant, who was afterwards Brigadier-General. They were called " Minute Men," a name which soon bacame famous in the Indian service throughout Utah. The company originated in Great Salt Lake City, and from time to time it was called out to the re- lief of those colonies which were sent from the parent colony to explore and populate the country. The first engagement of any importance was on the spot where the city of Provo now stands ; there had, however, occurred a slight affray at Battle Creek, at which Colonel John Scott commanded, but none were killed on either side. On the call by Governor Young for one hundred mounted men General Wells immediately dispatched a company of fifty under the command of Captain George D. Grant. Among the subordinate officers were William II. Kimball, James A. Little, James Ferguson and Henry Johnson, the two latter having been officers in the Mormon Battalion ; and among the privates were such men as Robert T. Bur- ton, Lot Smith, Ephraim Hanks, Jesse Martin, Orson Whitney, and others who afterwards figured prominently in the Utah militia. The second fifty was forwarded under the command of Captain Lytle, who was an officer in the Mormon Battalion. yo HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. The company under the command of Captain George D. Grant started from Great Salt Lake City on the yth day of February. The men marched all night in the snow for the purpose of coming upon the Indians unawares. The weather was intensely cold; from ten to twelve inches of snow covered the entire Utah Valley. They arrived early in the morning of the 8th, having suffered severely on the march from the inclement weatlier. The Indians had fortified themselves on the Provo River. They were en- camped in a bend of the river bottom, under a low bluff, from which the ground receded to the river. All this bottom, at that time, was covered with willow brush and cottonwod timber, some of the latter having been cut down by them to construct their fortifications. These Indians were of a warlike tribe, under the command of Old Elk, and not of the lower class of which Stansbury speaks. There were about seventy warriors, possessing arms equal to those of the expedition sent out against them, — their arms having been obtained from the mountaineers, traders, and settlers. Their squaws and children were sent into the canyons^ while the war- riors thus strongly fortified awaited the attack. They also held possession of a double log house. The settlers had retired to the shelter of their fort, but some of them joined the assailants on their arrival and did effective service in the defence of their city. Thus fortified, the Indian warriors k^t the militia at bay till the evening of the second day, before the latter obtained any decided advantage. Meantime the Indians had killed one and wounded five or six. They frequently sallied out from their entrenchments, delivered their fire, then quickly retreated to the brush. At length Lieutenant Howland, of Stansbury's command, suggested a moveable battery, which was forthwith constructed of plank, laid up edgewise on the top of runners, over which were thrown camp blankets and buffalo robes. This battel y was handled by the assailants effectively, and pushed towards the Indian line of defence. On the afternoon of the second day, a small company of cavalry (sixteen in number) was ordered by Captain Grant to make a charge upon the Indian quarters, and especially to get possession of the log house, pre- viously referred to, from which the Indians had greatly annoyed the men. The little company of cavalry made a dashing charge, but were met with such a vol- ley of fire, wounding two or three of their number, that the impetuosity of the charge was for a moment checked, but Burton and Lot Smith, dashing on, suc- ceeded in riding their horses into the passage that divided the rooms of the double log house, of which they took possession, the Indians having deserted it at the onslaught. The Indians, recovering from the surprise of the charge, fired on the remainder of the detachment with such violence that the men had to take shelter under the end of the house, but seven or eight of their best horses were shot down in a very few minutes. Between the firing the men got into the house, upon which the Indians continued to fire for several hours. In this company of sixteen picked men were Lot Smith, Robert T. Burton, William H. Kimball, Jas. Ferguson, Ephraim Hanks, Henry Johnson, Isham Flyn, (who was wounded,) Orson Whitney, and eight others whose names we have not been able to obtain. This charge was complimented by Lieutenant Howland as being as fine as HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. yj regular cavalry would make. It gave the advantage of the engagement into the hands of the militia; for the Indians retired in the night after the charge, leaving their dead on the ground, carrying their wounded with them; but before their retreat they supplied themselves abundantly with the horse beef. So much bravery was exhibited by the Indians, and such a desperate defence made, that despatches had been sent to Great Salt Lake City, repeatedly request- ing General Wells to come and take personal command, which he did, but arrived after the second day's engagement. There was afterwards quite an engage- ment on the soutli end of Utah Lake, at which General Wells was present and had personal command. Captain Stansbury omitted to mention that Dr. Blake, of his command, was in this expedition, but his presence and services to the wounded have been re- membered and gratefully acknowleged by the commanding officers of the old Minute Men. And it is worthy of note that it was this very expedition which brought out the men who have since figured as generals of the Utah militia. In it Lot Smith and Robert T. Burton for the first time met, and with that charge together on the log house began the life long friendship of these two men who, next to the Lieutenant-General, Daniel H. Wells, have figured the most conspic- uously in the military history of Utah. Having completed their surveys and explorations, the topographical en- gineers left the City of the Great Salt Lake for horne on the 28th of August, 1850, Stansbury, closing the record of his sojourn among the founders of this Territory, with the following tribute to them : "Before taking leave of the Mormon community, whose history has been the subject of no little interest in the country, I cannot but avail myself of the opportunity again to acknowledge the constant kindness and generous hospitality which was ever extended to the party during the sojourn of rather more than a year among them. The most disinterested efforts were made to afford us, both personally and officially, all the aids and facilities within the power of the peo- ple, as well to forward our labors as to contribute to our comfort and enjoyment. Official invitations were sent by the authorities to the officers of the party, while engaged in distant duty on the lake, to participate in the celebration of their annual jubilee, on the 24th of July, and an honorable position assigned them in the procession on that occasion. Upon our final departure, we were followed with the kindest expressions of regard, and anxious hopes for the safety and wel- fare of the party upon its homeward journey." 72 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. CHAPTER IX. INCORPORATION OF GREAT SALT LAKE CITY. IIS ORIGINAL CHARTER. THE FIRST CITY COUNCIL AND MUNICIPAL OFFICERS. ORGANIZATION OF THE TERRITORY. ARRIVAL OF THE NEWS OF GOVERNOR YOUNG'S APPOINT- MENT. DISSOLUTION OF THE STATE OF DESERET. GOVERNOR'S PROC- LAMATION. LEGALIZING THE LAWS PASSED BY THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT. CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN COLONEL KANE AND PRESI- DENT FILLMORE. STANSBURY'S VOUCHER FOR BRIGHAM YOUNG. The cities of Utah needing their due municipal orders, and having waited so long for the action of Congress, the Governor and the General Assembly of the State of Deseret, at the opening of the year 1851, effected the incorporation of the cities of Great Salt Lake, Ogden, Provo, Manti and Parowan. The following is the original charter of Great Salt Lake City, entitled "an ordinance 10 INCORPORATE GREAT SALT LAKE CITY. "Sec. I. Be H ordained by the General Assembly of the State of Deseret: That all that district of country embraced in the following boundaries, to wit: — beginning at the southeast corner of the Church Pasture, about half a mile north of the Hot Spring; thence west to the west bank of the Jordan River; thence south, up the west bank thereof, to a point in said bank directly west from the southwest corner of the five-acre lots, south of said city; thence east to the aforesaid southwest corner of said five-acre lots, and along the south line thereof; thence east to the base of the mountains; thence directly north to the point di- rectly east of the southeast corner of the Church Pasture ; thence west to the place of beginning: — including the present survey of said city, shall be known and designated as Great Salt Lake City; and the inhabitants thereof are hereby constituted a body corporate and politic, by the name aforesaid, and shall have perpetual succession, and may have and use a common seal, which they may change and alter at pleasure. "Sec. 2. The inhabitants of said city, by the name and style aforesaid, shall have power to sue and be sued; to plead and be impleaded; defend and be defended in all courts of law and equity, and in all actions whatsoever; to j)urchase, receive and hold property, real and personal, in said city ; to purchase receive and hold real property beyond the city, for burying grounds, or other public purposes, for the use of the inhabitants of said city; to sell, lease, con- vey, or dispose of property, real and personal, for the benefit of said city ; to improve and protect such property, and to do all other things in relation thereto, as natural persons. Sec. 3. There shall be a City Council, to consist of a Mayor, four Alder- men, and nine Councilors, who shall have the qualifications of electors of said city, and shall be chosen by the qualified voters thereof, and shall hold their offices for two years, and until their successors shall be elected and qualified. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. jj The City Council shall judge of the qualifications, elections, and returns of their own members, and a majority of them shall form a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and compel the attendance of ab- sent members, under such penalties as may be prescribed by ordinance. Sec. 4. The Mayor, Aldermen, and Councilors, before entering upon the duties of their offices, shall take and subscribe an oath or affirmation, that they will support the Constitution of the United States, and of this State, and that they will well and truly perform the duties of their offices, to the best of their skill and abilities. Sec. 5. On the first Monday of April next, and every two years thereafter, on said day, an election shall be held for the election of one Mayor, four Alder- men, and nine Councilors; and at the first election under this ordinance, three judges shall be chosen, 7'iva voce, by the electors present. The said judges shall choose two clerks, and the judges and clerks, before entering upon their duties, shall take and subscribe an oath or affirmation, such as is now required by law to be taken by judges and clerks of other elections ; and at all subsequent elections the necessary number of judges and clerks shall be appointed by the City Coun- cil. At the first election so held, the polls shall be opened at nine o'clock a. m., and closed at six o'clock p. m. At the close of the polls, the votes shall be counted, and a statement thereof proclaimed at the front door of the house at which said election shall be held; and the clerks shall leave with each person elected, or at his usual place of residence, within five days after the election, a written notice of his election ; and each person so notified, shall within ten days after the election, take the oath or affirmation herein before mentioned, a certifi- cate of which oath shall be deposited with the Recorder, whose appointment is hereinafter provided for, and be by him preserved. And all subsequent elections shall be held, conducted, and returns thereof made, as may be provided for by ordinance of the City Council. Sec. 6. All free white male inhabitants of the age of eighteen years, who are entitled to vote for State officers, and who shall have been actual residents of said city sixty days next preceeding said election, shall be entitled to vote for city officers. Sec. 7. The City Council shall have authority to levy and collect taxes for city purposes, upon all taxable property, real and personal, within the limits of the city, not exceeding one-half per cent, per annum, upon the assessed value thereof, and may enforce the payment of the same in any manner to be provided by ordinance, not repugnant to the Constitusion of the United States, or of this State. Sec. 8. The City Council shall have power to appoint a Recorder, Treasurer, Assessor and Collector, Marshal and Supervisor of Streets. They shall also have the power to appoint all such other officers, by ordinance, as may be necessary, define the duties of all city officers, and remove them from office at pleasure. Sec. 9. The City Council shall have power to require of all officers ap- pointed in pursuance of this ordinance, bonds with penalty and security, for the faithlul performance of their respective duties, such as may be deemed expedient, 10 74 HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CLTY. and also to require all officers apioointed as aforesaid, to lake an oath for the faithful performance of the duties of their respective offices. Sec. io. The City Council shall have power and authority to make, or- dain, establish, and execute all such ordinances not repugnant to the Constitu- tion of the United States, or of this State, as tiiey may deem necessary for the peace, benefit, good order, regulation, convenience, and cleanliness of said city; for the protection of property therein, from destruction of property by fire or otherwise, and for the health and happiness thereof. They shall have power to fill all vacancies that may happen by death, resignation, or removal, in any of the offices herein made elective; to fix and establish all the fees of the officers of said corporation, not herein established ; to impose such fines, not exceeding one hundred dollars for each offense, as they may deem just, for refusing to accept any office in or under the corporation, or for misconduct therein; to divide the city into wards, and specify the boundaries thereof, and create additional wards; lo add to the number of Aldermen and Councilors, and apportion them among the several wards, as may be just, and most conducive to the interest of the city. Sfx\ II. To establish, support and regulate common schools; to borrow money on the credit of the city, — provided that no sum or sums of money be borrowed on a greater interest than six per cent, per annum, — nor shall the in- terest on the aggregate of all the sums borrowed and outstanding ever exceed one half of the city revenue, arising from taxes assessed on real estate within this cor- poration. Sec. 12. To make regulations to prevent the introduction of contagious diseases into the City, to make quarantine laws for that purpose, and enforce the same. Sec. 13. To appropriate and provide for the payment of the expenses and debts of the city. Sec. 14. To establish hospitals, and make regulations for the government of the same; to make regulations to secure the general health of the nihabitants; to declare what shall be nuisances, and to prevent and remove the same. Sec. 15. To provide the City with water, to dig wells, lay pump logs, and pipes, and erect pumps in the streets for the extinguishment of fires, and convenience of the inhabitants. Sec. 16. To open, alter, widen, extend, establish, grade, pave, or other- wise improve and keep in repair, streets, avenues, lanes, and alleys; and to es- tablish, erect and keep in repair aqueducts and bridges. Sec. 17. To provide for lighting of the streets, and erecting lamp posts; and establish, support and regulate night watches; to erect market houses, estab- lish markets and market places, and i)rovide for the government and regulations thereof. Sec. 18. To provide for erecting all needful buildings for the use of the City; and for enclosing, improving, and regulating all public grounds belonging to the City. Sec 19. To license, tax and regulate auctioneers, merchants, and re- tailers, grocers and taverns, ordinaries, hawkers, peddlers, brokers, pawnbrokers, and money changers. HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE C17Y. 75 Sec. 20. To license, tax and regulate hacking, carriages, wagons, carts and drays, and fix the rates to be charged for the carriage of persons, and for wagon- age, cartage and drayage of property ; as also to license and regulate porters, and fix the rates of porterage. Sec. 21. To license, tax and regulate theatrical and other exhibitions, shows and amusements. Sec. 22. To tax, restrain, prohibit, and suppress tippling houses, dram shops, gaming houses, bawdy, and other disorderly houses. Sec. 23. To provide for the prevention and extinguishment of tires ; to regulate the fixing of chimneys, and the flues thereof, and stove pipes, and to organize and establish fire companies. Sec. 24. To regulate the storage of gunpowder, tar, pitch, rosin, and other combustible materials. Sec. 25. To regulate and order parapet walls, and other partition fences. Sec. 26. To establish standard weights and measures, and regulate the weights and measures to be used in the city, in all other cases not provided for by law. Sec. 27. To provide for the inspection and measuring of lumber and iand other building materials, and for the measurement of all kinds of mechan- ical work. Sec. 28. To provide for the inspection and wei-ghing of hay, lime and stone coal, and measuring of charcoal, firewood, and other fuel, to be sold or used within the City. Sec. 29. To provide for and regulate the inspection of tobacco, and of beef, pork, flour, meal; also beer and whisky, brandy, and all other spirituous or fermented liquors. Sec. 30. To regulate the weight, quality, and price of bread sold and used in the City. Sec. 31. To provide for taking the enumeration of the inhabitants of the City. Sec. 32. To fix the compensation of all city officers, and regulate the fees of jurors, witnesses, and others, for services rendered under this or any city or- dinance. Sec. 33. The City Council shall have exclusive power within the city by or- dinance, to license, regulate, suppress, or restrain billiard tables, and from one to twenty pin alleys, and every other description of gaming or gambling. Sec. 34. The City Council shall have exclusive power within the City, by ordinance, to license, regulate, or restrain the keeping of ferries, and toll bridges;. to regulate the police of the city; to impose fines, forfeitures and penalties, for the breach of any ordinance, and provide for the recovery of such fines and for- feitures, and the enforcement of such penalties, and to pass such ordinances as may be necessary and proper for carrying into effect and execution, the powers specified in this ordinance, provided such ordinances are not repugnant to the Constitution of the United States, or of this State. Sec. 35. All ordinances passed by the City Council, shall, within one month after they shall have been passed, be published in some newspaper, printed in said ^6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. City, or certified copies thereof, be posted up in three of the most public places in the City. Sec. 36. All ordinances of the City may be proven by the seal af the cor- poration ; and when printed or published in book or pamphlet form, purporting to be printed or published by the authority of the corporation, the same shall be received in evidence in all courts, or places, without further proof. Sec. 37. The Mayor and Aldermen shall be conservators of the peace within the limits of the city, and shall have ali the powers of justices of the peace therein, both in civil and criminal cases, arising under the laws of the State. They shall, as justices of the peace within said city, perform the same duties, be governed by the same laws, give the same bonds and securities, as other justices of the peace, and be commissioned as justices of the peace, in and for said city, by the Governor. Sec. 38. The Mayor and Aldermen sliall have exclusive jurisdiction in all cases arising under the ordinances of the corporation, and shall issue such pro- cess as may be necessary to carry said ordinances into execution and effect. Ap- peals may be had from any decision or judgment of said Mayor or Aldermen, arising under the ordinances of said city, to the Municipal Court, under such regulations as may be prescribed by ordinance; which court shall be composed of the Mayor as chief justice, and the Aldermen as associate justices; and from the final judgment of the Municipal Court to the Probate Court of Great Salt Lake County, in the same manner as appeals are taken from the justices of the peace; provided that the parties litigant shall have a right to a trial by jury of twelve men in all cases before the Municipal Court. The Municipal Court shall have power to grant writs of habeas corpus, and try the same, in all cases arising under the ordinances of the City Council. Sec. 39. The Municipal Court may sit on the first Monday of every month, and the City Council, at such times and places as may be prescribed by city ordinance, special meetings of which may at any time be called by the Mayor or any two Aldermen. Sec. 40. All process issued by the Mayor, Aldermen, or Municipal Court shall be directed to the Marshal, and in the execution thereof, he shall be gov- erned by the same laws as are or may be prescribed for the direction and com- pensation of constables in similar cases. The Marshal shall also perform such other duties as may be required of him under the ordinances of said City, and shall be the principal ministerial officer. Sec. 41. It shall be the duty of the Recorder to make and keep accurate records of all ordinances made by the City Council, and of all their proceedings in their corporate capacity, which record shall at all times be open to the inspec- tion of the electors of said City, and shall perform all other duties as may be required of him by the ordinances of the City Council, and shall serve as clerk of the Municipal Court. Sec. 42. When it shall be necessary to take private property for opening, widening, or altering any public street, lane, avenue, or alley, the corporation shall make a just compensation therefor ; to the person whose property is so taken ; and if the amount of such compensation cannot be agreed upon, the Mayor shall HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 77 cause the same to be ascertained by a jury of six disinterested men, who shall be inhabitants of the City. Sec. 43. AH jurors empannelled to enquire into the amount of benefits or damages, that shall happen to the owners of property so proposed to be taken, shall first be sworn to that effect, and shall return to the Mayor their inquest in writing, signed by each juror. Sec. 44. In case the Mayor shall, at any time, be guilty of a palpable omission of duty, or shall wilfully or corruptly be guilty of oppression, malcon- duct, or partiality, in the discharge of the duties of his office, he shall be liable to indictment in the Probate Court of Great Salt Lake County, and on conviction he shall be liable to fine and imprisonment ; and the court shall have power on the recommend of the jury, to add to the judgment of the court, that he be removed from office. Sec. 45. The City Council shall have power to provide for the punish- ment of offenders and vagrants, by imprisonment in the county or city jail, or by compelling them to labor upon the streets, or other public works, until the same shall be fully paid ; in all cases where such offenders or vagrants shall fail or refuse to pay the fine and forfeitures which may be recovered against them. Sec. 46. The inhabitants of Great Salt Lake City shall, from and after the next ensuing two years, from the first Monday of April next, be exempt from working on any road or roads, beyond the limits of said City. But all taxes de- voted to road purposes, shall, from and after said term of two years, be collected and expended by, and under the direction of, the supervisor of streets, within the limits of said City. Sec. 47. The Mayor, Aldermen, and Councilors of said City shall, in the first instance, be appointed by the Governor and Legislature of said State of Deseret ; and shall hold their office until superseded by the first election. Approved January 9th, 1851. The first municipal Council of Great Salt Lake City was composed of Jede- diah M. Grant, Mayor; Nathaniel H. Felt, William Snow, Jesse P. Harmon and Nathaniel V. Jones, Aldermen ; Vincent Shurtlifif, Benjamin L. Clapp, Zera Pul- sipher, William G. Perkins, Harrison Burgess, Jeter Clinton, John L. Dunyon and Samuel W. Richards, Councilors. The City Council met pursuant to notice from the clerk of Great Salt Lake County. The members having been severally sworn in by the county clerk "to observe the Constitution of the United States and of this State," organized in due form. The ordinance incorporating Great Salt Lake City was then read by the clerk of the county, when the Mayor informed the Council that it would be necessary to appoint a Recorder, Treasurer and Marshal of the city : whereupon Robert Campbell was appointed Recorder, and Elam Luddington Marshal and Assessor and Collector of Great Salt Lake City. Afterwards Leonard W. Hardy was appointed Captain of the City police. At the afternoon's session committees were appointed to formulate govern- mental methods for the City; Enquiry was made relative to the disposition of 7^ HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. taxes, when it was stated that the State taxes would be applied as formerly for State purposes, and that a city tax of one half of one per cent, should be levied for city purposes. The Mayor brought forward the subject of dividing the City into municipal wards. The county clerk then submitted a city plot to the council, and the following municipal wards were laid out from the map, and their proper boundaries designated : First Ward : bounded on the north by Third South Street ; west, by East Temple Street; south, by southern limits; east, by eastern limits: Alderman, Jesse P. Harmon. Second Ward: east, by East Temple Street; south, by southern limits; west, by Jordan River; north, by South Temple Street : Alder- man, N. V. Jones. Third Ward: east, by East Temple Street; south, by South Temple Street ; west, by Jordan River ; north, by northern limits: Alderman, Nathaniel H. Felt. Fourth Ward: east, by eastern limits; south, by Third South Street; west, by East Temple Street ; north, by northern limits: Alder- man, William Snow. The Mayor instructed the Marshal and Collector to proceed to assessing property and levying taxes. The Council then adjourned. In April the first municipal election for Great Salt Lake City was held, as provided for by the charter, and the following members were returned : Mayor; Jedediah M. Grant; Aldermen: Nathaniel Felt, William Snow, J. P. Harmon, N. V. Jones; Councilors: Lewis Robinson, Robert Pierce, Zera Pul- sipher, Wm. G. Perkins, Jeter Clinton, Enoch Reese, Harrison Purges, Samuel W. Richards, Vincent Shurtliff. In the meantime Congress liad passed an act, approved on the 9th of Sep- tember, 1850, organizing the Territory of Utah within the following limits: " Bounded on the west by the State of California; on the north by the Terri- tory of Oregon; on the east by the summits of the Rocky Mountains; and on the south by the 37th parallel of north latitude: with the proviso that Congress should be at liberty, when it might be deemed "convenient and proper" to cut it up into two or more Territories, or to attach any portion of it to any other State or Territory. On the 28th of the same month. President Fillmore, "with the advice and consent of the Senate," appointed Brigham Young Governor of Utah; B. D.Harris, of Vermont, Secretary; Joseph Buffington, of Pennsylvania, Chief Justice ; Perry E. Brocchus, of Alabama, and Zerubbabel Snow, of Ohio, Associate Justices; Seth M. Blair, of Utah, United States Attorney ; and Joseph L. Heywood, of Utah, United States Marshal; but Mr. Buffington declining the office of Chief Justice, Lemuel G. Brandebury was appointed in his stead. The postal communication between Washinton and Great Salt Lake City at this period being scarcely opened, an interval of six months passed before the news officially reached Utah. It came first unofficially by way of California, brought by a portion of that same company which explored the southern route to California in the fall of 1849. ^"^^^ returning company consisted of Major Hunt, of the Mormon Battalion, Mr. Henry E. Gibson and five others. To bear the im- portant news, they started on Christmas day, and travelled with pack animals from HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 79 Los Angelos to Great Salt Lake City. Major Hunt stopped at his home on the way; but Mr. Gibson posted on to Great Salt Lake City, where he arrived on the 27th of January, and presented to Governor Young published reports, in Eastern papers, of the passage of the Organic Act that created Utah a Territory. The news being certain and so many months having passed since the passage of the act and his own appointment, Governor Young at once took the oath of office, on the 3d of February, 185 1 ; and on the 26th of March he issued the following special message to the General Assembly of the State of Deseret : Gentlemen : — Whereas the Congress of the United States passed an Act. Sep- tember 9th, 1850, and received the approval of the President to " establish a Ter- ritorial Government for Utah," and made appropriations for erecting public build- ings for said Territory, etc.; the appointments under said law also having been made, official announcement of which has not as yet been received, but is shortly expected; sufficient intelligence, however, has been received to justify us in prepar- ing for the adoption and organization of the new Ciovernment under said Act. I have therefore thought proper to suggest to you, previous to your final ad- journment, the propriety of making such arrangements, as in Avisdom you may consider necessary, in view of the aforesaid Act of Congrfess, that as little incon- venience as possible may arise in the change of governmental affairs, and in relation to the organization of the Territorial Government for erecting public buildings for said territory, etc. And now, upon the dissolving of this Legislature, permit me to add, the in- dustry and unanimity which have ever characterized your efforts, and contributed .so much to the pre-eminent success of this government, will, in all future time, be a source of gratification to all ; and whatever may be the career and destiny of this young, but growing republic, we can ever carry with us the proud satisfaction of having erected, established, and maintained a peaceful, quiet, yet energetic gov- ernment, under the benign auspices of which, unparalleled prosperity has showered her blessings upon every interest. With sentiments of the highest esteem and gratitude to the Giver of all good for His kind blessings, I remain. Respectfully yours, Brigham Young, Governor. Great Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, March 26th, 1851. The Legislature of Deseret, in joint session, March 28th, 1851, unanimously passed the following Preamble and Resolutions, pertaining to the organization of a Territorial Government for Utah : — * PREAMBLE. Whereas, in the winter and spring of the year of our Lord, 1849, the people of this territory did form and establish a Provisional State Government, until the United States Congress should otherwise provide by law for the government of this territory; and Whereas, it was under this authority and by virtue thereof, that this bodv have 8o HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. acted and legislated, for and in behalf of the people of said State, now Utah Terri- tory ; and Whereas the United States Congress has finally legislated in behalf of this territory, by passing an act for the organization of the Territory of Utah ; making appropriations for public buildings, and extending the Constitution of the United States over said territory ; and Whereas, previous to the first election under said law, the census has to be taken, and apportionments made, which will necessarily consume much time ; and Whereas the public buildings for said territory are very much needed, and the United States Congress having made an appropriation of twenty thousand dollars towards defraying the expense thereof; — and in order to facilitate the speedy erection of said public buildings for the use of the territory, and further promote the mutual and easy organization of said territorial government ; — Therefore, be it resolved by the General Assembly of the State of Deseret : 1. That we cheerfully and cordially accept of the legislation of Congress in the Act to establish a Territorial Government for Utah. 2. That we welcome the Constitution of the United States — the legacy of our fathers — over this territory. 3. That all officers under the Provisional State Government of Deseret, are hereby requested to furnish unto their successors in office every facility in their power, by returning and delivering unto them public documents, laws, ordinances, and dockets, that may or can be of any use or benefit to their said successors in office. 4. That Union Square, in Great Salt Lake City, be devoted for the use of public buildings of said Territory. 5. That Governor B. Young be our agent to make drafts upon the treas- ury of the United States for the amount appropriated for said buildings, and to take such other measures as he shall deem proper for their immediate erection. 6. That we appoint an architect to draft designs, and a committee of one, to superintend the erection of said buildings. 7. That Truman O. Angel, of said city, be said architect, and Daniel H. Wells, of said city, the committee ; and that they proceed immediately to the designing and erection of said buildings. 8. That, whereas, the State House in Great Salt Lake City having been originally designed for a "Council House," and erected by and at the expense of the " Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints," for the purpose, as well as to accommodate the Provisional Government; that we now do relinquish unto said Church the aforesaid building, tendering unto them our thanks for the free use thereof during the past session. « 9. That we fix upon Saturday, the 5th day of April next, for the adjust- ment and final dissolving of the General Assembly of the State of Deseret. H. C. Kimball, President of the Council. J. M. Grant, Speaker of the House. "T. Bullock, Clerk.'' HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 8i Governor Young issued a proclamation on July ist, 1851, calling the elec- tion for the first Monday in the following August, when it was accordingly held, August 4th, and the Territorial Legislature of Utah duly created by the people. The first session of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah, was convened in pursuance of the proclamation of the Governor, on the 2 2d day of September, A. D. 1S51 ; and continued by adjournments to the i8th day of Feb- ruary, A. D. 1852. This was succeeded by a special session, called by proclama- tion of the Governor, and convened the day following, continuing until the 6th day of March, A. D, 1852. Brigham Young, Governor. MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL: Great Salt Lake County. — Willard Richards (President), Heber C. Kimball, Daniel H. Wells, Orson Spencer, Ezra T. Benson (resigned September 24th, 1851), Orson Pratt (elected November 15th, 1851), Jedediah M. Grant (re- signed September 23d, 1851), Edward Hunter (elected November 15th, 1851). Davis County. — John S. Fullmer. Weber County. — Lorin Farr, Charles R. Dana. Utah County. — Alexander Williams, Aaron Jonhson. San Pete County. — Isaac Morley. Iron County. — George A. Smith. MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES: Great Salt Lake County. — William W. Phelps (Speaker), Daniel Spencer, Albert P. Rockwood, Nathaniel H. Felt, David Fullmer, Edwin D. Woolley, Phinehas Richards, Joseph Young, Henry G. Sherwood, Wilford Woodruff, Ben- jamin F. Johnson, Hosea Stout, Willard Snow (resigned September 24th, 185 1), John Brown (elected November 15, 185 1). Davis County. — Andrew J, Lamereaux, John Stoker, Gideon Brownell. Weber County. — David B. Dille, James Brown, James G. Browning. Utah County. — David Evans, William Miller, Levi W. Hancock. Sa7i Pete County. — Charles Shumway. Iron County. — Elisha H. Groves, George Brimhall (elected November i5» 1851). Tooele County, — John Rowberry. The first printed volume of laws of Utah Territory, had the following title page : "Acts, Resolutions, and Memorials, passed by the First Annual, and Special Sessions, of the Legislative Assembly, of the Territory of Utah, begun and held at Great Salt Lake City, on the 22d day of September, A. D. 1851. Also the Constitution of the United States, and the Act organizing the Territory of Utah. Published by Authority of the Legislative Assembly. G. S. L. City, U. T. 1852. Brigham H. Young, Printer." To this was appended a certificate of authenticity, signed by "Willard Rich- ards, Secretary pro tern., appointed by the Governor." 11 82 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE C/TY. At its opening session the members passed the following "/oinl Resolution Legalizing the Laws of the Provisional Government of the State of Deseret : '''■Resolved, by the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah: That the laws heretofore passed by the Provisional (Government of the State of Des- eret, and which do not conflict with the Organic Act of said Territory be, and the same are hereby declared to be legal, and in full force and virtue, and shall so remain until superseded by the action of the Legislative Assembly of the Ter- ritory of Utah. "Approved October 4, 1851." This Resolution preserved the original charter of Great Salt Lake City. The second Resolution, passed on the same day, transferred the political capital from Great Salt Lake City to " Pauvan Valley," where the City of Fillmore was afterwards founded, and ^NliUard County organized and named in honor of the President of the United States, who had so cordially recognized the right of the people of Utah to local self-government and the choice of their own officers. Severe strictures, however, were passed upon President Fillmore by a por- tion of the American press, for appointing Brigham Young Governor of Utah, which called forth the following correspondence between the President and Col- onel Thomas L. Kane: " Washington, July 4, 1851. " Aly Dear Sir : — I have just cut the enclosed slip from the Buffalo Courier. It brings serious charges against Brigham Young, Governor of Utah, and falsely charges that I knew them to be true. You will recollect that I relied much upon you for the moral character and standing of Mr. Young. You knew him, and had known him in Utah. You are a democrat, but I doubt not will truly state whether these charges against the moral character of Governor Young are true. " Please return the article with your letter. ''Not recollecting your given name, I shall address this letter to you as the son of Judge Kane. "I am, in great haste, truly yours, Millard Fillmore. "Mr. Kane, Philadelphia.'' "Philadelphia, July nth, 1851. "My Dear Sir: — I have no wish to evade the responsibility of having vouched for the character of Mr. Brigham Young of Utah, and his fitness for the station he now occupies. I reiterate without reserve, the statement of his excel- lent capacity, energy and integrity, which I made you prior to his appointment. I am willing to say I volunteered to communicate to you the facts by which I was convinced of his patriotism, and devotion to the interests of the Union. I made no qualification when I assured you of his irreproachable moral character, because I was able to speak of this from my own intimate personal knowledge. •'If any show or shadow of evidence can be adduced in support of the HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CI7Y. 83 charges of your anonymous assailant, the next mail from Utah shall bring you their complete and circumstantial refutation. Meanwhile I am ready to offer this assurance for publication in any form you care to indicate, and challenge contra- diction from any respectable authority. " I am. Sir, with high respect and esteem, jour most obedient servant, "Thomas L. Kane. " The Pre si dent. " Captain Stansbury, in his official report to the government, giving his views and testimony relative to Brigham Young, both as the leader of the Mormon peoi^le and the Governor of Utah, said: " Upon the personal character of the leader of this singular people, it may not, perhaps, be proper for me to comment in a communication like the present. I may, nevertheless, be pardoned for saying, that to me, President Young ap- peared to be a man of clear, sound sense, fully alive to the responsibilities of the station he occupies, sincerely devoted to the good name of the people over whom he presides, sensitively jealous of the least attempt to under-value or misrepresent them, and indefatigable in devising ways and means for their moral, mental, and physical elevation. He appeared to possess the unlimited personal and official confidence of his people; vvhile'both he and his councilors, forming the Presi- dency of the Church, seem to have but one object in view, the prosperity and peace of the society over which they preside. "Upon the action of the Executive in the appointmnt of the officers within the newly-created Territory, it does not become me to offer other than a very diffident opinion, Yet the opportunities of information to which allusion has already been made, may perhaps justify me in presenting the result of my own observations upon this subject. With all due deference, then, I feel constrained to say, that in my opinion the appointment of the President of the Mormon Church, and the head of the Mormon community, in preference to any other person, to the high office of Governor of the Territory, independent of its politi- cal bearings, with which I have nothing to do, was a measure dictated alike by justice and by sound policy. Intimately connected with them from their exodus from Illinois, this man has indeed been their Moses, leading them through the wilderness to a remote and unknown land, where they have since set up their tabernacle, and where they are now building their temple. Resolute in danger, firm and sagacious in council, prompt and energetic in emergency, and enthusi- astically devoted to the honor of his people, he had won their unlimited confi- dence, esteem and veneration, and held an unrivaled place in their hearts. Upon the establishment of the provisional government, he had been unanimously chosen as their highest civil magistrate, and even before his appointment by the President, he combined in his own person the triple character of confidential ad- viser, temporal ruler, and prophet of God. Intimately acquainted with their character, capacities, wants, and weaknesses; identified now with their prosper- ity, as he had formerly shared to the full in their adversities and sorrows; honored, trusted, — the whole wealth of the community placed in his hands, for the advancement both of the spiritual and temporal interest of the infant settle- 84 BJSlORy 0}< SALT LAKE CITY. ment, he was, surely, of all others, the man best fitted to preside, under the aus- pices of the general government, over a colony of which he may justly be said to have been the founder. No other man could have so entirely secured the confi- dence of the people ; and the selection by the Executive of the man of their choice, besides being highly gratifying to them, is recognized as an assurance that they shall hereafter receive at the hands of the general government that justice and consideration to which they are entitled. Their confident hope now is that, no longer fugitives and outlaws, but dwelling beneath the broad shadow of the national ffigis, they will be subject no more to the violence and outrage which drove them to seek a secure habitation in this far distant wilderness. "As to the imputations that have been made against the personal character of the Governor, I feel confident they are without foundation. Whatever opinion may be entertained of his pretensions to the character of an inspired prophet, or of his views and practice of polygamy, his personal reputation I believe to be above reproach. Certain it is that the most entire confidence is felt in his in- tegrity, personal, official, and pecuniary, on the part of those to whom a long and intimate association, and in the most trying emergencies, have afforded every possible opportunity of formimg a just and accurate judgment of his true character. "From all I saw and heard, I am firmly of the opinion that the appointment of any other man to the office of governor would have been regarded by the whole people, not only as a sanction, but as in some sort a renewal, on the part of the General Government, of that series of persecutions to which they have already been subjected, and would have operated to create distrust and suspicion in minds prepared to hail with joy the admission of the new Territory to the protection of the supreme government.'" Very pertinent to the closing paragraph of this testimony of Captain Stans- bury is the following passage of an epistle of the Presidency of the Mormon Church announcing to "the Saints abroad" the event of the organization of the Territory of Utah : "We anticipate no convulsive revolutionary feeling or movement, by the citizens of Deseret in the anticipated change of governmental affairs; but an easy and quiet transition from State to Territory, like weary travellers descending a hill near by their way side home. " .\s a people, we know how to appieciate, most sensibly, the hand of friend- ship which has been extended towards our infant State, by the General Govern- ment. Coming to this place as did the citizens of Deseret, without the means of subsistence, except the labor of their hands, in a wilderness country, surrounded by savages, whose inroads have given occasion for many tedious and expensive expeditions; the relief afforded by our mother land, through the medium of the approaching territorial organization, will be duly estimated ; and from henceforth, we would fondly hope the most friendly feelings may be warmly cherished between the various States and Territories of this great nation, whose constitutional cliarter is not to be excelled." HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CIT\. «?5 CHAPTER X. ARRIVAL OF THE FEDERAL JUDGES. FIRST APPEARANCE OF THE UNITED STATES OFFICIALS BEFORE THE CITIZENS AT A SPECIAL CONFERENCE. JUDGE BROCCHUS ASSAULTS THE COMMUNITY. PUBLIC INDIGNATION. CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN JUDGE BROCCHUS AND GOVERNOR YOUNG. THE "RUNAWAY" JUDGES AND SECRETARY. DANIEL WEBSTER, SECRE- TARY OF STATE, SUSTAINS GOVERNOR YOUNG AND REMOVES THE OF- FENDING OFFICIALS. FIRST UNITED STATES COURT. THE NEW FEDEREL OFFICERS. ARRIVAL OF COLONEL STEPTOE. RE-APPOINTMENT OF OF BRIGHAM YOUNG. JUDGE SHAVER FOUND DEAD. JUDGES DRUM- MOND AND STILES. In July, 1 85 1, four of the Federal officers arrived in Gi"eat Salt Lake City, and waited upon his Excellency Governor Young. They were Lemuel G. Brande- bury, Chief Justice, and Perry E. Brocchus and Zerubbabel Snow, Associate Jus- tices of the Supreme Court of the Territory, and B. D. Harris, the Secretary. Governor Brigham Young, United States Attorney Seth M. Blair, and United States Marshal Joseph L. Heywood were all residents of Great Salt Lake City. At this time there had not been any session of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory under the Organic Law. The newly arrived Federal officers en- quired the reason why the legislature had not been organized, upon which they were informed that there were no mails from the States during the winter season, and that the official news of the passage of the Act did not reach this city till March, of that year. Soon after their arrival Governor Young issued a proclamation, as provided in Section 16 of the Organic Law, defining the judicial districts of the Territory, and assigning the judges to their respective districts. His other proc- lamation, calling for an election in August, brought the Legislature into existence, and the two liranches of the Territorial Government were thus duly established. Early in the following September, a special conference of the Mormon Church was held in Great Salt Lake City, one of the purposes of which was to send a block of Utah marble or granite as the Territorial contribution to the Washington Monument at the Capital. It was the first time that the Federal officers had found the opportunity to appear in a body before the assembled citizens, as the representatives of the United States, since the organization of the Territory. An excellent occasion surely was this, in the design of the leaders of the community, who called that special conference, and there can be no doubt that harmony and good will were sought to be eucouraged between the P^ederal officers and the people. Chief Justice Brandebury, Secretary Harris and Associate Justice Brocchus were honored with an invitation- to sit on the platform with the leaders of the commu- nity. This association of Mormon and Gentile on the stand was very fitting on such an occasion, considering that Governor Brigham Young, Associate Justice Zerubbabel Snow, United States Attorney Seth M. Blair, and United States Mar- S6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE ClTl. shall Joseph L. Heywood, though Mormons, were also their Federal colleagues. But it seems that one of their number — Associate Justice Brocchus— had chosen this as a fitting time to correct and rebuke the community relative to their pecu- liar religious and social institutions. The following correspondence, which subse- quently took place between Governor Young and Judge Brocchus is most impor- tant and relevant to the entire history of this city and territory, as it is the com- mencement of that long controversy which has existed between the people of Utah and the Federal Judges, and in which, in the latter period, Congress and the Governors of the Territory have also taken an active part : B. YOUNG TO p. E. BROCCHUS. " Great Salt Lake City, Sept. 19, 185 1. Dear Sir. — Ever wishing to promote the peace, love and harmony of the people, and to cultivate the spirit cf charity and benevolence to all, and especially towards strangers, I propose, and respectfully invite your honor, to meet our public assembly at the Bowery, on Sundiy morning next, at 10 a.m., and ad- dress the same people that you addressed on the 8th inst., at our General Con- ference; and if your honor shall then and there explain, satisfy, or apologize to the satisfaction of the ladies who heard your address on the 8th, so that those feelings of kindness that you so dearly prized in your address can be reciprocated by them, I shall esteem it a duly and a pleasure to make every apology and satis- faction for my observations which you as a gentleman can claim or desire at my hands. "Should your honor please to accept of this kind and benevolent invitation, please answer by the bearer, that public notice may be given, and widely ex- tended, that the house may be full. And believe me, sir, most sincerely and respectfully, your friend and servant, Brigham Young. "Hon. P. E. Brocchus, Asste. Justice.'' " P. S. — Be assured that no gentleman will be permitted to make any reply to your address on that occasion. B. Y." P. E. BROCCHUS TO GOVERNOR YOUNG. " Great Salt Lake City, Sept. 19, 1851. Dear Sir: — Your note of this date is before me. While I fully concur in, and cordially reciprocate, the sentiments expressed in the preface of your letter, I must be excused from the acceptance of your respectful invitation, to address a public assembly at the Bowery to-morrow morning. "If, at the proper time, the privilege of explaining had been allowed me, I should, promptly and gladly, have relieved myself from any erroneous impressions that my auditors might have derived from the substance or tone of my remarks. But, as that privilege was denied me, at the peril of ha\ing my hair pulled, or my throat cut, I must be permitted to decline appearing again in public on the subject. "I will take occasion here to say, that my speech, in all its parts, was the' result of deliberation and care — not i)roceeding from a heated imagination, or a HJS TOR Y OF SALT LAKE CITY. 87 maddened impulse, as seems to have been a general impression. I intended to say wliat I did say; but, in so doing, I did not design to offer indignity and in- sult to my audience. " My sole design, in the branch of my remarks which seems to be the source ot offence, was to vindicate the Government of the United States from those feelings of prejudice and that spirit of defection which seemed to pervade the public sentiment. That duty I attempted to perform in a manner faithful to the government of which I am a citizen, and to which I owe a patriotic allegiance, without unjustly causing a chord to vibrate painfully in the bosom of my hearers. Such a duty, I trust, I shall ever be ready to discharge with the fidelity that be- longs to a true American citizen — with firmness, with boldness, with dignity — always observing a due respect towards other parties, whether assailants or neutrals. "It was not my intention to insult, or offer disrespect to my audience; and farthest possible was it from my design, to excite a painful or unpleasant emotion in the hearts of the ladies who honored me with their presence and their respect- ful attention on the occasion. "In conclusion, I will remark that, at the time of the delivery of my speech, I did not conceive that it contained anything deserving the censure of a just- minded person. My subsequent reflections have fullv confirmed me in that im- pression. "I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, Perry E. Brocchus. " To His Excellency Brigham Young.'' ^ BRIGHAM YOUNG TO P. E. BROCCHUS. "Great Salt Lake Citv^ Sept. 20, 185 t. Dear Sir. — The perusal of your note of the 19th inst. has been the source of some sober reflections in my mind, which I beg leave to communicate in the same freedom with which my soul has been inspired in the contemplation. With a war of words on party politics, factions, religious schisms, current controversy of creeds, policy of clans, or State clipper cliques, I have nothing to do; but when the eternal principles of truth are falsified, and light is turned into darkness by mystification of language or a fiilse delineation of facts, so that the just indignation of the true, virtuous, upright citizens of the commonwealth is aroused into vigilance for the dear-bpught liberties of themselves and fathers, and that spirit of intolerance and persecution, which has driven this people time and time again from their peaceful homes, manifests itself in the flippancy of rhetoric for female insult and desecration, it is time that I forbear to hold my peace, lest the thundering anathemas of nations born and unborn should rest upon my head when the marrow of my bones shall be illy prepared to sustain the threatened blow. " It has been said that a wise man foreseeth evil, and hideth himself. The evil of your course I foresee, and I shall hide myself — not by attempting to screen my conduct, or the conduct of this people from the gaze of an assembled universe, but by exposing some of your movements, designs, plans, and purposes, 88 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CLTY. so that the injury which you have designed Jor this people may fall upon your own head, unless you shall choose to accept the proffered boon — the friendship which I extended to you yesterday — by inviting you to make satisfaction to the ladies ot this valley, who felt themselves insulted and abused by your address on the 8th inst., and which you have declined to do in your note, to which this is a reply. "In your note, you remark — 'If, at the proper time, the privilege of ex- plaining had been allowed me, I should promptly and gladly have relieved my- self from any erroneous impressions that my auditors might have derived from the substance and tone of my remarks; but; as that privilege was denied me, at the peril of having my hair pulled, or my throat cu I must be permitted to de- cline appearing again in public on the subject.' "Sir, when was the 'proper time' to which you refer? Was it when you had exhausted the patience of your audience on the 8th, after having given a personal challenge to any who would accept? Was it a proper time to challenge for single combat, before a general assembly of the people, convened especially for religious w^orship? " How could you then have ' promptly and gladly relieved yourself from any erroneous impression your auditors might have derived from the substance and tone of your remarks' when you knew not from what source your auditors derived those impressions? And was it your boasted privilege, your proper time to fire and 'fight your battles o'er again,' as quick as you had given a challenge, with- out waiting to see if any one accepted it ? If so, who would you have been likely to hit — ladies or gentlemen? "It was true, sir, what I said, at the close of your speech, and I repeat it here, that my expressions may not be mistaken- — I said in reference to your speech, 'Judge Brocchus is either profoundly ignorant — or wilfully wicked — one of the two. There are several gentlemen who would be very glad to prove the state- ments that have been made about Judge Brocchus, and which he has attempted to repel; but I will hear nothing more on either side at this Conference.' And why did I say it? To quell the excitement which your remarks had caused in that audience; not to give or accept a challenge, but to prevent any one (of which there were many present wishing the opportunity,) and everyone from accepting your challenge, and thereby bringing down upon your head the indig- nation of an outraged people, in the midst of a Conference convened for relig- ious instruction and business, and which, had your remarks continued, must have continued the excitement, until there would have been danger "of pulling of hair and cutting of throats," perhaps, on both sides, if parties had proved equal — for there are points in human actions and events, beyond which men and women can- not be controlled. Starvation will revolutionize any people, and lead them to acts of atrocity that human power cannot control; and will not a mother's feelings, in view of her murdered offspring, her bleeding husband, and her dying sire, by hands of mobocratic violence, and especially when tantalized to the highest pitch by those who stand, or ought to stand, or sit, with dignity on the judgment seat, and impart justice alike to all? " Sir, what confidence can this persecuted, murdered, outcast people have in HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CI2Y. 89 your decisions from the Bench, after you have tantalized their feelings from the stand, by informing them there is yet hope in their case, if they will apply to Missouri and Illinois. I ask you, sir, if you did not know, when you were thus making your plea, that this people have plead with the authorities of those States, which are doomed to irretrievable ruin by their own acts, from their lowest magis- trate to their highest judge, and from their halls of legislature to their governors, times, and times, and times again, until they, with force of arms, have driven us from their midst, and utterly refused the possibility of the cries of murdered inno- cence from reaching their polluted ears? I ask, sir, did you know this? If not, you were profoundly ignorant ; you were possessed of ignorance not to be toler- ated in children of ten years, in these United States. But, on the other hand, if you were in possession of the facts, you were wilfully wicked in presuming to tan- talize, and rouse in anger dire, those feelings of frail humanity on one hand, and offended justice on the other, which it is our object to bury in forgetfulness, and leave the issue to the decision of a just God. " Your motive, action, or design, you wholly concealed, or you could never have gained a hearing on such an occasion. "As presiding officer in said Conference, did I permit any man to accept your challenge? No, sir, you know I did not; and could you, as a gentleman, ask the privilege to defend your challenge before it was accepted? Don Quixote should not be named in such a farce. No, sir, out of mercy to you I prohibited any man from accepting your challenge. And until the challenge was accepted you had nothing to reply to. When, then, was the proper time you refer to, when you would have replied, and the privilege was denied you? No such time as you sup- posed, existed. "And now, sir, as it appears from the whole face of the subject, that to- morrow might have been the first ' proper time ' that might have given you the 'privilege of explaining,' and as this courtesy you have utterly refused, and thereby manifest a choice to leave an incensed public incensed still, against your (as they now view it) dishonorable course, I shall take the liberty of doing my duty, by adverting still further to your reply of yesterday. Charity would have induced me hope, at least, that your speech, in part, was prompted by the impulse of the moment ; but I am forbid this pleasing reflection by your note, wherein you state that 'my speech, in all its parts, was the result of deliberation and care, proceeding from a heated imagination or a maddened impulse.' ' I intended to say what I did say.' Now, if you did actually ' intend to say what you did say,' it is pretty strong presumptive testimony that you were not ignorant, for if you had been ignorant, from whence arose your intentions? And if you were not ignorant you must have been willfully wicked; and I cannot conceive of a more charitable construction to put upon your conduct on that occasion than to believe you designedly and deliberately planned a speech to excite the indignation of your hearers to an extent that would cause them to break the bonds of propriety by pulling your hair or cutting your throat, willing, no doubt, in the utmost of your benevolence to die a martyr's death, if you could only get occasion to raise the hue and cry, and re-murder a virtuous people, as Missouri and Illinois have so often done before you. Glorious philanthropy this; and corresponds most 12 go HISTORY OF SAL7 LAKE CITY. fully with the declaration which, it is reported^ on pretty good authority, that Judge Brocchus made while on his journey to the valley, substantially as follows : "If the citizens of Utah do not send me as their delegate to Washington, by God, I'll use all my influence against them, and will crush them. I have the influence and the power to do it, and I will accomplish it if they do not make me their delegate.' " Now, sir, I will not stop to argue the point whether your honor made those observations that rumor says you did ; but I will leave it to an intelligent world, or so much of that world as are acquainted with the facts in the case, to decide whether your conduct has not fully proved that you harbored these ma- licious feelings in your heart, when you deliberately planned a speech calculated in its nature to rouse this community to violence, and that, too, on a day conse- crated to religious duties, your declaration to the contrary notwithstanding, that you 'did not design to offer indignity or insult.' When a man's words are set in direct opposition to his acts, which will men believe ? His acts all the time. Where, then, is the force of your denial ? "One item more from your note reads thus; 'My sole design in the branch of my remarks which seems to be the source of offence, was to vindicate the government of the United States from those feelings of prejudice, and that spirit of defection which seemed to pervade the public sentiment, &c." Let me inquire what 'public sentiment' you referred to? Was it the sentiments of the States at large? If so, your honor missed his aim, most widely, when he left the city of Washington to become the author of such remarks. You left home when you left Washington. If such 'prejudice and defection' as you represent, there existed, there you should have thundered your anathemas, and made the people feel your 'patriotic allegiance;' but, if ever you believed for a moment — if ever an idea entered your soul that the citizens of Utah, the people generally whom you addressed on the 8th, were possessed of a spirit of defection towards the gen- eral government, or that they harboured prejudices against it unjustly, so far you proved yourself 'profoundly ignorant' of the subject in which you were engaged, and of the views and feelings of the people whom you addressed; and this ignor- ance alone might have been sufficient to lead you into all the errors and fooleries you were guilty of on that occasion. But had you known your hearers, you would have known, and understood, and felt that you were addressing the most enlight- ened and patriotic assembly, and the one furthest removed from ' prejudice and defection " to the general government that you had ever seen, that you had ever addressed, or that would be possible for you or any other being to find on the face of the whole earth. Then, sir, how would it have been possible for you to have offered your hearers on that occasion a greater insult than you did? The most re- fined and delicate ladies were justly incensed to wrath against you for intimating that their husbands were ever capable of being guilty of such baseness as you rep- resented, "prejudice and defection" towards a constitution wh'ch they firmly believe emanated from the heavens, and was given by a revelation, to lay the foundation of religious and political freedom in this age — a constitution and union which this people love as they do the gospel of salvation. And when you, sir, shall attempt to fasten the false and odious appellation of treason to this commu- HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. gi •nity, even ignorantly, as we had supposed you did it, you will find plenty, even among the ladies, to hurl the falsehood back to its dark origin, in tones of thunder; but if, as you say, you know, (or else how could the whole have been 'the result of deliberation and care,') the plea of ignorance ceases again to shield you, and you stand before the people in all the naked deformity of •' wilful wickedness,' who can plead your excuse? Who, under such circumstances, can make an apol- ogy? I wonder not that you shouM excuse yourself from the attempt, ' or de- cline appearing again in public on the subject.' " Permit me sir, to subscribe myself, as ever. Most respectfully, your servant, Brigham Young, "Hon. P. E. Brocchiis, Asste. Justice.'''' The speech of Judge Brocchus is not extant, nor is there to be found any report of that exciting conference, for it was before the existence of the Deseret Netus; but the subject and offence appear well defined in the correspondence itself, which is strikingly illustrated in the following paragraph from Governor Young's third letter: "Another important item in the course of your remarks, on the 8th instant, in connection with the expose of your own exalted virtue — you expressed a hope that the ladies you were addressing would 'become virtuous.' Let me ask you, most seriously, my dear sir, how could you hope thus? How could you hope that those dear creatures, some of whose acts of benevolence to the stranger drew tears from your eyes while you were yet speaking — how could you hope — what possible chance was there for you to hope — they would become virtuous? Had you ever proved them unvirtuous? If so, you could have but a faint hope of their reform- ation. But, if you had not proved them unvirtuous, what testimony had you of their lack of virtue? And if they were unvirtuous, how could they ' become virtu- ous ' ? Sir, your hope was of the most damning dye, and your very expression tended to convey the assertion that those ladies you then and there ad- dressed were prostitutes — unvirtuous — to that extent you could only hope, but the probabilty was they were so far gone in wickedness you dare not believe they ever could become virtuous. And now, sir, let your own good sense, if you have a spark left, answer — could you, had you mustered all the force that hell could lend you — could you have committed a greater indignity and outrage on the feel- ings of the most virtuous and sensible assemblage of ladies that your eyes ever beheld? If you could, tell me how. If you could not, you are at liberty to re- main silent. Shall such insults remain unrequited, unatoned for?" Judge Brocchus made no written reply to the review of his conduct, but in person acknowledged that it was unanswerable, and authorized the Governor to apologise for him to the community. This very singular and suggestive correspondence, which itself is quite a chapter of the history of Great Salt Lake City, was published in the New York Herald, and was the commencement of a great sensation over Utah affairs. Having rendered themselves unpopular, and being neither able to arraign a g2 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. whole community for their religious institutions, nor strong enough to set aside* Governor Young and his three Federal colleagues, who stood with the people, Chief Justice Brandebury, Associate Justice Brocchus, and Secretary Harris re- solved to leave the Territory. But previous to their leaving, they called a Supreme Court, which was held in Great Salt Lake City, though no law had been passed fixing the time and place for holding it. At this court, as an original suit, an injunction was granted. Associate Justice Snow dissented. He said, the bill, he thought, was a good case for the injunction, yet he opposed it on two grounds: " ist. — There was not any law fixing the time and place of holding the Supreme Court. "2d. — The Supreme Court had not original jurisdiction, and the District Court had, which was provided for in the Governor's proclamation." Chief Justice Brandebury ^nd Associate Justice Brocchus left Great Salt Lake City together. Soon afterwards Secretary Harris followed their example, carry- ing away with him the $24,000 which had been appropriated by Congress for the per diem and mileage of the Legislature. It would seem that these three Federal officers expected to be applauded by the public, and sustained by the Government, their assault being against polyg- amy, but they indiscreetly stated, in their communication to the Government, that " polygamy monopolized all the women, which made it very inconvenient for the Federal officers to reside there." " Loose as people might suppose frontier life to be," observes Mr. Stenhouse m\\\% Rocky Mountain Saints, " no one anticipated that representatives of the Federal Government would thus express themselves. That one sentence annihil- ated them. Over the signature of Jedediah M. Grant [the Mayor of Great Salt Lake City] a series of letters was addressed to the New York Herald, under the title, 'Truth for the Mormons,' in which the Federal officers were turned into redicule and fiercely handled. The Herald gd^ve the public only one letter; but Grant, nothing daunted, published the whole series in pamphlet form, and scat- tered them broadcast. The Grant letters, from their forcible and pungent style, attracted the attention of literary men as gems of wit and vigorous English. * * * In his moments of calm reflection. Judge Brocchus may have concluded that his zeal against polygamy had outstripped his prudence. The Government took that view of it, and quietly dropped the 'runaway judges and secretary.' " This view presented in the felicious vein of the New York Herald's special corespondent on Utah affairs, well describes the scandalized sense of the Ameri- can public over the conduct of the " runaway judges and secretary; " but it does not sufficiently express the ofTended judgment of the United States Government over their conduct. Congress had only just created the new Territory. In do- ing this both the legislative and executive departments had a very clear pre- knowledge that the United States was extending its rule over a religious com- munity, whose institutions, though peculiar, were founded on the strict examples of the Bible. The President and his advisers, among whom was that gigantic HIS! OR Y OF SAL T LAKE CITY. gj statesman, Daniel Webster, had with an intelligent intent appointed Brighani Young Governor, with three other of his co-religionists, to represent the Federal authority to their people ; while to the minority of the Federal officers was given the controling power of the judiciary, and the secretaryship, with the custody of the appropriations; all of this had been done to bring the Mormon colony har- moniously into the Union under its supremacy ; yet ere they had held a single United States District Court in the new Territory, or its Legislature had assem- bled, or the Territorial government itself was fully set up, the Chief Justice, his Associate, and the Secretary deserted their posts. The General CTOvernment was reasonably incensed over such a case ; Congress was scarcely less offended ; and Daniel Webster, who was Secretary of State, peremptorily ordered the judges and secretary back to their deserted positions or to resign. After the departure of these Federal officers from Great Salt Lake City, Governor Young appointed Willard Richards Secretary of the Territory- /r^? tern. This appointment, and several other informal acts, which had become necessary in the absence of the regular officials in a newly organized Territory, was duly reported to the Department of State. Daniel Webster sustained them, and the bills of Willard Richards, which were signed "Secretary pro tern, appointed by the Governor," were allowed by the Department, and paid. The Utah Legislature also, finding the United States Judiciary in the Terri- tory inoperative, passed the following act authorizing Associate Justice Zerub- babel Snow to hold the Courts in all the districts: "AN ACT CONCERNING THE JUDICIARY, AND FOR JUDICIAL PURPOSES. Sec. I . ' 'Be it etiacted by the Governor and Legislative Assembly of the Ter- ritory of Utah, That the first Judicial District for said Territory, shall consist of, and embrace the following counties and districts of country, to wit: — Great Salt Lake, Davis, Weber, Tooele, and Utah Counties, and all districts of country lying east, north, and west of said counties in said Territory. The Second Judicial District shall consist of Millard and San Pete Counties, and all districts of country lying south of the south line of latitude of Utah County, and north of the south line of latitude of Millard County, within said Territory. And the Third Judicial District shall consist of Iron County, and all districts of country lying south of the south line of latitude of Millard County, in said Territory. " Sec. 2, The Honorable Zerubbabel Snow, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States for the Territory of Utah, shall reside within the First Judicial District, and hold Courts in the following order, viz : on the first Monday in January and July at Great Salt Lake City ; on the first Monday of April at Ogden City, in Weber County; and on the first Monday of October at Provo City, in Utah County, in each year: Provided, the said Zerubbabel Snow, Associate Justice, shall hold his first Court on the first Monday of October in the year eighteen hundred and fifty-one, at Great Salt Lake City, and omit said Court during said year at Provo, in Utah County. "Sec. 3. The Honorable Zerubbabel Snow is hereby authorized and re- quired to hold two Courts in the Second Judicial District in each year, to-wit : 94 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITl. on the first Monday of November at Manti, in San Pete County; and on the first Monday in May at FiUmore, in Millard County. " Sec. 4. The Honorable Zerubbabel iSnow is further authorized and re- quired to hold one Court for the Third Judicial District, viz: on the first Mon- day in June of each year, at Parowan City, in Iron County ; and each session of said Court in its several districts shall be kept open at least one week, and may adjourn to any other place in each of said districts respectively : Provided, the business of said Court shall so require. "Sec. 5. The foregoing acts are, and shall be in force until a full Bench of the Supreme Court of the United States for the Territory of Utah, shall be sup- plied by the President and Senate of the United States, after which the said Zerubbabel Snow shall serve only in the First Judicial District. "Approved October 4, 1851." This ofificer afterwards, in a letter upon the first United States Courts held in Utah, thus states : " The Legislative Assembly met and, as the other Judges had returned to the States, a law was passed authorizing me to hold the courts in all the districts. At my first court I examined the proceedings of the Governor in calling the Legislative Assembly, and held them legal, though somewhat informal. This was reported to the Department of State, the Honorable Daniel Webster being Secretary, who sustained Governor Young and myself. This was the commence- ment of my judicial services." That first United States District Court was held in Great Salt Lake City. At the first term Judge Snow made use of the United States Attorney and the United States Marshal, for Territorial business, there having been at that time no Territorial fee bill passed, which led to a correspondence between the Judge and the Honorable Elisha Whittlesey, Comptroller of the Treasury, the former asking a number of questions relative to the practice of the United States in defraying the expenses of the Territorial courts, which was answered by the latter that the United States simply defrayed the expenses of its own business in the courts. The answers closed thus : "Lastly, I will observe that if the clerk, marshal, or attorney render any service in suits to which the Territory is a party the officer must obtain his pay from the Territory or from the county in which such suit may be prosecuted. It should appear afifirraativcly on the face of every account that every item of it is a legal and just claim against the United States; and the details and dates should be stated, as required by my circular of December 5th, otherwise the marshal should not pay it." This led to the passage of a Territorial fee bill. In 1852 the law was passed giving jurisdiction to the Probate courts in civil and criminal cases, and creating the offices of Attorney-General and Marshal I'or the Territory. An historical note may here be made that the proceedings of the first United States District Court, held in Great Salt Lake City, were published in the Deserei HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 95 News, No. I, Vol. I, November 15th, 1851, Willard Richards, editor and pro- prietor. Under the censure of the great statesman, Daniel Webster, and with ex- Vice-President Dallis and Colonel Kane using their potent influence against them, and also Stephen A Douglass, (to whom Kane in his letter to Fillmore per- sonally refers as surety for Governor Young), Brandebury, Brocchus and Harris were forced to retire. They were succeeded by Chief Justice Reed, Associate Justice Shaver, and Secretary Ferris on August 31st, 1852. On their arrival in Great Salt Lake City the new appointees received a cor- dial welcome from the Governor and citizens, which was reciprocated by the Chief Justice and his Associate, but Secretary Ferris approved the course of his predecessor and condemned the Mormons and their institutions. The new judges, however, turned the tide of public feeling for awhile in favor of this community, by the speeches which they delivered, and the very friendly letters which they wrote on Utah affairs. Shortly after his arrival in Great Salt Lake City, Chief Justice Reed wrote as follows: •'I waited on his Excellency, Governor Young, exhibited to him my com- mission, and by him was duly sworn and installed as Chief Justice of Utah. I was received by Governor Young with marked courtesy and respect. He has taken pains to make my residence here agreeable. The Governor, in manners and conversation, is a polished gentleman, very neat and tasty in dress, easy and pleasant in conversation, and I think, a man of decided talent and strong intel- lectual qualities. * * * j ^^^^ heard him address the people once on the subject of man's free agency. He is a very excellent speaker. His ges- ture uncommonly graceful, articulation distinct, and speech pleasant. * * * The Governor is a first rate business man. As civil Governor of the Territory and Superintendent of Lidian Affairs, we would naturally suppose he had as much to do as one man could well attend to; but in addition to those employments, he is also President of the Church — a station which is no sinecure by any means. His private business is extensive; he owns several grist and saw mills, is extensively engaged in farming operations, all of which he superintends personally. I have made up my mind that no man has been more grossly mis- represented than Governor Young, and that he is a man who will reciprocate kindness and good intentions as heartily and as freely as any one, but if abused, or crowded hard, I think he may be found exceedingly hard to handle." But Secretary Ferris soon after published a book expressing sentiments and views, concerning Brigham Young and the Mormon community, the very an- tipodes of those uttered by his Federal associates. After a short residence in Great Salt Lake City Secretary Ferris retired and went to California ; Chief Jus- tice Reed returned to New York and died; he was succeeded by Chief Justice John F. Kinney, August 24th, 1853. Associate Justice Zerubbabel Snow occupied his full term and was succeeded by Associate Justice George P. Stiles, August ist, 1854. Almon W. Babbitt succeeded Ferris as Secretary, and District Attorney Hollman succeeded Seth M. Blair. John M. Bernhisel was Delegate to Congress. In 1854, Lieutenant Colonel E. J. Steptoe, with his command, arrived in g6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Great Salt Lake City, and the term of Governor Young's appointment expiring about this time, President Pierce tendered the ofifice to Colonel Steptoe; but he was a gentleman, and a true republican, and he had too much wisdom withal to accept the honor, for he knew that Brigham was the choice of the people. The following document, expressive of the movement whicli he inspired, will be of interest at this point: '^To His Excellency, Franklin Pierce, President of the United States: "Your petitioners would respectfully represent that, whereas Governor Brigham Young possesses the entire confidence of the people of this Territory, without distinction of party or sect; and from personal acquaintance and social intercourse we find him to be a firm supporter of the constitution and laws of the United States, and a tried pillar of Republican institutions; and having repeat- edly listened to his remarks, in private as well as in public assemblies, do know he is the warm friend and able supporter of constitutional liberty, the rumors published in the States notwithstanding ; and having canvassed to our satisfaction his doings as Governor and Superintendent of Indian affairs, and also the dispo- sition of the appropriation for public buildings for the Territory; we do most cordially and cheerfully represent that the same has been expended to the best interest of the nation ; and whereas his re-appointment would subserve the Terri- torial interest better than the appointment of any other man, and would meet with the gratitude of the entire inhabitants of the Territory, and his removal would cause the deepest feeling of sorrow and regret ; and it being our unquali- fied opinion, based upon the personal acquaintance which we have formed with Governor Young, and from our observation of the results of his influence and administration in this Territory, that he possesses in an eminent degree every qualification necessary for the discharge of his official duties, and unquestioned integrity and ability, and he is decidedly the most suitable person that can be selected for that office. "We therefore take pleasure in recommending him to your favorable consider- ation, and do earnestly request his re-appointment as Governor, and Superinten- dent of Indian alTairs for this Territory." This document was signed by Colonel Steptoe and every other United States Army officer in the Territory, as well as by all of the Federal civil officials, and by every merchant and prominent citizen of Great Salt Lake City on the Gen- tile side. The petition was headed by Chief Justice Kinney, followed by Colonel Steptoe. Associate Justice Shaver's name was also to the document. Not long after the signing of this document, which obtained from President Pierce the re-appointment of Governor Young, Judge Shaver, on the morning of the 29th of June, 1855, was found dead in his bed, in Great Salt Lake City. The judge the previous night was apparently in good health, but he had long suffered terribly from a wound, the pain of which he relieved by the constant ad- ministration of opiates, and occasionally by stimulants; so that, though unexpected, the cause of his death required but little explanation. The citizens sincerely mourned the loss of Judge Shaver. He was buried by them with professional honors; HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 97 his funeral sermon was preached by Jedediah M. Grant, the then Mayor of Great Salt Lake City, and his memory is embalmed in the history of the Mormon Church, as an upright judge and a friend of the community. Yet notwithstand- ing the friendly relations which had existed between the deceased judge and the citizens, his sudden death gave an opportunity for tlie circulation of a malicious story of his being poisoned, on account of some supposed difficulty with Governor Young. W. W. Drumrnond succeeded the lamented Judge Shaver, September 12th, 1854; and Drumrnond and Associate Justice George P. Stiles were principally instrumental in working up the Buchanan Expedition, or the "Utah war" as it was popularly termed; but we must leave the Federal thread for awhile and re- view events connected with the conmiunity, the growth and peopling of Great Salt Lake City, and the colonization of Utah in general, from about the time of the setting up of the Territorial government. CHAPTER XI. SOCIOLOGICAL EXPOSITION. SOURCES OF OUR POPULATION, EMIGRATION. POLYGAMY. For the completeness of the history a sociological exposition of the peopling of Utah should be here presented, with its ethnological elements and methods out of which society first grew in the isolation of these Rocky Mountains; nor should the causes be ignored which have brought so many tens of thousands of souls from Europe to this country, for the very purpose of organizing a new society and creating a State of the American nation. In the history of Great Salt Lake City, the Mormon emigrations from Eu- rope may be considered as the most relevant to ils population; for, especially at the onset, this city grew out of those emigrations. The American pioneers did no more, in the matter of population, than plant the germs of society in these valleys, nor could they possibly do more with so small a community as that which left Nauvoo in the exodus. A decade must have passed before there could have been any perceptible increase to the population by offspring, had not the emigra- tions from abroad yearly poured into these valleys, vitalizing a community almost exhausted by repeated exterminations. Thus replenished, by a new fusion from the dominant parent races, from which the pioneers had themselves descended, population was increased ten-fold within the first decade. Great Britain and Scandinavia gave the bulk of this population, by their tens of thousands of emi- grants, and next by their prolific increase of offspring; but the, American pio- 13 g8 H1S10R\ 01' SALT LAKE CITY. neers were the originators of that emigrational movement of the Mormon people from Europe to this country. The following general epistle from the Twelve, dated at Winter Quarters, Omaha Nation, December 23d, 1847, ^^^11 be of interest in this connection: "To the Saints in England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and adjacent islands and countries, we say, emigrate as speedily as possible to this vicinity, looking to and following the counsel of the Presidency at Liverpool : shipping to New Or- leans, and from thence direct to Council Bluffs, which will save much expense. Those who have but little means, and little or no labor, will soon exhaust that means if they remain where they are, therefore it is wisdom that they remove without delay; for here is land on which, by their labor, they can speedily better their condition for their further journey. And to all Saints in any country bor- dering upon the Atlantic, we would say. pursue the same course, come immedi- ately and prepare to go west,— bringing with you all kinds of choice seeds, of grain, vegetables, fruit, shrubbery, trees, and vines — everything that will please the eye, gladden the heart, or cheer the soul of man, that grows upon the face of the whole earth ; also the best stock of beast, bird, and fowl of every kind ; also the best tools of every description, and machinery for spinning, or weaving, and dressing cotton, wool, flax, and silk, etc., etc., or models and descriptions of the the same, by which they can construct them ; and the same in relation to all kinds of farming utensils and husbandry, such as corn shellers, grain threshers and cleaners, smut machines, mills, and every implement and article within their knowledge that shall tend to promote the comfort, health, happiness, or prosper- ity of any people. So far as it can be consistently done, bring models and drafts, and let the machinery be built where it is used, which will save great ex- pense in transportation, particulary in heavy machinery, and tools and imple- ments generally." And here must be noticed the covenant of the emigration. Previous to leaving Nauvoo President Young prompted the Mormons to enter into a solemn covenant in the temple, that they would not cease their exertions until every individual of them who desired and was unable to gather to the valley by his own means was brought to that place. No sooner were they located in the Rocky Mountains, than the Church prepared to fulfill this covenant, extending its application to the Saints in all the world. The subject was introduced at the October Conference, in 1849, by President Heber C. Kimball, and a unainmous vote was there and then taken to raise a fund for the fulfillment of the promise. A committee was appointed to raise money, and Bishoj) Edward Hunter sent to the frontiers to purchase wagons and cattle, to bring the poor Saints from Pottowatomie lands. About ^5,000 were raised that season. The fund was designated "The Perpetual Emigration Fund," and the method of its application is well set forth in the following from a letter to Apostle Orson Hyde, who was at the time presiding at Winter Quarters: • Great Salt Lake City, October i6th, 1849. President Orson Llyde: — Beloved brother, we write to you more particularly at this time, concerning the gathering, and the mission of our general agent for HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CI7Y. gg the Perpetual Emigration Fund for the coming year, Bishop Hunter, who will soon be with you, bearing the funds already raised in this place. In the first place, this fund has been raised by voluntary donations, and is to be continued by the same process, and by so managing as to preserve the same and cause it to multiply. * '^ * As early in the Spring as it will possibly do, on account of feed for cattle. Brother Hunter will gather all his company, organize them in the usual order, and preside over the camp, travelling with the same to this place, having previously procured the best teamsters possible, such as are accustomed to driving, and will be kind and attentive to their teams. When the Saints thus helped arrive here, they will give their obligations to the Church to refund to the amount of what they have received, as soon as cir- cumstances will permit ; and labor will be furnished, to such as wish, on the public works, and good pay; and as fast as they can procure the necessaries of life, and a surplus, that surplus will be applied to liquidating their debt, and thereby in- crease the perpetual fund. By this it will readily be discovered that the funds are to be appropriated in the form of a loan rather than a gift; and this will make tha honest in heart re- joice, for they have to labor and not live on the charity of their friends, while the lazy idlers, if any such there be, will find fault and want every Inxury furnished them for the journey, and in the end pay nothing. :^ * ;;; ''Brother Hunter will return all the funds to this place next season, when the most judicious course will be pursued to convert all the cattle and means into cash, that the same may be sent abroad as speedily as possible on another mission, together with all that we can raise besides to add to it; and we antici- pate that the Saints at Pottowatomie and in the States will increase the fund by all possible means the coming winter, so that our agent may return with a large company. " The i^w thousands we send out by our agent at this time is like a grain of mustard seed in the earth; we send it forth into the world, and among the Saints — a good soil — and we expect it will grow and flourish, and spread abroad in a few weeks: that it will cover England, cast its shadow on Europe, and in process of time compass the whole earth; that is to say, these funds are destined to in- crease until Israel is gathered from all nations, and the poor can sit under their own vine, and inhabit their own house, and worship God in Zion. "We remain your brethren in the gospel, Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, WiLLARD Richards." A similar epistle was written to Orson Pratt, President of the British Mis- sion, saying at the close: "Your office in Liverpool is the place of deposit for all funds received either for this or the tithing funds for all Europe, and you will not pay out only upon our order, and to such persons as we shall direct." These instructions and general epistles are the more important in the emi- 100 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. grational history, as they are substantially tlie basis upon which all the emigra- tions and business thereof have been conducted from that time to the present. Donations in England were made straightway. The first received was 2s. 6d. from Mark and Charlotte Shelley, of Woolwich, on the 19th of April, 1850. The next was jQi, from George P. Waugh, of Edinburgh, on the 19th of June; but in time the various emigration funds of the British Mission alone became immense. • The mode of conducting the emigrations from Europe was as patriarchal as the Church itself. As the emigration season came round, from every branch and conference the Saints would be gathered and taken to Liverpool by their elders, who saw them on shipboard in vessels chartered for their use. Not a moment were they left to the mercy of "runners" and shipping agents. When on board, the companies, which in some cases have amounted to more than a thou- sand souls per ship, were divided into wards, each ward being under its president or bishop, and his two councilors, and each company under its president and councilors ; and besides these were the doctor, steward, and cook, with their assistants. During the passage, regular service was daily observed, — morning and evening prayers, preaching meetings and councils. Besides these were numerous entertainments, concerts, dances, etc., so that the trips across the Atlantic were like merry makings, enjoyed by the captains and their officers as much as by the Saints. Reaching America a similar system was pursued up the rivers, on the railroads, an.d across the plains until the Saints arrived in the val- leys, when they were received, in the old time, by Brigham and " the authorities in Zion," and sent by Bishop Hunter to the various settlements where they were most needed to people the fast-growing cities of Utah. It may be here suggestively noted that, at the date of this emigrational cir- cular, there were not in all Utah more than eight thousand souls ; while, at about the same date, in the British mission there were thirty thousand members of the Mormon Church. The resources of population the community possessed abroad ; at home the resources were not sufficient to people Great Salt Lake City. The colonizing genius of this "peculiar people" was now greatly in demand; and it soon began to manifest itself in gigantic efforts to populate these valleys, and to found the hundreds of cities and settlements which Utah possesses to-day, and which the Mormon leaders designed to people when they laid off the City of the Great Salt Lake in 1847. This genius of colonization the community had mani- fested from the beginning, as was observed in the opening chapter, but it had hitherto operated chiefly abroad, in creating a population for the "building up of a Zion " on the American continent. True there had sailed a few ship loads of Mormons from the shores of Great Britain for Nauvoo; but only a few thou- sand of the British people were mixed in the actual society problem of the Mor- mons in America, until after the settlement in the valleys of the Rocky Mountains. Indeed, it had not been possible for the Mormon leaders to have emigrated a large European population to any of the eastern States, for the form- ation of a community. As it was, the American Mormon population was too large for both Missouri and Illinois. But in Utah, with a Territory given them HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. joi by the United States, that they might people with their fruitful resources of pop- plation from foreign missions, the Mormons for the first time found full aim and scope for their colonizing genius and religion. From that moment Mormonism meant the peopling of Utah and the building of cities and settlements, and that too, chiefly at the onset, by yearly emigrations of converts from Europe; Great Salt Lake City being the initial society work. Accordingly at the October Conference of 1849, '^^^ . do the work of a day, the verdict of the public goes against us, as the law-word IS, by default, and we stand substantially convicted of anything and everything that any and every kind of blackguard can make up a lie about. And now I hear that the charges are not to be pushed ; two of the officers want to come back to us as friends — they are to be virtually abandoned after doing us all the harm they can. What Mr. Webster thinks, we care a little; what is the opinion of most members of Congress, you can hardly believe, in your part of the world, how very little, but Public Opinion, that power we respect as well as recognize; and, therefore, I am now determined, on my own responsibility, to write myself, and blurt out all the truth I can. I may not be discreet, but I will be honest." J. M. Grant was chosen Speaker of the House of Representatives in the Leg- islative Assembly of the Territory in 1852, and at three subsequent sessions, filling that office with dignity and honor, to the fullest satisfaction of the mem- bers over whom he presided. As a legislator he was quick and^ talented, and brought to the law-making department a high practical sense of justice and right, which qualified him to propose and render valuable aid in framing wholesome laws for the political and domestic welfare of the community. On December ist, 1856, Mayor Grant breathed his last, and his spirit went jovfuUy to mingle with those of his friends, family and brethren that had gone before. He was forty years of age when he died, but had spent those years to such advantage in laboring for the welfare of his fellow-men that he was mourned bv thousands, and left in their memories a name that will be forever cherished as a symbol of virtue, integrity and honor. The editor of the Deseret News in closing his obituary, says: " Brother Grant needs no eulogy, and least of all such an one as our language could portray, for his whole life was one of noble and diligent action upon the side of truth, of high-toned and correct example to all who desire to be saved in the Kingdom of our God. As a citizen, as a friend, a son, a husband, a father, and above all as a Saint, and in every station and circumstance of life, whether military, civil, or religious, he everywhere, and at all times, shed forth the steady and brilliant light of lofty and correct example, and died as he lived and coun- seled, with his 'armor on and burnished.' Though all Saints deeply feel his departure, yet they can fully realize that it redounds to his and our ' infinite sain.'" HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 121 CHAPTER XV. EXPOSITION OF THE CAUSES AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE UTAH WAR. GEN- ERAL SCOTT'S CIRCULAR AND INSTRUCTIONS TO THE ARMY. MAGRAWS LETTER TO THE PRESIDENT. DRUMMOND'S CHARGES. THE REPUBLI- CAN PARTY ASSOCIATES UTAH WITH THE SOUTH. THE " IRREPRESSIBLE CONFLICT'." FREMONT AND DOUGLAS. The subject of the Utah Expedition occupies nearly the entire history of Salt Lake City, and of Utah in general, from the year 1857 to 1861, when Camp Floyd was evacuated. On the part of the U. S. Government the extraordinary record commenced with the issuing of the following CIRCULAR. To the Adjutant General, Quartermaster General, Co?nmissary Ge?ieral, Surgeon General, Paymaster General, atid Chief of Ordnance. Headquarters of the Army, May 28, i8s7- Orders having been dispatched in haste for the assemblage of a body of troops at Fort Leavenworth, to march thence to Utah as soon as assembled, the general-in-chief, in concert with the War Department, issues the following in- structions, to be executed by the chiefs of the respective staff departments, in connection with his general orders of this date : 1. The force — 2d dragoons, 5th infantry, loth infantry and Phelps' battery of the 4th artillery — to be provided with transportation and supplies, will be esti- mated at not less than 2,500 men. 2. The Adjutant General will, in concert with the chiefs of the respective departments, issue the necessary orders for assigning to this force a full comple- ment of disbursing and medical officers, an officer of ordnance and an Assistant Adjutant General, if the latter be required. He will relieve Captains Phelps' 4th artillery and Hawes' 2d dragoons from special duty, and order them to join their companies. He will also give the necessary orders for the movement of any available ofificers, whose services may be desired by the Quartermaster General or Commissary General in making purchases. Lieutenant Col. Taylor and Brevet Major Waggaman will be ordered to exchange stations. All available recruits are to be assigned to the above named regiments up to the time of departure. 3. About 2,000 head of beef cattle must be procured and driven to Utah. Six months' supply of bacon (for two days in a week) must be sent — des- 2 122 HIS TOR y OF SALT LAKE CIT\ . iccated vegetables in sufficient quantity to guard the health of the troops for the coming winter. 4. Arrangements will be made for the concentration and temporary halt of the 5th infantry at Jefferson Barracks. The squadron of dragoons at Fort Randall taking their horse equipments with them will leave their horses at that post, and a remount must be provided for them at Fort Leavenworth. Also, horses must be sent out to the squadron at Fort Kearney, and the whole regiment, as also Phelps' battery, brought to the highest point of efficiency. Besides the necessary trains and supplies, the quartermaster's department will procure for the expedition 250 tents of Sibley's pattern, to provide for the case that the troops shall not be able to hut themselves the ensuing winter. Storage tents are needed for the like reason. Stoves enough to provide, at least, for the sick, must accompany the tents. 5. The Surgeon General will 'cause the necessary medical supplies to be pro- vided, and requisition made for the means of transporting them with the ex- pedition. 6. The chief of ordnance will take measures immediately to put in position for the use of this force, three travelling forges and a full supply of ammunition, and will make requisition for the necessary transportation of the same. WINFIELD SCOTT. The command of the Expedition was at first given to Brigadier General W. S. Harney, but was afterwards transfered to Col. Albert Sidney Johnsto-n. It is due to the Government to accompany this circular with the letter of instructions to General Harney, explanatory of its views and designs concerning Utah and her people : Headquarters of the Army, New York, June 29, 1857. Sir: The letter which I addressed to you in the name of the general-in- chiet, on the 28th ultimo, his circular to the chiefs of staff departments same date ; his general order No. 8, current series, and another now in press, have indicated your assignment to the command of an expedition to Utah Territory, and the preparatory measures to be taken. The general-in-chief desires me to add in his name the following instruc- tions, prepared in concert with the War Department, and sanctioned by its au- thority, whenever required. The community and, in part, the civil government of Utah Territory are in a state of substantial rebellion against the laws and authority of the United States A new civil governor is about to be designated, and to be charged with the estab- lishment and maintenance of law and order. Your able and energetic aid, with that of the troops to be placed under your command, is relied upon to insure the success of his mission. The principles by which you should be guided have been already indicated in a somewhat similar case, and are here substantially repeated. If the governor of the Territory, finding the ordinary course of judicial pro- HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY, 123 ceedings of the power vested in the United States' Marshals and other proper officers inadequate for the preservation of the public peace and the due execution of the laws, should make requisition upon you for a military force to aid him as posse comilatiis in the performance of that official duty, you are hereby directed to employ for that purpose the whole or such part of your command as may be required; or should the governor, the judges, or marshals of the Territory find it necessary directly to summon a part of your troops, to aid either in the per- formance of his duties, you will take care that the summons be promptly obeyed. And in no case will you, your officers or men, attack any body of citizens what- ever, except on such requisition or summons, or in sheer self-defence. In executing this delicate function of the military power of the United States the civil responsibility will be upon the governor, the judges and mar- shals of the Territory. While you are not to be. and cannot be subjected to the orders, strictly speaking, of the governor, you will be responsible for a jeal- ous; harmonious and thorough co-operation with him, or frequent and full con- sultation, and will conform your action to his requests and views in all cases where your military judgment and prudence do not forbid, nor compel you to modify, in execution, the movements he may suggest. No doubt is entertained that your conduct will fully meet the moral and professional responsibilities of your trust; and justify the high confidence already reposed in you by the govern- ment. The lateness of the season, the dispersed condition of the troops and the smallness of the numbers available, have seemed to present elements of difficulty, if not hazard in this expedition. But it is believed that these may be compen- sated by unusual care in its outfit, and great prudence in its conduct. All dis- posable recruits have been reserved for it. So well is the nature of this service appreciated, and so deeply are the honor and the interest of the United States involved in its success, that I am authorized to say that the government will hesitate at no expense requisite to complete the efficiency of your little army, and to insure health and comfort to it, as far as at- tainable. Hence, in addition to liberal orders for its supply heretofore given — and it is known that ample measures, with every confidence of success, have been dictated by chiefs of staff departments here — a large discretion will be made over to you in the general orders for the movement. The employment of spies, guides, interpretors or laborers may be made to any reasonable extent you may think desirable The prudence expected of you requires that you should anticipate resistance, general, organized and formidable, at the threshold, and shape your movements as if they were certain, keeping the troops well massed and in hand when ap- proaching expected resistance. Your army will be equipped, for a time, at least, as a self sustaining machine. Detachments will, therefore, not be lightly hazarded, and you are warned not to be betrayed into premature security or over confidence. A small but sufficient force must however, move separately from the main column, guarding the beef cattle and such other supplies as you may think would too much encumber the march of the main body. The cattle may require 124 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. to be marched more slowly than the troops, so as to arrive in Salt Lake Valley in good condition, or they may not survive the inclemency and scanty sustenance of the winter. This detachment, though afterwards to become the rear guard, may, it is hoped, be put in route before the main body, to gain as much time as possi- ble before the latter passes it. The general-in-chief suggests that feeble animals, of draught and cavalry, should be left ten or twelve days behind the main column, at Fort Laramie, to recruit and follow. It should be a primary object on arriving in the valley, if the condition of things permit, to procure not only fuel, but materials for hutting the troops. Should it be too late for the latter purpose, or should such employment of the troops be unsafe or impracticable, the tents (of Sibley's pattern) furnished will, it is hoped, afford a sufficient shelter. It is not doubted that a surplus of provisions and forage, beyond the wants of the resident population, will be found in the valley of Utah; and that the inhabitants, if assured by energy and justice, will be ready to sell them to the troops. Hence no instructions are given you for the extreme event of the troops being in absolute need of such supplies and their being withheld by the inhabi- tants. The necessities of such an occasion would furnish the law for your guidance. Besides the stated reports required by regulations, special reports will be ex- pected from you, at the headquarters of the army, as opportunity may offer. The general-in-chief desires to express his best wishes, official and personal, for your complete success and added reputation. " I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, GEORGE W. LAY, Lieutenant Colonel Aid- de- Camp. Brevet Brigadier General W. S. Harney, Commanding ^'c, Fort Leavenworth, K. T. P. S. — The general-in-chief (in my letter of the 26th instant) has already conveyed to you a suggestion — not an order, nor even a recommendation — that it might be well to send forward in advance a part of your horse to Fort Laramie, there to halt and be recruited in strength, by rest and grain, before the main body comes up. Respectfully, G. W. L., Lt. Col, Aid-de-Camp. Though the foregoing document shows no desire on the part of the Govern- ment to destroy those colonies of Mormons which were fast spreading over this western country, yet upon its face it bears remarkable evidence that the Bu- chanan expedition was projected without a sufficient knowledge of the real con- dition of Utah at that precise period, or of the feelings of her people towards the parent Government, whether loyal or disloyal. Take for instance the passage of instructions from the general-in-chief relative to supplies: " It is not doubted that a surplus of provisions and forage, beyond the wants of the resident popu- lation will be found in the Valley of Utah," etc. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 125 The great military capacity and experience of General Scott, to say noth- ing of his humane character, would be sufficient evidence in the history that, when these instructions were given, he knew absolutely nothing of the real con- dition of the people of Utah during the year preceding; for that was the very year of the great famine in Utah, described in the foregoing chapter, which was likened to the famine in Egypt. There were thousands of people in Utah who had been hungry an entire year when those instructions were penned, and multi- tudes of little children in her valleys who had so often cried themselves to sleep, and forgotten the gnawings of hunger, till, sleeping or waking, hunger became as second nature to them; nor were there sufficient supplies in all the valleys of Utah to satisfy that hunger till the harvest of 1857, three months later than the date of General Scott's circular. Yet that general was about to quarter an army in or near Salt Lake City, with the full assurance that there were, at the time of the issuance of his orders, abundant supplies in the "Valley of Utah" " be- yond the wants of the resident population'' to feed his army. In view of this famine how suggestive of the ignorance of the Government concerning the con- dition of Utah, and the loyalty or disloyalty of her people, is the addendum of the commander-in-chief to General Harney: " Hence no instructions are given you for the extreme event of the troops being in absolute need of such supplies and their being withheld by the inhabitants. The necessities of such an occa- sion would furnish the law for your guidance." Had an army been ordered to Utah before the harvest of 1857, for the very purpose to literally devour the country and destroy the Mormon community root and branch by famine, rather than by the sword, the order, though inhuman, would not have been so incon- sistant as General Scott's instructions with his undoubted humane intentions. The only justification indeed of the Buchanan administration for sending the expedition, which all America soon confessed was the most humiliating blun- der to be found in the whole history of the nation, was just in the fact that the Government knew scarcely anything of Utah affairs; and the simple explanation of this ignorance is that for six months preceding the inception of the expedi. tion there had been no postal communication between Utah and the Eastern States. The mails had failed ; Utah had been shut out from the rest of the world by an early and extraordinary ly severe winter; the handcart companies of Mormon emigrants came nearly perishing on the plains, buried in the snows ■ the entire Territory had risen to the rescue; the leaders had been absorbed in saving the community from perishing in the valleys in consequence of the famine, and their companies on the plains from a disaster which, but for the res- cue, would have been as frightful to those emigrants as the retreat of Napoleon's army from Moscow, and withal the devoted people, whose homes were even then threatened with invasion, and their social and religions organization with utter dissolution were oblivious of the war cloud gathering over their heads. Mean- time, a few Government officials, principal among whom were Judge Drummond and the very mail contractor who had failed to carry the mails, had betrayed the Government into the commission of a series of blunders, which soon provoked a general public condemnation and the investigation of Congress. The New York Herald, at the time, stated : 126 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CLTY. "Some of our cotemporaries have been publishing long letters dated from Utah, and containing heart-rending accounts of the sufferings inflicted on poor helpless women, by the brutality of the Mormon leaders. It is perhaps as well that the public should know that these letters are made up on this side of the Mississippi, and we have no doubt do more credit to the imagination than to the memory of their writers. No journal has a correspondent in Utah at the present time. It reflects some credit on the ingenuity of our cotemporaries to have be- thought themselves of getting up an excitement about Utah just as Kansas died out. *' Of the facts of the case in Utah, it is very difficult to form a reliable judg- ment, simply because our most reliable authorities, such as Judge Drummond, now in Washington, are tainted with a suspicion of interested motives. * * "There is no authority in the Constitution to justify an interference by Congress or the Federal Government with such an institution as polygamy in a Territory. It is as clearly without the pale of Congressional or executive regu- lation as slavery ; if Congress may not pass a law to govern the one, it may not pass a law to govern the other; if the President cannot interfere to drive slavery out of Kansas; neither can he assume to drive polygamy out of Utah. Marriage, a civil contract, is essentially subject to the control of local, municipal, or civil laws; the Federal Government has nothing to do with it, and Congress can make no laws defining its nature, altering its effect, or prescribing penalties for breaches of its obligations committed by people residing within a Territory of the United States. "Those, therefore, who assumed that Mr. Buchanan was going to carry fire and sword among the Mormons because they were polygamists, and to put down polygamy by force of arms, gave the President very little credit for judgment or knowledge of the instrument under which he holds his powers." The passage of the general-in-chief's instructions relative to "a surplus of provisions and forage," in a land of famine, isnot more remarkable in the history than the information given to General Harney, as the reason and justification for the invading expedition which he was to command : "The community and, in part, the civil government of Utah Territory are in a state of substantial rebellion against the laws and authority of the United States. A new civil governor is about to be designated, and to be charged with the establishment and mainten- ance of law and order. Your able and energetic aid, with that of the troops to be placed under your command, is relied to issue the success of his mission." Read a century hence, issolated from the well connected history of Utah, whose every fact and circumstance now can be verified, the circular and letter of instructions, representing the views of the Administration, would be received as an established record that the people of Utah had made public demonstrations of rebellion ; that Brigham Young was in actual usurpation, and that defiant word had been sent by the citizens that they would not receive any Governor other than of their own choice ; nor would even this view be sufficient coupled with the following passage indicating that Utah was in actual attitude of war at that moment against the United States : "The prudence expected of you requires that you should anticipate resistance, general, organized and formidable, at the HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 127 threshold, and shape your movements as if they were certain, keeping the troops well massed and in hand when approaching expected resistance. * * * You are warned not to be betrayed into premature security or over confidence." Nothing, however, up to this date, had occurred to warrant the conclusion that the people of Utah were "in a state of substantial rebellion." No mass meetings had been held during 1856 to utter any protest, not even of the mildest form permitted by the Constitution, much less had they made any public demon- stration that could reasonably be construed either into an act or intent of rebellion against the United States government. But in the reverse of this, as noted in the preceding chapter, a constitutional convention was held that very year ; a republican constitution adopted, with the declaration of rights already exhibited, and delegates were sent to Congress to ask for the admission of Utah into the Union. For historical suggestiveness, lay by the side of the documents proceed- ing from General Scott the following extract from the Deseret News : ''The delegates of the convention, from the various counties, except Green River, met in the Council House on the 17th nst. (March). The event was an- nounced by the firing of cannon and music from Captain Ballo's band. Throughout the day flags floated from the cupolas of the Governor's mansion and Council House, also from the tall flag poles on the Temple Block and in front of the Deseret, and Livingston, Kinkead & Co.'s stores, from flag staffs on the roof of Gilbert & Gerrish's store, and from those on the roofs of many other public buildings. " At an early hour a large concourse of citizens had assembled, anxiously awaiting the commencement of those deliberations and acts, which have for their object the addition of another star to the brilliant and thickly spangled constel- lation styled, £ Pluribus Unum. ''The convention organized by unanimously electing the Hon. J. M. Grant, president; Mr. T. Bullock, secretary; Mr. J. Grimshaw, assistant secretary; Mr. R, T. Burton, sergeant-at-arms; Mr. W. C.Staines, messenger; Mr. T- Hall, doorkeeper ; and Messrs. G. D. Watt and J. V. Long, reporters. At 12:30, adjourned until 2 p.m. * * * * " In the afternoon the freedom of the convention was unanimously tendered to His Excellency the Governor, the United States officers of the Territory, President H. C. Kimball, the members of the Legislative Assembly, Hons. E. Snow, A. Lyman and E. Hunter, Hon. Elias Smith, Probate Judge of G. S. L. County, and the Aldermen of G. S. L. City. "After a remarkably short, efficient, and harmonious session, the conven- tion dissolved on Thursday, March 27. '■ Hon. George A. Smith, and Hon. ohn Taylor, editor of the Mormon, were unanimously elected delegates to proceed to Washington, and lay before Congress Utah's request for admission into the Union. "The Constitution of the State of Deseret was signed by every member of the convention, though they were from various climes and of diverse creeds, government officials, merchants, etc., etc., thus indicating, beyond controversy, the represented feelings of all classes of our Territorial population. If our memory correctly serves us, so general and fair a representation of the views and 128 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITy. feelings of the various districts of Territory, and so frank and hearty a blending of party interests, have never been excelled, if even equalled, in the initiatory action required for the admission of a new state, * * * " Is Utah loyal? Aye, most loyal, beyond successful challenge or contra- diction, as is and always had been proved by all her sayings and doings. But does she love corruption and oppression ? Verily no, for her sons and daughters, with few exceptions, have been reared ]in the cradle of liberty, in common with the citizens of the States, and the pure mountain breezes keep that love fanned to a bright and unquenchable flame. And the few exceptions just named, those who were not born citizens of our Republic, are congenial descendents of that stock from which sprang our "Revolutionary Sires." They have left their fatherlands, as did our forefathers, to escape the oppressor's rod and find a loved asylum " in the home of the free." Then can Congress refuse to extend the broad folds of equal rights and constitutional liberty over that portion of the public domain, whose inhabitants will stand by the Union while a vestige thereof exists and blood flows in their veins ? It is not to be presumed that any Congress could wish so to do, but if it might, by any possibility, be imagined that an op- posite feeling could be indulged, who would like to face the mingled whirlwind of scorn and indignation that would then arise in the breast of every lover of truth and justice throughout the world ? '* Utah is isolated, is full of rugged mountains, desert plains, and barren valleys, and peculiarly uncomely in the eyes of lovers of rich, well timbered soil, broad rivers, extended seaboards, and commercial marts. Let her present popu- lation leave her borders, and the few oases, now gladdened with the busy hum of civilized life, would soon revert to the occupancy of the rude savage, and crumb- ling desolation would mark the site of stately edifices. "Utah, with but little aid from the parent, has grown rapidly amid all her disadvantages, and, amid the jealousy and hostility of numerous Indian tribes, to high position in wealth and numbers. And are not the intelligence and energy which have so rapidly produced such laudable results, where none others would thrust in their sickles, sufficient guarantee that Utah is most emphatically deserv- ing of a state organization? "She has wealth, a numerous, intelligent, and highly patriotic population, is accustomed to make her own public buildings, roads, and bridges, has success- fully conducted the Indian wars waged within her boundaries, has nearly ex- pelled litigation through a wise system of legislation and policy, furnishes few abominable and illegal acts to swell the record of earth's corruptions, not even enough to make her news spicy and interesting to the corrupt taste of a perverse generation ; then is there any good, fair, valid reason why Utah should not be speedily admitted into the Union as a free, sovereign, and independent State named Deseret? Not one. Hence it is but fair to infer that Senators and Rep. resentatives in Congress will grant the prayer of Utah for admission as unani- mously as she presents it, independent of sectional prejudices, strife and debate of every name and description, for only two (luestions are to be asked, viz: is her constitution republican? Is she willing and able to maintain a state govern- HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. i2g ment? Every one knows that those questions, and every legitimate question that can be asked, admit of only affirmative answers." The people of Utah waited hopefully for the favorable action of Congress until December, when Governor Young, in his annual message to the Legislature, thus reported upon the matter : " In accordance with Acts of the Legislative Assembly, a Constitution was formed and adopted, the census taken, and delegates chosen to present our ap- plication to Congress for admission into the Union as a sovereign and indepen- dent State. Recent advices from our delegates show that our application has not been presented, owing to the intolerance evinced by the predominant party in the House of Representatives. "The enumeration of the inhabitants showed a population of near 77,000 in this Territory, and it is presumed that the addition to our numbers, since that was taken, would amount to about twenty thousand. This gives an aggregate equal to or exceeding the ratio of representation for Congressmen, removing every objection, if any were made, to our admission, on the score of insufficient population." Simply a bare notice is here seen of opposition in Congress to the admission of Utah ; but no indignant protest, much less anything to indicate a condition of rebellion ; yet a it^s months later the United States ordered a military expedition to Utah to put down rebellion, restore its rule which had not been broken, while the President appointed a new Governor for the Territory, Hon. Alfred Gum- ming,' of Georgia who when he did come was recieved by them with a loyal good will. The Buchanan administration, however, had not acted without some infor- mation and prompting, which were considered by it sufficient at the time, but very insufficient soon afterwards; and it is with that information and prompting, or rather conspiracy, that this historital exposition has now to deal. When in less than a year from the issuing of General Scott's circular, the House of Representatives passed a resolution requesting President Buchanan "to communicate to the House of Representatives the information which gave rise to the military expedition ordered to Utah" Lewis Cass, Secretary of State, re- ported that "the only document on record or on file in this department, touching the subject of the resolution, is the letter of Mr. W. F. Magraw to the President, of the 3rd of October last, a copy of which is hereto annexed : " / MR. MAGRAW TO THE PRESIDENT. Independence, Missouri, October 3d, 1856. "Mr. President: I feel it incumbent upon me as a personal and political friend, to lay before you some information relative to the present political and social condition of the Territory of Utah, which may be of importance. "There is no disguising the fact, that there is left no vestage of law and order, no protection for life or property; the civil laws of the Territory are over- shadowed and neutralized by a so-styled ecclesiastical organization, as despotic, dangerous and damnable, as has ever been known to exist in any country, and I JO HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. which is ruining not only those who do not subscribe to their religious code, but is driving the moderate and more orderly of the Mormon community to despera- tion. Formerly, violence committed upon the rights of persons and property were attempted to be justified by some pretext manufactured lor the occasion, under color of law as it exists in that country. The victims were usually of that class whose obscurity and want of information necessary to insure proper investi- gation and redress of their wrongs were sufficient to guarantee to the perpetrators freedom from punishment. Emboldened by the success which attended their first attempts at lawlessness, no pretext or apology seems noza to be deemed re- quisite, nor is any class exempt from outrage ; all alike are set upon by the self- constituted theocracy, whose laws, or rather whose conspiracies, are framed in dark corners, promulgated from the stand of tabernacle or church, and executed at midnight, or upon the highways, by an organized band of bravos and assassins, whose masters compel an outraged community to tolerate in their midst. The result is that a considerable and highly respectable portion of the community, known from the Atlantic to the Pacific, whose enterprise is stimulated by a laud- able desire to improve their fortunes by honorable exertions, are left helpless vic- tims to outrage and oppression, liable at any moment to be stripped of their property or deprived of life, without the ability to put themselves under the pro- tection of law, since all the courts that exist there at present are converted into engines and instruments of injustice. " For want of time I am compelled thus to generalize, but particular case?, with all the attendant circumstances, names of parties and localities are not wanting to swell the calendar of crime and outrage to limits that will, when pub- lished, startle the conservative people of the States, and create a clamor which will not be readily quelled; and I have no doubt that the time is near at hand, and the elements rapidly combining to bring about a state of affairs which will result in indiscriminate bloodshed, robbery and rapine, and which in a brief space of time will reduce that country to the condition of a howling wilderness. " There are hundreds of good men in the country^ who have for years en- dured every privation from the comforts and enjoyments of civilized life, to confront every description of danger for the purpose of improving their fortunes. These men have suffered repeated wrong and injustice, which they have en- deavored to repair by renewed exertions, patiently awaiting the correction of outrage by that government which it is their pride to claim citizenship under, and whose protection they have a right to expect; but they now see themselves liable, at any moment, to be stripped of their hard earned means, the lives of themselves and their colleagues threatened and taken ; ignominy and abuse, heaped upon them day after day, if resented, is followed by murder. "Many of the inhabitants of the Territory possess passions and elements of character calculated to drive them to extremes, and have the ability to conceive and have the courage to carry out the boldest measures for redress, and I know that they will be at no loss for a leader. When such as these are driven by their wrongs to vindicate, not only their rights as citizens, but their pride of man- hood^ the question of disparity in numerical force is not considered among their difficulties, and I am satisfied that a recital of their grievances would form an HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CILY. 131 apology, if not sufficient justification, for the violation on their part of the usages of civilized communities. "In addressing you, I have endeavored to discard all feelings arising from my personal annoyances in the Mormon country, but have desired to lay before you the actual condition of affairs, arid to prevent, if possible, scenes of lawless- ness which, I fear, will be inevitable unless speedy and powerful preventives are applied. I have felt free to thus address you, from the fact that some slight re- quests made of me when I last left Washington, on the subject of the affairs of Kansas, justified me in believing that you had confidence in my integrity, and that what influence I could exert would not be wanting to terminate the unfortu- nate difficulties in that Territory; I have the pleasure of assuring you that my efforts were not spared. "With regard to the affairs and proceedings of the probate court, the only existing tribunal in the Territory of Utah, there being but one of the three federal judges now in the Territory, I will refer you to its records, and to the evidence of gentlemen whose assertions cannot be questioned ; as to the treat- ment of myself, I will leave that to the representation of others ; at all events, the object I have in view, the end I wish to accomplish for the general good, will preclude my wearying you with a recital of them at present. "I have the honor to be very truly yours, etc. W. .M. F. MAGRAW." John B. Floyd, Secretary of War, was only able to furnish to the House the correspondence of the expedition itself, commencing with the foregoing circular, and including the proclamation of Governor Young and the correspondence be- tween him and Col. Alexander; the Department of the Interior furnished several letters from David H. Burr, Surveyor General of Utah , the office of Indian affairs made up a budget from the Indian Agents of the Territory, and the Attorney General's office supplied the following: " Attorney General's Office, February 24, 1858. "Sir: In reply to so much of the resolution of the House of Representa- tives, of the 27th ult., referred by you to this offce, calling for 'information which gave rise to the military expeditions to Utah Territory,' etc., I have the honor to transmit herewith : "i. The letter of resignation of W. W. Drummond, Associate Justice of Supreme Court of Utah Territory. "2. The letter of Curtis Bolton, deputy clerk of the Supreme Court of Utah Territory, in reply to allegations contained in W. W. Drummond's letter of resignation ; the above being all the correspondence on the files of this office re- lating to the subject. "I am, very respectfully, J. S. BLACK. The Pre side nt.^^ "New Orleans, La, April 2, 1857. "Dear Sir: When I started for my home in Illinois, I designed reaching IJ2 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Washington before the executive session adjourned, but could not accomplish the long and tedious journey in time; thence I concluded to come this way, and go up the Mississippi river to Chicago. "You will see that I have made bold charges against the Mormons, which I think I can prove without doubt. You will see by the contents of the enclosed paper, wherein is inserted my resignation, some of the reasons that induced me to resign. I now refer you to Hon. D. W. Burr, surveyor general ot Utah Ter- ritory, Hon. Garland Hurt, Indian agent; also C. L. Craig, Esq., D. L. Thomp- son, Esq., John M. Hockaday, Esq., John Kerr, Esq., Gentiles of Great Salt Lake City, for proof oi the manner in which they have been insulted and abused by the leading Mormons for two years past. I shall see you soon on the subject. In haste, yours truly, W. W. DRUMMOND. Hoti. Jeremiah S. Black, Attorney General, etc."" resignation of judge drummond. " March 30, 1857. "My Dear Sir: As I have concluded to resign the office of Justice of the Supreme Court of the Territory of Utah, which position I accepted in A. D., 1854, under the administration of President Pierce, I deem it due to the public to give some of the reasons why I do so. In the first place, Brigham Young, the Governor of Utah Territory, is the acknowledged head of the ' Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,' commonly called ' Mormons;' and, as such head, the Mormons look to him, and to him alone, for the law by which they are to be governed: therefore no law of Congress is by them considered binding in any manner. "Secondly. I know that there is a secret oath-bound organization among all the male members of the Church to resist the laws of the country, and to ac- knowledge no law save the law of the 'Holy Priesthood,' which comes to the people through Brigham Young direct from God ; he. Young, being the vice- gerent of God and Prophet, viz: successor of Joseph Smith, who was the founder of this blind and treasonable organization. "Thirdly. I am fully aware that there is a set of men, set apart by special order of the Church, to take both the lives and property of persons who may question the authority of the Church; the names of whom I will promptly make known at a future time. "Fourthly. That the records, papers, etc., of the Supreme Court have been destroyed by order of the Church, with the direct knowledge and approbation of Governor B. Young, and the Federal officers grossly insulted for presuming to raise a single question about the treasonable act. "Fifthly, That the Federal officers of the Territory are constantly in- sulted, harrassed, and annoyed by the Mormons, and for these insults there is no redress. " Sixthly. That the Federal officers are daily compelled to hear the form of the American government traduced, the chief executives of the nation, both liv- HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. ijj ing and dead, slandered and abused from the masses, as well as from all the lead- ing members of the Church, in the most vulgar, loathsome, and wicked manner that the evil passions of men can possibly conceive. "Again: That after Moroni Green had been convicted in the District Court before my colleague, Judge Kinney, of an assault with intent to commit murder, and afterwards, on appeal to the Supreme Court, the judgment being affirmed and the said Green being sentenced to the penitentiary, Brigham Young gave a full pardon to the said Green before he reached the penitentiary ; also, that the said Governor Young pardoned a man by the name of Baker, who had been tried and sentenced to ten years' imprisonment in the penitentiary, for the murder of a dumb boy by the name of White House, the proof showing one of the most aggravated cases of murder that I ever knew being tried ; and to insult the Court and Government officers, this man Young took this pardoned criminal with him, in proper person, to church on the next Sabbath after his conviction ; Baker, in the meantime, having received a full pardon from Governor Brigham Young. These two men were Mormons. On the other hand, I charge the Mormons, and Governor Young in particular, with imprisoning five or six young men from Mis- souri and Iowa, who are now in the penitentiary of Utah, without those men having violated any criminal law in America. But they were anti-Mormons — poor, uneducated young men en route for California ; but because they emigrated from Illinois, Iowa, or Missouri, and passed by Great Salt Lake City, they were indicted by a probate court, and most brutally and inhumanly dealt with, in addition to being summarily incarcerated in the saintly prison of the Territory of Utah. I also charge Governor Young with constantly interfering with the federal courts, directing the grand jury whom to indict and whom not ; and after the judges charge the grand juries as to their duties, that this man Young invar- ably has some member of the grand jury advised in advance as to his will in re- lation to their labors, and that his charge thus given is the only charge known, obeyed, or received by all the grand juries of the federal courts of Utah Ter- ritory. "Again, sir, after a careful and mature investigation, I have been compelled to come to the conclusion, heart-rending and sickening as it may be, that Cap- tain John W. Gunnison, and his party of eight others, were murdered by the Indians in 1853, under the orders, advice, and direction of the Mormons; that my illustrious and distinguished predecessor, Hon. Leonidas Shaver, came to his death by drinking poisoned liquors, given to him under the order of the leading men of the Mormon Church in Great Salt Lake City; that the late secretary of the Territory, A. W. Babbitt, was murdered on the plains by a band of Mormon marauders, under the particular and special order of Brigham Young, Heber C, Kimball, and J. M. Grant, and not by the Indians, as reported by the Mormons themselves, and that they were sent from Salt Lake City for that purpose, and that only ; and as members of the Danite Band they were bound to do the will of Brigham Young as the head of the church, or forfeit their own lives. These reasons, with many others that I might give, which would be too heart-rending to insert in this communication, have induced me to resign the office of justice of the Territory of Utah, and again return to my adopted Slate of Illinois. 134 HIS TOR y OJ^ SALT LAKE CITY. My reason, sir, for making this communication thus public i^, that the dem- ocratic party, with which I have always strictly acted, is the party now in power, and, therefore, is the party that should now be held responsible for the treason- able and disgraceful state of affairs that now exists in Utah Territory. I could, sir, if necessary, refer to a cloud of witnesses to attest the reasons I have given, and the charges, bold as they are, against tho5e despots, who rule with an iron hand their hundred thousand souls in Utah, and their two hundred thousand souls out of that notable Territory; but I shall not do so, for the reason that the lives of such gentlemen as I should designate in Utah and in California, would not be safe for a single day. In conclusion, sir, I have to say that, in ray career as justice of the supreme court of Utah Territory, I have the consolation of knowing that I did my duty, that neither threats nor intimidations drove me from that path. Upon the other hand, I am pained to say that I accomplished little good while there, and that the judiciary is only treated as a farce. The only rule of law by which the in- fatuated followers of this curious people will be governed, is the law of the church, and that emanates from Governor Brigham Young, and him alone. I do believe that, if there was a man put in office as governor of that Ter. ritory, who is not a member of the church, (Mormon), and he supported with a suffi- cient v^\\\\.zxy aid, much good would result from such a course ; but as the Territory is now governed, and as it has been since the administration of Mr. Fillmore, at which time Young received his appointment as governor, it is noonday madness and folly to attempt to administer the law in that Territory. The officers are in- sulted, harassed, and murdered for doing their duty, and not recognizing Brig- ham Young as the only law-giver and law-maker on earth. Of this every man can bear incontestable evidence who has been willing to accept an appointment in Utah ; and I assure you sir, that no man would be willing to ri^k his life and property in that Territory after once trying the sad experiment. With an earnest desire that the present administration will give due and timely aid to the officers that may be so unfortunate as to accept situations in that Territory, and that the withering curse which now rests upon this nation by virtue of the peculiar and heart-rending institutions of the Territory of Utah, may be speedily removed, to the honor and credit of our happy country, I now remain your obedient servant, W. W. DRUMMOND, yustice Utah Territory. Hon. yeremiah S. Black, Attorney General of the United States, Washington City, D. C. •'Great Salt Lake City, Utah Territory. "Sir : My attention having been drawn to the letter of Justice W. W. Drum- mond, under the date of March 30, 1857, addressed to yourself, tendering his resignation as associate justice for Utah, wherein my oflfice is called in question, T feel it incumbent upon me to make to you the following report : "Justice W. W. Drummond, in his ' fourth' paragraph, says: 'The re- HIS7 OR V OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 135 coids, papers, &c., of the supreme court have been destroyed by order of Gover- nor B. Young, and the federal officers grossly insulted for presuming to raise a single question about the treasonable act.' " I do solemnly declare this assertion is without the slightest foundation in truth. The records, papers, &c., of the supreme court in this Territory, to- gether with all decisions and documents of every kind belonging thereto, from Monday, September 22, 185 1, at which time said court was first organized, up to this present moment, are all safe and complete in my custody, and not one of them missing, nor have they ever been disturbed by any person. "Again, in the decision of the supreme court in the case of Moroni Green, the which decision was written by Judge Drummo7id himself , I find the following words: 'That as the case, for which Green was convicted, seems to have been an aggravated one, this court does remit the costs of the prosecution, both in this court and in the court below.' Green was provoked to draw a pistol in self- defence, but did not point it at any one. He was a lad of 18 years old. Much feeling was excited in his favor, and he was finally pardoned by the governor, upon a petition signed by the judges, and officers of the United States, courts, the honorable secretary of state, and many of the influential citizens of Great Salt Lake City. "Again: in relation to the ' incarceretion of five or six young men from Missouri and Iowa, who are now (March 30, 1857,) in the penitentiary of Utah, without those men having violated any criminal law in America/ &c. This state- ment is also utterly false. "I presume he alludes to the incarceration, on the 22d January, 1856, of three men, and on the 29th of January, 1856, of one more; if so these are the circumstances : "There were quite a number of persons came here as teamsters in Gilbert and Gerrish's train of goods, arriving here in December, 1855, after winter had set in. They arrived here very destitute; and at that season of the year there is nothing a laboring man can get to do. Some of these men entered the store of S. M. Blair & Co., at various times in the night, and stole provisions, groceries, &c. Some six or eight were indicted for burglary, and larceny. Three plead guilty, and a fourth was proven guilty ; and the four were sentenced to the pen- itentiary for the shortest time the statute allowed for the crime; and just as soon as the spring of 1856 opened, and a company was preparing to start for Cali- fornia, upon a petition setting forth mitigating circumstances, the governor pardoned them, and they went on their way to California. It was a matter, well understood here at the time, that these men were incarcerated more particularly to keep them from commiting further crime during the winter. " Since that time there have been but four persons sentenced to the peniten- tiary, one for forgery and three for petty larceny, for terms of sixty and thirty days, to wit: One on the 19th November, 1856, fbr larceny, thirty days; two on the 24th November, 1856, for aggravated larceny, sixty days and one on the 26th January, 1857, for forgery, thirty days. So that on the 30th March, 1857, (the date of W. W. Drummond's letter,) there was not a white prisoner in the Utah 7j<5 HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. penitentiary; nor had there been for several days previous, nor is there at this present writing. "I could, were it my province in this affidavit, go on and refute all that Judge W. W. Drummond has stated in his aforesaid letter of resignation, by re- cords, dates, and facts; but believing the foregoing is sufficient to show you what reliance is to be placed upon the assertions or word of W. W. Drummond, I shall leave this subject. "In witness of the truth of the foregoing affidavit, I have hereunto sub- scribed my name and affixed the seal of the United States supreme court [l. s.] for Utah Territory, at Great Salt Lake City, this twenty-sixth day of June, A. D. 1857. CURTIS E. BOLTON, Deputy Clerk of said U. S. Supreme Court for Utah, in absence of W. J. Appleby, Clerk. Hon. Jeremiah S. Black, Attorney General of the United States, Washington, D. C" But these documents furnished to the House alone give no sufficient expo- sition of causes, though there is seen much relation between the letters quoted and the action of the Government. For a thorough exposition commensurate with the aims and purposes of a true and impartial history, we must go to a general review of Utah affairs, not only as regards the Mormon community in their own conduct, but also the conduct of the people of the United States towards them, whether friendly or hostile, which exposition will show that the Utah question has long been intensely a national question. Strange as the assertion may appear, the real beginning of the train of causes and circumstances which led to the "Utah War," and its many complications, was the continuation of Brigham Young by President Pierce in the governor- ship, in 1855. That is to say, the United States gave the chief cause of offence against itself, and afterwards, by construction, made the potent and thorough administration of Governor Young, and the submission of the community to Federal rule under him, to signify a condition of actual rebellion. That which in the Governor and people of any other Territory or State would have been esteemed by the nation as legitimate and admirable was, in Brigham Young and the Mormons, a present treason and a direct intent to overturn and supplant the national rule with a Mormon Theocracy. The case had entirely changed since Stansbury had said in his report to the Government, " I feel constrained to say, that in my opinion the appointment of the President of the Mormon Church, and the head of the Mormon community, in preference to any other person to the high office of Governor of the Territory, independent of its politicial bearings, with which I have nothing to do, was a measure dictated alike by justice and sound policy. This man has been their Moses. * * * He had been unanimously chosen as their highest civil magistrate, and even before his appointment by the President, he combined in his own person the triple char- acter of confidential adviser, temporal ruler, and prophet of God." So far as Governor Young and the Mormons were concerned, this was also mS lORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 137 all true when he was re-appointed by President Pierce, and therein was the in- harmony which developed between Utah and the nation, resulting in the expe- dition. That which at first so eminently fitted Brigham Young for Governor of the colony which he led to these valleys, and multiplied substantially into a little State of rhe Union, now unfitted him in the eyes of the nation. To be the President of the Mormon Church and Governor of Utah Territory was made to signify the existence of a politiciaK Mormon Theocracy. The Mormon Moses, clothed with the mantle of Federal authority at the head of his people, appeared to the "Gentile" as an Israelitish rebeldom in the heart of the American re- public. Thus the wording of a Stansbury, a Gunnison and a Thomas L. Kane was substituted by the wording a Drum mend and a Magraw, without any real change of subject, or substitution of some new and reversed cause. In his mas- terly treatise of the Mormons and their institutions Gunnison had said: "For those who desire facts in the history of humanity, on which to indulge in reflec- tion, is this offered. It were far easier to give a romantic sketch in lofty meta- phors, of the genesis and exodus of the empire-founding Saints — the subject is its own epic of heroism, whose embellishment is left to imaginative genius, and its philosophy to be deduced by the candid philanthropist." This treatise of Gunnison is the loftiest exposition of the Israelitish theocracy of the Mormons ever written by Gentile pen. As his wording shows, he has treated his historical subject as an "Israelitish epic" wrought in modern times; In view of this epic monument of their history which the hand of Gunnison essayed to rear for the Mormons, it is both astonishing and monstrous that Judge Drummond, in his resignation, .should charge Brigham Young with the instigation of liis murder by the Indians. Such an act is not within our comprehension of human atrocities and ingratitude, especially when applied to a leader of Brigham Young's cast and sagacity, whose every act marked his deliberate anticipation of a sufficient com- pensation to himself or his people. The cruel and cowardly murder of Gun- nison, by the order of Brigham Young, could not possibly have brought to him or his community such compensation ; for, next to Colonel Thomas L. Kane, Captain Stansbury and Lieutenant Gunnison had done Governor Young and the Mormon community more service than any other men in America. And it is scarcely less astonishing and monstrous that Drummond in his resig- nation should charge Governor Young and the Mormons with the poisoning of Associate Justice Shaver, and the tomahawking on the plains of Secretary Babbitt, seeing that Judge Shaver, was mourned by Salt Lake City, and his fiineral sermon preached by its Mayor, just as the untimely tate of Gunnison was mourned in the message of Governor Young to the Legislature, and his memory thus honorably preserved on the official tablet of Utah's early history ; while Secretary Babbitt was himself a Mormon, the chief politician of the community, the man whom the citizens chose and sent to Congress as their Delegate, when they set up the Provisional State of Deseret. Monstrous, however, as these charges of the mur- der of Government officials at the order of Governor Young must appear m any iust exposition of the times of 1856-7, they were sent to the House of Repre- sentatives as among the chief causes cf the Utah Expedition; yet it is worthy of note that there is an air of protest to the Drummond document in the presenta- 4 ij8 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. tion of the Attorney General. It is probable that, had the Hon. Jeremiah S. Black been the Executive, as well as the Judicial head of the Administration at this juncture, he would have viewed Utah and her affairs very much as Daniel Webster had done before, when Brocchus, Brandebury, Harris, Day and Ferris deserted three departments of the newly created Territory, and sought the inva- sion which was accomplished in 1857. Indeed, the sequel does actually show that the Attorney General, after the Proclamation of Pardon, by his constitu- tional decision prevented the re-opening of difficulties, and perhaps an actual war, between General Johnson and his troops on tlie one side, and Governor Gum- ming and the Utah militia on the other, which decision restored the Territory to the exact place where it stood, under Governor Brigham Young. The true historical exposition, then, is that Utah was not in rebellion when the expedition was projected ; and that the cause of all the offence on the Mormon side was simply that which the community has given from the beginning — in Ohio, in Missouri, in Illinois, in Utah. They were seeking to buildup the Kingdom of God upon the earth ; and Brigham Young, their Prophet and Pres- ident of their Church, was also now, for the second time, Governor of Utah, in virtue of his being the great colonizer and founder of the Territory. "The strange and interesting people" were just as admirable when Drummond and Magraw wrote their communications to the Government, making the community hideous and instigating a war crusade against them, as they were when Stansbury reported them to the nation as the most wonderful colony of modern times, wor- thy of acceptance into the Union as a model state. But, as observed, a change had come over the vision ; and the presence of the Mormon community, in 1857, had become as intolerable to the majority of the people of the United States as they had been to Missouri and Illinois. The spirit and temper which had pos- sessed those States which had driven the Mormons from their borders, now pos- sessed the whole of the United States. That little colony of religious exiles which had planted itself in the Valley of the Great Salt Lake in 1847, ^^^j lifting rev- erently the Stars and Stripes on foreign soil, claimed it for the nation in that na- tion's own august name, had grown by their wonderful emigrations into a hun- dred colonies; but for this very reason, of their marvelous growth and organism, the people of the States east and west desired to rid themselves of the Mormons altogether; and, if needs be, to drive them with guns and bayonets from Aineri- ican soil. Senators and Representatives saw clearly that if the Mormons were allowed to remain within the American domains, they must inevitably become a State of the Union, and in the end play, perhaps, a controling part in party pol- itics and the national destiny. This had been illustrated in Illinois, where they Iiad held the balance of power between the Democrats and the Whigs. Their colonies were now fast spreading over this western country ; they would settle territory which would come within the political boundaries of half a dozen States, in which they would cast their potent united vote; they would, by continued im- igrations and rapid increase of offspring by their polygamy, which had offspring for its aim, multiply into a million of United States citizens within the century, whose united political power would be really formidable. Such were the antici- pations and talk about Mormon Utah in those times in the newspapers of the H J STORY OF SALT LAKE CJJY. jjp country, as may be seen by consulting their files of 1855-6-7. The New York Herald in one of its leaders declared seriously, and with some admiration withal, that the Mqrmons held "the whip handle'" over the United States, P'illmore and Pierce had given it into the hands of Brigham Young. With Brigham, Governor, Utah was always right, and the Uiiited States always wrong. Such was the in- ference, and the reason clearly because such men as Brocchus, Ferris and Drum- mond were the representatives of the United States, as versus Brigham Young the Governor of Utah and President of the Mormon Church. And the New York ZTifnrA/ was verily right. It was just the difference in the officials who represented the United States versus Mormondom, and the governor who repre- sented the United States to the glory and political destiny of the Utah which he had founded. Let alone for another decade, and what would this man, Brigham Young, and his Utah amount to in our national affairs? — he as Governor, exercis- ing almost absolute authority in the name of the United States, in consequence of the potency of his own character, in consequence of the impotency of those sent against him to overbalance him, and in consequence of the constitutional rights of the people of Utah, as citizens of the United States, who earnestly and loyally supported his lawful and potent administration of Federal authority over the Territory; and, furthermore, in consequence of the fact that nearly all the other Federal officials, except the Mormon branch- first measured arms with the great Mormon Governor, and then deserted their posts, leaving the sole govern- ment of the Territory almost entirely in his hands. Invariably it was the anti- Mormon branch of the administration that commenced hostilities. They con- stituted themselves as missionaries delegated to put down Mormon rule in Utah, and this they did even when not a score of Gentiles were in the Territory, thus tantalizing the entire community and opposing the legitimate administration of the Governor. The opposing Judges were the most conspicuous, as also very potent, they usually forming a majority of the judicial branch of the Territorial administration antagonistic not only to Mormon rule, but to Mormon citizenship, as subsequent issues have shown. The Indian agents, on their part, though sub- ordinate to Governor Young as Superintendent of Indian Affairs, aimed to frus- trate his Indian policy, sought to stir up the Indians under his superintendency against him and the Mormons, spied upon his actions, and like spies made in- sidious and hostile reports against him as their chief, not only impeaching him, but recommending to the Government not to pay his accounts for expenditure in the Indian wars of the Territory, Every time this " irrepressible conflict " between Governor Young and the anti-Mormon branch was manifested to the Government and the nation, result- ing as it always did in the discomfiture and generally in the resignation of the antagonists of the Governor, the administration at Washington was both perplexed and provoked, and the country thrown into a state of excitement, and exasperated anger over Utah, and the Mormons. It was evident to the nation that this conflict and anomalous condition in the affairs of one of the Territories could not be per- mitted to continue another decade, and the demand for the removal of Brigham Young from the Governorship, and the appointment of a Gentile Governor in his place was very generally made by the country as the only solution to the Utah 140 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CLTl. difficulty. This President Franklin Pierce had sought to accomplish in the ap- pointment of Colonel Steptoe, at the expiration of Governor Young's first term ; but the declining and the petition which Steptoe and his officers headed, recom- mending the re appointment of Governor Young forced the action of the Presi- dent and Brigham into a second term of office. The re-appointment was prob- ably quite in accord with President Pierce's own mind, but he soon found that the sentiment of the country was decidedly against it, and that a Gentile Gov" ernor was in popular demand, and that too for the very purpose of putting down Mormondom. Indeed the expressive epithet " Mormondom'' was coined to fit the case, used first in the New York Herald and made to signify, in this connec- tion, that the Mormon Church should be tolerated with all other Churches, but that the " Mormon theocracy'" must be invaded and overthrown. This was first proposed to be accomplished by a Gentile Governor, supported by a new corps of Federal officers in accord with him, but later on as the irrepressible conflict grew, and the rage for an anti-Mormon crusade became general, the overthrow of politicial Mormondom was given to a United States army, sent to depose Brig- ham Young as a rebel Governor and to set another in his place. President Pierce was charged with a political mistake in the continuation of Brigham Young, from the exception taken to his act both by political friends and politicial enemies, but the administration of Pierce was drawing to a close and it did not choose to inaugurate any new measures, which seeming indif- ference on the part of the Government only stirred up the opponents of Brigham Young to greater exertions, and every measure was adopted to secure some decided action. President Pierce, in disgust over this dissatisfaction of political friends and political foes, declared that he would make no more appoint- ments for the Governorship of Utah as long as he held office, and thus Governor Young remained a colossus on his pedestal, on which anti-Mormon rage spent itself in vain, so far as disturbing the condition of affairs in Utah, but an action was worked up in the States against Utah and the Mormons scarcely less virulent in its animus than that which prevailed in the Republican party against slavery and the South. The rise of the Republican party into power lifted Utah into a political sit- uation, which while it gave her no political advantages, such as her admission as a State, exposed her to danger and left her open to the assault of her enemies. In the framing of its first platform the Republican party raised her to a kindred as- sociation with the South and, in every campaign where John C. Fremont was the standard bearer of the party, there could be read '^The abolishment of slavery and polygamy; the twin relies of Imrbarisni." Undoubtedly General Fremont had much to do with the sharpening of this politicial directness that associated Utah and the South in the "irrepressible conflict," which the Republican party was inspiring in the country for the over- throw of the Democratic party, and which struck Utah with a military expedition before it struck the South. And though it would fall short of Fremont's dignity and national reputation to class him with Drummond, or to charge him with malice towards Utah, yet it should not be forgotten that there had existed a re- HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 141 lation between him and the Mormons for many years, in which there was nascent much of the "irrepressible conflict" which he sought to infuse into the political contest of the nation against Mormon Utah. He was the son-in-law of Senator Thomas H. Benton, whom the Mormons at that time looked upon as the greatest political enemy they ever had, and there had been something of a rivalry between the Mormons and Fremont, relative to the possession of California. This had dated as far back as the lifetime of Josei,'h Smith, who, at the very moment when Fremont was designing the conquest of California with a volunteer army, had petitioned the President of the United States and Congress to allow him to occupy that Mexican province with a colony of a hundred thousand Mormons. Senator Douglass favored '^ General " Smith's project versus General Fremont's; and accompanied with Fremont's report on California, which had just been printed by the Senate, but not yet made public, the Senator from Illinois dis- patched his urgent advice to '' General " Smith to at once start for the possession of the Pacific coast with his Mormon colony. It was undoubtedly a knowledge of the Mormon Prophet's design to possess California by his colony, as preferred by Douglass to the somewhat filibustering character of his son-in-law's proposed ex- pedition, that so strongly set Benton against this Mormon colonization in the west, the wonderful success of which the simple relation of the historical fact is proving to be the real cause, not only of the Utah Expedition, but also of all the special legislation in Congress to this day against " Mormon Utah." This at the last effort was very strikingly illustrated by General Cullom in his affirmation to the Senate, substantially to the effect that, if the successful Mormon colonization of the west was not stopped by some radical measure of Congress, the Mormons would control half a dozen States in the west, and thus give the balance of power in the national politics against the Republican party, which at its birth made proclamation of war against Mormondom. Now it is just in this political vein that the historian finds the real cause and animus of the Utah Expedition, and of all the action and special legislation against Mormon Utah to this day, and not in the charges of Magraw and Drummond, nor even polygamy, though the former furnished excuse for the Expedition, as the other does protest for special legislation. In Missouri and Illinois, this political vein of the Mormon question was only locally defined. It was Senator Benton who first gave it a national significance, and now, upon the political banners of his son-in-law, it was proclaimed with mottoes classing Utah and polygamy with slavery and the South. This develop- ment of the history, gives interest and significance to a brief review of the case of Fremont and the Mormons, in the occupation of the Pacific Slope. Destiny led the Mormon pioneers to the valleys of Utah. Destiny went with the Mormon battalion to California in the expedition of General S. W. Kearney, whose instructions from the Secretary of War were to "conquer" Cali- fornia, and set up a provisonal military government there in the name of the United States. California, however, was won by Fremont and his volunteers, and the United States flag \Vas hoisted in the Bay of San Francisco by Commo- dore Stockton before the arrival of General Kearney. A battle or two, by the regular troops, under Kearney, completed the conquest. Had not the General 142 HJS TOR V OF SALT L AKE CI TV. been forestalled by Fremont, the Mormons would have been among his most re- liable soldiers in the conquest of that country. As it was, Kearney found the situation claimed by several rival governors. Fremont was the hero. Fremont was his great rival. The hero was in rebellion. He refused at first to resign' to the military chief the government of the conquered Province. He might have even won the position from the rightful Governor on the strength of his claims as conqueror, supported by his popularity; but at this crisis of affairs, Col. Phillip St. George Cooke arrived in California with his command — the Mormon bat- tallion. Their coming gave to Kearney the victory over his rival. He consulted with Colonel Cooke, who assured him that he could rely on his Mormon soldiers to a man. This decided the General. He resolved to force the issue and arrest his rival. This was consummated, and Fremont was carried to Washington for trial, j/fider a Mormoti guard. The famous case of Kearney and Fremont, forms quite a chapter of American history, but it is not so well known how conspicuous a part the Mormon soldiers played in the case. The political banners of Fremont as a candidate for the Presidential chair, with their motto, "The abolishment of slavery and polygamy; the twin relics of barbarism," are scarcely more significant than the foregoing review, touching the personal case of himself and the Mormons. After the rise of the Republican party, this poli'tical vein of the Mormon question grew so broad and rapidly in the political mind of the great parties, at this time struggling for the supremacy, that even Senator Douglass was over- whelmed with the necessity of taking up the conflict against the Mormons, whose united vote had sent him to the Senate, and towards whom, up to the present time, he had manifested not merely political gratitude, but even personal friendship. In politics, Senator Douglas and the Mormons were in perfect accord. His "squatter-sovereignty" was their political creed, and while they sought his in- fluence at the seat of Government, he found in them the living exponents of the sovereignty doctrine to which he devoted his life. Just here, his advice to the Mormon Prophet, as reported by Orson Hyde may be repeated with much his- torical pertinence : " We have this day [April 26] had a long conversation with Judge Douglass. He is ripe for Oregon and California. He said he would resign his seat in Con- gress, if he could command the force that Mr. Smith could, and would be on the march to that country in a month. ' In five years,' he said, ' a noble State niight be formed, and then if they would not receive us into the Union, we would have a government of our own.' " The Mormons had not gone to the extent of Senator Douglass' counsel. They had, indeed, built up what they considered a " noble State " of the Union and had repeatedly offered it to Congress for acceptance, which had been re- jected ; but they had not in consequence of this rejection "set up an indepen- dent government of their own," which fidelity to the nation doubtless Douglass approved seeing that the treaty had ceded this then Mexican Territory to the United States. There had been then no political change between Douglass and HJS TORY OF SALT LA KE CITY. j^j the Mormons. The case was simply that Douglass was at that time an aspirant for the Presidency of the United States, and this position he could only reach as the candidate of the State which had expelled the Mormons. In the spring of 1856 Senator Douglass delivered a great speech at Spring- field, Illinois. It was the announcement of his platform before the assembling of the conventions that were to nominate the successor of President Pierce. In that speech the senator characterized Mormonism as "the loathsome ulcer of the body politic" and recommended the free use of the scalpel as the only remedy in the hands of the nation. But there were those in the States, such as Thomas L. Kane, who had given Douglass' name to President Filmore as surety for Gov- ernor Young, and Mr. Fred. Hudson, the great manager at the time of the New York Herald, who viewed the speech of the Senator from Illinois in its true light. Hudson's confidant, an assistant, on Utah affairs, noticing this passage in American politics of himself, wrote : " My first impulse was to notice the speech, but a careful examination of it rendered the expediency of such a course very doubtful. There were so many 'ifs,' and so often 'should it be,' that it was at last concluded to leave it alone, for the senator might, after all, have said what he did from the necessity of sailing with the popular tide against the Mormons, while, at the same time, he might in the Senate demand evidence of the crimi- inality of the Mormons before any action was taken against them." . But the Mormon leaders were so incensed at the action of Douglass that it be- came impossible for him to prompt the Senate to an investigation of Utah affairs by a commission. An irreconcilable breach was made. The Dcseret News (un- doubtedly speaking with Governor Young's voice) replied to the speech, and the Illinois statesman was reminded of the time when he was " but a county judge," and when the Prophet Joseph told him that he would some day be an aspirant for the chair of Washington; that, if he continued the friend of the Mormons, he should live to be President of the United States; but if he ever lifted his finger or his voice against them, his plans should be frustrated and his hopes utterly dis- appointed. All this, the successor of the Mormon Prophet circumstantially re- lated to the senator in reply to his Springfield speech and closed in the name of the Lord, with the prediction that Douglass should fail, and never attain the goal of his ambition. The prediction of the Mormon Prophet in his conversation with Douglass is singularly authentic and was published years before the Illinois Senator recom- mended the Government to "cut the loathsome ulcer out," which recommenda- tion makes the stoiy pertinent here as referring to Utah and the causes of the Buchanan expedition. The Democratic convention meet in Cincinnati soon after the speech, and Senator Douglas was a candidate for the Presidency of the United States: Bu- chanan was nominated and Douglass defeated. But neither the defeat of Douglass nor the triumph of Buchanan changed the "manifest destiny" that so singularly made Utah the political scapegoat of the times. She was declared to be the sister of the South, with a common fate, but the South had not yet chosen to recognize her. During that campaign, in the fall of 1856, Republicans carried the banner hostile to polygamy, and Democrats 142 HIS TOR Y OF SALT LA KE CITY. made speeches against the same institution. The only difference was, that the Republicans saw more clearly, or sensed more instinctively than the Democrats, that the Mormons and the Democrats had a common cause and a common fate. In fine the political action in the country in the fall of 1856 left the Mormons no friends in any of the States and it was this very fact and not their right doings nor their wrong doings, in Utah that determined the Government to send the expedition. On the 4ih of March, 1857, Mr. Buchanan was inaugurated President of the United States, and he and his cabinet, like Douglas, was soon overwhelmed with the popular wave that rose at that time, to lash to fury in vain upon the Rocky Mountain Zion ; but which, astonishingly to be told, immediately thereafter swept over the South and baptized the United States in the blood of civil war. CHAPTER XVI. REVIEW OF JUDGE DRUMMOND'S COURSE IN UTAH. HE ASSAULTS THE PRO- BATE COURTS AND DENOUNCES THE UTAH LEGISLATURE AT THE CAPI- TOL. JUDGE SNOW'S REVIEW OF THE COURTS OF THE TERRITORY. HIS LETTER TO THE COMPTROLLER OF THE TREASURY. JUDGE DRUMMOND LEAVES UTAH AND COMMENCES HIS CRUSADE. THE CONSPIRACY TO^ WORK UP THE "UTAH WAR." THE CONTRACTORS. CHARGES OF INDIAN AGENT TWISS. POSTAL SERVICE. CONTRACT AWARDED TO MR. HYRUM KIMBALL. GOVERNOR YOUNG ORGANIZES AN EXPRESS AND CARRYING COMPANY. NEW POSTAL SERVICE. WAR AGAINST UTAH. POSI'OFFICE DEPARTMENT REPUDIATES ITS CONTRACT. "TROOPS ARE ON THE WAY TO INVADE ZION! " Thus it appears in reviewing the i)olitical history of 1856, that the compli- cations of the nation herself, tending towards the great war conflict between the North and the South, drew Utah into the vortex, almost without any action of her own, whether good or bad; but no military expedition could be sent against her without circumstantial causes. The charges of Drummond and Magraw were considered to be sufificieni, which fact makes a review of themselves and their action in Utah affairs necessary to the development of the history of a crusade that cost the nation fifty millions of money, and, for awhile, threatened these valleys with desolation. The following passage from a letter of a member of the Utah Legislature, Samuel W. Richards, to his brother in England, dated Fillmore City, December 7th, 1855, gives a very suggestive opening to Judge Drummond's administration in this Territory: HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 145 "You have, no doubt, heard of the appointment and arrival of Judge Drum- mond in this Territory. He has lately been holding court in this place, which has given him an opportunity to show himself. * * * jj[g h^s brass to declare, in open court, that the Utah laws are founded in ignorance, and has attempted to set some of the most important ones aside. This being the highest compliment he has to pay to Utah legislators, we shall all endeavor to appreciate it, and he, no doubt from his great ability to judge the merits of law, will be able to appreciate the merits of a return compliment some day. His course and policy so far seem to be to raise a row if possible, and make himself notorious. " In speaking of Judge Drummond, I might have named the fact that he compliments a Mormon jury by taking his wife on to the judgment-seat with him, which she occupies almost constantly. There was one case, however, of such a character that she did not appear." In a letter of a later date (January 5th, 1856,) the same correspondent wrote. " Some little excitement prevails in town to-day. An affair took place be- tween Judge Drummond and a Jew trader here, which was rather amusing at the time, but may be something more th.a.n/im for the Judge before he gets through with it. A grand jury is meeting this evening, which will bring in an indictment against the Judge and his negro, Cato, for assault and battery with intent to mur- der; and he will be arrested and brought before the probate court on Monday morning next, a 9 o'ctock, just at the time he should answer to his name in the supreme court, which sits at that hour. * * * " He has virtually ruled our probate courts out of power in his decisions, but we will now know whether probate courts can act or not, especially in his case. >i; * * "Judges Kinney and Stiles, Babbitt, Blair, and nearly all the lawyers in the Territory, United States' Marshal, etc., are expected in here to-morrow, as the supreme court opens on Monday. There is only one case that I am aware of to come up before that court, and that of not much account. * * Evening. "The party alluded to just above have arrived. A. W. Babbitt comes in a prisoner. He has been arrested by order of Judge Drummond, on the suppo- sition that he was concerned in the escape of Carlos Murray, who was brought here a prisoner some time since, but is not here now. There is quite an excite- ment in town about matters and things. I wish this letter was to go one week later, so as to give you the result of the present commotion, which will probably decide the jurisdiction of our probate courts." The case of the "wife" was a greater outrage both to the government and the community than this indignant member of the Legislature knew at the time. Associate Justice Drummond had brought with him to the Territory a " lady companion," while his wife and family were left in Illinois. After the notice of his arrival had been published in the Deseret Nezvs, some of the relatives of Mrs. 5 146 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Drummond paid a visit to the judge's "companion," and, unfortunately for the honor of the bench, the "lady" from St. Louis did not arswer to the descrip- tion of the wife in Oquawkee. The discovery was noised abroad, yet so shame- less was the conduct of this judge and his paramour that she tiaveled with him wherever he held court, and on some occasions sat beside him on the bench. "Plurality of wives," comments Stenhouse, "was to the Mormons a part of their religion openly acknowledged to all the world. Drummond's jjlurality was the outrage of a respectable wife of excellent reputation for the indulgence of a common prostitute, and the whole of his conduct was a gross insult to the Gov- ernment which he represented, and the people among whom he was sent to admin- ister law. For any contempt the Mormons exhibited towards such a man, there is no need of apology." Here is exhibited the very onset of the corflict, relative to the jurisdiction of the probate courts in this Territory, and the existence and business of a Terri- torial marshal, a conflict that continued to the days of Chief Justice McKean ; but it is clear from the record that, whether the Utah Legislature made its laws in ignorance or not, it had shown no intent to subvert the federal rule, or to set aside United States Courts to give the jurisdiction to the probate courts; yet this is the very charge made against Governor Young and the Utah Legislature — namely, that they did both with intent and treason so set aside federal rule, substituting, an ecclesiastical rule under the guise of probate courts. "With regard to the affairs and proceeding of the probate court, (wrote Magraw to the President) the only existing tribunal in the Territory of Utah, there being but one of the three federal judges now in the Territory, I will refer you to its records, and to the evidence of gentlemen whose assertions cannot be questioned," while the asso- ciate justice wrote, "The judiciary is only treated as a farce. * * j^ is noonday madness and folly to attempt to administer the law in that Territory. The officers are insulted, harrassed and murdered for doing their duty, and not recognizing Brigham Young as the only lawgiver and lawmaker upon earth." In the reverse of this the foregoing notes, from one of the legislators to his brother, show us a judge, who was sent to execute the laws of the Territory, rudely assaulting the lawmaking department and ruling out of power the probate courts, which it had endowed with a jurisdiction necessary to the commonwealth under peculiar circumstances. This conflict thus begun by Judge Drummond, in 1855-6, against the Territorial commonwealth, falsely interpreted to Buchanan's administration, is rendered in General Scott's instructions as "state of substan- tial rebellion against the laws and authority of the United States." The burden of the subject resting then, at this point with the jurisdiction of our probate courts, and the Territorial business generally^ it is needful that we enlarge the review of previous chapters relative to the reasons of the superior jurisdiction given to those courts, and the creation of the offices of Territorial Marshal, Attorney General and District Attorney. The reason in fine was the desertion of the Chief Justice and one of his associates, accompanied by the Sec- I'etary of the Territory and Indian Agent, carrying away all the government funds. It is not necessary to again review their conduct, or to reaffirm the jus- tification of Governor Young and the Mormon community, but simply to repeat HIS lORY OF SAL T LAKE CIl K 147 the connecting cause of the powers which the legislature conferred upon the pro- b.ite courts and the creation of the Territorial officers. Associate Justice Snow was not set aside by the Legislature, but an enabling act was passed authorizing liim to hoid United States Courts in all the districts; at the same time jurisdic- tion was given to the probate courts in civil and criminal affairs in the interest of ihe commonwealth, lest it should be left altogether unable to administer in the departments of justice, which would have been the case at that moment had Associate Justice Snow died or left the Territory. Mr. M igraw himself uninten- tionally illustrated this point, when he told the President that the probate court was the only existing tribunal in Utah, "there being but one of the three federal judges now in the Territory." This was the exact case at the onsei when the probate court was created. Already extracts have been made from the correspondence between Judge Snow and the Hon. Elisha Whittlesey, who drew a strong line of demarcation between United States and Territorial business, making it absolutely necessary for the Territory to assume the responsibility and cost of its own business. This, however, the legislature did against its own judgment, holding that the Territorial District Courts were really United States Courts. Judge Snow, con- tinuing the correspondence, discussing the subject with the comptroller of the treasury in behalf of his court and the legislature, said in his letter of February 8, 1853: " To enable you to fully understand the present situation of things, before proceeding further, I will inform you that the Legislative Assembly passed an act, approved October 4th, 185 1, authorizing and requiring me, for a limited time, to hold all the courts in the Territory, but said nothing about jurisdiction, appellate or original. (See Utah Laws, p. 37.) "February 4, 1852, another act was approved, giving jurisdiction to the dis- trict courts in all cases, civil and criminal, also in chancery. (See ib., p. '^%, sec. 2.) The same law gave jurisdiction to the probate courts, civil and criminal, also in chancery. (See ib.^ p. 43, sec. 36.) An act was approved March 3d, 1852, providing for the appointment of a Territorial Marshal, Attorney General and District Attorneys, to attend to legal business in the district courts when the Ter- ritory should be interested. (See ib., pp. 56, 57.) " I do not intend to be understood as expressing any opinion in relation to the legality of these several enactments, but I only mention them to enable you to understand the present views of the Legislative Assembly, as expressed in a report to which I shall soon refer. This report was called out by reason of the non-pay- ment of these costs. I having referred the claimants to the Legislative Assembly, they procured my certificate of their correctness and petitioned for payment. The petition was referred to a committee on claims, and, to enable that committee to understand the subject, the Council passed a resolution, requesting me to inform them of the amount of costs of holding the courts for the past year, distinguish- ing those which in my opinion should be paid by the general government from those payable by the Territory. "With this request I complied, and gave che reasons of my opinion, acting 148 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. on the principle that the reasons of an opinion are often of far more vahie than the opinion itself. In so doing I laid before them my correspondence with you, and referred to such of the laws of the United States as in my opinion had a bear- ing on the subject, and to the enactments. I also went minutely into the usual officers of the courts and expenses attendant upon them, and showed how these officers and courts are usually paid, in both civil and criminal cases, together with the payment of the incidental expenses, making my answer quite lengthy, too much so for insertion in this communication. " This committee reported adversely to payment by the Territory, but upon what principle I have not been informed. The subject was then referred to a ju" diciary committee, composed of some of the best members of the council. This committee reported adversely to payment by the Territory, and gave their reasons. This report was adopted, therefore I proceed to notice the positions taken by them. "They commence with what they call the equity of the principle involved in the question presented, saying that nearly all the costs of courts here have accrued by reason of emigration passing through here to California and Oregon, and that justice requires the United States to pay such expenses. " My experience in the courts thus far justifies the firm belief that the facts here assumed are correctly stated. See my concluding remark in my letter of July TO. But with this equitable consideration, I am unable to see what I have to do, though I can see its bearing when addressed to the political branches of the gov- ernment by whom and to whom that matter was then addressed. "They further take the position that the United States and the Territory of Utah respectively must sustain and bear the expenses, direct and incidental, of the officers and offices of its own creation, that the supreme and district courts were created, not by a law of Utah, but by a law of the United States; and as such, by the Organic Act, they have jurisdiction, civil and criminal, in all cases not arising out of the constitution and laws of the United States, unless such jur- isdiction should be limited by a law of the Territory; that congress, by extend- ing the constitution and laws of the United States over the Territory, and creating courts and appointing officers to execute these laws, had done what was her riglU and duty to do, but, as she had seen fit to go further and give jurisdic- tion to her courts and require her officers to execute the laws of the Territory, it had become her duty to sustain these courts and officers, and bear their expenses; that the Territorial Legislature, by giving jurisdiction to these courts and divid- ing the Territory into districts, had done nothing but discharge a duty which Congress had required at their hands, but this did not require them to bear any part of the expenses; that these courts took jurisdiction in all cases, not by virtue of the Territorial laws, but by a law of Congress; that the Territories, by their Organic Acts, are not independent governments within the meaning of the term that all just powers emanate from the government, but are subordinate, de- dependent branches of government ; that Congress did not intend to give any court jurisdiction in civil and criminal cases at common law and in chancery, but the supreme and district courts, and, as she had reserved the right to nullify any act of the Legislative Assembly, she could enforce obedience to her mandates; that, with such a state of things, it is contrary to every principle of justice and HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CI2Y. 149 sound legislation to require so dependent a branch of government to bear any part of the expenses of enforcing the laws; that the officers, having chlirge of that branch of public service, ought not to so construe the acts of Congress as to produce such results, so long as the long as the laws will admit of a construction consistent with justice and sound legislation ; that, in their opinion, the acts of Congress did not require such a construction, but on the contrary they strongly indicated, if they did not require, the construction contended for by them ; and that the same principle which would require such dependencies to pay a part (of the expenses) would require them to pay the whole, and with that construction Congress might, at the expense of the Territories, impose upon them any embod- iment of officers she, in her discretion, might see fit to send, which never could have been intended by the framers of the constitution. " This report concludes by recommending that these costs be referred to me, with the opinion of the council that they are payable out or the annual appro- priations made by Congress for defraying the expenses of the circuit and district courts of the United States, and by recommending that the laws of Utah be so amended as to take away the jurisdiction of the probate courts at common law, civil and criminal, and in chancery, and abolish the offices of territorial marshal, attorney-general, and district attorneys, so that the United States, by her judges, attorneys and marshals may execute the laws of the Territory. But, as this re- port was not made until a late day in the session, the laws were -not so amended. Should the next Legislative Assembly in these matters concur with this, the laws above referred to will either be repealed or modified." It will be seen by this report of the committee that the Utah Legislature, as early as 1852-3, desired to do what, after twenty years of conflict, was accom. plished, — namely, to limit the jurisdiction of the probate court and to abolish those Territorial officers which had been created from necessity, '-'so that the United States, by her judges, attorneys and marshals may execute the laws of the Territory." It appears, then, from this review made by Associate Justice Snow, long before the date of the Utah Expedition that the conflict which arose in the courts of Judges Drummond and Stiles, furnishing the most direct cause of said expedi- tion, was not in consequence of the Legislature desiring to limit the legitimate rule of the federal officers, much less to put the Territory in the attitude of re- bellion, but rather that Drmmond and others sought the conflict with the very design so soon afterwards expressed in the Utah war. Such, at least, was the opinion of the Mormon people. In the Spring of 1857, Associate Justice Drummond went to Carson Valley ostensibly to hold court, instead of which he immediately left Carson for Cali- fornia to commence his crusade. As soon as he reached the Pacific Coast he made a fierce attack upon the Mormons in the papers of San Francisco. He next from New Orleans April 2, 1S57, dispatched his resignation to the Govern- ment that it might reach Washington before the executive session adjourned. His exposure — much of it false and much of it exaggerated — added to the affidavit of Judge Stiles who was then in Washington, arroused Congress to demand im- mediate action. ISO HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Meantime, while this war crusade was being worked up against Utah, she was making extraordinary efforts to bring herself into closer relations with the Eastern States, and a broader intercourse with the world generally. As already seen, early in the year 1S56, she had made a grand demonstration for admission into the Union, and now the close of the year saw her undertaking a great en- terprise to aid the Government in its postal service, enlarge her own commerce, and establish a line of settlements between Great Salt Like City and the Eastern frontiers. One of the citizens of Utah, Mr. Hiram Kimball, had obtained the contract from the Post Office Department for the transportation of the United States mails across the plains between Independence, Missouri, and this city. Hitherto the postal service with Utah had been very unsatisfactory, the contracts being exceedingly low, which gave the contractors, who were only commercially interested in Utah, nothing of the citizen's impulse and ambition to ])erfect the mail service. Feramorz Little, indeed, as a sub-contractor, had on former occa- sions made exceedingly short time, but up to the letting of the contract to Mr. Hiram Kimball, the enterprising men of Salt Lake City, whose commercial facilities would be greatly enhanced by the organization of a grand carrying com- pany, had found no opportunity for such a design. The contract of Mr. Hiram Kimball amounted to only $23,600 for the mail service, but Governor Young saw in it the foundation of a gigantic express company, such as only he could possibly organize, having at his back an entire community wno was so vitally concerned ■in the enterprise. Locked out by deep snows on the mountains from nearly all intercourse with the Eastern States during the terrible winter of 1856, and almost as destitute of news from the Pacific, the Mormons had little idea of the stir which Utah had created everywhere throughout the Union since the former contractor, Magraw, had written his letter to the President of the United States, dated Independence, Missouri, October 3, 1856, since which time, they had received no mail; much less did they know of the inception of the "contractors' war," as in the sequel the Utah Expedition was very generally considered to be. Taking up the mail contract of the Government in good faith, and with 'that executive promptness and confidence in his recources which were so charac- teristic of the man, Governor Young bent all his energies to organize the "B. Y. Express." He gathered around him the most intrepid men of the mountains, urged the brethren who had stock to join in the enterprise, and suceeded in con- trolling all that was necessary to make such a gigantic company as that which he designed successful. There were many companies organized with outfitting teams, tools, farming utensils, etc., to form settlements over the entire line, though at that date there were only a few mountaineers living between Salt Lake City and the terminal point. The winter snows of 1856-7 had tarried long on the mountains and the plains, and this rendered the stocking of the road and the building of stations over the long distance of 1,200 miles a very severe task. But there was every incentive to more than ordinary diligence. The Government had never exhib- ited much favor to any Mormon citizen. The acting postmaster at that time, Judge Elias Smith, was only a deputy of the gentile postmaster, Mr. William HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. '51 Bell. Any delay now in commencing the new mail contract might be seized as a pretext for repudiating the new contractor, which really turned out to be the case when the expedition made it convenient for the Government to find such a pretext. With this fully impressed upon their minds, the most daring and hardy of the mountaineers were called by Governor Young to assist, and in an incredi- bly short space of time, and in the midst of very severe weather, stations were built and relays of horses and mules were strung all the way along the traveled route, from the mountains to the Missouri river. There was a fair prospect that the "B. Y. Express Carrying Company" would soon grow into the vast enter- prise as dvTsigned, conveying all the merchandise and mails from the East and placing Utah, by means of express messengers, in daily intercourse with the rest of the world, a decade before that desired end was accomplished by the railroad. But this very enterprise, undertaken in the service of the Government, having for its aim also the general good and commercial advancement of this western country, and for the safety of the emigrations, which were fast peopling these young States and Territories, was construed against the Mormons as one of the causes which gave rise to the Utah Expedition. This will be exemplified in document, No. 33, furnished to the House from the Indian Department. " Indian Agency of the Upper Platte, On Raw Hide Creek,- July 15, 1857. "Sir: In a communication addressed to the Indian Office, dated April last, I called the attention of the department to the settlements being made- within the boundaries of this agency by the ' Mormon Church,' clearly in viola- tion of law, although the pretext or pretence under which these settlements are made is under the cover of a contract of the Mormon Church to carry the mail from Independence, Missouri, to Great Salt Lake City. "On the 25th May, a large Mormon colony took possession of the valley of Deer Creek, one hundred miles west of Fort Laramie, and drove away a band of Sioux Indians whom I had settled there in April, and had induced them to plant corn. "I left that Indian band on the 23d May, to attend to matters connected with the Cheyenne band, in the lower part of the agency. "I have information from a reliable source that these Mormons are about three hundred in number, have plowed and planted two hundred acres of prairie, and are building houses sufficient for the accommodation of five hundred persons, and have a large herd of cattle, horses and mules. "I am persuaded that the Mormon Church intend, by this plan thus partially developed, to monopolize all of the trade with the Indians and whites within, or passing through, the Indian country. " I respectfully and earnestly call the attention of the department to this in- vasion, and enter my protest against this occupation of the Indian country, in force, and the forcible ejection ol the Indians from the place where I had settled them. "I am powerless to control this matter, for the Mormons obey no laws en- acted by Congress. I would respectfully request that the President will be 1^2 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. pleased to issue such order as, in his wisdom and judgment, may seem best in order to correct the evil complained of. " Very respectfully, your obedient servant, THOS. S. TWISS, Indian Agent, Upper Platte. '■^Hon.J. W. Denver, Cotnmissioner of Indian Affairs. ' ' The date of the communication referred to, (of April, 1857), is prior to the circular of General Scott, and cotemi)orary with the letter of Judge Drum- mond to the Attorney General, which was dated April 2d, 1857, enclosing his resignation dated March 30th; 1857. These three letters quoted — from the con- tractor, Magraw, Associate Justice Drummond, and Indian Agent Twiss — are the very documents which, both in subject and date, bore most directly upon the " information which gave rise to the military expedition ordered to Utah Terri- tory, * * * throwing light upon the question as to how far said Brigham Young and his followers are in a state of rebellion or resistance to the government of the United States." Moreover, in most of the documents fur- nished to the House, excepting those from the War Department, of date subse- quent to the determination of the Expedition, there is seen not only a marked, and almost serial connection with the three documents in example, but the evidence of a decided conspiracy; that is to say, those documents were con- cocted both with malice and intent to bring on the "Utah War," by leading the Government astray with false information that " Brigham Young and his follow- ers" were " in a state of rebellion or resistance to the government of the United States." It will be noticeable, that two of the six " Gentiles of Great Salt Lake City," to whom Judge Drummond refers the Attorney General " for proof of the manner in which they have been insulted and abused by leading Mormons for two years past," are Garland Hurt, Indian Agent, and John M. Hockaday, mer- chant and mail contractor. There was no call for proof from the Chief Justice, John F. Kinney, then in the east, nor from such Gentile merchants as Livingston and Bell, the latter of whom was also the postmaster of Great Salt Lake City, nor from William H. Hooper, who in that period must be considered as a Gen- tile merchant rather than as a Mormon. Now, the pertinency of this mail business in the historical exposition of causes which led to the Utah war will ai)pear at the very naming of the fact that Hockaday and Magraw were the former contractors to carry the mail l)etvveen Independence, Missouri, and Great Salt Lake City. Notice at this point a remarkable connection of causes suggestive of con- spiracy, when laid side by side with subsequent events, and the acts of the prin- cipal factors who gave to the Government the information that led to the sending of the Expedition to put down a rebellion, which had no existence in fact or intent, so far as the citizens of Utah were concerned. In the fall of 1856, Hockaday and Magraw lost the mail contract, which, as noticed, was awarded to Mr. Hiram Kimball, a citizen of Utah. This award was not as any favor from the department, which, there is every reason to believe, HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 153 preferred the former contractors, but in compliance with the rule, requiring the lowest responsible bid. The mail service for Utah was now in the hands of the community so vitally concerned in its success, rather than in the mere emolu- ments of the contract ; and Governor Young, in the interest of the commerce of the Territory, and of their emigrations, as well as for the quick and reliable postal intercourse with the Eastern States, had already designed the gigantic " B. Y. Express Carrying Company." Doubtless the former contractor, one of whom, Mr. Hockaday, was a resident merchant of Salt Lake City, knew of the concep- tion of such a design of Governor Young, some time before the new contract was awarded, seeing the contract was sought for that very purpose. The gieat Mormon colonizer and city founder, had already proclaimed his intention of establishing a line of settlements from Great Salt Lake City to Carson Valley, and a line of intercourse east to the Missouri River; and it was quite certain that, on this eastern line, a chain of settlements would spring up out of the Mor- mon emigrations, as soon as permitted by the Government in its treaties for In- dian lands. This example was given by the Mormons in their exodus, when they established "stakes of Zion " on the route to the Mountains — laid the founda- tions indeed of what have since become our great frontier cities. No sooner did the Indian agent, Thomas S. Twiss, see the establishment of the mail stations, by the " Y. X. Company," than he predicted to the Government, the Mormon con- trol of the trade of the plains, and urged hostilities to prevent this colonization of the eastern line, exaggerating a mail station into a settlement of five hundred, and charging the Mormons with driving off the Indians and unlawfully settling on their lands. The contractor, W. M. F, Magraw, on the side of his personal interest, seems to have been in full understanding and perfect accord with Indian Agent Twiss; and immediately upon the award of the contract to Mr. Hiram Kimball, upon which was to be based the operation of the " B. Y. Express and Carrying Company," he wrote to the President of the United States, addressing him ''as a personal and political friend," to lay before him " some information relative to the present political and social condition of the Territory of Utah, ' ' in which ' 'there is left no protection for life or property," but a condition of things, which, (to follow the contractor's words) "will, when published, startle the conservative people of the States, and create a clamor which will not be readily quelled; and I have no doubt that the time is near at hand, and the elements rapidly combin- ing to bring about a state of affairs which will result in indiscriminate bloodshed, robbery and rapine, and which, in a brief space of time will reduce that country to a condition of a howling wilderness." Very suggestive is this prediction of the contractor Magraw, in view of the fact that it was afterwards nearly fulfilled. It was the prospect of the ensuing two years — a prospect, moreover, which was known in the States, and even in Europe, quite six months before it was known to the people of Utah — which reasonably suggests that it was an anticipation not of prescient sagacity, but of a direct conspiracy to accomplish that foreshadowed in Magraw's letter, presented by Secretary Cass as the first link of the imformation which gave rise to the Utah Expedition. And the prediction is the more striking the closer it is viewed, and J 54 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. the nearer the altar is approached upon which the sacrifice to be offered up was laid. The Mormon community is the sacrifice seen upon the altar, just as it had been in Missouri and Illinois, — a sacrifice which, when it was revealed in the actual offermg to the gaze of the good wife of Governor Cummings, caused that lady to weep, and in anguish to impiore her noble-hearted husband to use his in- fluence with the Government to save the devoted people. It was the "country" which the Mormons had changed from " the desert to the fruitful field," and made it "blossom as the rose," that in "a brief space of time" was to be re- duced " to a condition of a howling wilderness," which, when General Johnston and his army were brought face to face with the prospect, as they rode through the deserted city of the Great Salt Lake, appalled even those familiar with the desolations of war. The prediction of this mail contractor, then, has a deep significance in the history, especially when coupled with his statement to the President, to the effect that there was about to be " published" charges against the Mormon community which would "startle the conservative people of the States, and create a clamor which will not be readily quelled." This was fulfilled to the letter, when a few months later Judge Drummond fulminated his monstrous charges, both in Cali- fornia and the Eastern States, and aroused a fury in the nation to "wipe " the Mormon community out. But there is another part of the narrative to be yet told, relative to the mail service and the contracts in question, that ramifies itself in every branch of the history, from the date of Mr. Magraw's letter to the President, to the time of the repudiation of the Kimball contract by the General Post Ofifice Department, and the arrival of the news in Utah that an army was on the way. The major thread of this subject shall be left to the hereafter review, in the next message of the Governor Young to the Legislature, so ponderous and important is the matter ; but a it'H minor threads is here necessary for the completeness of the historic story. The failure of the contractor Magraw to bring the last mails, which kept Utah and "the world" so long without news of each other, made it necessary for the postmaster of Great Salt Lake City, to make a special contract to carry the mail east to the terminal point. Independence, Missouri. Feramorz Little was entrusted with the contract, and he and Ephraim K. Hanks left Great Salt Lake City with the mail, December ii, 1856. Beyond the Devil's Gate on the way they met the former contractor's outfit — Mr. Magraw and company. They were bringing their last mail through and picking up their stock. Having tarried so long, however, this contractor and his company failed to come through, in con- sequence of the deep snows in the mountains^ and they returned to the Platte River Bridge and wintered. The important item will by and by appear in Gov- ernor Young's message, that the official letter of the award of the new contract to Mr. Hiram Kimball wintered with them, in the pocket of one of the con- tractor's agents, which circumstance had a sequel not greatly to the honor of the post office department, in its repudiation of Mr. Kimball's contract, on the pre- text of the service not being commenced by him in the stipulated time. Mr. Little with the special mail arrived at Independence, Missouri on the HIS TOR V OF SAL T LAKE CIl K y-jj- 27th of February, 1857, after a very severe trip. He forthwith proceeded to Washington to collect his money for taking the mail down, which having accom- plished, he went to New York. The charges of Judge Drummond were just at that moment published in the Eastern papers, creating a great excitement. The following letter to the public from Mr. Little was called forth in answer: ''Merchant's Hotel, N. Y., April 15, 1857. ''Editor If e raid. "Sir: As myself and Mr. E. K. Hanks are the last persons who have come to the States from Great Salt Lake City, I deem it my duty to bear testimony against the lying scribblers who seem to be doing their utmost to stir up a bad feeling against the Utonians. We left our homes on the nth of De- cember, brought the last mail to the States, and certainly should know of the state of things there. The charges of Judge Drummond are as false as he is cor- rupt. Before I left for the States, I was five days every week in Great Salt Lake City, and I witness to all the world thit I never heard one word of the burning of nine hundred volumes of law, records, etc., nor anything of that character, nor do I know, or ever heard of anything of the dumb boy story he talks of. "There is only one house between my house and the Penitentiary, said to contain "five or six young men from Missouri and Iowa," and I do know that up to the day I left, there were only in that place of confinement' three Indians, who were convicted at the time of Colonel Steptoe's sojourn there, for havino- taken part in the massacre of Captain Gunnison and party, which Drummond now charges upon the Mormons, even though Colonel Steptoe and the United States' officers then in Utah investigated the affair thoroughly and secured the conviction of the three Indians alluded to. This is an unblushing falsehood, that none but a man like Drummond could pen. " The treasonable acts alleged against the Mormons in Utah are false from beginning to end. At Fort Kearney we learned all about the murder of Colonel Babbitt, and do know that that charge against the Mormons is but another of Drummond's creations. "I have but a short time at my disposal for writing, but must say, that I am astoni'^hed to find in the States, rumors againt Utah. We left our homes in peace, dreaming of no evil, and we come here and learn that we are the most corrupt of men, and are preparing for war. "Yours, etc., FERAMORZ LITTLE." At New York, Mr. Little learned from Mr. James Monroe Livingston, one of the firm of Livingston and Kinkead, of Great Salt Lake City, that the " Y. X." company for carrying the mails had been started, and that he, Mr. Little, was expected to take charge of the returning mails. He immediately hastened to Independence, Missouri, where he found the agents who had come down from the mountains with the Utah mails. There was at Independence a large accum- ulation of mail matter, amounting to several tons. The men in charge fitted up two or three wagons, and Mr. John R. Murdock, with the latest mail selected, started home on the ist of May, while Mr. Little remained to get up the June 156 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. mail, and on the ist of June, he started himself with three wagon loads ot postal matter. While at Independence, gathering up the mails, Mr. Little had much inter- course with the numerous contractors at that point, who were waiting the con- tracts for the Utah Expedition, with which, though not yet announced officially from the War Department, they were well posted in the design. The Mormon mail agent at first could not believe it possible that the Government was about to send an army against Utah for being in a state of rebellion which, he assured them was not the case, while they in turn assured him that such an expedition was projected and certain. What a suggestion of '■'■the Contractor s ■war'" ! A short distance from Fort Laramie, Mr. Little met Abraham O. Smoot, Esq., the then Mayor of Great Salt Lake City, in charge of the June mail going east. Of his trip Mayor Smoot furnishes us the following : " On the 2d of June, 1857, I left Salt Lake City in company with a young man from the Thirteenth Ward, by the name of Ensign, (whose father still re- sides in that ward), in charge of the last mail going east by the Y. Express. "We met between Fort Laramie and Kearney, some two or three hundred United States troops, who said they were reconnoitering the country in search of hostile Indians, who at that time were very troublesome on the plains. The offi- cer in command (whose name has gone from me) treated us very kindly, and proposed to furnish us an escort as far east as Fort Kearney, I thanked him for his kind consideration in offering the escort, but told him I feared his escort would not be able to keep up with me, as I proposed to drive about sixty miles a day, until I reached Fort Kearney, and at that speed I thought there would be little, if any, danger of the Indians overtaking us. "About one hundred miles west of Independence we began to meet heavy freight teams. The captains and teamsters all seemed to be very reticient in re- lation to giving their destination, and all I was able to learn from them was that they had Government freight, and were bound for some western post, and the trains belonged to William H. Russell. " In less than two days from that time I reached Kansas City, twelve miles west of Independence, where I met Nicholas Groesbeck who had charge of the Y. X. Company at that end of the route. In company with him we immediately proceeded to the office of William H. Russsell, and there learned that the desti- nation of his freight trains was Salt Lake City, with supplies for Government troops who would soon follow, I also learned from William H. Russell of the appointment of Governor Gumming and other Federal officers that came out with the United States troops that year. "The next morning Mr. Groesbeck sent the mail into Independence and I remaine.d in Kansas City to learn more of the movements of the Government, if possible. "The mail we took down was received by the postmaster and he informed the carrier that he had received instructions from the Government to deliver no more mail for Salt Lake City at present. That denial implied that we had no more use for our stock and mail stations on the route 3 so, in consultation with Bro. N. Groesbeck and others, we con- HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. i^y eluded to move our stock and station outfits homeward. Myself and Judson Stoddard were given the responsibility, and two or three other young men (Bro. Ensign being one) were detailed to assist us. " We moved slowly gathering everything as we went, until we reached South Platte about 120 miles east of Fort Laramie where we met Porter Rockwell with the July mail from Salt Lake City, he proceeded no further east but returned with us to Fort Laramie, 513 miles east of Salt Lake, arriving there on the 17th of July. " On the i8th Bio. O. P. Rockwell and myself, believing that we had passed all danger of Indian troubles, concluded to leave the stock in the care of Bro. J. Stoddard and others to bring in at their leisure and we would make our way home by the 24th of July, the tenth anniversary of the arrival of the Pioneers in Salt Lake Valley. This arrangement did not meet with the approval of Bro. Stoddard against which he strongly protested but without effect, so he finally accepted the alternative of leaving his stock (some eight or ten which were his personal property) with his trusty hired men and accompany us to the Salt Lake Valley. *' We hitched up two span of our best animals to a small, spring wagon and left Fort Laramie on the evening of the i8th of July, and reached Salt Lake City on the evening of the 23rd of July, making the 513 miles in five days and three hours. Yours respectfully, A. O. SMOOT. Provo City, Utah, February 14th, 1884.'' CHAPTER XVIL THE PIONEER JUBILEE. CELEBRATION OF THEIR TENTH ANNIVERSARY. ARRIVAL OF MESSENGERS WITH THE NEWS OF THE COMING OF AN INVADING army: THE DAY OF JUBILEE CHANGED TO A DAY OF INDE- PENDENCE. CAPTAIN VAN VLIET AND THE MORMON PEOPLE, The people were celebrating the twenty-fourth of July — the anniversary of the pioneers — in Big Cottonwood Canyon, when the news reached them of the coming of the troops to invade their homes. They had conquered the desert. Cities were fast springing up in the soli- tary places, where cities had never been planted before, and in valleys that had once been the bed of the great sea; civilization was spreading, A plentiful harvest was promised that year, and every circumstance of their situation seemed favorable, except the lack of postal communication with the yj.i' HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. East. Their isolation, in this particular, had kept them in ignorance, up to that time, of the movements of the Government concerning them. On the 22d of July, 1857, numerous teams were seen wending their way, by different routes, to the mouth of Big Cottonwood Canyon, where they halted for the night. Next morning Governor Young led the van of the long line of car- riages and wagons, and before noon the cavalcade reached the camp ground at the Cottonwood Lake, which nestles in the bosom of the mountain, 8,000 feet above the level of the sea. Early in the afternoon, the company, numbering 2,687 persons, encamped, and soon all were busy with the arrangements for the morrow. It will be seen, at a glance, that this was intended to be a pioneer's jubilee indeed; not in a city, but in primitive surroundings, suggestive of their entrance into these valleys ten years before. There were in attendance: Captain Ballo's band, the Nauvoo brass band, the Ogden City brass band, and the Great Salt Lake City and Ogden martial bands; also, of the military, the ist company of light artillery, under Adjutant- General James Ferguson ; a detachment of four platoons of life guards and one platoon of the lancers, under Colonel Burton ; and one company of light in- fantry cadets, under Captain John W. Young. Colonel J. C. Little was marshal of the day. Early on the following morning the people assembled, and the choir sang : " On the mountain tops appearing." Then, after prayers the Stars and Stripes were unfurled on the two highest peaks, in sight of the camp, on two of the tallest trees. At twenty minutes past nine a. m., three rounds from the artillery saluted the First Presidency, and at a quarter past ten three rounds were given for the " Hope of Israel," Captain John W. Young, with his company of light infantry, answered to this last salute, and went through their military evolutions to the admiration of the beholders. This company numbered fifty boys, at about the age of twelve, who had been uni- formed by Governor Young. At noon. Mayor A. O. Smoot, Elder Judson Stoddard, Judge Elias Smith, and O. P. Rockwell, rode into camp, the two former from the "States" (Mis- souri River), in twenty days. They brought news of the coming of the troops. It was the first tidings of war. Any other people in the world would have been stricken with a terrible fear; but not so these Mormon Saints. The well-known war cry of Cromwell, when he entered into battle, " The Lord of Hosts is with us!" was the undaunted explanation of every heart, and soon it was the burden of every speech. In a moment the festive song was changed to the theme of war ; the jubilee of a people swelled into a sublime declaration of independence. Never before did such a spirit of heroism so suddenly and completely possess an entire community. Men and women shared it alike. The purest and most graphic passage of Sten- house's "Rocky Mountain Saints" is the description of this eventful day. It it worthy of quotation. He says : "On the 24th of July, 1857, there were probably gathered at the lake about two thousand persons — men women, and children — in the fullest enjoyment of HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. isg social freedom. Some were fishing in the lake, others strolling among the trees,, climbing the high peaks, pitching quoits, playing cricket, engaging in gymnastic exercises, pic-nicking, and gliding through the boweries that were prepared for the mazy dance. It was a day of feasting, joy, and amusement for the silver-haired veteran and the tottering child. The welkin rang with the triumphant songs of Zion, and these, accompanied by the sweet melody of many-toned instruments- of music, thrilled every bosom with enthusiastic joy. Their exuberance was the pure outgushing of their souls' emotion, and owned no earthly inspiration, for their only beverage was the sparkling nectar of Eden, while their sympathies were united by a sacred and fraternal bond of affectionate love, which for the time ren- dered them oblivious of the artificial distinctions of social life. The highest and the lowest rejoiced together, rank and authority were set aside j it was a day in which the dreary past CDuld ba favorably contrasted with the joyous present, and hearts were mide glad in the simple faith that the God of their fathers was their protector, and that they were his peculiar people. "But before the sun had crimsoned the snowy peaks that surrounded the worshiping, rejoicing Saints, Brigham was in possession of the news, and the people were listening with breathless attention to the most stirring, important ad- dress that ever their leader had uttered, for upon his decision depended peace or war. "Brigham was undaunted. With the inspiration of such surroundings — the grandeur of the Wasatch range of the Rocky Mountains everywhere encircling him, the stately trees whose foliage of a century's growth towered proudly to the heavens, the multitude of people before him who had listened to his counsels as- if hearkening to the voice of the Most High — men and women who had followed him from the abodes of civilization to seek shelter in the wilderness from- mobs, prattling innocents and youths who knew nothing of the world but Utah, and >. who looked to him as a father for protection — what ccwld be not say?*"' To say that the Mormons were taken with astonishment would be to misstate ■ the case. They had long looked for this issue. They had seen mobs marshaled ; against them from the beginnimg, but they had also been told by their P/ophet Joseph Smith, early in his career, that "Some day they would see the United States come against them in war, and that the Lord should deliver them and bring glory to His name," Nothing more unlikely could have been uttered by this prophet of a few hundred disciples ; as likely was it that the stars of heaven should make war upon the earth in impotent wrath. They were not even in a location at that time where this was possible. The very prophecy foreshadowed their removal to the mountains, as though to invite the nation to the issue; and its fulfillment bespoke a destiny in them superior to the destiny even of the United States. The nation was now coming against them, to verify the prophecy in the most literal manner. Hence, doubtless, the extraordinary trust and fortitude of the people, and the self-possession of their leaders. They had no doubt as to the- issue, though how God would work out their deliverance they saw not fully.. Everything the Mormons did at that time was do-ne in' the most deliberajte earnestness. Two messengers were immediately dispatched to England, to call home the American Elders in Europe, and ten thousand British Saints would i6o HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. have gathered that year, had it been possible, to share the fate of their brethren and sisters in the mountains; but all emigration was, of course now cut off. Never was there so much enthusiasm in the foreign missions as then. One could judge of the sublime enthusiasm at home by that which animated the Saints abroad. Yet they saw a mighty nation moving against the handful in the moun- tains, and moving with a settled resolve to annihilate the Mormon power at once and forever, leaving no seed on American territory from which that power might re-germinate. The papers of America and Europe teemed with these anticipations. It was broadly suggested that volunteers from every State should pour into Utah, make short work of the Saints, possess their cities, fill their Territory with a gentile population, and take their wives and daughters as spoil, thus breaking up the polygamic institution. For a time there was a prospect of this. Tens of thousands were eager for this thorough work of regeneration for Utah ; and, had the Government dared to encourage it, the attempt would have been made. For such a crusade, however, a civilized judgement could have found no excuse, not even on the plea of rebellion. At least. President Buchanan was made to see this much, and to appreciate that he could only use United States regular troops, and these only in the guise of z. posse comitatus to the new Governor. The sentiments that actuated the Mormon community at that time were of no doubtful tenor, as may be judged by the following extracts from Brigham's dis- courses to his people immediately after the receipt of the news. "Liars have reported that this people have committed treason, and upon their misrepresentations the President has ordered out troops to aid in officering this Territory, If those officers are like many who have previously been sent here — and we have reason to believe that they are, or they would not come where they know they are not wanted — they are poor, broken down political hacks, not fit for the civilized society whence they came, and so they are dragooned upon us for officers. I feel that I won't bear such treatment (and that is enough to say,) for we are just as free as the mountain air. * * * This people are free ; they are not in bondage to any Government on God's footstool. We have trans- gressed no law, neither do we intend so to do; but as for any nation coming to destroy this people, God Almighty being my helper, it shall not be ! * * * We have borne enough of their oppression and abuse, and we will not bear any more of it, for there is no just law requiring further forbearance on our part. And I am not going to permit troops here for the protection of the priests and the rabble in their efforts to drive us from the land we possess. The Lord does not want us to be driven, for He has said, * If you will assert your rights, and keep my commandments, you shall never again be brought into bondage by your enemies' * * * They say that the coming of their army is legal; and I say that it is not ; they who say it are morally rotten. Come on with your thousands of illegally-ordered troops, and I promise you in the name of Israel's God, that they shall melt away as the snow before a July sun. * * * You might as well tell me that you can make hell into a powder-house as to tell me that they intend to keep an army here and have peace i * * * I have told you that if this people will live their religion all will be well; and I have told you that if there is any man or woman who is not willing to destroy HISTOR V OF SAL T LAKE CI 2 F. i6r everything of their property that would be of use to an enemy if left, I would ad- vise them to leave the Territory. And I again say so to-day; for when the time comes to burn and lay waste our improvements, if any man undertakes to shield his he will be treated as a traitor ^ for 'judgement will be laid to the line, and righteousness to the plummet.' * * * Now the faint-hearted can go in peace; but should that time come, they must not interfere. Before I will again suffer as I have in times gone by there shall not one building, nor one foot of lumber, nor a fence, nor a tree, nor a particle ot grass or hay, that will burn, be left in reach of our enemies. I am sworn, if driven to extremity, to ut- terly lay waste this land in the name of Israel's God, and our enemies shall find it as barren as when we came here." It was at such a moment, as the picture suggests, that Capt. Van Vliet ar- rived in the city of the Saints. The Governor, the Lieut. General, Daniel H. Wells, Adjt. General Furguson, and the Apostles, received him with marked cor- diality, but with an open programme. They took him into their gardens. The sisters showed him the paradise that their woman hands would destroy if that invad- ing army came. He was awed by the prospect — his ordinary judgment con- founded by such extraordinary examples. To the wife of Albert Carrington, in whose garden he was walking, in conversation with the Governor and his party he exclaimed : "What, madam! would you consent to see this beautiful home in ashes and this fruitful orchard destroyed? " ''Yes!" answered Sister Carrington, with heroic resolution, "I would not only consent to it, but 1 would set fire to my home with my own hands, and cut down every tree and root up every plant ! " The following extracts from conversations between Governor Young and Captain Van Vliet, on the 12th and 13th of September, 1857, will be of interest, insomuch as they were had previous to the receipt, in Salt Lake City, of the news of the Mountain Meadow Massacre. Their accuracy may be relied on, as they are transcribed from Apostle Woodruff's private journal, and were originally recorded within a few hours of their occurrence, and are amply verified by many persons then present : "President Yoi/nj. We do not want to fight the United States, but if they drive us to it, we shall do the best we can ; and I will tell you, as the Lord lives, we shall come off conquerers, for we trust in Him. * * * q^^ 1^^^ set up his kingdom on the earth, and it will never fall. >i; * * -^Yg ^^iaW do all we can to avert a collision, but if they drive us to it, God will overthrow them. If they would let us alone and say to the mobs: 'Now you may go and kill the Mormons if you can, but we will have nothing to do with it,' that would be all we would ask of them; but for the Government to array the army against us, is too despicable and damnable a thing for any honorable nation to do , and God will hold them in derision who do it. * * ^ ^y\\q United States are sending their armies here to simply hold us still until a mob can come and butcher us, as has been done before. * * * We are the sup- porters of the constitution of the United States, and we love that constitution i62 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. and respect the laws of the United States ; but it is by the corrupt administra- tion of those laws that we are made to suffer. If the law had been vindicated in Missouri, it would have sent Governor Boggs to the gallows, along with those who murdered Joseph and Hyrum, and those other fiends who accomplised our expulsion from the States. * * * Most of the Government officers who have been sent here have taken no interest in us, but, on the contrary, have tried many times to destroy us. ''Capi. Van Vliet This is the case with most men sent to the Territories. They receive their offices as a political reward, or as a stepping-stone to the Sena- torship; but they have no interest in common with the people. -^ ^ -^ This people has been lied about the worst of any people I ever saw. * * The greatest hold that the Government now has upon you is in the accusation that you have burned the United States records. '^^ President Young. I deny that any books of the United States have been burned ! All I ask of any man is, that he tell the truth about us, pay his debts and not steal, and then he will be welcome to come or go as he likes. * * If the Government has arrived at that state that it will try to kill this people be- cause of their religion, fio honorable man shoald be afraid of it. * * * We would like to ward off this blow if we can ; but the United States seem deter- mined to drive us into a fight. They will kill us if they can. A mob killed Joseph and Hyrum in jail, notwithstanding the faith of the State was pledged to protect them. * ^ * j have broken no law, and under the present state of affairs I will not suffer myself to be taken by any United States officer. to be killed as they killed Joseph. " Capt. Van Vliet: I do not think it is the intention of the Government to arrest you, but to install a new governor in the Territory. '^^ President Young: I believe you tell the truth — that you believe this — but you do not know their intentions as well as I do. When you get away from here you will think of a great many things that you have seen and heard : for instance, people have accused us of colleaguing with the Indians against the Government: they were much afraid that Joseph Smith would go among the Indians, and they wanted to keep him away from them; but now they have driven us into their midst. I want you to note the signs of the times; you w-ill see that God will chastise this nation for trying to destroy both the Indians and the Mormons. * * * If the Government persists in sending an army to destroy us, in the name of the Lord we shall conquer them. If they dare to force the issue, I shall not hold the Indians by the wrist any longer, for white men to shoot at them; they shall go ahead and do as they please. If the issue comes, you may tell the Government to stop all emigration across this continent, for the Indians will kill all who attempt it. And if an army suceceds in penetrating this valley, tell the Government to see that it has forage and provisions in store, for they will find here only a charred and barren waste. "Ca/A Van Vliet: * * * If our Government pushes this matter to the extent of making war upon you, I will withdraw from the army, for I will not have a hand in shedding the blood of American citizens. ^'President Young: We shall trust in God. * * :i< Congress HIS 7 OR Y OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 163 has promptly sent investigating committees to Kansas and other places, as occa- sion has required; but upon the merest rumor it has sent 2,000 armed soldiers to destroy the people of Utah, without investigating the subject at all. " Capt. Van Vliet. The Government may yet send an investigating com- mittee to Utah, and consider it good policy, before they get through. "President Young. I believe God has sent you here, and that good will grow out of it. I was glad when I heart you were coming. "Capt. Van Vliet. I am anxious to get back to Washington as soon as I can. I have heard officially that General Harney has been recalled to Kansas to offi- ciate as Governor. I shall stop the train on Ham's Fork on my own respon- sibility. "President Young. If we can keep the peace for this Winter I do think there will something turn up that may save the shedding of blood. " The reader cannot fail to perceive that the terrible butchery at the Mountain Meadow — was farthest from Brigham Young's policy at that time, to say nothing of humanitarian considerations. But, though Governor Young was aiming for some such consummation as that which came, he neither allowed himself nor his people to retreat a step from their chosen position. Indeed, in their stern fidelity to their cause was their only safety and successful outcome. Captain Van Vliet thus reported to the commanding general of the army : Ham's Fork, September 16, 1857. '•Captain : I have the honor to report, for the information of the command- ing general, the result of my trip to the Territory of Utah. ''In obedience to special instructions, dated headquarters army for Utah, Fort Leavenworth, July 28, 1857, I left Fort Leavenworth, July 30, and reached Fort Kearny in nine travelling days. Fort Laramie in ten, and Great Salt Lake City in thirty-three and a half. At Fort Kearny I was detained one day by the changes I had to make and by sickness, and at Fort Laramie three days, as all the animals were forty miles from the post, and when brought in all had to be shod before they could take the road. I traveled as rapidly as it is possible to do with six mule wagons. Several of my teams broke down, and at least half of my animals are unserviceable and will remain so until they recruit. During my progress towards Utah I met many people from that Territory, and also several mountain men at Green river, and all informed me that I would not be allowed to enter Utah, and if I did I would run great risk of losing my life. I treated all this, however, as idle talk, but it induced me to leave my wagons and es- cort at Ham's Fork, 143 miles this side of the city, and proceed alone. I reached Great Salt Lake City without molestation, and immediately upon my arrival I informed Governor Brigham Young that I desired an interview, which he appointed for the next day. On the evening of the day of my arrival Gov. ernor Young, with many of the leading men of the city, called upon me at my quarters. The governor received me most cordially and treated me during my stay, which continued some six days, with the greatest hospitality and kindness. i64 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. In this interview the governor made known to me his views with regard to the approach of the United States troops, in plain and iinmistakeable language. " He stated that the Mormons had ben persecuted, murdered, and robbed in Missouri and Illinois both by the mob and State authorities, and that now the United States were about to pursue the same course, and that, therefore, he and the people of Utah had determined to resist all persecution at the commencement, and that the troops now on the march for Utah should not enter the Great Salt Lake valley. As he uttered these words all those present concurred most heartily in what he said. "The next day, as agreed upon, I called upon the governor and delivered in person the letter with which I had been entrusted. In that interview, and in several subsequent ones, the same determination to resist to the death the en- trance of the troops into the valley was expressed by Governor Young and those about him, ''The governor informed me that there was abundance of everything I re- quired for the troops, such as lumber, forage, etc., but that none would be sold to us. In the course of my conversations with the governor and the influential men in the Territory, I told them plainly and frankly what I conceived would be the result of their present course. I told them that they might prevent the small military force now approaching Utah from getting through the narrow defiles and rugged passes of the mountains this year, but that next season the United States government would send troops sufficient to overcome all opposition. The answer to this was invariably the same: "We are aware that such will be the case ; but when those troops arrive they will find Utah a desert. Every house will be burned to the ground, every tree cut down, and every field laid waste. We have three years' provisions on hand, which we will 'cache,' and then take to the mountains and bid defiance to all the powers of the government." I at- tended their service on Sunday, and, in course of a sermon delivered by Elder Taylor, he referred to the approach of the troops and declared they should not enter the Territory. He then referred to the probability of an overpowering force being sent against them, and desired all present, who would apply the torch to their own buildings, cut down their trees, and lay waste their fields, to hold up their hands. Every hand, in an audience numbering over 4,000 persons, was raised at the same moment. During my stay in the city I visited several families, and all with whom I was thrown looked upon the present movement of the troops towards their Territory as the commencement of another religious persecution, and expressed a fixed determination to sustain Governor Young in any measures he might adopt. From all these facts I am forced to the conclu- sion that Governor Young and the people of Utah will prevent, if possible, the army for Utah from entering their Territory this season. This, in my opinion, will not be a difficult task, owing to the lateness of the season, the smallness of our force, and the defences that nature has thrown around the valley of the Great Salt Lake. " There is but one road running into the valley on the side which our troops are approaching, and for over fifty miles it passes through narrow canyons and over rugged mountains, which a small force could hold against great odds. I am HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CI'IY. 165 inclined however, to believe that the Mormons will not resort to actual hostilities until the last moment. Their plan of operations will be, burn the grass, cut up the roads, and stampede the animals, so as to delay the troops until the snow com- mences to fall, which will render the road impassable. Snow falls early in this re- gion, in fact last night it commenced falling at Fort Bridger, and this morning the surrounding mountains are clothed in white. Were it one month earlier in the season I believe the troops could force their way in, and they may be able to do so even now; but the attempt will be fraught with considerable danger, arising from the filling up of the canyons and passes with snow. I do not wish it to be consid- ered that I am advocating either the one course or the other. I simply wish to lay the facts-before the general, leaving it to his better judgment to decide upon the proper movements. Notwithstanding my inability to make the purchases I was or- dered to, and all that Governor Young said in regard to opposing the entrance of the troops into the valley I examined the country in the vicinity of the city, with the view of selecting a proper military site. I visited the military reserve. Rush Valley, but found it, in my opinion, entirely unsuitable for a military station. It contains bat little grass, and is very much exposed to the cold winds of win- ter; its only advantage being the close proximity of fine wood. It is too far from the city, being between thirty-five and forty miles, and will require teams four days to go there and return. I examined another point on the road to Rush Valley, and only about thirty miles from the city, which I consider a much more eligible position. It is in Tuelle Valley three miles to the north of Tuelle city, and possesses wood, water, and grass ; but it is occupied by the Mormons, who have some sixty acres under cultivation, with houses and barns on their land. These persons would have to be dispossessed or bought out. In fact there is no place within forty, fifty or sixty miles of the city suitable for a military position, that is not occupied by the in- habitants and under cultivation. On my return I examined the vicinity of Fort Bridger, and found it a very suitable position for wintering the troops and grazing the animals, should it be necessary to stop at that point. The Mormons occupy the fort at present, and also have a settlement about ten miles further up Black's Fork, called Fort Supply. These two places contain buildings sufficient to cover nearly half the troops now en route for Utah ; but I was informed that they would all be laid in ashes as the army advances. I have thus stated fully the result of my visit to Utah, and trusting that my conduct will meet the approval of the commanding general, I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, STEWART VAN VLIET, Captain A. Q. M. '■'Captain Pleasanton, A. A. Adft Gen. Army for Utah, Fort Leavemtwrth. "P. S. — I shall start on my return to-morrow, with an escort often men." i66 HIS TOR y OF SAL T L ARE CI TV. CHAPTER XVIII. GOVERNOR YOUNG PLACES THE TERRITORY UNDER MARTIAL LAW. THE MILITIA ORDERED OUT. THE SEAT OF WAR. CORRESPONDENCE BE- TWEEN GOVERNOR YOUNG AND COLONEL ALEXANDER. BURNING THE GOVERNMENT TRAINS. LOT SMITH'S STORY. CONGRESS DECLARES UTAH IN A STATE OF REBELLION. The nej^t day after the departure of Van Vliet, the Governor issued the fol- lowing proclamation, placing the Territory under martial law : " Citizens of Utah : — We are invaded by a hostile force, who are evidently assailing us to accomplish our overthrow and destruction. ' 'For the last twenty-five years we have trusted officials of the Government, from constables and justices to judges, governors and presidents, only to be scorned, held in derision, insulted and betrayed. Our houses have been plundered and then burned, our fields laid waste, our principal men butchered while under the pledged faith of the Government for their safety, and our families driven from their homes to find that shelter in the barren wilderness, and that protection among hostile savages which were denied them in the boasted abodes of Christi- anity and civilization. " The constitution of our common country guarantees to us all that we do now, or have ever, claimed. "If the consiitutional rights which pertain to us as American citizens were extended to Utah according to the spirit and meaning thereof, and fairly and im- partially administered, it is all that we could ask — all that we ever asked. " Our opponents have availed themselves of prejudices existing against us because of our religious faith, to send out a formidable host to accomplish our de- struction. We have had no privilege, no opportunity of defending ourselves from the false, foul and unjust aspersions against us, before the nation. "The Government has not condescended to cause an investigating commit- tee or other persons to be sent to enquire into and ascertain the truth, as is cus- tomary in such cases. "We know those aspersions to be false, but that avails us nothing. We are condemned unheard, and forced to an issue with an armed mercenary mob, which has been sent against us at the instigation of anonymous letter-writers, ashamed to father the base, slanderous falsehoods which they have given to the public; of corrupt officials who have brought false accusations against us to screen themselves in their own infamy; and of hireling priests and howling editors, who prostitute the truth for filthy lucre's sake. "The issue which has been thus forced upon us compels us to resort to the great first law of self-preservation, and stand in our own defence, a right guar- anteed to us by the genius and institutions of our country, and upon which the HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 167 government is based. Our duty to ourselves, to our families, requires us not to tamely submit to be driven and slain, without an attempt to preserve ourselves; our duty to our country, our holy religion, our God, to freedom and liberty, re- quires that we should not quietly stand still, and see those fetters forging around us which are calculated to enslave, and bring us in subjection to an unlawful mil- itary despotism, such as can only emanate in a country of constitutional law, from usurpation, tyranny and oppression. "Therefore, I, Brigham Young, governor and superintendent of Indian affairs for the Territory of Utah, in the name of the people of the United States, in the Territory of Utah, forbid : "First. All armed forces of every description from coming into this Terri- tory, under any pretence whatever. " Second. That all the forces in said Territory hold themselves in readiness to march at a moment's notice to repel any and all such invasion. " Third. Martial law is hereby declared to exist in this Territory from and after the publication of this proclamation, and no person shall be allowed to pass or repass into or through or from this Territory without a. permit from the proper officer. " Given under my hand and seal, at Great Salt City, Territory of Utah, this fifteenth day of September, A. D. eighteen hundred and fifty-seven, and of the independence of the United States of America the eighty-second. BRIGHAM YOUNG." While Captain Van Vliet was listening to the discourses of the Mormon leaders and witnessing the heroic demonstrations of the people of Great Salt Lake City the militia of the Territory was everywhere preparing for active ser- vice. Six weeks before the proclamation of martial law the following evtraordi- nary despatch was issued to the district commanding officers: Headquarters Nauvoo Legion, Adjt. General's Office, G. S. L. City, Aug, i, 1857. "Sir: Reports, tolerably well authenticated, have reached this office that an army from the Eastern States is now en route to invade this Territory. " The people of this Territory have lived in strict obedience to the laws of the parent and home governments, and are ever zealous for the supremacy of the Constitution and the rights guaranteed thereby. In such time, when anarchy takes the place of orderly government and mobocratic tyranny usurps the power of rulers, they have left the inalienable right to defend themselves against all aggression upon their constitutional privileges. It is enough that for successive years they have witnessed the desolation of their homes ; the barbarous wrath of mobs poured upon their unoff'ending brethren and sisters; their leaders arrested, incarcerated and slain, and themselves driven to cull life from the hospitality of the desert and the savage. They are not willing to endure longer these unceas- ing outrages; but if an exterminating war be purposed against them and blood alone can cleanse pollution from the Nation's bulwarks, to the God of our fathers let the appeal be made. i6& HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CLTY. "You are instructed to hold your commend in readiness to march at the shortest possible notice to any part of the Territory. See that the law is strictly enforced in regard to arms and amunition, and as far as practicable that each Ten be provided with a good wagon and four horses or mules, as well as the necessary clothing, etc., for a winter campaign. Particularly let your influence be used for the preservation of the grain. Avoid all excitement, but be ready. "DANIEL H. WELLS. Licufeiiani General Commanding. '^ By James Fert^uson, Adjutant General. " Copies of this letter were sent to the following: Colonel W. H. Dame, Parowan; Major L. W. McCullough, Fillmore; Major C. W. Bradley, Nephi; Major Warren S. Snow, Sanpete; General Aaron Johnson, Peteetneet ; Colonel William B. Pace, Provo; Major Samuel Smith, Box Elder; Colonel C. W. West, Weber; Colonel P. C. Merrill, Davis; Major David Evans, Lehi; Major Allen Weeks, Cedar; Major John Rowberry, Tooele. . Within a few days these instructions reached the various districts and were quietly acted upon. There was a universal cleaning of arms, filling up of car- tridge boxes, and attention given to the equipment of horses, teams and camping outfits. The Nauvoo Legion (the territorial militia), consisted at this time of all able bodied men between the ages of eighteen and forty-five, and was organized into military districts. The general officers of the Legion detailed for the campaign Avere : Daniel H. Wells, Lieut. General, commanding; Generals Geo. D. Grant, Wm. H. Kimball, James Ferguson, H. B. Clawson ; Colonels R. T. Burton, N. V. Jones, James Cummings, C. W. West, Thos. Callister, John Sharp, W. B. Pace, Lot Smith, Warren Snow, Jos. A. Young, A. P. Rockwood ; J. L. Dun- yon, Surgeon ; Majors H. W. Lawrence, J. M. Barlow, Israel Ivins, R. J. Gold^ ing, J. R. Winder, J. D. T. McAllister. Besides these officers, scouts and rangers were detailed to perform special duties. Among these were O. P. Rockwell, Ephraim Hanks and many others. The nature of the campaign was such that in- dividuals were selected for certain service without regard to their official station • thus officers of the highest rank were found performing the duties of company captains, or sharing the labors of men of the line. On the thirteenth of August orders was issued for the first movement of the forces. It was directed lo Col. Robert T. Burton, instructing him to take the field with one hundred and sixty men from the first regiment. He, however, started on the fifteenth with but seventy men from the Life Guards. Among the officers accompanying this expedition were Col. James Cummings, of the general staff, Maj. J. M. Barlow, quartermaster and commissary, Maj. H. W. Lawrence, Capt. H. P. Kimball, Lieuts. J. Q. Knowlton and C. F. Decker. They were af- terwards joined by a company from Provo, commanded by Capt. Joshua Clark. The instructions given Col. Burton were to march to the east on the main trav- eled road, afforing aid and protection to the incoming trains of immigrants, and to act as a corps of observation to learn the strength and equipments of forces reported on the way to Utah, and report to headquarters; but not to interfere HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. i6g with life or property of any one they might encounter on the road. Speaking of this trip, Gen. Burton says: "We arrived at Fort Bridger August 2tst, and met the first company of im- migrants at Pacific Springs on the 26th. On the following day we met Moody's company from Texas, also several large supply trains, entirely unprotected by any escort. On the 29th I left my wagons and half of the men and animals on the Sweetwater, proceeding with pack animals. On the 30th I arrived at Devil's Gate, with Kimball, Cummings and Decker's command coming up the next day; here on the 31st we met Jones, Stringham, and others, on their way from Deer Creek to Salt Lake City, and on the day after Captain John R. Murdock from the States. The latter brought word of the intense bitterness expressed all over the Union against the Mormons, and of the expectations that many entertained that the people of Utah were about to be annihilated by the strong arm of the military power." These companies proceeded immediately on their way to the city, while Col. Burton and command were engaged cacheing provisions for future use. On Sep- tember 8th, he sent an express to the Platte; which returned on the 12th. From this time the expedition returned slowly towards the city, thoroughly examining the country and posting themselves upon all points likely to be of advantage later in the campaign. They also kept a good lookout on the scouting and other mili- tary movements, forwarding by express all information of interest to General Wells and Governor Young. On the 17th they received an express from Salt Lake, by J. M. Simmons and O. Spencer, and from this date men were kept in the saddle night and day between the front and headquarters. September i6th, N. V. Jones and Stephen Taylor brought an express from the city, and on the 2ist Colonel Burton took three men, H. W. Lawrence, H. P. Kimball, and John Smith, and again moved east to the vicinity of Devil's Gate, and camped. Sep- tember 22d, within half a mile of Colonel E. B. Alexander's command. Here they first met the advance of the Utah army, and from that time were its imme- diate neighbors until it arrived at Ham's Fork. On September 29th, Lieut. Gen. D. H. Wells left Salt Lake City and pro- ceeded to establish headqnarters in the narrows of Echo Canyon. He was ac- companied by Adjt. Gen. James Ferguson, Col. N. V. Jones, Maj. Lot Smith, and other staff officers. Companies of militia from the several military districts, aggregating about 1,250 men were ordered to report at Echo, with provisions for thirty days. At Echo, Gen. Wells divided his staff, leaving Col. N. V. Jones and J. D. T. McAllister in command of the force there. These engaged in digging trenches across the canyon, throwing up breast works, loosening stones on the heights, and in every way preparing to resist the progress of any body of men that might attempt to pass through the canyon. The day after reaching Echo, Gen. Wells, with a small escort, proceeded to Fort Bridger, where he met Col. Burton and Gen. Robison, and was informed of all movements that had been made by the troops, of the location of their sup- ply trains, their strength, probability of reinforcements, etc. From this information it was ascertained that for several days previouslv the lyo HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. army had been making very rapid forced marches, to overtake and protect their supplies on Ham's Fork, which had been forwarded several weeks before. It was apprehended, as they had been successful in securing these advance supply trains so near the mountain passes, that the troops would shoulder rations for three days an attempt to force their way on to the city. In view of this a Mormon writer on the "Echo Canyon War" thus explains the situation : "The activity of the enemy required the utmost vigilance and some decisive action on the part or our forces to delay any such movement. It was the policy to 'fight this war without bloodshed.' How to do it successfully was the ques- tion. It was a difficult one to solve while the weather remained fair, the advan- cing troops well supplied with food and ammunition, and eager to try their strength with their Mormon foes. Yet it was extremely necessary that the ad- vance should be checked and the power of the people of Utah to defend them- selves felt." Just at this point the extraordinary correspondence commences between Governor Young and the commanding officers of the U. S. Expedition, as pre- sented to Congress by President Buchanan, opening with the following to Col. Alexander : Fort Bridger, September 30, 1857. "Sir: I have the honor to forward you the accompaning letter from His Excellency Governor Young, together with two copies of his proclamation and a copy of the laws of Utah, i856-'57, containing the organic act of the Ter- ritory. "It may be proper to add that I am here to aid in carrying out the instruc- tions of Governor Young. "General Robison will deliver these papers to you, and receive such com- munication as you may wish to make. "Trusting that your answer and actions will be dedicated by a proper re- spect for the rights and liberties of American citizens. "I remain, very respectfully, etc., "DANIEL H. WELLS, "Lieutenant General Commatiditig, Nauvoo Legion^ Governor's Office, Utah Territory, Great Salt Lake City, September 29, 1857. "Sir: By reference to the act of Congress passed September 9, 1850, or- ganizing the Territory of Utah, published in the Laws of Utah, herewith for- warded, pp. 146-7, you will find the following: " ' Sec. 2. And be it further enacted. That the executive power and authority in and over said Territory of Utah shall be vested in a governor, who shall hold his office for four years, and until his successor shall be appointed and qualified, unless sooner removed by the President of the United States. The governor shal! reside within said Territory, shall be commander-in-chief of the militia thereof,' etc., etc. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 171 " I am still the governor and superintendent of Indian affairs for this Terri- tory, no successor having been appointed and qualified, as provided by law; nor have I been removed by the President of the United States. "By virtue of the authority thus vested in me, I have issued, and forwarded you a copy of, my proclamation forbidding the entrance of armed forces into this Territory. This you have disregarded. I now further direct that you retire forthwith from the Territory, by the same route you entered. Should you deem this impracticable, and prefer to remain until spring in the vicinity of your present encampment, Black's Fork, or Green River, you can do so in peace and unmolested, on condition that you deposit your arms and amunition with Lewis Robison, quartermaster general of the Territory, and leave in the spring, as soon as the condition of the roads will permit you to march; and should you fall short of provisions, they can be furnished you, upon making the proper applica- toins therefor. General D. H. Wells will forward this, and receive any communica- tion you may have to make. "Very respectfully, BRIGHAM YOUNG " Governor and Superinte?ident of Indian Affairs, Utah Territory. " The Officer Commanding the forces now invading Utah Territory ' Headquarters ioth Regiment of Infantry, Camp Winfield, on Ham's Fork, October 2, 1857. "Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of September 29, 1S57; with two copies of Proclamation and one of "Laws of Utah," and have given it an attentive consideration. "I am at present the senior and commanding officer of the troops of the United States at this point, and I will submit your letter to the general com- manding as soon as he arrives here. " In the meantime I have only tosay that these troops are hereby the orders of the President of the United States, and their future movements will depend entirely upon the orders issued by competent military authority. I am, sir, very respectfully, etc., "E. B. ALEXANDER, " Col. loth U. S. Infantry, comma7iding. *' Brigham Young, Esq., " Governor of Utah Territory.'''' Headquarters ioth Infantry, October 2, 1S57. "Official. HENRY E. MAYNADIER, Adjutant ioth Infantry.'" General Robison and Major Lot Smith were despatched with these docu- ments, instructed to deliver them personally or send them by a Mexican if it should be dangerous to enter Col. Alexander's camp; the latter course was adopted. On the return of Major Lot Smith with the answer of Col. Alexander to Governor Young, General Wells resolved on the immediate execution of his programme of the campaign. 172 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. The plan of the campaign had been thoroughly digested by Brigham Young, as commander-in-chief of the Utah militia, and his Lieutenant General, before the latter left Great Salt Lake City for "the seat of war;" and with General Wells, Apostles John Taylor and George A. Smith had gone out to Echo Canyon, undoubtedly to give their voice in the councils of war. Therefore, there was no need for General Wells to seek further consultation with his chief previous to the excution of the plan, which was substantially that embodied in the order, found upon the person of major Joseph Taylor when he was captured : Headquarters Eastern Expedition, Camp near Cache Cave, Oct. 4, 1857. "You will proceed, with all possible despatch, without injuring your ani- mals, to the Oregon road, near the bend of Bear river, north by east of this place. Take close and correct observations of the country on your route. When you approach the road, send scouts ahead, to ascertain if the invading troops have passed that way. Should they have passed, take a concealed route, and get ahead of them. Express to Colonel Burton, who is now on that road and in the vicinity of the troops, and effect a junction with him, so as to operate in concert. On ascertaining the locality or route of the troops, proceed at once to annoy them in every posssble way. Use every exertion to stanpede ther ani- mals and set fire to their trains. Burn the whole country before them, and on their flanks. Keep them from sleeping by night surprises; blockade the road by felling trees or destroying the river fords where you can. Watch for oppor- tunities to set fire to the grass on their windward, so as if possible to envelope their trains. Leave no grass before them that can be burned. Keep your men concealed as much as possible, and guard against surprise. Keep scouts out at all times, and communications open with Colonel Burton, Major McAllister and O. P. Rockwell, who are operating in the same way. Keep me advised daily of your movements, and every step the troops take, and in which direction. "God bless you, and give you success. " Your brother in Christ. DANIEL H. WELLS. "P. S. — If the troops have not passed, or have turned in this direction, fol- low in their rear, and continue to annoy them, burning any trains they may leave. Take no life, but destroy their trains, and stampede or drive away their animals, at every opportunity. D. H. WELLS. " Major Joseph Taylor. "Headquarters Army of Utah, Black's Fork, 16 miles from Fort Bridger, En route to Salt Lakt City, November 7, 1857. " A true copy of instructions in the possession of Major Joseph Taylor, when captured. "F. J. PORTER, Assistant Adjutant General.''^ HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. jyj After delivering the despatch of Col. Alexander, Major Lot Smith was in- vited to take dinner with his commanding-general and his aides. Among all the warriors of the Mormon Israel there was, perhaps not one so fitted to open this very peculiar campaign as Lot Smith. His lion-like courage and absolute fearlessness of personal danger, when most in its presence, marked him out as the man of men to execute an exploit of such daring as that designed — to astonish the American nation into a realization of the Mormon earnestness, yet at the same time to do it without the shedding of a drop of "the enemy's" blood. "During the meal," says Maj. Lot Smith, in his piquent narrative of one of the most daring guerilla exploits on record, "General Wells, looking at me as straight as possible, asked if I could take a few men and turn back the trains that were on the road or btirn them? I replied that I thought that I could do just what he told me to. The answer appeared to please him, and he accepted it, tell- ing me he could furnish only a few men, but they would be sufficient, for they would appear many more to our enemies." * At 4 o'clock in the evening of October 3d, Major Lot Smith's troop, num- bering forty-four men rank and file, started on their expedition. They rode all night and early the next morning came in sight of an ox train headed westward. On calling for the captain, Maj. Smith ordered him to turn his train and go the other way till he reached the States. The Captain "swore pretty strongly," faced about and started to go east, but as soon as out of sight he would turn again towards the mountains. The troops met him that day and took out his lading, leaving the wagons and teams standing. Lot Smith camped n^ar these troops on that night on the banks of the Green River. His story con- tinues : "Losing the opportunity to make much impression on Rankin's train, I thought something must be done speedily to carry out the instructions received, so I sent Captain Haight with twenty men to see if he could get the mules of the Tenth Regiment on any terms. With the remaining twenty-three men I started for Sandy Fork to intercept trains that might be approaching in that direction. On the road, seeing a large cloud of dust at a distance up the river, on the old Mormon road, I sent scouts to see what caused it. They returned, overtaking me at Sandy, and reported a train of twenty-six large freight wagons. We took supper and started at dark. After traveling fourteen miles, we came up to the train, but discovered that the teamsters were drunk, and knowing that drunken men were easily excited and always ready to fight, and remembering my positive orders not to hurt anyone except in self-defence, we remained in ambush until after mid-night. I then sent scouts to thoroughly examine the appearance of their camp, to note the number of wagons and men and report all they dis- covered. When they returned and reported twenty-six wagons in two lines a short distance apart, I concluded that counting one teamster to each wagon and throwing in eight or ten extra men would make their force about forty. I thought we would be a match for them, and so ordered an advance to their camp. "On Hearing the wagons, I found I had misunderstood the scouts, for in- stead of one train of twenty-six wagons there were two, doubling the number of 174 HIS TOR Y OF SA LT LAKE CI TV. men, and putting quite another phase on our relative strength and situation. There was a large camp-fire burning, and a number of men were standing around it smoking. It was expected by my men that on finding out the real number of wagons and men, I would not go farther than to make some inquiries and passing our sortie upon the trains as a joke would go on until some more favorable time- But it seemed to me that it was no time for joking. I arranged my men, and we advanced until our horses' heads came into the light of the fire; then I discovered that we had the advantage, for looking back into the darkness, I could not see where my line of troops ended, and could imagine my twenty followers stringing out to a hundred or more as well as not. I inquired for the captain of the train. Mr. Dawson stepped out and said he was the man. I told him that I had a little business with him. He inquired the nature of it, and I replied by requesting him to get all of his men and their private property as quickly as possible out of the wagons for I meant to put a little fire into them. He exclaimed : ' For God's sake, don't burn the trains.' I, said it was for His sake that I was going to burn therri, and pointed out a place for his men to stack their arms, and another where they were to stand in a group, placing a guard over both. I then sent a scout down towards Little Mountaineer Fork, failing to put one out towards Ham'^ Fork on the army. While I was busy with the train a messenger from the latter surprised us by coming into camp. I asked him if he had dispatches and to hand them to me. He said he had but they were verbal. I told him if he lied to me his life was not worth a straw. He became terrified, in fact I never saw a man more freightened. He said afterwards that he expected every moment to be killed. His orders to the train men were from the commander at Camp Winfield, and were to the effect that the Mormons were in the field and that they must not go to sleep but keep night guard on their trains, and that four companies of cav- alry and two pieces of artillery would come over in the morning to escort them to camp." After thus dealing with the first train, the other was treated in like manner. The closing of Lot Smith's story gives a striking dramatic denouement. "When all was ready, I made a torch, instructing my Gentile follower, known as Big James, to do the same, as I thought it was proper for the ' Gentiles to spoil the Gentiles.' At this stage of our proceedings an Indian came from the Mountaineer Fork and seeing how the thing was going asked for some presents. He wanted two wagon covers for a lodge, some flour and soap. I filled his order and he went away much elated. Out of respect to the candor poor Dawion had showed, I released him from going with me when we fired the trains, taking Big James instead, he not being afraid of saltpetre or sulphur either. "While riding from wagon to wagon, with torch in hand and the wind blow- ing, the covers seemed to me to catch very slowly. I so stated it to James. He replied, swinging his long torch over his head : 'By St. Patrick, ain't it beautiful ! I never saw anything go better in all my life.' About this time I had Dawson send in his men to the wagons, not yet fired, to get us some provisions, enough to thoroughly furnish us, telling him to get plenty of sugar and coffee, for though I never used the latter myself, somepf my men below, intimating that I had a force down there, were fond of it. On completing this task I told him that we HISTOR V OF SAL T LAKE CI2 V, jyj were going just a little way off, and that if he or his men molested the trains or undertook to put the fire out, they would be instantly killed. We rode away leaving the wagons all ablaze." The burning of the Government trains accomplished the very purpose de- signed. The nation was thrown into a fearful state of excitement over the dar- ing deed, and at the issue of Governor Young's Proclamation. Congress passed a resolution declaring Utah in a state of rebellion, and referred a motion to the committee on Territories to expel the Utah Delegate. Burning the supplies of an army of the United States, sent by the Government to put down an incipient rebellion, was declared to be an extraordinary overt act of actual war, while the proclamation of Governor Young was considered as a veritable declaration of war as from an independent power. A terrible wrath was aroused against Mor- mon Utah. At that moment, had the season been favorable, and the Govern, ment made the call, a hundred thousand volunteers would have quickly mustered into service to annihilate the whole Mormon community. Yet, be it repeated, the very purpose had been accomplished which Brigham Young designed. It was a most dramatic illustration of his words to Captain Van Vliet, " We are aware that such will be the case; but when those troops arrive they will find Utah a desert. Every house will be burned to the ground, every tree cut down and every field left waste. We have three years' provisions on hand, which we will 'cache,' and then take to the mountains and bid defiance to all the powers of the government.'' The nation could now believe that this was not mere bra- vado or bombast of Brigham Young, nor the insane rage of fanatics, but the ex- traordinary resolve of a Puritanic people, such as those who fought "in the name of the Lord" for the commonwealth of England and founded the American nation. And though Colonel C. F. Smith of the Expedition wrote to head- quarters : "As the threats of their leaders to Captain Van Vliet, coupled with the burning of our supply trains — in itself an act of war — is evidence of their treason, I shall regard them as enemies, andyfr^ upon the scoundrels if they give me the least opportunity; " yet from that moment President Buchanan saw cause for pause. Brigham Young would keep his word! Strange as it may seem his Proclamation, and the order of Lieutenant General Wells, followed so quickly by the burning of the supply trains, ultimately brought the Peace Commission, and the Proclamation of pardon to the entire Mormon people. //d HIS TORY OF SALT LA KE CI TV. CHAPTER XIX. CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN GOVERNOR YOUNG AND COLONEL ALEXANDER. UNFLINCHLNG ATTITUDE OF BOTH SIDES. EXCHANGE OF COURTESIES. THE GOVERNOR INVITES A PEACEFUL VISIT OF THE OFFICERS TO THE CITY. A REMARKABLE LETTER FROM APOSTLE JOHN TAYLOR TO CAPTAIN MARCY. "Great Salt Lake City, U. T , October 14, 1857. "Colonel: In consideration of our relative positions — you acting in your capacity as commander of the United States forces, and in obedience, as you have stated, to orders from the President of the United States, and I as governor of this Territory, impelled by every sense of justice, honor, integrity and patriotism to resist what I consider to be a direct infringement of the rights of the citizens of Utah, and an act of usurpation and tyranny unprecedented in the history of the United States — permit me to address you frankly as a citizen of the United States, untrammelled by the usages of official dignity or military etiquette. "As citizens of the United States, we both, it is presumable, feel strongly attached to the Constitution and institu tions of our common country ; and, as . gentlemen, should probably agree in sustaining the dear bought liberties be- queathed by our fathers — the position in which we are individually placed being the only apparent cause of our present antagonism ; you, as colonel command- ing, feeling that you have a rigid duty to perform in obedience to orders, and I, a still more important duty to the people of this Territory, " I need not here reiterate what I have already mentioned in my official proclamation, and what I and the people of this Territory universally believe firmly to be the object of the administration in the present expedition against Utah, viz: the destruction, if not the entire annihilation of the Mormon com- munity, solely upon religious grounds, and without any pretext whatever; for the administration do know, from the most reliable sources, that the base reports circulated by Drummond, and others of their mean officials, are barefaced calum- nies. They do, moreover, know that the people of Utah have been more peace- able and law abiding than those of any other Territory of the United States, and have never resisted even the wish of the President of the United States, nor treated with indignity a single individual coming to the Territory under his au. thority although the conduct and deportment of many of them have merited, and in any other State or Territory would have met with summary punishment. But when the President of the United States so far degrades his high position, and prostitutes the highest gift of the people as to make use of the military power (only intended for the protection of the people's rights) to crush the people's liberties, and compel tliem to receive officials so lost to self respect as to accept HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CIl K 777 appointments against the known and expressed wish of the people, and so craven and degraded as to need an army to protect them in their position, we feel that we should be recreant to every principle of self-respect, honor, integrity, and patriotism, to bow tamely to such high-handed tyranny, a parallel for which is only found in the attempts of the British government, in its most corrupt stages, against the rights, liberties and lives of our forefathers. " Now, Colonel, I do not charge you, nor those serving under you, with the instigation of these enormities. I consider that you are only the agent made use of by the administration, probably unwillingly so, to further their infamous designs. What high-minded gentleman can feel comfortable in being the mere catspaw of political jugglers and hucksters, penny-a-liners, hungry speculators and disgraced officials? Yet it is from the statements of such characters only that the adminstration has acted, attaching the official seal to your movements. Now, I feel that, when such treason is perpetrated, unblushingly, in open daylight, against the liberties and most sacred rights of the citizens of this Territory, it is my duty, and the duty of every lover of his country and her sacred institutious, to resist it, and maintain inviolate the constitution of our common country. "Perhaps, colonel, you may feel otherwise; education and associations have their influences ; but I have yet to learn that United States officers are implicitly bound to obey the dictum of a despotic President, in violating the most sacred constitutional rights of American citizens. "We have sought diligently for peace. We have sacrificed millions of dol- lars worth of property to obtain it, and wandered a thousand miles from the con- fines of civilization, severing ourselves from home, the society of friends, and everything that makes life worth enjoyment. If we have war, it is not of our seeking; we have never gone nor sought to interfere with the rights of others, but they have come and sent to interfere with us. We had hoped that, in this barren and desolate country, we could have remained unmolested ; but it would seem that our implacable, blood-thirsty foes envy us even these barren deserts. Now, if our real enemies, the mobocrats, priests, editors and politicians, at whose instigation the present storm has been gathered, had come against us, instead of you and your command, I should never have addressed them thus. They never would have been allowed to reach the South Pass. In you we recognize only the agents and instruments of the administration, and with you, personally, have no quarrel. I believe it would have been more consonant with your feelings to have made war upon the enemies of your country than upon American citizens. But to us the end to be accomplished is the same, and while I appreciate the un- pleasantness of your position, you must be aware that circumstances compel the people of Utah to look upon you, in your present belligerent attitude, as their enemies and the enemies of our common country, and notwithstanding my most sincere desires to promote amicable relations with you, I shall feel it my duty, as do the people of the Territory universally, to resist to the utmost every attempt to encroach further upon their rights. "It, therefore, becomes a matter for your serious consideration, whether it would not be more in accordance with the spirit and institutions of our country to return with your present force rather than force an issue so unpleasant to all, 9 jy8 HIS TOR Y OF SAL T LAKE CI TY. and which must result in great misery and, perhaps, bloodshed and, if persisted in, the total destruction of your army. And, furthermore, does it not become a question whether it is more patriotic for officers of the United States army to ward off, by all honorable means, a collision with American citi- zens or to further the precipitate move of an indiscreet and rash administration, in plunging a whole Territory into a horrible, fratricidal and sanguinary war. "Trusting that the foregoing considerations may be duly weighed by you, and that the difficulties now impending may be brought to an amicable adjustment, with sentiments of esteem, I have the honor to remain most respectfully etc., BRIGHAM YOUNG." " Headquarters Army for Utah. Camp on Ham's Fork, October 12, 1857. "Sir: Yesterday two young men, named Hickman, were arrested by the rear guard of the army, and are now held in confinement. They brought a let- ter from W. A. Hickman to Mr. Perry, a sutler of one of the regiments, but came under none of the privileges of bearers, of despatches, and are, perhaps, liable to be considered and treated as spies. But I am convinced, from conver- sation with them, that their conduct does not merit the serious punishment awarded to persons of that character, and I have accordingly resolved to release the younger one, especially in consideration of his having a wife and three chil- dren, dependent upon him, and to make him the bearer of this letter. The elder I shall keep until I know how this communication is received, and until I receive an answer to it, reserving, even then, the right to hold him a prisoner, if, in my judgment, circumstances require it. I need hardly assure you that his life will be protracted, and that he will receive every comfort and indulgence proper to be afforded him. "I desire now, sir, to set before you the following facts: the forces under my command are ordered by the President of the United States, to establish a mili- tary post at or near Salt Lake City. They set out on their long and arduous march, anticipating a reception similar to that which they would receive in any other State or Territory in the Union. They were met at the boundary of the Territory of which you are the Governor, and in which capacity alone I have any business with you, by a proclamation issued by yourself, forbidding them to come upon soil belonging to the United States, and calling upon the inhabitants to re- sist them with arms. You have ordered them to return, and have called upon them to give up their arms in default of obeying your mandate. You have resorted to open hostilities, and of a kind, permit me to say, far beneath the usages of civi- lized warfare, and only resorted to by those who are conscious of inability to re- sist by more honorable means, by authorizing persons under your control, some of the very citizens, doubtless, whom you have called to arms, to burn the grass ap- parently with the intention of starving a few beasts, and hoping that men would starve after them. Citizens of Utah, acting, I am bound to believe, under HISTORY OF SALT LAKE Cir\. 179 your authority, have destroyed trains containing public stores, with a similar humane purpose of starving the army. I infer also from your communications received day before yesterday, referring to " a dearth of news from the east and from home," that you have caused public and private letteis to be diverted from their proper destination, and this, too, when carried by a public messenger on a public highway. It is unnecessary for me to adduce further instances to show that you have placed yourself, in your capacity of governor, and so many of the citizens of the Territory of Utah as have obeyed your decree, in a position of re- bellion and hostility to the general government of the United States. It becomes you to look to the consequences, for you must be aware that so unequal a contest can never be successfully sustained by the people you govern. "It is my duty to inform you that I shall use the force under my control, and all honorable means in my power, to obey literally and strictly "the orders under which I am acting. If you, or any acting under your orders, oppose me, I will use force, and I warn you that the blood that is shed in this contest will be upon your head. My means I consider ample to overcome any obstacle; and I assure you that any idea you may have formed of forcing these troops back, or of preventing them from carrying out the views of the government, will result in unnecessary violence and utter failure. Should you reply to this in a spirit which our relative positions give me a right to demand, I will be prepared to propose an arrangement with you. I have also the honor to inform you that all persons found lurking around or in any of our camps, will be put under guard and held prisoners as long as circumstances may require. " I remain sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, E. B. ALEXANDER, Colonel loih Infantry, Commanding. ^^His Excellency Brigham Young, Governor of Utah Territory. ''' "Governor's Office, Great Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, October 16, 1857. "Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 12th instant, at 8:30 this morning, and embrace the earliest opportunity to reply, out of courtesy to your position, at this late season of the year. " As you officially allege it, I acknowledge that you and the forces have been sent to the Territory by the President of the United States, but we shall treat you as though you were open enemies, because I have so many times seen armies in our country, under color of law, drive this people, commonly styled Mormons, from their homes, while mobs have followed and plundered at their pleasure, which is now most obviously the design of the general government, as all candid, thinking men know full well. Were not such the fact, why did not the government send an army here to protect us against the savages when we first settled here, and were poor and few in number? So contrary to this was their course, that they sent an informal requisition for five hundred of our most effi- j8o b/stoj^y of salt lake city. cient men, (while we were in an Indian country and striving to leave the borders of the United States, from which its civilization (?) had expelled us,) with a pre- concerted view to cripple and destroy us. And do you fancy for a moment that we do not fully understand the tender (?) mercies and designs of our government against us? Again, if an army was ordered here for peaceful purposes, to pro- tect and preserve the rights and lives of the innocent, why did government send here troops that were withdrawn from Minnesota, where the Indians were slaughtering men, women, and children, and were banding m large numbers, threatening to lay waste the country? *• You mention that it is alone in my gubernatorial capacity that you have any business with me, though your commanding officer, Brevet-Brigadier General Harney, addressed his letter by Captain Van Vliet to ' President Brigham Young, of the society of Mormons.' " You acknowledge the receipt of my official proclamation, forbidding your entrance into the Territory of Utah, and upon that point I have only to again inform you that the matter set forth in that document is true, and the orders therein contained will be most strictly carried out. "If you came here for peaceful purposes, you have no use for weapons of war. We wish, and ever have wished for peace, and have ever sued for it all the day long, as our bitterest enemies know full well ; and though the wicked, with the administration now at their head, have determined that we shall have no peace, except it be to lie down in death, in the name of Israel's God we will have peace, even though we be compelled by our enemies to fight for it. " We have as yet studiously avoided the shedding of blood, though we have resorted to measures to resist our enemies, and through the operations of those mild measures, you can easily perceive that you and your troops are now at the mercy of the elements, and that we live in the mountains, and our men are all mountaineers. This the government should know, and also give us our rights and then let us alone. "As to the style of those measures, past, present, or future, persons acting in self-defence have of right a wide scope for choice, and that, too, without being very careful as to what name their enemies may see fit to term that choice ; for both we and the Kingdom of God will be free from all hellish oppressors, the Lord being our helper. Threatenings to waste and exterminate this people have been sounded in our ears for more than a score of years, and we yet live. The Zion of the Lord is here, and wicked men and devils cannot destroy it, "If you persist in your attempt to permanently locate an army in this Ter- ritory, contrary to the wishes and constitutional rights of the people therein, and with a view to aid the administration in their unhallowed efforts to palm their corrupt officials upon us, and to protect them and blacklegs, black-hearted scoun- drels, whore masters, and murderers, as was the sole intention in sending you and your troops here, you will have to meet a mode of warfare against which your tactics furnish you no information. "As to your inference concerning 'public and private letters,' it contains an ungentlemanly and false insinuation ; for, so far as I have any knowledge, the only stopping or detaining of the character you mention has alone been done by HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. i8i the Post Office Department in Washington; they having, as you must have known, stopped our mail from Independence, Missouri, by which it was but fair to presume that you, as well as we, were measurably curtailed in mail facilities. "In regard to myself and certain others, having placed ourselves 'in a posi- tion of rebellion and hostility to the general government of the United States,' I am perfectly aware that we understand our true and most loyal position far bet- ter than our enemies can inform us. We, of all people, are endeavoring to preserve and perpeiuate the genius of the Constitution and constitutional laws, while the administration and the troops they have ordered to Utah are, in fact, themselves the rebels, and in hostility to the general government. And if George Washington were now living, and at the helm of our government, he would hang the administration as high as he did Andre, and that, too, with a far better grace and to a much greater subserving the best interests of our country. •'You write: ' It becomes you to look to the consequences, for you must be aware that so unequal a contest can never be successfully sustained by the people you govern.' We have counted the cost it may be to us; we look for the United States to endeavor to swallow us up, and we are prepared for the contest, if they wish to forego the Constitution in their insane efforts to crush out all hu- man rights. But the cost of so suicidal a course to our enemies we have not wasted our time considering, rightly deeming it more particularly their business to figure out and arrive at the amount of so immense a sum. It is now the king- dom of God and the kingdom of the devil. If God is for us we will prosper, but if He is for you and against us, you will prosper, and we will say amen ; let the Lord be God, and Him alone we will serve. "As to your obeying ' orders,' my official counsel to you would be for you to stop and reflect until you know wherein are the just and right, and then, David Crocket like, go ahead. But if you undertake to come in here and build forts, rest assured that you will be opposed, and that you will need all the force now under your command, and much more. And, in regard to your warning, I have to inform you that my head has been sought during many years past, not for any crime on my part, or for so much as even the wish to commit a crime, but solely for my religious belief, and that, too, m a land of professed constitu- tional religious liberty. " Inasmuch as you consider your force amply sufficient to enable you to come to this city, why have you so unwisely dallied so long on Ham's Fork at this late season of the year? " Carrying out the views of the government, as those views are now devel- oping themselves, can but result in the utter overthrow of that Union which we, in common with all American patriots, have striven to sustain; and as to our failure in our present efforts to uphold rights justly guaranteed to all citizens of the United States, that can be better told hereafter. "I presume that the 'spirit' and tenor of my reply to your letter will be unsatisfactory to you, for doubtless you are not aware ot the nature and object of the service in which you are now engaged. For your better information, permit me to inform you that we have a number of times been compelled to receive and submit to the most fiendish proposals, made to us by armies virtually belonging to j82 history of salt lake city. the United States, our only alternative being to comply therewith. At the last treaty forced upon us by our enemies, in which we were required to leave the United States, and with which we, as hitherto, complied, two United States Sena- tors were present, and pledged themselves, so far as their influence might reach, that we should be no more pursued by her citizens. That pledge has been broken by our enemies, as they have ever done when this people were a party, and we have thus always proven that it is vain for us to seek or expect protection from the officials or administrators of our government. It is obvious that war upon the Saints is all the time determined, and now we, for the first time, possess the power to have a voice in the treatment that we will receive, and we intend to use that power, so far as the Constitution and justice may warrant, which is all we ask. True, in struggling to sustain the Constitution and constitutional rights belonging to every citizen of our republic, we have no arm or power to trust in but that of Jehovah and the strength and ability that He gives us. "By virtue of my office as governor of the Territory of Utah, I command you to marshal your troops and leave this Territory, for it can be of no possible benefit to you to wickedly waste treasures and blood in prosecuting your course upon the side of a rebellion against the general government by its administrators. You have had and still have plenty of time to retire within reach of supplies at the east, or to go to Fort Hall. Should you conclude to comply with so just a command, and need any assistance to go east, such assistance will be promptly and cheerfully extended. We do not wish to destroy the life of any human being, but, on the contrary, we ardently desire to preserve the lives and liberties of all, so far as it may be in our power. Neither do we wish for the prbperty of the United States, notwithstanding they justly owe us millions. " Colonel, should you, or any of the officers with you, wish to visit this city, unaccompanied by troops, as did Captain Van Vliet, with a view to personally learn the condition and feelings of this people, you are at liberty to do so, under my cheerfully proffered assurance that you will be safely escorted from our out- posts to this city and back, and that during your stay in our midst you will receive all that courtesy and attention your rank demands. Doubtless you have supposed that many of the people here would flee to you for protection upon your arrival, and if there are any such persons they shall be at once conveyed to your camp in perfect safety, so soon as such fact can be known. "Were you and your fellow-officers as well acquainted with your soldiers as I am with mine, and did they understand the work they are now engaged in as well as you may understand it, you must know that many of them would immedi- ately revolt from all connection with so ungodly, illegal, unconstitutional and hellish a crusade against an innocent people, and if their blood is shed it shall rest upon the heads of their commanders. With us it is the kingdom of God or nothing. I have the honor to be, Your obedient servant, BRIGHAM YOUNG, Governor afid Superintendent of Indian Affairs, U. 7." "^. B. Alexander, Colonel loth Infantry, U. S. A.'' HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 183 " Headquarters Army for Utah, Camp on Ham's Fork, October 19, 1857. ''Sir: I have received by the hands of Lieutenant Colonel Beatie your letter of the i6th instant. It is not necessary for me to argue the points ad- vanced by you, and I have only to repeat my assurance that no harm would have happened to any citizen of Utah through the instrumentality of the army of the United States, in the performance of its legitimate duties without molestation. My disposition of the troops depends upon grave considerations not necessary to enumerate, and considering your order to leave the Territory illegal and beyond your authority to issue, or power to enforce, I shall not obey it. "I am, sir, with respect, your obedient servant, E. B. ALEXANDER, Colonel Commanding, loth Infantry U. S. A. " His Excellency Brigham Young, Governor of Utah Territory. ' ' "Governor's Office, Great Salt Lake City, October 28, 1857. "Sir: Having learned that Mrs. Mago, with her infant child, wishes to join her husband in your camp, also that Mr. Jesse Jones, who has been in this city a few weeks, was anxious to see Mr. Roup, it has afforded me pleasure to cause the necessary arrangements to be made for their comfortable and safe conveyance to your care, under the conduct and protection of Messrs. John Harvey, Joseph Sharp, Adam Sharp, and Thomas J. Hickman, the bearers of this communica- tion. " Mrs. Mago and her infant are conveyed to your camp in accordance with my previously often expressed readiness to forward to you such as might wish to go, and is the only resident of that description in Utah, as far as I am informed. Her husband made his first appearance here in the capacity of a teamster for Captain W. H. Hooper. He was then in very destitute circumstances ; and has since been in the employ of the late United States surveyor general of Utah, and I am not aware that he has any property or tie of any description in this Territory, except the wife and child now conveyed to him in your camp. Should Colonel Conby and lady wish to partake of the hospitalities proffered by Mr. Heywood and family, and should Captain R. B. Marcy desire to favor me with a visit, as I infer from his letter of introduction forwarded and in my possession, or should you or any other officers in your command wish to indulge in a trip to this city, you will be kindly welcomed and hospitably entertained, and the vehicle and escort now sent to your camp are tendered for conveyance of such as may receive your permission to avail themselves of this cordial invitation. " It is also presumed that your humane feelings will prompt you, in case there are any persons who wish to peacefully leave your camp for this city, to permit them to avail themselves of the protection and guidance of the escort now sent. i84 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. "Trusting that this communication will meet your entire approval and hearty co-operation, I have the honor, sir, to be your obedient servant, BRIGHAM YOUNG, Governor and Superintendent of Indian Affairs , U. T. " Colonel E. B. Alexander, Tenth Infaritry, U. S A., Camp Hani s Fork." "Great Salt Lake City, October 21, 1857, " My Dear Sir: 1 embrace this the earliest opportunity of answering your communication to me, embracing a letter from Mr. Fuller, of New York, to you, an introductory letter to me, and also one from W. I. Appleby to Governor Young ; the latter, immediately on its receipt, I forwarded to His Excellency; and here let me state, sir, that I sincerely regret that circumstances now existing have hitherto prevented a personal interview. " I can readily believe your statement, that it is very far from your feelings, and most of the command that are with you, to interfere with our social habits or religious views. One must naturally suppose that among gentlemen educated for the army alone, who have been occupied by the study of the art of war, whose pulses have throbbed with pleasure at the contemplation of the deeds of our venerated fathers, whose minds have been elated by the recital of the heroic deeds of other nations, and who have listened almost exclusively to the declama- tions of patriots and heroes, that there is not much time, and less inclination, to listen to the low party bickerings of political demagogues, the interested twaddle of sectional declaimers, or the throes and contortions of contracted religious bigots. You are supposed to stand on elevated ground, representing the power and securing the interests of the whole of a great and mighty nation. That many of you are thus honorable, I am proud, as an American citizen, to acknowl- edge ; but you must excuse me, my dear sir, if I cannot concede with you that all your officials are so high-toned, disinterested, humane and gentlemanly, as a knowledge of some of their antecedents expressly demonstrates. However, it is not with the personal character, the amiable qualities, high-toned feelings, or gentlemanly deportment of the officers in your expedition, that we at present have to do. The question that concerns us is one that is independent of your personal, generous, friendly and humane feelings or any individual predilection of yours; it is one that involves the dearest rights of American citizens, strikes at the root of our social and political existence, if it does not threaten our entire annihilation from the earth. Excuse me, sir, when I say that you are merely the servants of a lamentably corrupt administration ; that your primary law is obedi- ence to orders, and that you came here with armed foreigners with cannon, rifles, bayonets, and broadswords, expressly, and for the openly avowed purpose of 'cutting out the loathsome ulcer from the body politic' I am aware what our friend Fuller says in relation to this matter, and I entertain no doubt of his generous and humane feelings, nor do I of yours, sir; but I do know that he is mistaken in relation to the rabid tone and false, furious attacks of a venal and HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CIT\. 185 corrupt press. I do know that they are merely the mouthpiece, the tools, the barking dogs of a corrupt administration. I do know that Mr. Buchanan was well apprised of the nature of the testimony adduced against us by ex-Judge Drummond and others; for he was informed of it, to my knowledge, by a mem- ber of own cabinet, and I further know, from personal intercourse with members of the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States, that there have been various plans concerted at headquarters for some time past, for the over- throw of this people. Captain, Mr. Fuller informs me that you are a politician ; if so, you must know that in the last presidential campaign the republican party had opposition to slavery and polygamy as two of the principal planks in their platform. You may know, sir, that Utah was picked out, and the only Territory excluded from a participation in pre-emption rights to land. You may also be aware that bills were introduced into Congress for the persecution of the Mor- mons ; but other business was too pressing at that time for them to receive atten- tion. You may be aware that measures were also set on foot, and bills prepared to divide up Utah among the Territories of Nebraska, Kansas, Oregon and New Mexico (giving a slice to California), for the purpose of bringing us into collision with the people of those Territories, not to say anything about thousands of our letters detained at the postofifice at Independence. I might enumerate injuries by the score, and if these things are not so, why is it that Utah is so •knotty a question?' If people were no more ready to interfere with us and our institutions than we are with them and theirs, these difficulties would vanish into thin air. Why, again I ask, could Drummond and a host of others, mean scribblers, palm their barefaced lies with such impunity, and have their infamous slanders swallowed with so much gusco ? Was it not that the administration and their satellites, having planned our destruction, were eager to catch at anything to render specious their contemplated acts of blood ? Or, in plain terms, the democrats advocated strongly popular sovereignty. The republicans tell them that, if they join in maintaining inviolable the domestic institutions of the South, they must also swallow polygamy. The democrats thought this would not do, as it would interfere with the religious scruples of many of their supporters, and they looked about for some means to dispose of the knotty question. Buchanan, with Douglass, Cass, Thompson and others of his advisers, after failing to devise legal measures, hit upon the expedient of an armed force against Utah ; and thus thought, by the sacrifice of the Mormons, to untie the knotty question ; do a thousand times worse than the republicans ever meant ; fairly out-Herod Herod, and by religiously extirpating, destroying, or killing a hundred thousand innocent American citizens, satisfy a pious, humane, patriotic feeling of their constituents; take the wind out of the sails of the republicans, and gain to themselves immortal laurels. Captain, I have heard of a pious Presbyterian doctrine that would incul- cate thankfulness to the all-wise Creator for the privilege of being damned. Now, as we are not Presbyterians, nor believe in this kind of self-abnegation, you will, I am sure, excuse us for finding fault at being thus summarily dealt with, no matter how agreeable the excision or expatriation might be to our political, patri- otic or very pious friends. We have lived long enough in the world to know that we are a portion of the body politic, have some rights as well as other people, 10 i86 JUS TORY OF SALT LAKE CJT\ . and that if others do not respect us, we, at least, have manhood enough to respect ourselves. " Permit me here to refer to a remark made by our friend Mr. Fuller, to you, viz : ' That he had rendered me certain services in the city of New York, and that he had no doubt that when you had seen us and known us as he had, that you would report as favorably as he had unflinchingly done.' Now, those favors to which Mr. Fuller refers were simply telling a few plain matters of fact that had come under his own observation during a short sojourn at Salt Lake. This, of course, I could duly appreciate, for I always admired a man who dare tell the truth. But, Captain, does it not strike you as humiliating to manhood and to the pride of all honorable American citizens, when among the thousands that have passed through and sojourned among us, and knew as well as Mr. Fuller did our true social and moral position, that perhaps one in ten thousand dare state their honest convictions; and further, that Mr. Fuller, with his knowl- edge of human nature, should look upon you as a rara avis, possessing the moral courage and integrity to declare the truth in opposition to the floods of falsehood that have deluged our nation. Surely, we have fallen on unlucky times, when honesty is avowed to be at so great a premium. "In regard to our religion, it is perhaps unnecessary to say much; yet, what- ever others' feelings may'be about it, with us it is honestly a matter of conscience. This is a right guarantetd to us by the Constitution of our country ; yet it is on this ground, and this alone, that we have suffered a continued series o*" persecu- tions, and that this present crusade is set on foot against us. In regard to this people, I have traveled extensively in the United States, and through Europe, yet have never found so moral, chaste, and virtuous a people, nor do I expect to find them. And, if let alone, they are the most patriotic, and appreciate more fully the blessings of religious, civil, and political freedom than any other por- tion of the United States. They have, however, discovered the difference be- tween a blind submission to the caprices of political demagogues and obedience to the Constitution, laws, and institutions of the United States; nor can they, in the present instance, be hoodwinked by the cry of ' treason.' If it be treason to stand up for our constitutional rights; if it be treason to resist the unconstitu tional acts of a vitiated and corrupt administration, who, by a mercenary armed force, would seek to rob us of the rights of franchise, cut our throats to subserve their party, and seek to force upon us its corrupt tools, and violently invade the rights of American citizens ; if it be treason to maintain inviolate our homes, our firesides, our wives, and our honor from the corrupting and withering blight of a debauched soldiery; if it be treason to keep inviolate the Constitution and institutions of the United States, when nearly all the States are seeking to trample them under their feet, then, indeed, we are guilty of treason. We have care- fully considered all these matters and are prepared to meet the ' terrible ven- geance ' we have been very politely informed will be the result of our acts. It is in vain to hide it from you that this people have suffered so much from every kind of official that they will endure it no longer. It is not with them an idle phantom, but a stern reality. It is not, as some suppose, the voice of Brigham only, but the universal, deep-settled feeling of the whole community. Their cry HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CI'IY. 187 is, * Give us our Constitutional rights ; give us liberty or death ! ' A strange cry in our boasted model republic, but a truth deeply and indelibly graven on the hearts of 100,000 American citizens by a series of twenty-seven years' unmiti- gated and unprovoked, yet unrequited wrongs. Having told you of this, you will not be surprised that when fifty have been called to assist in repelling our ag- gressors, a hundred have volunteered, and, when a hundred have been called, the number has been more than doubled; the only feeling is 'don't let us be over- looked or forgotten.' And here let me inform you that I have seen thousands of hands raised simultaneously, voting to burn our property rather than let it fall into the hands of our enemies. They have been so frequently robbed and de- spoiled without redress, that they have solemnly decreed that, if they cannot enjoy their own property, nobody else shall. You will see by this that it would be literally madness for your small force to attempt to come into the settlements. It would only be courting destruction. But, say you, have you counted the cost? have you considered the wealth and power of the United States and the fearful odds against you ? Yes; and here let me inform you that, if necessitated, we would as soon meet 100,000 as 1,000, and, if driven to the necessity, will burn every house, tree, shrub, rail, every patch of grass and stack of straw and hay, and flee to the mountains. You will then obtain a barren, desolate wilderness, but will not have conquered the people, and the same principle in regard to other property will be carried out. If this people have to burn their property to save it from the hands of legalized mobs, they will see to it that their enemies shall be without fuel ; they will haunt thera by day and by night. Such is, in part, our plan. The three hundred thousand dollars' worth of our property destroyed already in Green River County is only a faint sample of what will be done throughout the Territory. We have been twice driven, by tamely submitting to the authority of corrupt officials, and left our houses and homes for others to in- habit, but are now determined that, if we are again robbed of our possessions, our enemies shall also feel how pleasant it is to be houseless at least for once, and be permitted, as they have sought to do to us, 'to dig their own dark graves, creep into them, and die.' "You see we are not backward in showing our hands. Is it not strange to what lengths the human family may be goaded by a continued series of oppres- sions? The administration may yet find leisure to pause over the consequences of their acts, and it may yet become a question for them to solve whether they have blood and treasure enougn to crush out the sacred principles of liberty from the bosoms of 100,000 freemen, and make them bow in craven servility to the mendacious acts of a perjured, degraded tyrant. You may have learned already that it is anything but pleasant for even a small army to contend with the chilling blasts of this inhospitable climate. How a large army would fare without re- sources you can picture to yourself. We have weighed those matters; it is for the administration to post their own accounts. It may not be amiss, however, here to state that, it they continue to prosecute this inhuman fratricidal war, and our Nero would light the fires and, sitting in his chair of state, laugh at burnmg Rome, there is a day of reckoning even for Neros. There are generally two sides to a question. As I before said, we wish for peace, but that we are deter- j88 history of salt lake city. mined on having it if we have to fight for it. We will not have officers forced upon us who are so degraded as to submit to be sustained by the bayonet's point. We cannot be dragooned into servile obedience to any man. "These things settled, Captain, and all the like preliminaries of etiquette are easily arranged ; and permit me here to state, that no man will be more courteous and civil than Governor Young, and nowhere could you find in your capacity of an officer of the United States a more generous and hearty welcome than at the hands of his excellency. But when, instead of battling with the enemies of our country, you come (though probably reluctantly) to make war upon my family and friends, our civilities are naturally cooled, and we instinctively grasp the sword; Minie rifles, Colt's revolvers, sabres, and cannon may display very good workmanship and great artistic skill, but we very much object to having their temper and capabilities tried upon us. We may admire the capabilities, gentle- manly deportment, heroism and patriotism of United States officers; but in an official capacity of enemies, we would rather see their backs than their faces. The guillotine may be a very pretty instrument, and show great artistic skill, but I don't like to try my neck in it. " Now, Captain, notwithstanding all this, I shall be very happy to see you if circumstances should so transpire as to make it convenient for you to come, and to extend to you the courtesies of our city, for I am sure you are not our personal enemy. I shall be happy to render you any information in my power in regard to your contemplated explorations. "I am heartily sorry that things are so unpleasant at the present time, and I cannot but realize the awkwardness of your position, and that of your com- patriots, and let me here say that anything that lays in my power compatible with the conduct of a gentleman you can command. If you have leisure, I should be most happy to hear from you. You will, I am sure, excuse me, if I disclaim the prefix of reverend to my name ; address John Taylor, Great Salt Lake City. "I need not here assure you that personally there can be no feelings of enmity between us and your officers. We regard you as the agents of the administration in the discharge of a probably unpleasant duty, and very likely ignorant of the ultimate designs of the administration. As I left the East this summer, you will excuse me when I say I am probably better posted in some of these matters than you are, having been one of a delegation from the citizens of this Territory to apply for admission into the Union, I can only regret that it is not our real enemies that are here instead of you. We do not wish to harm you or any of the command to which you belong, and I can assure you that in any other capacity than the one you now occupy, you would be received as civilly and treated as courteously as in any other portion of our Union. "On my departure from the States, the fluctuating tide of popular opinion against us seemed to be on the wave. By this time there may be quite a reaction in the public mind. If so, it may probably affect materially the position of the administration, and tend to more constitutional, pacific and humane measures. In such an event our relative positions would be materially changed, and instead of meeting as enemies, we could meet, as all Americans should, friends to each other, and united against our legitimate enemies only. Such an issue is devoutly HISTOR V OF SAL T LAKE CL7 Y, i8g to be desired, and I can assure you that no one would more appreciate so happy a result to our present awkward and unpleasant position, than yours truly, JOHN TAYLOR. Captain Marcy. Headquarters Army of Utah, Black's Fork, 1 6 miles frot7i Fort Bridger, en route to Salt Lake City, November yth. i8$y. Official: F. J. PORTER, Assistant Adjutant General. CHAPTER XX. REVIEW OF THE EXPEDITION, KANSAS TROUBLES. GENERAL HARNEY RELIEVED OF THE COMMAND. GENERAL PERSIFER F. SMITH APPOINTED IN HIS STEAD. HE DIES AND COLONEL ALBERT SIDNEY JOHNSTON IS APPOINTED. DISASTROUS MARCH OF THE SECOND DRAGOONS TO UTAH, SCENE OF THE ARMY IN WINTER QUARTERS. At this point must be given a circumstantial review of the history of the Expedition from the issuing of General Scott's circular to the close of the winter of 18,7-8, so bitter in its experience to the ill-fated troops who composed the army sent to invade the Rocky Mountain Zion. The force consisted of two regiments of infantry — the Fifth and Tenth; one regiment of cavalry — the old Second Dragoons; and two batteries of artillery — Reno's and Phelps'. Of the equipments, it may be said there was nothing forgotten and nothing grudged, to make the Expedition a splendid and thorough success. "So well is the nature of this service appreciated," wrote the commander- in-chief to General Harney, by the pen of his aid de camp, "and so deeply are the honor and interests of the United States involved in its success, that I am authorized to say that the government will hesitate at no expense reauisite to complete the efficiency of your little army, and to insure health and comfort to it, as far as attainable. Hence, in addition to the liberal orders for its supply here- tofore given — and it is known that ample measures, with every confidence of suc- cess, have been dictated by the chiefs of staff departments here — a large discretion will be made over to you in the general orders for the movement. The employment of spies, guides, interpreters or laborers may be made to any reasonable extent you may think desirable." And the officers were as eminent as the amplitude of the supplies and effi- igo HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. ciency of the equipments. The chief officers were gentlemen of thorough mili- tary education. There were names connected with that army, which rank to day in the national galaxy of America's great generals. There was General Harney, who at that period held the reputation of being the greatest Indian fighter of all the commanding officers of the American army; and for that reason he was probably singled out at the onset for this campaign against the Mormons, which in a mountainous country must necessarily have partaken much of the guerilla warfare, if it came to the action. There was General Persifier F. Smith, a dis- tinguished officer; Captain Van Vliet, afterwards a Major-General ; Colonel Philip St. George Cooke, also afterwards a Major General, and of before time the honored commander of the Mormon Battalion ; Captain Marcy a distin- guished officer and father- in-law of General McClellen ; Colonel Alexander who himself was able to command an expedition; and greater than all besides Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston, the brilliant soldier who afterwards commanded the Confederate army ot the battle of Shiloh, and fell as one of the laurelled heroes of Southern rebeldom, but in 1857 he was sent as the commander to put down Mormon rebeldom. What a strange fatality ! and what a parallel ! It was the flower of the Anierican army that was sent to Utah, and its his- tory is more remarkable from that very fact. When the order was given for the march of the troops, no one of that command could have divined that such ter- rible disasters were in store as befel them before the close of the year. The prospect appeared auspicious at the commencement of the march. Writing from Fort Kearney, August loth. Colonel Alexander reported all well. " The men are in good health and condition, and have surprised me by the endurance they exhibited from the commencement. The march from Fort Leavenworth here occupied nineteen days, giving an average of fifteen and a half miles per day." Writing from Fort Laramie, September 3d, he congratulates with the following passage : "On the 5th the march to Utah will be resumed, and although the accounts of the road as regards grass makes it much more difficult than anything we have yet experienced, I hope to give as favorable a report upon my arrival at the Salt Lake City. " I may be excused from expressing the pride I feel in the successful accom- plishment by my regiment of so much of its first arduous duty, and I confidently express the belief that unless some very unforeseen accident occurs, I will reach the Territory of Utah in a condition of perfect efficiency and discipline." Meantime a change had come in the disposition of the Expedition, that the Mormons might well consider as fated, both to themselves and the troops; for had that expedition under General Harney reached the Great Salt Lake Valley that year, it certainly must have been after a desperate battle or two with the " Nauvoo Legion" under General Wells; then if the word of Brigham Young had been kept, as faithfully as the burning of the government trains indicated, General Harney, even though a victor, would have found Great Salt Lake City in ashes; and, in his spring campaign, every city in Utah would have shared HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. igr the same fate, or that United States army would liave been baptized in its own blood. But no sooner had Colonel Alexander started with his advance troops than the Kansas troubles revived. " Bleeding Kansas" had for several years been the national sensation, and "Border Ruffianism " was a real terror to the American mind, while Mormon rebellion was much of a myth, and at its worst was no sub- ject of political terrorism to the nation. The presence of General Harney and the Second Dragoons was now needed in Kansas by this new development of affairs. His supposed fitness, above other generals to command the Utah Expe- dition, made him more abundantly fit now to grapple with Kansas. Captain Van Vliet sensed the strange fatality of this new development when he said to Brig- ham Young : "I am anxious to get back to Washington as soon as I can. I have heard officially that General Harney has been recalled to Kansas, to officiate as Governor." Thus the General who, from his experience in Indian warfare, was supposed to be sufficient to put down the Indians and Mormons combined — that being one of the suppositions of this war — never took command of this expedition, and the Qragoons were, therefore, absent from the Plains when they were most required. General Persifer F. Smith was assigned to the command in the place of General Harney, but he fell ill and died at Fort Leavenworth. The infantry and artillery, with all the quartermaster and commissary stores, were then on the plains, and the command of the expedition, by seniority of rank, devolved upon Colonel Alexander, of the Tenth Infantry. The expedition was, therefore, with- out any instructions from the Government; all that its commander, Colonel Alexander, knew was its destination. The next link of the strange history is found in the following military order : "Washington, August 28th, 1857, " Colonel: In anticipation of the orders to be issued placing you in com- mand of the Utah expedition, the general- in-chief directs you to repair, without delay, to Fort Leavenworth, and apply to Brevet Brigadier General Harney for all the orders and instructions he has received as commander of that expedition, which you will consider addressed to yourself, and by which you will be governed accordingly. You will make your arrangements to set out from Fort Leaven- worth at as early a day as practicable. Six companies of the 2d Dragoons will be detached by General Harney to escort you and the civil authorities to Utah, to remain as part of your command instead of the companies of the ist Cavalry, as heretofore ordered. Brevet Major T. J. Porter, assistant adjutant general, will be ordered to report to you for duty before you leave Fort Leavenworth. " I have the honor to be, colonel, very respectfully, your most obedient servant, iRviN McDowell, Assistant Adjutant General. " Colonel Albert S. Johnston, 2d Cavalry, Washington, D C. ig2 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITl. As the army passed the boundary line of Utah, Governor Young's Proclama- tion was forwarded, with his order to arrest the advance of "the forces now in vading Utah Territory." This was the juncture when either General Harney or Colonel Johnston should have been on the spot, with the entire force, to have opened the campaign, but at that very moment Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston wasstill at Fort Leavenworth, a thousand miles from the army to which he had been appointed, while Colonel Philip St. George Cooke, commanding 2d Dragoons, and Colonel C. F. Smith commanding Battalion loth Infantry were also far away from the seat of action. Colonel Cooke in command of six com- panies 2d Dragoons commenced his march from Fort Leavenworth, on the 17th of September, and arrived at Fort Bridger November 19. Of his onset he has thus reported : " The regiment has been hastily recalled from service in the field and al- lowed three or four days only, by my then commanding officer, to prepare for a march of eleven hundred miles over an uninhabited and mountain wilderness • in that time the six companies of the regiment who were to compose the expedi- tion were re-organized; one hundred and ten transfers necessarily made from and to other companies; horses to be condemned and many obtained; the com- panies paid, and about fifty desertions occured ; the commanders of four of them changed. To these principle duties and obstacles, implying a great mass of writ- ing, were to be added every exertion of experience and foresight to provide for a line of operation of almost of unexampled length and mostly beyond communi- cation. On the evening of the i6th, at the commencement of a rain-storm, an inspector general made a hurried inspection by companies, which could not have been very satisfactory to him or others — the company commanders, amid the confusion of Fort Leavenworth, presenting their new men, raw recruits, whom they had yet scarcely found or seen, under the effects usually following the pay- table." Governor Gumming, also, who should have been at the seat of war to have met Governor Young's proclamation with a counter proclamation, giving to Col- onel Alexander the power to act as \\\s posse cojnmitatus, before the winter set in> was under the escort of Colonel Cooke, and did not issue his proclamation before the 2ist of November. Brigham and the Mormons alone were prepared for the issue, notwithstand- ing the Government had taken every precaution to prevent the news of the projected expedition reaching Utah in advance, by cutting off the postal com" munication. (It is so charged by Governor Young.) In six days after the news reached the Pioneers of the coming of the army, the Utah militia is ordered out ; in twenty-one days the first detachment of the Mormon Life Guards has taken the field, under Colonel Burton; in one month and eleven days Lot Smith has burnt the supply trains' of the Expedition. In May, General Scott's circular was issued for the march of the army ; in the latter part of November Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston and Governor Alfred Gumming were at headquarters. Camp Scott, powerless to act, locked out from Salt Lake Valley by the commanding general of the year — inexorable winter. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. ipj General Sam Houston had said to the Government at the onset: "If you make war upon the Mormons you will get awfully whipped !" which, when it was told to Brigham Young, he said, " General Sam Houston had it right." Hearing nothing from his commander, without instructions and fearing everything, Colonel Alexander concentrated his forces at Ham's Fork, until some course should be resolved upon by a council of the officers. It was then the latter part of September; winter was approaching, the stock of forage was rapidly decreasing, and the country was altogether unfitted for winter-quarters. Every day's delay was disastrous, and threatened the very existence of the ex- pedition, for the mountains were already covered with snow and the daring Mor- mon cavalry were constantly harassing the supply trains and running off the animals. The troops began to show signs of demorilization; they were in a bleak and barren desert, with an enemy surrounding them that knew every inch of the ground, and who, to all appearance, could easily destroy them without shed- ding a drop of their own blood. On the loth of October the officers of the Expedition held a council of war and determined that the army should advance from Ham's Fork, but to change the route of travel and make Salt Lake Valley, if they could, via Soda Springs, a distance of nearly three hundred miles, and at least a hundred and fifty miles farther than the route through Echo Canyon. The order was issued, and next day the troops commenced a dreary march. "Early in the morning," says Stenhouse, in his "Rocky Mountain Saints," "the sky was surcharged with dark, threatening clouds, and as they started the snow fell heavily. A few supply-trains were kept together and guarded by the infantry, but the travel was slow, vexatious and discouraging. The beasts of burden were suffering from want of forage, as, in anticipation of this movement, the grass had been burned all along that route. The animals were completely exhausted, and, before they were a week on the new route, three miles a day was all the distance that could be made. "Another council of war was held, but the only topics of discussion were the suffering, disaster, and heavy losses of the company. The soldiers were mur- muring, and dissatisfaction reigned everywhere. Some gallant officers were desir- ous of forcing an issue with the Mormons, cutting their way through the canyons and taking their chances of what might come. This course might have afforded some gratification to individuals, but to the company at large it was impracticable : every effort was necessary to save the Expedition from total ruin. " In explanation of the unprecedented slow march, it should be stated that every movement was really a military manouvre. Colonel R. T. Burton, with a force of about 200 Mormon soldiers was. constantly harassing the army, which in return resorted to every strategy to deceive the Mormon soldiers in regard to their real intent. Every day they moved a short distance, but realizing that their movements were constantly watched by the Mormon soldiery. Colonel Alexander was in doubt as to what course to pursue, as while moving north, every means of annoy- ance without actual warfare was employed by this little body of defenders of their Utah homes. Finally, as the result of this continued vigilance, on the 11 jg4 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. part of the little army of MormonSj Colonel Alexander retraced his steps and counter-marched down stream and went into Winter Quarters, " In this forlorn condition the new commander was heard from, and the troops were instantly inspired with new life. Colonel Johnston comprehended the situation and ordered the Expedition to retrace its steps. The snow was six inches deep, the grass all covered, the animals starving. The advance had been slow, the retreat was simply crawling. On the 3rd of November they reached the point of rendezvous, and next day Colonel Johnston joined them with a small reinforcement and the remainder of the supply-trains, "The morale of the army was restored by the presence of an efficient com.- mander with instructions in his pocket, but the difficulties of the Expedition were increasing every hour. The supply-trains were strung out about six miles in length, the animals worrying along till, thoroughly exhausted, they would fall in their tracks and die, "All this long line of wagons and beef cattle had to be guarded to prevent surprise and the stampede of the animals. The snow was deep on the ground and the weather was bitterly cold. Many of the men were fatally rrost-bitten, and the catte and mules perished by the score. In Colonel Philip St, George Cooke's command fifty-seven head of horses and mules froze to death in one night on the Sweetwater, and from there to Fort Bridger, where the Expedition finally wintered, the road was literally strewn with dead animals. The camp on Black's Fork, thirty miles from Fort Bridger, was named 'The Camp of Death.' Five hundred animals perished around the camp on the night of the 6th of November. Fifteen oxen were found huddled together in one heap, frozen stiff, "In this perilous situation the expeditionary army to Utah made the distance to Bridger — thirty-five miles — in fifteen days ! Often the advance had arrived at camp before the end of the train left. On the i6th of November, the army reached their winter-quarters, Camp Scott, two miles from the site of Fort Bridger and one hundred and fifteen from Salt Lake City." The official repoit of Colonel Philip St. George Cooke is still more desolate. The experience of several days, as noted by the Colonel, will illustrate his report of the march of the Second Dragoons from Fort Leavenworth to Camp Scott: *^ November 6th, we found the ground once more white and the snow fall- ing, but then very moderately; I marched as usual. On a four-mile hill the north wind and drifting snow became severe; the air seemed turned to frozen fog; nothing could be seen ; we were struggling in a freezing cloud. The lofty wall at 'Three Crossings' was a happy relief; but the guide, who had lately passed there, was relentless in pronouncing that there was no grass. The idea of find- ing and feeding upon grass, in that wintry storm, under the deep snow, was hard to entertain ; but as he promised grass and other shelter two miles further, we marched on, crossing twice more the rocky stream, half choked with snow and ice ; finally he led us behind a great granite rock, but all too small for the promised shelter. Only a part of the regiment could huddle there in the deep snow; whilst, the long night through, the storm continued, and in feaful eddies from above, before, behind, drove the falling and drifting snow. Thus exposed HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. /pj for the hope of grass, the poor animals were driven, with great devotion, by the men, once more across the stream and three-quarters of a mile beyond, to the base of a granite ridge, but which almost faced the storm ; there the famished mules, crying piteously, did not seek to eat, but desperately gathered in a mass, and some horses, escaping the guard, went back to the ford, where the lofty pre- cipice first gave us so pleasant relief and shelter. " Thus morning light had nothing cheering to reveal ; the air still filled with driven snow; the animals soon came driven in, and, mingled in confusion with men, went crunching the snow in the confined and wretched camp, tramping all things in their way. It was not a time to dwell on the fact that from that moun- tain desert there was no retreat, nor any shelter near; but a time for action. No murmurs, not a complaint was heard, and certainly none saw in their com- mander's face a doubt or clouds ; but with cheerful manner he gave orders as usual for the march. '^^ November 10. The northeast wind continued fiercely, enveloping us in a cloud which froze and fell all day. Few could have faced that wind. The herders left to bring up the rear with extra, bat nearly all broken down mules, could not force them from the dead bushes of the little valley; and they re- mained there all day and night, bringing on the next day the fourth part that had not frozen. Thirteen mules were marched, and the camp was made four miles from the top of the pass. A wagon that day cut partly through the ice of a branch, and there froze so fast eight mules could not move it empty. Nearly all the tent pins were broken in the last camp; a few of iron were here substi- tuted. Nine trooper horses were left freezing and dying on the road that day, and a number of soldiers and teamsters had been frost-bitten. It was a desper- ately cold night. The thermometers were broken, but, by comparison, must have marked twenty-five degrees below zero. A bottle of sherry wine froze in a trunk. Having lost about fifty mules in thirty-six hours, the morning of the eleventh, on the report of the quartermaster, I felt bound to leave a wagon in the bushes, filled with seventy-four extra saddles and bridles, and some sabres. Two other wagons at the last moment he was obliged to leave, but empty. The Sharp's carbines were then issued to mounted as well as dismounted men. "IVovember ii. The fast growing company of dismounted men were marched together as a separate command by day ; the morning of the 12th, a number of them were frost-bitten from not being in motion, although standing by fires. ^^ November ij. The sick report had rapidly run up from four or five to forty-two; thirty-six soldiers and teamsters having been frosted. "Fort Bridger, November ig. I have one hundred and forty-four horses, and have lost one hundred and thirty-four. Most of the loss has occurred much this side of South Pass, in comparatively moderate weather. It has been of starvation ; the earth has a no more lifeless, treeless, grassless desert ; it contains scarcely a wolf to glut itself on the hundreds of dead and frozen animals, which for thirty miles nearly block the road ; with abandoned and shattered property, they mark, perhaps, beyond example in history, the steps of an advancing army with the horrors of a disastrous retreat." ig6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. The winter experience of the troops after their arrival at Camp Scott was quite in keeping with the march to Utah as described by Colonel Cooke. Rations were short, and many articles of daily necessity were altogether unattainable. Whiskey sold at $12 a gallon; tobacco $3 a pound, and sugar and coffee about the same rate. Flour for a time was a luxury at a very high figure; ''and the possession of a good supply with no other protection than the covering of a tent was as dangerous to its owner as a well-filled purse is to a pedestrian in a first- class city after sunset." The cattle, too, were miserably poor, but their hides furnished mocassins for the soldiers. Every day, all through the winter, bands of fifteen or twenty men might be seen hitched to wagons, trailing for five or six miles to the mountain sides to get loads of fuel for the use of the camp. But the greatest privation of all was caused by the lack of salt. Learning of this distress of the soldiers, and knowing that with poor meat and no vegetables, the craving for salt to season the dish must be almost as intolerable as the burning thirst for water in the desert, Brigham sent a load of salt to Colonel Johnston, accompanied with a letter of gift, which forms one of the Government documents. (See appendix.) But Colonel Johnston ordered the messengers from his camp with every expression of contempt for Brigham Young, the great Mormon ''rebel." " How mutable are human affairs!" comments Stenhouse, noting this incident. "Five years later, that same Colonel Johnston was himself designated a ' rebel/ and became one of the most distinguished generals in the Confederate army. The Colonel Johnston of Utah became the General Albert Sidney Johnston of Shiloh!" The salt, however, by indirect means was returned to the camp. Johnston's army, after all, did eat Brigham Young's salt; and the soldiers knew it, but the high-spirited commander shared it not. The Indians, however, soon furnished a supply for the Colonel and his officers, and hurried through the snow with their packs of salt and sold it at $5 per pound, but the increase of the supply reduced the price. Probably Colonel Johnston thought that Brigham Young was wantonly tantalizing the high spirit of himself and officers with a realization of their con- dition ; but, if he had read the following entry in Apostle Woodruft"'s diary, at a later date, he would probably have revised that opinion. "I spent the evening at President Young's office (at Provo). He said, 'I am sorry for the army; and thought of sending word to the brethren in Great Salt Lake City to sell vegetables to them, I have also had it in my heart, wheri peace is established, to take all the cattle, horses and mules, which we have taken from the army, and return them to the officers.' " Here is another similar entry of a later date : "Colonel Alexander called yesterday and had a short interview; and it was very agreeable. President Young said, * I was much pleased with him, and am satisfied that, if he had the sole command of the army, and I could have had three hours' conversation with him, all would have been right, and they could have come in last fall as well as now.' " With this couple Colonel Alexander's statement in his letter, " I have only to repeat my assurance that no harm would have happened to any citizen of HISTOR V OF SAL T LAKE CI2 V, igj Utah, through the instrumentality of the army of the United States in the per- formance of Its legitimate duties without molestation. Together, these simple notes combine a volume of historical explanations. The people of Utah regarded it as an unhallowed crusade not a United States army that they were resisting. CHAPTER XXL THE NAUVOO LEGION ORDERED IN FOR THE WINTER, PICKET GUARD POSTED, MARCH OF THE LEGION TO GREAT SALT LAKE CITY: RE- CEIVED WITH SONGS OF TRIUMPH. A JUBILANT WINTER IN ZION. SUMMARY OF GOVERNMENT MOVEMENTS FOR THE SPRING CAMPAIGN, The army having gone into Winter Quarters at "Old Fort Bridger " and " Henry's Fork," the Nauvoo Legion was called in and concentrated at Camp Weber, situated at the mouth of Echo Canyon. As soon as the Territorial troops had all arrived, provisions were made for a picket-guard, consisting of fifty picked men under the command of Captain John R. Winder, to remain at Camp Weber during the winter, and the following order was issued : " Head Quarters Eastern Expedition, Camp Weber, December 4th, 1857. " Capt. John R. Winder. "Dear Bro: You are appointed to take charge of the guard detailed to remain and watch the movements of the invaders. You will keep ten men at the lookout station on the heights of Yellow Creek. Keep a constant watch from the highest point during daylight, and a camp guard at night, also a horse guard out with the horses which should be kept out on good grass all day, and grained with two quarts of feed per day. This advance will occasionally trail out towards Fort Bridger, and look at our enemies from the high butte near that place. You will relieve this guard once a week. Keep open and travel the trail down to the head of Echo, instead of the road. Teamsters or deserters must not be permitted to come to your lookout station. Let them pass with merely knowing who and what they are, to your station on the Weber and into the city. I^ oflficers or others undertake to come in, keep them prisoners until you receive further ad- vices from the city. Especially and in 110 case let any of the would be civil officers pass. These are, as far as I know, as follows: A. Cumming (governor), Eckels (chief justice), Dotson (marshal), Forney (superintendent of Indian affairs), Hockaday (district attorney). At your station on the Weber you will also keep a lookout, and guard the road at night, also keep a camp and horse guard. Keep the men employed making improvements, when not on other duty. Build a good horse corral, and prepare stables. Remove the houses into a fort igS HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. line and then picket in the remainder. Keep a trail open down the Weber to the citizen's road. Be strict in the issue of rations and feed. Practice economy both in your supplies and time and see that there is no waste of either. Dry a portion of the beef and use the bones in soup with the hard bread, which, as it will not keep equal with the flour, it is desirable to have first used so far as practicable. ''Instruct each mess to save their grease and ashes, and make soap, and wash their own clothes. Dig out trouughs to save the soap, and learn to be saving in all things. If your lookout party discover any movement of the enemy in this direction, let them send two men to your camp on the Weber, and the remainder continue to watch their movements, and not all leave their station, unless it should prove a large party, but keep you timely advised so that you can meet them at the defences in Echo, or if necessary render them assistance. Where you can do so at an advantage, take all such parties prisoners, if you can without shooting, but if you cannot, you are at liberty to attack them as no such party must be permitted to come into the city. Should the party be two strong and you ate compelled to retreat, do so after safely cacheing all supplies; in all cases giving us prompt information by express, that we may be able to meet them be- tween here and the city. Send into the city every week all the information you can obtain, and send whether you have any news from the enemy or not, that we may know of your welfare, kind of weather, depth of snow, etc. "The boys at the lookout station should not make any trail down to the road, nor expose themselves to view, but keep concealed as much as possible, as it is for that purpose that that position has been chosen. No person without a permit must be allowed to pass from this way to the enemy's camp. Be careful about this. Be vigilant, active and energetic and observe good order, discipline and wisdom in all your works, that good may be the result. Remember that to you is entrusted for the time being the duty of standing between Israel and their foes, and as you would like to repose in peace and safety while others are on the watchtovver, so now while in the performance of this duty do you observe the same care, vigilance and activity, which you would desire of others when they come to take your place. Do not let any inaction on the part of the enemy lull you into a false security and cause any neglect on your part. "Praying the Lord to bless and preserve you in life, health and strength, and wisdom and power to accomplish every duty incumbent upon you and bring peace to Israel to the utter confusion and overthrow of her enemies. "I remain, your brother in the Gospel of Christ, [Signed,] DAN'L H. WELLS, Lieut. Genrl. Comdng^ "P. S. Be careful to prevent fire being kindled in or near the commissary storehouse." The guard having been selected, the Legion marched to Great Salt Lake City and on arriving there was greeted by the enthusiastic citizens with songs of victory. The poetess, Eliza R. Snow, saluted with her war song, which the fol- lowing lines will illustrate ; HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. igg " Strong in the power of Brigham's God, Your name's a terror to our foes ; Ye were a barrier strong and broad As our high mountains crowned with snows. >lc * * Then welcome ! sons of hght and truth. Heroes ahke in age and youth." In about two weeks Captain Winder reported to Governor Young that a deep snow had fallen in the mountains and he was instructed to release all but ten men. This guard was continued during the winter. There was no need of scouts or spies to keep the city well posted relative to the army, for all through that winter, so cheerless to the Expedition, deserters and army teamsters were constantly arriving from Bridger, in many instances in a starving and destitute condition. They were kindly treated by the Mormon guard, provided with food and passed on to Great Salt Lake City. Through this channel. Governor Young and General Wells were kept well informed of the condition and contemplated movements of the army. In December the Utah Legislature met in Great Salt Lake City, and Gover- nor Young delivered his annual message, in which he reviewed the conduct of the Administration towards Utah, and at great length expounded the funda- mental principles of the American Confederation. It is a remarkable document, and will be read a century hence with deep interest, [See Appendix.] On the 2oth of December the Legislature unanimously passed resolutions ap- proving of Governor Young's course, and each member, signing his name to the document, pledged himself to maintain the rights and liberties of the people of Utah. Notwithstanding that Governor Young and the chief men of the community had been indicted for high treason, in the self-constituted court of Chief Justice Eckels, held at Camp Scott ; notwithstanding that Governor Gumming had also issued his proclamation to nullify that of Governor Young; and notwithstand- ing that the prospects were that before the close of the coming year the cities of Utah would be in ashes, and the Mormon women and children have fled to the "chambers of the mountains," while their husbands, fathers, sons and brothers would be doing battle with a re-inforced army ; yet the winter of 1857-8 is to this day spoken of as the "gayest winter ever known in Utah." One of the literati of Salt Lake City, writing to a brother scribe in New York City, said : " Peace is enjoyed throughout this Territory by the citizens, from north to south, and every heart beats with the love of liberty — relig- ious, political and social. During the winter festivities were very prevalent, and entertainments of various kinds were enjoyed. Dramatic and literary associations were attended to overflowing ; balls and parties were frequent and numerously filled, and every amusement suitable for an enlightened and refined people was a source of profit to the caterer and pleasure and benefit to the patronizers. Indeed, had you seen the manner in which they enjoyed themselves, you would never have surmised for one moment that within a few miles of us there was an army — repug- nant to every feeling of the people — who were only waiting to kill, corrupt and debase an innocent and virtuous community." 200 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. There is the great sagacity and remarkable common-sense leadership of Brigham Young seen in all this jubilee. He was preparing to make his second exodus, if necessary, and did not intend to play his Moses to a dispirited Israel. Early in the Spring a large number of the soldiers of the Nauvoo Legion were again in the field, occupying their old camping grounds, where they con- tinued until peace was proclaimed. Of the state of affairs on the government side Stenhouse thus summarizes : "Notwithstanding the difficulty experienced at that time of traveling across the plains in winter, an express occasionally carried to the Government the un- welcome news of the disaster that had befallen the expedition and the sufferings and privations that ensued. At one time there were grave fears of its ultimate success, but brave men and the unlimited resources of the Government were destined to overcome every obstacle. Captain Marcy with a company of picked men undertook a perilous journey from Fort Bridger to Taos, New Mexico, to obtain provisions, cattle and mules, for the relief of the expedition, and after most terrible suffering and heavy loss of animals, and many disabled men, he reached the point of supply, and was eminently successful. "The misfortunes that had befallen the troops aroused the Government to a realization of the necessity of rendering every aid, both in men and material, to save the expedition and make it successful. Lieut. -Gen. Scott was summoned to Washington to consult with the Secretary of War, and at one time the project of entering Utah from the west was seriously entertained. The intimation that two regiments of volunteers would probably be called for in the spring met with a ready response from all parts of the Union. It was very evident that the nation was thoroughly dissatisfied with the state of affairs in Utah, and wanted to bring the Mormons to a settlement. "Ready to take advantage of anything which promised wealth, there were multitudes of solicitous contractors seeking to supply the army in the West; and with a prodigality beyond all precedent, the War Department was perfectly reck- less. The Sixth and Seventh regiments of infantry, together with the First Cavalry, and two batteries of artillery — about three thousand in all — were ordered to Utah, and every arrangement made for speedy and colossal warfare with the Prophet. Political writers charged to the administration of Mr. Buchanan an utter recklessness of expenditure, intended more for the support of political favorites and for the attainment of political purposes in Kansas than for the over- throw of the dynasty of Brigham. It was estimated in Washiugton that forty- five hundred wagons would be required to transport munitions of war and pro- visions for the troops for a period of from twelve to eighteen months, besides fifty thousand oxen, four thousand mules, and an army of teamsters, wagon-mas- ters, and employees, at least five thousand strong. It was very evident that the Government was playing with a loose hand, and the consideration of cost to the national treasury was the last thing thought of The transportation item for 1858, provided for the expenditure of no less than four and a half millions, and that contract was accorded to a firm in western Missouri, without public announce- ment or competition. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 201 While all this was occupying the attention of the public, and the Govern- ment seemed determined that the war against the Mormons should be carried out with vigor, there was another influence at work to bring *' the Utah rebellion " to a peaceful termination. CHAPTER XXII. BUCHANAN COERCED BY PUBLIC SENTIMENT INTO SENDING A COMMISSION OF INVESTIGATION. HE SENDS COLONEL KANE WITH A SPECIAL MIS- SION TO THE MORMONS. ARRIVAL OF THE COLONEL IN SALT LAKE CITY. HIS FIRST INTERVIEW WITH THE MORMON LEADERS. INCI- DENTS OF HIS SOJOURN. HE GOES TO MEET GOVERNOR GUMMING, AND IS PLACED UNDER ARREST BY GENERAL JOHNSTON. HIS CHAL- LENGE TO IHAT OFFICER. HE BRINGS IN THE NEW GOVERNOR IN TRIUMPH. RETURN OF COLONEL KANE. The reaction came. The leading papers, both of America and England, declared that President Buchanan had committed a great and palpable blunder. He had sent an army, before a committee of investigation, and had made war upon one of our Territories for rejecting (?) a new Governor before that Gov- ernor had been sent. Brigham Young had clearly a constitutional advantage over the President of the United States — for in those days the rights of the citi- zen, and the rights of a State or Territory, had some meaning in the national mind. The idea of " Buchanan's blunder " once started, it soon became uni- versal in the public mind. The Mormons were not in rebellion, as they them- selves stoutly maintained. They were ready to receive the new Governor with becoming loyalty, but not willing to have him forced upon them by bayonets. There was nothing more to be said in the case, excepting that by the common law of nature, a man may hold off the hand at his throat to say in good old scriptural language, "Come let us reason together." All America, and all Europe, "perceived the error," and a storm of con- demnation and ridicule fell upon the devoted head of the President. Peace com- missioners alone could help him out of the trouble. At this critical juncture Colonel Kane sought the President and offered his services as mediator. Buchanan wisely recognized his potency and fitness, and without a moment's loss of time the Colonel set out on his self-imposed mission, although in such feeble health that any consideration short of the noble impulse that actuated him at the time would have deterred him from making the attempt. The undertaking was as delicate as it was important. Its 202 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. success alone could make it acceptable, either to the Mormons or to the nation. For prudential reasons he registered himself as " Dr. Osborne'* among the passengers on board the California steamer, which left New York in the first week of January, 1858. On reaching the Pacific coast, he hastened, overland, to Southern California, there overtaking the Mormons who had just broken up their colony at San Bernardino, re-gathering to Utah for the common defense. An escort was immediately furnished him, and he reached Salt Lake City in the fol- lowing February. Governor Young called a council of the Presidency and Twelve, at his house, on the evening of the day of Colonel Kane's arrival, and at 8 o'clock the " mes- senger from Washington" was introduced by Joseph A. Young, as "Dr. Osborne." The introduction was very formal. The Colonel had a peculiar mission to fulfill, and was evidently desirous to maintain the dignity of the Government. Moreover, it was more than eleven years since he had met his friends of Winter Quarters. They had, with their people,- become as a little nation, and the United States was making war upon them as an independent power. Notwithstanding that his great love for them had prompted him to undertake the long journey which he had just accomplished, at first he must have felt the uncertainty of his mission, and some misgivings as to the regard in which they would hold his mediation. But perhaps no other man in the nation at that critical moment would have been received by the Mormon leaders with such perfect confidence. The Colonel was very pale, being worn down with travel by day and night. An easy chair was placed for him. A profound silence of some moments reigned. The council waited to hear the mind of the Government, for the coming of Colonel Kane had put a new aspect on affairs, though what it was to be remained to be shaped from that night. With great difficulty in speaking he addressed the council as follows : " Governor Young and Gentlemen: I come as an ambassador from the chief executive of our nation, and am prepared and duly authorized to lay before you, most fully and definitely, the feelings and views of the citizens of our com- mon country, and of the executive towards you, relative to the present position of this Territory, and relative to the army of the United States now upon your borders. "After giving you the most satisfactory evidence in relation to matters con- cernmg you, now pending, I shall then call your attention, and wish to enlist your sympathies, in behalf of the poor soldiers who are now suffering in the cold and snow of the mountains. I shall request you to render them aid and com- fort, and to assist them to come here, and to bid them a hearty welcome into your hospitable valley. "Governor Young, may I be permitted to ask a private interview for a few moments with you? Gentlemen, excuse my formality." They were gone about thirty minutes, when they returned to the room. Colonel Kane then informed the council that Captain Van Vliet had made a good report of them at Washington, and had used his influence to have the army stop east of Bridger. He had done a great deal in their behalf. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 203 "You all look very well," said the Colonel, " you have built up quite an empire here in a short time." He spoke upon the prosperity of the people^ instancing some of its phases ; and then the enquiry came from some one present: "Did Dr. Bernhisel take his seat? " No news whatever of the Utah delegate had yet reached them. "Yes," he answered, "Delegate Bernhisel took his seat. He was opposed by the Arkansas member and a few others, but they were treated as fools by more sagacious members ; for, if the delegate had been refused his seat it would have been tantamount to a delaration of war." Speaking of the conduct of the Mormons, he said : "You have borne your part manfully in this contest. I was pleased to see how patiently your people took it." " How was the President's message received?" asked Governor Young. " The message was received as usual. In his appointments he had been cruelly impartial. So far he has made an excellent President. He has an able cabinet. They are more united, and work together better than some of our former cabinets have done." "I suppose," observed Governor Young, caustically, "they are united in putting down Utah?" " I think not," replied the Colonel. Then came conversations on the affairs of the nation — of Spain, Kansas^ the Black Warrior affair, financial pressure, etc. By this time all restraint between the brethren and their noble friend was gone. "I wish you knew how much I feel at home," he observed. "I hope I shall have the privilege of 'breaking bread with these, my friends.' " " I want to take good care of you," returned Governor Young warmly. " I want to tell you one thing, and that is, the men you see here do not look old. The reason is, they are doing right, and are in the service of God. If men would do right they would live to a great age. There are but few in the world who have the amount of labor to do which I have. I have to meet men every hour in the day. It is said of me that I do more business in an hour than any Presi- dent, King or Emperor has to perform in a day ; and that I think for the people constantly. You can endure more now than you could ten years ago. If you had done as some men have done you would have been in your grave before now.'' The Colonel replied, "I fear that I ca7i endure more than I could ten years ago. The present life doesn't pay, and I feel like going away as soon as it is the will of God to take me." "I know, to take this life as it is, and as men make it," answered President Young, "it does not appear worth living, but I can tell you that, when you see things as they are, you will find life is worth preserving, and blessings will follow our living in this life, if we do right." " Now," continued the President, warming with his subject, "if God should say, I will let you live in this world without any pain or sorrow, we might feel life was worth living for. But this is not in his economy. We have to partake 204 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. of sorrow^ affliction and death; and if we pass through this affliction patiently, and do right, we shall have a greater reward in the world to come. I have been robbed several times of my all in this life, and my property has gone into the hands of my enemies; but as to property, I care no more about it than about the dirt in the streets, only to use it as God wishes. But I think a good deal of a friend — a true friend. An honest man is truly the noblest work of God. It is not in the power of the United States to destroy this people, for they are in the hands of God. If we do right, He will preserve us The Lord does many things which we would count as small things. For instance, a poor man once came into my cfifice; I felt by the spirit that he needed assistance; I took five dollars out of my pocket and gave to him. I soon after found a five-dollar gold piece in my pocket, which I did not put there. Soon I found another. Many think that the Lore has nothing to do with gold ; but he has charge of that as well as every othtr element. Brother Kimball said in Nauvoo, 'if we have to leave our houses we will go to the mountains, and in a {q\n years we will have a better city than we have here.' This is fulfilled. He also said, ' We shall have gold, and coin twenty- dollar gold pieces.' We came here, founded a. c\ty, and coined the Jirsi twentyr dollar gold pieces in the United States. Seeing the brethren poorly clad, soon after we came here, he said, ' It will not be three years before we can buy cloth- ing cheaper in Salt Lake Valley than in the States.' Before the time was out, the gold-diggers brought loads of clothing, and sold them in our city at a wanton price. "Friend Thomas," concluded Governor Young, "the Lord sent you here, and he will not let yon die — no, you cannot die till your work is done. I want to have your name live to all eternity. You have done a great work, and you will do a greater work still." The council then broke up, and the brethren went to their homes. The straightforward, noble simplicity of what was thus done and said between Thomas L. Kane and Brigham Young, in the presence of the aposdes, cannot but strike the attention of the intelligent investigator. After the council had ended, word was sent to Elder Win. C. Stames that a Dr. O borne, traveling with the company from California, was sick, and desired accommodation at his house; and late in the evening "Dr. Osborne" was duly introduced to, and cordially welcomed by. Elder Staines. The elder had no idea that his guest was other than the person represented, for when Colonel Kane was at Win ler Quarters, he (Staines) was among the Indians, with Bishop Miller's camp. However, in a lew days Elder Staines learned who his guest was, and, as a favorable opportunity presented itself, said to him : "Colonel Kane, why did you wish to be introduced to me as Dr. Osborne?" "My dear friend," replied the Colonel, "I was once treated so kindly at winter quarters that I am sensitive over its memories. I knew you to be a good peoi)le then ; but since, I have heard so many hard things about you, that I thouglit I would like to convince myself whether or not the people possessed the same humane and hospitable spirit which I found in them once. I thought, if I go to the house of any of my great friends of Winter Quarters, they will treat me as Tnonas L Kme, with a remembrance of some services which I may have HISTOR V OF SAL T LAKE CL7 K 20s rendered them. So I requested to be sent to some stranger's house, as ' Dr. Osborne,' that I might know how the Mormon people would treat a stranger at such a moment as this; without knowing whether I might not turn out to be either an enemy or a spy. And now, Mr. Staines, I want to know if you could have treated Thomas L. Kane better than you have treated Dr. Osborne." "No, Colonel," replied Elder Staines, "I could not." "And thus, my friend." added 'Dr. Osborne,' "I have proved that the Mormons will treat the stranger in Salt Lake City, as they once did Thomas L. Kane at Winter Quarters." In a {^"^ days, under the inspiring spirit and affectionate nursing of his host. Colonel Kane was sufficiently recovered to carry out his design of proceeding to the head quarters of the army (Fort Bridger, then called Camp Scott). Governor Young's policy had changed it nought, excepting in that which was consistent with the improved situation. The Mormons would receive their new Governor loyally, but would not have him accompanied by an army into their capital; neither would they allow an army to be quartered in any of their cities. The agent of the administration could ask no more nor desire more. It was the basis of a fair compromise, which would give to President Buchanan a plausible out-come, and at the same time maintain the Mormon dignity. The visit of Colonel Kane to Camp Scott was attended with a chain of cir- cumstances that give to the narration of it a decidedly dramatic cast. At the worst seasop of the year, in delicate health, he made his way through the almost impassable snows of the mountains, a distance of 113 miles. Arrived on the loth of March, in the vicinity of the army outposts, he insisted, out of consid- ation for the safety of his friendly escort, on entering the lines unaccompanied. Reaching the nearest picket post, the over-zealous sentry challenged him, and at the same time fired at him. In return, the Colonel broke the stock of his rifle over the sentry's head. The post being now full arroused and greatly excited. Colonel Kane, with characteristic politeness as well as diplomacy, requested to be conducted to the tent of Governor Gumming. The Governor received him cordially. The Colonel's diplomacy in seeking the Governor, instead of General John- ston, is evident. His business was not directly with the commander, but with the civil chief, whose /(?jj-^ commitatus the troops were. The compromise which Buchanan had to effect, with the utmost delicacy, could only be through the new Governor, and that, too, by his heading off the army sent to occupy Utah. The General was chagrined. Here was Buchanan withdrawing from a ser- ious blunder as gracefully as possible; but where was Albert Sidney Johnston to achieve either glory or honor out of the Utah war? Affecting to treat Colonel Kane as a spy, an orderly was sent to arrest him. It was afterwards converted into a blundering execution of the General's invita- tion to him to dine at head-quarters. The blunder was no doubt an intentional one. Colonel Kane replied by sending a formal challenge to General Johnston. Governor Gumming could do nothing less than espouse the cause of the •* ambassador," who was there in the execution of a mission entrusted to him by the President of the United States. The affair of honor also touched himself. 2o6 HJSJORY OF SALT LAKE CI2Y. He resented it with great spirit, extended his official protection to his guest, and from that moment there was an impassable breach between the executive and the military chief. The duel, however, was prevented by the interferance of Chief Justice Eckels, who threatened to arrest all concerned in it if it proceeded further. The conduct of General Johnston was looked upon by the Mormon leader as very like a bit of providential diplomacy interposed in behalf of his people. With the Governor and the commander of the army at swords' points, the issues of the *'war" were practically in the hands of Brigham Young. From that moment he knew that he was master of the situation ; and the extraordinary moves that he made thereupon, culminating with the second exodus, shows what a consummate strategist he was, and how complex were his methods of mastering men. He was now not only in command of his own people, who at the lifting of his finger would move with him to the ends of the earth, but substantially dic- tator both to the Governor and the army. Johnston could only move at the call of the Governor, and was hedged about by the new policy of the President, while this shaping of affairs converted the Mormon militia, then under arms, into the Governor's /^^-^.f cojniniiatus, instead of the regular troops. The mission of Colonel Kane to the seat of war was to induce the Governor to trust himself through the Mormon lines, under a Mormon escort of honor that would be furnished at a proper point, and to enter immediately upon his guberna- torial duties. The officers remonstrated with the Governor against going to the city without the army, predicting that the Mormons would poison him, or put him out of the way by some other wicked ingenuity ; but the camp was now no longer the place for him, and with a high temper and a humane spirit, he trusted himself to the guida:nce of Colonel Kane. The Governor left Camp Scott on the 5th of April, en route for Salt Lake City, accompanied by Colonel Kane and two servants. As soon as he had passed the Federal lines, he was met by an escort of the Mormon militia, and welcomed as Governor of the Territory with military honors. On the 12 of April they entered Salt Lake City in good health and spirits, escorted by the mayor, marshal and aldermen, and many other distinguished citizens. Arrived at the residende of Elder Staines, Governor Young promptly and frankly called npon his successor at the earliest possible moment ; and they were introduced to each other by Colonel Kane. "Governor Gumming, I am glad to meet you!" observed Brigham, with unostentatious dignity, and that quiet heartiness peculiar to him. "Governor Young, I am happy to meet you, sir!" responded His Excel- lency warmly, at once impressed by the presence and spirit of the remarkable man before him. "Well, Governor," said Elder Staines, after the interview was ended, " what do you think of President Young? Does he appear to you a tyrant, as repre- sented?" " No, sir. No tyrant ever had a head on his shoulders like Mr. Young. He HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CnY. 207 is naturally a very good man. I doubt whether many of your people sufficiently appreciate him as a leader." The brethern were apprised of the fact that the officers at Camp Scott had warned the Governor that the Mormons would poison him, so it was contrived that Elder Staines and Howard Egan should eat at the same table with him and partake of the same food. Of course he understood the delicate assurance that "death was not in the pot." Three days after his entrance into the city, Governor Gumming officially notified General Johnston that he had been properly recognized by the people ; that he was in full discharge of his office, and that he did not require the presence of troops. On his part, ex-Governor Young set the public example, and on the Sunday following introduced him to a large assembly as the Governor of Utah. Thus successfully ended the mission of Col. Kane, who shortly thereafter re- turned to Washington, to report in person to the President. Journeying by the overland route, a body-guard of Mormon scouts accompanied him to the Mis- souri River. It is no more than simple justice to here testify of him, that a more gentle and noble man has rarely been found, and for his disinterested kindness toward the Mormon people they will ever hold his name in honorable and affec- tionate remembrance. CHAPTER XXin. REPORT OF GOVERNOR GUMMING TO THE GOVERNMENT. THE GOVERNMENT RECORDS FOUND NOT BURNED, AS REPORTED BY DRUMMOND. THE MORMON LEADERS JUSTIFIED BY THE FACTS, AND THE PEOPLE LOYAL. GRAPHIC AND THRILLING DESCRIPTION OF THE MORMONS IN THEIR SECOND EXODUS. THE GOVERNOR BRINGS HIS FAMILY TO SALT LAKE CITY. HIS WIFE IS MOVED TO TEARS AT WITNESSING THE HEROIC ATTITUDE OF THE PEOPLE. Governor Gumming immediately reported the condition of affairs in Utah, and the re-action that it caused in the public mind, both in America and Europe, can well be imagined. It was a new revelation, to the age, of Mormon character and Mormon sincerity. The peculiar people were never understood till then, notwithstanding their previous exodus, for only Missouri and Illinois seemed con- cerned in their early history and doings; but now that the United States Gov- ernment was a party in the action, all the world became interested in the extra- traordinary spectacle of a peculiar, little, unconquerable people, braving the wrath of a mighty nation. The current events of those days, including the "second exodus," which 2o8 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. was begun in anticipation of a breach of faith, on the part of the United States authorities, in this instance, as in the previous case of the State authorities at Nauvoo, are well recounted in the following report of Governor Gumming, ad- dressed to General Gass, then Secretary of State: ''Executive Office, Salt Lake Gity, U. T., May 2d, 185S. "Sir: You are aware that my contemplated journey was postponed in con- sequence of the snow upon the mountains, and in the canyons between Fort Bridger and this city. In accordance with the determination communicated in former notes, I left camp on the 5th, and arrived here on the 12th ult. " Some of the incidents of my journey are related in the annexed note, ad- dressed by me to General A. S. Johnston, on the 15th ult:" "Executive Office, Salt Lake Gity, U. T., April 15th, 1858. "Sir: I left camp on the 5th, en route to this city, in accordance with a determination communicated to you on the 3d inst, accompanied by Golonel Kane as my guide, and two servants. Arriving in the vicinity of the spring, which is on this side of the "Quaking Asp" hill, after night, Indian camp fires were discerned on the rocks overhanging the valley. We proceeded to the spring, and after disposing of the animals, retired from the trail beyond the mountain. We had reason to congratulate ourselves upon having taken this precaution, as we subsequently ascertained that the country lying between your outposts and the ' Yellow Greek' is infested by hostile renegades and outlaws from various tribes." " I was escorted from Bear River Valley to the western end of Echo Ganyon. The journey through the canyon being performed, for the most part, after night, it was about 11 o'clock p. m., when I arrived at Weber Station. I have been everywhere recognized as Governor of Utah; and, so far from having encount- ered insults or indignities, I am gratified in being able to state to you that, in pas- sing through the settlements, I have been universally greeted with such respectful attentions as are due to the representative authority of the United States in the Territory. " Near the Warm Springs, at the line dividing Great Salt Lake and Davis counties, I was honored with a formal and respectful recei)tion by many gentle- men including the mayor and other municipal officers of the city, and by them escorted to lodgings previously provided, the mayor occupying a seat in my car- riage. " Ex-Governor Brigham Young paid me a call of ceremony as soon as I was sufficiently relieved from the fatigue of my mountain journey to receive company. In subsequent interviews with the ex-Governor, he has evinced a willingness to afford me every facility I may require for the efficient performance of my adminis- trative duties. His course in this respect meets, I fancy, with the approval of a majority of this community. The Territorial seal, with other public property, has been tendered me by William H. Hooper, Esq., late Secretary//-*? tern. "i have not yet eximined the subject critically, but apprehend that the records of the United States Gourts, Territorial Library, and other public prop- erty, remain unimpaired. 12 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CJIY. 2og " Having entered upon the performance of my official duties in this city, it is probable that I will be detained for some days in this part of the Territory. " I respectfully call your attention to a matter which demands our serious consideration. Many acts of depredation have been recently committed by the Indians upon the property of the inhabitants — one in the immediate vicinity of this city. Believing that the Indians will endeavor to sell the stolen property at or near your camp, I herewith inclose the Brand Book (incomplete) and memor- anda (in part) of stock lost by citizens of Utah since February 25th, 1858, which may enable you to secure the property and punish the thieves. " With feelings of profound regret I have learned that Agent Hart is charged with having incited to acts of hostility the Indians in Uinta Valley. I hope that Agent Hart will be able to vindicate himself from the charges contained in the inclosed letter from William H. Hooper, late Secretary/rf tern., yet they demand a thorough investigation. "I shall probably be compelled to make a requisition upon you for a suffi- cient force to chastise the Indians alluded to, since I desire to avoid being compelled to call out the militia for that purpose. "The gentlemen who are intrusted with this note, Mr. John B. Kimball and Mr.. Fay Worthen, are engaged in mercantile pursuits here, and are represented to be gentlemen of the highest respectability, and have no connection with the Church here. Should you deem it advisable or necessary, you will please send any communication intended for me by them. I beg leave to commend them to your confidence and courtesy. They will probably return to the city in a few days. They are well known to Messrs. Gilbert, Perry and Burr, with whom you will please communicate. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, A. GUMMING, Governor Utah Territory. To A. S. Johnston, commanding Army of Utah, Camp Scott, U. T. "The note omits to state that I met parties of armed men at Lost Creek and Yellow Creek, as well as at Echo Canyon. At every point, however, I was recognized as the Governor of Utah, and received with a military salute. When it was arranged with the Mormon officers in command of my escort that I should pass through Echo Canyon at night, I inferred that it was with the object of con- cealing the barricades and other defenses. I was, therefore, agreeably surprised by an illumination in honor of me. The bonfires kindled by the soldiers from the base to the summits of the walls of the canyon, completely illuminated the valley, and disclosed the snow-colored mountains which surrounded us. When I arrived at the next station, I found the 'Emigrant Road' over the 'Big Moun- tain' still impassable. I was able to make my way, however, down ' Weber Can- yon.' Since my arrival, I have been employed in examining the records of the Supreme and District Courts, which I am now prepared to report as being per- fect and unimpaired. This will doubtless be acceptable information to those who have entertained an impression to the contrary. "I have also examined the Legislative Records, and other books belonging to the Secretary or State, which are in perfect preservation. The property re- 13 210 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. turn, though not made up.in proper form, exhibits the public property for which W. H. Hooper, Lite Secretary of State /r<7 tern., is responsible. It is, in part, the same for which the estate of A. W. Babbitt is liable, that individual having died whilst in the office of Secretary of State for Utah. " I believe that the books and charts, stationery and other property apper- taining to the Surveyor-General's office will, upon examination, be found in the proper place, except some instruments, which are supposed to have been disposed of by a man temporarily in charge of the office. I examined the property, but can- not verify the matter in consequence of not having at my command a schedule or property return. " The condition of the large and valuable Territorial library has also com- manded my attention, and I am pleased in being able to report that Mr. W. C. Staines, the librarian, has kept the books and records in the most excellent con- dition. I will, at an early day, transmit a catalogue of this library, and a schedule of the other public property, with certified copies of the records of the Supreme and District Courts, exhibiting the character and amount ot the public business last transacted in them. " On the 2ist inst. I left Salt Lake City, and visited Tooele and Rush Val- leys, in the latter of which lies the military reserve selected by Colonel Stepioe, and endeavored to trace the lines upon the ground, from field-notes which are in the Surveyor-General's office. An accurate plan of the reserve, as it has been measured off, will be found accompanying a communication, which I shall address to the Secretary of War, upon the subject. "On the morning of the 26th inst., information was communicated to me that a number of persons who were desirous of leaving the Territory were unable to do so, and considered themselves to be unlawfully restrained of their liberties. However desirous of conciliating public opinion, I felt it incumbent upon me to adopt the most energetic measures to ascertain the truth or falsehood of this statement. Postponing, therefore, a journey of importance which I had in con- templation to one of the settlements of Utah County, I caused public notice to be given immediately of my readiness to relieve all persons who were, or deemed themselves to be, aggrieved, and on the ensuing day, which was Sunday, requested a notice to the same effect to be read, in my presence, to the people in the tab- ernacle. "I have since kept my office open at all hours of the day and night, and have registered no less than 56 men, 2,'^ women and 71 children, as desirous of my pro- tection and assistance in proceeding to the States. The large majority of these people are of English birth, and state that they leave the congregation from a desire to improve their circumstances, and realize elsewhere more money for their labor. Certain leading men among the Mormons have promised them flour, and to assist them in leaving the country. *' My presence at the meeting in the tabernacle will be remembered by me as an occasion of interest. Between three and four thousand persons were assem- bled for the purpose of public worship; the hall was crowded to overflowing; but the most profound quiet was observed when I appeared. President Brigham Young introduced me by name as the Governor of Utah, and I addressed the HISTORY OF Salt LAKE CITY. 211 audience from 'the stand.' 1 informed them that I had come among them to vindicate the national sovereignty; that it was my duty to secure the supremacy of the constitution and the laws; that I had taken my oath of office to exact an unconditional submission on their part to the dictates of the lavv. I was not in- terrupted. In a discourse of about thirty minutes' duration, I touched (as I thought best) boldly upon all the leading questions at issue between them and the General Government. I remembered that I had to deal with men embittered by the remembrance and recital of many real and imaginary wrongs, but did not think it wise to withhold from them the entire truth. They listened respectfully to all I had to say — approvmgly, even, I fancied — when I explained to them what I intended should be the character of my administration. In fact, the whole character of the people was calm, betokening no consciousness of having done wrong, but rather, as it were, indicating a conviction that they had done their duty to their religion and to their country. I have observed that the Mor- mons profess to view the constitution as the work of inspired men, and respond with readiness to appeals for its support. "Thus the meeting might have ended; but, after closing my remarks, I rose and stated that I would be glad to hear from any who might be inclined to address me upon topics of interest to the community. This invitation brought forth in succession several powerful speakers, who evidently exercised great influence over the masses of the people. They harangued on the subject of the assassination of Joseph Smith, Jun., and his friends, the services rendered by the Mormon Bat- talion to an ungrateful country, their sufferings on ' the Plains' during their dreary pilgrimage to their mountain home, etc. The congregation became greatly excited, and joined the speakers in their intemperate remarks, exhibited more frenzy than I had expected to witness among a people who habitually exercise great self-control. A speaker now represented the Federal Government as desir- ous of needlessly introducing the national troops into the Territory, 'whether a necessity existed for their employment to support the authority of the civil offi- cers or not; ' and the wildest uproar ensued. I was fully confirmed in the opin- ion that this people, with their extraordinary religion and customs, would gladly encounter certain death rather than be taxed with a submission to the military power, which they considered to involve a loss of honor. "In my first address I informed them that they were entitled to a trial by their peers ; that I had no intention of stationing the army in immediate contact with theis settlements, and that the military posse would not be resorted to until other means of arrest had been tried and failed. I found the greatest difficulty in explaining these points, so great was the excitement. Eventually, however, the efforts of Brigham Young were successful in calming the tumult and restoring order before the adjournment of the meeting. It is proper that I should add that more than one speaker has since expressed his regret at having been betrayed into intemperance of language in my presence. The President and the Amer- ican people will learn with gratification tlie auspicious issue of our difficulties here. I regret the necessity, however, which compels me to mingle with my congratulations, the announcement of a fact that will occasion great concern. "The people, including the inhabitants of this city, are moving from every 212 HISTOR V OF SAL T LAKE CL7 Y. settlement in the northern part of the Territory. The roads are everywhere filled with wagons loaded with provisions and household furniture, the women and children often without shoes or hats, driving their flocks they know not where. They seem not only resigned but cheerful. 'It is the will of the Lord,' and they rejoice to exchange the comforts of home for the trials of the wilder- ness. Their ultimate destination is not, I presume, definitely fixed upon. ' Go- ing south,' seems sufficiently definite for the most of them, but many believe that their ultimate destination is Sonora. "Young, Kimball and most of the influential men have left their com modious mansions, without apparent regret, to lengthen the long train of wan- derers. The masses everywhere announce to me that the torch will be applied to every house indiscriminately throughout the country, so soon as the troops at- tempt to cross the mountains. I shall follow these people and try to rally them, "Our military force could overwhelm most of these poor people, involving men, women and children in a common fate; but there are among the Mormons many brave men, accustomed to arms and horses; men who could fight desper- ately as guerrillas; and if the settlements are destroyed, will subject the country to an expensive and protracted war, without any compensating results. They will, I am sure, submit to 'trial by their peers,' but they will not brook the idea of trials by 'juries' composed of 'teamsters and followers of the camp,' nor of an army encamped in their cities or dense settlements. " I have adopted means to recall the few Mormons remaining in arms, who have not yet, it is said, complied with my request to withdraw from the canyons and eastern frontiers. I have also taken measures to protect the buildings which have been vacated in the northern settlements. I am sanguine that I will save a great part of the valuable improvements there. " I shall leave this city for the South to-morrow. After I have finished my business there, I shall return as soon as possible to the army, to complete the arrangements which will enable me before long, I trust, to announce that the road between California and Missouri may be traveled with perfect security by trains and emigrants of every description, "I shall restrain all operations of the military for the present, which will probably enable me to receive from the President additional instructions, if he deems it necessary to give them. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, A. CUMMING, Governor of Utah. To Hon. Lewis Cass, Secretary of Slate, Washington, D. C. " To the Senate and Hou'se of Represeritatives: " I transmit the copy of a dispatch from Governor Gumming to the Secre- tary of State, dated at Great Salt Lake City on the 2d of May, and received at the Department of State yesterday. From this there is reason to believe that our difficulties with the Territory of Utah have terminated, and the reign of the Constitution and laws has been restored. I congratulate you on this auspicious event. HISTOR V OF SAL T LAKE CL7 K 2 13 " I lost no time in communicating this information and in expressing the opinion that there will be no occasion to make any appropriations for the purpose of calling into service the two regiments of volunteers authorized by the Act of Congress approved on the 7th of April last, ' for the purpose of quelling disturbances in the Territory of Utah, for the protection of supply and emigrant trains and the suppression of Indian hostilities on the frontier.' " I am the more gratified at this satisfactory intelligence from Utah, because it will afford some relief to the treasury at a time demanding from us the strictest economy ; and when the question which now arises upon every appropriation is, whether it be of a character so important and urgent as to brook no delay, and to justify and require a loan, and most probably a tax upon the people to raise the money necessary for its payment. '' In regard to the regiment of volunteers authorized by the same act of Con- gress to be called into service for the defence of the frontier of Texas against In- dian hostilities, I desire to leave this question to Congress, observing, at the same time, that in my opinion, this State can be defended for the present by the regu- lar troops, which have not yet been withdrawn from its limits. JAMES BUCHANAN. Washington City, June 10, 1S58. On the 13th of May, Gov. Curaming started for Camp Scott, for the pur- pose of moving his family to Salt Lake City. Meanwhile the "exodus" had been quietly going forward, and when the Governor returned he only found a few men who had been left in the city to burn it in case the army attempted to quarter there. The Governor and his wife proceeded to the residence of Elder Staines, whom they found in waiting with a plentiful cold lunch. His family had gone south, and in his garden were significantly heaped up several loads of straw. The Governor's wife inquired their meaning, and the cause of the silence that pervaded the city. Elder Staines informed her of their resolve to burn the town in case the army attempted to occupy it. " How terrible ! " she exclaimed. " What a sight this is ! I never shall forget it ! It has the appearance of a city that has been afflicted with a plague. Every house looks like a tomb of the dead ! For two miles I have seen but one man in it. Poor creatures ! And so all have left their hard-earned homes? " Here she burst into tears. " Oh ! Alfred (to her husband), something must be done to bring them back ! Do not permit the army to stay in the city. Can't you do something for them?" " Yes, midam," said he, " I shall do all I can, rest assured. I only wish I could be in Washington for two hours ; I am persuaded that I could convince the Government that we have no need for troops." 214 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CIT\. CHAPTER XXIV. THE ARRIVAL OF PEACE COMMISSIONERS. EXTRAORDINARY COUNCIL BE- TWEEN THEM AND THE MORMON LEADERS. A SINGULAR SCENE IN THE COUNCIL. ARRIVAL OF A COURIER WITH DISPATCHES. "STOP THAT ARMY! OR WE BREAK UP THE CONFERENCE," "BROTHER DUN- BAR, SING ZION!" THE PEACE COMMISSIONERS MARVEL, BUT AT LAST FIND A HAPPY ISSUE. RETROSPECTIVE VIEW OF THE MORMON ARMY. The honorable course of Van Vliet, in protesting against an exterminating war upon a religious people, coupled with the guarantee which Colonel Kane had personally given to the Government for the essential loyalty of the Mormons, made the sending of peace commissioners imperative. An example of the right course once set by the noble Kane, President Buchanan hastened to send Gov- ernor L. W. Powell, of Kentucky, and Major Ben McCuUough, of Texas, to negotiate a peace. They arrived in the city in June, 1858. VVilford Woodruff's Journal contains the following minute of their first council with the Mormon leaders : " yune nth. The Presidency and many others met with the Peace Com- missioners in the Council House. Governor Powell, a Senator-elect from Ken- tucky, and Major McCuUough, from Texas, were then introduced to the assembly, as the Peace Commissioners sent by President Buchanan. Governor Powell spoke to the people, and informed us what the President wished at (5ur hands. President Buchanan has sent by them a proclamation, accusing us of treason and some fifty other crimes, all of which charges are false. Yet he pardons us for all these offenses, if we will be subject to the constitution and laws of the United States, and if we will let his troops quarter in our Territory. He pledged him- self that they should not interfere with our people, nor infringe upon any city, and said that he had no right to interfere with our religion, faith or practice. "The Peace Commissioners confirmed the same. They did not wish to en- quire into the past at all, but wished to let it all go and talk about the present and the future. "Reflections. President Buchanan had made war upon us, and wished la destroy us because of our religion, thinking that it would be popular, but he found that Congress would not sustain him in it. He has got into a bad scrape, and wishes to get out of it the best he can. Now he wants peace, because he is in the wrong, and has met with a strong resistance from a high-minded people in these mountains, which he did not expect to meet. We are willing to give him peace upon any terms that are honorable ; but not upon terms which are dishonor- able to us. We have our rights and dare maintain them, trusting in God for victor.y. The Lord has heard our prayers, and the President of the United States has been obliged to ask for peace." HIS TORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 215 The naivete of Apostle Woodruff, in his idea of giving peace to James Buchanan, is something amusing, yet is there a severe democratic philosophy in it. '' He wants peace because he is in the wrong and has met with a strong resistance from a high-minded people," is a passage that any President of the United States might profitably lay under his official pillow, whether in his administration towards a Utah or a Louisiana. But Brother Woodruff's emphatic view that the Mormons could only consent to a peace on honorable terms; with his brave assertion that, "we have our rights, and dare maintain them, trusting in God for victory," has in it a touch of sublimity. That day also witnessed a striking example of Governor Young's tact and reso- lution : The Peace Commissioners had laid their message before the council. Brig- ham had spoken, as well as the Peace Commissioners. The aspect of affairs was favorable. Presently, however, a well-known character, O. P. Rockwell, was seen to enter, approach the ex-Governor and whisper to him. He was from the Mormon army. There was at once a sensation, for it was appreciated that he brought some unexpected and important news. Brigham arose; his manner self-possessed, but severe. "Governor Powell, are you aware, sir, that those troops are on the move towards the city?" "It cannot be ! " exclaimed Powell, surprised, for we were promised by the General that they should not move till after this meeting." " I have received a dispatch that they are on the march for this city. My messenger would not deceive me." It was like a thunderclap to the Peace Comnissioners : they could offer no explanation. " Is Brother Dunbar present ?" inquired Brigharn. "Yes, sir," responded the one called. What was coming now ? " Brother Dunbar, sing Zion." The Scotch songster came forward and sang the following soul-stirring lines, by Chas. W. Penrose : O ye mountains high, where the clear blue sky Arches over the vales of the free ; Where the pure breezes blow, And the clear streamlets flow, How I've longed to your bosom to flee, O Zi on ! dear Zion ! land of the free, My own mountain home, now to thee I have come, , All my fond hopes are centered in thee. Though the great and the wise all thy beauties despise, To the humble and pure thou art dear ; Though the haughty may smile And the wicked revile. Yet we love thy glad tidings to he^. O Zion ! dear Zion ! home of the free ; Thou wert forced to fly to thy chambers on high. Yet we'll share joy or sorrow with thee. 2i6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITl. In thy mountain retreat, God will strengthen thy feet; On the necks of thy foes thou shall tread, And their silver and gold, As their prophets have told. Shall be brought to adorn thy fair head. O Zion ! dear Zion ! home of the free ; Soon thy towers shijil shine with a splendor divine. And eternal thy glory shall be. Here our voices we'll raise, and we'll sing to thy praise. Sacred home of the prophets of God ; Thy deliverance is nigh. Thy oppressors shall die. And the gentiles shall bow 'neath thy rod. O Zion ! dear Zion ! home of the free ; In thy temples we'll bend, all thy rights we'll defend. And our home shall be ever with thee. The action of Brigham had been very simple in the case, but there was a world of meaning in it. Interpreted it meant — " Gentleaien, we have heard what President Buchanan and yourselves have said about pardoning us for stand- ing up for our constitutional rights, and defending our lives and liberties. We will consent to a peace on honorable terms ; but you must keep faith with us. Stop that army ! or our peace conference is ended. Brethren, sing Zion. Gen- tlemen, you have our ultimatum ! " With the theme before him, the reader will fully appreciate what the singing of " Zion " meant. There have been times when the singing of that hymn by the thousands of saints has been almost as potent as that revolutionary hymn of France — the Marsellaise. This was such a time. After the meeting McCuUough and Governor Gumming took a stroll together for the purpose of chatting upon the affairs of the morning. ''What will you do with such a people? " asked the Governor, with a mix- ture of admiration and concern. "D n them ! I would fight them if I had my way," answered McCul- lough. " Fight them, would you? You might fight them but you would never whip them. They would never know when they were whipped ! Did you notice the snap in those men's eyes to-day? No, sir; they would never know when they were whipped ! " At night the Peace Commissioners and the Mormon leaders were again in council, in private session, until ten o'clock. Next morning, at nine o'clock, the conference again convened, and the doors were thrown open to the public. Elders John Taylor, George A. Smith and Adjt.-Gen. James Ferguson gave expression to their views and feelings, and then President Young spoke at some length, with a will and a purpose in every word. Woodruff, in his journal, says: "Then the Peace Commissioners heard the roar of the " lion of the Lord." The following brief synopsisfjf his speech, furnished by one present, will give the reader an idea of what the •' roar of the lion of the Tord" was at that criti- cal moment, when the issue of peace or war was pending : HISTOR Y OF SAL T LAKE CI2 K 21'/ President Young arose. He said : "I have listened very attentively to the commissioners, and will say, as far as I am concerned, I thank President Buchanan for forgiving me, but I really cannot tell what I have done. I know one thing, and that is, that the people called '■ Mormons ' are a loyal and a law-abiding people, and have ever been. Neither President Buchanan nor any one else can contradict the statement. It is true, Lot Smith burned some wagons containing Government supplies for the army. This was an overt act, and if it is for this we are to be pardoned, I accept the pardon. The burning of a ic^ U. S. wagons is but a small item, yet for this, combined with false reports, the whole Mormon people are to be destroyed. "What has the United States Government permitted mobs to do to us? Gentlemen, you cannot answer that question ! I can, however, and so can thou- sands of my brethren. We have been whipped and plundered ; our houses burned, our fathers, mothers, brothers, sisters and children butchered and mur- ♦ ... dered by the scores. We have been driven from our homes time and time again ; but have troops ever been sent to stay or punish those mobs for their crimes ? No ! Have we ever received a dollar for the property we have been compelled to leave behind ? Not a dollar ! Let the Government treat us as we deserve ; this is all we ask of them. We have always been loyal, and expect to so continue; but, hands off! Do not send your armed mobs into our midst. If you do, we will fight you, as the Lord lives ! Do not threaten us with what the United States can do, for we ask no odds of them or their troops. We have the God of Israel — the God of battles — on our side ; and let me tell you, gentlemen, we fear not your armies. I can take a few of the boys here and, with the help of the Lord can whip the whole of the United States. These, my brethren, put their trust in the God of Israel, and have no fears. We have proven him, and he is our friend. Boys, how do you feel? Are you afraid of the United States? (Great demonstration among the brethren.) No! No! We are not afraid of man, nor of what he can do. " The United States are going to destruction as fast as they can go. If you do not believe it, gentlemen, you will soon see it to your sorrow. It will be with them like a broken potsherd. Yes, it will be like water spilled on the ground ; no more to be picked up. "Now let me say to you Peace Commissioners, we are willing those troops should come into our country, but not to stay in our city. They may pass through it, if needs be, but must not quarter less than forty miles from us. " If you bring your troops here to disturb this people, you have got a bigger job than you or President Buchanan have any idea of. Before the troops reach here, this city will be in ashes, every tree and shrub will be cut to the ground, and every blade of grass that will burn shall be burned. "Our wives and children will go to the canyons, and take shelt'ir in the mountains; while their husbands and sons will fight you; and, as God lives, we will hunt you by night and by day, until your armies are wasted away. No mob can live in the homes we have built in these mountains. That's the programme, gentlemen, whether you like it or not. If you want war you can have it; but, if you wish peace, peace it is ; we shall be glad of it." 14 2/8 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE Cn\. The Commissioners "wished peace;" and the result of their negotiations was embodied in the following note to General Johnston : ''Great Salt Lake City, Utah Ten, June 1 2th, 1858. " Dear Sir: VVe have the pleasure of informing you that after a full and free conference with the chief men of the Territory, we are informed by them that they will yield obedience to the Constitution and laws of the United States ; that they will not resist the execution of the laws in the Territory of Utah; that they cheerfully consent that the civil officers of the Territory shall enter upon the discharge of their respective duties, and that they will make no resistance to the army of the United States in its march to the valley of Salt Lake or elsewhere. We have their assurance that no resistance shall be made to the officers, civil or military, of the United States, in the exercise of their various functions in the Territory of Utah. # " The houses, fields and gardens of the people of this Territory, particularly in and about Salt Lake City, are very insecure. The animals of your army would cause great destruction of property if the greatest care should not be observed in the march and the selection of camps. The people of the Territory are some- what uneasy for fear the army, when it shall reach the valley, will not properly respect their persons and property. We have assured them that neither their per- sons nor property will be injured or molested by the army under your command. " We would respectfully suggest, in consequence of the feeling of uneasiness, that you issue a proclamation to the people of Utah, stating that the army under your command will not trespass upon the rights or property of peaceable citizens during their sojourn in or march through the Territory. Such a proclamation would greatly allay the existing anxiety and fears of the people, and cause those who have abandoned their homes to return to their houses and farms. "We have made inquiry about grass, wood, etc., necessary for the subsist- ence and convenience of your army. We have conversed with Mr. Ficklin [U. S. deputy marshal] fully on this subject, and given him all the information we have, which he will impart to you. " We respectfully suggest that you march to the valley as soon as it is con- venient for you to do so. " We have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servants, L. W. POWELL, BEN McCULLOUGH, Commissioners to Utah. " To General A. S- Johnston, commanding Army of Utah, Camp Scott, U. Z." To this came the following reply: " Headquarters, Department of Utah, Camp on Bear River, June 14th, 1858. "Gentlemen: Your communication from Salt Lake City was received to- day. The accomplishment of the object of your mission entirely in accordance with the instructions of the President, and the wisdom and forbearance which you HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 219 have so ably displayed to the people of the Territory, will, I hope, lead to a more just appreciation of their relations to the General Government, and the establish- ment of the supremacy of the laws. I learn with surprise that uneasiness is felt by the people as to the treatment they may receive from the army. Acting under the two-fold obligations of citizens and soldiers, we may be supposed to compre- hend the rights of the people, and to be sufficiently mindful of the obligations of our oaths, not to disregard the laws which govern us as a military body. A refer- ence to them will show with what jealous care the General Government has guarded the rights of citizens against any encroachments. The army has duties to per- form here in execution of the orders of the Department of War, which, from the nature of them, cannot lead to interference with the people in their varied pur- suits; and if no obstruction is presented to the discharge of those duties, there need not be the slightest apprehension that any person whatever will have any cause of complaint. ''The army will continue its march from this position on Thursday, 17th instant, and reach the valley in five days. I desire to encamp beyond the Jordan on the day of arrival in the valley. With great respect, your obedient servant, A. S. JOHNSTON, " Colonel Second Cavalry and Brevet Brigadier- General United States Army, Commanding. " To the Hon. L. W. Powell atid Major- General McCullough, United States Cotn- missioners to Utah.^' Although a minute statement of the Mormon military force and the methods by which it was turned to good account in the " Utah war," might be of interest to many, it will doubtless satisfy the general reader to simply know that only so much of that force was used as was necessary to effectively carry out President Young's policy, /. e., to harass and retard the advance of the U. S. army until a more peaceful solution of the question at issue could be reached. In the execu- tion of that policy an effective body of scouts was sent forward, with orders of which the following is a sample, which orders were scrupulously obeyed and executed with precisely the results desired : *' On ascertaining the locality or route of the troops, proceed at once to annoy them in every possible way. Use every exertion to stampede their animals, and set fire to their trains. Burn the whole country before them and on their flanks. Keep them from sleeping by night surprises. Blockade the road by fell- ing trees, br destroying the fords when you can. Watch for opportunities to set fire to the grass on their windward, so as, if possible, to envelop their trains. Leave no grass before them that can be burned. Keep your men concealed as much as possible, and guard against surprise." They were also ordered to not "shed blood" if it could possibly be avoided, and then only and strictly in self-defence. Although often fired upon by the soldiers, in no single instance did they return the fire. 220 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. CHAPTER XXV. REFLECTIONS UPON THE "UTAH WAR." THE REACTION. CURRENT OPIN- ION, AS EXPRESSED BY THE LEADING JOURNALS OF EUROPE AND AMERICA. That the Mormons would have fought; that they would, in the language of their leader, have made a "Moscow of Utah, and a Potter's Field of every can- yon," had the United States pushed the issue to extermination, there can be little doubt, knowing how terribly so large a number as 75,000 or 80,000 earnest re- ligionists could have avenged themselves, at that day, in those far-off mountains and valleys. But the opinion expressed to Van Vliet, relative to the reaction which would come in the public mind over Utah affairs, and his fixed resolve, if possible, to prevent the shedding of blood, as declared in that conversation, and still more emphatically pronounced in all his orders to Lieut. -Gen, Wells, best denote what was Brigham's policy and first desire. True, it had been as much as he could do to keep his people from fighting the "enemy," notwithstanding the "enemy" was the United States. A quarter of a century's injustice had fired them with an indignation that made them feel a superhuman strength. But though the founder of Utah had resolved to conquer the issue, he had no wish to lose the nucleus of a nationality which his people had evolved in their isolation. Why then this second exodus? Why! It was the very backbone of Brig- ham's triumph. As great a triumph was in that exodus as in any battle the great Napoleon ever fought. It was in fact the exodus which forced the "reaction." It carried such an overwhelming power that it became like an irresistible impulse in the public mind. Not only was this so with the American people, but it was so with every nation in Europe. Deep sympathy, blended with a mighty admir- ation, was felt for a people who could at once dare a war with the United States, in defence of their religious cause, and rise to such a towering heroism as to sanc- tify their act by a universal offering of their homes for sacrifice. This was no common rebellion. These were no unworthy rebels. ■ No rude defiers of "the powers that be " were they : their act placed them on a level with the men who won the independence of America: their women were fitting mates of the mothers, daughters and sisters of the revolution. The Londoti Times called the Mormons a nation of heroes. It said : "The intelligence from Utah is confirmatory of the news that came by the last steamer. This strange people are again in motion for a new home, and all the efforts of Governor Gumming to induce the men to remain and limit them- selves to the ordinary quota of wives have been fruitless. We are told that they have left a deserted town and deserted fields behind them, and have embarked for a voyage, over 500 miles of untracked desert, to a home, the locality of HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 221 which is unknown to any but their chiefs. Does it not seem incredible that, at the very moment when the marine of Great Britain and the United States are jointly engaged in the grandest scientific experiments that the world has yet seen, 30,000 or 40,000 natives of these countries, many of them of industrious and temperate habits, should be the victims of such arrant imposition? Does it not seem impossible that men and women, brought up under British and American civilization, can abandon it for the wilderness and Mormonism? There is much that is noble in their devotion to their delusions. They step into the waves of the great basin with as much reliance on their leaders as the descendants of Jacob felt when they stepped between the walls of water in the Red Sea. The ancient world had individual Curiatii, Horatii, and other examples of heroism and devo- tion ; but these western peasants seem to be a nation of heroes, ready to sacrifice everything rather than surrender one of their wives, or a letter from Joe Smith's golden plates." The following from the New York Tunes will give a specimen of what the American press generally said upon the subject : " Whatever our opinions may be of Mormon morals or Mormon manners, there can be no question that this voluntary abandonment by 40,000 people of homes created by wonderful industry, in the midst of trackless wastes, after years of hardships and persecution, is something from which no one who has a particle of sympathy with pluck, fortitude and constancy can withhold his admiration. Right or wrong, sincerity thus attested is not a thing to be sneered at. True or false, a faith to which so many men and women prove their loyalty, by such sac- rifices, is a force in the world. After this last demonstration of what fanaticism can do, we think it would be most unwise to treat Mormonism as a nuisance to be abated by a posse commttatus. It is no longer a social excresence to be cut off by the sword; it is a power to be combated only by the most skillful political and moral treatment. When people abandon their homes to plunge with women and children into a wilderness, to seek new settlements, they know not where, they give a higher proof of courage than if they fought for them. When the Dutch submerged Holland, to save it from invaders, they had heartier plaudits showered upon them than if they had fertilized its soil with their blood. We have certainly the satisfaction of knowing that we have to deal with foemen worthy of our steel. =f: * >!< jf the conduct of the recent operations has had the effect of strengthening their fanaticism, by the appearance of perse- cution, without convincing them of our good faith and good intentions, and worse still, has been the means of driving away 50,000 of our fellow-citizens from fields which their labor had reclaimed and cultivated, and around which their affections were clustered, we have something serious to answer for. Were we not guilty of a culpable oversight in confounding their persistent devotion with the insubordination of ribald license, and applying to the one the same harsh treat- ment which the law intends for the latter alone? Was it right to send troops composed of the wildest and most rebellious men of the community, commanded by men like Harney and Johnston, to deal out fire and sword upon people whose faults even were the result of honest religious convictions? Was it right to allow 222 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Johnston to address letters to Brigham Young, and through him to his people, couched in the tone of an implacable conqueror towards ruthless savages? Were the errors which mistaken zeal generates ever cured by such means as these? And have bayonets ever been used against the poorest and weakest sect that ever crouched beyond a wall to pray or weep, without rendering their faith more in- tense, and investing the paltriest discomforts with the dignity of sacrifice? =!^ * * We stand on the vantage ground of higher knowledge, purer faith and acknowledged strength. We can afford to be merciful. At all events, the world looks to us now for an example of political wisdom such as few people, novv-a-days, are called on to display. Posterity must not have to ac- knowledge with shame that our indiscretion, or ignorance, or intolerance drove the population of a whole State from house and home, to seek religious liberty and immunity from the presence of mercenary troops, in any part of the conti- nent to which our rule was never likely to extend." Reynolds' Newspaper, in an editorial written specially to represent, the British Republicans^ views of the Mormon community in their great struggle for their re- ligious and social liberties, gave the following strong passages: " It may be that Mormonism has originated in imposture, and that many, if not all, of its peculiar rites and customs are the 'abomination of desolation.' Let this point, though not yet proved, be conceded; still, the social and political problem is by no means solved. After we have demonstrated the fabulousness of the gold tablets, convicted Joseph Smith of all sorts of possible and impossible scoundrelisms, and proved his followers to be a mixed multitude of the gravest knaves and idiots that ever walked the earth, Mormonism still remains a great human fact — perhaps the greatest — certainly the most wonderful fact of this nineteenth century. As such, it is entitled to our earnest and respectful consid- eration. "There can be no doubt that, in one thing at least, Mormonism has been eminently successful. It has, in the great majority of instances, really improved the earthly condition of those who have embraced it. More than this, it has inspired with hope and with courage thousands of despairing and heart broken wretches, who, prior to their conversion, seemed abandoned of God and man. This new faith has, so to speak, created a soul under the ribs of death. It has given to thousands of once destitute and despised Englishmen something to live for, to fight for, and, if need be, to die for. On this ground, then, were it for nothing else, the Mormons, not as fanatics or sectaries, but as heavily-oppressed, long-suffering, and earnestly struggling men, are entitled to the sympathy of the enslaved classes throughout the world. "But they have a claim to something more than sympathy. Their heroic endurance and marvellous achievements entitle them to the respect and admira- tion of their fellow-creatures. Twice were the Mormons driven from their settle- ments in the United States before they had resolved upon their stupendous pilgrimage to the Valley of the Salt Lake. How that gigantic journey was ac- complished ; how a thousand miles of untrodden desert — untrodden, save by the HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 223 wild beast or wilder Indian, where death in a hundred forms had to be encoun- tered and defied — had to be traversed; liow the poor, hungered, and toil-worn, but still dauntless pilgrims reached their destination ; how they built a city, founded a civil and ecclesiastical polity; how law and order were established; how skill and industry converted barren wastes into fruitful fields, howling forests into smiling gardens, until, under the talismanic wand of Labor, the wilderness was made to blossom as the rose , how their missionaries were employed with startling success in every European country; and how many thousands of the down-trodden and penury-stricken victims of European tyranny were leaving the land of their birth, in order to find in the Mormon territory, that hope and en- couragement denied to them in their native countries; — how all this has been accomplished by the reviled followers of Joseph Smith, all Europe and America have heard, and, though hating, admired." The famous African explorer. Captain Burton, of the British army, closing his description of the great man who took his people successfully through that crisis, gives us the following suggestive passage in his "City of the Saints: " " Such is His Excellency, President Brigham Young, 'Painter and Glazier' (his earliest craft), prophet, revelator, translator and seer; the man who is revered as king or kaiser, pope or pontiff, never was ; who, like the old man of the moun- tain, by holding up his right hand could cause the death of any man within his reach ; who, governing as well as reigning, long stood up to fight with the sword of the Lord, and with his few hundred guerrillas, against the then mighty power of the United States; who has outwitted all diplomacy opposed to him; and, finally, who made a treaty of peace with the President of the great Republic, as though he had wielded the combined power of France, Russia and England." Substantially, the word of Brigham Young was fulfilled, in that he had said an invading army should not enter the city. General Johnston and his army came not as conquerers into Zion. The entire chain of circumstances, from the start of their expedition, had been most humiliating to the brave men who deserved better service. Their march had been but a series of disasters and failures. They were merely permitted to pass through the streets of Salt Lake City on their way to a location in the Territory well removed from the Mormon people. Zion was a forsaken city that day. The Saints were still south with their great leader. If faith was not kept with them they did not intend to return, and war would have been re-opened in deadly earnest. It was a sad spectacle to see a community of earnest religionists who could not trust in the parent power, even after the proclamation of the President. But the history of the Mormons in their minds to this hour shows a constant justifica- tion of this lack of confidence. On the 13th of June, the army commenced its movement towards the city 5 and, on the morning of the 26th, it might have been seen advancing from the mouth of Emigration Canyon to make what once was expected to have been a triumphal entrance into conquered Zion, with all " the pomp and circumstance 224 HIST OR V OF SAL T LAKE CI2 Y. of glorious war." Here is a picture of it as it was, from the pen of an aimy correspondent : " It was one of the most extraordinary scenes that have occurred in Ameri can history. All day long, from dawn until after sunset, the troops and trains poured through the city, the utter silence of the streets being broken only by the music of the military bands, the monotonous tramp of the regiments, and the rattle of the baggage wagons. Early in the morning, the Mormon guards had forced all their fellow religionists into the houses, and ordered them not to make their appearance during the day. The numerous flags that had been flying from staffs on the public buildings during the previous week were all struck. The only visible groups of spectators were on the corners near Brigham Young's residence, and consisted almost entirely of Gentile civilians. The stillness was so profound that during the intervals between the passage of the columns, the monotonous gurgle of the City Creek struck on every ear. The Commissioners rode with the General's staff. The troops crossed the Jordan and encamped two miles from the city, on a dusty meadow by the river bank." But the army correspondent did not properly construe the death-like stillness and desertion of the city, when he says the Mormon guard had " forced all their fellow religionists into their houses." They were not in their houses, but in the second exodus. It is estimated that there were no less than 30,000 of the Mormon people from the city and northern settlements in " the move south." They took with them their flocks and herds, their chattels and furniture. When that army marched through the streets of Zion, grass was growing on the side walks, and there were only a few of " the boys" left on the watch in the city, to see that the people were not betrayed. Some of the ofificers were deeply moved by the scene and the circumstances. Lieutenant Colonel Philip St. George Cooke, who had commanded the Mormon battalion in the Mexican war, rode through the city with uncovered head, leading the troops, but forgetting not his respect for the brave Mormon soldiers who had so nobly served with him in their country's cause. Cedar Valley, forty miles west of the city, was chosen as their permanent camping place, which was named Camp Floyd, in honor of the then Secretary of War. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 225 CHAPTER XXV. GOVERNOR CUMMING PLEADS WITH THE SAINTS. THEY RETURN TO THEIR HOMES. THE JUDGES. CRADLEBAUGH'S COURT. HE CALLS FOR TROOPS. PROVO CITY INVADED BY THE ARMY. CONSPIRACY TO ARREST BRIG- HAM YOUNG. GOVERNOR CUMMING ORDERS OUT THE UTAH MILITIA TO REPEL INVASION. TIMELY ARRIVAL OF A DISPATCH FROM GOVERN- MENT STAYS THE CONFLICT, ATTORNEY-GENERAL BLACK'S REBUKE TO THE JUDGES. GENERAL JOHNSTON'S FRIENDS DEMAND THE REMOVAL OF GOVERNOR CUMMING. THE SITUATION RECOVERED BY THE PATRI- OTISM OF THOMAS L. KANE, DIVISION IN THE CABINET. PARALLEL OF THE BLAINE REMINISCENCE OF J ERE S. BLACK. Return we now to the Saints in their flight. It had taxed their faith and their means to an absolute consecration of their all, and called forth as much re- ligious heroism as did their first exodus from Nauvoo. Gallant old Governor Gumming was almost distracted over this Mormon episode. He was not used to the self-sacrifices and devotion of the peculiar people whom he had taken under his official guardianship. They were more familiar than he with this part of their eventful drama. Familiarity had bred in them a kind of contempt for their own sufferings and privations. So they witnessed their new Governor's concern for them with a stoical humor. They were, indeed, grateful, but amused. They could not feel to deserve his pity, yet were they thankful for his sympathy. They sang psalms by the wayside. He felt like strewing their path with tears. He followed them fifty miles south, praying them, as would a father his wayward children J to turn back. But the father whom they knew better was leading them on. "There is no longer danger. General Johnston and the army will keep faith with the Mormons. Every one concerned in this happy settlement will hold sacred the amnesty and pardon of the President of the United States ! By G d, sirs, Yes." Such was the style of Governor Cumming's pleadings with the " misguided " Mormons. But Brigham replied with a quiet fixedness of purpose : " We know all about it, Governor. We remember the martyrdoms of the past ! We have, on just such occasions, seen our disarmed men hewn down in cold blood, our virgin daughters violated, our wives ravished to death before our eyes. We know all about it, Governor Gumming." It was a terrible logic that thus met the brave meditation of the fine old Crcorgian successor of Governor Young, who coupled patriotism with humanity, and believed in the primitive faith that American citizens and American homes must be held sacred. 1 226 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Brigham Young alone could turn the tidal wave, and lead back the Mormon people to their homes. Had he continued onward to Sonora, Central America, anywhere — to the ends of the earth — this people would have followed him. The Mormon leaders, with the body of the Church, were at Provo on the evening of the 4th of July ; General Johnston and his army being about to take up their quarters at Camp Floyd. It was on that evening that Governor Gum- ming informed his predecessor that he should publish a proclamation to the Mor- mons for their return to their homes. "Do as you please. Governor Gumming," replied Brigham, with a quiet smile. "To-morrow I shall get upon the tongue of my wagon, and tell the people that /am going home, and they can do as they please." On the morning of the 5th, Brigham announced to the people that he was going to start for Salt Lake City; they were at liberty to follow him to their various settlements, as they pleased. In a few hours nearly all were on their homeward march. But scarcely had the people returned to their homes, ere they had abundant proof how much they could have trusted a united Federal power, in an anti-Mor- mon crusade, with an army at its service to subvert the civil and religious liberties of the people. The machinery of the Federal power was soon set in motion. Chief Justice Eckles took up his quarters at Camp Floyd; Associate Justice Sinclair was as- Mgned to the district embracing Salt Lake City ; and Associate Justice Cradle- baugh was assigned to the judicial supervision of all the southern settlements ; and Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Jacob Forney, and Alexander Wilson, U. S. District Attorney, entered upon the discharge of their duties. The Governor from the beginning assumed a pacific attitude, in which he was seconded by Superintendent Forney and District-Attorney Wilson. But the three Judges, in concert with the Marshal, united in the prosecution of past offences that had naturally arisen out of the condition of the hostility, just brought to a happy and peaceful issue. Judge Sinclair convened the First, now the Third Judicial District Court in Great Salt Lake City in November, 1858, and in his charge to the Grand Jury he urged the prosecution of the leading men of the Territory for treason, for intimi- dation of the courts, and for polygamy. President Buchanan's pardon, the Judge admitted, was "a public fact in the history of the country," but "like any other deed, it ought to be brought judicially by plea, motion or otherwise." In fine. Judge Sinclair wanted to bring before his court ex-Governor Young, Lieut. -General Daniel H. Wells, and the leading Mormons generally, especially the Apostles, "to make them admit that they had been guilty of treason, and make them humbly accept from him the President's clemency." So explains Mr. Stenhouse. But it was something more radical and serious than a vainglorious effort to humble Utah to the footstool of a Federal Judge. It was an attempt to reopen in the courts the entire conflict which had so nearly come to the issue of war. U. S. District Attorney Wilson, however, would not present to the jury bills of indictment for treason, pleading that the Commissioners had presented HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 227 the pardon, and the people had accepted it, and the Governor had proclaimed that peace was restored to the Territory. "But the young Judge," relates Mr. Stenhouse, "was more successful in his efforts to bring forward the charge of intimidating the courts. It could not be expected that the charge to the jury on polygamy would secure much attention. It was regarded little better than a grand farce to ask a Mormon jury to find indictments against their brethren for polygamy. The term of Judge Sinclair's judicial service was a failure, only memorable for one thing — he sentenced the first white man who was ever hanged in Utah, and he was a Gentile, to be executed on a Sunday/ Of course, the day had to be changed." But the most extraordinary judicial action, and that which continues the historical thread of those times, was in the important district assigned to Judge Cradlebaugh. The criminal cases which he sought to investigate were those com- monly known as the Potter and Parrish murders at Springville, and the Mountain Meadows Massacre in Southern Utah. On the 8th of March, 1859, at Provo, Judge Cradlebaugh delivered an extraordinary address to the Grand Jury, and commenced extraordinary proceedings, which in their sequel nearly made Salt Lake City the seat of actual war between Johnston's troops and the Utah militia under Governor Gumming, and which was barely prevented by the timely inter- ference of the General Government. The history of Salt Lake City, however, cannot follow in detail the entire history of Utah, only so far as its subject and action find therein its proper centre of unity. Suffice here to mark that Judge Cradlebaugh in his investigations and prosecutions aimed chiefly to implicate the leaders of the Mormon Church in all the criminal offenses and deeds of violence done within the Territory. In summing up the evidence in the case of the murders at Springville, the Judge concluded with the following address: "Until I commenced the examination of the testimony in this case, I always supposed that I lived in a land of civil and religious liberty, in which we were secured by the Constitution of our country the right to remove at pleasure from one portion of our domain to another, and also that we enjoyed the privilege of worshipping God according to the dictates of our own conscience. But I re- gret to say, that the evidence in this case clearly proves that, so far as Utah is concerned, I have been mistaken in such supposition. Men are murdered here : coolly, deliberately, premediatatedly murdered — their murder is deliberated and determined upon by the church council-meetings, and that, too, for no other reason than that they had apostatized from your church, and were striving to leave the Territory. "You are the tools, the dupes, the instruments of a tyrannical church des- potism. The heads of your church order and direct you. You are taught to obey their orders and commit these horrid murders. Deprived of your liberty you have lost your manhood, and become the willing instruments of bad men. "I say to you it will be my earnest effort, while with you, to knock off your ecclesiastical shackles and set you free." It is easily to be seen that with such a grand jury, charged in this manner by such a judge, it was impossible to accomplish the ends of justice; — equally im- ■J 28 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. possible whether they had been " the willing instruments" of a "tyrannical church," or a grand jury of honest, innocent men. In the course of one of these prosecutions. Judge Cradlebaugh made a requi- sition upon General Johnston for troops to act as protection to certain witnesses, and also, in the absence of a jail, to serve as a guard over the prisoners. The mayor of Provo (Kimball Bullock) protested that the presence of the military was an infringement upon the liberties of his fellow-citizens; but the judge answered that he had well considered the request before he had made it. A pe- tition was sent to Governor Gumming, and he asked General Johnston to with- draw the troops, asserting that the court had no authority to call for the aid of the military, except through him. The judges interpreted General Johnston's in- structions from the War Department adversely to the statement of the Governor, and the troops were continued at Provo. On the 27th of March (1S59), the Governor issued a proclamation protesting against the continuance of the troops at Provo, taking open ground against the action of the military commander. About this time was concocted a conspiracy to arrest Brigham Young. It was proposed that a writ be issued for his apprehension. The officers entrusted with its execution presented themselves at the Governor's office, to request his co-operation. But Governor Gumming stoutly resisted the attempted outrage. He himself afterwards thus related this conspiracy to arrest his predecessor: "They had 'got the dead wood on Brigham Young this time,' so they said, as they unfolded to me their plans. If Brigham resisted. General Johnston's artillery was to make a breach in the wall surrounding his premises, and they would take him by force and carry him to Camp Floyd. "I listened to them, sir, as gravely as I could, and examined their papers. They rubbed their hands and were jubilant ; they ' had got the dead wood on Brigham Young ! ' I was indignant, sir, and told them, 'by G — d, gentlemen, you can't do it ! When you have a right to take Brigham Young, gentlemen, you shall have him without creeping through walls. You shall enter through his door with heads erect as become representatives of your government. But till that time, gentlemen, you can't touch Brigham Young while I live, by G — d ! '" "Such was the story," says Stenhouse, "told by the Governor to the author a few years later, and as he related it all the fire of his nature was depicted on his countenance and told unmistakably that he would have made good every word with his life." The officers returned to Camp Floyd discomfited, and immediately the news was circulated that General Johnston would send two regiments of troops and a battery of artillery to enforce the writ for the apprehension of Brigham. The New York Herald of date May 25, 1S59, gave to the country a graphic /picture of affairs in Utah at that moment: OUR SALT LAKE CITY CORRESPONDENCE. "Great Salt Lake City, U. T., April 23, 1859. "In my last letter I informed you of the tlireat of Judge Sinclair that he would hold court in this city during May, with three-fourths of the army now at HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 22g Camp Floyd, quartered in Union Square, ready to carry out his orders. The apprehension of a collision which that threat inspired measurably died away in the bosoms of the people generally, and the youthful judge was beginning to get credit for idle braggadocia, and his tongue was regarded as having only divulged what was in his heart to do, if he only could get the chance; but, alas! the day after the departure of the last mail from here, rumors of his intentions were in circulation at Camp Floyd, which leaves us no reason to doubt that his threat was no idle boast, but is in reality the fixed determination of his heart, to lead to a collision between the citizens and the troops. Of this Governor Cumming is ap- parently fully convinced, as also the other officials outside of the judicial clique. By the departure of the next mail, plans will be better developed, if not even then carried into execution, or at least attempted; and should you then hear of the eagerly-sought-for collision having taken place, it can be witnessed that we have not sought it, but that it is the deep-laid scheme of sutlers, degraded judges, and disappointed officers of our great republican army, for the sake of perishable gold, gratification of personal revenge, and the empty glory of swords to be crimsoned with the blood of fellow-citizens, who so love the liberty bequeathed to them by illustrious sires that they will fight for its maintenance, though their homes should be made desolate and their wives and children left without protectors in the land of freemen's inheritance. "An express from Camp Floyd arrived here on Sunday night with the intelli- gence that two regiments were coming to the city to make arrests, and it was ex- pected that they would have orders for forced marches, to come in upon us un- awares. Immediately on Governor Cumming being made acquainted with the re. port ajid circumstances, which leave no room to doubt of the plans of the judges, he notified General D. H. Wells to hold the ffiilitia in readiness to act on. orders. By two o' clock 071 Monday mottling five thousand men were under arms. Had the United States' troops attempted to enter the city, the struggle must have com- menced, for the Governor is determined to carry out his instructions. What has deferred their arrival here we know not; but now that this plan is known, a watchful eye is kept on the camp, and the shedding of blood seems inevitable- We have confidence in the overruling care of our heavenly Father ; and what' ever does take place, will eventually turn out for good. "Major told me yesterday that General Johnston was resolved to carry out his orders, and he affirms that they are to use the military on the requisition of the judges, and not on the requisition of the Governor only. I have just learned that 500 soldiers were on the march to Sanpete settlement to arrest per- sons there whom the judges are seeking after. The judicial-military-inquisitorial farce played at Provo satisfies everybody that it is not violated justice that seeks redress, but the madness of men drunken with whisky and vengeance, that seek satiety in blood. There is not an official in any settlement outside this city but what expects to be handled as were those at Provo; and the only safety they have from judicial vengeance — not personal, but vengeance against the community — is in flight to the mountains. In the south, where the weather has been excel- lent for early agricultural operations this spring, the fields have been left unculti- vated, and the seed that should be fructifying in the soil is still lying in the barn, 230 HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. the end of which must be famine; for unless the Governor has power to restrain the judges from calling the military to act as a posse comitaius, no man of any influence will trust himself at home. We fear no judge of the United States. The Supreme Judge of all we fear, and in His fear we live, and earthly tribunals have no terror for us : but the insolence of men like Cradlebaugh and Sinclair and the despotism of their military aids drive the iron to our souls. The very latest news now in circulation in the city is that the judges have hired the Indians to scour the mountains in search of the persons that the Marshal and military have been unable to discover at home. What next ? Shall a price be offered the red men of the forest for the scalps of our citizens? Oh, my God ! what shall we be driven to? My heart sickens at the outrages to which we have been subjected, and I dread the future. Nothing shall be done on our part to hasten hostilities; but if it is impossible to avoid them, the responsibility is theirs. "Governor Gumming has no disposition, nor has this community any, to screen any man or men from the punishment due for any crime or misdemeanor they may be accused of; but he will not suffer military terrorism to reign in the Territory over which he is Governor, and we are to a man ready to sustain him. We appeal to the American nation, and ask any man whose soul is not absorbed with the acquisition of perishable pelf only, what can we do more than we have done to preserve peace? and what course is open to us but to defend our rights as citizens of the Union?" Happily at this juncture an official letter from Washington decided that the military could only be used as a posse on a call from the Governor. This com- munication from the U. S. Attorney-General is a valuable historical review of Utah affairs at that juncture, by the U. S. Government itself: "Attorney-General's Office, May 17, 1859. "Gentlemen — The President has received your joint letter on the subject of the military force with which the Court for the Second District of Utah was attended during the term recently held at Provo City. He has carefully con- sidered it, as well as all other advices relating to the same affair, and he has directed me to give you his answer. "The condition of things in Utah made it extremely desirable that the Judges appointed for that Territory should confine themselves strictly within their own official sphere. The Government had a district attorney, who was charged with the duties of a public accuser, and a marshal, who was responsible for the arrest and safe-keeping of criminals. For the judges there was nothing left except to hear patiently the causes brought before them, and to determine them impartially according to the evidence adduced on both sides. It did not seem either right or necessary to instruct you that these were to be the limits of your interference with the public affairs of the Territory; for the Executive never dictates to the Judicial department. The President is responsible only for the appointment of proper men. You were selected from a very large number of other persons who were willing to be employed on the same service, and the choice was grounded solely on your high character for learning, sound judgment, and integrity. It HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 231 was natural, therefore, that the President should look upon the proceedings at Prove with a sincere desire to find you in all things blameless. "It seems that on the 6th of March last. Judge Cradlebaugh announced to the commanding officer of the military forces that on the 8th day of the same month he would begin a term of the District Court at Provo, and required a military guard for certain prisoners, to the number of six or eight, who were then in custody, and would be triable at Provo. The requisition mentions it as a probable fact that 'a large band of organized thieves' would be arrested; but the troops were asked for without reference to them. Promptly responding to this call the commanding-general sent up a company of infantry, who encamped at the Court House, and soon afterwards ten more companies made their appear- ance in sight, and remained there during the whole term of the court. In the meantime, the Governor of the Territory, hearing of this military demonstration upon a town previously supposed to be altogether peaceful, appeared on the ground, made inquiries, and, seeing no necessity for the troops, but believing, on the contrary, that their presence was calculated to do harm, he requested them to be removed. The request was wholly disregarded. "The Governor is the supreme Executive of the Territory. He is respon- sible for the public peace. From the general law of the land, the nature of his office, and the instructions he received from the State Department, it ought to have been understood that he alone had power to issue a requisition for the move- ment of troops from one part of the Territory to another, — that he alone could put the military forces of the Union and the people of the Territory into rela- tions of general hostility with one another. The instructions given to the Com- manding-General by the War Department are to the same effect. In that paper a 'requisition^ is not spoken of as a thing which anybody except the Governor can make. It is true that in one clause the General is told that if the Governor, t'le judges, or the marshal shall find it necessary to summon directiy a part of the troops to aid either in the pertbrmance of his duty, he (the General) is to see the summons promptly obeyed. This was manifestly intended to furnish the means of repelling an opposition which might be too strong for the civil posse, and too sudden to admit of a formal requisition by the governor upon the military com- mander. An officer finds himself resisted in the discharge of his duty, and he calls to his aid first the citizens, and, if they are not sufficient, the soldiers. This would be directly summoning a part of the troops. A direct summons and a requisition are not convertible terms. The former signifies a mere verbal call upon either civilians or military men for force enough to put down a present opposition to a certain officer in the performance of a particular duty; and the call is to be always made by the officer who is himself opposed upon those per- sons who are with their own hands to furnish the aid. A requisition, on the other hand, is a solemn demand in writing made by the supreme civil magistrate upon the commander-in-chief of the military forces for the whole or part of the army to be used in a specified service. In a Territory like Utah, the person who exercises this last-mentioned power can make war and peace when he pleases, and holds in his hands the issues of life and death for thousands. Surely it was not intended to clothe each one of the judges, as well as the marshal and all his ij2 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. deputies, with this tremendous authority. Especially does this construction seem erroneous when we reflect that these different ofificers might make requisitions conflicting with one another, and all of them crossing the path of the Governor. " Besides, the matter upon which Judge Cradlebaugh's requisition bases itself was one with which the Judge had no sort of official connection. It was the duty the marshal to see that the prisoners were safely kept and forthcoming at the proper time. For aught that appears, the marshal wanted no troops to aid him, and had no desire to see himself displaced by a regiment of soldiers. He made no complaint of weakness, and uttered no call for assistance. Under such cir- cumstances it was a mistake of the Judge to interfere with the business at all. "But, assuming the legal right of the judge to put the marshal's business into the hands of the army without the marshal's concurrence, and granting also that this might be done by means of a requisition, was there in this case any oc- casion for the exercise of such power? When we consider how essentially peace- able is the whole spirit of our judicial system, and how exclusively it aims to operate by moral force, or at most by the arm of civil power, it can hardly be denied that the employment of military troops about the courts should be avoided as long as possible. Inter arma silent leges, says the maxim ; and the converse of it ought to be equally true, that inter leges silent arma. The President has not found, either on the face of the requisition or in any other paper received by him, a statement of specific facts strong enough to make the presence of the troops seem necessary. Such necessity ought to have been perfectly plain before the measure was resorted to. "It is very probable that the Mormon inhabitants of Utah have been guilty of crimes for which they deserve the severest punishment. It is not intended by the Government to let any one escape against whom the proper proofs can be produced. With that view, the district attorney has been instructed to use all possible diligence in bringing criminals of every class and of all degrees to justice. We have the fullest confidence in the vigilance, fidelity and ability of that officer. If you shall be of opinion that his duty is not performed with sufficient energy, your statement to that effect will receive the prompt attention of the President. " It is very likely that public opinion in the Territory is frequently opposed to the conviction of parties who deserve punishment. It may be that extensive conspiracies are formed there to defeat justice. These are subjects upon which we, at this distance, can affirm or deny nothing. But, supposing your opinion upon them to be correct, every inhabitant of Utah must still be proceeded against in a regular, legal, and constitutional way. At all events, the usual and estab- lished modes of dealing with public offenders must be exhausted before we adopt any others. " On the whole, the President is very decidedly of opinion — " I. That the Governor of the Territory alone has power to issue a requisi- tion upon the commanding-general for the whole or part of the army : " 2. That there was no apparent occasion for the presence of the troops at Provo : "3. That if a rescue of the prisoners in custody had been attempted, it HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 233 was the duty of the marshal, and not of the judge, to summon the force which might be necessary to prevent it : " 4. That the troops ought not to have been sent to Provo without the con- currence of the Governor, nor kept there against his remonstrance ; "5. That the disregard of these principles and rules of action has been in many ways extremely unfortunate. "I am, very respectfully, yours, &c., J. S. BLACK. ^^ Hon. J. Cradlcbaugh, Hon. C. E. Sinclair, Associate Judges, Supreme Court, Utah:' A great Constitutional pronouncement like the foregoing from a jurist so distinguished as Attorney-General Jeremiah S. Black, given by the direction of the President of the United'States, was too authoritative and potent to be set aside. Governor Gumming had clearly won the victory over his rivals, at least in the Constitutional aspects of his position. The anti- Mormon influence everywhere was now invoked to have Governor Gumming removed, and for a time this was under consideration in the Cabinet. The probabilities were all against the Governor being retained, but a fine stroke of strategy, executed by Col. Thos. L. Kane, recovered his position. Stenhouse, who was present as reporter for the New York Herald, relates the circumstance thus: "Soon after the return of Col. Kane to the Eastern States, that gentleman was invited to deliver a lecture before the Historical Society of New York upon 'The Situation of Utah.' Though in very feeble health, and unprepared for such a lecture, his devotion to what he no doubt sincerely believed to^ be the welfare of the Mormons and the honor of the Government, overcame all impediments', and the lecture was delivered. In that audience were two Mormon elders listen- ing eagerly for a sentence that might help "the cause" in the West. By previous arrangement the agent of the Associated Press was to be furnished with a notice of the lecture, and thus a dispatch next morning was read everywhere throughout the Union to the effect that there was a division among the Mormons, that some were eager for strife, others for peace, but that Brigham Young was on the side of peace and order, and was laboring to control his fiery brethren. This was a repetition of a part of the diplomacy of the Tabernacle. Governor Gumming was complimented by the gallant Colonel as a clear-headed, resolute, but prudent executive, and the very man for the trying position. "Before such an endorsement, sent broadcast over the Republic, coming from the lips of the gentleman who had warded off the effusion of blood, and saved the nation from the expense and horror of a domestic war, the Cabinet, of Mr. Buchanan silently bowed, but they were terribly chagrined." Apostle George Q. Cannon, who was one of the "two Mormon elders';' present at the lecture, relates this singular and quite dramatic episode of Utah history with several additional points, which have a national significance. The story is told in an obituary sketch of Thomas L. Kane, with an affectionate simplicity that gives it a special value in the History: i 234 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. "As I write, another illustration of his forgetfulness of self and his ardent zeal in behalf of Utah comes to my mind. It was during the Buchanan admin- istration. Governor Gumming, who had been sent out by President Buchanan with the army as Governor of the Territory, did not work harmoniously with the army officers. Differences had arisen between them at the time they were in camp during the winter at Ham's Fork and Fort Bridger. " These differences increased after they came into the valley, and the influ- ence of the army people was used with the administration to have Gumming removed. President Buchanan was inclined to yield to the pressure of Albert Sidney Johnston's friends. Johnston at that time was quite an influential per- sonage; in fact influences were being used to prepare the way for him to succeed General Winfield Scott as commander of the army of the United States, i Presi- dent Buchanan made inquiries of some of General Kane's friends as to how the re- moval of Governor Gumming would be received by him. He heard of this, and, though at the time confined to his room with an attack of pleurisy, saw that something must be done to prevent the removal of Governor Gumming, which he viewed at the time as a move that would be imfortunate to Utah. The His- torical Society of New York Gity — a very influential society — had solicited him to deliver a lecture upon Utah affairs; but he had postponed accepting the offer. He saw that this was the opportune moment to deliver it, and though suffering from severe pain he resolved to go to New York and deliver the lecture. His friends tried to dissuade him from the step, as they felt that he was endangering his life. But he was determined to go, and wrote to the President of the Society, who was pleased to accept the proffer of the lecture. Accompanied by his physi- cian, he traveled from Philadelphia to New York, delivered the lecture, in which he eulogized Governor Gumming, and gave him the praise that was due to him for his conduct after reaching Utah, and the next morning there appeared in all the newspapers of the country, through the associated press, a brief epitome of the lecture, commending Governor Gumming's administration of affairs. It had the eff'ect to turn the scale in Gumming's favor. President Buchanan relinquished the idea of removing him, and he remained Governor until he had served out his full term. I was in the East at the time and familiar with all the circumstances, and I was deeply impressed with the General's conduct on that occasion." There is to be discerned in these two statements a division growing up in the views and purposes of the members of Buchanan's Gabinet at that critical juncture of our national affairs, which is capitally presented in Mr. Blaine's great book of reminiscences, in which he presents, on the one side, John B. Floyd, Secretary of War with President Buchanan preparing the way for secession ; on the other, Gen. Lewis Gass, Secretary of State, and Attorney-General Jeremiah S. Black, taking the alarm both for the Democracy and the Union, and setting their faces against the secession movement, which General Albert Sidney Johnston was fated to represent as one of its chiefest military captains. Mr. Blaine has not intended any reference to Utah, but that which he describes touching a division in the Gabinet, relative to our national affairs, is strangely to be traced at the same moment in the Gabinet over Utah affairs. So far as secession and Secretary Floyd is concerned, the statement of ex-Delegate Gannon suggests a very striking HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 235 parallel to the Blaine reminiscences of the state of Buchanan's Cabinet at that juncture. The historical pertinence of the case is the more striking from the fact that it was subsequent to the decision of the Attorney-General against ;he Judges' and General Johnston's action. After the receipt of that dispatch a mass meeting of Gentiles was held at Camp Floyd, on the 23rd of July, at which the Judges and the Indian Agent — Dr. Garland Hurt — were present, and in which they took a prominent part. An address was penned, rehearsing all the crimes charged to the Mormons, asserting that they were as disloyal after the President's pardon as when they were in arms in Echo Canyon, that the President was deceived and badly advised, and had done a great wrong in withdrawing the protection of the military from the courts. Thus it would seem that there was before the country, emanating from Johnston and his friends, who were seeking to make him commander-in-chief of the armies of the United States, not only a demand for the removal of Governor Gumming, but a virtual impeachment of the Attorney-General as an ill-adviser on Utah affairs, for it was undoubtedly Jeremiah S. Black who had given the new impulse to the Buchanan movement, as represented in General Kane and Governor Gumming, and his Constitutional decision had most likely saved Great Salt Lake City from the "baptism of blood," and made valid the President's pardon. But it seems that he would have failed at last, in his revision of the Buchanan policy touching Utah, had not Thomas L. Kane risen from his couch and, in his noble regard for the honor of his country, made valid the proclamation of peace and pardon which had been granted in the august name of the American Republic. A supplementary page from Mr. Blaine's great book may be given here to illustrate the reorganization of the Buchanan Cabinet, by Judge Black, and the radical change in its policies, so strongly marked both in the affairs of Utah and the greater affairs of the nation ; and a bankrupt U. S. Treasury will be very sug- gestive of Secretary Floyd's expenditure of from fourteen to twenty millions of dollars on the Utah Expedition : ^* Judge Black entered upon his duties as Secretary of Sta^e on the 17th of December — the day on which the disunion convention of South Carolina as- sembled. He found the malign influence of Mr. Buchanan's message fully at work throughout the South. Under its encouragement only three days were re- quired by the convention at Charleston to pass the ordinance of secession, and four days later Governor Pickens issued a proclamation declaring ' South Caro- lina a separate, sovereign, free and independent State, with the right to levy war, conclude peace and negotiate treaties.' From that moment Judge Black's posi- tion towards the Southern leaders was radically changed. They were no longer fellow-Democrats. They were the enemies of the Union to which he was de- voted, they were conspirators against the Government to which he had taken a selemn oath of fidelity and loyalty. "Judge Black's change, however important to his own fame, would prove comparatively fruitless unless he could influence Mr. BuchanaJi to break with the men who had been artfully using the power of his Administration to destroy the 2sO HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Union. The opportunity and the test came promptly. The new ' sovereign, free and independent ' government of South Carolina sent commissioners to Washington to negotiate for the surrender of the national forts and the transfer of the national property within her limits. Mr. Buchanan prepared an answer to their request which was compromising to the honor of the Executive and peril- ous to the integrity of the Union. Judge Black took a decided and irrevocable stand against the President's position. He advised Mr. Buchanan that upon the basis of that fatal concession to the disunion leaders he could not remain in his Cabinet. It was a sharp issue, but was soon adjusted. Mr. Buchanan gave way and permitted Judge Black and his associates, Holt and Stanton, to frame a reply for the Administration. "Jefferson Davis, Mr. Toombs, Mr. Benjamin, Mr. Slidell, who had been Mr. Buchanan's intimate and confidential advisers, and who had led him to the brink of ruin, found themselves suddenly supplanted, and a new power installed in the White House. Foiled and no longer able to use the National Administra" tion as an instrumentality to destroy the national life, the secession leaders in Con- gress turned upon the President with angry reproaches. In their rage they lost all sense of the respect due to the Chief Magistrate of the nation, and assaulted Mr. Buchanan with coarseness as well as violence. Senator Benjamin spoke of him as *a senile Executive under the sinister influence of insane counsels.' This exhibition of malignity towards the misguided President afforded to the North the most convincing and satisfactory proof that there had been a change for the better in the plans and purposes of the Administration. They realized that it must be a deep sense of impending danger which could separate Mr. Buchanan from his political associations with the South, and they recognized in his position a significant proof of the desperate determination to which the enemies of the Union had come. " The stand taken by Judge Black and his loyal associates was in the last days of December, i860. The reorganization of the Cabinet came as a matter of necessity. Mr. John B. Floyd resigned from the War Department, making loud proclamation that his action was based on the President's refusal to sur- render the national forts in Charleston Harbor to the secession government of South Carolina. This manifesto was not necessary to establish Floyd's treason- able intentions towards the Government ; but, in point of truth, the plea was undoubtedly a pretense, to cover reasons of a more personal character which would at once deprive him of Mr. Buchanan's confidence. There had been irregularities in the War Department tending to compromise Mr. Floyd, for which he was afterwards indicted in the District of Columbia. Mr. Floyd well knew that the first knowledge of these shortcomings would lead to his dismissal from the Cabinet. Whatever Mr. Buchanan's faults as an Executive may have been, his honor in all transactions, both personal and public, was unquestionable, and he was the last man to tolerate the slightest deviation from the path of rigid integrity. "Mr. Thompson, the Secretary of the Interior, followed Mr. Floyd after a short interval. Mr. Cobb had left the Treasury a {&\i days before General Cass resigned from the Cabinet, and had gone to Georgia to stimulate her laggard HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 237 movements in the scheme of destroying the Government. His successor was Philip Francis Thomas, of Maryland, who entered the Cabinet as a representative of the principles whose announcement had forced General Cass to resign. The change of policy to which the President was now fully committed forced Mr. Thomas to retire after a month's service. He frankly staled that he was unable to agree with the President and his other advisers 'in reference to the condition of things in South Carolina,' and therefore tendered his resignation. Mr. Thomas adhered to the Union and always maintained an upright and honorable char- acter ; but his course at that crisis deprived him subsequently of a seat in the United States Senate, though at a later period he served in the House as Repre- sentative from Maryland. "Mr. Cobb, Mr. Floyd and Mr. Thompson had all remained in the Cabinet after the Presidential election in November, in full sympathy, and so far as pos- sible in co-operation with the men in the South who were organizing resistance to the authority of the Federal Government. Neither those gentlemen, nor any friend in their behalf, ever ventured to explain how, as sworn officers of the United States, they could remain at their posts consistently with the laws of honor — laws obligatory on them not only as public officials who had taken a solemn oath of fidelity to the Constitution, but also as private gentlemen, whose good faith was pledged anew every hour they remained in control of the depart- ments with whose administration they had been intrusted. Their course is un- favorably contrasted with that of many Southern men (of whom General Lee and the two Johnstons were conspicuous examples), who refused to hold official posi- tions under the national Government a single day after they had determined to take part in the scheme of disunion. "By the reorganization of the Cabinet the tone of Mr. Buchanan's admin- istration was radically changed. Judge Black had used his influence with the President to secure trustworthy friends of the Union in every department. Edwin M. Stanton, little known at the time to the public, but of high standing in his profession, was appointed Attorney-General soon after Judge Black took charge of the State Department. Judge Black had been associated with Stanton per- sonally and professionally, and was desirous of his aid in the dangerous period through which he was called to serve. "Joseph Holt, who, since the death of Aaron V. Brown in 1859, had been Postmaster-General, was now appointed Secretary of War, and Horatio King, of Maine, for many years the upright first assistant, was justly promoted to the head of the Post-office Department. Mr. Holt was the only Southern man left in the Cabinet. He was a native of Kentucky, long a resident of Mississippi, always iden- tified with the Democratic party, and affiliated with its extreme southern wing. Without a moment's hesitation he now broke all the associations of a lifetime, and stood by the Union without qualification or condition. His learning, his firmness and his ability were invaluable to Mr. Buchanan in the closing days of his administration. "General John A. Dix, of New York, was called to the head of the Treasury. He was a man of excellent ability, of wide experience in affairs, of spotless char- acter and a most zealous friend of the Union. He found the Treasury bankrupt, 238 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. the discipline of its officers in the South gone, its orders disregarded in the States which were preparing for secession. He at once imparted spirit and energy into the service, giving to the administration of this department a policy of pronounced loyalty to the Government. No act of his useful and honorable life has been so widely known or will be so long remembered as his dispatch to the Treasury agent at New Orleans to take possession of a revenue cutter whose commander was suspected of disloyalty and of a design to transfer his vessel to the Confederate service. Lord Nelson's memorable order at Trafalgar was not more inspiring to the British Navy than was the order of General Dix to the American people, when, in the gloom of that depressing winter, he telegraphed South his per- emptory words : ' If any man attempts to haul down the American flag, shoot him on the spot.' "Thus reconstructed, the Cabinet as a whole was one of recognized power, marked by high personal character, by intellectual training, by experience in affairs, and by aptitude for the public service. There have been Cabinets perhaps more widely known for the possession of great qualities; but, if the history of suc- cessive administrations from the origin of the Government be closely studied, it will be found that the reorganized Cabinet of President Buchanan must take rank as one of exceptional ability." CHAPTER XXVI. JUDGE CRADLEBAUGH DISCHARGES THE GRAND JURY AXD TURNS SOCIETY OVER TO LAWLESS RULE. THE INDIANS ENCOURAGED TO DEPREDA- TIONS ON THE SETTLEMENTS. A DARK PICTURE OF SALT LAKE SOCIETY. WHY GOVERNOR GUMMING DID NOT INVESTIGATE THE MOUNTAIN MEADOWS MASSACRE. Having failed to obtain the indictment of the leaders of the Mormon Church, the judges resolved that they would close their courts and give society into the hands of the numerous desperadoes with which the Territory now abounded. In discharging the grand jury, Judge Cradlebaugh uttered one of the most remark- able passages to be found in the whole history of criminal jurisprudence: "If it is expected," he said, "that this court is to be used by this com- . munity as a means of protecting it against the peccadilloes of Gentiles and In- dians, unless this community will punish its own murderers, such expectations will not be realized. It will be used for no such purpose. When the people shall come to their reason and manifest a disposition to punish their own high offenders, it will then be lime to enforce the law also for their protection. If this HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 239 court cannot bring you to a proper sense of your duty, // can at least turn the savages held in custody loose upon you y Accordingly Judge Cradlebaugh dismissed the prisoners and adjourned his court ''without day." On his part D. Hurt, the Indian agent, had, both before and after the en- trance of Johnston's troops, spent his official service in inciting hostile Indians to commit depredations upon the Mormon settlements. This, indeed, was the specific charge which Governor Gumming reported to Secretary Gass against Indian Agent Hurt, both as inimical to the peace of the Territory and interrup- tive of his own executive duties representing the Federal Government. Upon this Indian line of the history, George A, Smith, just prior to the entrance of Johnston's troops, writing to T. B. H. Stenhouse, said : " It has been the policy of Governor Young and our people to keep the In- dians neutral, should a contest ensue. I read in the last papers received from the States loud boasts of having secured the Utah and other Indians as allies against the Mormons. Strange as it may seem to civilized persons, all the reckless and unprincipled Indians of the mountains have been hired, with new guns, blankets, clothing, ammunition, paint, etc., to steal, rob, murder, and do anything else that can be done to destroy the Mormons. Indian agents have sent messengers to all the peaceable Indians to incite them to deeds of rapine and bloodshed. A number of scattering settlements have been attacked, and innocent blood stains the skirts of the present administration, whose agents have procured the murders. "I am an American, as you well know. I love my country, and hate to see her rulers trample under foot her glorious institutions, and re-enact barbarism more cruel than that inflicted by the King of Great Britain, through the hands of the red men upon the scattered settlements of the colonies, in the war of inde- pendence. We wish ' life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.' " With 3,500 bayonets, rifles, revolvers, and heavy ordnance pointed at us, and within three days' march of our city, 4,500 more en route to reinforce them, carte blanche on the United States treasury, would seem enough to satisfy our most bitter persecutors, without hiring as allies the savage hordes of the deserts and mountains to murder, scalp, roast, and eat their fellow-citizens, because they forsooth differed on the subject of religion, ' Who can believe it ! — the cause is rather odd — Men hate each other for the love of God ! ' "You are aware that all the outrages in the country, heretofore, have been caused by men who are enemies to the inhabitants of this Territory — who have passed through our borders and recklessly shot at and otherwise abused the Indians. "Experience shows that Indians, like Congressmen and Government officials, have their price." Mr. William G. Mills, writing to the same person, who at that time was a special attache of the New York Herald on Utah affairs, said : 240 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. " The officials and others among the troops are employing their influence and means to bribe the Indians to steal the cattle, and horses, and mules from the settlers here ; and already some have succeeded in stealing, and have mas sacred several persons in the outer settlements. The cattle will be conveyed to the army. One poor fox skin from an Indian will be paid for with a quantity of powder, lead, caps, blankets, and shirts — more than a hundred times its value — in order to buy over the rude savages to rob from and murder those who have hitherto fed and clothed them. This is done whenever an Indian visits them. It is not, of course, bribing or buying the Indian — it is only paying for the fox or buckskin; and significant nods, winks, and signs accompanying the gift are easily interpreted, and robbery and murder are the result. Dr. Hurt, the Indian agent, who decamped from the Indian farm, to create an excitement in his favor, in pretence for personal safety — 'The wicked fleeth when none pursueth ' — has collected a band of Indians in Uintah Valley, among whom is the murderer Tintic, and placed himself as their chief at their head, to make an attack on the southern settlements, and promising not only blankets, powder, etc., but a share of the pillage, as the reward of their nefarious acts. Murder in the north is to be responded to by murder of quiet and peaceable citizens m the south. Every mule and horse that the Indians steal is blamed on the Mormons, though the lat- ter may be a hundred miles from the scene of action. A good supply of whisky is furnished to the Indians by the officers and others, and they seem to enjoy themselves well together. Drinking among the troops was carried on to excess during the winter, which was calculated to excite their bitterest feelings and to enter in every scheme to annoy and kill the citizens. White men and murderous Indians are 'hail fellows well met.' "The Indians, by the presence of the troops, are emboldened to annoy the various settlements, because the Mormons would rather not fight. In Tooele County — the most westerly in the Territory — those Indians who were hitherto friendly have become excited by the conversations and bribes of the army, and have stolen about one hundred and fifty head of cattle and sixty horses, and fired upon the men who were guarding. At Salmon River settlement, two hundred and fifty head of cattle were stolen about the 4th of March, and several Mormons killed and scalped, and again attacked subsequently. It is expected that Dr. Hurt and his tribe will make an attack soon upon the southern settlements ; but the people are prepared for every emergency, and will repulse them. "The war chiefs of several tribes of Indians, during the time of the excite- ment last fall and winter, applied personally to Governor Young for his advice and permission to go out with their tribes and 'use up' the soldiers, which they deemed themselves amply capable to do; but he, in every instance, told them to keep away from the army and show no bad feelings whatever, and requested them to avoid killing the white men. I have seen the chiefs exhibit sanguine feelings in relation to killing the soldiers, but entirely softened down by the counsel and expressions of Governor Young. He wrote to Ben Simons, the Delaware Indian, chief of the Weberites, in reply to a letter, to stand in a neutral position, neither take part with the Mormons nor. the soldiers, in the event of a collision, and has HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CI FY. 241 always endeavored to suppress that bloodthirsty spirit of the treacherous red men. The action of the judges, in suspending altogether the administration of justice, and by semi-proclamation turning loose upon society the desperadoes, produced such a condition of things, compared with which the history of Great Salt Lake City was stainless before the onset of the Buchanan Expedition. Mr. Stenhouse in his Rocky Mountain Saints has painted the dark picture of those times thus outlined and colored : "With such a large body of troops there were, as usual, numerous camp- followers plying their petit industries, gambling, thieving, and drinking. Gen- eral Johnston, with strict surveillance and severe military punishment, had been able to control them on the march and at Camp Scott; but when they found in the valleys of the Saints a wider and safer field for operations, they gave rein to their vilest passions, and a worse set of vagabonds never afflicted any com- munity with their presence than did the followers of Johnston's army the inhabi- tants of the chief city of Zion. Quite a number of young Mormons — and some not so young — became as reckless and daring as any of the imported Gentiles, and life and property for a time were very insecure in Salt Lake City. " The programme of the police authorities seemed to be to give the desper- adoes the largest liberty, so that they might, in their drunken carousals, ' kill off each other,' and what they left undone invisible hands readily accomplished. During the summer and fall of 1S59 there was a murder committed in Salt Lake City almost every week, and very rarely were the criminals brought to justice. "The Mormon leaders taught the people to attend to their fields and work- shops, keep out of ' Whisky Street/ and let 'civilization' take its course. They had plenty of hard work to engage their attention, and no money, so that the business street was seldom visited by them, and they saw little of what was trans- piring in their midst. The Church weekly paper took pride in reporting, as it occurred, 'another man for breakfast,' and with that 'the people of God' were satisfied that 'the good work was rolling on.' Israel would one day be free from his oppressors. " The rioting and killing that were traceable occupied little more than pass- ing attention, but the midnight work of invisible hands created a sensation of terror in the minds of all who were inimical to the priesthood. The Valley Tan, notwithstanding its true boldness, felt the danger of the hour, and in one of its doleful wails ejaculated: 'How long, oh ! how long are scenes like this to con- tinue ? * * * It would seem as if the insatiable demon and enemy of man must himself be gorged with the flow of human blood in our midst.' * * * 'No man's life is secure as long as the scenes of violence and bloodshed, which have been of such frequent occurrence among us for months past, continue to be repeated, and the perpetrators escape unpunished or not detected.' "The bloody work continued, and finally terminated with the murder of Brewer and Joaquin Johnston, two intimate friends, who were shot at the same instant as they were walking home together. The author well remembers seeing 3 242 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. very early the next morning the marshal of the city and the chief of police who gravely informed him of the 'sad news' — 'Johnston and Brewer had quarreled, and killed each other! ' This story was feeble enough, but no one cared to ques- tion it: the people had got used to the record of scenes of blood. " In the * swift destruction' that fell upon the desperadoes, there was no miti- gation of punishment on account of faith or family relationship, and very respect- able Mormon families had to mourn the untimely end of boys who, before the entrance of the army, gave promise of lives of usefulness and honor. All the bad and desperate Mormons were not brought to judgment, but the pretext alone was wanting for carrying more extensively into execution the general programme. Resistance to an officer, or the slightest attempt to escape from custody, was eagerly seized, when wanted, as the justification of closing a disreputable career, and in more than one case of this legal shooting, there is much doubt if even the trivial excuse was waited for. The Salt Lake police then earned the reputa- tion of affording every desperate prisoner the opportunity of escape, and, if embraced, the officer's ready revolver brought the fugitive to a 'halt,' and saved the country the expenses of a trial and his subsequent boarding in the peniten- tiary. A coroner's inquest and cemetery expenses were comparatively light. "With the troops themselves there was no collision. The Governor had requested General Johnston to withhold furlough from the soldiers, and few of them ever had the opportunity of visiting the City of the Saints. With some officers there had been, in the city, slight difficulties, which were, however, easily settled. Only one serious affair occurred, ending in the death of Sergeant Pike. This person was charged with violently assaulting a young Mormon and cracking his skull with a musket. During the Sergeant's trial in Salt Lake City, while on the public street at noon, passing to his hotel, a young man shot him down, and shortly afterward he died. The young man, with the aid of others, escaped, and was never arrested. There was great excitement at Camp Floyd, but the Ser- geant's comrades were too far away to retaliate. " From the time of the arrival of the troops in the valley, Brigham was per- sonally very cautious, and never exposed himself to attack. For a long time he absented himself from the public assemblies, kept an armed door-keeper at the entrance of his residences, and by night was protected by an armed guard of the faithful. Every ward in the city took its turn in watching over the Prophet, and the floors of his offices were nightly covered with a guard, armed and equipped, and ready at a moment's notice to repulse the imaginary foe. "During the day, when Brigham ventured beyond the outer walls of his premises, half a dozen friends always accompanied him wherever he went. It is pleasing to add that no one ever so much as said to him an unbecoming word." In this condition of society, and the antagonistic complication of affairs existing between the Governor and General Johnston and the Judges, is to be found the exact historical exposition why the Mountain Meadow Massacre was not brought to judgment and avenged years before the execution of John D. Lee. Ex-Governor Young has often, yet most senselessly been reproved and held guilty for not causing an investigation of the tragedy in question, and bringing HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 243 its executors to justice immediately after the bloody deed was done. One of the questions and its answer from the deposition of Brigham Young, taken at the trial of Lee, bears directly upon this point: " Q. Why did you not as Governor institute proceedings forthwith to investigate the massacre and bring the guilty authors to justice? "A. Because another Governor had been appointed by the President of the United States, and was then on the way here to take my place, and I did not know how soon he might arrive ; and because the United States Judges were not in the Territory. Soon after Governor Gumming arrived I asked him to take Judge Cradlebaugh, who belonged to the Southern District, with him, and I would accompany them with sufficient aid to investigate the matter and bring the offenders to justice." But the action of the Judges, at the very onset, made it impossible for ex- Governor Young or Governor Gumming to move far in the matter. Though Brigham Young had been Justice personified, had he proceeded he must have walked into the death-trap set for him. The following editorial excerpt from the New York Tribune, July 3rd, 1858, describes the case of Governor Gumming before the entrance of the troops, which was more abundantly illustrated afterwards : "The latest accounts from Utah present the affairs of that Territory in rather a queer light. All the correspondents of the newspapers who write from Camp Scott most zealously contend that Governor Gumming, in representing the Mor- mons as having submitted to his authority, has either been grossly deceived him- self, or else is seeking to deceive the Government and the country. Possibly, as to this matter, the good people of Gamp Scott, civil and military, judge the Mormons a little too much by themselves. If the disposition to obey the Gov- ernor and to second and sustain him in the exercise of his office is not greater within the valley than it seems to be at Camp Scott and Fort Bridger, the extent of the Governor's authority is certainly limited enough. Whether or not Brig- ham Young and his people have combined together, while seeming to acknowl- edge Gumming as Governor — in fact to set aside and override his authority, at 'east it is very certain that such a combination exists in full force at Camp Scott, with Mr. Chief Justice Eckles at its head. Perhaps there is something in the air of Utah that stimulates to treason, rebellion, and resistance to authority. Whether that be so or not, the authority of Gumming as Governor seems just now quite as much in danger from the Chief Justice, the civil officers, and the army sent to Utah at such an expense to place him and sustain him in the Gov- ernor's chair, as from those whose anticipated opposition to his authority led to such costly preparations to uphold it. In fact, it would seem that, on the question of due respect to Cumming's gubernatorial authority, the people inside the valley and those out of it had completely changed ground. The resistance to Governor Gumming is not now on the part of Brigham Young and the Mormons generally, but on the part of Chief Justice Eckels, Marshal Dotson, General Johnston, the camp, and the camp-followers. " In this resistance to the authority of Governor Gumming and combination to reduce him, if possible, to a cipher, the recently arrived Peace Comra is- 244 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. sioners, according to all accounts, have joined, actuated possibly by a feeling of jealousy that they should have been anticipated by Governor Gumming and the work of pacification taken out of their hands. Nor, if we are to believe the letters from the camp, do these, gentlemen confine themselves merely to thwart- ing the policy of Goveriior Gumming and nullifying his authority as Governor, They go, indeed, much further than that. The President's proclamation, of which they are the bearers, does not meet their approbation, or appear to them adapted to the exigencies of the case. They harmonize completely, we are told, with Judge Eckles and General Johnston, and not content with upsetting and overriding the Governor, are resolved to upset and override the President too. The proclamation is, therefore, to be construed — by the help, we suppose, of that profound jurist. Judge Eckles — in conformity to their ideas. In other words, it is to be nullified and set aside. " We have heard a great deal heretofore about the danger of personal vio- lence and loss of property to which the Gentiles in the Territory of Utah have been exposed on the part of the Mormons. At present, the danger seems to be entirely the other way. Nothing can exceed the rancorous and even ferocious feelings against the Mormons with which the army at Camp Scott appears to be penetrated. They regard themselves as engaged not so much in a public service as in the prosecution of a private quarrel. They regard the Mormons as having subjected them to all the hard service of this campaign — as having kept them en- camped all winter on short rations amid the mountains — as having derided, ma- ligned, and insulted them; and even the very common soldiers are represented as having put on an air of offended dignity at the idea that the Peace Commis- sioners had arrived to snatch their intended victims from their revengeful grasp. This state of feeling on the part of the soldiers affords an abundant justification for Governor Cumm.ing's objections to their entry into the valley and for the dread and horror with which the Mormons regard their presence there. If it be deemed proper or necessary to station troops in Utah, they ought to be some fresh corps, and not a body of men filled with such hatred and prejudice. Let some of the troops now on their march across the plains be employed in this ser- vice, and the force now collecting under General Johnson be sent in some other direction. That officer, however, would seem bent upon entering the valley, in spite of the remonstrances of Governor Gumming, whose authority over the troops he denies, with the very object, it would seem, of driving the Mormons to destroy their houses and to prevent them from gathering their crops, thus subject- ing thousands of women and children to the danger of starvation." The Peace Commissioners, however, in the sequel accomplished their mis- sion, but the breach between Governor Gumming and General Johnston and the Judges, extended, as we have seen, to the impeachment of his course and a demand from Camp Floyd for his removal. But his inability to investigate and bring to justice the authors of the Moun- tain Meadow Massacre, during his term of office, is known to have been a thorn in Governor Cumming's side. After him no Governor could be specially held HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CLTY. 245 responsible; and thus justice tarried long, impeded at the onset by the Judges themselves, which is the unmistakable import of Attorney-General Black's rebuke to them. CHAPTER XXVII. AFTER THE UTAH WAR. CELEBRATION OF THE FOURTH OF JULY. BENEFITS OF CAMP FLOYD TO THE COMMUNITY. TRADE WITH THE CAMP. THE PONY EXPRESS. THE BULK OF THE TROOPS MARCH FOR NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA. JOHNSTON LEAVES FOR WASHINGTON. THE DEPARTURE OF GOVERNOR CUMMING. THE REMNANT OF THE ARMY ORDERED TO THE STATES. SALES OF CAMP FLOYD. GOODS WORTH FOUR MILLION DOLLARS SOLD FOR ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND. DESTRUCTION OF ARMS AND AMMUNITION. LINCOLN'S NEW APPOINTMENTS FOR UTAH. COM- PLETION OF THE TELEGRAPH LINE. FIRST MESSAGE FROM EX-GOV- ERNOR YOUNG— "UTAH HAS NOT SECEDED." THE GOVERNOR TO PRESI- DENT LINCOLN AND HIS RESPONSE. UTAH'S MANIFESTO ON THE CIVIL WAR. Soon after the attempt of the military, instigated by the Judges, to arrest Brigham Young, the Lieut. -General of the Utah militia issued the following: ''special order no. 2. "Headquarters Nauvoo Legion, Adjutant-General's Office, G. S. L. City, July ist, 1859. "Monday, the 4th, will be the eighty-third anniversary of the birth of American freedom. It is the duty of every American citizen to commemorate the great event; not in a boisterous revelry, but with hearts full of gratitude to Almighty God the Great Father of our rights. " The Lieutenant-General directs for the celebration in the city as follo^ws : " isl. — At sunrise a salute of thirteen guns will be fired, commencing near the residence of His Excellency the Governor, to be answered from a point on South Temple Street, near the residence of President Brigham Young. " The national flag will be hoisted at the signal from the first gun, simul- taneously at the residences of Governor Gumming and President Young, at the office of the Territorial Secretary, and the residence of the United States At- torney. Captain Pitt's band will be stationed at sunrise opposite the residence of Governor Gumming, and Captain Ballo's band opposite the residence of President Young. "At the hoisting of the flags the bands will play the 'Star Spangled Banner.' 246 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. " 2d. — After the morning salute the guns will be parked at the Court House till noon, when a salute of 33 guns will be fired. "3d. — At sunset a salute of five guns, in honor of the Territories, will be fired, and the flags lowered. "4th. — For the above service Lieutenant Atwood and two platoons of artillery will be detailed. Two six-pounder iron guns will be used for the salutes. Also a first lieutenant and two platoons of the ist cavalry will be de- tailed as a guard, and continue on guard through the day. The whole detach- ment will be dismissed after the sunset salute. "5th. — Col. J. C. Little, of the General's staff, will perform the duties of marshal of the day, with permission to select such deputies as he may require to assist him. The Declaration of Independence will be read by him from the steps of the Court House at noon. "6th. — The bands and the services to be performed by them will be under the direction of Col. Duzette. " By order of Lieut.-Gen. DANIEL H. WELLS. Adjt.-Gen. JAMES FERGUSON." When the danger of conflict between Camp Floyd and Salt Lake City was passed, the citizens began to realize many material benefits from the camp. The famine of 1855-6 had impoverished the Territory in its agricultural re- sources ; the handcart emigration had brought to the country several thousand poor people, destitute, after their terrible journey, of even the barest clothing, whereas in former years the "Independent Companies," and the "Ten-pound ox-team companies," had brought moderate, and in some cases rich and plentiful supplies, which had lasted the emigrants several years before they were entirely exhausted. But now for a long while the common sources of supplies had been stopped ; and commerce with the east had been suspended by the expedition it- self. The Gentile merchants had broken up their houses at the approach of the army, and General Johnston on his joining his army issued orders that no trains of merchandise bound for Great Salt Lake City should be allowed to pass his lines. Thus the community had become utterly destitute of almost everything necessary to their social comfort. The people were poorly clad, and rarely ever saw anything on their tables but what was prepared from flour, corn, beet- molasses, and the vegetables and fruits of their gardens. They were alike desti- tute of implements of industry, and horses, mules, and wagons for their agricul- tural operations. Utah was truly very poor at that period ; indeed, never so poor since the Californian emigrants poured into Great Salt Lake City in 1849. The presence of the army soon changed the condition of the community. It was not to be expected that the leaders of the Church would from the Taber- nacle encourage much intercourse between the camp and the citizens, but quite a number of the self-reliant men, who have since represented the business and com- merce of the Territory, sought directly the intercourse of trade with the camp, while the more cautious furnished these middle men with the native supplies of HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 247 the country, by which the trade was sustained. In this way money was gathered in freely by the Gentiles and the bold Mormon traders, and the people generally were thus indirectly clothed and supplied with the delicacies of tea, coffee and sugar, in return for the produce of the field, the dairy and the chicken-coop. It was at Camp Floyd, indeed, where the principal Utah merchants and business men of the second decade of our history may be said to have laid the foundation of their fortunes, among whom were the Walker Brothers. Nor should it be made to appear that this commerce with Camp Floyd marked the rising of an apostate wave in Utah society. It signified simply the desire of each to better his own condition and that of society at large. And thus commercial intercourse and mutual benefits softened the feelings of hostility between the citizens and the soldiers, and the Utah Expedition became transformed into a great blessing to Utah, and especially to the Mormon community. A passage here, from the New York Hetahf s Utah special correspondent, of the novelties of the Camp Floyd trade, must be quoted for its striking illustration : "Among the rascalities of those times, contracts were awarded to certain political hucksters at Washington for an enormous quantity of flour to be supplied at ^28.40 per 100 pounds, which in the course of time was furnished by the Prophet at %^ in the City of the Saints. That contractor also managed to get an order from the Secretary of War for the specie at Camp Floyd, failing which he was to be paid in mules, and of these he had his choice, at figures ranging from ;^ioo to $150 each. Great bands of these animals were driven to California, and sold on the Pacific at nearly six times their Camp Floyd prices. With such and many other flagrant facts, it is not surprising that the Prophet and the Apostles designated Mr. Buchanan's expedition to Utah in 1857, 'The Contractors' War!'" The experiment of the Pony Express from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean was made in the spring of i860. The Deseret News of date April nth, made note: "The first Pony Express from the west left Sacramento City at 12 m., on the night of the 3rd instant, and arrived in this city at 11:45 of the 7th, inside of the prospectus time. The express from the east left St. Joseph, Missouri, at 6:30 on the evening of the 3d, and arrived in this city at 6:25 on the evening of the 9th. This brings us within six days' communication from the frontier and seven from Washington — a result which we Utonians, ac- customed to receive news three months after date, can well appreciate." Among the first news brought was that a bill was before the House to amend the organic act of this Territory, remove the seat of government from Great Salt Lake City to Carson Valley, and change the name from Utah to Nevada. The object stated was to take the controling power out of the hands of the Mormons of Utah, and give it into the hands of the Gentiles of Nevada. In May of this year the mass of the troops from Camp Floyd took up their march for New Mexico and Arizona. Only a few were left to perform the requisite duties of the garrison. Just previous. General Albert Sidney Johnston left Camp Floyd for Washing- ton, via the southern route to California. He never visited Great Salt Lake City 248 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. after he passed through it with his army. General Johnston and Brigham Young therefore never met. After his departure the command devolved upon Colonel Philip St, George Cooke, who by a general order February 6th, t86i, changed the name of Camp Floyd to Fort Crittenden. The intent was understood to dis- connect the fort from the name of Secretary Floyd, whose plot for secession was exposed, and his Utah Expedition, sinking twenty millions of the nation's money, considered to be a part of that secession plot. In May, 1861, just previous to the outbreak of our great civil war, Governor Gumming and his lady departed from Great Salt Lake City with no expectation of returning. He had entered the city amid great display of welcome, and fain had the city shown him and his lady like honors in their retirement, but it was against his wish ; so his departure was not generally known until it was announced in .the Deseret News, in which the thanks of a grateful community were sent after him for the faithful performance of his service towards them and to the General Government. The remainder of Johnston's army was ordered to the States to participate in the war; and the order was given to destroy the best equipped military post ever established in the West. But before the evacuation and destruction of arms, public sales were announced of provisions and army stores of every kind. Many went from Great Salt Lake City and the nearer settlements to purchase these valu- able supplies, which were sold by auction, and consisted of flour, bacon, groceries of all kinds, hardware, carpenters' tools, blacksmiths' tools, wagons, harness, tents, medical stores, clothing, and, in fine, everything the settlers most needed. It was estimated that four million dollars' worth of goods were sold for ^100,000. Flour sold for 52 cents per sack of 100 lt)s. in double sacks, for which the Gov- ernment had paid ^28. 40. Everything else was in proportion. President Young sent his business manager, Mr. H. B. Clawson, to purchase all kinds of supplies most needed for his numerous family, dependents and work- men. He bought about $40,000 worth, among which was the Government safe, where had been deposited $80,000 in gold, wliich the Government had freighted to Camp Floyd in an ox team. But the most historical article was the flagstaff, which was transplanted from Camp Floyd to the brow of the hill on the east of Brigham's mansion, where for many years it stood, though now seen no more. During the sale Mr. Clawson, in his character of ex-Governor Young's busi- ness manager, became familiarly acquainted with Quartermaster Col. H. G. Cross- man and other officers, to whom he extended a courteous invitation to visit President Young before their departure from the Territory. They politely accepted, and seized the opportunity to present to the Founder of Utah the flag- staff which had borne aloft the national banner at Camp Floyd. At such a moment of secession, the gift was a magnificent compliment to the ex-Governor, and, indeed, to the Mormon people also; but Philip St. George Cooke, the com- mander of the Mormon Battalion, was in command after the departure of General Johnston, and perhaps he and others of the officers had revised their views of the "Utah rebellion." After the sales were over, the arms and ammunition weie taken to a distance HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 249 and piled up in pyramids; long trains of powder were then properly arranged, and at a given signal the fusee was touched and the work of destruction accom- plished. Several pieces of ordnance that could not be exploded were consigned to deep wells; but it is said that they were recovered and that they have often since done good service in the celebration of the Fourth of July, in honor of the national birth, and of the Twenty-fourth of July, in honor of the arrival of the Pioneers into these valleys and the founding of Great Salt Lake City. In the early autumn of 1861 the troops marched Eastward, and thus ended the famous Utah expedition. The change of Federal administration incident to the election of Abraham Lincoln, also, in due course of time gave to Utah a new set of Federal officials. Excepting the Governor, these proved to be more acceptable to the people than their predecessors had been. Secretary Wooton, after the departure of Governor Gumming, on the first announcement of secession sent in his resignation to Presi- dent Lincoln. John W. Dawson, of Indiana, was then appointed Governor ; Frank Fuller, of New Hampshire, Secretary ; John F. Kinney, who had already been Chief Justice of this Territory, replaced Chief Justice Eckles ; and Asso- ciate Justices Crosby and Flenniken were appointed to succeed Sinclair and Cradlebaugh. Secretary Fuller arrived before Governor Dawson, and, on the re- tirement of Mr. Wooton, Fuller also became acting Governor. James Duane Doty was Superintendent of Indian Affairs. It was said that these appointments were designed by President Lincoln to conciliate ex-Governor Young and the Mormons at the outbreak of our civil war. Whether this was so or not, it is no more than just to here record that, notwithstanding the anti-Mormon attitude of the party that elevated Mr. Lincoln to the Presidency, his course towards Utah was uniformly considerate. Governor Dawson arrived and entered happily upon his official duties, but he soon fell into temptation, and his gallantries towards a lady of the city be- coming exposed, he hastily departed, and Secretary Fuller a second time became the acting Governor. About the middle of October, 1861, the eastern portion of the Pacific Tele- graph Line was completed to Great Salt Lake City. The following record of the event is from the Deseret News of October 23 : "On Thursday afternoon the 'operator' connected with the eastern portion of the telegraph line informed the visitors who had gathered around his table to witness the first operations in communicating with the Eastern States, that the Mine was built," but for some reason there was no through message either sent or received till the following day. "The first use of the electric messenger being courteously extended to President Young, he forwarded the following congratulations to the President of the Company: "Great Salt Lake City, U. T., Oct. 18, 1861. '^ Hon. J. H. Wade, President of the Pacific Telegraph Company, Cleveland, Ohio. "Sir — Permit ine to congratulate you on the completion of the Overland 4 250 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Telegraph line west to this city, to commend the energy displayed by yourself and associates in the rapid and successful prosecution of a work so beneficial, and to express the wish that its use may ever tend to promote the true interests of the dwellers upon both the Atlantic and Pacific Slopes of our continent. " Utah has not seceded, but is firm for the Constitution and laws of our once happy country, and is warmly interested in such useful enterprises as the one so far completed. BRIGHAM YOUNG."' On Sunday morning the following very becoming reply was received : "Cleveland, Oct. 19, 1861. ^^ Hon. Brigham Young, Brest., Great Salt Lake City : "Sir — I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your message of last evening, which was in every way gratifying, not only in the announcement of the completion of the Pacific Telegraph to your enterprising and prosperous city, but that yours, the first message to pass over the line, should express so unmis- takeably the patriotism and union-loving sentiments of yourself and people. "I join with you in the hope that this enterprise may tend to promote the welfare and happiness of all concerned, and that the annihilation of time in our means of communication may also tend to annihilate prejudice, cultivate brotherly love, facilitate commerce and strengthen the bonds of our once and again to be happy union. "With just consideration for your high position and due respect for you personally, " I remain your obedient servant, J. H. WADE, Brest. Bac. Tel. Co.'' Acting-Governor Fuller made early use of the wire to extend salutations to President Lincoln, of which the following are copies of the congratulations and the acknowledgment : "G. S. L. City, Oct. 18, 1861. " To the Bresident of the United States : "Utah, whose citizens strenuously resist all imputations of disloyalty^ con- gratulates the President upon the completion of an enterprise which spans a continent, unites two oceans, and connects with nerve of iron the remote ex- tremities of the body politic, with the great governmental heart. May the whole system speedily thrill with the quickened pulsations of that heart, as the paracide hand is palsied, treason is punished, and the entire sisterhood of States joins hands in glad reunion around the National fireside. FRANK FULLER, Acting- Governor of Utah Territory.^' "Washington, D. C, Oct. 20, 1861. ^' Hon. Frank Fuller, Acting- Governor of Utah: "Sir — The completion of the telegraph to Great Salt Lake City, is auspi- HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 251 cious of the stability and union of the RepubHc. The Government reciprocates your congratulations. ABRAHAM LINCOLN." " During the business hours on Friday there was quite an interest in the performances of the electricity, and congratulations over the wire to distant friends were extended in every direction. The day throughout was quite an oc- casion for the moving celebrities of Main Street. "The western line, as reported to us, was to have been finished on Monday evening or yesterday morning — a much earlier day than the most sanguine friends of Mr. Street anticipated. The last poles being set to the west of Fort Crittenden, Mr. Street has consequently been detained there, but was expected in this morning, and will doubtless open his battery on the inhabitants of the Pacific during the course of to-day ; and thus the inhabitants of the Pacific and Atlantic States will be united in electric bonds. "Having expressed our sentiments on the building of the telegraph line through the Territory in a recent number of the News, we will now only say that the hope is entertained that at no distant day the 'iron horse' may have a track prepared for it across the continent." As might be expected, the great civil war between the North and the South gave to Utah the opportunity for a unique example in her conduct. She had her- self just been "in rebellion"; how would she now act ? This was a most natural question, and, strange to say, her answer was almost the reverse of the general pronouncement of what she would do. And here it might be said that it matters not to the integrity of history whether or not the Mormons be understood by others, as long as they act con- sistently with themselves, and their own faith in their religious and national mission. We have just seen that on the very first occasion after the " Utah rebellion," as we will style it to iJlustrate the example, they made haste to re assert their faith in the Constitution and the Union, by celebrating the day of American independence very much with the same intention as though they had sent a manifesto to the States of their views and conduct. And just in keeping with this was the pronouncement of the Mormon leaders upon secession at its very birth, as the accompanying Fourth of July military order will suggest: Headquarters Nauvoo Legion, G. S. L. City, June 25th, 1861. GENERAL ORDERS, NO. I. 1. Thursday, the Fourth of July, being the eighty-fifth anniversary of American independence; notwithstanding the turmoil and strife which distress the nation established on that foundation, the citizens of Utah esteem it a privi- lege to celebrate the day in a manner becoming American patriots and true lovers of the Constitution of their country. 2. The Lieut. -General directs that district commanders throughout the Territory will conform, as far as practicable, to the requisitions of the variou-« committees of arrangements for details. 252 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 8. In Great Salt Lake City, at the request of the committee of arrange- ments, the following details will be made, and placed under the direction of Major John Sharp, marshal of the day, viz : One company of the ist, and one of the 3d regiments of infantry. One company of light artillery and two guns. Two brass bands and one martial band. By order of Lieut. -Gen. D. H. Wells, James Ferguson, Adjt.-Gen. This military manifesto, just after the national flag had been fired upon ai Fort Sumter, meant simply that Utah was going to stand by the Union. CHAPTER XXVIIL MORMON SERVICK OX THE OVERLAND MAIL LINE; PRESIDExNT LINCOLN CALLS ON BRIGHAM YOUNG FOR HELP. THE EX-GOVERNOR'S RESPONSE. BEN HOLLADAY THANKS BRIGHAM. LOT SMITH'S COMMAND. REPORT OF THE SERVICE. GENERAL CRAIG COMPLIMENTS THE MORMON TROOPS. In the si)ring of 1862 the Indians were troublesome on the Overland Mail Route and stopped the mails. They destroyed nearly every mail station between Fort Bridger and North Platte, they burned the coaches and mail bags, ran off the stock, and killed the drivers. Acting-Governor Fuller, Chief Justice Kinney, and six other gentlemen connected with the mail and telegraph lines, joined in recommending to Secretary Stanton to authorize the Superintendent of Indian Affairs, James Duane Doty, to raise and put in service immediately, "a regiment of mounted rangers from the inhabitants of the Territory, with officers to be appointed by him," etc. But Acting-Governor Fuller and Chief Justice Kinney had over-rated the Federal power in Utah, as embodied in themselves, for such a service, when they overlooked ex-Governor Young, Lieutenant-General Wells and the Utah militia. Three days after the despatch of Governor Fuller and others to Secretary Stanton, Brigham Young telegraphed to the Utah Delegate at Washington a corrected statement in which he said, "the militia of Utah are ready and able, as they ever have been, to take care of all the Indians, and are able and willing to protect the mail line if called vpon to do so.'" But ex-Governor Young, however, did not wait even to be called upon for help. The need of the service was too imperative to linger for official etiquette, and to Colonel Robert T. Burton the Commanding-General issued the following HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 233 "INSTRUCTIONS. "G. S. L. City, April 24, 1862. " Col. Robert T. Burton and the detachment to guard the mail stage under you: "You are detailed for this special service, and will proceed from this place in company with Captain Hooper, General C. W. West, Judge Kinney, and probably other passengers in the mail coach for the Eastern States, as a guard to protect them against the depredations of Indians, who are said to be hostile ; and continue in their company on the route as far as it may be deemed necessary by yourself and Captain Hooper for their safety. In traveling, the stage must corres- pond to your time, as it cannot be expected that without change of animals your detachment can keep pace with the stage, especially where the roads are good. You will obtain grain for your animals, and some provisions for your command at the mail stations, for which you will give a receipt to be paid in kind, keeping a copy of each receipt, and advising President Young by telegraph, so that we can forward the amounts by the teams going to the States, which are expected to start in a few days. In traveling be cautious, and vigilant, and keep together and allow no straggling from camp, either night or day. There must not be any drinking of spirituous liquors, neither swearing, or abusive language of any kind, and treat everybody with courtesy, and prove there is no necessity of trouble with the Indians, when white men act with propriety. " If you can get to speak with Indians, treat them kindly, showing them you are their friends; and so far as you are able, investigate the cause and origin of the present difficulties. "You had better have one or two friendly Indians to accompany you, through whose agency you may be able to communicate with others, and thus become apprised of their intentions. " When you meet the troops from the East said to be on their way, you can return, but you will remain in the vicinity of the threatened difficulties until relieved, or so long as it may be necessary. "* * * Keep a journal of every day's proceedings, and a strict account of every business transaction, as well of the causes leading to the dis- turbances, if obtainable. "Send by telegraph to President Young from every station giving us in short the current news, and prospects of Indians, state of the roads, weather, and other matters of interest. "When you arrive at or near the scene of disaster, feel your way before you, proceed so that you may not be surprised by a concealed or sudden movement of the Indians, or other evil-disposed persons. " May God bless, prosper and preserve you all. DANIEL H. WELLS, '■'■ Lieut. -General Commanding N. L. Militia of Utah Territory.''^ A day later Acting-Governor Fuller made an official requisition for the escort, and the Lieut. -General issued a supplemental order: 234 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. "special orders, no. 2. " Headquarters Nauvoo Legion, "G. S. L. City, April 25th, 1862. " ist. In compliance with the requisition this day made by His Excellency Frank Fuller, Acting-Governor Utah Territory, Col. R. T. Burton will forthwith detail twenty men, properly armed and equipped, and mounted on good and efficient animals, provided with thirty days' rations and grain for animals, and wagons sufficient to carry grain, rations and bedding, and proceed East on the overland mail route, guarding mails, passengers, and property pertaining thereto. "2d. It is expected that to have the protection of the escort, the mail coaches will travel with it, as it cannot be expected that without change of animals it can keep pace with the mail coaches, especially when the roads are good, " 3d. Colonel Burton will immediately offer his services to said Mail Com- pany, and then proceed upon his journey, and remain on the line until relieved by the troops said to be coming up from the East, or so long as it may be neces- sary to quiet the Indians, who are said to be hostile, and the road considered safe from their depredations. " God bless and prosper you all. DANIEL H. WELLS, Lieut.- General Commanding N. L. Militia Utah Territory.^ ^ But the historical mark extraordinary of this service is seen in the call of President Lincoln on Brigham Young for help, and his authorizing of him to raise a company, just as though he had been still the Governor of Utah : " ORDER. "Washington, April 28th, 1862. " Mr. Brigham Youn^, Salt Lake City : "By express direction of the President of the United States, you are authorized to raise, arm and equip one company of cavalry for ninety (90) days' service. " This company will be organized as follows: One captain, one first lieu- tenant, one second lieutenant, one first sergeant, one quartermaster sergeant, four (4) sergeants, and eight (8) corporals, two (2) musicians, two (2) farriers, one saddler, one wagoner, and fifty-six (56) to seventy-two (72) privates. "The company will be employed to protect the property of the Telegraph and Overland Mail Companies, in or about Independence Rock, where depreda- tions have been committed, and will continue in service only until the U. S. troops can reach the point where they are so much needed. It may therefore be disbanded previous to the expiration of ninety (90) days. " It will not be employed for any offensive operations other than may grow out of the duty herein assigned to it. The officers of the company will be mustered into the U. S. service by any civil officer of the U. S. at Salt Lake City competent to administer an oath. The men employed in the service above named will be entitled to receive no other than the allowance authorized by law to soldiers in the service of the U. S. Until the proper staff officers for substituting HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 255 these men arrive, you will please furnish subsistence for them yourself, keeping an accurate account thereof for future settlement with U. S. Government. " By order of the Secretary of War. L. THOMAS, Adjutant- General. ' ' This telegram was received at 9 o'clock at night, April 28 ; but, within the hour, the following was issued and immediately in the hands of Major Lot Smith : "Headquarters Nauvoo Legion, "Great Salt Lake City, April 28th, 1862. "special orders, no. 3. " ist. Pursuant to instructions received this day from ex-Governor Brigham Young, and in compliance with a requisition from the President of the United States, Major Lot Smith of the Battalion of Life Guards is hereby directed to enlist by voluntary enrollment for the term of ninety days a company of mounted men, to be composed as follows, to-wit : One captain, one first lieutenant, one second lieutenant, one quartermaster sergeant, one first sergeant, four sergeants, eight corporals, two musicians, two farriers, one saddler, one wagoner, and seventy-two privates. Major Smith is hereby assigned to the command of the company with rank of captain, and on mustering the men into service, will administer the proper oath agreeably to instructions herewith accompanying, " 2d. The object of this expedition, to which this company is assigned, as instructed and authorized by the President, is the protection of the property of the Overland Mail and Telegraph Companies, at or about Independence Rock, and the adjoining country. Captain Smith will, therefore, as soon as his ccm- pany is completed proceed at once to the above named vicinity, and patrol the road so as to render all necessary aid as contemplated by the instructions. It is not anticipated that the company, or any portion of it will camp so near any of the mail stations, as to give trouble or inconvenience ; but sufficiently adjacent to render prompt and ready aid when required. Captain Smith is enjoined to pre- serve strict sobriety in his camp and prevent the use of all profane language or disorderly conduct of any kind. No apprehension is entertained by the General commanding, but that the best and most praiseworthy deportment will char- acterize the expedition, the officers and men having been selected with care, and with a view to their ability to render good and efficient service. "3d. Judging from advices received from the President of the United States, troops may soon be expected on the road to relieve the company now or- dered out; the commander of the detachment will receive the necessary instruc- tions in proper time, and will remain on duty with his command until so in- structed. " 4th. It is desirable to cultivate as far as practicable friendly and peaceful relations with the Indians. "5th. The service to be expected from the horses and mules on the expe- dition will be a sufficient argument in favor of great care in marching and feed- 2s6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. ing, as well as vigilant guarding and precaution against surprises. The greatest economy must be used with ammunition ; none should be heedlessly wasted. DANIEL H. WELLS. ^' Lieut.- General Commandin Nauvoo Legion, Militia of Utah Territory.'' '' BRIGHAM young's TELEGRAM TO ADJT. -GENERAL L. THOMAS, WASHINGTON, D. C. "Great Salt Lake City, May ist, 1862. " Adjt.-Gen. L. Thomas, U- S. A., Washington City, D. C: " Immediately on the receipt of your telegram of the 28 ult., at 8:30 p. m., I requested General Daniel H. Wells to proceed at once to raise a company of cavalry to be mustered into the service of the United States for ninety days, as per your aforesaid telegram. General Wells forthwith issued the requisite orders, and yesterday the captain and other officers were sworn by Chief Justice J. F. Kinney, the enrolling and swearing in the privates attended to, and the company went into camp adjacent to this city. "To-day the company, seventy-two (72) privates, officered as directed, and ten (10) baggage and supply wagons, with one assistant teamster deemed neces- sary, took up their line of march for the neighborhood of Independence Rock. BRIGHAM YOUNG." It will be noticed that about a day and a half had elapsed before the return telegram of the ex-Governor was sent answering the call of President Lincoln. At first it might seem that there was a missing link — that a previous answer must have been sent to the effect that the call would be responded to at the earliest moment ; but the feature of the case is eminently like the character of Brigham Young. He answered the moment he could say to the President of the United States, Your order is obeyed; the company is on the march ! Abraham Lincoln was just the man to appreciate such a telegram and such executive business ; so was also the great mail contractor Ben Holladay, who became assured the mo- ment he knew that Brigham Young was moving in the service and thus acknowl- edged : "New York, May 2, 1862. ' ' To Gov. Brigham Young : "Many thanks for your prompt response to President Lincoln's request. As soon as the boys can give protection, the mails shall be resumed. I leave for your city Sunday next. BEN HOLLADAY." As a link of the history may be given Chief Justice Kinney's certificate. "I, John F. Kinney, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States for the Territory of Utah, do hereby certify, that in pursuance of the fol- lowing order from the War Department, I mustered into service of the United States for the period of ninety days, unless sooner discharged, the following officers, whose names appear to the certificate by administering the usual oath, and the oath provided by the act of Congress August 6th, 1861." The following extracts from Major Lot Smith's letters to Brigham Young, give a touch of the performance of the service: HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 257 "Pacific Springs, June 15th, 1862. ' ' Prest. Brigham Young : " Dear Sir — I had an interview with Brig. -Gen. Craig;, who arrived by stage at this point. He expressed himself much pleased with the promptness of our at- tention to the call of the General Government, also the exertions we had made to overcome the obstacles on the road, spoke well of our people generally; he also informed me he had telegraphed to President Lincoln to that effect, and intended writing him at a greater length by mail. I received written instructions to the effect that he had placed the whole of Nebraska Territory under martial law ; Utah, he remarked, was perfectly loyal, and as far as he knew always had been. He also remarked, we were the most efficient troops he had for the present ser- vice, and thought as we had broke into our summer's work, of recommending President Lincoln to engage our services for three months longer." "Pacific Springs, June 27th, '62. * ' President Young : " Dear Sir — I have just received orders from General Craig through Colonel Collins to march my command to Fort Bridger to guard the line from Green River to Salt Lake City, and start from here to-morrow morning. "Lieut. Rawlings and command arrived here yesterday; owing to neglect of the mail, my orders to Lieut. Rawlings did not reach him until eight days after they were due, consequently there has been no detail left at Devil's Gate. "There has been built by the command at the former place a log house 20 feet by 16 feet, with bake houses and detached also a commodious corral. "Lieut. Rawlins has left the above station of Major O'Farral, Ohio volun- teers, but occupied by Messrs. Merchant and Wheeler, traders, who formerly owned the station that was destroyed there ; the property is subject to our order at any time. The command also made a good and substantial bridge on Sweet- water; three of our teams crossed over ; the mail bridge would have been $200 per wagon, this bridge is free, and also in charge of Major O'Farral. Several emigration companies crossed during the time the command was there, free. One company presented us with a good wagon, which Lieut. Rawlins handed over to Captain Harmon. " I have had frequent interviews with Col. Collins and officers ; they have behaved very gentlemanly, and expressed themselves much pleased with our ex- ertions, and seemed disposed to render us every assistance to contribute to our comfort. "Col. Collins is decidedly against killing Lidians indiscriminately, and will not take any general measures, save on the defensive, until he can ascertain satis- factorily by whom the depredations have been committed, and then not resort to killing until he is satified that peaceable measures have failed. "Col. Collins and officers all allow we are best suited to guard this road, both men and horses ; they are anxious to return, and if they have any influence, I imagine they will try to get recalled and recommend to Utah to furnish the necessary guard. The Colonel has just left our camp, he has sent for Washakie, chief of the Snakes, with a view to make treaty or obtain information. No 2_^S HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. sickness at all in camp at present. We are attached to Col. Collins' regiment. Gen. Craig's division, and furnish our muster, descriptive and other returns to that command. Should General Wells require duplicates, we will forward them. I am sir, yours respectfully, LOT SMITH." "Deer Creek, May i6, 1862. •' Governor Fuller — My detachment arrived here yesterday at 3 p.m., en- countering no difficulty, save that caused by the mud, snow, etc. We have seen no Indians on the route; found all the mail stations from Green River to this point deserted, all stock having been stolen or removed, and other property abandoned to the mercy of the Indians or white men. We found at the Ice Spring station, which had been robbed on the night of the 27th, a large lock mail — twenty-six sacks, a great portion of which had been cut open and scattered over the prairie. Letters had been opened and pillaged, showing conclusively that some renegade whites were connected with the Indians in the robbery. The mail matter, after being carefully collected and placed in the sacks, I have con- veyed to this point, also ten other sacks of lock mail, from the Three Crossings: all of which will be turned over to the mail agent at Lapariel. Twenty miles from this, we will meet men from the East for this purpose. The United States troops from the East will be in this vicinity to-morrow; and, unless otherwise directed by yourself or General Wells, I will return immediately, halting on the Sweet Water to investigate still further the causes of the difficulty, as I have not been able to learn who or what Indians positively have been engaged in the mat- ter ; but suppose it to be about thirty renegade Snakes and Bannacks from the north. Some of the party spoke English plainly, and one the German language. Hon. W. H. Hooper and Mr. C. W. West will take passage in the coach that comes for the mail. R. T. BURTON, Commanding:' General Burton supplements this with the following : '•This year (1862) will be remembered as the season of the highest water ever experienced in the mountains; as a consequence travel (over the mountains) was almost impossible. Some idea may be formed of this matter from the fact that it took this command, with all their energy and exertion, nine days to go to Fort Bridger, a distance of only 113 miles from Salt Lake. Most of our wagons had to be dispensed with at Fort Bridger, at which point we proceeded mainly with pack animals. It is proper, also, to state that we received from the Govern- ment officers stationed at the military fort at Fort Bridger, provisions, tents, camp equipage, etc., all that was within their power to grant. From this point (Fort Bridger) all the mail stations were abandoned, many of them burned, some of the coaches still standing upon the road riddled with bullet holes from the attack made by the Indians at the time the drivers and passengers were killed. In some of the mail stations west of the Devil's Gate we found large numbers of mail sacks which had been cut open by Indians and the contents scattered over the ground, which were carefully picked up by my company and carried on to the HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 25^ North Platte and turned over to the mail contractor at that point. The coaches were enabled to come west as far as Lapariel Station, a distance of some thirty miles east of the Piatte. "The expedition was one of the most hazardous and toilsome we were ever called upon to perform, but succeeded admirably without the loss of a man or animal. Returned to Salt Lake City thirty days from the time of starting and were mustered out of service by Governor Fuller." CH.\PTER XXIX. UTAH AGAIX ASKS ADMISSION IXTO THE UNION AS A STATE. THE HISTORY AND PASSAGE OF THE ANTI-POLYGAMIC BILL IX THE HOUSE AND SEX- ATE, THE BILL SIGNED BY ABRAHAM LIXCOLX. PRESEXTATIOX TO CONGRESS OF THE COXSTITUTIOX OF THE "STATE OF DESERET." At this juncture, in the spring of 1862, it is worthy of special notice that Utah was again asking admission into the Union. The Legislature of the pro- posed "State of Deseret " was then in session. Hons. Wm. H. Hooper and George Q. Cannon were elected senators; the former with the memorial and con- stitution, went east under the escort of Colonel Burton and his troop ; and a des- patch was sent to Apostle Cannon, who was then in England, requesting him to join Mr. Hooper in Washington early in June, which he did. The senators-elect labored diligently in Washington during the remainder of that session of Con- gress, and, notwithstanding that Utah was not admitted to statehood, she pro- voked much respect from members of Congress over her conduct at that moment, when it was thought by no inconsiderable portion of the world that the issues of the war would be won by the South. It was universally understood at that time that the sympathies of France and England were with the Southern Confederacy. It is due to the history to here affirm something of the political views of Utah relative to the Union. Delegate Hooper, December i6th, i860, in a letter to Apostle George Q. Cannon, said: " I think three-quarters of the Republicans of the House would vote for our admission; but I may be mistaken. Many say they would gladly 'swap' the Gulf States for Utah. I tell them that we show our loyalty by trying to get in, while others are trying to get out, notwithstanding our grievances, Avhich are far greater than any of the seceding States; but that I consider we can redress our grievances better in the Union than out of it." Now it was with just this view before them that the people of Utah again sought admission into the Union as a State in the spring and summer of 1862. ^6o HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Ex-Governor Young and his compeers who were proud that so many of their sires were among the men who founded this nation, and then, in a later generation, won for it independence, held, as we see in every view, that the South committed a grave error in seceding. They affirmed that the Southern States should have fought out their issue inside the Union, and under the sanction of the Constitu- tion. They did wrong, the people of Utah thought, in setting up a new confed- eracy, and firing upon the old flag, thus tarnishing the bright integrity of their cause. The Mormon view of the great national controversy then, was, that the Southern States should have done precisely what Utah did, and placed themselves on the defensive ground of their rights and institutions, as old as the Union. And it is worthy of special note in the political record of Utah that her Delegate ad- vocated the Union doctrine at the capitol and condemned secession, during the term of the last Congress preceding the dissolution, offering Utah as a political example with words that deserve to be imperishable in history : "We can redress our grievances better in the Union than out of it." In the House of Representatives, April 8, 1862, Mr. Morrill, of Vermont, by unanimous consent, introduced a bill to punish and prevent the practice of polyg- amy in the Territories of the United States, and for other purposes, and to disap- prove and annul certain acts of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah ; which was read a first and second time, and referred to the Committee on Ter- ritories. April 28. — Mr. Ashley, from the Committee on Territories, reported back, with a recommendation that it do pass, a bill (H. R. No. 391) to punish and pre- vent the practice of polygamy in the Territories of the United States and other places, and disapproving and annulling certain acts of the Territorial Legislature of Utah. The bill was read. Mr. Morrill, of Vermont. I desire to say to the House that this is the iden- tical bill i)assed about two years ago, when there was an elaborate report made by a gentleman from Tennessee, Mr. Nelson, and when it received the almost unani- mous support of the House. The only difference between the two bills is this : that bill excepted from its provisions the District of Columbia, and that excep- tion is stricken out in this bill. I presume there is no member of the House who is desirous to discuss this measure, and I move the previous question. Mr. Maynard. I ask the gentleman from Vermont to allow me to suggest a single verbal amendment, rather a matter of taste than otherwise. Mr. Morrill, of Vermont. I will hear the suggestion. Mr. Maynard. It is to strike out the word "nevertheless" in the proviso to the first section. It has no business there; it is surplusage. Mr. Morrill, of Vermont. Well, if the gentleman from Tennessee says that " nevertheless" has no business there, I presume he is right ; and I have no ob- jection to the amendment. Mr. Maynard. I offer the amendment. I have no speech to make about it. The amendment was agreed to. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 261 Mr. Cradlebaugh. I a?k the gentleman from Vermont to allow me to offer an amendment. Mr. Morrill, of Vermont. I prefer to have the bill pass as it is. Mr. Cradlebaugh. I think if the gentleman understood the character of the amendment he would not object. It is merely to correct the bill, and not for the purpose of throwing any impediments in the way of its passage. The bill, in its present shape, does not amount to anything. The Speaker. Does the gentleman withdraw the demand for the previous question ? Mr. Morrill, of Vermont. I decline to do so. The previous question was seconded, and the main question ordered. The bill was ordered to be engrossed, and read a third time ; and being en- grossed, it was accordingly read the third time. Mr. Morrill, of Vermont. .1 move the previous question on the passage of the bill. Mr. Biddle. Is all debate necessarily cut off at this time? The Speaker. It will be if the previous question is sustained. Mr. Biddle. There are some of us who would like to hear debate, if not to participate in it. The Speaker. Does the gentleman withdraw the demand for the previous question ? Mr. Morrill, of Vermont. I decline to do so, and call for tellers. Tellers were ordered; and Messrs. Cox and Chamberlain were appointed. The House divided; and the tellers reported — ayes sixty-five, noes not counted. So the previous question was seconded. The main question was ordered to be put; and being put, the bill was passed. In the Senate, June 3d — Mr. Bayard. I move to take up House bill No. 391. It was reported back from the Committee on the Judiciary, with amendments, about three weeks ago. It is a bill that ought to be acted upon. The motion was agreed to ; and the bill (H. F. No. 391) to punish the practice of polygamy in the Territories of the United States, and other places, and disap- proving and annulling certain acts of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah, was considered as in committee of the Whole. The amendment of the Committee on Judiciary was to strike out all after the enacting clause, and insert, as a substitute : That every person having a husband or \\-ife living, who shall marry any other person, whether married or single, in a Territory of the United States, or other place over which the United States have exclusive jurisdiction, shall, except in the cases specified in the proviso to this section, be adjudged guilty of bigamy, and upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding $500, and by im. prisonment for a term not exceeding five years: Provided nevertheless, T\\2it this section shall not extend to any person by reason of any former marriage w^hose husband or wife by such marriage shall have been absent for five successive years without being 262 HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CIT\ . known to such person within. that time to be living; nor to any person by reason of any Former marriage which shall have been dissolved by the decree of a compe- tent court ; nor to any person by reason of any former marriage which shall have been annulled or pronounced void by the sentence or decree of a competent court on the ground of nullity of the marriage contract. Sec. 2. And be it further enacted. That the following ordinance of the pro- visional government of the State of Deseret, so called, namely: "An ordinance incorporating the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints," passed February 8, in the year 185 1, and adopted, re-enacted, and made valid by the Governor and Legislative Assembly of the Territory of LTtah, by an act passed January 19, in the year 1855, entitled, "An act in relation to the compilation and revision of the laws and resolutions in force in LTtah Territory, their publication and distribu- tion," and all other acts and parts of acts heretofore passed by the said Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah, which establish, support, maintain, shield, or countenance polygamy, be, and the same hereby are, disapproved and annulled : Provided, That this act shall be so limited and construed as not to affect or inter- fere with the right of property legally acquired under the o-^dinance heretofore mentioned, nor with the right "to worship God according to the dictates of con- science," but only to annul all acts and laws which establish, maintain, protect, or countenance the practice of polygamy, evasively called spiritual marriage, however disguised by legal or ecclesiastical solemnities, sacraments, ceremonies, consecra- tions, or other contrivances. Sec. 3. And be it further enacted. That it shall not be lawful for any cor- poration or association for religious or charitable purposes to acquire or hold real estate in any Territory of the United States during the existence of the Terri- torial government of a greater value than 5100,000 ; and all real estate acquired or held by any such corporation or association contrary to the provisions of this act, shall be forfeited and escheat to the United States : Provided, That existing vested rights in real estate shall not be impaired by the provisions of this section. Mr. Bayard. I will state, very briefly, the difference between the bill as proposed to be amended by the Judiciary Committee, and the bill as passed by the House of Representatives. The bill of the House is intended to punish the crime of polygamy, or bigamy properly speaking, when committed in any Territory of the United States ; but, in point of fact, it goes beyond that — it punishes cohabita- tion without marriage. The committee, in their amendments, have so altered the first section as to provide for the punishment of the crime of bigamy, leaving the punishment for a similar offense, where marriage had been contracted elsewhere, to the State where it was contracted. We thought that clearly preferable, and that it would be of no utility to carry the act beyond the evil intended to be remedied, which was to put down polygamy, as a part of the recognized legal institutions of Utah. There is a mistake in printing as to the second section. The second section of the bill is not altered at all ; we leave it precisely the same as it was in the original bill. It rejjeals the ordinance of Utah, commonly called " An ordinance incorporating the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints." It is precisely in HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 263 words like the second section of the House bill, which i.s not altered in any respect. The third section is an amendment oi the committee, and it is in the nature 01 a mortmain law. The object is to prevent the accumulation of real estate in the hands of ecclesiastical corporations in Utah. Though that Territory is large, the value of real estate is not of large amount ; and the object of the section is to pre- vent the accumulation of the property and wealth of the community in the hands of what may be called theocratic institutions, inconsistent with our form of govern- ment. In my own judgment it would be wiser to limit the amount of real estate that could be held by any corporation of that character in a Territory, to the value of $50,000, I think $100,000 is too much. I am satisfied that there is great danger in that Territory, under its present government, that the ecclesiastical institutions which prevail there will ultimately become the owners in perpetuity of all the valuable land in that Territory, and so afford a nucleus for the permanence of their general institutions unless a stop be put to it by act of Congress. I have now^ stated the provisions of the amendment as proposed by the com- mittee. The first section of the bill is altered so as to punish the crime of bigamy, but leaving the question of cohabitation or mere adultery apart from the crime of bigamy, without reference to any action of Congress. The second section is ex- actly the same as the section in the House bill. The third section is a new one, the object of which is to opeiate in the nature of a mortmain law, to prevent the en- tire property of that Territory being accumulated in perpetuity in the hands of a species of theocratic institutions. The amendment was agreed to. Mr. Hale. I shall probably vote lor the bill ; but I should like to know from the chairman of the committee if its provisions are not inconsistent with Mr. Bayard. I move to strike out "$100,000" and insert "$50,000," in the third section. Mr. Hale. I will wait until that is decided. Mr. Bayard. I make that motion. The Vice President. The Senator's motion is not now in order, the amend- ment of the committee having been adopted. It will be in order when the bill shall have been reported to the Senate. Mr. Hale. I was only going to say that I had been looking at a decision of the Supreme Court in which the rights of Congress over the Territories are exam- ined with some care, and it occurred to me that possibly the provisions of this bill might be inconsistent with some of the doctrines and dogmas of that decision. I refer to a case decided in the Supreme Court at the December term of 1856, entitled, " Dred Scott vs. Sandford," and the doctrine was pretty thoroughly gone over in that decision as to how far the powers of Congress extended over the Terri- tories. It strikes me that by analogy this bill infringes upon that decision, for I remember that one of the exponents of the ttue faith on this floor used to illus- trate this dogma at least as often as once a month by saying that the same law prevailed as to the regulation of the relations of husband and wife, parent and child, and master and servant. I think at least once a month for years that was proclaimed to be the law. If the national Legislature have no more power 264 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. over the relations of husband and wife— and that seems to be the one touched here — than over master and slave, it seems to me that if we mean to maintain that respect which is due to so august a tribuoal as the Supreme Court of the United States, we ought to read the Dred Scott decision over again, and see if we are not in danger of running counter to it. It strikes me decidedly that we are; and at this time when there is so much necessity for invoking all the reverence there is in the country for the tribunals of the country, it seems to me we ought to tread delicately when we trench upon things that have been so solemnly decided by the Supreme Court as this has. But, as the gentleman who reports the bill is a mem- ber of the Judiciary Committee, if it is clearly his opinion that we can pass this bill without trenching upon the doctrine of tne Dred Scott decision, I shall inter l)ose no objection. Mr. Bayard. I will not be drawn into any argument. It is sufficient to say that I have read the decision to which the honorable Senator alludes, I think with some care, and in my judgment this bill is entirely within its principles as well as within the decision itself. I cannot see the contrariety. I shall not enter into the argument now. To me it is very palpable that the bill is within the power of Congress and is necessary legislation. The bill was reported to the Senate. Mr. Bayard. I propose now in the fifth line of the third section to strike out ''one hundred" and insert "fifty," so as to make the limitation of real estate held by an ecclesiastical corporation, ^50,000. The amendment to the amendment was agreed to. The amendment made as in the Committee of the Whole, as amended, was concurred in. Mr. McDougall. It may not be considereed a very judicious thing to object to this measure here, but I feel called upon to do it. There is no Senator, I think, who objects more strongly than I do to the vicious practice that obtains in the Territory of Utah ; but I think we have just at this time trouble enough on our hands without invoking further trouble. We have had our communication with California cut off by the Indians on the line of communication. We have already had a Utah war that cost the Government a large amount of money. We are to have a controversy with them as to their admission as a State. They are clamoring for that now. In my judgment, no particular good is to be accomplished by the passage of this bill at present. When the time does come that our communication across the continent is complete, then we can take jurisdiction where we have power, and can employ power for the purpose of correcting these abuses. I sug- gest to gentlemen, in the first place, that they cut off most likely the communica- tion acro.ss the continent to our possessions on the Pacific by a measure of legisla- tion of this kind, which will be well calculated to invite, certainly will invite, great hostility, and interfere with the general interests of the country. It will cost the Government a large amount if communication is interfered with, and do no substan- tial good. I do not think the measure at this time is well advised. It is understood its provisions will be a dead letter upon our statute-book. Its provisions will be either ignored or avoided. If Senators will look the cjuestion fairly in the face, and consider how important it is that we should have no difficulties now on our HISTOR Y OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 265 western frontier between us and the Pacific, how pooily we can afford to go into the expenditure of a large amount of money to overcome difficulties that will be threatened on the passage of this bill, and then consider the little amount of sub- stantial good which will result from it, I think they will hesitate before they pass it. The impolicy of its present passage will cause my colleague and self, after con- sultation, to vote against the bill. The amendment was ordered to be engrossed, and the bill to be read a third time. Afr. Hozoard. 1 ask for the yeas and nays on the passage of the bill. Mr. Sumner. I was about to make the same request. The yeas and nays were ordered, and being taken, resulted — yeas 37, nays 2: as follows : Yeas — Messrs. Anthony, Bayard, Browning, Chandler, Collamer, Cowan, Davis, Dixon, Doolittle, Fessenden, Foot, Foster, Grimes, Hale, Harlan, Harris, Howard, Howe, King, Lane of Indiana, Lane of Kansas, Morrill, Rice, Sauls- bury, Sherman, Simmons, Stark, Sumner, Ten Eyck, Thomson, Trumbull, Wade, Wilkinson, Willey, Wilmot, Wilson of Massachusetts, and Wright — 37. Nays — -Messrs. Latham and McDougall — 2. So the bill was passed. The title was amended so as to read, "A bill to punish and prevent the practice of polygamy in the Territories of the United States and other places, and disapproving and annulling certain acts of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah." ^_ In the House of Representatives, June 5, 1862 — Mr. Morrill, of Vermont. I ask the unamimous consent of the House to take up and consider at this time the amendments of the Senate to an act (H. R. No. 391) to punish and prevent the practice of polygamy in the Territories of the United States and other places, and annulling certain acts of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah. Objection was made. Mr. AToorhead. I ask the unanimous consent of the House to introduce a resolution of inquiry. Mr. Wickliffe. I object. Air. Bingham. I call for the regular order of business. In the House of Representatives, June 17, 1868 — The Speaker laid before the House bill of House (No. 391) to punish and prevent the practice of polygamy in the Territories of the United States and other places, disapproving and annulling certain acts of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah — reported from the Senate with amendments. T\\Q Speaker. The bill and amendments will be referred to the Committee on Territories. Mr. Morrill, of Vermont. I object to these bills being taken up for refer- ence. There is no necessity for the reference of thi^ bill. The Speaker. The order has been made. 266 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Mr. Morrill, of Vermont. I move to reconsider the vote by which the order was made ; and on that motion I demand tellers. Tellers were ordered ; and Messrs. Morrill, of Vermont, and Olin were ap- pointed. The tellers reported — ayes sixty-eight, noes not counted. So the motion to reconsider was agreed to. In the House cf Representatives, June 17 — The next bill taken up was (H. R. No. 391) to punish the practice of po- lygamy m the Territories of the United States and other places, and disapproving and annulling certain acts of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah, with Senate amendments. The amendments were read. Mr. Phelps, of Missouri. I think, Mr. Speaker, that this is rather hasty legislation. I should not be at all surprised if it were ascertained that the Catholic Church in the city of Santa Fe owns real estate to the amount of more than fifty thousand dollars under, grants made by the Mexican Government. I was about to submit a motion that the bill be referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. I recollect very well that, in the hurry and haste of legislation, a bill passed the House to prohibit polygamy in the Territories, which indirectly sanctioned it within the District of Columbia, or inflicted no punishment for it here. I desire that this matter shall be critically examined, and therefore I think it should be referred to the Judiciary Committee. Mr. Morrill, of Vermont. I am perfectly willing that the bill shall be passed over informally until the gentleman from Missouri can inform himself on the subject. Mr. Phelps, of Missouri. I have no objection to letting the bill remain on the Speaker's table. Let the amendments be printed, and let us know what we are legislating upon. Mr. Morrill, of Vermont. I have no objection to that. It was so ordered. In the House of Representatives, June 24, 1862 — An act, (H. R. No. 391) to punish the practice of polygamy in the Terri- tories of the United States and other places, and disapproving and annulling certain acts of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah, with Senate amendments thereon. Mr. Morrill, of Vermont. I desire to say, in reference to the objection made by the gentleman from Missouri [Mr. Pheli)s] last week, to one of the pro- visions of this bill, that I understand the Roman Catholic church at Santa Fe has property exceeding $50,000 in amount, but that is protected under treaty stipu- lations. His objection, therefore, is not valid. I now move the previous ques- tion on concurring with the Senate amendments. The previous question was seconded, and the main question ordered. The amendments were read. The amendments of the Senate were concurred in. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 267 Mr. Morrill of Vermont moved to reconsider the vote by which the amend- ments were concurred in ; and also moved to lay the motion to reconsider on the table. I'he latter motion was agreed to. In the House of Representatives, June 30, 1862 — Mr. Granger, from the Committee on Enrolled Bills, reported as a truly en- rolled bill an act (H. R. No. 391) to punish and prevent the practice of polygamy in the Territories of the United States and other places, and disapproving and an- nulling certain acts of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah. In the House of Representatives, July 2, 1862 — A message was received from the President of the United States, informing the House that he had approved and signed an act (H. R. 391) to punish and prevent the practice of polygamy in the Territories of the United States and other places, and disapproving and annulling certain acts of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah. In the House of Representatives, on the 9th of June, 1862, Hon. J. M. Bern- hisel, Delegate from Utah, presented the Constitution of the State of Deseret and the memorial accompanying it, asking for admission into the Union on an equal footing with the original States, which were received and referred to the Committee on Territories. On the loth the Vice-President presented the same in the Senate, when Mr. Latham, of California, moved to print the constitution and memorial, and to admit the senators-elect, Messrs. W. H. Hooper and George Q. Cannon to the floor of the Senate, which motion was referred to the committee on Territories, in that branch of the National Legislature. The next day Mr. Latham offered a resolution to admit Messrs. Hooper and Cannon, claiming to be senators from Des- eret, to the floor of the Senate, which was laid over. CHAPTER XXX. FOURTH OF JULY PROCLAMATION BY THE CITY COUNCIL. THE CITY'S LOY- ALTY. THE TWO GOVERxNORS. GREAT SPEECH OF GOVERNOR HARD- ING. THE CITY HONORS THE CALIFORNIA SENATOR. THANKSGIVING PROCLAMATION. A CHANGE IN GOVERNOR HARDING'S CONDUCT. Great Salt Lake City this year deemed it a duty to make special call for the Fourth of July, whereas, formerly, either the Governor of the Territory, or the Lieutenant-General of the militia, made proclamation and gave the order of the day. It signified that Salt Lake City was, with well-considered for- mality, making a record that it upheld the Union as an everlasting covenant of the 268 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. American States. The following Preamble and Resolutions were passed by the Cityf Council of Salt Lake City, June 28th, 1862 : " Whereas, While we lament the deplorable condition of our once happy country, the independence of which was purchased by the liest blood of our sires, we hail with pleasure the approaching anniversary of the birthday of the Nation, and in view of perpetuating our free and liberal institutions which have for so long a time inspired the patriotism of every true American citizen, and the strangers of other climes, who have sought an asylum under the protecting oegis of our glorious Constitution ; therefore, ^'■Resolved, That we will celebrate the eighty-sixth anniversary of our National independence. '■'Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed, in l)ehalf of the City Coun- cil, to arrange the programme and order of celebration. " Resolved, That Lieutenant-General Wells and staff be respectfully solicited to co-operate in the celebration of the day, with such of the military of the district, and the several bands, as may be deemed proper. "■Resolved, That the State, Federal, Territorial and County officers be invited to take part in the celebration and join in the procession, and that the invitation be extended to strangers and citizens generally, to participate in the ceremonies at the Bowery. "The following appointments for the occasion were then made, viz : "Committee of Arrangements: Messrs. Wm. Clayton, J. C. Little, Theodore McKean, Enoch Reese, and Nathaniel H. Felt. "Furnishing Committee: Alonzo H. Raleigh, Elijah F. Sheets, and Isaac Groo. "Marshals of the Day: Col. Robert' T. Burton and Majors John Sharp and Andrew Cunningham. ROBERT CAMPBELL, City Recorder:' On the 7th of July Stephen S. Harding of Lidiana, the new Governor of Utah Territory, arrived in the city and received a hearty welcome ; Judges Waite and Drake arrived a few days later. The Pioneer Day of this year was celebrated with a grand pageantry and ex- traordinary enthusiasm. The procession halted in front of ex- Governor Young's mansion, where with his counselors, H. C. Kimball and Daniel H. Wells, he joined it, accompanied by Governor Harding, Secretary Fuller, Judges Waite and Drake, Superintendent Doty, Mr. Fred Cook, assistant treasurer of the Over- land Mail Co., Mr. James Street, of the U. P. Telegraph Co., and H. S. Rum- field, Esq. It may be said that the " forces of the Gentiles " united this year to celebrate the anniversary of the Utah Pioneers. It was computed that there were under the branches of the "Old Bowery" five thousand persons, besides the thousands congregated outside. The most unique feature of the day was the in- troduction and speech of Governor Harding. Governor Young invited Governor Harding to address the people ; and on the two Governors taking the stand, there was a perfect stillness in the vast assembly; but, on Governor Young saying, "I have the pleasure of presenting HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 26g Governor Harding, who will make a speech," the stillness of the multitude was broken and the Governor was greeted with cheering. SPEECH OF GOVERNOR HARDING. "Fellow Citizens — And in that word, I mean all of you, of all ages, sexes and conditions — I am pleased at being with you to-day, and of being introduced in the agreeable manner you have just witnessed. I have desired the opportunity of looking upon such a vast concourse of the people of Utah, at one time; and, as such an occasion now presents itself, it is right and proper that I should say a ^t\\ things to you. "You have doubtless been informed before now that the President of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, has appointed me to the office of Governor of this Territory. I have come amongst you to en- ter upon the discharge of the high and important duties that have devolved upon me , and when I greatly distrust my own ability, yet I cannot but hope that, with your assistance, I shall be able to discharge those duties to your satisfaction, and with strict fidelity to the Government, whose servant I am. "If I know my own heart, I come amongst you a messenger of peace and good will. I have no wrongs — either real or imaginary, to complain of, and no religious prejudices to overcome — [applause]. Believing, as I do, that the Con- stitution of the United States secures to every citizen the right to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience; and holding, further, that the Constitution itself is dependent for its support and maintenance on the preserva- tion of that sacred right, it follows, as a corollory, that, under no pretext what- ever, will I consent to its violation in this particular, by any official act of mine, whilst Governor of this Territory — [tremendous applause.] "In a Government like ours, based upon the freest exercise of conscience, religion is a matter between man and his Maker, and not between man ar.d the Government, and for the honest exercise of duties inculcated by his religious faith and conscience, so long as he does not infringe upon the rights of others, equally as sacred as his own, he is not responsible to any human tribunal, other than that which is found in the universal judgment of mankind [hear hear]. If the right of conscience of the minority depended upon the will of the majority, then, in a government like ours, that same minority in a future day might control the conscience of the majority of to-day — when by superior cunning and finesse a political canvass had been won in its favor, and thus alternately would it be in the power of either when elevated to the seat of the law-makers to impose a despot ism upon the conscience of its adversary only equalled by the ' Index Expurga- toris' against which the Protestant world so justly complained [applause]. " It has long been a maxim and accepted as true by our people, * That it is safe to tolerate error, so long as truth is left free to combat it.' Who are in error, and in what that error consists in matters of speculative theology, are questions only cognizable at the bar of heaven. It has been the fate of pro- pogandists of new ideas and religious dogmas, without regard to their truth or falsity, to meet with opposition, often ending in the most cruel persecution. Hoary-headed error, claiming for itself the immunity of ages, glares with jaun- 270 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. diced eyes upon all new ideas, which refuse to pay to it its accustomed homage. I know of no law of the human mind that makes this age an exception to the rule. Nevertheless, he who founds his ideas and theories on truth, correlative with his physical and spiritual being, and consequently in harmony with the law of nature, must ultimately succeed; whilst he who builds upon falsehood must share the fate of him who built his house upon the sand. This is not only a declara- tion of divine truth, but is in accordance with all human experience. The great highway of man's civilization and progress is strewn with the wrecks of a thou- sand systems — once the hope of their founders and challenging the confidence of mankind [hear, hear]. But I must limit this dissertation, and will sum up in a few words what I have intended to say on this branch of the subject. "The founders of our Constitution fully comprehended these ideas which I have so briefly glanced at, and they clothed the citizen with absolute immunity in the exercise of his rights of conscience, and thence the protecting shield of the Constitution around him, and over him, in all the diverging paths that lead the enquirer in his researches after truth in the dim unknown of speculative theology. "But I must not detain you, I leave this part of the subject, and address myself to the occasion that has called together this mighty multitude. "On every hand I behold a miracle of labor. Fifteen years ago to-day, and your Pioneers, by their heroism and devotion to a principle, consecrated this valley to a civilization wonderful 'to the stranger within your gates,' and in the developments of which a new era will be stamped not only upon the history of our own country, but on the world. You have indeed ' caused the desert to blossom as the rose.' Waving fields of gold; gardens containing all that is necessary for the comfort of civilized man; 'shrubberies that a Shenstone might have envied;' orchards bending beneath the promise of most luscious fruit, — now beautify the fields which your industry has filled with new life, and where but fifteen years ago the genius of solitude, from yon snow capped peak, stood marking on her rocky tablets the centuries of desolation and death that rested on these same fields, since the upheaval force of nature formed the mighty zone that separates the two oceans that wash the shores of our continent. "Wonderful progress! wonderful people! If you shall be content, as I doubt not you will be, to enjoy the blessings with which you are surrounded, and abide your time, and enjoy your privileges under a benign and just government, ^Impetiii/n in Imperio' and not attempt to reverse this order of things absolutely necessary under our form of government; and above all things, if you will act up to the line of your duty contained in that one grand article of your faith, * We believe in being honest, true, chaste, temperate, benevolent, virtuous and up- right, and in doing good to all men,'' you cannot fail to obtain that ultimate suc- cess [applause] which is the great desideratum of your hopes. Honestly conform to the standard of your creed and faith, and though you may for a time be ' cast down,' you cannot be destroyed [great applause] ; for the power of the Eternal One will be in your midst, though no mortal eye may behold the ' pillar of cloud and of fire' [applause]. As the Great Master of sculpture gathered and com- bined all the perfections of the human face into one divine model, so you, in HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 271 that one grand article, have bound into one golden sheaf, all the Christian vir- tues that underlie our civilization. "But this must suffice. I, perhaps, have said more than I ought to have said, and yet I cannot see how I could have said less. If my words shall be as kindly received by you as they have been honestly and frankly uttered by me, and we will act accordingly, my mission among you cannot fail of being alike profitable to you and to the government that I represent [hear, hear]. "This is the hour when your loyalty to our common country is most ac- ceptable and grateful to the heart of every patriot. Be but content and abide your time, and your reward will be as great as it is certain. Duty to ourselves, to our God and our country calls upon us to cast aside every prejudice and to rally around the Constitution and the flag of our fathers, and if need be, to bap- tize them anew with our own blood. The Constitution will not perish, that flag will not trail in the dust, but they will both come out of the present fiery ordeal, redeemed, regenerated, and disenthralled, by the genius of universal liberty and justice [great applause]." In view of Governor Harding's subsequent course the foregoing speech will presently assume the character of a page of Utah history. Senator Milton S. Latham, of California, passed through the city early in November on his way to Washington. The City Council in its session on the evening preceding his arrival, adopted a preamble and resolutions tendering him the hospitality of the city during his sojourn here. The Senator was waited upon by Councilors Little, Felt and Groo, to whom he returned his thanks for the complimentary resolutions of the Council, but his short stay prevented his ac- ceptance. Latham and McDougall, California's two Senators, were the only ones who voted "nay" on the passage of the anti-polygamic bill of 1862. The honor shown to Senator Latham signified that Great Salt Lake City was returning thanks to California for her minority vote in protest of the bill. Towards the close of the year 1862, an entire change of feeling came over Governor Harding towards "his Mormon people," especially those of the leaders; and singularly enough it began with his following THANKSGIVING PROCLAMATION : " Man, in all ages of the world, in the development of his moral nature, has demonstrated that he is not less a religious than a social being. " Whether we study his attributes at the shrine of Isis in her ancient tem- ples ; at the rude altar of the wandering Hebrew amidst his flocks and herds ; in the fierce games of the warlike Greek and Roman, or in that simple and more touching act of the Hindoo husbandman, as he lays a portion of his harvest at the feet of his rude idol, still do all these acts of devotion, rude and unseemly as they may appear to us, demonstrate his character as a devotional being — that his spiritual nature cannot be satisfied 'with bread alone,' but requires 'that manna of consolation that comes down from above.' " That without this, the soul is ever crying out like a wandering outcast, " ' Oh, Father of Life, withhold not thy mercies from me.' "If these manifestations have been in all ages of the world, ere the shep- 272 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. herds of Gallilee heard the song of 'Peace and good will to men,' much more should we feel it to be our duty, as a Christian people, to inculcate even a higher spirit of devotion, and manifest by our acts, our dependence upon God, the God of our fathers, the Supreme Ruler of the Universe, from whose bounteous hands * proceed every good and perfect gift.' '•He has kept the people here, guarded by His eternal ramparts, as in the ' hollow of His hand.' He has said Peace, Peace, and the troubled elements be- came still. The angel of his mercy has stretched out her burning scepter, and the elements became purified; disease and mildew and blight vanished to their silent caves, and Plenty poured out upon you from her abundant horn. Your granaries are full to overflowing; no scourge has fallen upon you, but the God of Peace has reigned triumphantly in your midst, while in other and fairer portions of the land, the Demon of Civil War has driven his blood-stained chariot over desolated fields and deserted cities — the plowshare has been beaten into a sword, and the pruning-hook into the murderous knife, and waving harvests, ready fcr the reaper, have not been gathered into barns, but ' plowed under' ■' • By gory felloes of the cannon's wheels.' "It is meet that at such a time as this, that the good people of this Terri- tory, following, not only the examples of their fathers, but a precedent set by its first Governor, should dedicate, and set apart at least one day in the year, for thanksgiving and praise to Almighty God for the manifold mercies and blessings that he has vouchsafed unto us, and that He will continue his mercies. That He will put it into the hearts of our rulers to rule in righteousness, and that ' Judg- ment may not be turned aside in the streets.' That peace may again return to our bleeding country, and that the institutions of our fathers may come forth purified from the sins which have weighed down a nation, and brought the keen displeasure and wrath of God upon us. "Therefore, I, Stephen S. Harding, Governor of the Territory of Utah, do hereby set apart Thursday, the first day of January, proximo, as a day of Thanksgiving and Praise to Almighty God, for all His mercies to us as a people, and recommend and request a general observance of it to that end, that here, on the threshhold of a New Year, we may manifest in a proper spirit our dependence on Him, and supplicate His Omnipotent Power to continue to pro- tect and guard us from future evils, as a nation and people. "In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused [L.S.] the seal of said Territory to be aftiixed. "Done at Great Salt Lake City, in the Territory of Utah, this second day of December, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two. (Signed) STEPHEN S. HARDING. " By the Governor, Frank Fuller, Secretary.'' This proclamation, which greeted Great Salt Lake City with a classic swell, was passed unheeded, not only by our city, but by the entire Territory. Gov- ernor Harding took the non-response of the citizens, not only as marked per- sonal slight to himself, but also as a scoff at the Federal power embodied in his ^^. "^.C^c^W^cr^^^^-^ '^' HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 273 Excellency, Stephen S. Harding. B^ut the citizens, in not holding high " temple service for Thanksgiving and Praise to Almighty God," on the day appointed by Governor Harding, intended no personal slight towards him or scoff at Federal authority. But the salient point of the history to the secular mind would be that, the non-observance of this Thanksgiving Day, brought Stephen S. Harding to the full realization of the fact that, though he was Governor of Utah, Brigham Young was still Governor of the Mormon people. Therein was the intolerable offence to his Excellency. A few days afterwards the Utah Legislature met. In the State House, Ste- phen S. Harding could teach the people that he, and not Brigham Young, was their Governor. At least such was the intent of the lesson conveyed in his mes- sage. Mr. Stenhouse notes the example thus: "The Governor's message to the Legislature, in December, was the tocsin of war, and was considered a very offensive document. He referred to the passage of the anti-polygamic law of July of that year, and warned the people against the pernicious counsels of the apostles and prophets who had recommended it "to be openly disregarded and defied." The manner of the delivery of the message was worse than the matter, and probably no Legislature ever felt more humiliated and insulted. It was painful to observe the legislators, as they sat quiet and immovable, hearing their faith contemned. It was interpreted as an open and gratuitous insult on the part of the Executive." CHAPTER XXXI. THE CALIFORNIA VOLUNTEERS ORDERED TO UTAH. SKETCH OF GENERAL CONNOR. HIS FIRST MILITARY ORDER. INTERESTING LETTER FROM THE COMMAND. PETITION OF THE VOLUNTEERS TO GO TO THE POTO- MAC. MARCH FROM FORT CRITTENDEN TO SALT LAKE. PREPARA- TIONS FOR BATTLE AT THE JORDAN. ZION AT PEACE. SURPRISE OF THE TROOPS. THE HALT AT THE GOVERNOR'S MANSION HIS ADDRESS TO THE TROOPS. CAMP DOUGLAS. Although the Utah militia had been offered for the protection of the Over- land Mail and Telegraph line. Secretary Stanton deemed it prudent to entrust the permanent service to the California Volunteers rather than to the Utah militia. Utah was placed under a military surveillance during tl>e war, and California was made her sister's keeper. At least, such was the interpretation placed upon the military mission of General Connor and his command, to whom is devoted the following historical sketch, quickly connecting as it does with the main branch of the history of Great Salt Lake City. JJ4 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. General Patrick Edward Connor was born in the south of Ireland, March 17, 1820. At an early age he emigrated with his parents to New York City, where he was educated. In 1839 he entered the regular army, at the age of 18, during the Florida war. He left the service in November of 1844, and returned to New York, where he entered into mercantile business; but in the early part of 1846 emigrated to Texas. The war with Mexico broke out that year, and young Connor, as Cap- tain of the Texas Volunteers, was the second volunteer officer mustered into service, in the regiment of Albert Sidney Johnston, whom they elected Colonel. Connor was with his company at the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palnia, and Buena Vista. In the latter battle he was severely wounded, being the first officer who bore the scars of war, for w^hich honor he now draws a full Captain's pension. Shortly after the close of the Mexican war, Captain Connor emigrated to California, where he engaged in business till the breaking out of our great civil war. Immediately the gallant officer tendered his services to the Governor of California, and was appointed by him Colonel of the Third California Infantry. The California Volunteers entered the service with the full expectation of being called directly to the theatre of war, for both officers and men were fired with a martial spirit becoming California in the nation's crisis. It is doubtful, in- deed, if this military fervor would have been kindled had the Volunteers knowai that they were about to be ordered to Utah by the Government, to watch the Mor- mons, lest their leaders should take advantage of our national calamity and pro- claim a rebellion. Some of the officers and men, it is understood, gave way to occasional fits of ill-humor, very pardonable in men who, panting for military glory, as well as inspired by patriotism, had offered their lives in defense of the Union, only to find themselves, in the sequel, transported to our then Rocky Mountain isolation. It was in May, 1862, that Colonel Connor was ordered with his regiment to Utah. His command consisted of the Third California Infantry and a part of the Second California Cavalry. He took up his line of march in July, 1862. On assuming command of the Military District of Utah, Colonel Connor issued the following military order : " Headquarters, District of Utah, Fort Churchill, August 6th, 1862. "Order No. i. — The undersigned, pursuant to orders from Department Headquarters, hereby assumes command of the Military District of Utah, com- prising the Territories of Nevada and Utah. "In assuming command of the district I especially enjoin upon all disburs- ing officers the necessity of being particularly attentive, careful and economical in their disbursements of the public funds ; and that they in no instance purchase from persons who have at any time, by word or act, manifested disloyalty to the Federal Government. "Being credibly informed that there are in this district persons who, while claiming and receiving protection to life and property, are endeavoring to destroy and defame the principles and institutions of our Government under whose be- nign influence they have been so long protected, it is therefore most rigidly en- HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 273 forced upon all commanders of posts, camps and detachments, to cause to be promptly arrested and closely confined until they have taken the oath of allegiance to the Government of the United States, all persons who from this date shall be guilty of uttering treasonable sentiments against the Government; and upon a repetition of the offense to be again arrested and confined until the fact shall be communicated to these headquarters. Traitors shall not utter treasonable sentiments in this district with impunity, but must seek some more genial soil, or receive the punishment they so richly merit. By order of P. EDWARD CONNOR, Col. jd Infantry, C. V., Com. Dist. of Utah. '^ James W. Stillman, A. A. A. General.'^ The Deseret News of September 10, notes : "Col. P. E. Connor, commanding the California Volunteers, arrived in the city yesterday afternoon. The Volunteers remain at Ruby Valley till the Colonel's return, when they will afterwards advance to the place that will be selected as a military post. The Colonel took a stroll about town and looked around with an air of familiarity that indicated that after all Salt Lake City was something of a place, and might not be unpleasant, notwithstanding its desert surroundings." A correspondent writing to the San Francisco Bulletin in behalf of his com- rades, gives a very interesting and suggestive page of history: " Headquarters Utah District, Ruby Valley, N. T., September 24, 1862. " The Third Infantry California Volunteers wants to go home — not for the purpose of seeing the old folks, but for the purpose of tramping upon the sacred soil of Virginia, and of swelling the ranks of the brave battlers for the brave old flag. The action of the San Francisco Quartette and the glory which awaits the California regiment that first lands on the Atlantic coast, combined to make the 700 hearts camped in Ruby Valley pulse vigorously with the patriotic desire to serve their country in shooting traitors instead of eating rations and freezing to death around sage-brush fires, which two are the only military duties to be performed hereabouts. Accordingly a meeting of the officers was called on Tuesday night. A committee was appointed to draft a dispatch to be sent to Gen. Halleck; and each captain was requested to draw up a paper to the purport that the subscriber would authorize the paymaster to withhold from his pay the amount subscribed by him, on the condition, and no other condition, that the regiment be ordered east. Each captain was requested to present this document to his company and report at an adjourned meeting. "To-day, at i p. m., the following sums had been subscribed by the privates and company officers: "Company I, Capt. Lewis, ^3,430; Company K, Capt. Hoyt, ^3,475; Company H, Capt. Black, ^2,550; Company F, (part absent on detailed duty) Capt. Potts, ^600; Company C, Capt. May, ^83,260; Company E, Capt. Tupper, $4,674; Company G, Capt. Urmy, 17,431. "That is excellent evidence of the earnest patriotism of our 700 men. In 2j6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. addition to packing a musket, eating salt pork, and tramping over these abominable deserts, they are willing, and actually do, out of their $13 per month, subscribe $25,000 for the privilege of going to the Potomac and getting shot. If Cali- fornia is not proud of them, the God of Washington is; and that is quite as sat- isfactory. But California cannot help appreciating such a sacrifice upon the part of men who, after giving their time, laboi', and if need be, their lives, to their country, now give the last mite of their small pittance. Private Goldthaite, of Company G, alone, subscribed $5000, while the majority of the men gave every cent of their pay, "The company officers ranged about thus: Second lieutenants, $100 to $200; first lieutenants, $200 to $300; captains, $300 to $500. In some instances that takes more than their pay. The staff officers have not yet pungled, as they are waiting to see what amount will remain to be raised. " The three companies at Stockton would most undoubtedly equal their com- rades. Should they do so, at the average of ^3,000 per company the funds would reach upwards of $36,000. "The following despatch was sent to Gen. Halleck, with the consent of Gen. George Wright: '^^ Major- General Halleck, Secretary of War, Washington, D. C "The Third Infantry, Cal. Vols., has been in service one year, and marched 600 miles; it is well officered and thoroughly drilled ; is of no service on the Overland Mail route, as there is cavalry sufficient for its protection in Utah Dis- trict. The regiment will authorize the Paymaster to withhold $30,000 of pay now due if Government will order it East; and it pledges Gen. Halleck never to disgrace the flag, himself or California. The men enlisted to fight traitors, and can do so more effectively than raw recruits; and ask that they may be placed at least on the same footing in regard to transportation East. If the above sum is insufficient, we will pay our own passages from San Francisco to Panama. " ' By request of the regiment. P. EDW. CONNOR, " ' Col. Commanding. " 'Ruby Valley, N. T., September 24, 1862. ' " " So far as anybody can see, there is not a bit more use for infantry out here than there is for topographical engineers. Cavalry is the only efficient arm against Indians, and the companies of the 2d regiment, in the district, are fully compe- tent to chastise all offenders. Brigham Young offers to protect the entire line with 100 men. Why we were sent here is a mystery. It could not be keep Mormon- dom in order, for Brigharn can thoroughly annihilate us with the 5,000 to 25,000 frontiersmen always at his command." Towards the middle of October the Volunteers reached the former encamp- ment of U. S. troops at Camp Floyd. Parties who would have been financially benefitted by the Volunteers occupying the vacated quarters at Camp Floyd tried to induce the Colonel to remain there, and, failing that, they sought to intimi- date him with the intelligence that the Mormon intended to dispute the passage of the Californians over the Jordan. At the same time, a story was current HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 277 among the Volunteers that Brigham Young, on hearing of their advance, had out of contempt for them and the nation, cut down the United States flag-staff at Camp Floyd and left it lying on the public road, over which they had to travel. There was no truth in this reported threat of Mormon resistance; and, as already told, the flag-staff was presented to ex-Governor Young by the officers at Camp Floyd. A few days after the establishment of Camp Douglas the San Francisco Bulletin published, from the correspondent already noticed, the following very interesting details of the march of the Volunteers from Fort Crittenden and their passage through Great Salt City : "Jordan Springs, U. T., Saturday, October, 18, 1862. "The Salt Lake Expedition, numbering 750 men, is within twenty-five miles of the City of the Saints, having marched twenty miles north of Fort Crittenden to-day. From the slope on which our camp is pitched we can discern the white specks which constitute the residences of the modern apostles; but at present we are more interested in the designs and doings of said apostles than in the general appearance of their habitations. I closed yesterday's letter [see Bulletin of 30th October] by mentioning a camp rumor, to the effect that the Mormons would prevent a nearer approach of our troops to the city than Fort Crittenden, and that the banks of the narrow stream called Jordan, which empties the waters of Lake Utah into Great Salt Lake, would form the field of battle. At the time it caused no further thought than as the starting point of rambling conversations respecting Mormondom and the mission which the command has been detailed to execute — both subjects upon which we have but little information. However, at the present writing — sundown — reliable advices received tend to establish the probable truthfulness of the report. When information reached the city, as it did last night, that Col. Connor would not purchase the buildings erected by Johnson's command in 1858 at what was then Camp Floyd, now Fort Crittenden, and that he designed to occupy some locality within striking distance of the heart of Mormondom, the most intense excitement is said to have prevailed. The leaders are represented to be in conclave, meditating upon the question and striving to arrive at a determination, while the people were in a high state of expectancy as to what the leaders would do, what the troops would do, and what they themselves would be called upon to do. The Chief of the Danites — better known perhaps as the Destroying Angels, whose duty it is, if report be true, to place parties odious to the leaders of the Church where they can never tell tales, is represented as riding through the streets offering to bet ^500 that we could and should not cross the river Jordan, the bet being untaken. Furthermore, not a single camp rumor, but reliable parties assert that Brigham Young would, when we near Jordan, have us met by commissioners empowered to inform us that the Mormons objected to our close proximity to their city and would forcibly resist an attempt on our part to cross that stream. "How much truth there may be in these advices, or how much the real state of affairs in Salt Lake is exaggerated I know not. As a faithful correspondent it is only my province to inform you of the exact condition and operations of this 278 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. command, but further than that I cannot go, and, of course, will not be held re- sponsible for the correctness or incorrectness of the rumors which reach this com- mand. Be they, however, true or untrue, and be the opinion entertained by our Colonel what it may, certain it is that he is moving with the utmost prudence, that thirty rounds of ammunition have just been issued to each man, and that the two 6 pounders are abundantly furnished with destructive missiles, and the 12- pound mountain howitzer amply supplied with shells, that the camp is so pitched upon an open plain that no force can get to it without a fair fight ; in short, that every preparation for war that can be made is made, and equally certain is it that on to-morrow we will cross the river Jordan if it lies within our power. "Col. Connor sent word to-day to the above-mentioned chief of the Dan- ites that he would 'cross the river Jordan if hell yawned below him; ' and the battle-fields of Mexico testify that the Colonel has a habit of keeping his word. " Thus you see that whether we are to have a fight or not rests entirely with the Mormon rulers. And if it be true that United States troops, when ordered by Government to occupy United States territory, are to be forcibly prevented by those living upon United States lands, from executing the order — if this prin- ciple is to constitute the national policy, then the nation has ceased to be a live nation, and the sooner it recognizes the Southern Confederacy the better. But if our troops are to march on United States territory wherever Govern- ment sends them, and those who resist their march, because of polygamy, are as really traitors as those who resist because of slavery, and are to be dealt with as such. This command, from the highest to the lowest, is disposed to treat the Mormons with true courtesy and the strictest justice, so long as they remain friendly to the Government; but the moment they become traitors the river Jor- dan will be as acceptable to us as the river Potomac, for we shall be fighting for the same precise principle — the flag and national existence — as are our eastern brethren ; and even should annihilation be our fate, of which we have no fears, the belief that our countrymen would think of our graves as they do of those in Virginia, and that the Union men of California, our old friends, would swarm forth by the thousand to avenge us — such a hope and belief would nerve us for death. "Nevertheless, unless he fails to exercise his statesmanship, universally ac- corded to him, Brigham Young cannot but foresee the results which would flow from a war of his beginning. Admitting him to have an army of 8,000 well drilled and eff'ective men, or, for that matter, one of 50,000 — and admitting him to be able to capture our force and all the forces which California could se-nd hither, yet, in the course of one, or two, or three years, the Government could flood his valley with regiments, and sweep it with a gulf stream of bayonets. That he is prepared to initiate a movement which cannot fail to bring upon his people the full power of the nation I do not believe ; and yet there may be hot heads over whom he has but partial control. A small spark can ignite the powder of a vast magazine. "Having given you the prevalent opinion of the camp, there should also be given what probably may turn out to be the cause why some, if not most, of the rumors current in Salt Lake were set afloat. When Floyd after expending HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 279 $5,000,000 in the erection of quarters in Camp Floyd ordered the disgraceful and outrageous sale of the same, the buildings were bought for a mere song by private parties. " On several occasions, in fact during the whole march, Col. Connor has been solicited by the agents of owners to repurchase them. He did not see fit to do so; but it was expected that the smallness of the command, and the avowal that the Mormons would not permit him to locate near the city, taken in connec- tion with the fact that his arrival so late in the season would prevent him from erecting winter quarters, it was expected, I say, that these and other pruden- tial reasons would induce him to effect the purchase of Fort Crittenden ; and it is more than probable that his refusal of the offers was regarded as a financial maneuver by which to secure the .property at low figures. Hence the idea that we really would not winter at that point has never been realized by them, and so thoroughly has the belief that we would winter there pervaded the Mormon people, that when we marched beyond it they — unable to understand the object of the expedition, and fearful that the real, and to them a hostile, design, is hidden under the avowed one — have their fears a thousand fold quickened and imagine an attack upon the city possible. In addition it appears that the chief of the Danites is the principal owner of the buildings and decidedly anxious to sell and that the agents have from time to time assured him of the certainty of his prospects. Up to the hour that Col. Connor's decision was unknown at Fort Crittenden, the city is reported to have been perfectly quiet , but in about the time it would take to telegraph his refusal to Salt Lake, the excitement is said to have begun. There can, therefore, be little doubt that the already aroused suspicions of the Mormons have been worked upon by parties interested in the sale of the property, and who, failing to persuade Col. Connor into buying, now seek to frighten him therein by threats of forcible resistance, and mayhap a dis- play of military power. In this they will most signally fail, for I must say that he is a blessed hard man to scare. At the same time, if it is the settled Mormon policy to resist the Federal Government, and if the people have been toned up to the Union pitch, a {evf leaders actuated by selfish motives, can easily indicate its execution. A courier will arrive late to-night with authentic intelligence, which I will endeavor to obtain. " Salt Lake City, October 20, 1862. " When Sunday's reveille awoke the command, it awoke expectant of battle ere another one should roll out upon the grey day-break. Blankets were never got out from under and compactly strapped in knapsacks more promptly; cooks never prepared steaming breakfast with greater alacrity, and upon the principle that the aggregate stomach of a regiment has a great deal to do with the aggre- gate prowess of a regiment, they never prepared a more bountiful repast. Upon the same principle, no breakfast during the whole march was stowed away in a more cool, nonchalant, jovial manner. The routine of months was dissipated, and, doubtless each man's curiosity to know how he would personally stand fire, and the more general question which side would whip, made everybody happy. The 28o HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. first scene which met my eyes was Colonel Connor seated upon a log, calmly en- gaged in loading his pistols, and playing with his toddling child. In some direc- tions were heard the popping of muskets and the thud of ramrods, as the men made sure of their pieces, while in others could be seen individuals seated on the ground, vigorously burnishing up their already glittering muskets and brasses — determined no doubt to die according to regulations, if die they must. No difference what thoughts raged within each breast, the exterior seemed calm and determined. "An incident at the hospital will seive as a criterion of the general animus. Five men were sick in the hospital and thirty-six sick in quarters. At sick-call Surgeon Reid, who had been arranging hia abominable knives, saws and probes, said that this was a day when every man able to carry a musket should do so, and one that would determine who were loafers and who were soldiers. Twenty-eight out of the forty-one, many of whom were really unfit for service, shouldered their pieces, and the remainder did not only because they could not. "A strong force of cavalry preceded the staff, and the command moved for- ward in so compact a body, and with such a steady, springing step, that General Wright's heart would have rejoiced at the sight. The fact that the carriages formed behind the staff as usual was an intimation to the men that a fight was im- probable, and word presently passed that a courier had arrived with information that no resistance would be made at the bridge. Before it did so, however, as the Colonel passed the artillery, he put several questions to Lieutenant Hunneyman, commanding, respecting the quantity and kind of ammunition in the caissons, and also the numbers of the ammunition wagons. When through, the Lieutenant, who has seen service, said, ' Colonel, if you expect an attack to-day, I will over- haul those wagons and take more cannister,' with the same air that one calls for fried oysters in a restaurant. The reply was, 'Not to day; but to-morrow do so.' There were other incidents of the same kind, but I did not happen to see them. "After a speedy march of fifteen miles — during which not one of the usual stragglers fell back from his position — we crossed the Jordan at 2 p. m. and found not a solitary individual upon the eastern shore. It was a magnificent place for a fight, too, with a good-sized bluff upon the western side from which splendid execution could have been done ; but all were glad that no necessity existed there- for, as we heartily desire to avoid difficulty with the loyal citizens. " While camped for the night, it was definitely ascertained that, although there had been some excitement in the laity, yet it was far from general, and was insti- gated by parties interested in selling the Fort Crittenden buildings. Further- more, that the mass of the people were glad of our near location, as it would bring many a dollar into the city circulation. Bishop Heber Kimball, who, I am told, ranks next to President Young, is reported to have spoken thus in his sermon at the temple: * Letters have been written to Colonel Connor's command, to Cali- fornia and the East, that we are opposed to the coming of the troops ; that we are disloyal to the Government and sympathizers with Secessionists. It is all a d — d lie." This certainly was a gratifying assurance, though not mildly expressed. "This morning, Monday, we resumed the line of march, thoroughly ignor- ant of the spot that would next receive our tents, but decidedly hopeful that it HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 28/ would receive them permanently. That it was to be near the city we knew; that the leading Mormons objected to its proximity because of the danger of difificulties between the soldiers and citizens, we knew; that in 1858 they had resisted the now traitor Johnston's 10,000 men, and after compelling him to winter in the mountains, had, late in the Spring, forced him into a treaty by which he bound himself not to locate within 40 miles of Salt Lake, we knew; that they were far stronger and bet- ter armed now than they then were, we knew ; and that more than one of their had- ing men — among them a Bishop — had offered to bet that we would not come within twenty miles of the Temple, we also knew. A large and influental party was avow- edly opposed to any near approach, and, in view of the advice received by our com- mander — which were from reliable sources — the precise animus of the people and the treatment that would meet us, we did not know. That, should they see fit, it was in their power to vastly outnumber and in all ))robability annihilate us, was more than possible, and that we were 600 miles of sand and draught from reinforce- ments, was certain. All of these certainties and uncertainties conspired to create I he same excitement that passengers in olden days felt when two Mississippi steamers lapped guards, burned tar, and carried the engineer as a weight on the safety valve. We had generally supposed, and the people had universally supposed, that the command would pass around the city, or at the most but through the outer suburbs, which course, under all the circumstances, was considered deci- dedly bold, and upon the whole, not so conciliatory a policy as had been adopted by General Johnston's thousands. "Accordingly, when some two miles out, a halt was sounded and the column formed as follows : Advance guard of cavalry, Colonel Conner and staff; cavalry brass band; Cos. A and M of 2d Cavalry, C, V., light battery; infantry field band; 3d Infantry Battalion; staff, company quarters and commissary wagons; rear guard of infantry. "You may imagine our surprise — strive to imagine the astoni.shment of the people, and the more than astonishment of the betting bishoi:) — as the column marched slowly and steadily into a street which receives the overland stage, up it between the fine trees, the sidewaljcs filled with many women and countless children, the comfortable residences, to Emigration Square, the Theatre and other notable landmarks were passed, when, about the centre of the city, I should think, it filed right through a principal thoroughfare to Governor Harding's Mansion — on which, and on which alone waved the same blessed stars and stripes that were woven in the loom of '76. Every crossing was occupied by spectators, and windows, doors and roofs had their gazers. Not a cheer, not a jeer greeted us. One little boy, running along close to the staff, said — " You are coming, are you? " to which it was replied that we thought we were. A carriage, containing three ladies, who sang "John Brown " as they drove by, were heartily saluted. But the leading greeting was ex- tended by Governor Harding, Judges Waite and Drake, and Dr. , who met us some distance out. Save these three instances, there were none of those mani- festations of loyalty that any other city in a loyal Territory would have made. " The sidewalk by the mansion was thoroughly packed with Mormons, curious to know what would be the next feature. It was this: The battalion 282 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. was formed into two lines, behind them the cavalry, with the battery resting upon their right, in front of the Governor's residence. " After giving the Governor the salute due his rank he was introduced by Col. Connor to the connnand, and, standing in his buggy, spoke precisely thus: "Soldiers and Fellow Citizens: "It is with pleasure that I meet you all here to-day. God forbid that ever I shall live to see the day that I will not be rejoiced to see the flag of my country in hands that are able and worthy to defend it. When I say this, I am conscious, soldiers, that your mission here is one of peace and security, not only to the government that gives you employment, but to every individual who is an inhab- tant of this Territory. "The individual, if any such there be, who supposed that the Government had sent you here that mischief might come out of it, knows not the spirit of our Government, and knows not the spirit of the officers who represent it in this Territory. When I say this, I say what is strictly true; and I say it that it may be impressed upon your minds as true, as well as upon the minds of every indi- vidual who hears me upon this occasion. Never let it be said that an American soldier, employed under the glorious flag of his country, that emblem of beauty and glory, has disgraced it by conduct not in accordance with his duty, and the discipline of the United States army. The duty of a soldier is a plain and stern duty; and yet it is one that redounds to the glory and happiness of himself, and to the happiness of every true and loyal individual in whose midst he may be placed. If, however, he should break over the bounds of his discipline — if he should run wild in the riot of the camp, then, indeed, his presence will be a curse everywhere, and not a security to the institutions of the Government, which it is his duty to maintain with his life's blood. " I confess that I have been disappointed, somewhat, in your coming to this city. I have known nothing of the disposition that has been made of you; and for the truth of this assertion, I appeal to your commander, and to every individual with whom I have had communication on this subject. But you are here, and I can say to you, God bless you, and God bless the flag you carry; God bless the Government you represent; and may she come out of her present diffi- culties unscathed; and may the fiery ordeal through which she is passing purge her of her sins; may her glorious institutions be preserved to the end of time; may she survive these troubles, and be redeemed, and disenthralled from the causes of the difficulties and calamities through which she is passing, and through which she may be yet called to pass. "I do not know now what disposition is to be made of you, but I suppose you will be encamped somewhere, I know not where, but within a short distance of this city. I believe the people you have now come amongst will not disturb you if you do not disturb them in their public rights and in the honor and peace of their homes; and to disturb them you must violate the strict discipline of the United States Army which you must observe, and which you have no right to violate. In conforming thus to your duty, you will have my countenance and support, and every drop of blood in my veins if necessary for the maintenance HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. J 283 of your rights and the Government I represent. But if on the contrary you for any reason whatever should run wild in the riot of the camp — should break over the bounds of propriety, and disregard that discipline that is the only possible safety for yourselves, then shall I not be with you ; but in the line of your duty, God being my helper, 1 will be with you to the end, and to death. I thank you." "At the conclusion of the speech, Colonel Connor called for three cheers for our Country and Flag, and three more for Governor Harding, all of which would have drawn forth the admiration of your Fire Department. Thereupon the march through the city was resumed, the bands continuing their flood of music, and a tramp of two and a half miles east brought us to the slope between Emigra- tion and Red Butte Canyons, where a permanent post will probably be established. " I have very astutely discovered that we could have reached the spot by a much shorter road, and that we marched over six miles for the purpose of passing through the well-built metropolis of the modern Saints. There is no reason whv we should not do it that is recognized by the United States Government, and I for one was cuiious to see rosy cheeks and sparkling eyes. " And so ended the long tramp from your good State, and the attempts t j frighten Colonel Connor into the purchase of Fort Crittenden. CHAPTER XXXII. BATTLE OF BE.AR RIVER. CONNORS REPORT TO THE DEPARTMENT HISTORY OF THE BATTLE. CONGRATULATIONS OF THE COLONEL TO HIS TROOPS. BURIAL OF THE DEAD, OUR CITIZENS AT THE FUNERAL, THE BATTLE, AS RECORDED IN THE MILITARY HISTORY OF CACHE VALLEY, Soon after his arrival in Utah, Colonel Connor, on the 2(;th of January, 1863, fought the celebrated battle of Bear River, against the Snake Bnd Bannock Indians under Bear Hunter and other chiefs. There they killed and captured of the Indians nearly 400. The cemetery of Camp Douglas was consecrated to receive the relics of the heroes who fell in that battle; but there was compensa- tion for their loss, as that famous victory forever put a quietus to Indian hos- tilities in Northern Utah and Southern Idaho. The following official report of the battle from Colonel Connor is a valuable page of Utah history: "Headquarters District of Utah, Camp Douglas U. T., Feb. 6th, 1863. "Colonel: "I have the honor to report that from information received from various sources of the encampment of a large body of Indians on Bear River, in Wash- jS4 history of salt lake city. ington Territory, cne hundred and forty miles north of this point, who had murdered several miners, during the winter, passing to and from the settlements in this valley to the Beaver Head mines, east of the Rocky Mountains, and being satisfied that they were part of the same band who had been murdering emigrants on the overland mail route for the past fifteen years and the principal actors and leaders in the horrid massacres of the past summer, I determined although the season was unfavorable to an expedition, in consequence of the cold weather and deep snow, to chastise them if possible. Feeling that secrecy was the surest way to success, I determined to deceive the Indians by sending a small force in ad- vance, judging, and rightly, that they would not fear a small number. "The chiefs, Pocatello and Sanpitch, with their bands of murderers, are still at large. I hope to be able to kill or capture them before spring. "If I succeed, the overland route west of the Rocky Mountains will be rid of the Bedouins who have harassed and murdered emigrants on that route for a series of years. "In consequence of the number of men left on the route with frozen feet and those with the train and howitzers and guarding the cavalry horses, I did not have to exceed two hundred men engaged, "On the 22d ultimo, I ordered Co. K. Third California Volunteers, Capt. Hoyt; two howitzers under command of Lieut. Honeyman and twelve men of the Second California Cavalry with a train of fifteen wagons, conveying twelve days' supplies, to proceed in that direction. On the 24th ultimo, I proceeded with detachments from companies A, H, K, and M. Second California Cavalry, numbering two hundred and twenty men, accompanied by Major McGarry, Second California Cavalry; Surgeon Reid, Third California Volunteers; Cap- tains McLean and Price, and Lieutenants Chase, Clark, Quinn and Conrad, Second California Cavalry. Major Gallager, Third California Volunteers and Capt. Berry, Second California Cavalry, who were present at this post attending general court martial as volunteers. "I marched the first night to Brigham City about sixty-eight miles distant ; and the second night's march from Camp Douglas, I overtook the infantry and artillery at the town of Mendon and ordered them to march again that night. I resumed march with the cavalry and overtook the infantry at Franklin, W. T., about twelve miles from the Indian encampment. I ordered Capt. Hoyt, with the infantry, howitzers and train not to move until after 3 o'clock a. m., I moved the cavalry in about an hour afterward, passing the infantry, artillery and wagons about four miles from the Indian encampment. As daylight was approaching I was apprehensive that the Indians would discover the strength of my force and make their escape. I therefore made a rapid march with the cavalry and reached the bank of the ravine shortly after daylight, in full view of the Indian encamp- ment, and about one mile distant, I immediately order Major McGarry to ad- vance with the cavalry and surround, before attacking them, while I remained a few minutes in the rear to give orders to the infantry and artillery. On my arrival on the field I found that Major McGarry had dismounted the cavalry and was engaged with the Indians, who had sallied out of their hiding places on foot and horseback and, with fiendish malignity, waved the scalps of white women. J HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 285 and challenged the troops to battle, at the same time attacking them. Finding it impossible to surround them, in consequence of the nature of the ground, he accepted their challenge. "The position of the Indians was one of strong natural defence, and almost inaccessible to the troops, being in a deep dry ravine from six to twelve feet deep, and from thirty to forty feet wide, with very abrupt banks and running across level table land, along which they had constructed steps from which they could deliver their fire without being themselves exposed. Under the embank- ment they had constructed artificial courses of willows, thickly wove together, from behind which they could fire without being observed. "After being engaged about twenty minutes, I found it was impossible to dislodge them without great loss of life. I accordingly ordered Major McGarry, with twenty men, to turn their left flank which was in the ravine where it en- tered the mountain. Shortly afterward Capt. Hoyt reached the ford, three- fourths of a mile distant, but found it impossible to cross footmen, some of whom tried it, however, rushing into the river but finding it deep and rapid, retired. I immediately ordered a detachment of cavalry with led horses, to cross the in- fantry, which was done accordingly and upon their arrival on the field I ordered them to the support of Major McGarry's flmking party who shortly afterward succeeded in turning the enemy's flank. "Up to this time, in consequence of being exposed on a level and open plain, while the Indians were under cover they had the advantage of us, fighting with the ferocity of demons. My men fell thick and fast around me, but after flanking them we had the advantage and made good use of it. I ordered a flank- ing party to advance down the ravine on either side, which gave us the advantage of an enfilading fire and caused some of the Indians to give way and run towards the mouth of the ravine. At this point I had a company stationed who shot them as they run out. I also ordered a detachment of cavalry across the ravine to cut off the retreat of any fugitives who might escape the company (Capt. Price) at the mouth of the ravine. But few, however, tried to escape, but con- tinued fighting with unyielding obstinacy, frequently engaging hand to hand with the troops until killed in their hiding-places. The most of those who did escape from the ravine were afterward shot in attempting to swim the river or killed while desperately fighting under cover of the dense willow thicket which lined the river banks. To give you an idea of the desperate character of the fight, you are respectfully referred to the list of killed and wounded transmitted herewith. The fight commenced at about six o'clock in the morning and con- tinued until ten. At the commencement of the battle the hands of some of the men were so benumbed with cold that it was with difficulty that they could load their pieces. Their suffering during the march was awful beyond description, but they steadily continued without regard to hunger, cold or thirst, not a mur- mur escaping them to indicate their sensibilities to pain or fatigue. Their un- complaining endurance during their four nights' march from Camp Douglas to the battle field is worthy the highest praise. The weather was intensely cold and not less than seventy-five had their feet frozen and some of them, I fear, will be crippled for life. 286 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CIIY. "I should mention here that in my march from this post no assistance was rendered by the Mormons, who seemed indisposed to divulge any information regarding the Indians and charged enormous prices for every article furnished my command. I have also to report to the General commanding, that previous to my departure, Chief Justice Kinney, of Salt Lake City, made a requisition for the purpose of arresting the Indian Chiefs, Bear Hunter, Sanpitch and Sagwitch. I informed the Marshal that my arrangements for an expedition against the In- dians were made and that it was not only my intention to take any prisoners, but that he could accompany me. Marshal Gibbs accordingly accompanied me and rendered efficient aid in caring for the wounded. "I have great pleasure in awarding to Major McGarry, Major Gallagher and Surgeon A. K. Reid the highest praise for their skill, gallantry and bravery throughout the engagement. And to the company officers the highest praise is due, without invidious distinction for their courage and determination evinced throughout the engagement ; their obedience to orders, attention, kindness and care for the wounded are no less worthy of notice. Of the good conduct and bravery of both officers and men, California has reason to be proud. " We found 224 bodies in the field, among which were those of the chiefs Bear Hunter, Sagwitch and Lehi. How many more were killed than stated I am unable to say ; as the condition of the wounded rendered their immediate removal a necessity, I was unable to examine the field. I captured 175 horses, some arms, destroyed over seventy lodges, and a large quanity of wheat and other provisions which had been furnished them by the Mormons. I left a supply of provisions for the sustenance of 160 captive squaws and children who were released by me on the field. "The enemy had about three hundred warriors, mostly all armed with rifles and having plenty of ammunition, which rumor says they received from the in- habitants of this Territory in exchange for property of massacred emigrants. The position of the Indians was one of great natural strength and had I not suc- ceeded in flanking them the mortality of my command would have been terrible. In consequence of the deep snow the howitzers did not reach the field in time to be used in the action. " I have the honor of remaining, very respectfully, Your obedient servant, (Signed) P. Ed. Connor, Colonel jrd Cal. Vol., Com d. District. '' To Lt. Col. R. C. Drum, Asst. Adjt. Gen. U. S. A., Department of the Pacific. ' ' " Headquarters of the Army, Washington, D. C, March 29th, 1863. ' ' Brig. ■ General Geo. Wright, Comd'g Deft of the Pacific, San Francisco, Cal. "General: " I have this day received your letter of February 20th, inclosing Col. P. Ed. Connor's report of his severe battle and splendid victory on Bear River, Wash- HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 287 ington Territory. After a forced march of one hundred and forty miles in mid- winter and through deep snows, in which seventy-six of his men were disabled by frozen feet; he and his gallant band of only two hundred, attacked three hun- dred warriors in their stronghold and after a hard fought battle of four hours, destroyed the entire band, leaving 224 dead upon the field. Our loss in the battle was fourteen killed and forty-nine wounded. Colonel Gonnor and the brave Californians deserve the highest praise for their gallant and heroic conduct. Very respectfully. Your obedient servant, (Signed) H. W. Halleck, General in - chief. The following order, bearing the same date as that of Col. Connor's letter to the Department of the Pacific, was read to the volunteers, while on dress parade, by Adjutant Ustick: " Headquarters District of Utah, Camp Douglas, U. T., Feb. 6, 1863. "The Colonel commanding has the pleasure of congratulating the troops of this Post upon the brilliant victory achieved at the battle of Bear River, Wash- ington Territory. ''After a rapid march of four nights in intensely cold weather, through deep snow and drifts, which you endured without murmur or complaint, even when some of your number were frozen with cold, and faint with hunger and fatigue, you met an enemy who have heretofore, on two occasions, defied and defeated regular troops, and who have for the last fifteen years been the terror of the emi- grants, men, women and children and citizens of those valleys, murdering and robbing them without fear of punishment. "At daylight on the 29th of January, 1863, you encountered the enemy, greatly your superior in numbers, and had a desperate battle. Continuing with unflinching courage for over four hours, you completely cut him to pieces, captured his property and arras, destroyed his stronghold and burnt his lodges. " The long list of killed and wounded is the most fitting eulogy on your cour- age and bravery. The Colonel commanding returns you his thanks. The gallant officers and men who were engaged in this battle, without invidious distinction, merit the highest praise. Your uncomplaining endurance and unexampled con- duct on the field, as well as your thoughtful care and kindness for the wounded, is worthy of emulation. While we rejoice at the brilliant victory you have achieved over your savage foe, it is meet that we do honor to the memory of our brave comrades, the heroic men who fell fighting to maintain the supremacy of our arms. " While the people of California will regret their loss, they will do honor to every officer and soldier who has by his heroism added new laurels to the fair escutcheon of the State. " By order of Colonel Connor. (Signed) WM. D. USTICK, " First Lieutenant and Adjutant, Third Infantry, C. V., Acting Assistunt Adjutant General.'' The burial of the dead who fell in the batile of Bear River was a solemn 288 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. occasion to the city as well as to the camp. The day was cold and raw, yet a large number of our citizens were present at the burial. Up to this time scarcely any of the citizens had set foot within the encampment, but now there was quite a score of carriages from the city, many equestrians and a large concourse of people on foot, and had it been generally known, thousands from the city would have paid reverent tribute to the slain, for it was duly appreciated that they had fallen in the service of Utah. "Up to I p. m. the sixteen cofifins lay side by side in the Quartermaster's store-room, where the dead were visited by their surviving comrades. At that hour the entire command formed in procession and escorted the bodies to the military graveyard, where Parson Anderson officiated in the burial service. Three volleys were fired over the bodies as they were laid in their graves, and the last solemn rites were ended. The band, that before led the measured, solemn step of the procession to the funeral dirge and Dead March, now moved away gaily, re- viving the thoughtful, and recalling to the duties and obligations of life those who had not yet finished their page of history. '•' The remains of Lieutenant Chase were consigned to their resting-place by the brethren of the Masonic fraternity attached to the command, together with a {q\\ from the city. The deceased was a Royal Arch Mason, but the small number of that grade in attendance rendered the adoption of the Master Mason's burial service necessary. At the solicitation of the brethren, Sir Knight Frank Fuller, Secretary of the Territory, officiated as W. M., and Colonel Evans, of the Second Cavalry, as Marshal, Chief Justice Kinney and United States Marshal Gibbs - walked in the procession, which consisted altogether of some twenty members. The services at the grave were of a highly impressive character, and were witnessed by nearly the whole of the command, together with numerous citizens. At the close of the solemnities, the fraternity changed their position while a dirge was performed by the band, and gave place to a detail of forty-eight soldiers, who fired three volleys over the grave. The procession then returned to camp in re- versed order." It may be noted that Lieutenant Darwin Chase in his youth was one of the most promising of the Mormon Elders; his name and labors in the ministry was often associated with Apostle Erastus Snow. It was supposed that the Indians mistook Lieutenant Chase for Colonel Connor and made him a particular mark. The Lieutenant's horse had more attractive trappings, which drew the attention of the Indians towards him and away from the real commander, who is said to have "sat almost motionless on his charger, within easy distance of the Indians' rifles, watching the progress of the fight and giving his orders." For the integrity of history, it must be noted that Colonel Connor in his report to the War Department did an injustice to the people of Cache Valley when he said: " I should mention here that in my march from this post no assistance was rendered by the Mormons, who seemed indisposed to divulge any information regarding the Indians, and charged enormous prices for every article furnished my command." HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 28g Accompany the above with an historical note in the Logan Branch records, from which tlie author himself copied it : " Jan. 28th, 1863, Colonel Connor passed through Logan with a company of 450 soldiers, and on the 29th he came upon and attacked a band of Indians in a deep ravine through which a small creek runs west of Bear River and twenty miles north of Franklin. The Indians resisted the soldiers and a severe battle ensued which lasted four hours, in which eighteen soldiers were killed and [many] wounded. About 200 Indians were killed and a great many wounded. Colonel Connor captured about 150 Indian ponies, and returned through Logan on Jan. 31. The weather was so intensely cold that scores of his men had their feet and hands frozen. IVe, the people of Cache Valley, looked upon the movement of Colonel Con- nor as an intervention of the Almighty, as the Indians had been a source of great annoyance to us for a long time, causing us to stand guard over our stock and other property the most of the time since our first settlement." This historical minute was made early in 1863, just after the battle of Bear River. Notice the striking proof of this in the naming of Connor's rank — '' Colonel Connor." He was not yet created Brigadier-General, for fighting that battle, when Secretary Farrell made that minute. Records are invaluable ! This one justifies Cache Valley. A misrepresentation of the Mormon people was made to the War Department, though we are quite as confident that " Colonel Connor" was too honorable to so design his report. The above will show General Con- nor's vicAvs of the Mormon people at the date of the writing of his official letter, and of the sympathy of the people of Cache Valley with the Indians. The records of Cache speak of the absolute sympathy of the entire people of Cache with the California Volunteers, and their gratitude to them for redeeming them from Indian depredations. Col. Martineau, in his most interesting sketch of the military history of Cache Valley, gives the following account of the battle : "In January, 1863, Col. P. E. Connor, with about 400 United States troops, fought the battle of Bear River, about twelve miles north of Franklin. Thi^ action, though more properly belonging to the annals of the United States army^ we think should be noticed in this connection, as it had an immense influence in settling Indian affairs in Northern Utah, and especially in Cache County. Indian outrages against settlers and travelers had grown more and more frequent and audacious, until they became unbearable, and Colonel Connor determined to put an end to them. Making forced marches from Camp Douglas to Franklin during an intensely cold winter and through deep snow, his command left Franklin some hours before daylight, and after a march of twelve miles, found the Indians, numbering about 400 warriors, very strongly posted in the deep ravine through which Battle Creek enters Bear River. To attack this natural fortress the troops had to cross an open plain about half a mile in width, in plain view of the In- dians, who were hidden behind the steep banks of the stream. The troops reached Bear River early in the morning of an intensely cold day. The river was full of running ice, but was gallantly forded, many of the mengetting wet^' and afterwards having their feet and legs frozen. 9 2^0 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. "As the troops advanced they met a deadly fire from the Indian rifles; but without wavering pressed steadily on, and after a bloody contest of some hours, in which the Indians fought with desperation, the survivors, about loo in number, fled. Pocatello and Saguich, two noted chiefs, escaped, but Bear Hunter was killed while making bullets at a camp fire. When struck he fell forward into the fire and perished miserably. For years he had been as a thorn to the settlers, and his death caused regret in none. A simultaneous attack in front and on both flanks finally routed the Indians, whose dead, as counted by an eye-witness from Franklin, amounted to 368, besides many wounded, who afterwards died. About ninety of the slain were women and children. The troops found their camp well supplied for the winter. They burnt the camp and captured a large number of horses. The troops suffered severely in killed and wounded, besides a great number who had their feet and legs frozen by fording Bear River. The morning after the battle and an intensely cold night, a soldier found a dead squaw lying in the snow, with a little infant still alive, which was trying to draw nourishment from her icy breast. The soldiers, in mercy to the babe, killed it. On their return the troops remained all night in Logan, the citizens furnishing them supper and breakfast, some parties, the writer among the number, entertaining ten or fifteen each. The settlers furnished teams and sleighs to assist them in carrying the dead, wounded and frozen to Camp Douglas. In crossing the mountains be- tween Wellsville and Brigham City the troops experienced great hardships. They toiled and floundered all day through the deep snow, the keen, whirling blasts filling the trail as fast as made, until, worn out, the troops returned to Wellsville. Next day Bishop W. H. Maughan gathered all the men and teams in the place and assisted the troops through the pass to Salt Lake Valley. "The victory was of immense value to the settlers of Cache County and all the surrounding country. It broke the spirit and power of the Indians and enabled the settlers to occupy new and choice localities hitherto unsafe. Peter Maughan, the presiding bishop of the County, pronounced it an interposition of Providence in behalf of the settlers; the soldiers having done what otherwise the colonists would have had to accomplish with pecuniary loss and sacrifice of lives illy spared in the weak state of the settlements. This was the universal sen- timent of the County. It made the flocks and herds and lives of the people comparatively safe; for though the survivors were enraged against the people of the County, whom they regarded as in a manner aiding and abetting the troops, they felt themselves too weak to forcibly seek revenge." HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 2gi CHAPTER XXXIII. GREAT MASS MEETING OF THE CITIZENS TO PROTEST AGAINST THE CONDUCT OF GOVERNOR HARDING AND JUDGES WAITE AND DRAKE. THE READ- ING OF HIS MESSAGE TO THE LEGISLATURE. DEEP INDIGNATION OF THE PEOPLE. STIRRING DENUNCIATIONS BY THE LEADERS OF THE PEOPLE. RESOLUTIONS. PETITION TO ABRAHAM LINCOLN FOR THE REMOVAL OF THE GOVERNOR AND JUDGES. A COMMITTEE APPOINTED TO WAIT UPON THEM AND ASK THEIR RESIGNATION IN THE NAME OF THE PEOPLE. THE COMMITTEE'S REPORT. In the Spring of 1863 there occurred a demonstration of the people of Great Salt Lake City over the conduct of Governor Harding and Judges Waite and Drake. An immense mass meeting was held in the city on the 3rd of March As a prelude to the proceedings Captain Thomas' brass band played " Hail Col- umbia," after which the meeting organized with the Hon. Daniel Spencer, chair- man. Next came a prayer from the chaplain, Joseph Young, for divine guidance in their important business, followed by the band playing the " Star Spangled Banner," after which the Hon. John Taylor arose and briefly stated the object of the meeting. They had met together, he said, for the purpose of investi- gating certain acts of several of the United States ofificials now in the Territory. It was a mass meeting of the citizens, and he, for one, desired to hear a proper statement of the course of the persons alluded to, so far as that affected the citizens of the Territory, laid before the people, and that such action might be adopted as they thought proper, and as the circumstances demanded. The time had come for certain documents to be placed before the people and before the country, and on which they could not avoid taking action. Though the Legislature was under no obligation at the opening of the session to publish the Governor's message — as such action on their part was purely compli- mentary — they did at first contemplate doing so, but on reflection, considered that the character of that message was such that they could not with respect to themselves and to the community do so, and many were of opinion that its pub- lication at that time might have subjected his Excellency to the insult which his intemperate language had provoked. Mr. Taylor then gave place to the Hon. Albert Carrington, who read the message from the printed Journals of the Leg- islature. " Gentlemen of the Council and House of Representatives of the Territory of Utah : "Since the adjournment of the eleventh annual session of this body, the office of Governor of this Territory has been conferred upon me according to law. On the 7th day of July last I arrived in this city and assumed the duties of my office. I had heard much of the industry and enterprise of the people of 2g2 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Utah, but I must admit that my most sanguine expectations were more than real- ized upon my arrival here. A few years since this Territory was only known as a desert. I found it the home of a large and thriving population, who have ac- complished wonders in the short period that it has been settled ; and under the steady progress of labor, protected in its indefensible rights, the whole area em- braced in the Organic Act establishing this Territory must present a spectacle to the people of the United States a, satisfactory to them as it is creditable to your- selves. " The present season has been one of unusual abundance, not only here, but throughout the entire Union; and, notwithstanding civil war has made desolate many of the fairest districts which have ever been the abode of a civilized people; yet He w^ho has promised 'seed time and harvest,' and ' the rain to fall upon the unjust as well as the just,' has still remembered the whole American people with superabundant mercies. If the harmony of the world has been marred, it has not been through the withholding of His kindness from the nation. "It is not necessary for me to dwell upon the causes which have superin- duced the unhappy troubles now existing in the States of the American Union. That African slavery, and the unnatural antagonisms which grow out of that re- lation, lie at the foundation, I have no doubt. I am aware that other reasons have been assigned^ but such reasons are confined to but very few in comparison to the many who will agree with me in my propTisition. That it is the duty of every lover of human liberty and friend of republican institutions on this conti nent to stand by the Government in its present trials is, to my mind, a proposition too clear for argument. Notwithstanding organized treason is still making gigantic efforts to carry out its purpose of the destruction of the Union, yet I am happy in the belief that the rebellion has culminated; that it can never be as strong again as it has been for a few months past. The extremest measures have been resorted to in the rebel States to put the last man in the field for the pur- pose of sustaining the rebel flag ; nevertheless, that flag has been compelled to retreat step by step before the victorious legions of the Union, and still there are millions of men to be called into the field, if it shall hereafter be found that those millions are needed. "CONSERVATISM OF THE ADMINISTRATION. "The most conservative advocate of the Union, no matter what his opinions heretofore may have been on the question of slavery, cannot complain of the policy of the Administration of President Lincoln in dealing with this question. While it was known to all men that 4,000,000 of chattel slaves were supplying their rebel masters with means to prosecute their work of ruin to the Govern- ment, and for the overthrow of the Constitution — the joint labors of our common ancestors; yet that same Government, through its civil ministers and military commanders, it must be confessed, hesitated long to strike the rebel interests where its blows could be made to tell with mo?t terrible effect. "OBJECTS OF THE WAR. "The present war has not been prosecuted by the Fedfal Government be- HIS TOR V OF SAL T LAKE^ CITY. 2gj cause of any hostility towards the institutions of the Southern Slates, but to pre- serve the union of the great family of States. The question of emancipation, or no Union, has been thrust upon the President. In meeting that question he has shown a patriotic wisdom worthy the head of a great nation. If the Union could have been preserved and slavery still suffered to remain intact, that institu- tion would never have been disturbed by the American people, but would have been suffered to expand its malign influences in the impoverishment of the soil where it exists, until finally it must have perished by the inexorable law of retri- bution, which, like an avenging Nemesis, is ever following in the track of wrong. But no matter when or how the present difficulties may be settled, slavery is doomed — it must perish, from the very nature of things. "proclamation of emancipation. "On the first day of January, proximo, the time given by the President to the slave masters of the rebel States will have expired. If madness shall still rule 111 their councils and no returning sense of duty or patriotism shall haVe been awakened in their hearts, and they shall still refuse to return to that allegiance which is their plainest duty, then the President, exercising that power which he holds as commander-in-chief, and which, as a war power, no man, whose opinions are entitled to the least respect, has ever denied, will by proclamation declare the freedom of every slave in the States or districts of States, where such rebellion shall then exist. This new order of things may for a time jostle the commercial interests of not only this country, but of the whole civilized world; but order and harmony will soon be restored, and our system of Government will still be preserved, with no disturbing element remaining — a beacon-light to the nations, and a'refuge to countless millions who will come after us. "ADMISSION OF THE STATE OF DESERET INTO THE UNION. "After the adjournment of the last session of this body, in accordance with a joint resolution emanating therefrom, the people of this Territory proceeded to elect delegates to form a Constitution for the State of Deseret ; and after such Constitution was formed and adopted, the people proceeded to elect a Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, and other officers, amongst which was a representative to Congress; and also two United States Senators were elected. One of the gen- tlemen elected as a United States Senator proceeded to Washington City and caused to be laid before Congress the object of his mission. He was treated with that courtesy to which a gentleman on so grave a mission should ever be entitled. He was permitted to occupy a seat within the bar of the Senate chamber, and was otherwise received with the kindest consideration. In consequence of the lateness of the session, it could not be expected that more would have been done than was in the premises. The Constitution and other documents were referred to the appropriate committee, where the matter now rests. That the question will be taken up at the approaching session of Congress and acted on in that spirit of fairness that becomes a great and generous nation, I have no doubt. "I am sorry to say that since my sojourn amongst you I have heard no sen- timents, either publicly or privately expressed, that would lead me to believe that 29t HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. much sympathy is felt by any considerable number of your people in favor of the Government of the United States, now struggling for its very existence ' in the valley and shadow ' through which it has been called to pass. If I am mistaken in this opinion no one will rejoice more than myself in acknowledging my error. I would, in the name of my bleeding country, that you, as the representatives of public sentiment here, would speedily pass such a resolution as will extort from me, if necessary, a public acknowledgment of my error, if error I have committed. "I have said this in no unkind spirit; I would much rather learn that the fault has been on my part and not on yours. " I regret also to say, I have found in conversing with many gentlemen of social and political influence, that because the question of the admission of this Territory into the Union was temporarily postponed, distrust is entertained in re- gard to the friendly disposition of the Federal Government, and expressions have been used amounting to inuendoes at least, as to what the result might be in case the admission should be rejected or postponed. Every such manifestation of spirit on the part of the objectors is, in my opinion, not only unbecoming, but is based on an entire misconception of the rights of the opplicant, and the duties of the representatives of the States composing the Union. "The Constitution of the United States provides, in Art. 4, and Sec. 3, ' that new States may be admitted by Congress in this Union,' etc. The question properly arises, when and how are they to be admitted? Not, surely, upon the demand of the people of the Territory seeking to be admitted, but upon the con- sent of Congress. When that consent becomes a right to be demanded, depends on circumstances. It is doubtless the interest and policy of the Federal Govern- ment to admit the Territories belonging to it to the status and condition of States whenever there is a sufficient population to warrant it, and they apply to Con- gress with a Constitution republican in spirit and form. '* But still the Congress has not only the right but it is one of their gravest duties, to see that this great boon is not conferred upon a people unprepared to enter into the great political family on a basis that is unjust to other members of the Union. Amongst the first inquiries is that in relation to the population of the Territory knocking for admission. Is it such as to entitle a State to a mem- ber in the House of Representatives? If such is the case, and the Constitution which has been adopted as the organic law is such as the Constitution of the United States contemplates; if the same has been adopted in good faith, and the people are loyal to the Constitution and the laws, and desire the welfare of the Federal Government, then it becomes not only the duty of the Congress to ad- mit such applicant, but the latter has a right morally and politically to demand such admission. But on the other hand, if it is not clearly shown that there is a sufficient population, that the Constitution is republican in form and spirit, that the same has been adopted in good faith, and that the people are loyal to the Federal Government and to the laws, then the right to make such demand does not exist-, nor should the application be entertained after these facts appear. "The admission of a new State into the Union is, or ought to be, attended with gravest consideration. For instance, suppose the population of the Terri- HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 295 tory is known to fall far short of the number that entitles the present members of the Union to a representation in Congress, should it be thought hard or strange that objections should be made? Is it thought a hardship that the people of the State of New York, comprising 4,000,000, are not willing that their voices should be silenced in the Senate of the United States by 60,000 or 80,000 in one of the Territories? I am aware that precedents may be cited in some few instances, where these reasons have been overlooked and disregarded, but that fact does not affect the question under consideration. The reasons which controlled Congress at the time referred to were never good and sound ones, but we found in the wishes and ambition of political parties, anxious to control the vote in the electoral col- lege, for chief magistrate. If the precedent was a bad one, the sooner it is changed the better for all parties concerned. "In connection with this subject, I respectfully recommend the propriety of passing an act whereby a correct census may be taken of the population of the Territory. If it shall be found that the population is sulificient to entitle it to one representative in Congress, on the present basis, I shall be most happy in aiding you to the extent of my humble abilities, in forwarding any movements having for their end, the admission of the Territory into the Union as a State. "POLYGAMY. " It would be disingenuous if I were not to advert to a question, though seem- ingly it has nothing to do with the premises, is yet one of vast importance to you as a people, and which cannot be ignored — I mean that institution which is not only commended but encouraged by you, and which, to say the least of it, is an anomaly throughout Christendom — I mean polygamy, or, if you please, plural wives. In approaching this delicate subject, I desire to do so in no offensive manner or unkind spirit; yet the institution, founded upon no written statute of your Territory, but upon custom alone exists. It is a patent fact, and your own public teachers, by speech and pamphlet, on many occasions, have challenged its investigation at the bar of Christendom. I will not on this occasion be drawn into a discussion either of its morality or its Bible authority; I will neither affirm or deny any one of the main proceedings on which it rests. That there is seem- ing authority for its practice in the Old Testament Scripture, cannot be denied. " But still there were many things authorized in the period of the world when they were written which could not be tolerated now without overturning the whole system of our civilization, based, as it is, on the new and better revelation of the common Savior of us all. While it must be confessed that the practice of polygamy prevailed to a limited extent, yet it should be remembered that it was in that age of the world when the twilight of a semi-barbarism had not yielded to the effulgence of the coming day, and when the glory and fame of the kings of Israel consisted more in the beauty and multitude of their concubines than in the wisdom of their counselors. "An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth," was once the lex talionis of the great Jewish law-giver. So capital punishment was awarded for Sabbath breaking ; and there were many other statutes and cus- toms which at this age of the world, if adopted, would carry us backward into the centuries of barbarism. 2g6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. " I lay it down as a sound i)roposition that no community can happily exist with an institution as important as that of marriage wanting in all those qualities that make it homogeneai with institutions and laws of neighboring civilized communi- ties having the same object. Anomalies in the moral world cannot long exist in a state of mere abeyance; they must form the very nature of things, become ag- gressive, or they will soon disappear from the force of conflicting ideas. This proposition is sujjported by the history of our race, and is so plain that it may be set down as an axiom. If we grant this to be true, we may sum up the conclu- sion of the argument as follows: either the laws and opinions of the community by which you are surrounded must become subordinate to your customs and opinions, or, on the other hand, you must yield to theirs. The conflict is irre- pressible. " But no matter whether this anomaly shall disappear or remain amongst you, it is your duty at least, to guard it against flagrant abuse. That plurality of wives is tolerated and believed to be right, may not appear so strange. But that a mother and her daughter are allowed to fulfill the duties of wives to the same hus- band, or that a man could be found in all Christendom who could be induced to take upon himself such a relationship, is perhaps no less a marvel in morals than in matters of taste. The bare fact that such practices are tolerated amongst you is sufficient evidence that the human passions, whether excited by religious fa- naticism or otherwise, must be restrained and subject to laws, to which all must yield obedience. No community can long exist without absolute social anarchy unless so important an institution as that of marriage laws is regulated by law. It is the basis of our civilization, and in it the whole question of the descent and distribution of real and personail estate is involved. " Much to my astonishment, I have not been able to find any laws upon the statutes of this Territory regulating marriage. I earnestly recommend to your early consideration the passage of some law that will meet the exigencies of the people. "act of congress against polygamy. "I respectfully call your attention to an Act of Congress passed the first day of July, 1862, entitled "An Act to punish and prevent the practice of polygamy in the Territories of the United States, and in other places, and disapproving and annulling certain Acts of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory ot Utah." (Chap. CXXVII. of the Statutes at Large of the last Session of Congress, page 501.) I am aware that there is a prevailing opinion here that said Act is uncon- stitutional, and therefore it is recommended by those in high authority that no regard whatever should be paid to the same — and still more to be regretted, if I am rightly informed, in some instances it has been recommended that it be openly disregarded and defied, meanly to defy the same. " I take this occasion to warn the peoi)le of this Territory against such dan- gerous and disloyal counsel. Whether such Act is unconstitutional or not, is not necessary for me either to affirm or deny. The individual citizen, under no cir- cumstances whatever, has the right to defy any law or statute of the United •States with impunity. In doing so, he takes upon himself the risk of the penal- HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CrTY. 297 ties of that statute, be they what they may, in case his judgment should be in error. The Constitution has amply provided how and where all such questions of doubt are to be submitted and settled, viz : in the courts constituted for that pur- pose. To forcibly resist the execution of that Act would, to say the least, be a high misdemeanor, and if a whole community should become involved in such resistance, would call downu pon it the consequences of insurrection and rebellion. I hope and trust that no such rash counsels will prevail. If, unhappily, I am mistaken in this, I choose to shut my eyes to the consequences. "LIBERTY OF CONSCIENCE. "Amongst the most cherished and sacred rights secured to the citizens of the United States, is the right 'to worship God according to the dictates of con- science.' It would have been strange indeed, if the founders of our Government had not thrown around the citizen this irrevocable guaranty, when it is remem- bered that so many of the framers of the Constitution must have been familiar with the acts of the British Parliament against 'non-conformists,' and had wit- nessed the injustice and hardship resulting therefrom. They had seen men of the most exalted abilities and virtues excluded from places of public trust for no other reason than that they would not subscribe to all of the dogmas of a church established by law. They had witnessed, at the same time, other men of the most questionable integrity and morality clothed in the robes of prelate and bishop, exacting without stint or mercy, enormous revenues from an unwilling people, and spending the same in the pursuit of an unholy ambition, and in a luxury that better befitted some Eastern satrap than the followers of ' the meek and lowly Jesus,' in whom they professed to believe. In the light of their past experience, and inspired by the great primal truths of the Declaration, the 'in- defeasible rights of man to the enjoyment of life, liberty and the pursuit of hap- piness' still sounding in their ears, they founded a government on the basis of religious tolera.ion, before unknown to mankind. This could not well have been otherwise, from the very nature of things. It was the inevitable corollary that proceeded from the premises, and thus was it that religion was made a matter be- tween man and his Maker, and not between man and the Government. "But here arises a most important question, a question perhaps that has never yet been asked or fully answered in this country — how far does the right of con- science extend? Is there any limit to this right? and, if so, where shall the line of demarcation be drawn, designating that which is not forbidden from that which is? This is indeed a most important inquiry, and from the tendency of the times, must sooner or later be answered. I cannot and will not on this occasion pretend to answer this question, but will venture the suggestion that when it is answered the same rules will be adopted as if the freedom of speech and of the press were in- volved in the argument. "Let us refer to this provision of the Constitution; it is found in the first article of the amendments: ' Congress shall make no laws respecting the establish- ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the free- dom of speech or of the press ' Can we logically infer from the above provision that these rights are not co-rela'ive, or that they do not rest on the same princi- 2pS HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. pies? that one of these rights is of more importance to the citizen than the other, and that his duty in their ' free exercise ' is not the same ? I think not. "Let us briefly examine this proposition. Because 'the freedom of speech and of the press ' is guaranteed, can the citizen thereby be allowed to speak slanderously and falsely of his neighbor? Can he write and print a libel with impunity? He certainly cannot; and his folly would almost amount to idiocy if he should appeal to the Constitution to shield him from the consequences of his acts. But the question may be asked — why not? The answer is at hand. Simply because he is not allowed to abuse these rights. If, upon a prosecution for slan- der or libel, the defendant should file his plea setting up that provision of the Constitution as a matter of defense, the plea would not only be bad on demurrer, but the pleader would be looked upon as a very bad lawyer. Will any one in- form me why the same parity of reasoning should not apply in one case as the other ? " That if an act, in violation of law and repugnant to the civilization in the midst of which that act has been committed, should be followed by a prosecution, could be justified under the guaranty of the Constitution securing the 'free ex- ercise of religion' more than in the case above cited? I shall pause for an answer. There can be no limits beyond which the mind cannot dwell, and our thoughts soar in their aspirations after truth. We may think what we will, believe what we will, and speak what we will, on all subjects of speculative the- ology. We may believe with equal impunity the Talmud of the Jew, the Bible of the Christian, the Book of Mormon, the Koran, or the Veda of the Brahmin. We cannot elevate, other than by moral forces, the human soul from the low plane of ignorance and barbarism, whether it worships for its God, the Llama of the Tartars, or the Beetle of the Egyptians. But when religious opinions assume new manifestations and pass from mere sentiments into overt acts, no matter whether they be acts of faith or not, they must not outrage the opinions of the civilized world, but, on the other hand, must conform to those usages established by law, and which are believed to underlie our civilization. "But, the question returns — Is there any limit to the 'free exercise of re- ligion?' If there is not, then in the midst of the nineteenth century, human victims may be sacrificed as an atonement for sin, and "widows may be burned alive on the funeral pile." Is there one here who believes that such shocking barbarisms could be practiced in the name of religion, and in the 'free exercise thereof in any State or Territory of the United States? If not, then there must be a limit to this right under consideration, and it only remains for the proper tribunal at the proper time to fix the boundaries, as each case shall arise involving that question. " POWERS VESTED IN THE GOVERNOR BY THE ORGANIC ACT. "The Act of Congress organizing the Territory of Utah, and providing a Government therein, defined with sufficient certainty the duties of each depart- ment in said Government. These several departments were made to consist of the Executive, the Legislative and the Judicial. Amongst the duties imposed upon the Governor, is that of nominating certain officers, by and with the advice and <:onsent of the Council. The first question that arises under this head is, what HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 2gg officers are lo be nominated by tlie Governor? The seventh section of said Act is in the following words: 'And be it further enacted, that all township, dis- trict and county officers, not herein otherwise provided for, shall be appointed, or elected, as the case may be, in such manner as shall be provided for by the Gov- ernor and Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah.' The Governor shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council (not Assembly) appoint all officers not herein otherwise provided for, etc. Town- ship, district and county officers are to be appointed or elected, as the case may be, in such manner as the Governor and Legislative Assembly may direct. It is clear to my mind that the Organic Act contemplates two classes of officers, viz: township, district and county, and another class not included in the former, which embraces all officers strictly Territorial, such as attorney-general for the Territory, marshal, auditor, treasurer, etc. "I cannot arrive at any other conclusion in the examination of the Act, than that the officers not included in the first class must be appointed by the Governor, by and wiih consent of the Legislative Council, and cannot be elected, as in the former instance, by joint ballot of the Legislative Assembly, have held such offices contrary to law and have been removed upon the prosecution of a writ of quo zvarranto. It follows further, that if such officers acted without authority of law their acts were void, and are not binding upon the citizens. This becomes a question of much importance when we consider the hardship and inconvenience that may hereafter grow out of the same. I respectfully submit for your consider- ation, whether it would not be safer either to pass some law legalizing the acts of such persons, while in the supposed discharge of their duties, or it may be that it would require an Act of Congress legalizing such assumed official acts, ''Before dismissing this part of my subject, I feel it to be my duty to suggest to you whether a very grave question may not hereafter arise as to the authority of the Legislative Assembly to elect by joint ballot any of the officers denomin- ated as ' township, district or county officers.' I have been unofficially advised that the word ' election ' as used in the Organic Act, might be held to refer to the people, and not to the Legislative Assembly. If such a question should hereafter arise, and such a possible view should be taken in deciding this question, it would involve the most serious consequences. I will express no opinion on the subject. I only raise the question for your consideration. "revision and codification of the statutes. " I respectfully call your attention to the necessity of a thorough revision and codification of the statutes of this Territory. I am aware that something was attempted at your last session in that direction ; but it seems to me that the committee which had that duty under their charge stopped far short of what was required at their hands. It is the duty of the law makers to leave the statutes by which the people are to be governed so plain in their several requirements that the stranger cannot be misled. It is extremely difficult to ascertain what precise statutes are in force on many subjects in this Territory. Besides this, there are many provisions in the statutes manifestly unjust, and whilst they remain must be considered anomalies. I will not consume time in any argumentation on this joo HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. subject, believing that i: will be only necessary to call your attention to the facts as they exist. "Amongst the most objectionable of these provisions, may be found the fol- lowing in the revised statutes of 1855, and which are still in force: "Chap. 5, relating to justices of the peace. Sees. 8, 15, 19. "Chap. 3, relating to the procedure in civil cases. Sec. 28. "Chap. 6, relating to attorneys-at-la\v. This whole chapter should be re- pealed. "Chap. 12, relating to estates of decedents. Sees. 14, 24, 25, 26. The great objection to these sections is, that no limit whatever is fixed to the value of the estate, thereby cutting off claims which ought to be paid, when there is enough to do so, and still the family will be left in comfortable circumstances. "Chap. 18, in relation to divorces. There should be a specified time when such notice of the pendency of the application should be given to the defendant. Sec. 18, in the same chapter, gives the probate judge power too plenary. In ques- tions of so much importance, the party should have the benefit of a trial by jury. " Chap. 32 should be stricken from the statute. No such crime as treason against a Territory is known to the laws. "I call your attention especially to sections 112 and 113, under the title of 'Justifiable Killing, and the Prevention of Public Offences.' These provisions are too palpably unjust to stand a day on your statutes. It would be an easy matter for a man to be murdered, and yet under these provisions his murderer could escape under the plea that the circumstances were such as to excite his fears that certain acts either would be done or had been, for which he claimed the immunity of the statute. If your laws against the offenses therein named are not sufficiently penal, make them so; but to authorize by a public statute the kill- ing of a man on mere suspicion that he has committed or will commit certain acts, which are less than capital upon his conviction after a fair trial, seems to be most cruel and unjust. In China, it is said that a high Mandarin of the ' blue button ' may kill with impunity a person suspected of stealing rice, and cut open his stomach to find the evidence of his guilt. In no other instance have I been able to find any statute or custom analogous to the one under consideration. No com- munity can adopt the principles contained in that statute without soon becoming (dropping the figure) ' as a whitened sepulchre filled with dead men's bones. "VOTING BY BALLOT. "I respectfully call your attention to Chap. 47, Sec. 5, in relation to voting at elections by ballot. Said section is as follows: 'Each elector shall pro- vide himself with a vote containing the names of the persons he wishes elected, and the offices he would have them fill, and present it neatly folded to the judge of the election, who shall number it and deposit it in the ballot-box. The clerk shall then write down the name of the elector opposite the number of his vote.' Why the elector should be required to provide himself a vote and present it neatly folded, perhaps can be satisfactorily explained ; but I confess that the ob- ject of voting by ballot is completely defeated by the above provisions. Why HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 301 not vote viva voce at once. The great object to be obtained in voting at our popular elections is absolute freedom of the elector in depositing his vote. Hence it is that in most, if not all the States, the right of voting by secret ballot is secured to the elector by stringent laws. The reason is obvious. A thousand circumstances might so com]:)letely surround the elector that he would be com- pelled oftentimes to vote against the convictions of his judgment, and yet could not, if interested and powerful parties were permitted to exercise their control over him in the discharge of one of his most sacred duties. " In connection with this subject, I take pleasure in adopting the language of my worthy predecessor. Governor Gumming, as being eminently fit and proper : ' Many of the laws now on the statute book w«re passed under a con- dition of things which will soon cease to exist. You cannot reasonably anticipate a continuance of the partial isolation which has characterized your early his- tory in this region. It must be borne in mind, that you are situated upon the great highway between the oceans, which is already traversed by expresses and telegraphs, and is soon to witness the establishment of a railroad trans- porting through your valleys the commodities of the world. It would be well that you make timely preparation for changes that are fast approaching you, and are ultimately inevitable. New relations between yourselves and the outer world must occur. I would therefore urge upon you that you appoint a com- mittee to prepare a code of laws suitable for the present and future requirements of this community. The judges are constituted your legal advisers in these matters — to them I refer you.' If this was true in i860, how much more is it true to-day? The constantly increasing travel over the great Overland Mail route, the thousands of emigrants passing yearly through your Territory, many of whom become permanent citizens, admonish all of us that your days of isolation from the outside world have forever passed. Even if it were desirable, you can- not longer remain icolated and walled in by these natural ramparts around you. Every canyon susceptible of improvement will be converted into some thorough- fare where the never-ceasing tide of our population will be poured along. Every nook and valley, which for ages have been trodden by wild beasts or savage men, will become the home of some enterprising citizen whose right it will be to claim the protection of just and wholesome laws. "FINANCIAL. "T herewith annex the auditor's and treasurer's reports for the year 1862. They have been made out with so much clearness in their details that it is only necessary for me to refer them to you, accompanying the former with a few brief suggestions. By reference to appended statement "A" in the auditor's report, it will be seen that the aggregate amount of taxable property assessed within the said Territory for the year 1862 is ^4,779,518; and the same statement shows a tax due the Territorial treasury for the current year, estimated at one per cent., of 547) 795' 18, from which will have to be taken, for cost of assessing, collecting and remittances by county courts, at least 12 per cent.; leaving a probable net revenue of 142,059.76. " The whole Territorial liability, including the direct tax assessed by the J02 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. United States, and assumed by the Territorial Legislature, January 17, 1S62, amounts to the aggregate sum of ^40,199.31. The assets out of which this sum is to be paid, by reference to the same report, amounts to the sum of $50,612. 10, leaving a balance still in the treasury on the ist day of November, 1S62, of $10,412.99. The above result cannot fail in being satisfactory to you. The report of the treasurer is so clear and concise that it is not necessary for me to add one word more than what is contained in the report itself. "Before dismissing the subject I call your attention especially to the auditor's report for the year 1861, in regard to the aggregate value of taxable property within this Territory for that year. By examining the same you will find that such aggregate amount was $5,032,184 — thereby showing the strange fact that since that assessment was made there has been a falling off in the value of taxable property within this Territory in a single year of $252,666, and what is still more remarkable, this apparent loss in Great Salt Lake County alone has been $140,280, whilst, on the other hand, in the County of Davis, there has been an apparent gain of $410,514. I am advised that the cutting off a portion of this Territory, and adding the same to that of Nevada, cannot account for this phe- nomenon. "If there is no mistake in these computations it presents a most remarkable fact indeed. I shall not attempt to account for it here, but call your attention to the same, merely adding that in the absence of great local calamities, which affect in their nature whole communities, I question whether such an instance can be found in the history of any people. But it remains with you to account for this phenomenon. This city is the heart and centre of the county where so remark- able a deficiency has developed itself, and yet there certainly has been no natural causes for this condition of things. Not only have the people stood still in all of their industrial pursuits, absolutely earning nothing over and above their current expenses that goes to swell the aggregate wealth, but there has been a positive loss, if we are to be governed by these data, in Great Salt Lake County alone, in one year, of $140,280. Can this be so, when we take into considera- tio that the present year has been one of unusual prosperity, while the labors of the husbandman have been most bountifully paid, and on every hand of this thriving city unmistakable evidences of prosperity are apparent ? This result can only be accounted for on one hypothesis, viz: in former years the valuation of property has been too high, or the present year it has been too low. These fluctu- ations to some extent will always exist from factitious causes alone, in spite of the greatest precaution; but it is the duty of the Legislature to guard not only the people but the treasury, against abuses of the kind, if any exist. There can be no wrong to the people in the collection of an ad valorem tax, providing the property has been fairly assessed and its value fairly determined. The revenue is the common fund of the people, and there should be no favoritism in the collec- tion of the same. No matter whether the individual property-holder possesses ten, twenty or a hundred thousand dollars' woith, he should submit to the same rules in determining its value, as if he was the owner only of one hundred or ten hundred dollars' worth. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. J03 "MISCELLANEOUS. "On the 29th of October last the Secretary of the Interior addressed me a letter informing me that he had designated me to receive for the Territorial Li- brary here, two sets of the documents of the 2d session of the 36th Congress; that by the Act approved the 14th March, 1862, making appropriations for the Legislative, Executive and Judicial expenses for the Government for the year ending 30th June, 1862, there is the following provision: 'Provided, that the said journals and documents shall be sent to such libraries and public institutions only as shall signify a willingness to pay the cost of transportation of the same.' Upon inquiry I find that no funds were at my disposal with which to pay for such transportation, and I notified the Department accordingly. " There will doubtless be other important documents to be distributed on the same terms hereafter, and I recommend that you provide the necessary means whereby you can avail the people of this Territory of the benefits of these donations. " I am advised that the penitentiary of this Territory is in a dilapidated condition, and that some repairs are absolutely necessary in order to make the same a safe or proper receptacle for public offenders. I recommend that you me- morialize Congress upon that subject. "I have not been able to find any law upon your statutes inaugurating a common school system, or that any money has been appropriated with a view to that end, although you have appropriated money to other objects of much less importance, for instance, in keeping up a quasi military establishment at a con- siderable expense to the people. As much as this condition of things at one period of your history may have been required, it seems to me that the time has passed when the Territorial fund should be used for that purpose at the expense of so important a measure as that which looks to the education of the rising genera- tion amongst you. I need not dwell here upon the importance of common schools ; your intelligence must supply any argumentation on my part. " The condition of the militia of this Territory is unknown to me. Although the statute organizing the i-ame makes it the duty of the lieutenant-general com- manding to report to the Governor, who is recognized as commander-in-chief, on or before the ist day of December, annually; yet no such report has been made to me, and therefore I am wholly uninformed on the subject. If I shall hereafter deem it my duty, I may require that such report be made. " There are many other topics to which, perhaps, I ought to refer, but I have no data from which to draw conclusions. If reports on any of these subjects shall hereafter be made to me I will communicate them to you, with such suggestions as I shall deem proper. " INDIAN TROUBLES. " Complaints have been frequently made to me during the past summer and up to a recent period by immigrants who have suffered great loss and violence from hostile Indian bands who infest some parts of this and adjoining Territories whilst peacefully pursuing their travel to such points of destination as was their rioht to do; and from statements which I believe to be reliable, certain residents of this 304 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Territory have been known openly to barter and trade with the Indians for cloth- ing and other articles which they at the time must have known were the spoils and plunder from murdered citizens. These practices have, in my opinion, a direct tendency to encourage these outrages against humanity. I respectfully suggest for your consideration whether any legislation is demanded at your hands to pre- vent these outrages in the future. The presence of a military command here will doubtless have a tendency to prevent many of these horrors. " I am glad that I am enabled to inform you that the Federal Government has made arrangements to hold treaties with some if not all the tribes of Indians that have so long infested this and neighboring Territories, and it is to be hoped that this will be done at an early day, and the Indian title to the lands therein be speedily extinguished, and such disposition will be made of their former occupants as becomes a great, generous and just Government. " HOMESTEAD ACT. "On the I st day of January, 1863, the Homestead Act passed on the 20th May last will go into effect, thereby enabling any person who is of the age of 21 years, or who is the head of a family, or who has performed service in the army or navy of the United States, and who has not been in arms against the United States, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof, and has declared his inten- tion to become a citizen of the same, to enter on and take possession of 160 acres of any of the public lands not otherwise appropriated, and by cultivating the same for the term of five years, and paying ^10, will, upon the compliance with these conditions, be entitled to a' patent for the same. Thus will it be in the power of every loyal citizen to possess a homestead of 160 acres of land, secured from all liabilities from any debts which he may have contracted prior to his patent for the same. When it is remembered that the beneficent act was intended to secure a home to every loyal citizen, on terms so easy and just, its consequences for good cannot well be estimated to the present and future generations. What patriotic devotion does the recipient of this great boon not owe to the Govern- ment that thus shields himself and his family from the possibility of want, if he will make use of the means that God and nature have given him ! What should be the character of that loyalty due from the citizens from such a Government — a Government which enables him at one bound, although ruined in his fortunes, to spring from indigence and poverty to comparative ease and independence? The Indian title to the lands in our vast territories will soon be extinguished, and they will be open to settlement on the terms above presented. What inducements are there which are not held out to those just beginning life, and who may reason- ably hoi^e to witness thriving cities springing up where the wild Indian now lights his camp fires and pitches his rude lodge ! " When it is also remembered that every rood 01 land in this Territory will be open to the citizens, upon no harder terms than that they will occupy and cultivate it, and remain loyal to our common Government, who should doubt for a moment that such a golden opportunity shall l)e offered in vain, or that one link shall be stricken from the chain of sympathy that should ever bind us alike in interest, in body and soul, to that same benign and just Government ? HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 305 " CONCLUSION. " I have ft It it vny duty to urge upon your earnest consideration the sugges- tions and measures herein recommended; at the same time I felt that I would be wanting in proper respect to you were I to accompany each of these recommenda- tions with an assignment of all the reasons which might be urged in their favor. I am accountable to the Government of our common country for these recom- mendations. You too are accountable to the same tribunal and to your immediate constituents for the disposition that you make of them. It is your province and duty to consider and discuss them, and either adopt or reject them as your wis- dom shall determine. "I desire to assure you, gentlemen, that nothing in my power shall be want- ing to demonstrate my honest regard for the interest and welfare of the people of this Territory. They deserve much at the hands of the Federal Government for their persevering industry ; and, so far as my humble efforts may contribute to that end they shall never be wanting. No matter what differences of opinion may exist between us on many subjects, I will endeaver to convince you of my sincerity by the uprightness of my conduct, and shall always be satisfied with the discharge of rny official duties, when I know that they stand approved by the general voice of the people. "May each one of you be clothed with wisdom from on high, in the dis- charge of the important duties which devolve upon you, and may your delibera- tions be such as not only to secure the lasting peace, happiness and prosperity of the people of this Territory, but also redound to the welfare and glory of our common county. STEPHEN S. HARDING. " Great Salt Lake City, U. T., Decembers, 1862:' The reading of the message was listened to with great attention, and at its conclusion, the audience unmistakably indicated their uneasiness over the insult offered to their representatives, who had been forced to listen to its delivery by the Governor in person. There was one deep feeling of contempt manifest for its author. Mr. Carrington then alluded to the inconsistences of the Governor's professions and his actions. He said his Excellency reminded him of the man and his cow. He commenced with sweet apples and at every opportunity threw in the onions. The Governor commenced with admitting that the Constitution debarred him from interfering with their religious rights, and at every oppor- tunity throughout the message he attacked them. He said he would neither afifirm nor deny with regard to the question of polygamy, yet at the same time, he held it up to ridicule and obloquy, and everywhere affirming that it was not only contrary to civilization, but anomalous, and that it could not be en- dured, was contrary to the law and unconstitutional, while at the same time he conceded that it was a religious rite and a matter of faith with the people. These were, he said, a few of the reasons which induced the Legislative Assembly to waive the complimentary publication of the message, in hopes that his Excel- lency might consider his folly, mend his ways and pursue the course which he promised in the latter part of his message; but how consistently he had acted J 06 HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. since that time, the audience would be able to judge after tiie reading of other documents during the meeting. IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS FROM WASHINGTON. Mr. Carrington then read correspondence from Hon. John M. Bernhisel, Delegate to Congress, and from the Hon. Wm. H. Hooper, Senator-elect, in which the unjustifiable proceedings of Governor Harding and the Associate-Jus- tices Waite and Drake were exposed. Mr. Carrington read an extract from a letter, dated Washington, 2 2d January, in which Governor Harding was repre- sented to have communicated to the Hon. Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-President of the United States and President of the Senate, his message, accompanied by a letter stating that the message had been suppressed through the influence of one of our prominent citizens, referring, unquestionably, to Governor Young. The following is the last paragraph of the letter referred to : " I entertain strong hopes that we shall be able to obtain, before the termi- nation of the session, an appropriation to liquidate your Indian amounts, unless prevented by Governor Harding's insinuation of the disloyalty of our peopled The following is an extract from a letter, dated Washington, February, 1863 : "On the nth of December last, Senator Browning introduced a bill in the Senate, which was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. This bill was pre- pared at Great Salt Lake City, and its enactment by Congress, recommended by Governor Harding and Judges Waite and Drake. The leading and most exceptional features of this biU are the following: ist: It limits the jurisdiction of the Pro- bate Court to the probate of wills, to the issue of letters of administration and the appointment of guardians. 2 : It authorizes the Marshal to summon any persons within the district in which the court is held that he thinks proper as jurors. 3 : It authorizes the Governor to appoint and commission at// militia officers, including Major-General, and remove them at pleasure. It also confers on the Governor authority to appoint the days for training." On the 27th of January, the Hon. Wm. H. Hooper writes from Washington that "Governor Harding is, of course, doing all he can by letters" against the people of Utah. His letter was chiefly occupied with the bill presented by Mr. Browning. The Senator's letter was entirely confirmatory of those from the pen of our Delegate. He says : "The bill has been presented, and referred back. There does not appear to have been any action on it. It has not been printed ; should it be, I will forward a copy. The bill was drawn up at Salt Lake City, and attached with eyelets. Also attached was as follows: "The bill should be passed." Signed : S. S. Harding, Governor; Waite and Drake, Associate Justices." The reading of these extracts created quite a sensation. When the insinuation of the disloyalty of the people was read, there was a loud murmur of dissatisfaction throughout the audience. Mr. Carrington's sarcastic reference to the Governor's promise "to help us" and his allusion to His Excellency's private room being a new place for drafting bills for the action of Congress, had a telling efiect upon the meeting. HIS TOR Y OF SALT LAKE CITY. joj SPEECH OF HON. JOHN TAYLOR. After the applause had subsided, which greeted his rising, Mr. Taylor said, " It has already been stated that these documents speak for themselves. They come from those who are ostensibly our guardians and the guardians of our rights. They come from men who ought to be actuated by the strictest principles of honor, truth, V rtue, integrity, and honesty, and whose high official position ought to elevate them above suspicion, yet wlatare the results? " In relation to the Governor's Message, enough perhaps has already been said. We are not here to enter into any labored political disquisitions, but to make some plain matter-of-fact statements, in which are involved the vital interests of this com- munity. There is one feature, however, in that document which deserves a passing notice. It would seem that we are by direct implication accused of disloyalty. He states that he has not heard any sentiments expressed, either publicly or pri- vately, that would lead him to believe that much sympathy is felt by any consid- erable portion of this people in favor of the Government of the United States. Perhaps we may not be so blatant and loud-spoken as some people are ; but is it not patent to this community that the Legislature, during the session of 1861-2, assumed the Territorial quota of taxation, and at the very time that his Excel- lency was uttering this infamy, a resolution passed by the House, lay on the table, requesting the secretary to place a United States flag on the State House during the session. This was a small affair, yet significant of our feelings. "It is not a matter of very grave importance to us generally what men may think of us, whether they be Government officials or not; but these allegations assume another form, and their wickedness is now rendered vindictive from the peculiar circumstances in which our nation at the present time is placed. When treason is stalking through the land, when all the energies, the wealth, the power of the United Slates have been brought into requisition to put down rebellion, when anarchy and distrust run riot through the nation ; when, under these cir- cumstances, we had a right to look for a friend in our Governor, who would, at least, fairly represent us, we have met a most insidious foe, who, through base in- sinuations, misrepresentations and falsehood, is seeking with all his power, pri- vately and officially, not only to injure us before Government, but to sap the very foundations of our civil and religious liberty ; he is, in fact, in pursuit of his un- hallowed course, seeking to promote anarchy and rebellion, and dabbling in your blood. It is then a matter of no small importance (hear, hear). Such it would seem were Governor Harding's intentions when he read this message, such were his feelings when he concocted it. The document shows upon its face that it was not hastily written; it has been well digested and every word carefully weighed. It most assuredly contains the sentiments of his heart (hear, hear), of which his Washington letters are proof positive in relation to our alleged disloyalty. " We are told about the generous reception of our senators-elect; of this we are most profoundly ignorant. Their reception was not so gracious as he would represent. He labors under error, for which we do not feel to reproach him; but what are we to think of his official letters to Washington? They are facts. What of his gracious acts of kindness to this people and to their representatives. From the statements of our representatives in Congress, he is the most vindictive jo8 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. enemv we have. The only man, it would seem, who is insidiously striving to sap the interests of the people, and to injure their reputation, yet he is our Governor, and professes to represent our interests and to feel intensely interested in our wel- fare. Let us investigate for a short time the results of his acts, should his designs be successful, leaving the allegations of treason out of the question. "We have been in the habit of thinking that we live under the auspices of a republican government; that we had the right of franchise ; that we had the privi- lege of voting for whom we pleased, and of saying who should represent us; but it may be that we are laboring under a mistake, a political illusion. We have thought too that if a man among us was accused of crimes, that it was his privi- lege to be tried by his peers ; by people whom he lived among, who would be the best judges of his actions. We have farther been of the opinion that, while act- ing in a military capacity, when we were called to muster into service, to stand in defence of our country's rights, we had a right to the selection of our own officers. It is a republican usage — we have always elected our own militia officers ; but if the plotting of Governor Harding and our honorable Judges should be carried into effect we can do so no more ; we shall be deprived of franchise, of the rights of trial by an impartial jury, and shall be placed in a military capacity, under the creatures of Governor Harding or his successors' direction ; in other words, we shall be deprived of all the rights of freemen, and placed under a mili- tary despotism ; such would be the result of the passage of this act. Let us examine it a little. An act already framed by the Governor and Judges, passed in the congress of Governor Harding's sitting room, is forwarded to Washington with a request that it be passed. Now suppose it should, what would be the result? As I have stated, we suppose that we possess the rights of franchise; that is a mistake, we do not, we only think we do. The Governor has already taken that from us. How so ? Have we not the privilege of voting for our own legis- lators, our own representatives in the Legislative Assembly? Yes. But the Gov- ernor possesses the power of veto. This old relic of Colonial barbarism ingrafted into our Territorial organization was always in existence among us, but never was so foully abused as in the person of our present Governor; he has done all he could to stop the wheels of government, and to produce dissatisfaction, and has exercised his veto to the fullest extent of his power. As an instance of this, there were twenty laws passed the Legislative Assembly, only six of which are approved ; two of those were resolutions, one changing the place of meeting from the Court House to the State House, and the other the adjournment to next session. The other four are matters of minor importance, while everything con- nected with the welfare of the community, fourteen acts, are just so much waste paper. Now, I ask, where is your franchise? In Governor Harding's pocket, or stove. "Again, in regard to juries, already referred to, you know what the usage has been, in relation to this matter. Governor Harding and the Judges want to place in the hands of the United States Marshal the power of selecting juries whom he pleases, no matter whither they come, or who they are. This is what our honorable Judges and Governor would attempt. Your liberties are aimed at, and your rights as freemen; and then, if you do not like to be disfranchised, and HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 309 your liberties trampled under foot by a stranger — 'if you do not like to have blacklegs and cutthroats sit upon your juries. Mr. Harding wants to select his own military, and choose his own officers to lead them, and then if you will noc submit, 'I will make you' [voices all over the house, 'Can't do it,' with loud applause] We know he cannot do it, but this is what he aims at. [Clapping and great applause.] When these rights are taken from us, what rights have we left? [Cries of * None.'] It could scarcely be credited that a man in his posi- tion would so far degrade himself as to introduce such outrageous principles, and it is lamentable to reflect upon, that men holding the position of United States' Judges could descend to such injustice, corruption and depravity [applause]. These things are so palpable that any man with five grains of common sense can comprehend them ; ' he that runneth may read.' It is for you to judge whether you are willing to sustain such men in the capacity they act in or not. [One unanimous cry of ' No ! ' and loud clapping]. "governor young's speech. " On Governor Young responding to the invitation to address the meeting, and approaching the speaker's desk, he was greeted with prolonged deafening ap- plause. He stated that he had no intention of delivering a lengthy address, but while he spoke he would solicit the quiet of the assembly. He knew well the feelings of his auditory; but would prefer that they should suppress their demon- strations of applause to other times and places, when they might have less busi- ness and more leisure. On the resumption of perfect silence, he said that they had heard the message of the Governor to the last Legislature of Utah. They would readily perceive that the bread was buttered, but there was poison under- neath. It seemed to him that the enemies of the Union, of the Constitution and of the nation, were determined to ruin if they could not rule. A foreseeing person might suppose that they conspired to bring about a revolution in the west, so as to divide the Pacific from the Atlantic States, for their acts tended to that end. He believed that no true Democrat, no true Republican desired to see the nation distracted as it now was, but the labors of fanatics, whether they had plans which they comprehended or not, were in that direction. When Governor Hard- ing came to this Territory last July, he sought to ingratiate himself into the es- teem of our prominent citizens, with whom he had early intercourse, by his pro- fessed friendship and attachment to the people of Utah. He was then full of their praises, and said that he was ready to declare that he would stand in the de- fense of polygamy, or he should have to deny the Bible, and that he had told the President of the United States before he left Washington, that if he was called upon to agitate the question, he would haveto take the side of polygamy, or he should have to renounce the Bible. He said, in the Bowery, on the 24th of July, and at other places and at other times that if he ever learned that he vvas obnox- ious to the people, and they did not wish his presence, he would leave the Territory. [Voices everywhere, 'He had better go now.'] " He was not aware whether the two Associate Judges were tools operating with him, or whether they knew no better. The success sought in their schemes was the establishment of a military government over the Territory, in the hopes J 10 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. of goading on the people to open rupture with the general government. Then, they would call out that Utah was disloyal ! He was aware that nothing would please such men better than the arrest of all progress Westward ; they would, no doubt of it, be delighted to see the stoppage of travel across the plains and all intercourse by mail or telegraph destroyed. Any amount of money had been employed by parties interested in mail transportation and pastenger travel to the Pacific, by way of Panama, to destroy the highway across the plains; and there were men among them not above operating to the accomplishment of that end, under the pretence of other purposes. " He then alluded to the law that was drafted in this city and sent to Wash- ington for adoption by Congress, to take from the people their rights as free American citizens, and portrayed the despotism that would follow placing the power of selecting jurors in the hands of a United States Marshal. Any such power could in the hands of designing men, destroy and subvert every right of free citizens. For that purpose, any class of disreputable men could at any time be imported into the Territory, and with a residence of a few hours be the ready tools for the accomplishment of any purpose. When their rights and the protec- tion of their liberties were taken from them, what remained ? [Voices, * Nothing, nothing.'] Yes, service to tyrants, service to despots ! " He concluded his address by expressing that his feelings were that the ration might be happy and free as it had been, and exhorted the people to be true to themselves, to their country, to their God, and to their friends. Gov- ernor Young resumed his seat amidst great applause and cheering. "Wm. Clayton, Esq., then read the following ' 'resolutions : "Resolved, That we consider the attack made upon us, by his Excellency Governor Harding, wherein our loyalty is impugned, as base, wicked, unjust and false ; and he knew it to be so when uttered. "Resolved, That we consider the attempt to possess himself of all military authority and dictation, by appointing all the militia officers, as a stretch at mili- tary despotism hitherto unknown in the annals of our Republic. "Resolved, That we consider his attempt to control the selection of juries, as so base, unjust and tyrannical, as to deserve the contempt of all freemen. "Resolved, That we consider the action of Judges Waite and Drake, in assisting the Governor to pervert justice and violate the sacred palladium of the people's rights, as subversive of the principles of justice, degrading to their high calling, and repulsive to the feelings of honest men. "Resolved, That we consider that a serious attack has been made upon the liberties of this people, and that it not only affects us as a Territory, but is a di- rect assault upon Republican principles, in our own nation, and throughout the world ; and that we cannot either tamely submit to ba disfranchised ourselves, nor witness, without protest, the assassin's dagger plunged into the very vitals of our national institutions. "Resolved, That while we at all times honor and magnify all wholesome laws of our country, and desire to be subservient to their dictates and the equitable HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 311 administration of justice, we will resist, in a proper manner, every attempt upon the liberties guaranteed by our fathers, whether made by insidious foes, or open traitors. "■Resolved, That a committee be appointed, by the meeting, to wait upon the Governor and Judges Waite and Drake, to request them to resign their offices and leave the Territory. ''Resolved, That John Taylor, Jeter Clinton and Orson Pratt, Senior, be that committee. ''Resolved, That we petition the President of the United States to remove Governor Harding and Judges Waite and Drake, and to appoint good men in their stead. '' The Chairman called upon the meeting for an expression of their wishes and the building rang with a glorious ' Aye' for their adoption. "The following petitioa was likewise read and committed to the people for their action : THE PETITION TO PRESIDENT LINCOLN. '•' To his Excellency, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States : "Sir — We, your petitioners, citizens of the Territory of Utah, respectfully represent that: " Whereas, From the most reliable information in our possession, we are sat- isfied that his Excellency Stephen S. Harding, Governor, Charles B. Waite and Thomas J. Drake, Associate Justices, are strenuously endeavoring to create mis- chief and stir up strife between the people of the Territory of Utah and the troops now in Camp Douglas (situated within the limits of Great Salt Lake City,) and, of far graver import in our Nation's present difficulties, between the people of the aforesaid Territory and the Government of the United States. " Therefore, We respectfully petition your Excellency to forthwith remove the aforesaid persons from the offices they now hold, and to appoint in their places men who will attend to the duties of their offices, honor their appointments, and re- gard the rights of all, attending to their own affairs and leaving alone the affairs of others ; and in all their conduct demeaning themselves as honorable citizens and officers worthy of commendation by yourself, our Government and all good men ; and for the aforesaid removals and appointments your petitioners will most respectfully continue to pray. " Great Salt Lake City, Territory of Utah, March 3, i86jJ' The same unanimous approval followed the reading of the petition. The band then played " The Marsellaise," and the chairman dissolved the meeting. The News says — " By way of conclusion, we must add that we never saw a more earnest, vet calm and deliberate assembly in Utah or elsewhere; the rights of the people were threatened, and they solemnly entered their protest, leaving the results for the future in the hands of an overruling Providence. Before eight o'clock last even- ing, upwards of 2,100 signatures were affixed to the petition, and, no doubt, there will be a large addition to that number in the course of to-day." 312 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. The following is the report of the committee : "G. S. L. City, March 5, 1863. " To the citizens of Great Salt Lake City : " Gentlemen : " Your committee, appointed at the mass meeting held in the Tabernacle on the 3d inst., waited upon his Excellency Governor Harding and their Honors Judges Waite and Drake, on the morning of the 4th. "Governor Harding received us cordially, but, upon being informed of the purport of our visit, both himself and Judge Drake, who was in the Governor's ofifice, emphatically refused to comply with the wishes of the people, notwith- standing the Governor had repeatedly stated that he would leave whenever he learned that his acts and course were not agreeable to the people. " Upon being informed that, if he was not sat,isfied that the action of the mass meeting expressed the feelings of the people, he could have the expression of the whole Territory, he replied, ' I am aware of that, but that would make no difference.' " Your committee called at the residence of Judge Waite, who, being absent at the time, has since informed us, by letter, that he also refuses to comply with the wishes of the people. JOHN TAYLOR, JETER CLINTON, ORSON PRATT, Sen." CHAPTER XXXIV. A COUNTER PETITION EROM CAMP DOUGLAS TO PREST. LLN'COLX. IMPEND- ING CONFLICT BETWEEN CAMP DOUGLAS AND THE CITY. A SUPPOSED CONSPIRACY TO ARRE.ST BRIGHAM YOUNG AND RUN HIM OFF TO THE .STATES. JUDGES WAITE AND DRAKE HOLD UNLAWFUL COURTS IN JUDGE KINNEY'S DISTRICT. THE CHIEF JUSTICE INTERPOSES WITH A WRIT TO ARREST BRIGHAM YOUNG FOR POLYGAMY. IT IS SERVED BY THE U, S. MARSHAL INSTEAD OF A MILITARY POSSE. THE CITY IN ARMS, EX- PECTING A DESCENT FROM CAMP DOUGLAS. THE WARNING VOICE OF CALIFORNIA HEARD. BOO.MING OF THE GUNS OF CAMP DOUGLAS AT MIDNTGHT. THE CITY AGAIN IN ARMS. FALSE ALARM. CONNOR CRE- ATED BRIGADIER-GENERAL. A counter petition signed by the officers of Camp Douglas and the non-Mor- mons of Salt Lake City was sent to President. Lincoln urging the retention of Governor Harding, and Judges Drake and Waite. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CIT\. 3^3 The issue of affairs had now reached the condition of impending war between the camp and the city, while Chief Justice John F. Kinney occupied a similiar position in the case to that of Governor Gumming, when the conflict was threatened between the city and Camp Floyd. It was the prevailing opinion of the citizens that a descent upon the city by Colonel Connor and his troops to arrest Brigham and his counselors might be expected at any moment. It was also further believed that could this be accomplished, by a dashing "surprise," the intention was to run these Mormon leaders off to the States for trial. General Connor and his officers have indignantly denied any such intentions on the part of Camp Douglas; but, it is certain, that the citizens thus viewed the prospect in those days, which to them signified the prospect of a fierce conflict and the shed- ding of much blood ; for the citizens never would have permitted Brigham Young to have been taken to Camp Douglas, and iield under military guard, as the Mayor of Great Salt Lake City was a decade later. No mere historical summary could harmonize the views of the camp and the city ; but for an appreciation of the situation and the excited condition of the then public mind, both of California and Utah, we must cull from the chronicles of those times. The first presented is from the Deseret News of March ii, 1863 : " We have been aware for a number of days that the issuance of writs against President Yonng was in contemplation. There has been an unusual stir at Camp Douglas, the most ample preparations made for the purpose of making a descent with an armed force upon the President, whenever those writs should be placed in the hands of the marshal. It was vainly and foolishly supposed that he would resist the service of a writ issued under the act referred to. Persons desiring col- lision were anxious to make the pretext of an armed military force in executing this process, the excuse for gratifying their wicked purposes. But in this they have been disappointed. As a people we believe in, and have ever taught obedi- ence and submission to the laws o< the land. No one has more earnestly taught this than the President of this church. It is well known that in his private and public teachings he has taken the position of obedience to any legal writ emanat- ing from proper authority, whether against him or any of the people under this or any other law. "On the loth inst., an affidavit was made before His Honor Chief Justice J. F. Kinney, charging Brigham Young with having violated the act of Congress, by taking another wife. Judge Kinney promptly issued a writ for his arrest and placed it in the hands of Mr. Gibbs, United States marshal. The marshal adopted the very prudent course of serving the writ himself, without calling a 'posse,* and accordingly waited upon the President, only fortified by the process and with such civil authority as the law invested him. "An immediate response was made to the writ, by the prompt appearance of the defendant before Judge Kinney at the State House, accompanied by two or three of his immediate friends. An investigation was made of the facts charged in the affidavit, by the introduction of evidence, resulting in the Judge holding the defendant to bail in the sum of two thousand dollars, for his appearance at the next term of the United States Court for the Third Judicial District. J 14 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. "The sureties were required to justify under oath, when it appeared that they were worth some twenty thousand dollars. " We have no fault to find with Judge Kinney for issuing the process, or his determination upon the testimony. As the judge of this district, he can make no distinction, and it is his duty to magnify all constitutional law, as we trust it will ever be the pleasure of the people to submit to and obey the authority with which such law invests him." Of simultaneous date the California press on Utah affairs gives the following pungent views: [From the Daily Alta California, March ii.] " We have some strange news to-day from Salt Lake, via New York. It is to the effect that there is danger of a collision between the Mormons and our troops there. The despatch goes so far as to state that Governor Harding and Associate Justices Waite and Drake have called upon Col. Connor to arrest Brig- ham Young and some of the Mormon leaders. It is strange that we have heard nothing on this side of these important events, and that the first intimation we should have of what is going on should reach us via New York. We had, to be sure, a report, recently of some angry meetings which had taken place there, but we had no idea that anything serious was going on. "To get at the facts of the case we telegraphed to Salt Lake last night. The telegram which we received does not clear up matters fully. Our correspondent speaks of an anti-bigamy law as the cause of the trouble. We do not know of any except the one providing for the admission of Utah as a State, provided polygamy was abolished. The whole affair therefore is still enveloped in some confusion. There is one thing, however, that we do know; Colonel P. Edward Connor and his regiment were sent across the mountains to protect the telegraph and the overland mail, and to fight the Indians, and not to kick up trouble witli the Mormons or any other class of persons The Government has enough of fighting now on its hands and there is no necessity for increasing it. Perhaps an expenditure of a few more millions of dollars in a Utah war is deemed necessary to promote the happiness of somebody behind the scenes." [From Sacramento Dai/y Union, March 12.] " It seems that matters at Salt Lake are in an unsettled and uncertain state. Some difficulty has grown up between the Governor, the United States Judges, and the head of the Mormon Church, which may — though we hope not — termin- ate in a collision. We never deemed it particularly an act of wisdom to order a single regiment to Salt Lake. It was not needed there for protection, and in the event of a collision was to weak too be of any particular use. We fear, too, that the Governor has been imprudent. The Mormons should, of course, submit to the laws, but laws ought not be forced upon them which are repugnant to a very large majority of that singular people. A conflict at this time would prove a great misfortune to California. It would also prove fatal to the Mormons, and hence we reason that they will avoid any hostile demonstrations except in self- HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 315 defense. The pretty-much let-alone policy is the one which should be adopted toward the Mormons." [From the Daily Alta California, March 14.] "In our columns to-day will be found an interesting letter from Salt Lake. It gives an account of the commencement of the troubles there. Our next will, in all probability, bring down the narrative to the late proceedings. Mr. Lin- coln, it must be admitted, has been very unfortunate in the selection of office- holders. If his intention in sending Harding to rule over the Mormons was to kick up a row there, he has succeeded. The policy of such a proceeding, just at this juncture, however, may very well be doubted. We have enough of fighting on hand at present." It will be observed, from the above editorial passages, that the two great journals of San Francisco and Sacramento, speaking for California, manifested a decided agreement with the judgment of California's senators, as stated by Sena- tor McDougal in his speech opposing the passage of the anti-polygamic bill and emphasized by the votes of himself and colleague, Senator Latham. Neither of these statesmen favored polygamy, much less did they intend to imply by thei- solitary " nays " against both Houses of Congress that Utah could continue the practice of polygamy with the consent of California. Senator McDougal's words very sagely but simply expounded the case and the situation. Only a few months had elapsed since the passage of the anti-polygamy bill of '(i2 and California and Utah were now nearly brought into a conflict over an im- proper attempt at its execution, for it is apparent that had a conflict ensued between the Utah militia and the California Volunteers, these "sister States of the Pacific" must themselves have been brought into the conflict. The warning passage from the Sacramento Daily Union was very pointed : "A conflict at this time would prove a great misfortune to California. It would also prove fatal to the Mormons." This with the stinging passage from the Y)si\\y Alta doubtless had the desired effect, both upon the Volunteers and the people of Great Salt Lake City. Colonel Con- nor and his ofhcers could not with indifference read California's reminder to the.n that they were sent across the mountains to protect the overland mail and to fight the Indians " and not to kick up trouble with the Mormons." But in the foregoing excerpts from the Deseret News and the California press there are merely a few points of detail of the stirring events which came nigh to the very pitch of battle. It must be told for a comprehension of the alarm of those times that not only had Governor Harding vetoed nearly every act passed by the Legislature of that year, as he soon afterwards overrode nearly all the judicial decisions of the Chief Justice by wholesale pardons, which whether deserved or not leaves the sequence of events the same, but Judges Waite and Drake were also setting aside the Chief Justice in his own district, where they presumed unlawfully to hold courts, and that, too, while he was holding his regular term with a grand jury at business daily bringing in their indictments. The Deseret News commenting upon "Judge Waite and his judicial presumption " said : " We are not a little astonislied at His Honor Judge Waite assuming the pre- 3i6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. rogative of holding court in the third district, when the Legislature had assigned him to the second. "We confess we were prepared to witness almost anything from the dis- affected Judge, but hardly ready to behold so strange a spectacle as a Judge assuming judicial authority in defiance of law. "The ninth section of the Organic Liw provides as follows: "'The Territory shall be divided into three judicial districts, and a district court shall be held in each of said districts by one of the justices of the supreme court, at such rime and place as shall be prescribed by law, and the judi:[es shall, after their appointment, respectively reside in the districts which shall be assigned them: "This is a plain, unequivocal provision and should ht complied with by those whose duty it is to administer the law. Two months have elapsed since the Legislature assigned Judge Waite to the second district, and yet, in place of sub- mitting to and obeying the law, which His Honor has sworn to support, we find him still in this city issuing writs and holding an examining court. "Aside from the illegality of the proceeding, common courtesy, it seems to us, if His Honor had no regard for the law, should have operated to deter the Judge from assuming judicial power in Judge Kinney's district." There had been no alarm in the city over a proper warrant of arrest of Brig- ham Young, to test in his person the constitutionality of the anti-polygamy bill of 1862, or its operative powers, which latter it may be said was at that time as nothing with a polygamic grand jury, who believed that bill to be unconstitutional and that it would be so decided when it came before the Supreme Court of the United States. The alarm was at the prospect of the issuance of a writ for the arrest of President Young through the same associate Justice Waite who, it was be- lieved, for this and similar purposes was with Associate Justice Drake administering in the district of the Chief Justice. It was with this view that the Deseret News noted: " We have been aware for a number of days that the issuance of writs against President Young was in contemplation ; " and further, "there his been an unusual stir at Camp Douglas, the most ample preparations made for the pur- pose of making a descent with an armed force upon the President whenever those writs should be placed in the hands of the marshal." In fine, the writ which was issued by Chief Justice Kinney, upon an affidavit made by one of the citizens, charging Brigham Young with violating the act of Congress prohibiting polyg- amy, was designed to prevent the arrest of Brigham Young by those other im- proper writs in contemplation to be executed by military force. The further note on the execution is like a volume of history of the case: " Judge Kinney promptly issued a writ for his arrest and placed it in the hands of Mr. Gibbs, United States marshal. The marshal adopted the very prudent course of serving the writ himself, without calling for a posse, and accordingly waited upon the President, only fortified by the process and with such civil authority as the law in- vested him." Thus was a very different result obtained from that of the arrest of Brigham Young by the " descent of an armed force," as a " posse " to execute a writ issued by Judge Waite to bring the prisoner before his court, to be held at HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 317 Camp Douglas or wherever it might have pleased him and his Associate Judge Drake and Governor Harding. Here may be told a part of the story of those times by Mr. Stenhouse, from his Ro:ky Mountain Saints, though in some respects it is different from his " interesting letters," published in the San Francisco Alta, the Sacramento Union, and in the New York Herald, which gave the current views of Utah affairs to the American publicj east and west : "Colonel Connor had visited Judge Waite, and, on leaving his house, one of the elders, who was loitering about, believed that he overheard the colonel say: ' These three men must be surprised.' That was sufficient. Instantly the eavesdropper flew to Brigham. The Prophet believed the story, hoisted a signal to rally the militia, and in half an hour a thousand armed men surrounded his premises, and within an hour another thousand were armed and on duty. The city was in commotion, and rifles, lead, and powder, were brought out of their hiding places. On the inside of the high walls surrounding Brigham's premises, scafl"oIding was hastily erected in order to enable the militia to fire down upon passing Volunteerr. The houses on the route which occupied a commanding posi- tion where an attack could be made upon the troops were taken possession of, the small cannon were brought out and the brethren prepared to protect the Prophet. " There was no truth in the rumor of an intended arrest of Brigham and his counsellors. The Mormon leaders, all the same, believed it to be true, and they were cautious and watchful. A powerful telescope was placed on the top of Brigham's ' BeeHive ' residence, and every move of the Volunteers in Camp Douglas was watched with great care. Night and day, for several weeks, there was a body of armed men around the Prophet, and signals agreed upon, by which the whole people could be rallied by night or by day. " The Volunteers were not numerous enough to ' overawe ' the Mormons, and their presence was on that account, all the more irksome. To know that they 'could use them up any morning before breakfast,' and yet be forced to tolerate their presence on the brow of a hill, like a watch-tower, was irritating to the Prophet's mind. The Tabernacle resounded with fierce denunciations every Sunday. Mischief-makers poured into the ears of the Prophet every story that could increase his prejudice against Colonel Connor; and the latter heard quite as much to incense him against Brigham. A collision for a long time seemed inevitable. "Providing for the possibility of a rupture at any moment, it was agreed that, if the struggle came by night, the citizens were to be summoned to arms by firing cannon from the hill-side, at the east of Brigham's residence; and, if the difficulty began during the day, the flag was to be hoisted over his Bee-Hive resi- dence. To the latter signal the citizens had once responded ; and it was believed that their readiness to fight for the Prophet had intimidated the commander of the Volunteers, so that he would be unlikely to make an attack by day. At that time, it was believed that Colonel Connor, having been foiled in this first attempt, entertained the idea of making a dash upon the Prophet's bed-room ' in the dead ji8 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. of night,' seizing him, and running him off to the States before the Mormons could learn of his situation, and render him any assistance. "General Connor never had orders to arrest Brigham Young, or he would have done so— or tried. At the time of the conversation with Judge Waite, al- ready referred tO, which created the panic and the assembling of the Mormons in arms, the Prophet was not the subject of consideration. One of the brethren had married the three widows of a wealthy merchant within sight of Judge Waite's residence, and as that was an excellent case in which to try the application of the Anti-Polygamic Law, the General replied to the Judge that he would arrest him if the court furnished the order. The anticipation that difficulty would arise, from Judge Waite acting within Judge Kinney's judicial district while the latter was present, was the only thing that prevented the arrest. "On the night of the 29th of March, the citizens were aroused by the boom- ing of cannon. As hastily as garments could be thrown on, and arms could be seized, the brethren were seen hurrying from their homes towards the Prophet's residence. The struggle was apparently at hand. The signal, cannon had been distinctly heard, and, as there was a gentle current of air from the east, tho>e who lived west of the Prophet could hear the very music to which the Volunteers were supposed to be marching into the heart of the city ! "For his great victory over Bear Hunter and other Indian chiefs, in a des- perate battle in the depth of winter, two months before. Colonel Connor had now been promoted to the rank of Brigadier- General, and the news had only just reached Camp Douglas ! The military band had been called out to serenade the promoted commander, and the cannon was roaring over the mountains in honor of the victor^ " Fortunately for those concerned, Elder A. O. Smoot, and [not some mad fanatic, was mayor of the city of the Saints in those troublesome tunes." CHAPTER XXXV. TRIAL OF THE MORRISITES. SENTENCE OF THE PRISONERS. THEY ARE IMMEDIATELY PARDONED BY GOVERNOR HARDING. COPIES OF THE EXTRAORDINARY PARDONS. THE GRAND JURY DECLARES THE L.A.W OUTRAGED AND PRESENTS GOVERNOR HARDING IX THE THIRD U. S. DISTRICT COURT FOR JUDICIAL CENSURE. THEIR HISTORY OF THE MORRISITE DISTURBANCE. THE COURT SUSTAINS THE CENSURE. At the March term of the Third U. S. District Court the famous Morrisite trial took place with Chief Justice John F. Kinney presiding. Ten of the pris- oners were indicted for killing two of the U. S. posse sent to enforce the law which the Morrisite community openly defied ; seven of these were co-nvicted, one HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. ^i9 "nolled," and two were acquitted. Sixty-six others were fined one hundred dol-- lars each for resisting i\-\G. posse. Of the seven corivicte:d of " murder in the second degree" one was sentenced to fifteen years' imprisonment, one to twelve years, and five to ten years each. Immediately after the passing of the sentence the io\- lowing pardons were granted by Governor Harding, embracing the. yyrhole of the Morrisite prisoners. " Utah Territory, ExEcuiTVE Department. To all to whom these presents shall come greeting : ■ " Whereas, at the March term of the District Court for the Third Judicial Dis- trict in said Territory, A. D. 1863. The Honorable John F. Kinney presiding. Peter Klemgard, Christen Nielsen, Gens 'Christensen, Kadrup Nielsen, Abraham Taylor, Andrew Lee, and Andrew M. Mason were convicted of murder in the second degree, and sentenced each for a term of years, at hard labor in the Peni- tentiary. "Now, know ye, that I, Stephen S. Harding, Governor of the Territory of Utah, divers good causes me thereto moving, by virtue of the power in me vested, have given and granted, and by these presents do give and grant unto the said Peter Klemgard, Christen Nielsen, Gens Christensen, Kadrup Nielsen, Abra- ham Taylor, Andrew Lee, and Andrew M. Mason, and to each of them, full and perfect pardon for the offense aforesaid, of which they stand convicted, and they are, and each of them is, hereby forever exonerated, discharged, and absolved from the punishment imposed upon them or either of them, in pursuance of said conviction. "In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the [L.S.] Great Seal of the Territory of Utah to be affixed at Great Salt Lake City this 31st day of March, A. D. 1863. STE. S. HARDING. Gov. of Utah Territory. " By the Governor: Frank Fuller, Secretary.'" " Utah Territory, Executive Department. ' ' To all to whom these presents shall come greeting : "Whereas 'i-t the March term of the District Court for the Third Judicial District in said Territory, A. D. 1863. The Honorable John F. Kinney presiding. Richard Cook, John Parson, Edward Moss, Daniel Smith, John B. Ledgeway, John O. Mather, James Mather, Richard D. Aloey, Alexander Warrender, Wil- liam McGhie, Elijah L. Chappel, John E. Jones, John Cook, David Thomas, Peter John Moss, Joseph Taylor, Mathew Mudd, James Bowman, Robert E. Far- ley, William W, Thomas, Alexander Dow, John Keehorn, John C. Edwards, John Gray, Joseph Dove, Thomas L. Williams, William Davis, Alonzo Brown, Edward Lloyd, Samuel Halse, Elijah Clifford, George Thompson, Goodman Goodmunsen, Charles Higham, John E. Reese, Soren Peter Gould, Jorjen Jensen, Soren Willis- sen, Lars Christen Hanson, Andres Jensen, Swen Hagg, Soren Peter Rasmussen, J20 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Hans Peterson, Peter Peterson, John Peter Sorensen, Neils Larsen, Neils Ander- sen, Michael Christen Christiansen, Gens Paulsen, Neils Peterson, Lars Christen Larsen, Hans Aggerson, John G. Looselary, Lebrecht Barr, John Neilsen, Nels Rasmussen Beck, Christen Jensen, Peter Swenson, Neils Magnus Jorensen, Ras- mus Rasmussen, James Peterson, Lars Olsen, Gens Christian Senensen, Hans Peter Smith, Andres Anderson, Andres Christopherson, Hans Hanson, Ole Rosen- blade, and Peter Sorenson were convicted of the charge of resisting an officer in the service of process, and sentenced each to pay a fine of one hundred dollars. "Now know ye, that I, Stephen S. Harding, Governor of the Territory of Utah, divers good causes me thereto moving, by virtue of the power and authority in me vested have given and granted, and by these presents do give and grant unto the said Richard Cook, etc., etc., (all of the aforementioned,) and to each of them full and perfect pardon for the offence of which they stand con- victed, and they are, and each one of them is, hereby forever exonerated, dis- charged and absolved from the fine, costs and charges imposed upon them, or either of them, in pursuance of said conviction. "In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the [L.S.] Great Seal of the Territory of Utah to be affixed at Great Salt Like City this 31st day of March, A. D. 1863. STE. S. HARDING, Gov. Utah Territory. " By the Governor: Frank Fuller, Secretary'^ Of the relative merit or demerit of the action of the United States and Ter- ritorial authorities concerned in the Morrisite affair the historian does not presume to touch, further than to present the record itself and its significance. The Chief Justice and the Grand Jury considered the law outraged, as set forth in the fol- lowing presentment of Governor Harding for judicial censure and the very plait) passage of censure by the Chief Justice in court: "We trust the court will pardon the Grand Jury tor briefly referring,to the facts connected with the arrest and trial of the men the Governor has seen proper, in such hot haste, to pardon and turn loose upon the community. "They are as follows: On the 22d day of Miy, A. D. 1862, a petition was filed before Hon. John F. Kinney, the Judge of the Third Judicial District, for a writ of habeas corpus, alleging that three men were unlawfully imprisoned at South Weber, in Davis County, and kept in close confinement, heavily ironed, without any process or authority of law. It may be well to state that, at the place men- tioned in the petition, a body of some two hundred men with their families had congregated in what is known as Kington Fort, and for more than a year had re- mained without cultivating the soil or following any industrial pursuit. What little property they had was owned in common, and this from time to time was disposed of to procure the bare necessaries of life. "At this place and by these men were the prisoners confined (mentioned in the petition for the writ of habeas corpus'). The writ wa^ issued and served upon those who had the prisoners in custody, on the 24th day of May. No atten- HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 321 tion was paid to it by defendants. The authoiity of the court was openly contemned and placed at defiance. Judge Kinney, after waiting for the de- fendants to produce the prisoners from the 24th day of May till the nth day of June (some eighteen days) issued, upon another affidavit, a writ for false imprisonment, another writ of habeas corpus, and a writ for contempt for disobedience to the first writ. These writs were placed in the hands of the Territorial marshal, who, being well advised that armed resistance would be made to the service of any process in said fort, called upon Acting-Governor Fuller, who furnished the officer with a military posse to enable him to execute the mandates of the court. On the morning of the 13th day of June, the mar- shal with his posse arrived near the fort and sent the following proclamation under a flag, which was received and read by Banks and others, the parties named in said writs, and to whom said proclamation was directed: *'* Headquarters Marshal's Posse, Weber River, June 13, 1862. "'7"^ Joseph Morris, John Banks, Richard Cook, Joh?i Parsons and Peter Klctngard : " ' Whereas, you have heretofore disregarded and defied the judicial officers and the laws of the Territory of Utah; and whereas, certain writs have been issued for you from the Third Judicial District Court of said Territory, and a sufficient force furnished by the Executive of the same to enforce the law: This is therefore to notify you to peaceably and quietly surrender yourselves and the prisoners in your custody forthwith. " ' An answer is required in thirty minutes after the receipt of this document ; if not, forcible measures will be taken for your arrest. "' Should you disregard this proposition and place your lives in jeopardy, you are hereby required to remove your women and children; and all persons peaceably disposed are hereby notified to forthwith leave your encampment, and are informed by this proclamation that they can find protection with this posse. H. W. LAWRENCE, Territorial Alarshal. "'Per R. T. Burton and Theodore McKean, Deputies.""' "This was unheeded and disregarded. Additional time was given after the expiration of the thirty minutes for the delivery of the persons called for by the writ ; still no attention was paid to the demands of the officer. At length fire was opened and for three days, almost continuously, did the belligerents within the fort keep up a fire on the marshal and his posse, killing on the first day a man by the name of Jared Smith, and on the third day another man attached to the marshal's posse. On the evening of the 15th the rebellion was subdued by the surrender of the men, and one hundred stand of arms. Parties on both sides had been killed in consequence of the defiant position taken against the enforcement of the law, and in defending the position thus unlawfully assumed by more than one hundred well armed men. "The disloyal men thus found in arms, fighting against the service of pro- cess, were taken prisoners, taken before Judge Kinney, in chambers, who admitted J22 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CLTY. a'l but two to bail for their appearance at the next March term of the court — said two being committed to await their trial for murder. At the recent sitting of the Territorial Court, Judge Kinney presiding, some ninety or more were indicted under the statute for resisting an officer, and ten of the principle men for the murder of Jared Smith, who was shot dead on the first day of the resistance. Sixiy-six appeared and were tried for resisting the officer, the others having lefc the country. After a long, patient and entirely satisfactory trial to the defendants, the jury assessed a fine of one hundred dollars against each of them — the lowest sum allowed by the statute and when the law authorized them to fine not exceeding one thousand dollars and imprisonment not exceeding one year. The least pun- ishment allowed by the statute was meted out to the prisoners, and that, too, when the testimony of their guilt was overwhelming. Of the ten indicted for murder, one was nollccf, two acquitted and seven convicted of murder in the second degree. The punishment for murder in the second degree is imprisonment not less than ten years and may be during natural life; still the jury actuated by feelings of humanity and uiercy, affixed the punishment of five of the prisoners to imprison- ment for the period of ten years each, one for twelve and one for fifteen years. :i; ^ ;ii * -.ji * ;i; * * "But, the Governor, clothed with X.\\q pardoning power, interposes to prevent the punishment due to rebels against the law. He sanctions and sustains their rebellion and, by i)ardoning them, proclaims to the world that they have acted rightly, wisely and lawfully. No time is allowed for mvestigation, none for re- pentance or reformation ; bat in less than three days from the time of the sentence of the court, are all of them pardoned by the Executive, to renew their armed resistance against the power of the Government — a pardon which not only seeks to release them from fine and punishment, but the costs due to the officers and witnesses. ******** " Therefore, we the United States Grand Jury for the Third judicial Dis- trict for the Territory of Utah, present his ^Excellency' Stephen S. LLarding, Governor of Utah, as we would an unsafe bridge over a dangerous stream — jeop- ardizing the lives of all who pass over it, or, as we would a pestiferous cesspool in our district, breeding disease and death. "Believing him to be an officer dangerous to the peace and prosperity of this Territory ; refusing, as he has, his assent to wholesome and needed legisla- tion; treating nearly all the Legislative acts with contumely; and last of all, as the crowning triumph of his inglorious career, turning loose upon the community a large number of convicted criminals. " We cannot do less than present his I'^xcellency as not only a dangerous man, but also as one unworthy the confidence and respect of a free and enlightened people. " All of which is respectfully submitted. "George A. Smith, Franklin D. Richards, Elias Smith, William S. Muir, Samuel F. Atwood, Philip Margetts, John Rowberry, Claudius V. Spencer, Chas. J. Thomas, John W. Myers, Alfred Cordon, George W. Ward, Horace Gibbs, Lewis A. West", Leonard G. Rice, Isaac Brockbank, George W. Bryan, James Bond, John B. Kelley, Gustavus Williams, Wells Smith, John D. T. McAllister, Andrew Cunningham. HIS TOR Y OF SALT LA KE_ CITY. 323 His Honor directed, that in accordance with the request, they be spread upon the records of the court, ' The foreman of the Grand Jury then stated that they had concluded their labors, and had no further business before them, whereupon tb.e Judge addressed them as follows : ' ' Gcfitlemen of the Grand Jury : "The paper just read by the clerk, is one of great responsibilty, presenting the Governor of this Territory as unworthy the confidence and respect of the people. "I trust you have fully considered the importance of the step which you as a Grand Jury have felt called upon, under the oaths of your uffi:e, to take. •■' I am well persuaded that in no spirit of malice or undue prejudice have you been induced to call the attention of the Court and people to what you regard as the official misconduct of the Executive, but only as the deliberate result of your investigations for the public good. "I am perfectly familiar with the facts referred to by you in relation to the armed resistance to the law in the service of process. Upon affidavit made be- fore me were the writs issued, the service of which was attempted to be resisted by an armed rebellion. " The trial of men thus found in arms very recently took place in the Court over which I have the honor to preside, and the trial, as you state, was conducted with deliberation, and the verdict of the jury in each of the cases for resisting the officer and for murder were such as met with the approval of t'ue court. "The law and its authority were fully vindicated by the verdicts, but, as you state, the Governor has granted an unconditional pardon. " What effect this may have upon the minds of evil disposed persons I know not, but leave the responsibility where it belongs, with the Governor, who, in the exercise of a naked power, has seen proper to grant executive clemency. " You have now, as you state, concluded your labors and before discharging you I desire to tender to you the commendations of the Court for your attention and diligence in the discharge of your duties. "Your labors have resulted in the presentation of a number of indictments for crime — some of the prisoners charged by you having been tried and con- victed, and others are awaiting their trial. " It is only by a grand jury discharging their duty faithfully and fearlessly that crime can be suppressed, and offenders punished, for all persons must, pass the ordeal of your body, before they can be introduced by the Government into this Court for trial and punishment. "It is possible, and highly probable, that this is the last court over which I shall have the honor to preside in your Territory. Such are the indications. I have been the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Utah, and Judge of this district most of the time since 1854 — having come among you a stranger, but I was treated with kindness, and ray authority with consideration and respect. "Appointed by Mr. Pierce in 1853, and reappointed in i860 by Mr. Bu- chanan, and continued in office by Mr. Lincoln, and having held many courts. 324 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. tried many cases, bolh civil and criminal, of an important character, I am happy in being able to state that I have found no difficulty in Utah in administering the law, except where its administration has been thwarted by Executive interference. "Let honesty, impartiality and ability be the characteristic qualifications of the Judge, and a fearless discharge of duty, and he will be as much respected in this Territory, and his decisions as much honored, as in any State or Territory of the Union. And to use an odious distinction, attempted to be made between ' Mor- mon ' and 'Gentile,' I am also happy in being able to state, that while these parties, differing so widely as they do in their religious faith, have been suitors in my court, the so-called Gentile, has obtained justice from the verdict of a so-called ' Mormon* jury. "I repeat gentlemen, that the law is, and can be maintained in this Terri- tory, and that there is more vigilance here in arresting and bringing criminals to trial and punishment than in any country where I have ever resided. "In the discharge of my judicial duties, I have endeavered to be actuated by a sense of the responsibility of my position ; ever keeping constantly in mind that I was among a civilized and enlightened people, who were entitled to the same consideration from the court, as the people of any other Territory ; and that the court here, as well as elsewhere, should be free from bias and prejudice. " Gentlemen, accept my thanks for your co-operation, in support of my efforts to maintain and enforce the law. "To the Petit Jurors I will say, that I have been well sustained by them in the trial of causes, and can only hope that when I retire from the bench my suc- cessor will be an able, honest judge, and have no more difficulty in discharging his duties than I have had. " With these remarks, gentlemen, I dismiss you from further attendance upon the court." Mr. Ferguson moved that as the Grand Jury were discharged without finding an indictment against Brigham Young, that he be discharged from his recog- nizance. H/S TOR Y OF SALT LAKE CITY. 325 CHAPTER XXXVI. REMOVAL OF GOVERNOR HARDING, SECRETARY FULLER, AND CHIEF JUSTICE KINNEY. LINCOLN'S POLICY TO "LET THE MORMONS ALONE." START ING OF THE UNION VEDETTE. OPENING OF THE UTAH MINES. MILI- TARY DOCUMENTS. CREATION OF A PROVOST MARSHAL OF GREAT SALT LAKE CITY. The counter petitions to the President of the United States from the city and camp, one for the removal and the other for the retention of Governor Hard- ing, were responded to by concessions to both parties. Governor Harding, Secretary Fuller and Chief Justice Kinney were removed; James Duane Doty was appointed Governor ; Amos Reed, Secretary; and John Titus of Pennsylvania, Chief Justice. The official decapitation of the Governor was clearly in answer to the petition of the citizens, while the removal of Chief Justice Kinney and Secretary Fuller was in consideration of the charge made against them — that they had been "sub- servient to the will of Brigham Young." The Chief Justice had for months felt that in maintaining the integrity of the judicial department he was placing him- self upon the altar of sacrifice, as shown in his parting words to the grand jury ; but his official relations with Utah were not permitted to end with his removal, for at the next election, in August, 1863, he was sent to Congress as Delegate from Utah. The following noteworthy passage of a letter from President Brigham Young to Elder George Q. Cannon, then in England, expresses the policy of the Gov- ernment towards Utah during the remainder of President Lincoln's life : "Great Salt Lake City, U. T., June 25, 1863. * ' President Cannon : "Dear Brother — * * * Since Harding's departure on the nth inst. , without the least demonstration from any party, and only one individual to bid him good-bye, the transient persons here continue very quiet, and apparently without hope of being able to create any disturbance during the present Adminis- tration. They certainly will be unable to, if President Lincoln stands by his statement made to Brother Stenhouse on the 6th inst., viz: 'I will let them alone if they will let me alone.' We have ever been anxious to let them alone further than preaching to them the gospel and doing them good when they would permit us, and if they will cease interfering with us unjustly and unlawfully, as the Presi- dent has promised, why of course they will have no pretext nor chance for collision during his rule. * * * " Your brother in the gospel, BRIGHAM YOUNG." On the 20th of November, 1863, the first number appeared of The Union ^26 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CI7Y. Vedette, published, as announced, "by officers and enlisted men of the California and Nevada Territory Volunteers." The initial number of the Vedette' zor\\.3\x\?, the following circular letter from General Connor, relative to mines and mining interests in this Territory : "Headquarters, District of Utah, Great Salt Lake City, U. T. November 14, 1863. "Colonel: "The general commanding the district has the strongest evidence that the mountains and canyons in the Territory of Utah abound in rich veins of gold, silver, copper and other minerals, and for the purpose of opening up the country to a new, hardy, and industrious population, deems it important that prospecting for minerals should not only be untrammelled and unrestricted, but fostered by every proper means. In order that such discoveries may be early and reliably made, the general announces that miners and prospecting parties will receive the fullest protection from the military forces in this district, in the pursuit of their avocations; provided, always, that private rights are not infringed upon. The mountains and their now hidden mineral wealth, are the sole property of the nation, whose beneficent policy has ever been to extend the broadest privileges to her citizens, and, with open hand, invite all to seek, prospect and possess the wonderful riches of her wide-spread domain. "To the end that this policy may be be fully carried out in Utah, the Gen- eral commanding assures the industrious and enterprising who may come hither, of efficient protection, accorded as it is by the laws and policy of the nation, and enforced, when necessary, by the military arm of the Government. "The General in thus setting forth the spirit o^ our free institutions for the information of commanders of posts within the district, also directs that every proper facility be extended to miners and others in developing the country ; and that soldiers of the several posts be allowed to prospect for mines, when such course shall not interfere with the due and proper performance of their military duties. " Commanders of posts, companies and detachments within the district are enjoined to execute to the fullest extent the spirit and letter of this circular com- munication, and report, from time to time, to these head-quarters the progress made in the development of the Territory, in the vicinity of their respective posts or stations. "By command of Brig. -Gen. Connor: CHAS. H. HEMPSTEAD, Capf. C. S. and A. A. A. Gen i.'' In March, 1864, another circular was issued by General Connor vhich was considered to be very pronounced and threatening towards the leaders of the Mormon community: "Headquarters, District of Utah, Camp Douglas, U. T., March ist, 1864. " Circular: "The undersigned has received numerous letters of complaint and inquiry HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. J27 from parties within and without the district, the former alleging that certain resi- dents of Utah Territory indulge in threats and menaces against miners and others desirous of prospecting for precious metals, and the latter asking what, if any, protection will be accorded to those coming hither to develop the mineral resources of the country. " Without giving undue importance to the thoughtless or reckless words of misguided, prejudiced, or bad-hearted men who may be guilty of such threats as those referred to, and indulging the hope that they are but individual expressions rather than menaces, issued by any presumed or presumptuous authority whatso- ever, the undersigned takes occasion to repeat what no loyal citizen will gainsay, that this Territory is the public property of the nation, whose wish it is, that it be developed at the earliest possible day, in all its rich resources, mineral as well as agricultural, pastoral and mechanical. To this end, citizens of the United States, and all desirous of becoming such, are freely invited by public law and national policy, to come hither to enrich themselves and advance the general wel- fare from out the public store, which a bountiful Providence has scattered through these richly laden mountains and fertile plains. The mines are thrown open to the hardy and industrious, and it is announced, that they will receive the amplest protection in life, property and rights, againse aggression from whatsoever source, Indian or white. " The undersigned has abundant reason to know that the mountains of Utah north, south, east and west, are prolific of mineral wealth. Gold, silver, iron, copper, lead and coal, are found in almost every direction, in quantities which promise the richest results to the adventurous explorer and the industrious miner. "In giving assurance of entire protection to all who may come hither to prospect for mines, the undersigned wishes at this time most earnestly, and yet firmly, to warn all, whether permanent residents or not of this Territory, that should violence be offered, or attempted to be offered to miners, in the pursuit of their lawful occupition, the offender or offenders, one or many, will be tried as public enemies, and punished to the utmost extent of martial law. "The undersigned does not wish to indulge in useless threats, but desires most fully and explicitly to apprise all of their rights, and warn misguided men of the inevitable result, should they seek to obstruct citizens in their rights, or throw obstacles in the way of the development of the public domain. While miners will be thus protected, they must understand, that no interference with the vested rights of the people of the Territory will be tolerated, and they are ex- pected to conform in all things to the laws of the land which recognize in their fullest extent the claims of the boTia fide settler on public lands. " While the troops have been sent to this district to protect from a savage foe the homes and premises of the settlers, and the public interests of the nation, they are also here to preserve the public peace, secure to all the inestimable bless- ings of liberty, and preserve intact, the honor, dignity and rights of the citizen,, vested by a free Constitution, and which belong to the humblest equally with the highest in the land. This, their mission, it is the duty of the undersigned to see fulfilled by kindly and warning words, if possible, but if not, still to be enforced' J28 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. at every hazard and at any cost. He cannot permit the public peace and the welfare of all to be jeoparded by the foolish threats or wicked actions of a few. P. EWD. CONNOR, Brig. Gen., U. S. Vol., Comcf g Dist.'' In June a special order was issued creating a provost marshal of great salt lake city. " Headquarters District of Utah, Camp DoUjLas, Utah Territory, Near Great Salt Lake City, July 9th, 1864, "SPECIAL ORDER NO. 53. " ist. Capt. Chas. H. Hempstead, Commissary of Subsistence, U. S. Vol's, is hereby appointed Provost Marshal of Great Salt Lake City, U. T. , and will immediately enter upon the duties of his office. He will be obeyed and respected accordingly. "2d. Company L, 2d Cav. C. V., Capt. Albert Brown, is hereby detailed as Provost Guard, and will immediately report to Capt. Chas. H. Hempstead, Provost Marshal, Great Salt Lake City, for duty. " 3d. The Quartermaster's Department will furnish the necessary quarters, offices, etc. " By command of BRIG.-GEN. CONNOR. " Chas. H. Hempstead, Capt. C. S. U. S. Vol's, and A. A. A. Genl." This series of circulars was climaxed by the following letter to the War De- partment (a copy of which has been furnished to the author by the General him- self), setting forth his views and policy concerning Utah. Headquarters District of Utah, Camp Douglas, Utah Territory, Near Great Salt Lake City, July 21st, 1864. " Colonel: " Having had occasion recently to communicate with you by telegraph on the subject of the difficulties which have considerably excited the Mormon community for the past ten days, it is perhaps proper that I should report more fully by letter relative to the real causes which have rendered collision possible. ■" As set forth in former communications, my policy in this Territory has been to invite hither a large Gentile and loyal population, sufficient by peaceful means and through the ballot-box to overwhelm the Mormons by mere force of numbers, and thus wrest from the Church — disloyal and traitorous to the core — the absolute and tyrannical control of temporal and civil affairs, or at least a population numerous enough to put a check on the Mormon authorities, and give countenance to those who are striving to loosen the bonds with which they have been so long oppressed. With this view, I have bent every energy and means of which I was possessed, both personal and official, towards the discovery and development of HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. jzp the mining resources of the Territory, using without stint the soldiers of my com- mand, whenever and wiierever it could be done without detriment to the public service. These exertions have, in a remarkably short period, been productive of the happiest results and more than commensurate with my anticipations. Mines of undoubted richness have been discovered, their fame is spreading east and west , voyageurs for other mining countries have been induced by the discoveries already made to tarry here, and the number of miners of the Territory steadily and rapidly increasing. With them, and to supply their wants, merchants and traders are flocking into Great Salt Lake City, which by its activity, increased number of Gentile stores and workshops, and the appearance of its thronged and busy streets, presents a most remarkable contrast to the Salt Lake of one year ago. Despite the counsel, threats, and obstacles of the Church, the movement is going on with giant strides. " This policy on my part, if not at first understood, is now fully appreciated in its startling effect, by Brigham Young and his coterie. His every efforts, covert and open, having proved unequal to the task of checking the transformation so rapidly going on in what he regards as his own exclusive dornain, he and his Apostles have grown desperate. No stone is left unturned by them to rouse the people to resistance against the policy, even if it should provoke hostility against a government he hates and daily reviles. It is unquestionably his desire to provoke me mto some act savoring of persecution, or by the dextrous use of which he can induce his deluded followers into an outbreak, which would deter miners and others coming to the Territory. Hence he and his chief men make their taber- nacles and places of worship resound each Sabbath with the most outrageous abuse of all that pertains to the Government and the Union — hence do their prayers ascend loudly from the housetops for a continuance of the war till the hated Union shall be sunk — hence the persistent attempt to depreciate the national currency and institute a "gold basis" in preference to " Lincoln skins," as treasury notes are denominated in Sabbath day harangues. " Hence it was that the establishment of a provost guard in the city was made the pretext for rousing the Mormon people to excitement and armed assembling, by the most ridiculous stories of persecution and outrage on their rights, while the fanatical spirit of the people, and the inborn hatred of our institutions and Govern- ment were effectually appealed to, to promote discord and provoke trouble. I am fully satisfied that nothing but the firmness and deteniiination with which their demonstrations were met, at every point, prevented a collision, and the least appear- ance of vacillation on my part would surely have precipitated a conflict. I feel that it is not presumptuous in me to say that in view of what has already been accomplished in Utah, that the work marked out can and will be effectually and thoroughly consummated if the policy indicated be pursued and I am sustained in my measures at department headquarters. I am fully inipressed with the opinion that peace is essential to the solving of the problem, but at the same time conscious that peace can only be maintained by the presence of force and a fixed determina- tion to crush out at once any interference with the rights of the Government by persons of high or low degree. While the exercise of prudence in inaugurating measures is essential to success, it should not be forgotten that the display of power jjo HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. and the exhibition of reliance on oneself have the most salutary restraining effect on men of weak minds and criminal intent. Deeply as Brigham Young hates our Government, malignant and traitorous as are his designs against it, inimical as he is against the policy here progressing of opening the mines to a Gentile populace, and desperate as he is in his fast-waning fortunes, he will pause ere he inaugurates a strife, so long as the military forces in the Territory are sufficiently numerous to hold him and his deluded followers in check. The situation of affairs in Utah is clear to my own mind, and, without presumption, I have no fear for the result, if sustained by the department commander as indicated in this and former communi- cations. Desirous as I am of conforming strictly to the wishes and judgment of ihe Major-General commanding the department, and having thus fully set forth my views and the facts bearing on the case, I beg leave respectfully to ask from the department commander an expression of opinion as to the policy of the course pursued, and such suggestions or instructions as he may deem proper, as a guide in the future. '♦ Very respectfully, your obedient servant, P. EDW. CONNOR, '■'■ Bri^.-Genl. U. S. Vol., Commanding District. ' ' Lieut - Col. R. C Drum, Asst. Adjt.-Genl. U. S. A., San Francisco, Cal.'' The foregoing documents show that General Connor designed with his troops to reconstruct Utah. In pursuance of that design undoubtedly tlie provost guard was established in Great Salt Lake City and his report to the Department seems a very decided asking of the Government for the mission of a semi-military dic- tatorship over Utah. A few years later the mines of Utah were everywhere opened and thousands of a Gentile population poured into the Territory without provoking even a desire of hindrance from the Mormon people. The General's report, though a true expression of his then views, does not accord with the actual history as since developed. And it is very suggestive to note that the Provost Marshal of our city of 1864, was Brigham Young's legal counsellor and advocate in 1872, and that General Connor offered to go bail for Brigham Young in the sum of $100,000 when he was on trial in the court of Chief Justice James B- McKean. ^y^^t Lake City, U. T., March 3d, 1865. *' Messrs. John Sharp, Enoch Reese and T. McKean, Es^s., Com. of the Common Council: "Gentlemen : "The undersigned, chairman of committee on exercises on the 4th inst., ap- pointed at mass meeting of citizens, having selected the Hon. John Titus, Chief Justice of Utah to deliver an oration on the occasion of the proposed national celebration, begs leave to say that as the exercises will be brief, the committee would be pleased to tender the stand and the occasion to some gentlemen, to be .selected by yourselves, to address the concourse at the close of the oration. " I have the honor to remain, gentlemen, very respectfully. Your obedient servant, CHAS. H. HEMPSTEAD, Chairman Committee on Exercises. ^^ HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 333 "Great Salt Lake City, March 3d, 1865. '•■ Hon. Chas. H. Hempstead, Chairman Committee on Exercises : "Sir — Your communication of to-day has been received. The committee tender their thanks, and accept the proposition, and beg leave to name Hon. Wm. H. Hooper to deliver the closing address. Very respectfully, JOHN SHARP, Chairman Com. on Arrangements.'' Of the celebration the Vedette said: " This was decidedly a notable occasion in Utah. The demonstrations were so entirely different from anything which has come within the range of our ex- perience here, that it deserves special notice at our hands as an important event in the history of this Territory. * * * * " The whole procession was about one mile in length, and presented a very imposing appearance. As it moved along the streets, broad and straight, of the Mormon Capital, the sidewalks, wherever it passed, the windows and even the housetops being thronged by eager, and in some instances, enthusiastic lookers on. The bands awoke the wintry echoes with inspiring strains of music, appropriate to the occasion, and, what with the profusion of flags floating from many build- ings and ornamenting the teams and sleighs in the procession, or borne by the occupants, the rosettes, streamers, and the thousand and one other devices, in all of which red, white and blue were the pervading colors, the city wore a gala ap- pearance, which seemed to be participated in by all parties, and it was evidently the determination, on all hands, to make it a day of general rejoicing. " Having completed its perambulations, the immense concourse .Tssembled at the stand, prepared for the purpose, in front of the market, the provost guards which had acted as escort, formed in front facing the stage, the citizen companies in their rear, stretching along the streets, and the troops from this post drawn up in four ranks on the right and with all arms at rest. Around, and on all sides, completely filling the streets, covering the roofs and hanging out of the windows, was a dense mass of humanity silent and attentive to the proceedings. "The stand was occupied by Governor Doty, General Connor and staff, Chief Justice Titus, orator of the day, the Reverend Norman McLeod, chaplain of the day, and various of the city authorities and prominent citizens among whom were Mayor Smoot, Hon. George 'A. Smith, and Captain Hooper, who de- livered the closing address. " Capt. Hempstead opened the ceremonies with some brief and patriotic re- marks, and on behalf of the Committee of Arrangements, announced His Excel- lency J. Duane Doty, Governor of Utah, as the presiding officer of the day. The Chaplain of the day then delivered an appropriate and impressive prayer, followed by Chief Justice Titus in a most able and exceedingly eloquent oration. Cap:, W. H. Hooper then delivered a brief and patriotic address, relating some interesting incidents attending the opening scenes of rebellion at Washington in 1 860- 1. The bands discoursed most excellent music in the intervals of the several exercises, and both the oration and address were received by the attentive multitude with rousing cheers and demonstrations of applause. ^j4. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CI7Y. "At the conclusion of the interesting ceremonies at the stand, the vast con- course dispersed amid rousing cheers and salvos of artillery. The United States forces from Camp Douglas were placed in line, and the citizen cavalry of Great Salt Lake City, under Colonel Burton, escorted them on the road to camp. Afterwards, about four o'clock, Col. George and staff, of Camp Douglas, were invited to partake of an elegant repast provided by the City Council at the City Hall. The Mayor presided, and after the cloth was removed the era of toasts, speeches, and good things generally, seemed to have arrived. Mayor Smoot opened the ball by proposing the health of President Lincoln, and success to the armies of the Union. Capt. Hempstead responded at some length and closed by a toast to 'Our hosts, the Mayor and civic authorities of Great Salt Lake City.' "This was met in most happy style by a toast to General P. E. Connor, District Commander — responded to on behalf of the General by a member of his staff. Then came the health of ' Our guests. Colonel George and staff,' neatly re- plied to by the Colonel in a patriotic speech, followed by a toast to ' the Judiciary, the mainstay of republican institutions.' This called out Judge Smith, who re- torted most admirably and appropriately on ' his friends the military, the right arm of the Government.' "On the whole, the proceedings at the City Hall were an appropriate cul- mination of the day's proceedings. It was free, easy, hospitable and a most kindly interchange of loyal sentiment among gentlemen not wont often to meet over the convivial board. Like the procession, it was a union of the civil and military authorities of Utah, and passed off with eminent satisfaction to all con- cerned. " Among those present we noticed Mayor Smoot, the members of the City Council, Judge Smith, Judge Clinton, John Taylor, John Sharp, Councilor Wood- ruff, George Q. Cannon, Col. Burton, Wm. Jennings, Mr. Lawrence and others, Col. George and staff, Major O'Neil and a host too numerous to mention in de- tail. Nearly everybody present responded to a toast most patriotically and fre- quently most eloquently. " At a late hour the whole party rose and adjourned to meet at the Theatre. It was a source of very general regret that General Connor was not present, but as the whole affair was somewhat impromptu, the General was called to camp before the committee could meet him, and the members of his staff were constrained to respond in his name to the sentiments proposed in his honor. " In the evening, fire-works and general rejoicings testified, to a late hour, the universal feeling, and the day closed after a general and patriotic jubilee rarely, if ever before seen in Utah." Stenhouse says: "General Connor was greatly moved at the sight of the tradesmen and working people who paraded through the streets, and who cheered most heartily — and no doubt honestly — the patriotic, loyal sentiments that were uttered by the speakers. He wanted differences to be forgotten, and, with gen- tlemanly frankness, approached the author with extended hand, and expressed the joy he felt in witnessing the loyalty of the masses of the people." General Connor having been called to take command of the Department of HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY, jyj the Platte, a ball was given by the city authorities at the Social Hall in honor of the General, preceding his departure. Within two months after the celebration of his inaugural day the city and camp were called to unite in deep mourning over the martyrdon of Abraham Lincoln, which struck the soldier and the loyal citizen alike with horror. At the receipt of the dreadful news some of the soldiers of the provost guard established in the city seemed ready to vent their vengeful fury on the citizens, but even the rudest of them soon appreciated that for once they had done injustice to the Mormons, both leaders and people, in imagining that they would sympathize with that crowning infamy. The Mormons too keenly felt the memory of their own martyrs not to be most genuinely aft'ected by the stroke which had given to the nation a martyr so pure in his life and patriotism, as was Abraham Lincoln. The Vedette quickly did the city justice and noted: "The merchants, bankers, saloon keepers, and all business- men of Salt Lake City, closed their places of business at lo a.m. on Saturday. The flags on all the public buildings, Brigham Young's residence, stores, etc., were displayed at half- mast, with crape drooping over them. Many of the principal stores and private residences were dressed in mourning. Brigham Young's carriage was driven through town covered with crape. The theatre was closed for Saturday evening, the usual night of performance, and every respect was shown for the death of our honored President. On Sunday the Tabernacle pulpit. Salt Lake City, was covered with crape, and every one throughout the city, that is, of the right- minded class, manifested the deepest sorrow at the horrible news conveyed by the telegraph." At a meeting of the Federal, civil and military officials of Utah, held at the Executive, in Great Salt Lake City, April iSth, at 2 p. m., Hon. J. Duane Doty, Governor, was called to the chair, Capt. C. H. Hempstead and T. B. H. Stenhouse, Esq., appointed secretaries. After preliminary consultation and expression of feeling over the sad event which called this meeting together, resolutions were presented by the Hon. Chief Justice Titus, which were unanimously adopted. We cuW the following : '^Resolved, that a committee of five be appointed on th-e part of the Federal officers to confer with a committee of like number on the part of the city author- ities, to made arrangements for suitable religious exercises to be held at the Tab* eanacle, April 19, at 12 o'clock m. Col. J. C. Little informed the meeting that Elder Amasa M. Lyman had been selected by the city authorities to deliver an address at the Tabernacle. "On motion, it was unanimously resolved that Rev. Norman McLeod be also invited to deliver an eulogium on the life, character and illustrious services of the late President, on the same occasion and at the same place. "In accordance with the foregoing resolutions the following gentlemen were appointed by the chair as the committee of arrangements, viz: Hon. Chief Justice John Titus, Col. O. H. Irish, Capt. Chas. H. Hempstead, Col. RobL T. Burton, ind Col. J. C. Little. jj6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. •' Following is the committee appointed on behalf of the city authorities, viz : Hon. Mayor Smoot, Alderman Sheets, Alderman Raleigh, Theo. McKean and N. H. Felt, Esqs. "On motion, the secretaries were instructed to transmit a copy of the pro- ceedings of this meeting to the City Council, and that public notice be given of the exercises at the Tabernacle. J. DUANE DOTY, President. " T. B. H. Stenhouse, Chas. H. Hempstead, Secretaries. Of the funeral obsequies in the Tabernacle the Vedette says: " On Wednesday, pursuant to notice, all business was suspended in Great Salt Lake City, the stores, public and private buildings were draped in mourning, and long before the hour named — 12 M. — throngs of citizens were wending their way to the Tabernacle to render the last sad, solemn, and heartfelt tribute to the great departed and deeply mourned dead. The Tabernacle was more than crowded, and upwards of three thousand people were present. The vast a.ssemblage was called to order by City Marshal Little, in the name of the mayor, immediately after the entrance of the orators, civil and military functionaries, and a large body of prominent citizens, who occupied the platform. The scene was impres- sive and solemn, and all seemed to partake of the deep sorrow so eloquently ex- pressed by the speakers on the occasion. The stand was appropriately draped in mourning, and the exercises were opened by an anthem from the choir. Franklin D. Richards delivered an impressive prayer. The address of Elder Amasa M. Lyman was an earnest and eloquent outburst of feeling, and appropriate to the occasion. He spoke for forty-five minutes, and held the vast audience in un- broken silence and wrapt attention. " The address did credit to Mr. Lyman's head and heart. After another an- them from the choir, Rev. Norman McLeod, Chaplain of Camp Douglas was introduced, and delivered one of the most impressive and burning eulogiums on the life, character, and public services of President Lincoln which it was ever our pleasure to hear." HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY ^^y CHAPTER XXXVIII. VISIT OF THE COLFAX PARTY TO SALT LAKE CITY. A TELEGRAM FROM THE MUNICIPAL COUNCIL MEETS THEM ON THE WAY WITH TRIBUTE OF THE CITY'S HOSPITALITIES. THEY ACCEPT THE WELCOME. ENTRANCE INTO THE CITY UNDER ESCORT. ENTHUSIASM OF THE PARTY OVER THE BEAUTIES OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN ZION. GRAND SERENADE /ND SPEECHES. FORECAST OF THE GREAT FUTURE OF SALT LAKE CITY. The visit of Schuyler Colfax and party to Great Salt Lake City commences a new epoch in the history both of our city and Territory. The party consisted of Hon. Schuyler Colfax, the then speaker of the House of Representatives, Lieutenant-Governor Bross, of Illinois, Samuel Bowles, editor of the Spring- field (Mass.) Republican^ and Albert D. Richardson, ot the New York Tribune. Speaker Colfax undoubtedly came in a semi-official capacity. Indeed, in his address to the people of the West, he told them specifically that Presi- dent Lincoln, just previous to his assassination, charged him specially to thor- oughly investigate the affairs and interests of the Pacific States and Territories, for the Nation's purposes, and that Mr. Lincoln had entertained an extra- ordinary faith in the destiny of the great West, believing it would become the treasure-house of the Nation, In this view Utah was particularly an object of in- terest, not only for her prospects as a great silver mining Territory, but extraor- dinarily because of her peculiar social and domestic institutions. It was inferred that President Lincoln had designed some adequate legislation on Utah, conso- nant with his aims and spirit in the reconstruction of the South. This was to be gathered from the utterances of his envoy to the West — the character which Mr. Colfax certainly assumed. It is true that early in the war period President Lin- coln had said to a representative of Brigham Young — " that if the Mormons would let him alone he would let them alone j^' but the Republican party which had elected him to supreme power, and in their initial platform coupled Utah and the South in a common and final settlement, now expected of him to adjust the affairs of Utah simultaneously with those of the "conquered South," and in ac- cordance with the " Chicago platform," which had declared " Slavery and Poly- gamy twin relics of barbarism." Such was the significance of the Colfax visit to Utah; and, though the con^ templated " settlement of Utah affairs " by special legislation was interrupted by the assassination of President Lincoln, and further interrupted by the great con- troversy which took place between the leaders of Congress and President Andrew Johnson, the original design of legislation for Utah quickly came up again when Colfax was elected vice-president, when it further assumed quite a war aspect. As this first visit of Mr. Colfax and party is the beginning of a chain of events and circumstances which have an unbroken continuance from the rise of General Grant and Mr. Colfax to the control of the nation, and perchance may be con- jj8 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. tinned for the next quarter of a century, the narrative of this Colfax visit, and a digest of the salient points of the speeches and utterances of the party in public to the citizens, and in private conversations with the Mormon leaders, may be preserved as a unique and very suggestive chapter of Utah's history. Along the journey from Atchison to San Francisco, the public was kept posted and alive with the movements and utterances of the Speaker and his com- panions, through the medium of the telegraph and Mr". Bowles' letters ; and, at every stage of the journey, the national importance of this visit to the great West was made the universal topic throughout the land. Mr. Bowles in closing his letters from Denver announced : "Our week in Colorado is ended ; we are off this morning for the seven days' stage ride north and west along the base of the Rocky Mountains, and through them at Bridger's Pass, to Salt Lake City, where we expect to worship) with Brigham Voung in his Tabernacle on Sunday week." In this same letter Mr. Bowles gives a description of Mr. Colfax's person, life, and public character, in which he said : "Without being, in the ordinary sense, one of the greatest of our public men, he is certainly one of the most useful, reliable and valuable, and in any capacity, even the highest, he is sure to serve the country faithfully and well. He is one of the men to be tenaciously kept in public life, and I have no doubt he will be. Some people talk of him for president ; Mr. Lincoln used to tell him he would be his successor; but his own ambition is wisely tempered by the purpose to perform present duties well. He certainly makes friends more rapidly and holds them more closely than any public man I ever knew ; wherever he goes, the women love him, and the men cordially respect him ; and he is sure to always be a personal favorite, even a pet, with the people." In the very nature of things, the heralded visit of such a personage to the Rocky Mountain Zion created an uncommon interest here; and the City Fathers hastened to meet him on the way with the following telegram : "Great Salt Lake City, Utah, June 7th, 1865. "Hon, Schuyler Colfax and Traveling Companions, at Fori Bridger : "Gentlemen: — The undersigned committee, appointed by the city council of Great Salt Lake, take pleasure in informing you that the city council have unanimously passed a resolution tendering to you the hosjjitalities of the city during your sojourn in our midst. Being appointed to notify you of this resolution, we beg to add that a com- mittee of gentlemen have been also appointed by that body, to meet you before arrival in the city, and to conduct you to apartments prepared for your use. "Not being fully acquainted with the names of the gentlemen in the party, we ask excuse for the omission, by extending a warm invitation to them all. "We are, gentlemen, yours very respectfully. W. H. Hooper, J. H. Jones, William Jennings, T. B. H. Stenhouse, Committee. ' ' HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. jjg Fort Bridger, June lo. " IV. LI. LLooper, Committee : — Our party accept. We leave here this morn- ing about ten o'clock and expect to reach Salt Lake City, on Sabbath morning about eight o'clock. Schuyler Colfax." The committee appointed by the Mayor and city council, to receive Speaker Colfax and friends, met them as they descended the hill entering the city, about eight o'clock on Sunday morning. As the stage halted. Captain Hooper, the chairman of the committee, exchanged salutations with Mr. Colfax, and simulta- neously both parties descended from their carriages and shook hands. The chair- man of the committee then made a cordial address of welcome to Mr. Colfax and friends in the city's name, in which he said : "In tendering you, and your traveling companions, Mr. Colfax, the hos- pitality of our mountain home, I do so with pride, that I am able to present to you a monumental evidence of what American people can do. "Seventeen years ago, this people, the citizens of Utah, immigrated to these distant parts, and were the first to unfurl the flag of the United States, when they fixed their camp where the city now stands, and to-day we are surrounded with the solid comforts and with many of the luxuries of life. "While I bid you welcome, sir, we think of the many services you have rendered us, and of the great good we have derived therefrom, for we are sensible that no man has done more to establish postal facilities on the great overland route to the Pacific. No people can appreciate those services more sensibly than the citizens of Utah, for we have often passed many months in the year without any communication whatever with our parent government. You, sir, were one of the first to stretch forth your hand to remedy this evil, and now instead of waiting months for news from the East, Ave receive it almost daily, by means of this ser- vice ; and thousands are blessed in the benefits of that great measure you have so faithfully advocated. "The great enterprise of establishing the telegraph wire across the continent, from which we have derived hourly communication with our sister States and Territories, is truly a great blessing, and to no one I am sure, Mr. Colfax, is the country indebted more than to yourself, for its erection. The active support which you gave the measure, contributed much to the establishment of the line, a medium through which time and space are nearly annihilated. "We take pride in introducing you to our city, in calling your attention to the improvements with which it is surrounded, as well as those of our settlements, reaching five hundred miles north and south and two hundred miles east and west. We take pleasure as well as pride, in alluding to our mills, woollen, cotton and paper factories, orchards, vineyards and fields of cotton and grain, and to every branch of our home industry introduced to multiply among ourselves, from the facilities which our country offers, every means of social and national comfort and independence. We present you these as the result of our industry and of our perseverance, against almost insurmountable obstacles. " To you editorial gentlemen, who not only govern, but in a sense manufac- 340 HIS TOR Y OF SALT LAKE CLTY. ture, public ojnnion, we offer a hearty welcome. We had the pleasure, some years ago, of a visit from Mr. Greeley, of the Tribune, who spent some time in our midst, and I can say wilh truth that in him we have always found a gentle- man ready and willing at all times to lend his influence in the cause of human progress. In conclusion, gentlemen, I again say, welcome," Mr. Colfax made a fitting reply to the " welcome," and the guests and com- mittee were then formally introduced to each other. Mr. R. Campbell, city re- corder, read the resolutions passed by the city council, tendering to Speaker Colfax and party the hospitalities of the city, after which the guests stepped into the carriages provided by the committee and were escorted by them into the city. Letter VIII. in Bowles' Book — "Across the Continent" — gives a graphic touch of the feelings and views of the Colfax party on their entrance into the Mormon Zion, amid the hearty welcomes of our citizens, both Mormon and Gentile. It is his first letter to the Springfield Republican from Great Salt Lake City, and is dated June 14, 1865 : " Leaving Fort Bridger for our last day's ride hither," wrote the pen of the Colfax party, "we leave the first Pacific slopes and table lands of the Rocky Mountains, drained to the south for the Colorado River, and to the north for the Columbia, and go over the rim of the basin of the Great Salt J,ake, and enter that continent withm a continent, with its own miniature salt sea, and its inde- pendent chain of mountains, and distinct river courses; marked wonderfully by Nature, and marked now as wonderfully in the history of civilization by its peo- ])le, their social and religious organization, and their material development. This is Utah — these the Mormons. I do not marvel that they think they are a chosen people ; that they have been blessed of God, not only in the selection of their home, which consists of the richest region, in all the elements of a State, between the Mississippi Valley and the Pacific Shore, but in the great success that has at- tended their labors, and developed here the most independent and self-sustaining industry that the western half of our continent witnesses. Surely great worldly wisdom has presided over their settlement and organization; there have been tact and statesmanship in their leaders; there have been industry, frugality and integrity in the people ; or one could not witness such varied triumphs of industry and in- genuity and endurance as here present themselves. >[; * * sf: " Early 'sun-up' brought us to the last station, kept by a Mormon bishop with four wives, who gave us bitters and breakfast — the latter with green peas and strawberries — and then, leaving number one at his home, went on with us to the city for parochial visits to the other three, who are located at convenient distances around the Territory. " Finally we came out upon the plateau — or ' bench,' as they call it here — that overlooks the valley of the Jordan, the valley alike of Utah Lake and the Great Salt Lake, and the valley of the intermediate Great Salt Lake City. It is a scene of rare natural beauty. To the right upon the plateau lay Camp Douglas, the honne of the soldiers and a village in itself; holding guard over the town and within easy cannon range of tabernacle and tithing-house ; right beneath, in an angle of the plain — which stretched south to Utah Lake and west to the Salt HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 34, Lake — "and Jordan rolled between" — was the city, regularly and handsomely laid out, with many fine buildings, and filled with thick, gardens of trees and flowers, that gave it a fairy-land aspect; beyond and across, the plain spread out five to ten miles in width, with scattered farm-houses and herds of cattle; below, it was lost in the dim distance ; above, it gave way, twenty miles off, to the line of light that marked the beginning of the Salt Lake — the whole flat as a plain, and sparkling with river and irrigating canals, overlooked on both sides by hills that mounted to the snow line, and from which flowed the fatness of water and soil that makes this once desert valley blossom under the hand of industry with every variety of verdure, every product of almost every clime. "No internal city of the Continent lies in such a field of beauty, unites such rich and rare elements of nature's formation, holds such guarantees of greatness, material and social, in the good time coming of our Pacific development. I met all along the plains and over the mountains, the feeling that Salt Lake was to be the central city of this West ; I found the map, with Montana, Idaho, and Ore- gon on the north, Dakota and Colorado on the east, Nevada and California on the west, Arizona on the south, and a near connection with the sea by the Colo- rado Kiver in the latter direction, suggested the same; I recognized it in the Sab- bath picture of its location and possessions ; I am convinced of it as I see more and more of its opportunities, its developed industries and its unimproved pos- sessions. " Mr. Colfax's reception in Utah was excessive if not oppressive. There was an element of rivalry between Mormon and Gentile in it, adding earnestness and energy to enthusiasm and hospitality. First a troop cometh, with band of music, and marched us slowly and dustily through their Camp Douglas. Then, escaping thus, our coach was waylaid, as it went down the hill, by the Mormon authorities of the city. They ordered us to dismount ; we were individually introduced to each of twenty of them ; we received a long speech; we made a long one — standing in the hot sand with a sun of forty thousand lens power concentrated upon us, tired and dirty with a week's coach ride : was it wonder that the mildest tempers rebelled ? Transferred to other carriages, our hosts drove us through the city to the hotel; and then — bless their Mormon hearts — they took us at once to a hot sulphur bath, that nature liberally offers just on the confines of the city, and there we washed out all remembrance of the morning suffering and all the accu- mulated grime and fatigue of the journey, and came out baptized in freshness and self-respect. Clean clothes, dinner, the Mormon Tabernacle in the afternoon, and a Congregational (Gentile) meeting and sermon in the evening, were the proceedings of our first day in Utah. "Since and still continuing, Mr. Colfax and his friends have been the recip- ients of a generous and thougthful hospitality. They are the guests of the city ; but the military authorities and citizens vie together as well to please their visitors and make them pleased with Utah and its people. The Mormons aie eager to prove their loyalty to the government, their sympathy with its bereavement, their joy in its final triumph — which their silence or their slants and sneers heretofore had certainly put in some doubt — and they leave nothing unsaid or undone now, towards Mr Colfax as the representative of that government, or towards the pub- 342 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY, lie, to give assurance of their right mindedness. Also they wish us to know that they are not monsters and murderers, but men of intelligence, virtue, good man- ners and line tastes. They put their polygamy on high moral grounds ; and for the rest, anyhow, are not willing to be thought otherwise than our peers. And certainly we do find here a great deal of true and good human nature and social culture; a great deal of business intelligence and activity ; a great deal of gen- erous hospitality — besides most excellent strawberries and green peas, and the most promising orchards of apricots, peaches, plums and apples that these eyes ever beheld anywliere." Passing from Mr. Bowles' gushing description of the entrance of the Colfax party to the Mormon Zion, we come to the grand serenade and welcome given to them, on the Monday evening, by the citizens generally. At an early hour crowds of citizens assembled on Main Street, in front of the Salt Lake House. After dusk the assemblage grew immense, and anxious silence was enlivened by patriotic airs from the city brass band, under Captain Charles J. Thomas. On the appearance of the distinguished visitors on the balcony, es- corted by the city authorities, Mayor A. O. Smoot was unanimously called to the chair. Hon. John F. Kinney, the then delegate of Utah to Congress, made some prefatory remarks, introducing Speaker Colfax, who came forward and favored the gathered thousands with a speech, in the capacity of a social talk at times, and anon exalting into the realms of patriotism and eloquence. The points touching on our city and its people will form links in the chain of history. Speaker Colfax thus addressed the Mormon people : "Fellow citizens of the Territory of Utah : Far removed as I am to-night from my home, I feel that I have a right to call every man that lives under the American flag in this wide-spread republic of ours, by the name of fellow citizen. I come before you this evening — introduced by your delegate in so complimen- tary a manner, fearing that you will be disappointed by the speech to which you have to listen. I rise to speak to you of the future of this great country of ours, rather than of the past, or of what has been done for it in the progress of this great republic. "I was gratified when, on this long journey which my companions and my- self are taking, we were met at the gates of your city, and its hospitality tendered to us ; although I must confess I would far rather have come among you in a quiet way, travelling about, seeing your city and Territory, and making observa- tions, without subjecting your official dignitaries to the trouble and loss of time that our visit seems to have entailed upon them, but which they insist is a pleas- ure. Yet when they voluntarily, and unexpectedly to us, offered us officially this hospitality, we felt that it should be accepted as promptly as it was tendered. I accept it the more cordially because I know that every one of you who knows anything about me and my companions, is sure that, reared as we have been in a different school from what you have been, and worshipping on a different altar, we are regarded as gentiles; yet, despite of all this, you have seen fit to request us to stop, on this journey to the Pacific, to receive the hospitalities which we have had lavished on us so boundlessly during the two days we have been in your midst. I rejoice that I came to you in a time like this, when the rainbow of HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. j^j p^ace spans our entire horizon from ocean to ocean, giving the assurance that the deluge of secession shall not again overwhelm this fair land of ours. (Cheers). I come to you rejoicing, and I was glad to hear from my old friend, Capt. Hooper, your former delegate to Congress, when he made his welcoming speech on Sab- bath morning in the suburbs of your city, that you too rejoiced in the triumph of this great republic of ours over the enemies who sought to bayonet the prostrate form of liberty, and to blot this great country from the map of the world. Thank God, who rules in the heavens, who determined that what he joined together on this continent, man should not put asunder; the republic lives to-day, and will live in all the coming ages of the future. (Cheers). There may be stormy conflict and peril ; there may be a foreign war, but I trust not ; I am for peace instead of war, whenever war can be honorably avoided. I want no war with England or France. I want the development and mighty sweeping forward of our giant re- public, in its march of progress and power, to be, as it will be, the commanding nation of the world, when it shall lift its head like your Ensign Peak, yon tall clift that lifts its mighty form swelling over the valley, laughing at the rolling storm clouds around its base, while the eternal sunshine settles on its head. ***** "I came here to-night, my friends, to speak to you frankly about the object of our visit in your midst. I know it is supposed, it is almost a by-word, that we of the sterner sex have adopted, that the ladies, the other sex, are the most -in- quisitive. Having a profound reverence for woman, for I believe that mother, wife, home and heaven are the four noblest words in the English language, I have never believed this to be true ; but from long experience and observation, am persuaded that our own sex is quite as inquisitive as the other. I can give you some proof of this : there has not been a single lady in Salt Lake City that has asked, 'what have you come out here for?' While there have been several gentlemen who have inquired, very respectfully, it is true, 'what was the object of your coming to Utah?' (Cheers and laughter.) Now I am going to tell you frankly all about it, so that your curiosity shall be entirely allayed. "I will begin by telling you what we did not come for. In the first place, we did not come here to steal any of your lands and possessions, not a bit of it. In the second place we did not come out here to make any remarkable fortune by the discovery of any gold or silver mines just yet. In the third place, we did not come out here to take the census of either sex among this people, and to this very hour I am in blissful ignorance as to whether the committee that met me in the suburbs of the city, are, like myself, without any wife, or whether they have been once or twice married, except your two delegates to Congress — they told me they only had a wife apiece. (Laughter.) In the fourth place, we did not come out here to stir up strife of any character; we came here to accept the hospitality of everybody here, of all sects, creeds and beliefs who are willing to receive us, and we have received it from all. Well, now, you see we could not have any ulterior design in coming here. >i< * >i; * >;< "Now, you who are pioneers far out here in the distant West, have many things that you have a right to ask of your government. I can scarcely realize, with this large assembly around me, that there is an almost boundless desert of J44 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE 017 Y. 1,200 miles bt;t\veen myself and the valley of the Mississippi. There are many things that you have a right to demand; you have created, however, many things here for yourselves. No one could traverse your city without recognizing that you are a people of industry. No one could look at your beautiful gardens, which charmed as well as astonished me, for I did not dream of any such thing in the city of Salt Lake when I came here, without realizing that you, or many of you, are a people of taste. If anybody doubt that, I think that one of your officers on the hill, who turned us loose into his strawberries to day, realized that he had vis- itors of taste. (Cheers and laughter.) I regret yet that I left it; but I was full, and the truth is I was too full for utterance, therefore I cannot make much of a speech to night. "In the first place, to speak seriously, coming cut here as jou had, so far from the old States, you had a right to demand postal communication. I heard something that surprised me, it must be an exaggeration of the truth — that at one time in your early settlement of this place, you were so far removed from postal communication, that you never heard of the nomination of President Pierce un- til he was elected and inaugurated as President. (A voice, 'that's so.') That was some six or eight months — that was a slow coach, and I don't see how any one who had been in the habit of reading a newspaper ever could get along at all ; he must have read the old ones over and over again. . "It happened to be my fortune in Congress to do a little towards increasing the postal facilities in the West; not as much as I desired, but as much as I could obtain from Congress. And when it was proposed, to the astonishment of my fellow-members, that there should be a daily mail run across these pathless plains and mighty mountains, through the wilderness of the West to the Pacific, with the pathway lined with our enemies, the savages of the forest, and where the lux- uries and even the necessaries of life in some parts of the route are unknown, the project was not considered possible; and then, when in my position as chairman of tl'ie post office committee, I proposed that we should vote a million dollars a year to put the mail across the continent, members came to me and said, 'You will ruin yourself.' They thought it was monstrous — an unjust and extravagant expenditure. I said to them, though I knew little of the West then compared to what I have learned in a few weeks of this trip, I said, ' the people on the line of that route have a right to demand it at your hands, and in their behalf I demand it.* (Cheers.) Finally the bill was coaxed through, and you have a daily mail running through here, or it would run with almost the regularity of clockwork, were it not for the incursions of the savages. « * * " You had a right to this daily mail, and you have it. You had a right, also, to demand, as the eastern portion of this republic had, telegraphic commu- nication — speeding the messages of life and death, of pleasure and of traffic; that the same way should be opened up by that frail wire, the conductor of Jove's thunderbolts, tamed down and harnessed for the use of man. And it fell to my fortune to ask it for you ; to ask a subsidy from the government in its aid. It was but hardly obtained ; yet now the grand result is achieved, who regrets it,^who would part with this bond of union and civilization ? There was another great •interest you had a right to demand. Instead of the slov, toilsome and expensive manner in which you freight your goods and hardware to this distant Territory, HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. j^5 you should have a speedy transit between the Missouri Valley and this intermoun- tain basin in which you live. Instead of paying two or thre-e prices,— sometimes overrunning the cost of the article, — you should have a railroad communication, and California demands this. I said, as did many others in Congress, 'This is a great national enterprise; we must bind the Atlantic and Pacific States together with bands of iron ; we must send the iron horse through all these valleys and mountains of the interior, and when thus interlaced together, we shall be a more compact and homogenous republic' And the Pacific Railroad bill was passed. This great work of uniting three thousand miles, from shore to shore, is to be consummated ; and we hail the day of peace, because with peace we can do many things as a nation that we cannot do in war. This railroad is to be built — this company is to build it ; if they do not the government will. It shall be put through soon ; not toilsomely, slowly, as a far distant event, but as an event in the decade in which we live. * * ^ * " And now, what has the government a right te demand of yon? It is not that which Napoleon exacts from his officers in France, — which is allegiance to the constitution and fidelity to the emperor. Thank God, we have no emperor nor despot in this country, throned or unthroned. Here every man has the right, himself, to exercise his elective suffrage as he sees fit, none molesting him or mak- ing him afraid. And the duty of every American citizen is condensed in a single sentence, as I said to your committee yesterday,— not in allegiance to an em- peror, but ailegia^us to the constitutiou, obedience to the laws, and devotion to the U?zion. (Cheers.) When you live to that standard you have the right to demand protection ; and were you three times three thousand miles from the national capital, wherever the starry banner of the republic waves and a man stands under it, if his rights of life^ liberty and property are assailed, and he has rendered this allegiance to his country, it is the duty of the government to reach out its arm, if it take a score of regiments, to protect and uphold him in his rights. (Cheers.) "I rejoice that I came into your midst. I want to see the development of this great country promoted. I would now touch on a question which I could allude to at greater length — that is about mining — but I find that our views differ somewhat with the views of some whom you hold in great respect here, therefore I will not expand on this subject as in Colorado or Nevada. But I would say this, for the truth compels me to say it, that this great country is the granary of the world everybody acknowledges, at home and abroad. When five of the States in the North- west produce three hundred and fifty million bushels of grain per year — when you can feed all your own land, and all the starving millions of other lands besides, with an ordinary crop, then you are indeed the granary of the world. But this country has a prouder boast than that — it is the treasury of the world. God has put "the precious metals through and through these Rocky Mountains, and all these mountains in fact, and I only say to you that if you, yourselves, do not de- velop it, the rush and tide of population will come here and develop it and you cannot help it. (Cheers.) The tide of emigration from the old world, which even war with all its perils did not check, is going to pour over all these valleys and mountains, and they are going to extend the development of nature, and I will tell you if you do not want the gold they will come and take it themselves. 346 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. (Cheers,) You are going to have this Territory increase in population, thei> there will not be much danger about this State matter. " Now, with the bright stars looking down upon us here, as they do on our friends in distant States, I thank you for the kind attention with which you have listened to me; and while I hold the stand I ask you to join with me, if you will, in three hearty hnrrahs for that Union which is so dear to our hearts, the very ark of our covenant, which may no unhallowed hand ever endanger in the centuries yet to come." The assembled throng joined with the speaker and gave three hearty cheers, which were followed with three cheers "for Colfax." Next came Lieutenant-Governor Bross of Illinois, editor of the Chicago Tribune, whose speech (given entire) is one of the most hearty, genuine tributes ever uttered or penned in honor of the early settlers of Utah : "Fellow citizens: I have no doubt at all but that I could make a very good speech, if the Honorable Speaker of the House of Representatives of this great nation had not taken all the wind out of my sails, and left me nothing to say. (Laughter.) But it is just like him, for though he and I are neighbors, close neighbors, as he lives in the State of Lidiana and I in the State of Illinois, yet that is the concession I am always obliged to make to the honorable gentleman. But I can only join my testimony to what the honorable Speaker has said, of my amazement at the development which 1 witness around me. "To see what I have seen to day — your beautiful gardens; where, less than twenty years ago, sage brush held undisturbed possession of the soil, now side by side, grow in luxuriance and tempting sweetness the peach, the apple and the strawberry, is a matter of astonishment to me beyond anything I ever saw before in my lif>r. (Cheers.) And it shows to me, my fellow-citizens, because we are all citizens of this great and glorious republic, what industry and energy, guided by intelligence, can do for this broad land, (cheers.) I can look back over those wastes of sage brush, over which we have passed in our travel, and wherever there is a mountain current to water the soil, I see before me in this great city what can be realized on every acre of the broad plains between the Missouri and this beautiful valley. And I know that American energy and American enterprise will soon redeem large tracts of this land through which we have passed, and soon, instead of being a vast desert, it will bloom and blosiom like the rose, as your city does to-day. (Hear, hear.) "I have always been a western man, though living down east. I have always felt that the West was soon to be the centre of wealth and power to this great nation. When but a boy I studied its geography ; when I grew to manhood, I studied its resources; now I am here to witness with my own eyes what American enterprise can do in the centre of the continent. And representing as I do, the great State of Illinois, that State that can lurnish food for the nation, and that city that sits as a queen at the head of Lake Michigan, ready with open arms to grasp the wealth of this North-west, and to pour back her wealth ui)on it, I feel here to-night, as if I had an interest in you, and in the progress and development of this Territory and every other Territory between the lakes and the Pacific. And whatever lean do, as editor of what is recognized as one of the chief newspapers in the city of HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 347 Chicago, to advance the interests of this North-west, )ou may calcuLite I shall do for your benefit. (Cheers.) "Among those things which I shall advocate is the necessity of the further development and the pushing forward of tliose great lines of communication which are to make us neighbors; and then, instead of rolling along in one of Mr. Holladay's fine coaches, for fine they certainly are, with our good friend Otis, I expect to have him by the hand, and taking our seat in the cars, come to Salt Lake City to eat strawberries with you in the short space of three days. (Cheers.) "I have seen a stage coach and the men who drive these stages across these great plains and mountains, and I wish to add my tribute of respect not only to Ben Holladay, but to the humblest stage driver between here and the Missouri. (Cheers.) They are brave men all, noble men all, everywhere in these stations. Passing along from one to the other, we found intelligence and that which charmed us ; and from my position here before you to-night, you can see I must have fared very well, and in Salt Lake City they have not starved me. (Laughter.) I can say, from my experience here, I have tested the capacity of man's system to contain strawberries and I find it large, but it did not equal the capacity of our friend's strawberry bed." " My fellow citizens, let me here repeat that in this excursion we have found a great many things to interest us. I have made a great many discoveries which I intend to send down home for the benefit of those who shall come here in the stage coach, for that is an institution I have learned to value. I reverence the stage coach ; there is no such place to sleep in as the stage coach when running over the rocks and through chuck-holes. A man can sleep in a stage coach, and four hour's sleep there is worth a whole night's sleep in a bed. I have engaged of our good friend Otis one of his stage coaches, and I intend to have it sent right down to Chicago, and have some of Gates' machinery to work it, and I shall sleep in it the rest of my life. (Laughter.) "I say, therefore, go on developing this valley as you have done. Build your canal from Utah Lake, cut your canal the other side of Jordan ; they say it is a hard road to travel, but I have not found it so. Cut your canals and water this whole land, that it may bud and blossom and bring forth abundantly. I have seen here such an evidence of wealth, cultivation and progress as would surprise any man, let him come from where he will ; even if he be a western man, it will surprise him. "So far as the railroad is concerned, and my friend Colfax has run the en- gine pretty well, I want to say to you, thatjwe here, connected with the newspa- pers back east, I and my associates of the quill, will do all that we can do ; we will concentrate our energies for the accomplishment of that great enterprise, to push it through to the Pacific — we will do all we can for you, we will do all we can to lessen the expense, the vast expanse, of drawing your goods all the way from the INIissouri to Salt Lake City. You want the railroad — you want it for its intelligence ; you want it from the fact that it mixes up a people and enlightens them, and gives them broader and more liberal views. It will place within your reach here many of the facilities and conveniences of life, now enjoyed by other sections of the nation. I say, my fellow citizens, let us all feel, in the great work of developing this continent, that each one must do his share. 34S HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. "I will say here, and ever hereafter, that; so far as you citizens of Utah are concerned, you have done your full share in developing the resources oi this Ter- ritory. (Cheers.) If seventeen years, that is the exact time you have been here, has accomplished what it has, what will not the seventeen years to come accom- plish, or a quarter or half a century, for this magnificent valley? You will have these hills swarming with the denizens of New York and Chicago— gentlemen coming to spend the summer angling on the lakes, and to see what wonders you have developed among the mountains, as we are doing in our stay during the week. To-morrow we go down to Salt Lake, to enjoy ourselves the best ix)ssible. And when we go home, we will tell the people what we have seen. We are accustomed ro tell the truth. The newspaper is not w-hat it once was. We hold this, that the truth in a newspaper is as essential to its success, as is the truth in social life, (cheers) and that nothing but the truth, plainly told, will tell on the interescs of this Territory and of this great Northwest, and so far as I am concerned I will tell nothing but the truth about you. (Cheers.) "Now, passing over the things in which we differ, leaving time and circum- stances to bring us together, let me say that I believe in the great principles that our Creator has established. I believe that the principles of commerce, the prin- ciples of our holy religion, will in the end fuse mankind together and make us all love each other as brothers. (Cheers.) I believe in a higher civilization, in a higher Christianity, being developed in the progress of human events, and such as shall make all men feel that all men are brothers. (Cheers.) Now, my fellow-citizens, wishing you all prosperity and happiness, and thanking you for your kind reception whicJi you have given to us individually, I bid you good evening." Mr. Albert D. Richardson, of the New York Tribune, closed the speeches of the evening in a strain congenial to that of his companions. * * * "I am impressed," he said, " with gratification and pleas- ure at your kind reception and warm and pleasant hospitalities, with wonder at the natural beauties of your surroundings, and at the artificial beauties which your skill and perseverance have given to your young and flourishing city. To me they are full of material for thought, full of suggestiveness. " The last four years have taught us and the world a great lesson — the lesson that any community, that any section of States under this government which at- tempts to resist the laws, will be ground to dust, under the authority of the Amer- ican people. The next four years will teach a lesson, equally impressive, that peace hath her victories no less renowned than war. * * * " There is to be a tide of migration towards the West, such as the world has never seen before — there is to be a rapid development, such as the world has never seen before. There are boys here to night who are to see the great regions of the West, from the Alleghanies to the Pacific, teeming with the life ot a hundred mil- lions of people. There are old men here to-night who will live to see the accom- plishment of that grandest'of material enterprises — such a one as the world has never seen — the Pacific Railroad, to see people from New York and San Fran- cisco, London and China, stopping on the great plains to exchange greetings and newspapers, while their respective trains are stopping for breakfast. HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 34^ "It is only in the grand material develop. nent of the country — the building of cities and railroads, the commerce on the river, the establishment everywhere of farms, that the greatest pride of American development is to consist, but that, by and bye, when all these mingling and divers nationalities are blended into one, America is to give the world the best men, the highest average men, the most in- telligent men, of the purest integrity, of the most varied accomplishments, that the world has ever seen. " But what is all this specially to you? In my judgment it is a great deal — it is everything, because your location is in the very heart, the very focal point of the new States which are to spring up here. Here is the line of travel, here are the fields of settlement, here is the path of empire. Here is such a site for a city as no commercial metropolis in the whole world occupies. I am dazzled at the thought of the future which may be before it, and of the future which may be before your people. "The government of the United States, I believe, will do its part to help you. The people of the United States, through their pioneer instinct to move westward, to plant themselves, to build new regions, will help you. Will you do your part of the work? (Yes, yes.) It is with the profoundest interest that, during the few days that I have been in your Territory, I have been studying its features and its developments. I have been in many of your ranches, in your green fields, in many of your gardens, your residences, your business houses, and I have looked with wonder at the almost miracles you have performed in the few years you have been here. And I will tell you, gentlemen, what the development which I have seen means, what it means to me. When I think of the vast labor you had to perform, of this terrible journey from the river here, and when I see what you have done, I am full of wonder and admiration ; they mean to me in- dustry; they mean to me integrity and justice in your dealings with each other. (Cheers.) Because I know enough of pioneer life, I know enough from practical observation and experience of the difificulties that environ and constantly beset new communities, to know this could not have been done by an idle people, by a volatile people, by a people who do not deal fairly and justly among themselves- and with each other. "That to me is a grand augury for your future; if you display in the future the same industry you have displayed during these pioneer years, and then adjust yourselves, as you will be compelled to, to the wants, necessities, and associations of the great communities that will flow in here upon you, to become a part of yourselves; if you perform your duties, as I doubt not you will, to our common country, right here in this beautiful valley, in this great basin, is to be one of the richest and most populous portion of our nation. "I v<-ish I could paint your coming horizon ; I wish I could cast the horoscope of your future ; but I think it cannot be many years before the new star of Utah will sail up our horizon to take her jilace among the other members of our Amer- ican constellation, (cheers) whicli we fondly hope, like the stars that light us to- night, shall 'haste not nor rest not, but shine on forever.' " Note — The foregoing speeches were reported by the able and faithful pen of the late David W. Evans, and revised by Mr, Colfax and his companions. Sjo HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. CHAPTER XXXIX. THE CITY FATHERS TAKE THE PARTY TO THE GREAT SALT LAKE. MEETING OF THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE AND THE FOUNDER OF UTAH. THE NATION DINES WITH THE CHURCH. THE PRESIDENT PREACHES IN THE TABERNACLE AT THE REQUEST OF THE SPEAKER, WHO IN TURN TRE.\TS THE SAINTS WITH HIS EULOGY ON LINCOLN. ADVICE TO THE FATHERS OF THE CHURCH TO ABOLISH POLYGAMY. BY A NEW REVELA- TION, IN EXCHANGE FOR A STATE. THE COLFAX CLOSET VIEWS. ADIEU TO THE MORMON ZION. DEATH OF GOVERNOR DOTY. A TALK ON POLYGAMY WITH THE CHAIRMAN ON TERRITORIES. Next day Sjjeaker Colfax, Gov. Bros?, Messis. Bowles and Richardson, accom- panied by the city council and some of the leading merchants, drove over to the Great Salt Lake. "We have" wrote Mr. Bowles, ''been taken on an excursion to the Great Salt Lake, bathed in its wonderful waters, on which you float like a cork, sailed on its surface, and picknicked by its shore, — if i)icnic can be without women for sentiment and to spread table cloth, and to be helped up and over rocks. Can you New Englanders fancy a stag picnic? We have been turned loose in the big strawbeiry patch of one of the Saints, and we have had a peep into a moderate Mormon harem, but being introduced to two different women of the same name, one after another, was more than I could stand without blushing." But the meeting of President Brigham Young and Speaker Colfax and party was the crowning circumstance of the visit. The Speaker of the House stood upon his dignity. Esteeming himself a chief representative of the nation, he did not think it becoming his national im- portance to first call on Brigham Young. This was expressed, and President Young was fully informed of the mountain of etiquette that burdened the spirit of the honorable Speaker. There could be no doubt that he wished to see the Prophet. To have gone away without seeing him would have taken away half the relish of the visit. So Brigham (who was matchless when he undertook to play the character of simple native greatness) humored him, and went down from his "Lion House," in company with several apostles and leading men of the city, to call upon the nation in the person of Mr. Colfax. The circumstance is told by Mr. Bowles, but with an evident effort to poise the Speaker of the House well as the principal figure in his meeting with the Mormon Moses. "In Mormon etiquette," he wrote, "President Brigham Young is called upon ; by Washington fashion the Speaker is called upon, and does not call ; there was a question whether the distinguished resident and the distinguished visitor would meet; Mr. Colfax, as was meet under the situation of affairs here, made a point upon it, and gave notice he should not call; whereupon President Brigham yielded the question and graciously came to-day with a crowd of high dignitaries of the church, and made, not one of Emerson's prescribed ten minute calls, but a gen- HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 351 erous; pleasant, gossii)[)ing sitting of two liours long. He is a very hale and hearty looking man, )()ung for sixty- four, with a light grey eye, cold and un- certain, a mouth and chin betraying a great and determined will — handsome per- haps as to presence and features, but repellent in atmos])here and without magnet- ism. In conversation he is cool and quiet in manner but suggestive in expression; has strong and original ideas, but uses bad grammar. He was rather formal, but courteous, and at the last affected frankness and freedom, if he felt it not. To his followers, I observed he was master of that profound art of eastern politicians, which consists in putting the arm affectionately around them and tenderly en- quiring for health of selves and families; and when his eye did sparkle and his lips soften, it was with most cheering, though not warming effect — it was pleasant but did not melt you." There were present at this interview, Speaker Colfax, Governor Bross, and Messrs Richardson and Bowles — the party of distinguished visitors; — Presidents Brigham Young and Heber C. Kimball, Apostles John Taylor, Wilford Woodruff, George A. Smith, F. D. Richards, George Q. Cannon, Hons. John F. Kinney, J. M. Bernhisel, VVm H. Hooper, Mayor Smoot, Marshal J. C, Little; Bishops Sharp and Hardy, Wm. Jennings, John W. Young, N. H. Felt, and George D. Watt, Esqrs. The Colfax party made a trip to Rush Valley, and on their return to Salt Lake City, on Friday, June i6th, they were the guests of Hon. W. H. Hooper. Next day they visited President Young, and afterwards were the guests of Wm. Jennings, Esq., dining in company with Presidents Young and Kimball; Apostles George A. Smith and George Q. Cannon; Hons. J. F. Kinney and Wm. H. Hooper; Col. Irish, Mayor Smoot, Marshal J. C. Little, and Charles H. Hapgood, John W. Young, J. F. Tracy, H. S. Rumfield and T. B. H. Stenhouse, Esqrs. Of this dinner Mr. Bowles wrote : "In the early years of the Territory, there was terrible suffering for want of food ; many were reduced to roots of the field for sustenance; but now there ap- pears to be an abundance of the substantial necessaries of life, and as most of the population are cultivators of the soil, all or nearly all have plenty of food. And certainly, I have never seen more generously laden tables than have been spread before us at our hotel or at private houses. A dinner to our party this evening by a leading Mormon merchant, at which President Young and the principal members of his council were present, had as rich a variety of fish, meats and vegetables, pastry and fruit, as I ever saw on any private table in the east ; and the quality and the cooking and the serving were unimpeachable. All the food too was native in Utah. The wives of our host waited on us most amicably, and the entertainment was, in every way, the best illustration of the. practical benefits of plurality, that has yet been presented to us. "Later in the evening we were presented to another, and perhaps the most wonderful, illustration of the reach of social and artificial life in this far off city of the Rocky Mountains. This was the Theatre, in which a special performance was improvised in honor of Speaker Colfax. The building is itself a rare triumph of art and enterprise. No eastern city of one hundred thousand inhabitants, — remember Salt Lake City has less than twenty thousand, — possesses so fine a the- J52 HIS TOR Y OF SALT LAKE CI TV. atrical structure. It ranks, alike in capacity and elegance of structure and finish, along with the opera houses and academies of music of Boston, New York, Phil- adelphia, Chicago and Cincinnati. In costumes and scenery it is furnished with equal richness and variety, and the performances themselves, though by amateurs, by merchants and mechanics, by wives and daughters of citizens would have done credit to a first class professional company. There was first a fine and elaborate drama, and then a spectacular farce, in both of which were introduced some ex- quisite dancing, and in one some good singing also. I have rarely seen a theat- rical entertainment more pleasing and satisfactory in all its details and appoint- ments. Yet the two principal characters were by a day laborer and a carpenter ; one of the leading parts was by a married daughter of Brigham Young, herself the mother of several children; and several other of his daughters took part in the ballet, which was most enchantingly rendered, and Avith great scenic effect. The house was full in all its parts, and the audience embraced all classes of society from the wives and daughters of President Young — a goodly array— and the fam- ilies of the rich merchants, to the families of the mechanics and farmers of the city and valley, and the soldiers from camp." Next day being Sunday, the Colfax party attended the Tabernacle to hear President Young, who had been asked by Mr. Colfax •' to preach upon the dis- tinctive Mormon doctrines." " Brigham's preaching to-day," wrote Mr. Bowles, "wasa very unsatisfactory performance. There was every incentive in him to do his best ; he had an im- mense audience spread out under the * bowery ' to the number of five or six thousand ; before him was Mr. Colfax, who asked him to preach upon the dis- tinctive Mormon doctrines; around him were all his elders and bishops, in un- usual numbers ; and he was fresh from the exciting discussion of yesterday on the subject of polygamy." The writer continues and gives with great disgust the subject matter of Brigham's sermon, thus closing his review : " Brigham Young may be a shrewd business man, an able organizer of labor, a bold brave person in dealing with all the practicalities of life, — he must, indeed, be all of these for we see the evidence all around this city and country; but he is in no sense an impressive or effective preacher, judging by any standard that I have been accustomed to. His audience, swollen by one or two thousand more, could not have helped drawing a sharp contrast, — dull in comprehension and fanatically devoted to him as most of them probably are, — between his speech and his style, and those of Mr. Colfax, who at a later hour this evening, delivered in the same place, by invitation of the church and city authorities, his Chicago eulogy on the Life and Principles of President Lincoln, He spoke it Avithout notes, and with much freedom to an audience unused to so effective and eloquent a style, and more unused, we fear, to such sentiments ; and he received rapt at- tention and apparently delighted approval throughout the whole." But, if the Colfax party was greatly disgusted with Brigham's sermon of that Sabbath morning, the "unusual numbers" of ''his elders and bishops around him" were as greatly amused by Brigham's signal failure. It was the talk of the following week, among some of his friends, that the President, on the Sunday, had treated Speaker Colfax and party to the worst sermon he had ever preached. HISTORY 01^ SALT LAKE CITY. 353 They were ''glad of it," they said. "The Lord intended to read his servant Brigham a lesson." " The Lord didn't want him to show off before the Speaker of Congress." There was considerable common sense in this view of the matter which the Saints took, and though at first, perhaps, somewhat disappointed with himself probably the "Prophet Brigham " appreciated the "Lord's lesson" to him in the same spirit — glad that he had not been allowed to show off before the Speaker of the House. Brigham Young and Schuyler Colfax were measured that day by two dif- ferent standards : the one was a great colonizer, and already the founder of a hundred cities; the other the eloquent Speaker of the House of Representatives. This is the only salient point of the " sharp contrast " between Brigham's bungling sermon on Mormonism, and Colfax's magnificent "eulogy on the Life and Prin- ciples of President Lincoln." But the chief subject of interest, of that time as well as of all times, till the peculiar and distinguishing marriage institution of the Mormons shall have been either reformed or more firmly established, was brought up between Mr. Colfax and his party, as representative of the Nation, and President Young and the apostles, as representative of the Mormon Church, in their second interview on the Saturday when Mr. Colfax and his companions called upon President Young at his office. Mr. Bowles is the most proper person to relate the conversation. He wrote : " Mr, Colfax and his friends have also had two long interviews with Brigham Young and other leaders of the Church, in one of which the peculiar institution of the people was freely and frankly but most earnestly discussed by all. "The conversation I have alluded to with Brigham Young and some of his elders, on this subject of polygamy, was introduced by his enquiry of Mr. Colfax what the Government and the people East proposed to do with it and them, now they had got rid of the slavery question. The Speaker replied that he had no authority to speak for the Government; but for himself, he might be permitted to make the suggestion, he had hoped ihe Prophets of the Church would have a new revelation on the subject, which should put a stop to the practice. He added, further, he hoped that, as the people of Missouri and Maryland, without waiting for the action of the general government against slavery, themselves believing it to be wrong and an impediment to their prosperity, had taken measures to abolish it, so he hoped the people of the Mormon Church would see that polygamy was a hindrance and not a help, and move ior its abandonment. Mr. Young responded quickly and frankly that he should readily welcome such a revelation; that polyg- amy was not in the original book of the Mormons ; that it was not an essential practice in the Church, but only a privilege and a duty, under special command of God; that he knew it had been abused; that people had entered into polyg- amy who ought not to have done so, and against his protestation and advice. At the same time, he defended the practice as having biblical authority, and as having, within proper limits, a sound moral and philosophical reason and propriety. SS4 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. "The discussion, thus opened, grew general and sharp, though very good natured. * * ^ * "In the course of the discussion, Mr. Young asked, supp3se polygamy is given up, will not your government then demand more, — will ii not war upon the Book of the Mormons, and attack our church organization ? The reply was emphatically. No, that it had no right, and could have no justification to do so, and that we had no idea there would be any disposition in that direction. "The talk, which was said to be the freest and Irankest ever known on that subject in that presence, ended pleasantly, but with the full expression, on ihe part of Mr. Colfax and his friends, of their hope that the polygamic question might be removed from existence, and thus all objection to the admission of Utah as a State be taken away; but that until it was, no such admission vvas possible, and that the government could not continue to look indifferently upon the en- largement of so offensive a practice. And not only what Mr. Young said, but his whole manner left us with the impression that, if public opinion and the govern- ment united vigorously, but at the same time discreetly, to press the question, there would be found some way to acquiesce in the demand and change the prac- tice of the present fathers of the church." Still more important than this conversation, as a connecting vein of history, is the exposition of the Colfax closet views and forecast of national policy con- cerning the Mormons and their institutions — views and policy matured while on this very visit to Salt Lake City, next quickly infused into the public mind on his return East, and finally brought into sharp administrative action, when he became Vice-President of the United States. And what is exceedingly significant is that, when this exposition and forecast of Mr. Colfax's vievvs and national policy was sent to the American public, in Mr. Bowie's last letter from Salt Lake City to the Springfield Republican, the expectation was thit Schuyler Colfax would be the next President of the United States — the regular "successor of Abraham Lincoln" after Andrew Johnson had filled the unexpired term. In the dedication of his "Across the Continent," to the then prospective President of the United States, Mr. Bowles said. " Besides the book is more yours than mine ;" so the following from the same letter, which relates the conversation with Brigham Young on polygamy, may be read as from Mr. Colfax himself on Utah policy. "The result of the whole experience has been to increase my appreciation of the value of their material progress and development to the nation ; to evoke con- gratulations to them and to the country for the wealth they have created and the order, frugality, morality and industry that have been organized in this remote spot in our Continent ;■ to excite wonder at the perfection of their Church sys- tem, the extent of its ramifications, the sweep of its influence ; and to enlarge my respect for the personal sincerity and character of many of the leaders in the organization ; also, and on the other hand, to deepen my disgust at their polyg- amy, and strengthen my convictions of its barbaric and degrading influences. They have tried it and practiced it under the most favorable circumstances, per- haps under the mildest forms possible, but now, as before, here as elsewhere, it tends to and means only the degradation of woman. By it and under it, she be- comes simply the servant and serf, not the companion and equal of man ; and the inevitable influence of this upon society need not be depicted. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 335 "But I find that Mormonism is not necessarily polygamy ; that the one began and existed many years without the other ; that not all the Mormons accept the doctrine, and not one-fourth, perhaps not one-eighth, practice it; and that the nation and its government may oppose it and punish it without at all interfering with the existence of he Mormon Church, or justly being held as interfering with the religious liberty that is the basis of all our institutions. This distinction has not been sufficiently understood heretofore, and it has not been consistently acted upon by either the government or the public of the East. Here, by the people, who are coming in to enjoy the opportunities of the country for trade and mining, and there by our rulers at Washington and by the great public, this single issue of polygamy should be pressed home upon the Mormon Church, — discreetly[and with tact, with law and with argument and appeal, but with firmness and power. "Ultimately, of course, before the influences of emigration, civilization and our democratic habits, an organization so aristocratic and autocratic as the Mor- mon Church now is must modify its rule ; it must compete with other sects and take its chances with them. And its most aristocratic and uncivilized incident or feature of plurality of wives must fall first and completely before contact with the rest of the world, —marshalled with mails, daily papers, railroads and telegraphs — ciphering out the fact that the men and women of the world are about equally divided, and applying to the Mormon patriarchs the democratic principle of equal and exact justice. Nothing can save this feature of Mormonism but a new flight and a more complete isolation. A kingdom in the sea, entirely its own, could only perpetuate it; and thither even, commerce and democracy would ultimately follow it. The click of the telegraph and the roll of the overland stages are its death-rattle now; the first whistle of the locomotive will sound its requiem; and the pickaxe of the miner will dig its grave. Squatter sovereignty will speedily settle the question, even if the Government continues to coquette and humor it, as it has done. "But the Government should no longer hold a doubtful or divided position towards this great crime of the Mormon Church. Declaring clearly both its want of power and disinclination to interfere at all with the Church organization as such, or with the latter's influence over its followers, assuring and guaranteeing to it all the liberty and freedom that other religious sects hold and enjoy, the Government should still, as clearly, and distinctly, declare, by all its action, and all its representatives here, that this feature of polygamy, not properly or neces- sarily a part of the religion of the Mormons, is a crime by the common law of the Nation, and that any cases of its extension will be prosecuted and punished as such. Now half or two-thirds the Federal officers in the Territory are polyg- amists ; and others bear no testimony against it. These should give way to men who, otherwise equally Mormons it may be, still are neither polygamists nor be- lievers in the practice of polygamy. No employees or contractors of the Gov- ernment should be polygamists in theory or practice. "'Here the Government should take its stand, calmly, quietly, but firmly, giving its moral support and countenance, and its physical support if necessary to the large class of Mormons who are not polygamists, to missionaries and preachers of all other sects, who choose to come here, and erect their standards 3s6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. and invite followers ; and to that growing public opinion, here and elsewhere, which is accumulating its inexorable force against an institution which his not inaptly been termed a twin barbarism with slavery. There is no need and no danger of physical conflict growing up; only a hot and unwise zeal and impatience on the part of the Government representatives, and in the com- mand of the troops stationed here, could precipitate that. The probability is, that, upon such a demonstration by the Government, as I have suggested, the leaders of the Church would receive new light on the subject themselves, perhaps have a fresh revelation, and abandon the objectionable feature in their polity. No matter if they did not — it would soon, under the influences now rapidly aggre- gating, and thus reinforced by the Government, abandon them. "In this way, all violent conflict would, I believe, be successfully avoided; and all this valuable population and its industries and wealth may be retained in place and to the Nation, without waste. Let them continue to be Mormons, if they choose, so long as they are not polygamists. They may be ignorant and fanatical, and imposed upon and svvindled even by their church leaders ; but they are industrious, thriving, and more comfortable than, on an average, they have ever been before in the homes from which they came hithei ; and there is no law against fanaticism and bigotry and religious charlatanry. All these evils of relig- ious benightment are not original in Utah, and they will work out their own cure here as they have elsewhere in our land. We must have patience with the present, and possibly forgiveness for supposed crimes in the past by their leaders, because we have heretofore failed to meet the issues promptly and clearly and have shared, by our consent and protection to their authors, in the alleged wrongs." In closing his letters from Salt Lake City Mr. Bowles gives a very notable adieu to our city : " But adieu to Salt Lake and many-wive-and-much-children-dom ; its straw- berries and roses ; its rare hospitality ; its white crowned peaks; its wide spread valley; its river of scriptural name; its lake of briniest taste. I have met much to admire, many to respect, worshipped deep before its nature, — found only one thing to condemn. I shall want to come again when the railroad can bring me and that blot is gone." During the visit of the Colfax party to our city, Governor James Duane Doty died, whereupon tlie following order was issued by the city authorities : " Mayor's Office, Great Salt Lake City, June 14th, 1865. " Whereas, intelligence has reached me of the sudden death of Governor James Duane Doty, who departed this life on the 13th inst., at 9 o'clock, " Therefore, in token of respect for the dead, I do hereby request that all secular business in the city be suspended; that all business houses be closed, and that the flags be draped at half-mast until after the funeral ceremonies. By order of A. O. Smoot, Mayor. J. C. Little, Marshal. HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. J57 On Thursday morning, June 15th. at ten o'clock, the citizens assembled in large numbers around the residence of the late governor of Utah, and punctually the ostentatious funeral service was performed by the Rev. Norman McLeod be- fore the corpse left the house. The cofifin was carried to the hearse by the Hon. Schuyler Colfax, Governor Bross, Chief Justice Titus, Associate Justice Drake, Superintendent Irish, and U. S. Marshal Gibbs. The carriages of the citizens and families of the military command formed in a long procession, and moved northward, thence east by South Temple Street, preceded by the Provost Guard and the military band to the cemetery at Camp Douglass. " All business was sus- pended in the city, the flags at half-mast were draped in crape, drooping in the air, while the unusual sombre clouds lent a sadness to the scene that faithfully de- picted the heart-felt sadness of the people." About two weeks later the Honorable Jas. M. Ashley, of Ohio, then chair- man of the Committee on Territories, visited Salt Lake City. President Brigham Young met the gentleman frankly, and in the parlor of Delegate Hooper there was a free conversation upon the probable future reltitions between the Govern- ment and the Mormons. The first question from Brigham was : Well, Mr. Ash- ley, are you, also, going to recommend us to get a new revelation to abolish po- lygamy, or what are you going to do with us? * * * ^ " Now, Mr. President, I don't know what we can do with you. Your situa- tion reminds me of an experience of Tom Corwin. In the days of Torn's poverty, somewhere in Ohio, he thought he would hang out a lawyer's shingle and catch a share of business. One day a smart fellow solicited his legal services; he wanted Tom to defend him, and proposed to give him a fee of fifty dollars. That was a big sum to Tom then; but when he heard the situation of his client he stated that he was under professional obligations to say he could be of no service to him. The client insisted that Tom should make a speech in court, and that was all he wanted. The case came on: the evidence was clear, witnesses had seen the prisoner steal some hams, carry them to a house, and there the hams were found in the client's possession. It was a clear case of theft, the evidence was incontestible, and the prosecutor thought it needless to address the jury. The defendant, however, insisted that Tom should make his speech. A brilliant effort was made, the jury retired, and in a few minutes returned with a verdict of 'not guilty." The judge, the prosecutor and Tom were perfectly confounded. They glanced at each other a look of in- quiry. Nothing more could be done, and the prisoner was discharged. As they retired from the court the lawyer said to the thief: ' Now old fellow, I want you to tell me how that was done ! ' ' Your speech did it, ' was the reply. ' No, it didn' t and I want to know how_>w/ did it?' 'Well^ if you will not speak of it till I get out of the State, I shall tell you.' Tom accorded to this, and in perfect confi- dence his client whispered : ' Well, eleven of the jurors had some of the ham.' " Brigham roared and laughed. It was Mr. Ashley's pleasant insinuation that with a Mormon jury the institution was perfectly secure. The story is told by T. B. H. Stenhouse who was present at the interview between the Mormon President and the chairman of the Committee on Territories. ^SS HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. CKAPPER XL. BEGINNING OF THE ANTI-MORMON CRUSADE, THE CHANGE IN THE COLFAX VIEWS. INITIAL OF THE. ACTION AGAINST THE UTAH MILITIA. URGING THE ADMINISTRATION. CORRECTED VIEWS CONCERNING THE MILITIA. Out of this Colfax visit to Salt Lake City directly grew what the Mormons call the cnisades against their religion, or as Chief Justice James B. McKean de- scribed it, the prosecution of "Polygamic Theocracy." It began immediately on the return of the Colfax party from their tour of investigation of the Great West, first in the agitation of the public mind by the speeches and expositions of Speaker Colfax relative to the Pacific States and Territories, in which polygamic Utah came in constantly for a sharp and special treatment. Until this Colfax movement commenced to stir up the Nation upon Utah affairs, there had been no "crusade" of the Government and Congress against Mormon polygamy. In the causes presented to Congress by the Buchanan administration, for the sending out of the Utah Expedition, polygamy was not even named. General Winfield Scott, in issuing his orders to General W. S. Harney, named the specific cause : — "The community and, in part, the civil government of Utah Territory are in a state of substantial rebellion against the laws and authority of the United States." Neither had the action of the Government against polygamy entered into the early differences between the Gentile part of the Federal officers and the Mormon community, though Judge Brocchus did offensively rebuke in their pub- lic assembly, the community relative to their polygamic institutions. It was not until the Grant-Colfax administration that Government took any action at all against Utah, touching polygamy. It is true there had been the passage of the anti-polygamic law by Congress in 1862 ; but it was generally understood to be in- operative and as a dead letter on our statute books. Indeed the Senators from California — Latham and McDougall — voted against the passage of the bill, — Mc- Dougall opposing it in a speech in which he said, *T do not think the measure at this time is well advised. It is understood its -provisions will be a dead letter on our statute book. Its provisions will be either ignored or avoided, * * The impolicy of its present passage will cause my colleague and self, after consul- tation, to vote against the bill." And a year after the passage of that bill, though President Lincoln signed it, he sent private word, as already noted, to Ex-Gov- ernor Young concerning the Mormon polygamists with this assurance : " I will let them alone if they will let me alone." But with the return of Speaker Colfax, from his visit of observation of the Pacific States and Territories, the plan and policy over Utah affairs was entirely changed from a dead letter to a live action, and Government itself became the prime mover against polygamic Utah, until finally it grew into an administrative and congressional "crusade" against them as a religious community. This was inspired by Mr. Colfax and sustained by President Grant with all the determina- HJSTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 3^9 tion of the man who had conquered secession in the South, and finished with the sword what President Lincohi had begun in his proclamation abolishing slavery. Brigham Young's inquiry of Mr. Colfax as to " what the Government and people of the East proposed to do with polygamy and the Mormons, now that they had got rid of the slavery question," was a most pertinent question. It was substantially the same enquiry which met Mr. Colfax everywhere on his return to the Eastern States with his expositions and policy relative to the Pacific States and Territories. All his speeches dealt with Utah consonant with the foregoing ex- positions of views and policy contained in Mr. Bowles' closing Salt Lake letter. The warm genuine hospitality which Salt Lake City had extended to Mr. Colfax and his friends ; the admiration expressed by all touching what the Mor- mons had done in these once desert places, and their value as a community to the Nation ; and, above all, the free and cordial interviews and conversations which took place between the Colfax party and Brigham and his friends, seemed to promise a happy union between the general Government and the Mormon leaders, in the adjustment Df the affairs in question. But, when on his return from the West, to speak with a permitted national voice of its affairs, the enquiry which Brigham Young had put came sharply from the public, " what does the Nation in- tend to do with the Mormons and polygamy, now it has got rid of the slavery question ?" Mr Colfax was carried away from the possible adjustment, which he might at a later date have effected with the leaders of the Mormon church, when he became as Vice-President the actual dictator of the Government on Utah affairs. In sending out his book, '' Across the Continent," dedicated to Mr, Colfax, Mr. Bowles strongly marks this change which had taken place in a k\v months, both in the minds of the Mormon leaders and in the policies and intentions of Mr. Colfax. In his supplementary papers he wrote : "Since our visit to Utah in June, the leaders among the Mormons have re- pudiated their professions of loyalty to the Government, denied any disposition to yield the issue of polygamy, and begun to preach anew, and more vigorously than ever, disrespect and defiance to the authority of the National Government. They seem to be disappointed and irate that their personal attentions and assur- ances to Mr. Colfax and his friends did not win for them more tolerance of their peculiar institution, and something like espousal of their desire for admission as a State of the Union. New means are taken to organize and drill the militia of the Territory and to provide them with arms, under the auspices and authority of the Mormon Church; and an open conflict with the representatives of the Gov- ernment is apparently braved^ even threatened. •'' Much of this demonstration is probably mere bravado ; means to arouse the ignorant people, excite them against the Government, make them still more the fanatical followers of the Church leaders, and also to intimidate the public authorities, and induce them to continue the same let-alone and indulgent policy that has been the rule af Washington for so long. The Government always seems to have demonstrated just enough against the Mormons to irritate them and keep them compact and prepared to resist it, but never enough to make them really afraid, or to force them into any submissive steps. The bristling attitude of the Saints has ever had the apparent effect to qualify the Government purpose, and 36o HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. make it stop short in its proceeding to enforce the laws and National authority. It is no wonder, therefore, that they repeat their frantic and fanatic appeals to their people, and their defiance to the Government, and grow more and more bold in them. They find that it works better than professions of loyalty and half-way offers of submission, one bad effect of which, for their own cause, is of course to demoralize their followers, and weaken their own authority over them. "There is no evidence yet of any change in the policy of the executive au- thorities at Washington. While the new Federal Governor of the Territory, Mr, Durkee from Wisconsin, the Federal judges, and the superintendent of Indian affairs are both anti-Mormons and anti-polygamists, all or nearly all the other Federal officers in the Territory arc both leading Mormons and practical polyg- amists — the postmasters, collectors of internal revenue, etc. The postmaster of Salt Lake City is one of Brigham Young's creatures, and editor of the Mormon daily paper there. The returns of internal revenue in the Territory are found to be, proportionately to similar populations and wealth, quite small ; and there are reasons to believe that the taxes are not faithfully assessed and collected. Gen- eral Conner, who has been returned to his old place, as military commander of the district of Utah alone, is assigned a force of only one thousand soldiers; though he asked for and expected to have five thousand. The lesser number remote from all possible reinforcement, is entirely inadequate to support the Governor and judges in any exercise of authority that they may dare to undertake, and that the Mormons may choose to resist. One thousand soldiers could very readily be wiped out — which is a favorite phrase of the Saints towards their enemies — by a sudden uprising of the fanatical followers of Brigham Young and his apostles. "Excuse for such uprising is in much danger of being developed from the growing strength and impatience of the anti-Mormon elements in society at Salt Lake City, and the reckless, desperate character of some of those elements. Miners from Idaho and Montana have come into that city to winter, to spend their profits, if successful, or to pick up a precarious living, if unlucky. Many discharged soldiers also remain there or in the neighboring districts. The grow- ing travel and commerce across the continent floats in other persons, good, bad and indifferent as to habits and self-control ; other accessions to the Gentile strength and agitation arQ constantly being made. The merchants of that class are increasing and becoming prosperous ; those who have been silent and submis- sive under the Mormon hierarchy, dare now to demonstrate their real feelings, under the protection of sympathy and soldiers ; the Daily Union Vedette con- tinues to be published as organ of the soldiers and other ' Gentiles,' and is bold and unsparing and constant in its denunciations of the Mormon church and its influences ; Rev. Norman McLeod, chaplain of the soldiers, and pastor of the Congregational Society in Salt Lake City, has returned from a summer's trip to Nevada and California, with funds for building a meeting-house, and increasing zeal against the Mormons ; a Gentile theatre has been established ; various social or- ganizations, in the same interest, are increasing and growing influential over the young people ; General Connor himself, his fellow officers and soldiers are all bitter in their hatred of the Mormons, and eager for the opportunities to subdue them to the governmental authority; Governor Durkee seems less disposed to be tol- HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. j6t erant of the Mormon control and the Mormon disrespect to federal anthority, than his predecessors generally have been; and the judges, goaded like all the rest of the Gentiles, by Mormom insults and Mormon defiance, and their own inca- pacity, under goverment neglect, to perform their duties, more than share the common feeling of antagonism to the Church leaders. "Thus the two parties are growing more and more antagonistic, more and more into a spirit of conflict. Thus, too, while are rapidly aggregating and op- crating the means by which the Mormon problem is to be solved, even without the special help or interference of Government, are also coming into life the elements and the dangers of a more serious and personal collision, in which the Mormons, from their numerical superiority, would most probably be successful and, quite likely, wreak terrible vengeance on their enemies. Of course such a result would evoke full retribution on their own head ; for then people and Government would arouse, and enforce speedy and complete subjugation. " But these threatened and dreaded results ought to be and can be avoided. The Government has now the opportunity to guide and control the operation of natural causes to the overthrow of polygamy and the submission of the Mormon aristocracy, without the shedding of blood, without the loss of a valuable popula- tion and their industries. The steps, too, are, first, a sufficient military force in the Territory to keep the peace, to protect freedom of speech, of the press, and of relig- ious prosely tism ; to forbid any personal outrages on the rights of the Mormons ; and to prevent any revenges by them upon the Gentiles. And, next, the supplanting of all polygamists in federal offices by men not connected with that distinctive sin and offence of the church. These steps, wisely taken, firmly administered, would rapidly give the growing anti-polygamist elements such moral power as would insure a speedy and bloodless revolution. It may not be wise or necessary, at least at the pre- sent, in view of past indulgence, to undertake to enforce the federal law against poly- gamy; that may be held in abeyance until the effect of such proceedings as have been indicated are fully developed. In short, I would change the government policy from the 'do-nothing ' to the 'make-haste-slowly' character; I would have its influence decidedly and continuously felt in the Territory, against the crime of polygamy. " Neglecting to do this, there is danger of anarchy and deadly conflict springing up on that arena ; there is also sure prospect that the people of the country at large will, in their impatience and disgust, force upon Congress such radical measures against the Mormons, as are, in regard to our past neglect and the present opportunity of peaceful revolution, to be almost as deeply deprecated. In either event, the responsibility will rest heavily and sharply upon the President and his Cabinet, who are permitting the affairs of the Territory to drift on in the present loose and dangerous way, either ignorant of, or indifferent to, the raj^idly devel- oping social conflict there.'' As regards the Utah militia Mr. Bowles, evidently, was laboring under a very prevalent mistake. It has always been represented by anti-Mormon writers, and rehearsed from time to time by the newspapers of the country, that the Utah militia was organized and kept up for the express purpose of rebellion against the United States, or, at least, to give the Mormon leaders the power to resist the 362 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Federal rule whenever it became obnoxious to them. In other words, the militia of the Territory was looked upon as the military arm of the Mormon Church, and the nucleus of this army was supposed to be a formidable band of " Danites," known also by another name — the " Avenging Angels " of the Church. Hence the annual muster and drill of the Utah militia, taking place so soon after the Colfax visit, signified to Mr. Bowles the arming and preparing for rebellion against the Federal authority : "an open conflict with the representatives of the Government is apparently braved, even threatened." It must be confessed that this view of the militia had been established by the action of the Utah war, when Brigham Young, as governor, put the Territory under martial law, ordered a United States army back, and made bold war speeches in the Tabernacle, and that the militia had gone out under its lieutenant-general to repel invasion. But the Utah militia had been organized for no such purpose. It has been shown, in this his- tory, that the people of Utah had not been making any preparation to resist the expedition, nor had they expected any conflict with the Government, until the news burst upon them like a bombshell, while they were celebrating the tenth an- niversary of their pioneer day, that an army was on the way to destroy them as a community. Then everywhere throughout the Territory the citizens arose spon- taneously, not so much as a militia, but rather as a community to defend their church, their homes, their lives and their liberties, and to protect their wives and children ; for it will be remembered that they expected nothing less than extermi- nation from their Rocky Mountain refuges, if the Utah military expedition pre- vailed. But the Utah militia was organized with no contemplation of anything of this, much less with an intent of resistance to the Federal authority. It was organized in 1849, ^o'' ^^^ protection of the young colonies against Indian depre- dations, and was kept up for the same purpose. It had, up to 1865, cost the set- tlers many valuable lives, and millrons of dollars in time and substance, and there had been occasions when nearly all the able-bodied men in the settlements, both North and South were, half the year round, either under arms on guard at home, or away on Indian expeditions protecting distant settlements. Indeed, the often and continued Indian wars form no inconsiderable portion of Utah's history, and Salt Lake City, being the headquarters, was always conspicuous in the military action and display, especially during the annual muster and review of the troops *' over Jordan," when President D. H. Wells figured as lieutenant-general, and apostles and bi-:hops as major-generals, brigadier-generals and colonels yet this fact by no means constituted the militia the army of the Church. Just such an occasion had come in the year 1865. It was the year of the Black Hawk war. HIS TOR V OF SAL T LAKE CITl 363 CHAPTER XLI. HISTORY OF THE UTAH MILITIA FOR THE YEARS 1865, 1863, AND 1867. THE GOVERNOR CALLS UPON CAMP DOUGLAS FOR AID AGAINST THE INDIANS, BUT IS REFUSED, THE GOVERNMENT ORDERS THE UTAH MILITIA FOR THAT SERVICE. SECRETARY RAWLINS SUBMITS THE REPORT TO CON- GRESS. THE GOVERNMENT'S DEBT TO OUR CITIZENS OF OVER A MILLION DOLLARS FOR MILITARY SERVICES UNPAID. The following State document, which is, in itself, quite a chapter of the In- dian history of our Territory, gives a very different rendering of the military ac- tivity in the fall of 1865, of which Mr. Bowles wrote to the public: '-'New means are taken to organize and drill the militia of the Territory, and to provide them with arms, under the auspices and authority of the Mormon Church ; and an open conflict with the representatives of the government is apparently braved, even threatened." "War Department, March 25th, 1869. " The Secretary of War has the honor to submit to the House of Represen- tatives the accompanying communication from the adjutant-general of the Terri- tory of Utah, inclosing a statement of the expenses incurred by the Territory in the suppression of Indian hostilities during the years 1865, 1866 and 1867. "■ Jno. a, Rawlins, Secretary of War. "Adjutant General's Office, Utah Territory, " Salt Lake City, Feb. 9th, 1869. "I have the honor herewith to forward to you the accounts of expenses in- curred by the Territory of Utah, in the suppression of Indian hostilities in said Territory during the years 1865, 1S66 and 1867. '* The seat of this war has been chiefly in Sanpete, Sevier and Piute Counties, and it may be necessary to give a brief description of that part of the Territory to •enable you to more readily understand the situation of those inhabitants, and the necessity that existed for a strong military force constantly in the field during the season of hostilities. " San Pete Valley is one hundred and twenty miles south of this cit}-^, and extends southward some sixty miles, and is from five to fifteen miles wide, sur- rounded by lofty and rugged mountains, from which streams of water flow down into the valley at intervals of from six to ten miles. On these streams and near the base of the mountains, the settlements and towns are mostly located. There are in this valley, \vhich was first settled in 1849, nine large and, until the war, flour- ishing settlements, viz : Fountain Green, Moroni, Coalville, Fairview, Mount Pleasant, Springtown, Fort Ephraim, Manti, and Fort Gunnison, each with a pop- ulation of from five hundred to two thousand inhabitants. The San Pete River runs through the valley from north to south, and empties into the Sevier river be- 364 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. low Fort Gunnison. N^ar this point Sevier County joins San Pete and extends directly south some sixty miles up the Sevier Valley, In Sevier County there was, when the war commenced, four thriving settlements, viz : Salina, Glenwood, Rich- field and Alma, with a population of about fifteen hundred. Piute County lies directly south of Sevier. In these, as in San Pete County, the settlements are lo- cated on the streams near the base of the mountains, which are high and very rugged. The war commenced on the tenth day of April, 1S65, when a band of San PeteUtes, led by Black Hawk, killed Peter Ludwicksen near Manti, San Pete County, and on the following day, Barney Ward and Mr. Lambson, near Salina, Sevier County, and drove off a large herd of stock up the adjoining canyon. A company of cavalry was immediately mustered into service, gave them chase, and' when about ten miles up the canyon received a deadly fire from the Indians from behind the rocks in an almost impregnable position. From the high and rugged mountains on both sides they could not be flanked. Two of our men were in- stantly killed and two wounded, and the company was obliged to fall back, until on the arrival of additional forces they again started in pursuit, and traveling one hundred miles over an extremely rugged country, overtook them near Fish Lake, gave them battle, killing and wounding several of the Indians, but the stock had been driven on toward the Elk mountains and could not be recovered. The war had now commenced, and all overtures of peace were peremptorily refused by the Indians. His Excellency J. D. Doty, then governor of the Territory, and Col- onel O. H. Irish, then superintendent of Indian Affairs, were applied to for aid. The superintendent requested the military authorities at Camp Douglas, in this city, to send a sufficient force to protect the settlers and to arrest the offending Indians. This was declined. See annual report of O. H. Irish, superintendent of Indian Affairs, Utah Territory, September 9th, 1865, to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Washington, D. C, published in the ' Report of the Secretary of the Interior,' 1865-66, page 314, of which the following is an extract : " ' During the past year the Indians have been peaceful, with the exception of the difficulties with a band of outlaws in San Pete Valley, mentioned in my letter of the 28th of April last. At that time I requested the military authorities to send a sufficient force to protect the settlers and to arrest the offending Indians. This was refused, and the settlers were left to take care of themselves. They or- ganized a force of about eighty men and drove the Indians back to Grand River, killing about one-third of the number of those who were engaged in committing the depredations. "O. H. Irish, Superintendent, etc., " May 26th. — The Indians killed John Given, wife and four children, near Thistle Valley, San Pete County, and Mr. Neilson, near North Bend, in the same county, and on the 29th, David M. Jones, near the same settlement, and drove off a large herd of horses and cattle. In consequence of these renewed outrages other companies of cavalry were mustered into service, and the stock in these counties, which had up to that time ranged in the valleys and sides of the moun- tains, were gathered up and herded in the vicinity of the settlements by the in- habitants. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 365 " Notwithstanding every precaution and effort made by the militia and the set- tlers, in consequence of the rugged nature of the country and the situation of the settlements, it was impossible to prevent the enemy making an occasional raid on the settlements or some herd of stock, as they would come down from the moun- tains in force and return in an hour to an almost impregnable position in the can- yon, or some previously unknown mountain pass. "For the better protection of the settlements, all of the able-bodied men in those counties were mustered into service as home guards, and performed duty in this capacity, but no returns for this service are included in these accounts. "The war continued, the Indians gaining accessions to their ranks, and having, during the summer, massacred between thirty and forty men, women and children. The last raid in 1865, was on Fort Ephraim, San Pete County, in the month of October, when five men and two women were killed, and two men wounded, and two hundred head of stock taken. Many battles were fought dur- ing the summer and some forty of Black Hawk's warriors killed. " On the approach of winter the Indians withdrew to the Colorado River, living on the plunder of the past summer, their successes having furnished them with horses to mount all who would join their ranks, and plenty of beef to feed them — strong inducements to Indians. " Nothing reliable was heard of the enemy for some time, but it was ru- mored that they were daily increasing in numbers and making preparations for another campaign so soon as the melting snow in the mountains would permit. "Early in the month of February, 1866, their intentions were defined by making a raid on a small settlement in Kane County, Southern Utah, killing Dr. Whitmore and a young man by the name of Mclntyre, and driving off a large flock of sheep, some horses and cattle ; and in a if^ days making another raid on Berryville, in the same county, killing two men and one woman, and taking some horses and cattle; and as the snow disappeared from the mountains north, so they continued to advance on the settlements in force, having been joined by a number of the Navajoes and a band of Elk Mountain Utes. The war, which at its commencement, looked small, began to assume alarming proportions, and, as the settlers had to rely on the m.ilitia of the Territory, Lieutenant-General Daniel H. Wells ordered all the able-bodied men that could be spared from San Pete, Sevier and Piute Counties to be immediately mustered into service as cav- alry and infantry, and organized for defence. Before the organization was com- pletely effected, another raid was made upon Marysvale, Piute County, April 2d ; two men were killed and a band of horses captured. Their next raid was on Salina, Sevier County, April 20th. Here two men were killed, and two hundred head of cattle and horses taken. See letters of Colonel F. H. Head, Superinten- dent of Indian Affairs, Utah Territory, to the Commissioners of Indian Affairs, Washington, D. C, published in 'Indian Affairs^ 1866,' on pages 128, 130, of which the following is extracted : "'Utah Superintendency, "'Great Salt Lake Ciiy, April 30, 1866 " 'Sir : Black Hawk, a somewhat prominent chief of the Ute Indians, has been engaged for more than a year past in active hostilities against the settlements 366 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. in the southern portion of this Territory. His band consisted at first of but forty- four men, who were mostly outlaws and desperate characters from his own and other tribes. During the summer and autumn of 1865 he made several successful forays upon the weak and unprotected settlements in San Pete and Sevier Counties, killing in all thirty-two whites, and drove away to the mountains up- ward of two thousand cattle and horses. " ' Forty of his warriors were killed by the settlers in repelling his different attacks. His success in stealing, however, enabled him to feed abundantly and mount all Indians who joined him, and the prestige acquired by his raids was such that his numbers were constantly on the increase, despite his occasional losses of men. He spent the winter near where the Grand and Green Rivers unite to form the Colorado. On the 20th instant he again commenced his dep- redations by making an attack upon Salina, Sevier County. He succeeded in driving to the mountains about two hundred cattle, killing two men who were guarding them, and compelling the abandonment of the settlement. "'His band, from what I consider entirely reliable information, now num- bers about one hundred warriors, one-half of whom are Navajoes from New Mexico. " 'In view of these circumstances, and for the purpose of preventing acces- sions to the ranks of the hostile Indians, I have, after consultation with Governor Durkee, desired Colonel Potter, commanding the United States troops in this dis- trict, to send two or three companies of soldiers to that portion of the Territory to protect the settlements and repel further attacks. Colonel Potter has tele- graphed to General Dodge for instructions in reference to my application. I should be much pleased to have an expression of your views as to the policy to be pursued in this matter. , '"Very respectfully, your most obedient servant, "'F. H. Head, Sitperintetident. " 'Hon. D. N. Cooky, " ' Conmiissioner of Indian Affairs, Washington, D. C, " And under date of 21st June, in a similar communication, he states (see page 130 of said published report) : " ' I advised you in my communication of the 30th April that I had applied to the military authorities to send two or three companies of troops to protect the settlers in those portions of the Territory most exposed to Indian raids, and that Colonel Potter, commanding at this point, had telegraphed for instructions. A copy of the response to such cammunication is herewith enclosed. " 'The morning of my departure (from Uintah) I was informed by Tabby, the head chief, that when he received notice of my arrival in the valley, himself and all his warriors were on their way to join the hostile Indians in the southern portion of the Territory, in their war upon the settlements. He also informed me that Black Hawk, having secured a number of recruits among the Elk Moun- tain Utes to swell his force to three hundred warriors, was then setting out from the Elk Mountain country to attack the weaker settlements in San Pete County. " ' On reaching this city on my return from Uintah, I communicated the facts HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CIl V. 367 in my possession relative to Black Hawk, to Governor Durkee. General Wells, one of the prinoipal militia ofificers, after consulting with the Governor, has raised two or three companies of militia, and proceeded to the threatened locality to protect the settlers from the expected attack, " * F. H. Head, Superintendent' "'Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, May 2d, 1866. "'General Pope telegraphs that the superintendent of Indian affairs will have to depend for the present on the militia to compel the Indians to behave at Salina. " ' By command of Major-General Dodge. "'Samuel C. Mackey, " ^Acting Assistant Adjutant- General, " ' Col. Carroll H. Potter, " '^Commanding District of Utah.' "Accordingly, steps were immediately taken to place all the settlements south and east of Salt Lake City in a better state of defence, and troops were mustered into service from Salt Lake and other counties, and despatched to the scenes of hostili- ties. The weaker settlements in Summit, Wasatch, San Pete, Sevier, Piute, Beaver, Iron, Kane, and Washington, were abandoned and removed to the stronger. Substantial forts were built, and all the stock in the above named counties was gathered up and guarded. Overtures of peace were made by the settlers when- ever opportunity offered, but were defiantly refused by the Indians ; and on the nth day of June, Lieutenant-General D. H. Wells started from Salt Lake City, and on the 14th arrived at Fort Gunnison, San Pete County, and took command in person, remaining in San Pete, Sevier and Piute Counties three months. Not- withstanding every precaution, and the energy and faithfulness of the militia troops in service, such was the extent and mountainous character of the country, that the enemy, lying secreted, would occasionally succeed in making a dash on some weak point and capturing a herd of stock. Thus it continued through the summer, while all that part of the Territory for three hundred miles in extent was paralyzed, but more particularly was it the case in San Pete, Sevier and Piute Counties. No improvements were made. The saw mills in the canyons were silent; and in many cases were burnt up or otherwise destroyed by the Indians. Very little grain was raised in consequence of the number of men in the service in those counties. During the summer about twenty persons were massacred, and a very large amount of stock was taken, and many flourishing set- tlements were broken up and abandoned. Several skirmishes occurred through the summer, in which between thirty and forty of the Indians were killed and wounded. " The Indians again drawing off for winter quarters, on the first day of No- vember the last of the militia troops were mustered out. "Peace again reigned for a short time. The mountains and passes were again blockaded with snow, and the inhabitants had a short interval to prepare for winter. " Nothing of importance was heard from the Indians until early in January, 1867, when they commenced the war for another year by making a raid on Pine Valley, Washmgton County, the extreme southern part of the Territory, captur- turing a band of horses. Captain Andrews, with a company of cavalry, followed 368 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. them, recovered most of the horses and killed seven Indians. All was quiet again till March, when another raid was made on Richfield, Sevier County. Here they killed one man, one woman, and a girl fourteen years of age. The the killing of the females was accompanied with great atrocity. Reliable infor- mation was received that they were still determined on war, and troops were again mustered into service in San Pete, Sevier and Piute Counties, also one com- pany of cavalry and one of infantry in Salt Lake and Utah Counties. With the aid of these two companies, in addition to the forces raised in these three counties, further depredations were prevented until the 2nd of June, when Major Vance and Sergeant Houtz were waylaid and killed at Twelve Mile Creek, San Pete County; and on the 12th, they made a raid on Beaver, Beaver County cap- turing a large herd of stock. This county is west of Piute County. "August 14th, they made a raid on Springtown, San Pete County, killing two men, wounding another, and capturing a band of horses. Colonel R. N. Allred, with a company of cavalry chased and gave them battle, recovering some of the horses. " September i8th, another raid was made on Beaver, Beaver County, and two hundred head of horses and cattle were taken. "This was the last raid of the season, as, through the activity of the militia troops, the depredations were less frequent and not so extensive as previously. " Great praise is accorded to the superintendent of Indian affairs. Colonel F. H. Head, for his untiring exertions with the Indians to promote peace. He finally succeeded in obtaining an interview with Black Hawk, and obtained his promise that he would refrain from further depredations on the whites, and that he would use his influence to have the war entirely stopped. He expressed a fear, however, that some of the outlaws would continue depredations, which has been the case, as several raids have been made since this interview, but it is generally believed that Black Hawk has kept his promise. " In the spring of 1868, these renegades attacked a company of whites while camped on the Sevier River, killed two men and wounded one. During the sum- mer they made several raids on stock in San Pete Valley ; and in November at- tacked a party of emigrants in southern Utah, and took a large band of horses and mules. Some active service was performed during the summer and autumn of 1868, but as the returns have not been received at this ofifice, they are not included in the accompanying accounts, which amount in the aggregate, for the three years, 1865, 1866, and 1867, as per recapitulation sheet herewith forwarded, to the sum of one million one hundred and twenty-one thousand and thirty-seven dollars and thirty-eight cents ($1,121,037.38). "In conclusion, I beg leave to res|)ectfully refer you to a memorial of the Legislature of this Territory, approved by his Excellency Charles Durkee, Gover- nor, of which the following is a copy : ■"MEMORIAL TO CONGRESS PRAYING FOR AN APPROPRIATION TO DEFRAY THE EXPENSES OF THE LATE INDIAN WAR IN UTAH TERRITORY. " 'To the Honorable the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States in Congress assembled. '"Gentlemen; — Your memorialists, the Governor and Legislative Assembly HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 36Q of the Territory of Utah, would most respectfully represent to your Honorable Body that, for the last three years, we have had a vexatious Indian war on our hands, the seat of which has been in Sevier, Piute, and San Pete Counties, extend- ing more or less to the counties of Wasatch, Utah, Millard, Beaver, Iron, Wash- ington and Kane, rendering a strong military force constantly necessary in the field. Colonel Irish, former Superintendent of Indian affairs, called on General Connor to protect the settlements of this Territory from Indian depredations ; the General replied that if those depredations were committed upon any settle- ments remote from the mail line he could not do it. Colonel Head, present Superintendent of Indian affairs, called on Colonel Potter to protect the settle- ments of this Territory where Indian hostilities existed. Colonel Potter sent east for instructions in the case, and received answer from General Sherman that we must rely on the militia of the Territory, During this war Sevier and Piute Counties were abandoned by six extensive and flourishing settlements, it being considered impracticable to defend them there. Their removal was effected at the loss of nearly all they had, their stock and teams being mostly stolen and driven away by the Indians, and they were removed by the citizens of San Pete County. Likewise four settlements on the borders of San Pete County were broken up and removed at much expense and loss. Also fifteen settlements in Iron, Kane and Washington Counties, besides two or three small settlements in Wasatch County. In this war we have furnished our own soldiers, arms, ammunition, transportation, cavalry horses, and supplies, for the years 1865, 1866, and 1867. We have borne a heavy burden, and we ask for compensation and aid, as most of our citizens at and near the seat of this war have become greatly reduced and impoverished thereby, and likewise the other settlements that have had to remove are more or less so. We therefore ask your Honorable Body to appropriate $1,500,00, to compensate the citizens for their service, transportation and sup- plies in suppressing Indian hostilities in the Territory of Utah during the years before named, or so much thereof as will cover the expenses, as per vouchers and testimonies now in the adjutant-general's office, which will accompany this me- morial, or follow it at an early day, and your memorialists, as in duty bound, will ever pray. "All of which is respectfully submitted. " Your obedient servant, " H. B. Clawson, "Adjutant- General, Utah Territory. ** Hon. John M. Schofield, ^'Secretary of War, Washington City, D. C" To this State document may be supplemented, from the Adjutant-Generals office, instructions and special orders issued by Lieutenant-General Wells to his commanding officers, covering the very time, of which it was charged, that the said General Wells was organizing, mustering and drilling his forces for overt acts against the Federal administration in Utah. "Headquarters Nauvoo Legion, " Adjt.-Gen'l's Office, Great Salt Lake City, May 23, 1866. *' Major- Gefieral Robt. T. Burton: "Dear Brother ; It is considered best for you to have out a patrol guard to 3fo HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. watch and protect herds, and to observe the movements and indications of the Indians, speaking and treating them kindly, and endeavoring to influence those- with whom they s.hall meet to be peaceable and friendly, and at the same time let them see that we are on the alert, and do not intend to let them have our stock without asking for it. "It is believed that a it^} men in each settlement in your district can per- form this service, and extend their patrols and observations up into the canyons, where people are working at the mills and getting out wood and timber ;. and to all such most likely places for Indians to secrete themselves and steal forth to make depredations upon the people and their property. Men and not boys should be entrusted to take charge of herds, and should go armed and prepared to defend themselves. ••' It may be thought there is no danger of hostile Indians making any dem- onstration in your neighborhood ; but the surest way to avoid it is to be pre- pared to meet it, and not give them a chance. " Men should be posted in the night time where they can be concealed and see without being seen, and thus be able to give timely information, or afford timely relief, or assistance in the protection of life and property, and not do like some, make themselves a target for an Indian to shoot at, and stand and be killed when they ought to be shooting. "Be vigilant in carrying the same into effect, and make full returns to this office of all services rendered, &c. "Respectfully yours, "D. H. Wells." SPECIAL ORDERS NO. I. "Adjutant-General's Office, G. S. L. City, i\pril 15th, 1867. " ist. Brigadier General Warren S, Snow is hereby temporarily relieved from the duties of his command over San Pete and Piute Military District and Brigadier-General W. B. Pace, of the Utah Military District, assigned to that duty. "2d. General Pace will be provided with a full company of cavalry from Great Salt Lake and Utah Military Districts, fully armed and equipped, supplied and provisoned from their respective district-, except flour, meat, and forage, which will be furnished from San Pete. " 3d. Gen. Pace will repair to the scene of his duties widi the troops aforesaid as soon as practicable, and locating his command at or near Gunnison, will de- tail working parties either to go to the canyons, labor on fords, guard stock, or parties traveling into the canyons, or elsewhere, and to aid and assist the people exposed to the inroads and depredations of the Indians, in defending themselves against hostile demonstrations of the foe. He will also lose no time in organiz- ing the forces herein placed under his command as will, in the most efficient man- ner, render such aid and assistance as is or may become necessary and proper to secure and protect those settlements from depredations from the Indians. " 4th. Gen. Pace is hereby directed to see that a strict and correct account is kept, and prompt returns made to this office of all expenses incurred, and ser- vice performed, as also any and all movements or dispositions made of all the forces HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. jyr placed under his command, and in all things exercise that just discretion and efficiency which should characterize an energetic and yet prudent and careful commander. "D. H. Wells, ' * Lieut.- General, Commanding Nauvoo Legion. ' ' special orders no. 2. " Adjutant-General's Ofeice, ''G. S. L. City, April 15th, 1867. " ist. Major-General Robert T. Burton, of the Great Salt Lake Military District will raise three platoons of cavalry from his command for the San Pete expedition, and have them properly officered and organized, and in readiness to inarch on Monday next, the 2 2d instant, with arms, ammunition, accoutrements, and supplies for six months, except flour, meat and forage, which will be provided elsewhere. " 2d. Men must be selected, and not boys allowed to go as substitutes, and must be furnished with suitable transporation, and tools for working parties, which will be detailed from the command to assist in the construction of forts, etc., as well as to assist in defending the people against Indian depredations. "3d. The troops thus organized and provided will rendezvous at Provo, Utah Military District, and report to Brigadier-General Wm. B. Pace, who is as- signed to take the command of the San Pete and Piute Military Districts, and they will act under his direction. "4th. The horses must be provided with ropes for tying up and hobbles, and a few pack saddles should also be furnished in case of wanting to make a sud- den excursion after Indians. " 5th. General Burton is at liberty to assign a captain or an adjutant as he and General Pace shall agree upon, as it would be proper for one or the other to go from his command with this detachment. Daniel H. Wells, Lieutenant- General Commanding Nauvoo Legion^ TO govenor durkee. Adjutant-General's Office, Great Salt Lake City, Dec. 31st, 1867. ■" To His Excellency Charles Durkee, Governor of Utah Territory. Dear Sir : I take pleasure in forwarding to your Excellency the accompa- nying abstract return of the Nauvoo Legion, the militia of our Territory ; made out from the latest reports that have been received from each district, and show- ing the aggregate number of the militia so far enrolled, with their individual arms, ammunition and equipments. They number twelve thousand and twenty- four (12,024), including cavalry, artillery and infantry, would doubtless be largely increased by a full enrollment of all persons liable to military duty, un- usually seen in attendance at our general musters. "The apparent difficulty of obtaining fire arms among the infantry arises chiefly from the annual emigrations of many poor persons, who are destitute of weapons on their arrival. "As your Excellency is aware, our settlers have now had a three years' war S72 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. with Utah Indians, during which a very large amount of stock has been driveo off from our settknients, and seventy of oiu" citizens killed and wounded by then-u It has also involved a great loss of their property in breaking up the settlements throughout Sevier, Piute, Kane and parts of San Pete and other counties. Dur- ing this time various detachments of troops have been sent from the more densely settled districts to the settlements more immediately in the scene of actual Indian hostilities, to assist in repressing the Indians, defending the settlers, and guard- ing against their sudden attacks. " A small portion of the outlay for these expenditures has been paid out of the Territorial funds, but it is believed that an appropriation should be made by the General Government to reimburse the Territory, and defray all expenses^ ac- counts of which are in preparation accordingly against the General Government. "Without reliable information of their intentions, it is hoped and believed that the Indians are now more peaceably inclined, and trust that the ensuing spring and summer may not open up as they have the last three years with an Indian war upon our hands. " With much respect, " H. B. Clawson, '■'Adjutant- General Nauiwo Legion, the Militia of Utah Territory.^' accounts sent to hon. w. h. hooper, m. c. " Adjutant General's Office, "Salt Lake City, Feb. lo, 1869. ''Hon. W. H. Hooper, M. C, Washington City, D. C. " Dear Sir: By to-day's express I forward to your address the accounts of expenses incurred by the Territory of Utah in the suppression of Indian hostil- ities in said Territory during the years 1865-6-7, amounting to the sum of one million, one hundred and twenty-one thousand and thirty-seven dollars and thirty-eight cents (51,121,037.38); also a communication from myself to the Hon. John M. Schofield, Secretary of War, to accompany said accounts. By reference to that communication you will perceive that a large amount of service was rendered by the male inhabitants of the localities of the war, as home guards, for which no charge is made; nothing but active service being included in those accounts, it having been our constant effort to keep the expenses as light as pos- sible, and it is believed here that an equal amount of service by almost any other people would have been quadrupled in cost. These accounts will now be in your hands, and it is believed that the government, ]at an early day, through the wis- dom of your efforts, will fully reimburse to the Territory of Utah the amounts of those expenses. " Very truly yours, " H. B. Calwson, '^ Adjutant- General, Utah Territory. The report of the adjutant-general of the Utah militia, to the Secretary of War, was accompanied by the following voucher : "Executive Office, Utah Territory, Salt Lake City, January 9, 1869. " I, Charles Durkee, Governor of Utah Territory, do hereby certify that the i HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CI 7 Y. jjj military service rendered by the militia of this Territory, comprised in the fore- going accounts, was absolutely necessary, and was therefore sanctioned and au- thorized by me at the times specified, and that the accounts are just. "Charles Durkee, Governor." This is the same governor — of whom Mr. Bowles wrote, "Governor Durkee seems less disposed to be tolerant of Mormon control and the Mormon disrepect to federal authority than his predecessors generally have been," — who certifies to the General Government that he had "sanctioned and authorized" the service of the Utah militia as " absolutely necessary," and that "the accounts are just." But this debt of one million, one hundred and twenty-one thousand and thirty- seven dollars and thirty-eight cents, owed by the Government to the citizens of Utah, to this day remains unpaid. CHAPTER XLII. WADE'S BILL. CONTEMPLATED RECONSTRUCTION OF THE MILITIA. ABSO- LUTE POWER IN CIVIL AND MILITARY AFFAIRS TO BE GIVEN THE GOVER- NOR. THE MORMON CHURCH TO BE DISQUALIFIED FROM OFFICIATING IN MARRIAGE CEREMONIES. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF PLURAL MARRIAGE SUFFICIENT PROOF OF "UNLAWFUL COHABITATION." AIMS ON THE CHURCH PROPERTY AND TREASURY. THE TRUSTEE-IN-TRUST TO BE UN- DER THE GOVERNOR'S THUMB, Notwithstanding the Utah Militia was employed in the service of the Gov- ernment in the years 1865, 1866, and 1867, protecting the country against the Indians; notwithstanding, as it turned out, this service was performed at their own cost, the impression had been established in the public mind that it was a standing army of rebellion, and that it ought to be broken up by the strong mili- tary arm of the Government, should Congress find itself inadequate to the task. Indeed, from the year 1866 to the year 1870, there was fast working up in the United States a movement against the Mormon power, very much as it had been before the Utah War, when the two great political parties laid Utah upon the altar to appease a common hate of Mormondom, and then worked up the " war of rebellion " between themselves. The first exposition of the resolution to put down " Mormon Utah" and sup- plant it with a "Gentile Utah," presented to Congress during the work of re-con- structing the South, was the bill of Senator Ben. Wade. In the Senate of the United States, June 30, 1866, Senator Wade asked, and by unanimous consent ob- tained leave to bring in his bill, which was read twice, referred to the Committee on Territories, and ordered printed; and on the 12th of July, 1866, the bill was reported by Mr. Wade with amendments. Although this bill did not pass. 374 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. nearly all its aims have since become operative in subsequent bills; in the Gov- ernment direction of Utah affairs; in the disbanding of the militia; in the juris- diction and decisions of the courts ; in the Utah Commission ; in a half-sup- planted Legislature and the controlling power of the Governor, both in civil and military affairs. Indeed the salient points of the Wade bill may be reviewed as very like the face of the history of Utah from that date to the present. First take, " Sec. io. And be it enacted, that there shall be in the militia of said Territory no officer of higher rank or grade than that of major-general, and all officers, civil and military, shall be selected, appointed and commissioned by the Governor ; and every person who shall act or attempt to act as an officer, either civil or military, without being first commissioned by the Governor, and qualified by taking the proper oath, shall be guilty of misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be subject to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars and imprisoned in the Penitentiary not exceeding one year, or both such fine and imprisonment at the discretion of the court. "Sec. II. And be it further enacted, That the militia of said Territory shall be organized and disciplined in such manner and at such times as the Gov- ernor of said Territory shall direct. And all the officers thereof shall be ap- pointed and commissioned by the Governor. As commander-in-chief the Gov- ernor shall make rules and regulations for the enrolling and mustering of the militia, and he shall yearly, between the first and last days of October, report to the Secretary of War the number of men enrolled and their condition, the state of discipline, and the number and description of arms belonging to each com- pany, division, or organized body. Aliens shall not be enrolled and mustered into the militia." "Sec. 22. And be it farther enacted, That all commissions and appoint- ments, both civil and military, heretofore made or issued, or which may be made ■or issued before the ist day of January, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, shall -cease and determine on that day, and shall have no effect or validity thereafter." In this bill there is no intelligent aim at the purpose and existence of the Utah militia, nor any knowledge shown of its circumstantial history : all that is seen is the design of the bill itself. The first aim regarding it was to take the militia altogether out of the hands of the Territorial Legislature, and to confer powers extraordinary upon the Governor, not only as commander-in-chief, but as the originator, sustainer and dictator: "the militia of said Territory shall be <7roa/2/3^(/ and disciplined in such manner and at such times as the Governor of said Territory shall direct," etc. The second aim was to al)olish the office of lieu- tenant-general. He disposed of — his office having no longer an existence_, all the ofificers before under him would soon also pass away, their "appointments and com- missions " expiring before January, 1867. Thereafter all the ofificers were not only to be "commissioned," but also selected and "appointed" by the Governor, and indeed the entire militia re-organized by him as the originating source, under this contemplated act of Congress. Clearly the militia of the Territory would have been practically abolished or set aside,^as it afterwards was by the procla- mation of Governor Shaffer, or it would have been transformed to an anti-Mor- mon force, to act as 2. posse commitatus for the Governor in the execution of the HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 375 designs of the bill. Even had such a design been proper fur the utter suppres- sion of the Mormon power in x\merica, still there would have been no relation between it and the purpose of the existence of the Utah militia. The following, from the many documents of a similar nature in the adjutant-general's office, will strikingly illustrate this and be a very favorable contrast to the bills and aims in question : REPORT OF THE BOARD OF OFFICERS. " Tiie militia of the Territory of Utah (under the governor as commander- in chief) shall be commanded by a lieut. -general, and formed into an indepen- dent military body called the Nauvoo Legion, and shall be organized into platoons, companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, divisiDns and departments as hereinafter provided for." The necessity for such a military body will be seen from the following doc- uments. In general orders No. 2, under date of January 21st, 1854, we find the following — " Rule 4. They will preserve a good organization of their entire force, and fill up the minute companies for prompt and energetic action in accordance with general orders No. i, of 2Sth Nov., 1853; and act on the defensive whenever it becomes necessary for the protection of their respective districts. " Rule 5. It is wise in time of peace to prepare for war, although peace can as yet scarcely be said to exist. " No time should be lost in preparing and completing the forts and defences in the various districts; as we think it is well understood that our settlements must be based on a permanent system of defense. " In enlarging the forts or locating new ones for the accommodation of the increasing population, great care and judgment should be exercised in selecting such places as are beyond the reach of covert, (and unless included) beyond the rifle range of ridges, benches and mountains — and so as to command water for the use of the forts, and as much cf the surrounding country as possible. " Rule 6. The safety and future success of the settlements depend much upon guarding a gainst surprise, or being deceived by pretended friendship, at the same time exercising friendly relations with all, clothing and feeding them for their labor. It is humane and politic to feed the strangers when they first come, keeping a good look out for them, and if they remain too long giving them work, encouraging them by giving them fair wages for whar they do, and making them as comfortable as possible according to the circumstances of the post, when they evince a disposition to comply with reasonable requirements. [Signed] Brigham Young, Daniel H. Wells, Lieut.- General Commandmg Naiivoo Legion.''' We further review the bill: "Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the marshal or other officer, in selecting grand or petit jurymen, shall select them from the body of the people of the district. And in the trial of any case in which the United States shall be 37^ HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. a party, the United States shall have the same right to challenge jurors that the other party has. '' Sec. 3. That it shall be the duty of the United States marshal, in person cr by his deputies, to attend all the courts held by the United States justices or judges in said Territory, and to serve and execute all process and orders issued or directed by said courts or by the judges thereof. "Sec. 5. And be it further enacted. That the probate judge shall be ap- pointed by the Gove?-nor," etc. "Sec. 6. And be it further enacted, That the judges of the Supreme Court of said Territory may make rules and regulations as to the mode and manner of taking appeals from one court to another in said Territory, so that the just rights of the parties may be secured and preserved." " Sec. 12. And be it further enacted, That marriages in said Territory may be solemnized only by any justices of the Supreme Court, justices of the peace duly elected and qualified in their proper townships or precinct, or by any priest or minister of the gospel (not Mormon), regularly ordained and settled or estab- lished in said Territory, between parties competent to enter into the marriage contract. And the person solemnizing such marriage shall sign and deliver to the husband and wife a certificate thereof, wherein shall be set forth the names, the ages and the places of the parties, and the place and date of such solemniza- tion, together with the names of witnesses, not less than two, present at such solemnization, Avhich certificate may be recorded in the ofifice of the proper reg- ister of the county. h« * * And such certificates or a certified copy of the record shall be evidence in any court of the facts therein set forth as above required." " Sec. 13. And be it further enacted, That if any officer herein authorized to solemnize marriage shall, knowingly and wilfully, solemnize a marriage to which either of the parties are disqualified to enter into the marriage contract he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction before a court having com- petent jurisdiction, he shall be sentenced to pay a fine of not less than one hun- dred dollars, and stand committed until the fine shall be paid. Sec. 14 proposed to annul all the land grants and water privileges to the first settlers made by the Legislature up to that date. About one-sixth of the bill was devoted to that part. Had it passed it would have despoiled and ruined hun- dreds of families who made these Rocky Mountain colonies successful. "Sec. 15. And be it further enacted. That all that part of Section two, of the act or ordinance entitled 'An ordinance incorporating the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, >vhich declares that the real and personal property of said church shall be free from taxation; and all that part of Section three of said ordinance, which declares that the said church has the original right to solemnize marriages compatible with the revelations of Jesus Christ; and also, all that part of said section which declares that said church does and shall possess and enjoy continually the power and authority in and of itself to originate, make, pass and establish rules, regulations, ordinances, laws, customs, and criterions for the good order, safety, government, conveniences, comfort and control of said church, and for the punishment or forgiveness of all offences relative to fellowship, according HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. jyy to church covenant — that the jjursuit of bliss and the enjoyment of life^ in every capacity of public associations and domestic happiness, temporal expansion or spiritual increase upon earth may not legally be questioned — be, and the same is hereby disapproved and annulled. Sec. 17. " Marriage, so far as its validity in law is concerned in said Terri- tory is hereby declared a civil contract, to which the consent of parties, capable in law of contracting, is essential." " Sec. 18, That it shall not be laiuful for said church or its officers or mem- bers to grant divorces or solemnize marriages.'" Sections 19 and 20 compelled the Trustee-in-Trust of the Mormon Church to make a full report on oath every year, between the first and last days of No- vember, to the Governor of the Territory, of all church properties, moneys in bank, notes, deposits with the church, etc. The Trustee failing to comply, the Governor, within the expiration of three days after the time was authorized to file a complaint before one of the U. S. justices, requiring a warrant for the marshal to arrest said Trustee, who "shall, on a day set by said justice," be tried, and if found guilty, be liable to a fine of not more than $2,000 and imprisonment in the Penitentiary of not more than two years, or fine not less than five hundred dollars and not less than six months in the Penitentiary. All church property and revenues above $20,000 were to be taxed. "Sec. 25. And be it further enacted, That in prosecutions for the crime of polygamy, proof of cohabitation by the accused as husband or wife, or the acknowledgments of the party accused of the existence of marital relation shall be sufficient to sustain the prosecution." Evidently the design of Senator Wade's bill was to dismantle both "church and state," and to take from the people all their inherent powers, placing them in the hands of Congress and Federal officers appointed specifically for the pur- pose of suppressing the people of Utah as a Mormon community — styled at that time the " Mormon hierarchy," and a year or two later still more acceptably dubbed by Chief Justice McKean "the Mormon polygamic theocracy." Hence the grand enabling sections of the bill were, either to altogether abolish the Utah militia, or to transform it to an anti-Mormon force, to act as the Governor's /^i-j-^ commitatus, under the directions of the Secretary of War, to whom he was peri- odically to report. A few months later Senator Cragin's bill superseded Wade's bill. It was, however, substantially the same, with trifling addenda and a io.^ idiosyncracies of its own ; of the latter the following is an extract ; "No man, a resident of said Territory, shald marry his mother^ his grand- mother, daughter, step-mother, grandfiither's wife, son's wife, grandson's wife, wife's mother, wife's grandmother, wife's daughter, wife's granddaughter, nor his sister, his half-sister, his brother's daughter, sister's daughter, or mother's sister. No woman shall marry her father, grandfather, son, grandson, step-father, grandmother's husband, daughter's husband, granddaughter's husband, husband's father, husband's son, husband's grandson, nor her brother, half-brother, brother's son, sister's son, father's brother or mother's brother." j7 devastation, blood and death. We threw up a few logs and fences for protection ; this, I suppose, is what Mr. Colfax calls, ' fortifying their towns and defying the officers of law.' If wagons and fences and a if^ house logs are fortifications, we were fortified ; and if the mob, whose hands were dripping with the blood of men, women and children, whom they had murdered in cold blood, were ' officers of the law ' then we are guilty of the charge. I cannot defend the acts of Thomas B. Marsh or Orson Hyde, although the latter had been laboring under a severe fever, and was at the time only just recovering, no more than I could defend the acts of Peter when he cursed and swore and denied Jesus ; nor the acts of Judas who betrayed Him; but, if Peter, after going out and 'weeping bitterly,' was restored, and was afterwards a chief apostle ; so did Orson Hyde repent sincerely and weep bitterly, and was restored and has since been to Palestine, Germany and other nations. Thomas B. Marsh returned a poor broken down man, and begged to live with us; he got up before assembled thousands and stated : ' If you wish to see the effect of apostacy, look at me.' He was a poor wreck of a man, a helpless drivelling child, and he is since dead. A people are not to be judged by such acts as these. But the Governor of Missouri in his message says : " ' These people had violated the laws of the land by open and armed resistance to them ; they had instituted among themselves a government of their own, inde- pendent of, and in opposition to, the government of this State," (false); " they had, at an inclement season of the year, driven the inhabitants of an entire county from their homes, ravaging their crops and destroying their dwellings.' " Now, if the Governor had reversed this statement it would have been true ; the falsity of it I stand prepared to prove anywhere, Mr. Governor it was your bull that gored our ox. We were robbed, pillaged and exiled, were you? Our men, women and children were murdered without redress; driven from their homes in an inclement season of the year, and died by hundreds, in the State of Illinois, in consequence of hardships and exposure. "The legislature of Missouri, to cover their infamy, appropriated themunifi- HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY., ^ig cent sum of ^2,000 to help the suffering Mormons. Their agent took a few mis- erable traps, the sweepings of an old store ; for the balance of the patrimony he sent into Davis County and killed our hogs, which we were then prevented from doing, and brought them to feed the poor Mormons as part of the legislative ap- pro] riation. This I saw. On this subject I could quote volumes. I will only say that when authenticated testimony was presented to Martin Van Buren, the President of the United States, he replied, 'Your cause is Just ; but I can do nothing for you.' " Mr. Colfax, in summing up, says, ' There is nothing in this as to their re- ligion.' Read the following: "Tuesday, November 6th, 1838, General Clark made the following remarks to a number of men in Far West, Mo. : " ' Gentlemen, you whose names are not attached to this list of names will now have the privilege of going to your fields and providing corn and wood for your families. Another article yet remains for you to comply with, that is, that you leave the State forthwith, and whatever may be your feelings concerning this, or whatever your innocence is nothing to me. The orders of the Governor to me were that you should be exterminated. I would advise you to scatter abroad and never again organize yourselves with bishops, presidents, etc., lest you excite the jealousies of the people.' " Is not this persecution for religion ? "Mr. Colfax next takes us to Nauvoo and says, 'In Nauvoo they remained until 1846; the disturbances which finally caused them to leave the city were not in consequence of their religious creed. Foster and Law, who had been Mor- mons, renounced the faith and established an anti-Mormon paper at Nauvoo called the Expositor. In May, 1844, the prophet and a party of his followers, on the publication of his first number, attacked the office, tore it down and destroyed the press.' " This is a mistake The Expositor was an infamous sheet, containing vile and libelous attacks upon individuals, and the citizens generally, and would not have been allowed to exist in any other community a day. The people complained to the authorities about it; after mature deliberation the city council passed an or- dinance ordering its removal as a nuisance, and it was removed. In a conversa- tion with Governor Ford, on this subject, afterwards, when informed of the cir- cumstances, he said to me, ' I cannot blame you for destroying it, but I wish it had been done by a mob.' I told him that we preferred a legal course, and that Black- stone described a libellous press as a nuisance and liable to be removed ; that our city charter gave us the power to remove nuisances ; and that if it was supposed we had contravened the law, we were amenable for our acts and refused not an investigation. Mr. Colfax's history says, 'The authorities thereupon called out the militia to enforce the law, and the Mormons armed themselves to resist it.' The facts were that armed mobs were organized in the neighborhood of Carthage and Warsaw. The Governor came to Carthage and sent a deputation to Joseph Smith, requesting him to send another to him, with authentic documents in rela- tion to the late difficulties. Dr. J. M. Bernhisel, our late delegate to Congress, and myself, were deputed as a committee to wait upon the Governor. His Ex- 420 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. cellency thought it best (although we had had a hearing before) for us to have a rehearing on the press question. We called his attention to the unsettled state of the country, and the general mob spirit that prevailed ; and asked if we must bring a guard; that we felt fully competent to protect ourselves, but were afraid it would create a collision. He said, 'We had better come entirely unarmed,' and pledged his faith and the faith of the State for our protection. We went un- armed to Carthage, trusting in the Governor's word. Owing to the unsettled state of affairs we entered into recognizances to appear at another time. A warrant was issued for the arrest of Joseph and Hyrum Smith, for treason. They were re- manded to jail, and while there were murdered. Not ' by a party of mob,' as Mr. Colfax's history states, ' from Missouri,' but by men in Illinois, who, with black- ened faces, perpetrated the hellish deed ; they did not overpower the guard, as stated, the guard helped them in the performance of their fiendish act. I saw them for I was there at the time. I could a tale unfold that would implicate editors, officers, military and civil, ministers of the gospel, and other wolves in sheep's clothing. " The following will show in part what our position was : "' A proclamation to the citizens of Hancock County: — Whereas, a mob of from one to two hundred men, under arms have gathered themselves together in the southwest part of Hancock County, and are at this time destroying the dwellings, and other buildings, stacks of grain and other property, of a portion of our citizens in the most inhuman manner, compelling the defenceless women and children to leave their sick beds and exposing them to the rays of the parch- ing sun, there to lie and suffer without aid or assistance of a friendly hand, to,min- ister to their wants, in their suffering condition. The rioters spare not the widow nor orphan, and while I am writing this proclamation, the smoke is arising to the clouds, and the flame is devouring four buildings which have just been set on fire by the rioters. Thousands of dollars worth of property has already been con- sumed, an entire settlement of about sixty or seventy families laid waste, the in habitants thereof are fired upon, narrowly escaping with their lives, and forced to flee before the ravages of the mob. Therefore I command said rioters and other peace breakers to desist, forthwith, and I hereby call upon the law-abiding citizens, a.'^di posse coimnitatus of Hancock County, to give their united aid in sup- I)ressing the rioters and maintaining the supremacy of the law. J. B. Backenstos, Shet iff of Hancock County, Ills' " Mr. Backenstos was not a Mormon. "We set out in search of an asylum, in some far off wilderness, where we hoped we could enjoy religious liberty. Previous to our departure a committee composed of Stephen A, Douglass, Gen, John J. Harding, both members of Con- gress, the Attorney General of Illinois, Major Warren and others, met in my house, in Nauvoo, in conference with the Twelve, to consult about our departure. They were then presented the picture of devastation that would follow our exodus, and felt ashamed to have to acknowledge that State and United States authorities had to ask a persecuted and outraged people to leave their property, homes and fire- sides for their oppressors to enjoy ; not because we had not a good Constitution HIS TOR Y OF SALT LAKE CI TV. 421 and liberal government, but because there was not virtue and power in the State and United States authorities to protect them in thtir rights. We'made a treaty with them to leave ; after this treaty, when the strong men and the majority of the people had left, and there was nothing but old and infirm men, boys, women and children to battle with, like ravenous wolves, impatient for their prey, they vio- lated their treaty by making war upon them, and driving them houseless, home- less, and destitute across the Mississippi river. "The archaeologist, the antiquarian, and the traveller need not then have gone to Herculaneum, to Pompeii, to Egypt or Yucatan, in search of ruins or deserted cities; they could have found a deserted temple, forsaken family altars, desolate hearth stones and homes, a deserted city much easier : the time, the nineteenth century; the place, the United States of America; the State, Illinois, and the city, Nauvoo. " While fleeing, as fugitives, from [the United States, and in Indian ter- ritory, a requisition was made by the Government for 500 men to assist in con- quering Mexico, the very nation to whose Territory we were fleeing in our exile ; we supplied the demand and though despoiled and expatriated, were the principal agents in planting the United States flag in Upper California. " I again quote : "'In September, 1S50, Congress organized Utah Territory, and President Fillmore appointed Brigham Young (who at Smith's death had become President of the Church) as Governor. The next next year the Federal judges were com- pelled by Brigham Young's threats of violence to flee from the Territory, and the laws of the United States were openly defied. Col. Steptoe was commissioned Governor in place of Young, but after wintering with a battalion of soldiers at Salt Lake, he resigned, not deeming it safe or prudent to accept.' " So far from this being the case. Col. Steptoe was on the best of terms with our community, and previous to his appointment as Governor, a number of our jjrominent Gentile citizens, judges. Col. Steptoe and some of his officers signed a petition to the President praying for the continuance of President Young in office. He continues: 'In February, 1856, a mob of armed Mormons, instigated by sermons from the heads of the Church, broke into the United States court room and at the point of the bowie knife compelled Judge Drummond to adjourn his court sine die ; " (this is a sheer fabrication, there never was such an occurrence in Utah) ' and very soon all the United States officers, except the Indian Agent, were compelled to flee from the Territory.' Now this same amiable and perse- cuted Judge Drummond brought with him a courtezan from Washington, whom he introduced as his wife, and had her with him on the bench. The following will show the mistake in regard to Col. Steptoe and others : " ' To His Excellency Frankliji Pierce, President of the United States : "'Your petitioners would respectfully represent that. Whereas, Governor Brigham Young possesses the entire confidence of the people of this Territory, without distinction of party or sect, and from personal acquaintance and social intercourse, we find him to be a firm supporter of the Constitution and laws of 422 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. the United States, and a tried pillar of Republican institutions ; and having re- peatedly listened to his remarks, in private as vvell as in public assemblies, do know he is a warm friend and able supporter of Constitutional liberty, the rumors published in the States, to the contrary, notwithstanding ; and having canvassed to our satisfaction, his doings as Governor and Superintendent of Indian affairs, and also the distribution of appropriations for public buildings for the Territory, we do most cordially and cheerfully represent that the same has been expended to the best interest of the nation; and whereas, his appointment would better sub- serve the Territorial interest than the appointment of any other man, " * We therefore take great pleasure in recommending him to your favorable consideration, and do earnestly request his appointment as Governor, and Super- intendent of Indian affairs for this Territory. " ' Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, December 30th, 1S54. J. F. Kinney, Chief Justice Supreme Court; Leonidas Shaver, Assistant Justice; E. J. Steptoe, Lt. Col. U. S. Army; John F. Reynolds, Bvt. Maj.; Rufus Ingales, Capt.; Sylvester Mowry, La Chett, L. Livingston, John C. Chandler, Robert O. Tyler, Benj. AUston, Lieutenants; Chas. A. Perry, Wm. G. Rankin, Horace R. Kirby, Medical Staff; U. S. A, Henry, C. Branch, C. C. Branham, C. J. Bipne, Lucian L. Bedell, Wm. Mac, J. M. Hochaday and other strangers.' " There was really no more cause for an army then than there is now, and there is no more reason now, in reality, than there was then, and the bills of Messrs. Cragin and Cullom are only a series of the same infamies that we have before experienced, and are designed, as all unbiassed men know, to create a dif- ficulty and collision, aided by the clamor of speculators and contractors, who have of course, a very disinterested desire to relieve their venerated uncle by thrusting their patriotic hands into his pockets. "I am sorry to be under the painful necessity of repudiating Mr. Colfax's history. It is said that ' corporations have no souls,' and nations are not prover- bially conscientious about their nomenclature or records. Diplomacy generally finds language suited to its objects. When the British nation granted to the East India Company their stupendous monopoly, that company subjugated and brought really into serfdom about one hundred millions of human beings; and compelled many to raise poison (opium) instead of bread. History calls that 'trade and commerce.'' After the Chinese had made a law making the introduction of opium contraband, in defiance of this law they sent cargoes of the tabooed article and illicitly introduced their poison. The Chinese, unwilling to be poisoned, confis- cated and destroyed these contraband goods. History calls it a casus belli, and when the Chinese, unwilling to be coerced, resisted the British force, that nation slaughtered vast hordes of them, because they had the power ; history calls it war. When they forced them to pay millions of dollars for the trouble they had in killing them, history calls it inderimification for the expenses of the war. When President Polk wanted to possess himself of the then Mexican Territory of Upper California, he sent General Taylor, with an army of occupation, into disputed Mexican territory, well knowing that an honorable nation would resent it as an insult, and that would be considered a casus belli and afford a pretext for mak- ing war upon the weak nation, and possessing ourselves of the coveted Territory; HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 423 history calls it conquest and reprisals. It is true that we acted more honorably than Great Britain in awarding some compensation. President Buchanan, goaded by the Republicans, wished to show them that in regard to the Mormons he dared out-Herod Herod, by fitting up an army to make war upon the Mormons ; but it was necessary to have a pretext. It would not have been popular to destroy a whole community in cold blood, so he sent out a few miserable minions and rene- gadoes for the purpose of provoking a collision. These men not only acted in- famously here, but published false statements throughout the United States, and every kind of infamy — as is now being done by just such characters — was laid at the door of the Mormons. They said, among other things, that we had burned the U. S. records. These statements were afterwards denied by Governor Gum- ming. Mr. Buchanan had another object in view, and Mr. J. B. Floyd, Secretary ot War, had also his axe to grind, and the whole combined was considered a grand coup cV eiat. It is hardly necessary to inform Mr. Colfax that this army, under pretence of subjugating the Mormons, was intended to coerce the people of Kansas to his views, and that they were not detained, as stated by Mr. Golfax's history, which said : " the troops, necessarily moving slowly, were overtaken by the snows in November, and wintered at Bridger.' I need not inform Mr. Col- fax that another part of this grand tableau originated in the desire of Secretary Floyd to scatter the U. S. forces and arms, preparatory to the Confederate rebel- lion. Such is history and such are facts. " We were well informed as to the object of the coming of the army, we had men in all ot the camps, and knew what was intended. There was a continual boast among the men and officers, even before they left the Missouri river, of what they would do with the Mormons. The houses were picked out that certain per- sons were to inhabit ; farms, property and women were to be distributed. ' Beauty and booty,' were their watchword. We M^ere to have another grand Nor- man conquest, and our houses, gardens, orchards, vineyards, fields, wives and daughters were to be the spoils. Instead of this Mr. Buchanan kept them too long about Kansas ; the Lord put a hook in their jaws, and instead of reveling in sacked towns and cities and glutting their libidinous and riotous desires in ravish- ing, destroying and laying waste, they knawed dead mules' legs at Bridger, ren- dered palatable by the ice, frost and snow of a mountain winter, seasoned by the pestiferous exhalations of hecatombe of dead animals, the debris of a ruined army, at a cost to the nation of about forty millions. We had reason to say then ' the Lord reigns, let the earth be glad.' Oh, how wicked it was for President Young to resist an army like the above, prostituted by the guardians of a free and enlightened republic to the capacity of buccaneers and brigands ! " In the spring rumors prevailed of an intended advance of the army. Pre- ferring compromise to conflict, we left Salt Lake City and the northern part of the Territory en f/iasse and prepared ourselves, for what we then considered a coming conflict. After first preparing combustible materials and leaving a suffi- cient number of men in every settlement to destroy everything ; had we been driven to it we should have made such a conflagration as never was witnessed in the U. S. Every house would have been burned and leveled to the ground, every barn, grain and hay stack, every meeting house, court house and store demolished; ^ 24 HIS TOR Y OF SAL T LAKE CITY. every fniit tree and shrub would have been cut down ; every fence burned and the country would have been left a howling wilderness as we found it. We were de- termined that if we could not enjoy our homes in peace, that never again should our enemies revel in our possessions. "I now come to Mr. Colfax's next heading, ' their polygamy: ' "As this is simply a rehash of his former arguments, without answering mine, I beg to be excused inserting his very lengthy quotation, as this article is already long. In regard to our tolerations of all religions, Mr. C. entertains very singular ideas. We do invite men of almost all persuasions to preach to us in our tab- ernacles, but we are not so latitudinarian in our principles as to furnish meeting houses for all ; we never considered this a part of the programme. Meeting houses are generally closed against us everywhere, and men are advised not to go and hear us ; we open ours, and say to our congregation go and hear them, but we do not en wat^e to furnish all. Neither is the following statement correct: 'About the same time he (Mr. Taylor) was writing it, Godbe and others were being expelled from the Church for disbelieving the infallibility of Brigham Young.' No person, as I before stated, was ever expelled from the Church for doubting the infallibility of President Young ; it is but just to say that President Young, himself disclaims it. Mr. C. again repeats his argument in relation to the suttee, or burning of widows in India, and after giving a very elaborate and correct account of its sup- pression by English authority says : — "' Wherever English power is recognized there this so-called religious rite is now sternly forbid denand prevented. England with united voice said stop! and India obeyed.' "To present Mr. Colfax's argument fairly, it stands thus: The burning of Hindoo widows was considered a religious rite, by the Hindoos. The British were horrified at the practice and suppressed it. The Mormons believe polygamy to be a religious rite. The American nation consider it a scandal and that they ouo-ht to put it down. Without entering into all the details, I think the above a fair statement of the question. He says ' the claim that religious faith commanded it was powerless, and it went down, as a relic of barbarism.' He says: ' History tells us what a civilized nation, akin to ours, actually did, where they had the power.' I wish to treat this argument with candor, although I do not look upon the British nation as a fit example for us; it was not so thought in the time of the Revolution. I hope we would not follow them in charging their cannon with Sepoys, and shooting them off in this same India. I am glad, also, to find that our Administration views and acts upon the question of neutrality more honorably than our trans-Atlantic cousins. But to the point. The British suppressed the suttee in India, and therefore we must be equally moral and suppress polygamy in the United States. Hold ! not so fast ; let us state facts as they are and remove the dust. The British suppressed the suttee, but tolerated eighty-three millions of polygamists in India. The suppression of the suttee and that of polygamy are two very different things. If the British are indeed to be our examplars, Con- gress had better wait until polygamy is suppressed in India. But it is absurd to compare the suttee to polygamy ; one is murder and the destruction of life, the other is national economy and the increase and perpetuation of life. Suttee ranks HISTORY 01 SALT LAKE CJ7Y. 425 truly with Infanticide, both of which are destructive of human life. Polygamy is •salvation compared with either, and tends even more than monogamy to increase and perpetuate the human race. " I have now waded through Mr. Colfax's charges and have proven the falsity of his assertions and the tergiversation of his historical data. I will not say his but his adopted history; for it is but fair to say that he disclaims vouching for its accuracy. " Permit nie here again to assert my right as a public teacher, to address my- self to Congress and the nation, and to call their attention to something that is more demoralizing, debasing, and destructive than polygamy. As an offset to my former remarks on these things, we are referred to our mortality of infants as " ex- ceeding any thing else known." " Mr. Colfax is certainly in error here. In France, according to late statisti- cal reports on la inort d^ enfants, they were rated at from fifty to eighty per cent. of the whole under one year old. The following is from the Salt Lake City sex- ton's report for 1869 : " 'Total interments during the year, 4S4; deducting persons brought from the ■country places for interment, and transients, 93 ; leaving the mortality of this city, 391. • Jos. E. Taylor, Sexton. '" Having been often asked the question: Whether the death-rate was not considerably greater among polygamic families than monogamic, I will answer : Of the 292 children buried from Salt Lake City last year (1869), 64 were children of polygamists; while 228 were children of monogamists; and further, that out of this number, there was not even one case of infanticide. Respectfully, Jos. E. Taylor. " We had a sickly season last year among children ; but when it is considered that we have twice as many children as any other place, in proportion to the number of inhabitants, the death-rate is very low, especially among polygamists- " But supposing it was true, ' the argumentinn ad Iwminuni,^ which Mr. Col- fax says he ' might use,' would scarcely be an argumentuni ad jtidicum ; for if all the children in Salt Lake City or Utah died, it would certainly not do away with that horrible crime, infanticide. Would Mr. Colfax say that because a great num- ber of children in Utah, who were children of polygamists, died, that, therefore, infanticide in the United States is justifiable? and that the acts of Madame Res- telle and her pupils were right and proper? I know he would not, his ideas are more pure, generous and exalted. Mr. Colfax says of us, ' I do not charge infant murder, of course." Now I do charge that infant murder prevails to an alarming extent in the United States. The following will show how near right I am. Ex- tract from a book entitled, Serpents in a Dove' s Nest, by Rev. John Todd, D. D. Boston. Lee and Shepherd. *'' Under the head of ' Fashionable Murder," we read the following : " 'By the advertisements of almost every paper, city and village in the land, offering medicines to be effectual 'from whatever causes ' it is needed; by the 426 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. shameless and notorious great establishments, fitted up and advertised as places where any woman may resort to effect the end desired, and which now number in the city of New York alone over four hundred, advertised and abundantly patron- ized, houses devoted to the work of abortionating ; by the confession of hundreds of women made to physicians, who have been injured by the process ; and by the almost constant and unblushing applications made to the profession from ' women in all classes of society, married and unmarried, rich and poor and otherwise, good, bad or indifferent,' to aid them in the thing — do we know of the frequency of this crime ? " (p. 4 and 5.) 'I would not advise any one to challenge further disclosures, else we can show that France, with all her atheism, that Paris, with all her license, is not as guilty, in this respect, as is staid New England at the present hour. Facts can be adduced that will make the ears tingle ; but we don't want to divulge them ; but we do want the womanhood of our day to understand that the thing can be no longer concealed ; that commonness of fashion cannot do away with its awful guilt; it is deliberate and cold-blooded murder.' (p. 13, 14.) "These facts are corroborated by Dr. Story in a book, entitled. Why Not. Lee and Shepherd, Boston. By the New York A-fedical Journal, September, 1866, by the Boston Commonwealth, Springfield, (Mass.) Worcester Palladium, North- ampton Free Press, Salem Observer, and, as stated above, 'by the advertisements of almost every paper, city and village in the land.' I have statistics before me now, from a physician, stating the amount of prostitution, foeticide and infanti- cide m Chicago; but bad as Chicago is represented to be, these statements are so enormous and revolting that I cannot believe them. Neither is the statement made by some of the papers, in regard to Mr. Colfax's association with the Richardson case, reliable. Men in his position have their enemies, and it is not credible that a gentleman holding such strong prejudice about, what he considers, the immor- ality of the Mormons, and whose moral ideas, in relation to virtue and chastity, are so pure, could lend himself as an accomplice to the very worst and most re- volting phase of Free Loveism. And I would here solicit the aid of Mr. Colfax, with his superior intelligence, his brilliant talents and honorable position, to help stop the blighting, withering curse of prostitution, foeticide and infanticide. " I call upon philosophers and philanthropists to stop it ; know ye not that the transgression of every law of nature brings its own punishment, and that as noble a race of men as ever existed on the earth are becoming emasculated and destroyed by it ? I call upon physicians to stop it ; you are the guardians of the people's health, and justice requires that you should use all your endeavors to stop the demoralization and destruction of our race. I call upon ministers of the gos- pel to stop it ; know ye not the wail of murdered infants is ascending into the ears of the Lord of Sabaoth and that the whole nation is hastening to destruction whilst you are singing lullaby songs to murderers and murderesses ? I call upon statesmen to stop it ; know ye not that the statisticians inform us that our original stock is running out, and that in consequence of this crime we are being sup- planted by foreigners, and that the enemies of the negro race are already exulting in the hope of their speedy extinction, by copying your vices. I call upon the fair daughters of America and their abettors their husbands and paramours to pause in their career of crime; you came of an honorable and pure stocky your HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 42^ fathers, mothers and grandmothers' hands were not stained with the blood of in- nocence ; they could press their pillows in peace, without the fear of a visit from the shades of their wailing offspring. I call upon municipal and State authorities and especially upon Congress to stop this withering, cursing and damning blight. I call upon all honorable men and women to use their influence to stop this grow- ing evil. I conjure you by the love of God, by the ties of consanguinity, by a respect for our race and a love for our nation, by the moans of murdered infants and the fear of an avenging retribution, help stop this cursed evil ! "In the province of Gazaret, Hindostan, parents have been in the habit of destroying infant children as soon as born ; and at the festival held at Gunga Ser- goor, children were sacrificed to the Ganges from time immemorial ; both of these the British nation suppressed. Shall we practice crimes in civilized and Christian America, that England will not allow heathens to perform, but put them down by the strong arm of the law? You indeed tell us that these things are " banned by you, banned by the law, banned by morality and public opinion; " your bans are but a mockery and a fraud, as are your New England temperance laws ; your law reaches one in a thousand who is so unfortunate as to be publicly exposed. These crimes, of which I write, run riot in the land, a withering, cursing blight. The affected purity of the nation is a myth ; like the whited walls and painted sepul- chers, of which Jesus spake, " within there is nothing but rottenness and dead men's bones." Who, and what is banned by you? What power is there in your interdiction over the thirty thousand prostitutes and mistresses of New York and their amiable pimps and paramours? What of the thousands in the city of broth- erly love, in Boston, in your large eastern, northern and southern cities? What of Washington ? What of your four hundred murder establishments in New York and your New England operations in the same line ? You are virtuous are you ? God deliver us from such virtue. It may be well to talk about your purity and bans to those who are ignorant; it is too bare-faced for the informed. I say, as I said before, why don't you stop this damning, cursed evil? I am reminded of the Shakesperian spouter who cried, ' I can call spirits from the vasty deep ! ' * So can I,' said his hearer, ' but they won't come ! ' Now we do control these horrid vices and crimes, do you want to force them upon us? Such things are " ' A blot that will remain a blot in spite Of all that grave apologists may write ; And, though a bishop try to cleanse the stain, He rubs and scours the crimson spot in vain." "We have now a Territory out of debt ; our cities, counties and towns are out of debt. We have no gambling, no drunkenness, no prostitution, foeticide nor infanticide. We maintain our wives and children, and we have made the 'desert to blossom as the rose.' We are at peace with ourselves and with all the world. Whom have we injured ? Why can we not be let alone ? " What are we offered by you in your proposed legislation ? for it is well for us to count the cost. First — confiscation of property, our lands, houses, gardens, fields, vineyards, and orchards, legislated away by men who have no property, car- petbaggers, pettifoggers, adventurers, robbers, for you offer by your bills a pre- mium for fraud and robbery. The first robs us of our property and leaves us 428 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. the privilege, though despoiled, of reiaining our honor, and of worshipping Godi according to the dictates of our own conscience. We have been rcbbed before \ this we could stand again. Now for the second — the great privilege which you; offer by obedience : Loss of honor and self respect; a renunciation of God and our religion ; the prostitution of our wives and children to a level with your civ- ilization ; to be cursed with your debauchery; to be forced to countenance infanticide in our midst, and have your professional artists advertise their dens of murder among us ; to swarm, as you do, with pimps and harlots and their para- mours; to have gambling, drunkenness, whoredom, and all the pestiferous effects of debauchery; to be involved in debt and crime, forced upon us; to despise ourselves, to be despised by our wives, children and friends, and to be despised and cursed of God, in time and in eternity. This you offer us and your religion to boot. It is true you tell us you will ' ban it ' but your bans are a myth ; you would open the flood gates of crime and debauchery, infanticide, drunkenness and gambling, and practically tie them up with a strand of a spider's web. You can- not stop these ; if you would you have not the power. We have, and prefer purity, honor, and a clear conscience, and our motto to-day is, as it ever has been,, and I hope ever will be ' the Kingdom of God or nothing.' "Respectfully, " John Taylor."' CHAPTER XLVII. , BIRTH OF THE UTAH LIBERAL PARTY. POLITICAL COALITION OF GENTILES AND MORMON SCHISMATICS. CONTEST AT THE MUNICIPAL ELECTION OF 1870. REPORT OF THE FIRST CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE LIBERAL PARTY. In the beginning of the year 1S70, in January and February, a political plan was devised to unite the Godbeites with the Gentiles. Both were few in number ; even when united they were but an insignificant minority, compared with the party since known as the "■ People's'' party. The coalition, however, was consid- ered promising and prospectively formidable. On the one side, the schismatic Mormon elders and merchants were likely to have a large following throughout the Territory or, at least, it was expected that the schism would increase greatly and extend to every settlement, even though it should lack cohesion. Nothing seemed more probable than that there were thousands of men and women, who had grown up in the Mormon community, or been long connected with it, apart from any spiritualistic " New Movement " incubated at nightly seances at New York, who occupied similar positions, and entertained similar views regarding Mormonism, to those of Mr. Godbe and his compeers, and the Walker Brothers, Chislett and their class, who had left the Church years before. There were also XjIO « bv 7/ /'/ Jr.-< V _\ r ,, „ ; , - HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 42g many influential men who lemained in the Mormon Church who ?aid to Mr. Godbe and his friends, " You should have remained in the Church and fought out your issues. It was a great mistake to set up new a church." And thus the " New Movement," or new " Church of Zion " was soon gen- erally looked upon to be in and of itself a failure, while to the faithful Mormons, whose head of the Church was so prominent and sound, whose will so strong and or- ganism matchless, this church of Zion, without a head, or even the power to organize a quorum of elders, was a thing of scorn. Henry W. Lawrence keenly felt this and forecasted failure in the object of the schism. The only resolution of any social potency was in a. quick uniting of the Godbeites with the Gentiles, and the formation of a political party by such a coalition. "The design was projected, and early in February, 1S70, a political caucus was called, of the leading men concerned, to give birth to the party now known as the "Liberal" j^arty. The meeting was held in the Masonic Hall. Eli B. Kelsey was chosen chairman, vVhereupon the leaders made their preliminary speeches, formulated methods for the city election close at hand, with Henry W. Lawrence at the head of their ticket for Mayor of Salt Lake City. The Gentiles, with political sagacity, kept in the background, merely playing the parts as ad- visers, helpers and voters Of course the object of this maneuver was to make their coalition party a political entering wedge into the Mormon Church, by call- ing out the Mormon friends of the men on the ticket. The preliminary work having been done, the meeting adjourned to be held next at Walker Brother's old store, where the " New Movement " held its service and public meetings; Eli B. Kelsey was continued as chairman, and a committee was appointed to make a pub- lic call for the ratification of the Liberal ticket. Accordingly the city was duly placarded, informing the public of the meet- ing and its object ; and the invitation given was " Come one, come all ! '' It was an unfortunate wording; for it wasaddressed to the "people" of Salt Lake City to "come one, come all" to nominate their municipal officers for the forthcom- ing election. The Mormons were "the people" — "The People's party" — a name, indeed, which came into political significance from that very election. The People's party resolved to accept the invitation, and 'give the Liberals a sur- prise. It was a party coup cV eiat, perhaps, not quite fair, yet without that fell de- sign which the Liberal party has marked in the first chapter of its own history. It was in fact, merely a political move of party managers to show the people how futile an opposition party was, and how easily overwhelmed. But it is necessary to the completeness of the historical data of our city, as due to the Utah Liberal party, which has since repeatedly contested the elections for Delegate to Congress to give its first chapter as presented by its own central committee at the time. The Deseret News of February 10, 1870, thus called attention to " the Mass Meeting: " " By a placard which is posted up in several places in the city, signed ' many voters,' we see that it is the intention to hold a public Mass Meeting this, Thursday, Evening, at half past six o'clock, in the building known as Walker Brothers' original store, on East Temple Street. The object of the meeting, as 430 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. set forth by the placard, is ' for the nomination of a People's Free and Indepen- dent Ticket for Mayor, Aldermen, Councilors, etc., to be voted for on Monday, the 14th instant.' "The placard is headed in large letters, ' Come One, Come All.' A full meeting is desired, and as the object is one of general interest to all ^classes of our citizens, we hope there will be a crowded attendance. We want to see a good ticket nominated for city officers and the occasion is one in which every citi- zen should be interested." On Saturday, February 12, 1870, the following appeared in the 7th number of the Mormon Tribune, published by Godbe & Harrison : "A CARD BY THE COMMITTEE. "The Mass Meeting, called by many voters, in Walker Brothers' original store, Thursday evening, February 10, was overwhelmed by a characteristic maneu- vering on the part of the Church authorities. The Deseret Evening News promptly announced the meeting, and gave a significant hint for a grand coup d' etat. And we are well informed that A. Milton Musser went to the different wards of the city, and instructed the bishops and teachers to have the people of their wards turn out en masse, and defeat the object for which the meeting was called. The principal of the Deseret University, also instructed his pupils to be on hand. A large crowd took possession of the street in front of the building long before the hour appointed for the meeting. The pressing demand for admittance, ren- dered it necessary to open the doors a six o'clock, whereupon the crowd rushed in with screams and yells, jumping over and breaking the seats in the most reck- less manner. At the head of the crowd marched J. D. T. McAllister, acting bishop of the Eighth Ward and Territorial marshal, and Bishop J. C. Little. Mr. Eli B. Kelsey stated that this was an adjourned meeting of which he was the reg- ular chairman ; but as they took possession by force they were welcome to do so. Without a moment's delay, Bishop J. C. Little was nominated for chairman of the meeting, Mr. E. L. Sloan was elected secretary, and Mr. Grimshaw reporter. Bishop Little called for nominations, when the whole orthodox ticket was nomi- nated one by one by acclamation ; the more sober and thoughtful portion of the audience ignoring the whole proceedings, considering that a gross outrage had been perpetrated by the Church officials. We sincerely regret the unmistakable animus betrayed in the whole affair ; and we feel more than ever the need of a change. "We call upon every free American citizen to rally to the polls on Monday next, and vote the Independent ticket, thereby manifesting their disapproval of proceedings rarely equalled — certainly never outdone in the Kansas elections.'' "Independent Ticket: Mayor — Henry W.Lawrence; aldermen — First Municipal Ward, Samuel Kahn ; Second Municipal Ward, J. R. Walker; Third Municipal Ward, Orson Pratt, Jr.; Fourth Municipal Ward, E. D. Woolley ; Fifth Municipal Ward, James Gordon. Councilors — Nat Stein, Anthony Godbe, John Cunningtun, John Lowe, Marsena Cannon, Fred T. Perris, Dr. W. F. An- derson, Wm. Sloan, Peter Rensheimer ; city recorder, Wm. P. Appleby ; city treasurer, B. G. Raybould; city marshal, Ed. Butterfield. " By order of the " Central Committee." HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 431 The following correspondence passed between the Liberal central committee and the mayor : "Salt Lake City, Feb. 12, 1S70. * * Daniel H. Wells, mayor Salt Lake City. " Dear Sir : — You are doubtless aware there is an Independent ticket nom- inated by many voters of this city to be submitted to the people for their suffrage, at the municipal election on Monday, the 14th instant. We, therefore, respect- fully ask, on behalf of those wishing to sustain said ticket, that one judge of election and one clerk be appointed from the Independent party, by you or the city council, to act in these positions at said election ; and would respectfully ask that John M. Worley, and William P. Appleby be appointed for those positions, which is according to the usages of the country. " This committee is desirous that none but legal votes shall be cast at the coming election, and to this end ask of you the assurance that the usual challenges and ballot box shall be protected by you and the police force of this city. Will you please return an answer by bearer ? "By order of the committee, "J. M. Orr, Chairman.'' "Mayor's Office, Salt Lake City, Feb. 13th, 1S70. "y. M. Orr, Esq., Chair. Cen. Com. " Sir : — Your note dated 12th inst. asking for a change to be made in the board of judges and clerks of election is just received, and I hasten to answer. " Col. Jesse C. Little, Seymour B. Young and John Needham, Esqs., have been chosen judges, and F. A. Mitchell and R. V. Morris, Esqs., clerks of said election. " These gentlemen were selected and appointed to act as said judges and clerks by the city council on Teusday, ist inst., and, I am sanguine, command the confidence of the entire people, and will doubtless act justly and wisely in the performance of the duties thus devolved upon them. "Rest assured that every protection will be afforded for voters to vote their respective tickets without partiality or hindrance. " If, as is sometimes the case, during the day, the polls should be crowded, I would recommend the voters toibe patient, for all will have the opportunity af- forded to them to vote during the day. And it is designed to enforce the strictest order. Respecfully, D. H. Wells, Mayor." The municipal election on the Monday, Febuary 14th, was quite peaceful, showing on either side but little of'the animus which the commencement seemed to promise. The Deseret News merely noted the result of the election, with an item relative to the counting of votes. The Liberal party were the speakers to the public on the occasion, as will be seen from the report of the first central committee of the Liberal party. ^^ To the editors of the Mormon Tribune •• "The undersigned, a committee representing the Independent voters of Salt 432 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Lake City and County, desire to state to the public the circumstances connected with the organization of the first Independent political party in this Territory, as also the facts of the recent election. " On Wednesday, February 9th, a meeting was held at the Masonic Hall, of those opposed to the existing state of our city government. An organization was effected, a central committee was appointed to serve for one year, and a ticket for city officers, composed of old and rv;spected citizens without regard to creed or religious belief, nominated by acclamation. A mass meeting was also appointed for the following night to be held at Walkers' original store, for the ratification of the nominations, and an exchange of views on the questions before the people. Long previous to the hour appointed, the street in front of, and the building itself, were taken possession of by a crowd of men, determined to defeat the purposes of the meeting. We have already stated in the Tribune the result of their endeavors, the same number of your journal, however, contained the original, regularly nominated Independent ticket, as submitted to the people on Monday last. During the election many irregularities, to say the least, were re- ported to us (by a sub-committee of challengers appointed by us) which we were and are powerless to remedy. They state that — "Many voted who were not citizens of the United States. " Many who were not citizens of Salt Lake ^City. "Many who were not of lawful age ; and the ballot boxes when filled were set aside and not properly sealed or guarded. "It is needless to recapitulate the numerous obstacles thrown in the way of those desirous of voting the Independent ticket, or the annoyances to Avhich our challengers were subjected. Suffice it to say that without these, and the existing law of the Territory compelling the numbering and identifying of each vote, a system practically robbing every citizen of his freedom of ballot, the result would have been far different. The means used by our opponents to prevent a fair elec- tion and an impartial count prove their fears on this point. "The result of the election, as announced by the judges — no member of our committee being allowed to be present at the counting of the votes — shows an average of about three hundred votes for the Independent ticket, and we regard our commencement in the great work of vindicating the rights of free speech, free thought and a free press in this Territory a promising one. To sum up the reward of five days' work : After twenty years of self-constituted city govern- ment, to which we have paid thousands in taxation, without an exhibit of receipts or expenses, and for that time not daring to express a sentiment in opposition to those held by the dominant party, we have in the election of Monday last demon- strated to the country the existence of American institutions in this Territory, and believe that the seed sown on that day will bear such fruits that before many months the State of Utah, freed from all relics of past tyranny and oppression, will be found marching with the great sisterhood of States, keeping step with the progress of the Union. " In concluding we would return thanks to those of our fellow citizens who have by their confidence placed us in our responsible and prominent positions before the public. The responsibility we realize, — the publicity was unsought. HISTORY 01^ SALT LAKE CITY. ^jj The duties of our positions we will discharge, as long as honored by their confi- dence, in the fear of God and love of humanity, unshaken loyalty to our country and with 'charity for all' who differ from us and 'malice towards none.' " Respectfully, "J. M. Orr, "J. R. Walker, •'Joseph Salisbury, " T. D. Brown, " James Brooks^ " Samuel Kahn, " R. H. Robertson, " Central Committee y The People's ticket of that year was: Mayor— Daniel H. Wells; aldermen — First Municipal Ward, Isaac Groo ; Second, Samuel W. Richards; Third, A. H. Raleigh; Fourth, Jeter Clinton; Fifth, A. C. Pyper. Councilors— Robert T. Burton, Theodore McKean, Thos. Jenkins, Heber P, Kimball, Henry Grow, John Clark, Thos. McLellan, John R. Winder, Lewis S. Hills; Recorder — Robert Campbell; treasurer — Paul A. Schet- tler ; marshal — John D. T. McAllister. CHAPTER XLVIII. PASSAGE OF THE WOMAN'S SUFFRAGE BILL. GRAND MASS MEETING OF THE "SISTERS" PROTESTING AGAINST THE CULLOM BILL, THEN BEFORE CON- GRESS, EXTRAORDINARY RESOLUTIONS AND HEROIC SPEECHES OF THE WOMEN OF MORMONDOM, The year 1870 was also signalized by the passage of the female suffrage bill, which event was destined to make Mormon Utah politically distinguished among all the advocates of woman's suffrage throughout the world. The Phrenological Journal iox November, 1870, in its biographical article on " William H. Hooper, the Utah Delegate and female suffrage advocate," says: "Utah is a land of marvels. She gives us, first, polygamy, which seems to be an outrage against ' woman's rights/ and then offers the nation a ' female suf- frage bill,' at this time in full force within her own borders. Was there ever a greater anomaly known in the history of society? The women of Utah hold political power to-day. They are the first in the nation to whom the functions of the state have been extended, and it is just as consistent to look for a female member of Congress from Utah as a member of Congress sent to Washington by the women's vote. Let the women be once recognized as powers in the state as well as in society and in the church, and their political rights can be extended to 13 434 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. any length, according to the temper of the public mind, of which the female element forms so large a part. " There is in our innovative age much discussion on the abstract justice, and also on the practical propriety of extending political power to the women of America; and the women ot England have made the same demand in the polit- ical motions of our old Saxon fatherland. This may be caused by one of the great impulses of the times, for we are certainly living in an age of impulses. It is also an age of marvels; not merely in steam and electricity, but in our social states and philosophies of society. Indeed, until modern times, the phrase 'social science ' was not known ; but these new problems and marvels of society have led statesmen and philosophers to recognize a positive ' social science,' and the term sociology to-day is just as legitimate as the term geology. And it is very singular that those advanced minds who are beginning to reduce government and the social development to systems of positive philosophy, bring in the function of political power for woman. Of course your political gamblers and legislative charlatans are against the innovations which female suffrage bills would work out in the age; but such philosophical lawgivers of society and government as John Stuart Mill, and also statesmen like Cobden and Bright of England, are contemplating the extension of political power to the women as one of the grand methods for the world's future good. " Our present object is not, however, to contend for the benefits to accrue to society through the agencies of woman brought to bear upon the State, as they have been in the Church and in the general spheres of life, but to note the ex- traordinary circumstances of political power having been first granted to and ex- ercised by the women of Utah. We see that female suffrage is both accepted and strongly maintained as one of the great social problems of the future, not only to advance the world, but to assert the dignity and cause of womanhood ; that it is thus accepted and maintained by the boldest female reformers of America and the great masters of social science in England. That is one side of the case, and in that view we find no subject for astonishment, for the men and women whose very names represent mind in the reform movements of the times will be certain to be found in the vanguard of civilization; but that the women of Utah, who have been considered representatives of womanhood in its degradation, should suddenly be found on the same platform with John Stuart Mill and his sister- hood, is truly a matter for astonishment. And moreover, when we look upon the Mormon " kingdom of God," as the Saints denominate it, as the first nation- ality in the world which has granted to woman political power and created her the chief part of the State as well as the Church, one cannot but confess that the Mormons in this have stolen a march upon their betters. "Three years ago a friend of the Mormons informed us that the Delegate of Utah was in New York, just from Washington, bound for Utah to lay before Brigham Young the extraordinary design of giving to the women of Mormondom political power. And the circumstance was the more marked from the singular facts that the legislative minds, aided by the American press, were proposing just at that time a scheme for Congress X-o force female suffrage upon Utah, to give to the women of that Territory the power to break up the institution of polygamy HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 4^5 and emancipate themselves from their supposed serfdom and the degradation of womanhood. This done, the conclusion, of course, was that Morrnonism arid the Mormons would become converted and transformed into respectable mono- gamic problems, easy of solution by our multitude of Christian and other civiliz- ing agencies." The incident referred to in the Phrenological Journal XQ\d.\A\iQ. to William H. Hooper as the female suffrage delegate from Utah, may be supplemented with the narrative itself. Mr. Julian, of Indiana, offered a bill to the House in 1867 in substance, "A Bill to solve the Polygamic Problem." Upon its presentation and announcement, Delegate Hooper immediately called upon Mr. Julian, saying, '' That bill has a high sounding title. What are its provisions?" He replied, sim- ply a bill of one section providing for tlie enfranchisement of the women of Utah. "Mr. Julian," said the Delegate, "I am in favor of that bill." He in- quired, " Do you speak for your own leading men?" Mr. Hooper replied, "I do not ; but I know of no reason why they should not also approve of it." When Mr. Hooper returned to Utah, he held a conversation with President Brigham Young upon this subject. "Brother Hooper," inquired the President, "are you in favor of female suffrage?" "I know of no reason why I should not be," he answered. No more was said; but from that time the subject seemed to develop itself in the mind of the President and soon afterwards it was taken up by the Legislative body and passed by an unanimous vote. The following is a copy of the bill : "An Act, giving women the elective franchise in the Territory of Utah. "Sec. I. — Be it enacted by the Governor and the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah : That every woman of the age of twenty-one years, who has resided in this Territory six months next preceding any general or special elec- tion, born or naturalized in the United States, or who is the wife, or widow, or the daughter of a naturalized citizen of the United States, shall be entitled to vote at any election in this Territory. "Sec. 2. — All laws, or parts of laws, conflicting with this act are hereby repealed. "Approved February 12, 1870." It has been charged by the anti-Mormons, that woman suffrage in Utah was only designed to further enslave the Mormon women ; that they took no part in its passage, and have had no soul in its exercise. Nearly the reverse of this is the case as the records will show. Here follow the minutes of a general meeting of the great Female Relief Society, held in Salt Lake City, February 19, 1870 — ^just seven days after the passage of their bill : "Minutes. — Most of the wards of the city were represented. Miss E. R. Snow was elected president, and Mrs. L. D. Alder secretary. " Meeting opened with singing; prayer by Mrs. Harriet Cook Young. " Miss Eliza R. Snow arose and said, to encourage the sisters in good works, she would read an account of our indignation meeting, as it appeared in the Sac- ramento Union; which account she thought a fair one. She also stated that an ex- pression of gratitude was due acting-Governor Mann, for signing the document 43^ HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. granting woman suffrage in Utah, for we could not have had the right without his sanction, and said that Wyoming had passed a bill of this kind over its governor's head, but we could not have done this. " The following names were unanimously selected to be a committee for said purpose : Eliza R. Snow, Bathsheba W. Smith, Sarah M. Kimball, M. T. Smoot, H. C. Young, Z. D. Young, Phoebe Woodruff, M. I. Home, M. N. Hyde, Eliza Cannon, Rachel Grant, Amanda Smith. " Mrs. Sarah M. Kimbalt said she had waited patiently a long time, and now that we were granted the right of suffrage, she would openly declare herself a woman's rights woman, and called upon those who would do so to back her up, whereupon many manifested their approval. She said her experience in life had been different from that of many. She had moved in all grades of society ; had been both rich and poor; had always seen much good and intelligence in woman. The interests of man and woman cannot be separated ; for the man is not without the woman nor the woman without the man in the Lord. She spoke of the fool- ish custom which deprived the mother of having control over her sons at a certain age ; said she saw the foreshadowing of a brighter day in this respect in the fu- ture. She said she had entertained ideas that appeared wild, which she thought would yet be considered woman's rights ; spoke of the remarks made by Brother Rockwood, lately, that women would have as much prejudice to overcome, in oc- cupying certain positions as men would in granting them, and concluded by de- claring that woman was the helpmate of man in every department of life. " Mrs. Phoebe Woodruff said she was pleased with the reform, and was heart and hand with her sisters. She was thankful for the privilege that had been granted to women, but thought we must act in wisdom and not go too fast. She had looked for this day for years. God has opened the way for us. We have borne in patience, but the yoke on woman is partly removed. Now that God has moved upon our brethren to grant us the right of female suffrage, let us lay it by, and wait till the time comes to use it, and not run headlong and abuse the privi- lege. Great and blessed things are ahead. All is right and will come out right, and woman will receive her reward in blessing and honor. May God grant us strength to do right in his sight. " Mrs. Bathsheba W. Smith said she felt pleased to be engaged in the great work before them, and was heart and hand with her sisters. She never felt better in her life, yet never felt more her own weakness, in view of the greater responsi- bilities which now rested upon them, nor ever felt so much the necessity of wis- dom and light ; but she was determined to do her best. She believed that woman was coming up in the world. She encouraged her sisters with the faith that there was nothing required of them in the duties of life that they could not perform. "Mrs. Prescinda Kimball said: I feel comforted and blessed this day. I am glad to be numbered in moving forward this reform ; feel to exercise double diligence and try to accomplish what is required at our hands. We must all put our shoul- der to the wheel and go ahead. I am glad to see our daughters elevated with man, and the time come when our votes will assist our leaders, and redeem our- selves. Let us be humble, and triumph will be ours. The day is approaching when woman shall be redeemed from the curse placed upon Eve, and I have often HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 43 j thought that our daughters who are in polygamy will be the first redeemed. Then let us keep the commandants and attain to a fulness, and always bear in mind that our children born in the priesthood will be saviors on Mount Zion. "Mrs. Zina D. Young said she was glad to look upon such an assemblage of bright and happy faces, and was gratified to be numbered with the spirits who had taken tabernacles in this dispensation, and to know that we are associated with kings and priests of God; thought we do not realize our privileges. Be meek and humble and do not move one step aside, but gain power over ourselves. Angels will visit the earth, but are we, as handmaids of the Lord, prepared to meet them ? We live in the day that has been looked down to with great anxiety since the morn of creation. " Mrs. M. T. Smoot said : ' We are engaged in a great work, and the prin- ciples that we have embraced are life and salvation unto us. Many principles are advanced en which we are slow to act. There are many more to be advanced. Woman's rights have been spoken of. I have never had any desire for more rights than I have. I have considered politics aside from the sphere of woman ; but. as things progress, I feel it is right that we should vote though the path may be fraught with difficulty.' " Mrs. Wilmarth East said she would bear testimony to what had been said. She had found by experience that,' obedience is better than sacrifice.' I desire to be on the safe side and sustain those above us ; but I cannot agree with Sister Smoot in regard to woman's rights. I have never felt that woman had her priv- ileges. I always wanted a voice in the politics of the nation, as well as to rear a family. I was much impressed when I read the poem composed by Mrs. Emily Woodmansee — ' Who Cares to Win a Woman's Thought.' There is a bright day coming ; but we need more wisdom and humility than ever before. My sisters, I am glad to bs associated with you — those who have borne the heat and burden of the day, and ask God to pour blessings on your head. " Eliza R. Snow; in closing, observed, that there was a business item she wished to lay before the meeting, and suggested that Sister Bathsheba W. Smith be appointed on a mission to preach retrenchment all through the South, and woman's rights if she wished. " The suggestion was acted upon, and the meeting adjourned with singing 'Redeemer of Israel,' and benediction by Mrs. M. N. Hyde." The municipal election in Salt Lake City, which occured but two days after the approval of the bill in question, presented, as we have seen, the first political issue in our city, from any organized opposition party ; but the new voting ele- ment placed in the hands of the People's party by the passage of this bill was not brought largely into requisition. Only a few of the "sisters " claimed the honor of voting on the occasion. The first of these was Miss Seraph Young, a niece of President Young. But probably the most remarkable woman's rights demonstration of the age, was that of the women of Utah, in their great mass meetings, held throughout the Territory, in all its principal cities and settlements, in January of 1S70 relative to the Cullom bill. 4s8 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. On the 13th of January, 1870, "notwithstanding the inclemtincy of the weather, the old tabernacle," says the Deseret News, " was densely packed with ladies of all ages, and, as that building will comfortably seat five thousand per- sons, there could not have been fewer than between five and six thousand present on the occasion." It was announced in the programme that there were to be none present but ladies. Several reporters of the press, however, obtained admittance, among whom was Colonel Finley Anderson, special correspondent of the JVe7ci York Herald. The meeting was opened with a very impressive prayer from Mrs. Zina D. Young; and then, on motion of Miss Eliza R. Snow, Mrs, Sarah M. Kimball was elected president. Mrs. Lydia Alder was chosen secretary, and Mrs. M. T. Smoot, Mrs. M. N. Hyde, Isabella Horn, Mary Leaver, Priscilla Staines and Rachel Grant, were appointed a committee to draft resolutions. This was done with executive dispatch; for many present had for years been leaders of women's organizations. The president arose and addressed a few pithy remarks to the vast assemblage. She said : " We are to speak in relation to the government and institutions under which we live. She would ask, have we transgressed any law of the United States ? [Loud 'no' from the audience.] Then why are we here to-day ? We have been driven from place to place, and wherefore ? Simply for believing and practicing the counsels of God, as contained in the gospel of heaven. The object of this meeting is to consider the justice of a bill now before the Congress of the United States. We are not here to advocate woman's rights, but man's rights. The bill in question would not only deprive our fathers, husbands and brothers of enjoy- ing the privileges bequeathed to citizens of the United States, but it would deprive us, as women, of the privilege of selecting our husbands ; and against this we unqualifiedly protest." During the absence of the committee on resolutions speeches were delivered and then the committee on resolutions reported the following : " Resolved, That we, the ladies of Salt Lake City, in mass-meeting assembled, dD manifest our indignation, and protest against the bill before Congress, known as ' the Cullom bill,' also the one known as * the Cragin bill,' and all similar bills, expressions and manifestoes. '■^Resolved, That we consider the above named bills foul blots on our national escutcheon — absurd documents — atrocious insults to the honorable executive of the United States Government, and malicious attempts to subvert the rights of civil and religious liberty. " Resolved, That we do hold sacred the constitution bequeathed us by our forefathers, and ignore, with laudable womanly jealousy, every act of those men to whom the responsibilities of government have been entrusted, which is calculated to destroy its efficiency. "^Resolved, That we unitedly exercise every moral power and every right which we inherit as the daughters of American citizens, to prevent the passage of buch bills, knowing that they would inevitably cast a stigma on our republican HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 4jg government by jeopardizing the liberty and lives of its most loyal and peaceful citizens. "Resolved, That, in our candid opinion, the presentation of the aforesaid bills indicates a manifest degeneracy of the great men of our nation ; and their adoption would presage a speedy downfall and ultimate extinction of the glorious pedestal of freedom, protection, and equal rights, established by our noble ancestors. "Resolved, That we acknowledge the institutions of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as the only reliable safeguard of female virtue and in- nocence ; and the only sure protection against the fearful sin of prostitution, and its attendant evils, now prevalent abroad, and as such, we are and shall be united with our brethren in sustaining them against each and every encroachment. "Resolved, That we consider the originators of the aforesaid bills disloyal to the constitution, and unworthy of any position of trust in any office which in- volves the interests of our nation. "Resolved, That, in case the bills in question should pass both Houses of Congress, and become a law, by which we shall be disfranchised as a Territory, we, the ladies of Salt Lake City, shall exert all our power and influence to aid in the support of our own State government." These resolutions were greeted with loud cheers from nearly six thousand women, and carried unanimously. CHAPTER XLIX. BRIEF REVIEW OF UTAH IN CONGRESS, FROM ITS ORGANIZATION TO THE PAS- SAGE OF THE CULLOM BILL. GREAT SPEECH OF DELEGATE HOOPER IN CONGRESS AGAINST THE BILL, IN WHICH HE REVIEWS THE COLONIZING WORK OF THE MORMONS IN THE WEST, AND JUSTIFIES HIS POLYGA- MOUS CONSTITUENTS. In the exhibition of these wonderful mass meetings of fifty thousand organ- ized Mormon women held throughout the Territory, to preserve their sacred institutions, the reader has a marked example typical of the Mormon people ; but we must now give a more regular review of the Congressional subject relative ^to Utah. Utah can scarcely be said to have possessed any political or congressional history until the period of the Utah war. Previously her condition and career had been almost entirely primitive and patriarchal. The Hon. John M. Bernhisel, dele- gate from Utah through this period, had served his constituents faithfully; but no feature of that service stands out so prominent as to require special mention. The / 440 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. general history, up to this time, may therefore be considered as including the con- gressional. The ''Mormon war," of course, had somewhat interrupted the relations be- tween Utah and the nation. In the eyes of the American public, Utah had been in rebellion ; although, as we have seen, the controversy had been amicably set- tled, and the Mormons had been pardoned of all their political offences. It was under this aspect of affairs that William H. Hooper was elected dele- gate to Congress, from Utah, in August, 1859. His position was a delicate one, his task arduous, and the case he had to handle certainly a very peculiar and com- plex case, looking at it from whatever point of view. Notwithstanding his constitu- ents held that they were in the right in the late controversy which had nearly come to bloodshed, and notwithstanding their affirmation that they had stood up- on their constitutional ground, and had merely resisted, by a practical but a justi- fiable protest, an unconstitutional invasion of the rights of American citizens, delegate Hooper well knew that the general public took another view of ihe case- But the great advantage which Hooper possessed, and which enabled him to master the situation, was in his thorough appreciation of the views and shapings of both sides. Therefore, while the delegate was prepared to stand by his people, in the defence of all their constitutional rights, and to ward off any new difficulty, he was equally ready to " see eye to eye " with members of Congress. This was the exact reason why Brigham Young sent' him ; indeed, one of Brigham's greatest gifts is manifested in his choice of the fittest instruments for the work and the times. Fortunately, also, when Hooper went to Congress as delegate in 1859, the members were disposed to humor the Mormon view of the Utah expedition and troubles, and he in turn humored them most politicly. As we have seen, the public, and especially journalists and Congressmen, were only too willing to treat the Utah war as Buchanan's affair, and wipe the hands of the nation clean of it. With this feeling came the good-natured inclination to let the Mormons have all they asked for, if they only asked in reason. And Con- gress had a Utah delegate of a most sagacious, practical turn of mind, who under- stood his points too well to ask for more than was certain to be granted, content- ing himself, in the rest, in working up a good feeling towards his constituents. Delegate Hooper settled everything he touched. There were two sessions of the Utah Legislature unrecognized and unpaid; Governor Young's accounts against the U. S. Treasury were unsettled ; and the expenses of the Indian war of 1850, were still due to the Territory. All this the energetic and influential dele- gate brought to a settlement. Besides this financial triumph, a bill which passed the House, for the suppression of polygamy, never became a law, and the thirty- sixth Congress ended, leaving Utah affairs comparatively tranquil. Notwithstanding that in the thirty-sixth Congress, Utah had met a very fair adjustment, and that it was indeed the only one in which Utah, up to this date, had risen to anything like political importance in the nation, the Hon. John M. Bernhisel was returned to the thirty-seventh Congress. This may have been intended as a recognition of the past service of that gentleman, before liis final retirement from public life, but it is evident that he was not HIS TOR Y OF SALT LAKE CITY. 44 1 so well fitted for the post as Delegate Hooper. Dr. Bernhisel was originally rather a professional than a political character, — something of a Mormon elder in Congress, representing a religious people; whereas, Hooper was a successful merchant, and full of political sagacities. It is true the latter might not have been able to have prevented the passage of the anti-polygamic bill of 1862, but he certainly would have rallied a host of political friends against it. Without wast- ing his strength to show the "unconstitutionality" of the bill, he would have adopted the more practical line of argument that the bill must, from its very na- ture, remain inoperative for years, thus giving, tacitly, a license for the continua- tion of polygamy. This has been abundantly recognized by members of Congress since. The bill of 1862 has been considered by them to be as great a nuisance as polygamy itself. Surely Hooper would have foreshadowed the difficulties of special legislation, in such a delicate matter as the marriage question of an entire com- munity. Moreover, in 1862, the whole responsibility of the abolition of thousands of plural marriages rested entirely with Congress., there having been no primary agitation of the matter by the people of Utah themselves. But the thirty-seventh Congress, in its innocence, passed that bill, committing almost as great a blunde'' as did Buchanan in the case of the Utah war. The Hon. John M. Burnhisel returned to his constituents, and the Hon. John F. Kinney w^as elected to succeed him. For a number of years. Judge Kinney had been Chief Justice of Utah, but he had been just removed by Lincoln, it is said, for too faithfully serving the Mormons. Be that as the reader may please to consider, the Mormons were grateful, and resolved that the Chief Justice should not go from them in disgrace. They accordingly elected him to represent them in the thirty-eighth Congress; and so the Chief Justice, instead of returning to his friends in the East, under a cloud, went to Washington in triumph, to take his seat in the Congress of the United States. Judge Kinney was a brilliant man, and he soon won golden opinions from both constituents and straiigers, by his eloquent efforts in Congress. But he was not essentially identified with the destiny of Utah, although a constant friend of the people, and it became evident that the congressional career of a Gentile, representing a purely Mormon constituency, must tend more to hig political advancement than to their potency. He might have built a pinnacle on their political destiny; they could build nothing on his political fame. They had the example of Judge Douglas before them — " the Mormon-made Senator" — who in his career nearly reached the Presidency of the United States, yet who recom- mended to Congress the expediency of cutting the " loathsome ulcer out" — the *' ulcer" being the people who, in his rise to fame, had done so much to uplift him. In justice, however, it should be said that Judge Kinney served his con' stituents well and faithfully. With the return of Hon. W. H. Hooper to the thirty-ninth Congress, the prestige of home delegates was restored. His influence was greater than ever, both at home and in Washington. The very change for a time from Mormon to Gentile had enhanced that influence, and illustrated the eminent consistency of a man who was politically in harmony with Congress, yet in destiny one with the Mormon people, representing them as their delegate. We are ever impressed 443 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. with that law which is described as the "■ eternal fitness of things; " so Congress could better understand and respect William H. Hooper maintaining the integrity of the Mormon commonwealth, and reconciling it with the rights of the American citizen, than it could the representation of Utah in those days, by a Gentile dele- gate. Hooper had by far the greatest influence in Congress ; his earnestness in controversy was respected by his congressional colleagues, even when they were resolutely bent on an anti-Mormon policy ; and the very fact that he was a well- known monogamist only rendered his defence of the religious rights of his poly- gamic constituents more truly American in spirit. During the thirty-ninth and fortieth Congresses, to the commencement of Grant's administration, 1869, nothing very formidable was proposed or carried out against the founders of Utah. Bills were introduced by Mr. Ashley, then chairman of the Territorial Committee, and others, looking to the disintegration of the Territory ; but only a passive recognition was given those measures by Congress. Gentile delegations also went to Washington from Utah urging legis- lation against the Mormons; but Congress was busy with the great question of " reconstruction," and the impeachment of President Johnson, and thus Utah, a minor question, was overlooked. The pasive action of Congress towards Utah, coupled with the wholesome legislation of the Johnson period, among which was the establishment of the pres- ent land system, the enlargement of the postal service, and a partial recognition of local self-government, warranted the hope that a brighter day was dawning for the Territory, inasmuch as the delegate was consulted in the choice of Federal officers who were not objectionable to the people. But, with the commencement of Grant's administration, a new warfare was opened, and early in the first session under his Presidency, the Cullom bill was introduced in the House. Its monstrosity was such that scarcely a section did not propose measures in violation of the most sacred provisions of the Constitu- tion. It is understood that this bill was framed in Utah. It was like a resume of the Cra^in bill ; and Senator Cragin at once adopted it as \i\'s, protege. He could well afford this, for it was a more perfected anti-Mormon measure than his own, bristling with formidable points of special legislation against " Polygamic Theocracy," wherever touched. General Cullom fathered the bill in the House; Senator Cragin introduced it in the Senate. The Cullom bill was published and reviewed by nearly all the journals in the country. From the standpoint of news- paper criticism, it was very difficult to tell exactly what was its moral character. There was, however, a pretty general confession that it was an infamous bill; yet, with a strange consistency, it was quite as candidly confessed that it was not nearly bad enough to satisfy the popular desire. Sargent, Axtell and Fitch spoke against the bill. The Hon. Thomas Fitch's speech was one of the most powerful efforts of oratory that Congress has had the privilege of listening to in these latter days. Not, however, from the bill itself did Mr. Fitch conjure the effectiveness of his speech, but over the prospect of the blood and the millions of money which it must cost the nation to enforce its pro- visions. Fitch's speech created so much sensation in the House that General Cullom himself proposed the temporary recommittal of tlie bill. '^^^m'ff^f^'- <^ HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY 443 The CuUom bill not only stirred the entire nation to a desire for special leg- islation against the Mormons, but also Mormondom to its very centre. The crowning moment came. Delegate Hooper was on the floor of the House with his plea for religious liberty, which we quote from the Congressiotiai Record. He said : "Mr. Speaker. — I wish to make a few remarks concerning the extraordinary bill now under consideration. While so doing, I crave the attention of the House, for I am here, not alone as one of the people sought to be cruelly oppressed ; not only as the delegate representing Utah ; but as an American citizen, to utter my solemn protest against the passage of a bill that aims to violate our dearest rights and is fraught with evil to the Republic itself. " I do not propose to occupy the time of the House by dwelling at length upon the vast contributions of the people of Utah to the wealth of the nation. There is no member in the House who does not recollect in his schoolboy days the vast region of the Rocky Mountains characterized in the geographies as the ' Great American Desert.' 'There' said those veracious text books, 'was a vast region wherein no man could live. There were springs and streams, upon the banks of which could be seen the bleaching bones of animals and of men, poisoned from drinking of the deadly waters.' Around the borders of the vast desert, and in its few habitable parts, roamed the painted savages, only less cruel and remorseless than the desert itself. " In the midst of this inhospitable waste to-day dwell an agricultural, pastoral, and self-sustaining people, numbering 120,000 souls. Everywhere can be seen the fruits of energetic and persistent industry. The surrounding mining Terri- tories of Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Arizona and Neveda, in their infancy, were fed and fostered from the surplus stores of the Mormon people. The develop- ment of the resources of these mining Territories was alone rendered possible by the existence at their doors of an agricultural people, who supplied them with the chief necessities of life at a price scarcely above that demanded in the old and populous States. The early immigrants to California paused on their weary jour- ney in the redeemed wastes of Utah, to recruit their strength, and that of their animals, and California is to day richer by thousands of lives and millions of treasure, for the existence of this half-way house to El Dorado. " To the people of Utah, therefore, is to be attributed no inconsiderable part in the production of the vast mineral wealth which has poured into the coffers of the nation from our mining States and Territories. " This, however, is but a tithe of our contributions to the nation's wealth. By actual experiment we have demonstrated the practicability of redeeming these desert wastes. When the Pacific slope and its boundless resources shall have been developed ; when beyond the Rocky Mountains 40.000,000 of people shall do homage to our flag, the millions of dwellers in Arizona, Nevada, Idaho, Colorado and Montana, enriched by the products of their redeemed and fertilized deserts, shall point to the valley of Great Salt Lake as their examplar, and accord to the sturdy toilers of that land due honor, in that they inaugurated the system and demonstrated its possible results. These results are the offering of Utah to the nation. 444 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. " When Robert Fulton's first steamboat moved from New York to Albany, so far as concerned the value of the vessel, he had made scarce a perceptible addition to our merchant marine; but the principle, the practicability of which he then de- monstrated, was priceless, and enriched the nation more than if she had received the gift of the vessel, built from and loaded with solid gold. " I will not, Mr. Speaker, tresspass upon the time of the House by more than thus briefly adverting to the claims of Utah to the gratitude and fostering care of the American people. " For the first time in the history of the United States, by the introduction of the bill under consideration, a well defined and positive effort is made to turn the great law-making power of the nation into a moral channel and to legislate for the consciences of the people. " Here, for the first time, is a proposition to punish a citizen for his religious belief and unbelief. We have before us a statute book designating crime. To restrain criminal acts, and to punish the offender, has heretofore been the province of the law, and in it we have the support of the accused himself. No man comes to the bar for trial with the plea that the charge upon which he is arraigned consti- tutes no offence. His plea is 'Not guilty.' He cannot pass beyond and behind the established conclusions of humanity. But this bill reaches beyond that code into the questionable world of morals — the debatable land of religious beliefs; and, first creating the offense, seeks with malignant fury of partisan prejudice and sectarian hate to measure out the punishment. " The bill before us declares that that system which Moses taught, that God allowed, and from which Christ, our Savior, sprung, is a crime, and that any man believing in it and practicing it — I beg bardon, the bill, as I shall presently show, asserts that belief alone is sufficient — thai any so offending shall not be tried, but shall be convicted, his children declared bastards, his wives turned out to starve, and his property be confiscated, in fact, for the benefit of the moral reformers, who, as I believe, are the real instigators in this matter. " The honorable member from Illinois, the father of this bill, informs us that this is a crime abhorred by men, denounced by God, and prohibited and punished by every State in the Union. I have a profound respect for the motives of the honorable member. I believe he is inspired by a sincere hostility to that which he so earnestly denounces. No earthly inducement could make him practice po- lygamy. Seduction, in the eyes of thousands, is an indiscretion, where all the punishment falls upon the innocent and unoffending. The criminal taint attaches when the seducer attempts to marry his victim. This is horrid. This is not to be endured by man or God, and laws must be promulgated to prevent and punish. " While I have this profound regard for the morals and motives of the hon- orable member, I must say that I do not respect, to the same extent, his legal abilities. Polygamy is not denounced by every State and Territory, and the gen- tleman will search in vain for the statute or criminal code of either defining its existence and punishment. The gentleman confounds a religious belief with a criminal act. He is thinking of bigamy when he denounces polygamy, and in the confusion that follows, blindly strikes out against an unknown enemy. Will he permit me to call his attention to the distinction ? Bigamy means the wrong HISTORY 01 SALT LAKE CITY. 44s done a woman by imposing upon her the forms of matrimony while another wife lives, rendering such second marriage null and void. The reputation and happi- ness of a too confiding woman is thus forever blasted by the fraudulent acts of her supposed husband, and he is deservedly punished for his crime. Polygamy, on the contrary, is the act of marrying more than one woman, under a belief that a man has a right, lawfully and religiously, so to do, and with the knowledge and consent of both his wives. "I suppose, Mr. Speaker, that in proclaiming the old Jeffersonian doctrine that that Government is best which governs least, I would not have even a minority upon the floor. But when I say that in a system of self-government such as ours, that looks to the purest democracy, and seeks to be a government of the people, for the people, and by the people, we have no room for the guardian, nor, above all, for the master, I can claim the united support of both parties. To have such a government ; to retain such in its purest strength, we must leave all questions of morals and religion that lie outside the recognized code of crime to the conscience of the citizen. In an attempt to do otherwise than this, the world's abiding places have been washed with human blood, and its fields made rich with human bones. No government has been found strong enough to stand unshaken above the throes of religious fanaticism when driven to the wall by religious persecution. Ours, sir, would disappear like the " baseless fabric of a vision " before the first blast of such a convulsion. Does the gentleman believe, for example, that in aiming this cruel blow at a handful of earnest followers of the Lord in Utah, he is doing a more justifiable act than would be, in the eyes of a majority of our citizens, a bill to abolish Catholicism, because of its alleged immorality; or a law to annihi- late the Jews for that they are Jews, and therefore obnoxious ? Let that evil door once be opened ; set sect against sect ; let the Bible and the school books give place to the sword and the bayonet, and we will find the humanity of to-day the humanity of the dark ages, and our beautiful government a mournful dream of the past. "This is not only philosophically true, but, sir, it is historically a fact. In making the appeal, I stand upon the very foundation-stone of our constitutional Government. That they might worship God in accordance with the dictates of conscience, the fathers fled from their homes in Europe to the wilds in America. For this they bore the fatigues or perished in the wilds of a savage-haunted con- tinent; for this they poured out their blood in wars, until every stone in the huge edifice that shelters us as a nation is cemented by the blood of a martyr. Upon this, however, I need not spend my time or yours; a mere statement of the pro- position is a conclusive argument from which the people, in their honest instincts, will permit no appeal. In our Constitution, still perfect and fresh as ever, we have a clause that cannot be changed and leave a vestige of a free government. In the original instrument we find this language : " No religious tests shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States." But this was not considered sufficiently comprehensive for a free people, and sub- sequently we find it declared, " Congress shall make no law respecting an estab- lishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." " Upon the very threshold of my argument, however, I am met by the advo- 446 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. cates of this extraordinary bill with the assumption that polygamy is not entitled to be considered as a portion of our religious faith ; that under the Constitution we are to be protected and respected in the enjoyment of our religious faith, but that we are not entitled to consider as a portion thereof the views held by us as a people in reference to the marriage relation. One eminent disputant, as an ar- gument, supposes a case wheie a religious sect might claim to believe in the right- fulness of murder, and to be protected in the enjoyment of that right. This is not in any sense a parallel case. Murder by all law, human and divine, is a crime; polygamy is not. In a subsequent portion of my remarks, 1 will show, that not only the authority of the Old Testament writers, but by numerous leading writers of the Christian church, the doctrine of polygamy is justified and approved. The only ground upon which any argument can be maintained that our views of the marriage relation are not to be considered as a portion of our religious faith, is that marriage is a purely civil contract, and therefore outside the province of religious doctrine. No sect of Christians can, however, be found who will carry their beliefs to this extent. The Catholic Church, the most ancient of Christian churches, and among the most powerful in numbers of the religious denominations of our country, upon this point is in accord with the Mormon church. Mar- riage, according to the faith of the Catholic church, is one of its sacraments \ is not in any sense a civil contract, but a religious ordinance, and the validity of a divorce granted by a civil court is denied. And not in any Christian church is the marriage contract placed on a par with other civil contracts — with a swap of horses or a partnership in trade. It is a civil contract, in that a court of equity, for certain specified causes, may dissolve it \ but not otherwise. Upon the marriage contract is invoked the most solemn sanctions of our Christians ; the appointed ministers and servants of God, by their presence and aid, give solemnity and ef- ficiency to the ceremonial, and upon the alliance is invoked the Divine guidance and blessing. To most intents and purposes, with every Christian denomination, the marriage ceremony is regarded as a religious ordinance. Upon this point, therefore, and a vital point in the discussion of the question before us, the Catholic church in fact, and the other religious denominations in theory and usual practice, are with the Mormons in their position, that the supervision and con- trol of the marital relation is an integral and essential portion of their religious faith and practice, in the enjoyment of which they are protected by the Consti- tution. ''The Mormon people are a Christian denomination. They believe fully in the Old and New Testaments, in the divinty of Christ's mission, and the up- building and triumph of his church. They do not believe, however, that light and guidance from above, ceased with the crucifixion on Calvary. On the other hand, they find that in all ages, whenever a necessity therefor existed, God has raised up prophets to speak to the people, and to manifest to them his will and requirements. And they believe that Joseph Smith was such a prophet ; that the time had arrived when there was a necessity for further revelation, and through Joseph Smith it was given to the world. " Upon this point of continuous revelation, which is really one of the turn- ing points of the controversy, we are in accord with many of the most emi- HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 44^ nent divines of the Christian church, and with the most earnest and vigorous thinkers of our own day. " Upon the departure of the Pilgrim Fathers from Holland to America, the Rev. John Robinson, their beloved pastor, preached a farewell sermon, which showed a spirit of mildness and tolerance truly wonderful in that age, and which many who claim to be ministers of God would do well to imitate in this : "'Brethren, we are quickly to part from one another, and whether I may ever live to see your faces on earth any more, the God of heaven only knows; but whether the Lord hath appointed that or not, / charge you before God and his blessed angels, that you follow 7ne no further than you have seen me follow the Lord Jesus Christ. If God reveal anything to you by any other instrument of His, be as ready to receive it as you taere to receive any truth from my ministry ; fori am fulh' persuaded, I am very confident, that the Lord has more truth yet to break forth out of His holy word. "' For my part I cannot sufficiently, bewail the condition of the reformed churches, who are come to a period in religion, and will go at present no lurther than the instruments of their information. The Lutherans cannot be drawn be- yond what Luther saw. Whatever part of His will our good God has revealed to Calvin, they will rather die than embrace it; and the Calvinists, you see, stick fast where they were left by \\idX great man of God, who yet saw not all things. " ' This is a misery much to be lamented, for though they were burning and shining lights in their time, yet they penetrated not into the whole counsel of God ; but were they now living, would be as ready to embrace further light as that which they first received. I beseech you to remember that it is an article of your cove- nant, that you shall be ready to receive whatever truths shall be made known to you from the written word of God." " "And says Ralph Waldo Emerson, in one of his golden utterances 'I look for the hour when that supreme beauty which ravished the souls of those Hebrews and through their lips spoke oracles to all time, shall speak in the West also. The Hebrew and the Greek Scriptures contain immortal sentences that have been the bread of life to millions. But they have no epical entirety; are fragmentary; are not shown in their order to the intellect. I look for the new Teacher that shall follow so far these shining laws that he shall see some full circle; shall see their rounding, complete grace ; shall see the world to the mirror of the soul.* " Conceding, therefore, that new revelation may be at all times expected in the future of our race, as they have been at all times vouchsafed in the past, and the whole controversy ends. A man has arisen named Joseph Smith , he claims to be a prophet of God, and a numerous community see fit to admit the justice of such claim. It is a religious sect ; it has to-day vindicated its right to live by works and sacrifices which are the admiration even of its enemies. It brings for- ward certain new doctrines ; of church government ; of baptism even for their dead ; of the marriage relation. Upon what point is it more probable that light from above would be given to our race, than upon the marriage relation ? The social problem is the question of the age. The minds of many of the foremost men and women of our days are given to the study of the proper position and re- lations of the sexes. The wisest differ — differ honestly and unavoidably. Endless 448 HJSTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. is the dispute and clamor of those honestly striving to do away with the social evil ; to ameliorate the anomalous condition of the wronged and suffering women of to-day. And while this is so; while thousands of the good and pure of all creeds and parlies are invoking the Divine guidance in their efforts for the good of our fallen humanity, is it strange that the Divine guidance thus earnestly be- sought should come — that the prayer of the righteous be answered ? The Mormon people believe that God has thus spoken ; that through Joseph Smith he has indi- cated that true solution of the social questions of our day; and while they perse- cute or question no man for differing honestly with them, as to the Divine au- Hiority of such revelations, they firmly insist that in their following of what they believe to be the will of God, they are entitled to the same immunity from perse- cution at the hands of the Government, and the same liberty of thought and speech, wisely secured to other religious beliefs by the Constitution. "Upon the point whether polygamy can properly be considered as a part of our religious faith and practice, I beg leave humbly further to submit, sir, that the decision rests solely on the conscience and belief of the man and woman who proclaim it to be a religious belief. As I have said, it is not numbered among the crimes of that code recognized by all nations having any form of govern- ment under which criminals are restrained or punished, and to make it such, a new code must be framed. My people proclaim polygamy as a part of their re- ligious belief. If they are honest in this, however much this may be in error, they stand on their rights under the Constitution, and to arrest that error you must appeal to reason, and not to force. I am here, not to argue or demonstrate the truthfulness of their faith ; I am not called upon to convince this honorable House that it is either true or false ; but if I can convince you that this belief is honorably and sincerely entertained, my object is accomplished. "It is common to teach, and thousands believe that the leaders of the sect of Latter-day Saints, popularly known as IMormons, are hypocrites, while their followers are either ignorant, deluded men and women, or people held to their organization by the vilest impulses of lust. To refute these slanders, I can only do as the earlier Christians did, point to their sufferings and sacrifices, and I may add, the unanimous testimony of all, that aside from what they consider the ob- jectionable practice of polygamy, my constituents are sober, moral, just, and industrious in the eyes of all impartial witnesses. In this community, removed by long reaches of wastes from the moral influences of civilization, we have a quiet, orderly and Christian community. Our towns are without gambling hells, drinking saloons, or brothels, while from end to end of our Territory the innocent can walk unharmed at all hours. Nor is this due to an organized police, but to the kind natures and Christian impulses of a good people. In support of my argument of their entire sincerity, I with confidence appeal to their history. "The Mormon Church was established at Fayette, New York, in the year 1S30. In 1831, the headquarters of the people was removed to Kirtland, Ohio, and considerable numbers of missionaries were sent out to preach the new religion in various parts of the Northern States. Many converts were made and removed to Kirtland, but they were subject to various petty annoyances and persecutions by the surrounding people. Land not being abundant or easily acquired for the HIS TOR V OF SAL T LA KE CI TV. 449 rapidly increasing numbers, the new converts were advised to locate in Jackson County, Missouri, where land was abundant and cheap — where, in fact, but few settlers had preceded our people. The Mormons soon became a prosperous and wealthy community ; the same habits of industry and thrift which they have ever maintained being even then vigorously inculcated by their leaders. Many hun- dred thousand acres of Government land were purchased, fine farms and thriving settlements were established, and the first printing press in western Missouri put in operation. But the wealth acquired by the people was desired by our neigh- bors ; the lawless border-men, who afterwards made the frontiers of Kansas their battlefield, attacked, plundered, and murdered our settlers, and finally drove them from their delightful homes, which they appropriated to themselves. The title to much of the land in Jackson and other counties is to-day in Mormons, who were then driven from their homes. During the trouble incident to the expulsion of the Mormons, hundreds of men, women, and children were murdered, or died from diseases caused by exposure to the inclemencies of the weather. The wretched refugees afterwards located in Clay, Caldwell, and Davis counties, Mis- souri, where there were almost no settlers, and where, within a few years their industries had again built up thriving settlements and accumulated large herds of stock. The outrages of Jackson County were then repeated, the Mormons driven from their homes, which were seized by the marauders and thousands of women and children driven forth homeless, and the prey for the border-ruffians whose cupidity had been excited by the wealth of the industrious exiles. Hundreds per- ished from cold, exposure and starvation. But their leaders, sustained by an undying faith, again called together their scattered and impoverished followers and removing to Illinois, founded the city of Nauvoo. " For several years they were comparatively undisturbed; they built up one of the most thriving and beautiful cities of the State. Far as the eye could reach from the eminence of their temple, the well-tilled farms and gardens, the comfor- table farm-houses, the mills and factories, and well-filled schools, attested the in- dustry, the thrift, and the wealth of the once persecuted people. But again their wealth created envy in the lawless border-men of the new State. Without what even their enemies claim was justifiable cause, and in a manner which Governor Ford characterized as a permanent disgrace to the people of the State, they were attacked, pillaged, and driven across the river; their houses burned ; their women and children driven forth unsheltered in the inclement season of the year; their leaders brutally murdered. "The annals of religious persecution, so fruitful of cruel abuse, can give noth- ing more pitiable and heart-rending than the scenes which followed this last expul- sion. Aged men and women, the sick and feeble, children of tender years, and the wounded, were driven into the flats of the river, yet in sight of their once happy houses, to perish from exposure and starvation. While over our broad land the church bells of Christian communities were ringing out peace and good-will to men ; while to the churches thronged thousands to hear preached the gospel of charity and forgiveness ; these poor, heart-sick followers of the same Redeemer, were driven in violence from their houses to perish like wild beasts in the swamps and wilderness. The gentlemen charged us with hypocrisy and de- 16 450 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. praved lust for motives, with such a record as this to mock their charge ! The world has many hypocrites, and is well filled with wicked men, but they keep about them the recompense of sin, and have other histories than this I give you, and which history no man can deny. " Word went out to the world that Mormonism had finally been annihilated. But again the scattered hosts were gathered together, and set out on a pilgrimage, that since that of the children of Israel has been without parallel in the history of the human race. They had no stores, they were beggared in the world's goods yet with earnest religious enthusiasm they toiled on through unknown deserts, over unexplored mountain ranges, and crossed plains haunted by savages, only less cruel than the white Christian who had driven them forth in search of that promised land, where at last they could worship God in accordance with the dic- tates of their own consciences, and find unbroken that covenant of the Constitu- tion which guards this sacred right. Ragged, foot-sore, starving, wretched, they wandered on. Delicately nurtured women and their children dug roots, or sub- sisted on the bark of trees or the hides of animals. From Nauvoo to Salt Lake, the valley of their promised land — 1,500 miles — there is to-day scarce a mile along that dreary and terrible road, where does not repose the body of some weary one, whom famine, or sickness, or the merciless savage, caused to perish by the way. ''It was while on this pilgrimage ihat an order came from the Government for five hundred men to serve as soldiers in the Mexican war. The order was promptly obeyed. These devoted men, who had received only cruel persecution from the people they were called upon to protect on the field of batttle, dedicated their poor, helpless wives to God, and themselves to their country. Leaving their families to struggle on as best they could, these brave, patriotic men followed our flag into New Mexico and California, and were at last disbanded at San Diego, with high praise from their officers, but with scanty means to return to those they loved, and whom they had left to suff"er, and perhaps to perish on the way. " Thus, Mr. Speaker, three times did this persecuted people, before their lo- cation in Utah, build up for themselves pleasant and prosperous homes, and by their industry surrounded themselves with all the comforts and appliances of wealth ; and three times were they, by an unprincipled and outrageous mob, driven from their posessions, and reduced to abjectest poverty. And bear it in mind, that in every instance the leader of these organized mobs offered to all who would abandon and deny their faith, toleration and the possession of their homes and wealth. But they refused the tempting snare. They rejoiced that they were thought worthy to suffer for the Master, and, rather than to deny their faith, they welcomed privation; they sacrificed all that earth could offer; they died the saintly martyr's death. "Mr. Speaker, is this shining record that of a community of hypocrites? What other Christian denomination of our country can show higher evidences of earnestness, of devoted self-sacrifice for the preservation of their religious faith ? " In further presentation of my argument, Mr. Speaker, that the doctrine of polygamy is an essential feature in our religious faith, and that in our adherence thereto we are advocating no new or unsupported theory of marriage, I crave the i HISTORY 01^ SALT LAKE CITY. 4JI indulgence of the House while I cite some few from the numerous writers of weight and authority in the Christian Church, who have illustrated or supported the doctrine. " Now, sir, far be it from me to undertake to teach this learned House, and above all, the Hon. Chairman of the Committee on Territories great theological truths. If there be any subject with which this honorable body is especially con- versant, it is theology. I have heard more Scripture quoted here, and more morality taught, than in any other place it was ever my fortune to serve. With great diffidence then, I venture to suggest to the supporters of this bill, that while polygamy had its origin in holy writ, taught as I have said before by the greatest of all law-makers, and not only tolerated, but explicitly commanded by the Almighty, as I shall presently show, monogamy, or the system of marriage now recognized by so many Christian nations, originated among the Pagans of ancient Greece and Rome. " I know, sir, that the report accompanying the bill fetches vast stores of theological information to bear; informs us that polygamy is contrary to the Di- vine economy, and refers to the marriage of the first human couple, and cites the further testimony of the Bible, and that of the history of the world. Setting aside the last named as slightly too voluminous for critical examination in the pres- ent discussion, we will take up, as briefly as possible, the Divine authorities, and the commentaries and discussions thereon by eminent Christian writers, and see how far my people have been misled by clinging to them. As for the illustrious example quoted of our first parents, all that can be said of their marriage, is that it was exhaustive. Adam married all the women in the world, and if we find teaching by the example, we must go among his descendants, where examples can be found among the favored people of God, whose laws were of Divine origin, and whose conduct received sanction or punishment at His hands. " At the period of the Reformation in Germany, during the early part of the i6th century, those great reformers, Luther, Melancthon, Zwingle, and Bucer, held a solemn consultation at Wittenburg, on the question, "Whether it is con- trary to the Divine law for a man to have two wives at once ?" and decided unan- imously that it was not ; and upon the authority of the decision, Philip, Land- grave of Hesse, actually married a second wife, his first being still alive. This fact is recorded in D'Aubigne's History of the Reformation, and by other authors of that period. "Dr. Hugo Grotius, a celebrated Dutch jurist and statesman and most emi- nent law-writer of the seventeenth century, states ' the Jew's laws allow a plur- ality of wives to one man.' " Hon. John Selden, a distinguished English author and statesman, a mem- ber of Parliament for 1624, and who represented the University of Oxford in the Long Parliament of 1640, in his work entitled, ' Uxor Hebraica/ the Hebrew Wife, says that ' polygamy was allowed, not only among the Hebrews, but in most other nations throughout the world ; and that monogamy is a modern and a European custom, almost unknown to the ancient world.' "Dr. Samuel Puffendorf, proffessor of law in the University of Hiedelberg, in Germany, and afterwards of Lund, in Sweden, who wrote during the latter 452 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. part of the 17th century, in his great work on the law of nature and nations, sajs that " the Mosaic law was so far from forbidding this custom (polygamy) that it seems in several places to suppose it ; ' and in another place he says, in reference to the rightfulness thereof, * the polygamy of \.\\q fathers, under the old covenant, is an argument which ingenious men must confess to be unanswerable.' " Rev. Gilbert Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury, the particular friend of William III., who was eminent among both historians and theologians, wrote a tract upon this subject, near the beginning of the i8th century. The tract was written on the question, ' Is a plurality of wives in any case lawful under the gospel ? ' " The Hon. Delegate cited passages from the tracts and learned arguments from the pens of eminent Christian divines allowing polygamy to disciples whose faith and conscience had been educated by the Hebrew Scriptures to the adoption of plural marriage. And Mr. Hooper's argument was sonorous with a purer consti- tutional tone from the fact that he himself, like these divines, was in his own life a strict monogamist : it was purely the Hon. Delegate's Constitutional plea for the religious liberty of a conscientious people whom he represented before the Assembly of the Nation. The close of his argument on polygamy and the peror- ation of this remarkable speech shall be preserved in their historical entirety ; — " Rev. David A. Allen, D. D., a Congregationalist, and a missionary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, after a professional res- idence of twenty-five years in Hindostan, published a work in 1856, entitled 'India, Ancient and Modem,' in which he says, pp. 551-3: " 'Polygamy is practised in India among the Hindoos, the Mohammedans, the Zoroastricans, and the Jews. It is allowed and recognized by the institutes of Menu, by the Koran, by the Zendavesta, and, the Jews believe, by their scrip- tures, the Old Testament. It is recognized by all the courts in India, native and English. The laws of the British Parliament recognize polygamy among all these classes, when the marriage connection has been formed according to the princi- ples of their religion and to their established forms and usages. The marriage of a Hindoo or a Mohammedan with his second or third wife is just as valid and as legally binding on all parties as his marriage with his first wife ; just as valid as the marriage of any Christian in the Church of England. * :^ * * This man cannot divorce any of his wives if he would, and it would be great in- justice and cruelty to them and their children if he should. ;!= * * :i; His having become a Christian and embraced a purer faith will not release him from those obligations in view of the English Government and courts, or of the native population. Should he put them away, or all but one, they will still be legally his wives, and cannot be married to another man. And further, they have done nothing to deserve such unkindness, cruelty, and disgrace at his hands. * * * So far from receiving polygamy as morally wrong, they not unfre. quently take a second or third wife with much reluctance, and from a painful sense of duty to perpetuate their name, their family and their inheritance.' "In an appendix to this work, Dr. Allen informs the world that the subject of polygamy had been brought before the Calcutta Missionary Conference, a body composed of the missionaries of the various missionary societies of Great Britain and America, and including Baptists, Congregationalists, Episcopalians, HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY.. 433 Methodists, Presbyterians, and others, in consequence of the application of Chris- tian converts, who, having several wives each, to whom they had been legally married, now desired admittance into the Christian Churches. After frequent consultation and much consideration, the conference, says Dr. Allen, came unan- imously to the following conclusion : " ^If a convert, before becoming a Christian, has married more zvives than one, in accordance with the practice of the Jewish and primitive Christian churches, he shall be perfnitted to keep them all, but such a person is not eligible to any office in the church.^ "These facts, as Dr. Allen asserts them, have a direct and important bearing upon this bill and the accompanying report. They prove that one of its main charges, that polygamy is abhorrent to every Christian nation, is false, for the British Empire is a Christian nation, and Hindostan is an integral part of that empire, as much so as its American provinces are, or as Ireland is. Hindostan is a civilized country, with schools and colleges, and factories and railroads, and telegraphs and newspapers. Yet the great mass of the people, comprising more than eighty millions, are polygamists, and as such they are recognized and pro- tected by the laws of the British Parliament, and the courts of the Queen's Bench ; and the English and American missionaries of the gospel who reside there, and have resided there many years, and who know the practical working of polygamy, have assembled together in solemn conference and unanimously pronounced it to be right, and in accordance with the practice of the primitive Christian churches; and the French, the Spanish, the Dutch, the Portuguese, and other Christian nations are known to pursue a similar policy, and to allow the different peoples under their governments, the free and unmolested enjoyment of their own religions and their own marriage system, whether they are monogamous or polygamous. " I trust, Mr. Speaker, that I have not wearied your patience by this citation of learned authorities upon the antiquity and universality of the polygamic doc- trines. My object in this part of my argument is not to prove that polygamy is right or wrong, but simply to illustrate that a doctrine, the practice of which has repeatedly been commanded by the Almighty; which was the rule of life with the Jews at the time they were the chosen people of God, and were, in all things, governed by His dictation ; which has among its supporters many of the most eminent writers of the Christian church of all ages, and which is now sanctioned by law and usage in many of the Christianized provinces of the British Empire, is not wrong in itself. It is a doctrine, the practice of which, from the preced- ents cited, is clearly not inconsistent with the highest purity of character, and the most exemplary Christian life. My opponents may argue that it is unsuited to the civilization of the age, or is the offspring of a religious delusion ; but if so, its remedy is to be sought through persuasion, and not by the exercise of force; it is the field for the missionary and not for the jurist or soldier. It is a noble and a Christian work to purify and enlighten a benighted soul ; to lift up those who are fallen and ready to perish; but from all the pulpits of the land comes up the cry that the fields are white for the harvest, while the laborers are few. So soon, however, as the Luthers, the Melancthons, the Whitfields of to-day, have 454 HIS TOR Y OF SAL T LAKE CITY. wiped out the immorality, licenliousness and crime of older communities, and have made their average morality equal to that of the city of Salt Lake, let them transfer their field of labor to the wilds of Utah, and may God forever prosper the right. "I trust, Mr. Speaker, that men abler and more learned in law than I, will discuss the legal monstrosities of this bill, fraught with evil, as it is, not only to the citizen of Utah, but to the nation at large; but must be pardoned for calling special attention to the seventh section, which gives to a single officer, the United States marshal, with the clerk of the court, the absolute right of selecting a jury ; and, further, to the tenth section, which provides that persons entertaining an objectionable religious theory — not those who have been guilty of the practice of polygamy, but who have simply a belief in the abstract theory of plural marriage — shall be disqualified as jurors. "To see what a fearful blow this is at the very foundation of our liberties; what a disastrous precedent for future tyranny, let us recall for a moment the his- tory of the trial by jury ; something with which all are as familiar as with the deca- logue, but which, like the ten commandments, may occasionally be recalled with profit. Jury trial was first known z.% d. \x\z\. per pais ; by the country; and the theory was, that when a crime has been committed, the whole community came together and sat in judgment upon the offender. This process becoming cumber- some as the population increased, twelve men were drawn by lot from the country, thus securing, as was supposed, a representation of the average public sentiment of the whole country, and which was further secured by requiring the finding of the jury to be unanimous. "A fair trial by jury, by our Anglo-Saxon ancestors, was regarded as so pre- cious, that in Magna Cliarta it is more than once insisted on as the principal bul- wark of English liberty. '' Blackstone says of it : * It is the glory of the English law. It is the most transcendent privilege which any subject can enjoy or wish for, that he cannot be affected 'either in his property, his liberty, or his person, but by the unanimous consent of twelve of his neighbors and equals ; a provision which has, under Providence, secured the just liberties of this nation for along succession of ages.' ** Our own people have been no whit behind the English in their high appre- ciation of the trial by jury. In the original Federal Constitution, it was provided simply that the ' trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury.' The framers of the Constitution considered that the meaning of ' trial by jury ' was sufficiently settled by long established usage>and legal precedent, and that by the provision just cited was sufficient. But such was not the view of the people. One of the most serious objections to the adoption of the Constitution by the States was its lack of clearness upon this most vital point, and Alexander Hamilton, in one of the ablest and most carefully considered numbers of The Federalist, endeavored to explain away this objection. The Constitution was adopted, but the nation was not satisfied ; and one of the earliest amendments to that instrument further provided that ' no person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime unless on presentment or indictment of a grand jury ' and that ' in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 455 right to a speedy and i)ublic trial by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been pre- viously ascertained by law.' "Thus, Mr. Speaker, it will be observed with what scrupulous solicitude our ancestors watched over this great safeguard of the liberties of the people. Noth- ing was left to inference or established precedent, but to every citizen was guaran- teed in this most solemn manner an impartial trial by a jury of his neighbors and his peers, residents of the district where the offence was charged. " Now, sir, is there any member of this House who will claim or pretend that the provisions of this bill are not in violation of this most sacred feature in our bill of rights? The trial by jury by this bill is worse than abolished, for its form — a sickening farce — remains, while its spirit is utterly gone. A packed jury is worse than no jury at all. The merest tyro in law, knows that the essence of a trial by jury consists iri the fact that the accused is tried by a jury drawn by lot from among his neighbors; a jury drawn without previous knowledge, choice^ or selection on the part of the Government ; a jury which will be a fair epitome of the district where the offence is charged, and thus such a tribunal, as will agree to no verdict except such as, substantially, the whole community would agree to, if present and taking part in the trial. Any other system of trial by jury is a mockery and a farce. The standard of public morality varies greatly in a country so vast as ours, and the principle of a jury trial recognizes this fact, and wisely provides, in effect, that no person shall be punished who, when brought to the bar of public opinion in the community where the alleged offence is committed, is not adjudged to have been guilty of a crime. This most unconstitutional and wicked bill before us, defies all these well established principles and strikes at the root of the dearest right of the citizen. I have an earnest and abiding faith in the bright future of my native land; but if our national career, as we may fondly hope, shall stretch out before us unending glories, it will be because of the prompt and decisive rebuke, by the representatives of the people here, of all such legisla- tion as that sought in the bill before us. " I have touched more fully, Mr. Speaker, upon the feature of the bill vir- tually abolishing jury trial, than upon acy other, because of its more conspicuous dis- regard of constitutional right. But the whole bill, from first to last, is most dam- nable in its provisions, and most unworthy of consideration by the representatives of a free people. This is an age of great religious toleration. This bill recalls the fearful days of the Spanish inquisition, or the days when, in New England, Quakers were persecuted or banished, and witches burned at the stake. It is but a short time since the country hailed with satisfaction a treaty negotiated on the part of a Pagan nation through the efforts of a former member of this body, and whose recent death has filled our hearts with sadness, whereby the polygamous Chinese emigrants to our shores are protected in the enjoyment of their idolatrous faith, and may erect their temples, stocked with idols, and perform their, to us, heathenish worship in every part of our land unquestioned. And while the civil- ized nations of Europe have combined to sustain and perpetuate a heathen na- -tion practising polygamy in its lowest form, and are hailing with acclamation the approach of its head, the American Congress is actually deliberating over a bill 4s6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. which contemplates the destruction of an industrious people, and the expulsion of the great organizer of border civilization. Can it be possible that the national Congress will even for a moment, seriously contemplate the persecution or anni- hilation of an integral portion of our citizens, whose industry and material devel- opment are the nation's pride, because of a slight difference in their religious faith? A difference, too, not upon the fundamental truths of our common Chris- tianity but because of their conscientious adherence to what was once no impropriety even, but a virtue? This toleration in matters of religion, which is perhaps the most conspicuous feature of our civilization, arises not from any indifference to the sacred truths of Christianity, but from an abiding faith in their impregnability — a national conviction that truth is mighty and will prevail. We have adopted as our motto the sentiment of Paul ; * Try all things ; prove all things, and hold fast to that which is good.' The ancient Jewish rabbi, in his serene confidence that God would remember his own, was typical of the spirit of our age : ' Refrain from these men and let them alone, for if this counsel or this work be of God, ye cannot overthrow it ; but if it be of men, it will come to nought.' " I have the honor of representing here a constituency probably the most vigorously lied about of any people in the nation. I should insult the good sense of this House and of the American people did I stoop to a refutation of the countless falsehoods which have been circulated for years in reference to the peo- ple of Utah. These falsehoods have a common origin — a desire to plunder the treasury of ihe nation. They are the children of a horde of bankrupt specula- tors, anxious to grow rich through the sacrifice even of human life. During the administration of Mr. Buchanan, a Mormon war was inaugurated, in great meas- ure through the statements of Judge W. W, Drummond, a man of infamous char- acter and life, and who is cited as authority in the report accompanying this bill. His statement, as there published, that the Mormons had destroyed all the records, papers, etc., of the supreme Federal court of the Territory, and grossly insulted the Federal officers for opposing such destruction, was, as I have been informed by unquestionable authority, one of, if not the principal cause of the so-called Mormon war. An army was sent to Utah ; twenty or thirty millions of dollars were expended, before the Government bethought itself to inquire whether such statements were true ; then inquiry was made, and it was learned that the whole statement was entirely false ; that the records were perfect and unimpaired. Whereupon the war ended, but not until colossal fortunes were accumulated by the hangers-on and contractors for the army, who had incited the whole affair. These men, and numerous would-be imitators, long for the return of that golden age. Since the railroad was completed, many of the American people have looked for themselves. They see in Utah the most peaceful and persistently industrious people on the continent. They judge the tree by its fruits. They read that a community given up to lust does not build factories and fill up the land with thrifty farms. That a nation of thieves and murderers do not live without intox- icating liquors, and become famous for the products of their dairies, orchards, and gardens. A corrupt tree bringeth not forth the fruits of temperance, Chris- tianity, industry and order. " Mr. Speaker, those who have been so kind and indulgent as to follow me thus far will have olDserved that I have aimed, as best I might, to show — HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 4^7 " I. That under our Constitution we are entitled to be protected in the full and free enjoyment of our religious faith. " 2. That our views of the marriage relation are an essential portion of our religious faith. "3. That in considering the cognizance of the marriage relation as within the province of church regulations, we are practically in accord with all other Chris- tian denominations. "4. That in our views of the marriage relation as a part of our religious belief, we are entitled to immunity from persecution under the Constitution if such views are sincerely held ; that if such views are erroneous, their eradication must be by argument and not by force. "5. That of our sincerity we have both by words, and works, and sufferings, given for nearly 40 years, abundant proof. " 6. That the bill, in practically abolishing trial by jury, as well as in many other respects, is unconstitutional, uncalled for, and in direct opposition to that toleration in religious belief which is characteristic of the nation and the age. "It is not permitted, Mr. Speaker, that any one man should sit as the judge of another as regards his religious belief. This is a matter which rests solely be- tween each individual and his God. The responsibility cannot be shifted or di- vided. It is a matter outside the domain of legislative action. The world is full of religious error and delusion, but its eradication is the work of the moralist and not of the legislator. Our Constitution throws over all sincere worshippers, at whatever shrine, its guarantee of absolute protection. The moment we assume to judge of the truthfulness or error of any creed, the constitutional guarantee is a mockery and a sham. "Three times have my people been dispersed by mob violence, and each time they have arisen stronger from the conflict; and now the doctrine of vio- lence is proposed in Congress. It may be the will of the Lord that, to unite and purify us, it is necessary for further violence and blood. If so, we humbly and reverently submit to the will of Him in whose hands are all the issues of human life. Heretofore we have suffered from the violence of the mob ; now, the mob are to be clothed in the authority of an unconstitutional and oppressive law. If this course be decided upon, I can only say that the hand that smites us smites the most sacred guarantee of the Constitution, and the blind Samson, breaking the pillars, pulls down upon friend and foe alike the ruins of the State." 16 458 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. CHAPTER L. PASSAGE OF THE CULLOM BILL IN THE HOUSE. SALT LAKE CITY EXCITED BY THE NEWS. MASS MEETING AT THE TABERNACLE. MEMORIAL TO CONGRESS FROM THE MORMON COMMUNITY, AFFIRMING POLYGAMY AS A DIVINE LAW TO THEM, AND REVIEWING THE UNCONSTITUTIONAL FEA- TURES OF THE BILL. RESOLUTIONS. A RARE PURITANIC SPECTACLE. The Cullom bill was passed in the House the same day that Hooper delivered his speech. He immediately telegraphed the fact home. Mormondom was aroused in a moment. The excitement was intense. A burning indignation against Congress possessed the men and women alike, and there was good reason for this righteous indignation, for not only did the bill contemplate its own exe- cution, in the most summary manner, by rhe arbitrary will of the courts, but troops were expected to be necessary to intimidate the people. The Mormon leaders alone were cool and self-possessed. Brigham Young was not moved from his wonted serenity by the prospect of the inevitable conflict between himself and the man who had conquered the South, and who had already boasted that he would do as much for Mormondom. The Cullom bill had passed the House, but it had not yet passed the Senate. There was the bare chance that, if the people arose en masse, and manifested to the country that earnest apostolic spirit so becoming of them, the Cullom Bill might die in the Senate. The Gentiles of Utah, however, looked upon this as the Mormon "forlorn hope," and decided, beyound all question, that Senator Cragin would prosecute the action through the Senate to a successful issue, as surely as had General Cullom done in the House. But the Mormon people still trusted in the Lord. At midday of the 31st of March, according to previous notice, the people began to flock en masse towards Temple Block, to protest against the recent action of the House, of Congress, and to petition the Senate not to pass the Cullom Bill. At one o'olock every seat and window of the tabernacle was packed with spectators, the doorways were crowded, and around the building was a vast multitude that could not find en- trance. Mayor D. H. Wells was chosen to preside over the meeting. Apostles Orson Pratt, John Taylor, George Q. Cannon and others addressed the people, after which the following memorial to Congress was unanimously adopted: ' * To the Honorable the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States, in Congress Assembled : " Gentlemen: — It is with no ordinary concern that we have learned of the passage by the House of Representatives of the House Bill No. 1,089, entitled "A bill in aid of the execution of the laws in Utah, and for other purposes," commonly known as " The Cullom Bill," against which we desire to enter our HISTORY 01 SALT LAKE CITY. 4^g most earnest and unqualified protest, and appeal against its passage by the Senate of the United States, or beg its reconsideration by the House of Representatives. We are sure you will bear with us while we present for your consideration some of che reasons why this bill should not become law. " Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives, of the 150,000 estimated population of the Territory of Utah, it is well known that all except from 5,000 to 10,000 are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, usually called Mormons. These are essentially the people of this Terri- tory, they have settled it, reclaimed the desert waste, cultivated it, subdued the Indians, opened means of communication, made roads, built cities, and brought into being a new State to add lustre to the national galaxy of our glorious Union, And we, the people who have done this, are believers in the principle of plural marriage or polygamy, not simply as an elevating social relationship, and a pre- ventive of many terrible evils which afflict our race, but as a principle revealed by God, underlying our every hope of eternal salvation and happiness in heaven. We believe in the pre-existence of the spirits of men ; that God is the author of our being ; that marriage is ordained as the legitimate source by which mankind obtain an existence in this probation on the earth ; that the marriage relation ex- ists and extends throughout eternity, and that without it no man can obtain an ex- altation in the celestial kingdom of God. The revelation commanding the prin- ciple of plural marriage, given by God through Joseph Smith, to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, in its first paragraph has the following language : ' Behold, I reveal unto you a new and everlasting covenant; and if ye abide no that covenant, then are ye damned ; for none can reject this covenant and be per- mitted to enter into my glory.' With this language before us, we cannot view plural marriage in any other light than as a vital principle of our religion. Let the revelation appear in the eyes of others as it may, to us it is a divine command, of equal force with any ever given by the Creator of the world to his children in the flesh. '• The Bible confessedly stands in our nation as the foundation on which all law is based. It is the fountain from which our ideas of right and wrong are drawn, and it gives shape and force to our morality ; }et it sustains plural mar- riage, and in no instance does it condemn that institution. Not only having, therefore, a revelation from God making the belief and practice of this principle obligatory upon us, we have the warrant of the Holy Scriptures and the example (jf prophets and righteous men whom God loved, honored and blessed. And it should be borne in mind that when this principle was promulgated, and the peo- ple of this Territory entered upon its practice, it was not a crime. God revealed it to us. His divine word, as contained in the Bible which we have been taught to venerate and regard as holy, upheld it, and there was no law applicable to us making our belief or practice of it criminal. It is no crime in this Territory to- day, only as the law of 1862, passed long years after our adoption of this princi- ple as part of our religious faith, makes it such. The law of 1862 is now a fact ; one proscription gives strength to another. What yesterday was opinion is liable to-day to be law. It is for this reason that we earnestly and respectfully remon- strate and protest against the passage of the bill now before the Honorable Sen- 46o HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. ate, feeling assured that, while it cannot accomplish any possible good it may re- sult in a great amount of misery. '' It gives us no alternative but the cruel one of rejecting God's command and abjuring our religion, or disobeying the authority of a Government we desire to honor and respect. "It is in direct violation of the first amendment of the Constitution, which declares that * Qongress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.' " It robs our priesthood of their functions and heaven-bestowed powers, and gives them to justices of the supreme court, justices of the peace, and priests whose authority we cannot recognize, by empowering such as the only ones to cel- ebrate marriage. As well might the law prescribe who shall baptize for the re* mission of sins, or lay on hands for the reception of the Holy Ghost. "It encourages fornication and adultery, for all such marriages would be deemed invalid and without any sacred or binding force by our community, and those thus united together would, according to their own belief and religious con- victions, be living in a condition of habitual adultery, which would bring the holy relation of marriage into disrepute, and destroy the safeguards of chastity and virtue. " It is unconstitutional in that it is in direct opposition to Section 9, Article I, of the Constitution, which provides that 'no bill of attainder, or ex post facto law shall be passed.' " It destroys the right of trial by jury, providing for the impaneling of juries composed of individuals the recognized enemies of the accused, and of foreigners to the district where a case under it is to be tried; while the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution provides that ' in all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed.' "It is contrary to the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution, which provides that excessive fines shall not be imposed, ' nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.' "It violates Section 8, Article I, of the Constitution, which provides that Congress shall establish a uniform rule of naturalization throughout the United States, in that it provides, in Section 17, a new, unheard of, and special rule, applicable only to the Territory of Utah. "It is anti-republican, in that in Section 10 it places men on unequal ground, by giving one portion of the citizens superior privileges over others, be- cause of their belief. "It strips us, in Sections 17 and 26, of the land we have reclaimed from barrenness, and which we have paid Government for; also of all possessory rights to which we are entitled as settlers. "It authorizes, by Section 14, the sending of criminals into distant military camps and prisons. " It is most unjust, unconstitutional, and prescriptive, in that it disfranchises and proscribes American citizens for no act, but simply believing in plurality of wives, which the bill styles polygamy, bigamy, or concubinage, even if they never have practiced or designed to practice it. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY.. 461 "It offers a premium for prostitution and corruption, in that it requires, in Sections 11 and 12, husbands and wives to violate the holiest vows they can make, and voluntarily bastardize their own children. " It declares, in Section 21, marriage to be a civil contract, and names the officers who alone shall solemnize the rite, when our faith expressly holds it as a most sacred ordinance, which can only be administered by those holding the authority from heaven ; thus compelling us to discriminate in favor of officers ap- pointed by the Government and against officers authorized by the Almighty. " It thus takes away the right of conscience, and deprives us of an ordinance upon the correct administration of which our happiness and eternal salvation depend. "It not only subverts religious liberty, but, in Sections 16 and 19, violates every principle of civil liberty and true republicanism, in that it bestows upon the Governor the sole authority to govern jails and prisons, and to remove their wardens and keepers ; to appoint and remove probate judges, justices of the peace, judges of all elections, notaries public and all sheriffs ; clothing one man with despotic and, in this Republic, unheard-of power. " It thus deprives the people of all voice in the government of the Territory, reduces them to absolute vassalage, creates a dangerous, irresponsible and cen- tralized despotism, from which there is no appeal, and leaves their lives, liberties and human rights subject to the caprice of one man, and that man selected and sent here from afar, "It proposes, in Sections 11, 12 and 17, to punish American citizens, not for wrongs, but for acts sanctioned by God, and practiced by his most favored servants, requiring them to call those bad men whom God chose for his oracles and delighted to honor, and even to cast reflections on the ancestry of the Savior himself. "It strikes at the foundation of all republican government, in that it dictates opinions and belief, prescribes what shall and shall not be believed by citizens, and assumes to decide on the validity of revelation from Almighty God, the au- thor of existence. "It disorganizes and reduces to a chaotic condition every precinct, city and county in the Territory of Utah, and substitutes no adequate organization. It subverts, by summary process, nearly every law on our statute book. " It violates the faith of the United States, in that it breaks the original com- pact made with the people of this Territory in the Organic Act, who were, at the time that compact was made, received as citizens from Mexican Territory, and known to be believers in the doctrines of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter^ day Saints. " We also wish your honorable bodies to understand that the legislature of this Territory has never passed any law affecting the primary disposal of the soil, but only adopted regulations for the controlling of our claims and possessions, upon which improvements to the amount of millions of dollars have been made. " This bill, in Section 36, repeals the law of the Territory containing said regulations, thereby leaving us destitute of legal protection to our hard-earned pos- sessions, the accumulated labor of over twenty years, and exposing us to the mercy of land speculators and vampires. 462 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. " Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives, this bill would de- prive us of religious liberty and every political right worth having, is not directed against the people of Utah as men and women, but against their holy religion. Eighteen years ago, and ten years before the passage of this Anti-Polygamy Act of 1862, one of our leading men, Elder Orson Pratt, was expressly deputed and sent to the city of Washington, D. C, to publish and lecture on the principle of patriarchal or plural marriage as practiced by us. "He lectured frequently in that and other cities, and published a paper for some length of time, in which he established, by elaborate and convincing argu- ments, the divinity of the revelation commanding plural marriage, given through the Prophet Joseph Smith, and that the doctrine was sanctioned and endorsed by the highest Bibical authority. For ten years before the passage of the Act of 1862, this doctrine was widely preached throughout the Union and the world, and it was universally known and recognized as a principle of our holy faith. We are thus explicit in mentioning this fact to show that patriarchal marriage has long been understood to be a cardinal principle of our religion. We would re- spectfully mention, also in this connection, that while hundreds of our leading elders have been in the Eastern States and in the city of Washington, not one of them has been cited to appear as a witness before the Committee on Territories, to prove that this doctrine is a part of our religion ; gentlemen well knowing that if that were established, the law would be null and void, because of its unconstitu- tionality. " What we have done to enhance the greatness and glory of our country by pioneering, opening up, and making inhabitable the vast western region, is before the nation, and should receive a nation's thanks, not a proscriptvve edict to rob us of every right worth possessing, and of the very soil we have reclaimed and then purchased from the Government. Before this soil was United States terri- tory we settled it, and five hundred of our best men responded to the call of the Government in the war with Mexico, and assisted in adding to our national do- main. When we were received into the Union our religion was known ; our early officers, including our first governor, were all Latter-day Saints, or Mormons, for there were few others to elect from ; we were treated as citizens possessing equal rights, and the original bond of agreement between the United States Government and the people inhabiting this Territory, conferred upon us the right of self-gov- ernment in the same degree as is enjoyed by any other Territory in the Union. "It is declared that the power of the legislature of this Territory, * shall ex- tend to all rightfiil subjects of legislation, consistent with the Constitution of the United States and the provisions of the Organic Act; and the right of suffrage, and holding office shall be exercised by citizens of the United States,' including those recognized as citizens by the treaty with the Republic of Mexico, concluded Feb. 2d, 1848. This compact or agreement we have preserved inviolate on our part, and we respectfully submit that it is not in the power of any legislature or congress, legally and constitutionally, to abrogate and annul such an agreement as the or- ganic law, which this bill proposes to do, without the consent of both parties. Our property, lands, and buildings, private and public, are to be confiscated; our rights of citizenship destroyed; our men and women subjected to excessive pains HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 463 and penalties, because we believe in and practice a principle taught by the Bible, commanded by divine revelation to us, and sustained by the Christian monarchies of Great Britain and France among millions of their subjects in their territories of India and Algeria. "We earnestly, we solemnly appeal to you not to permit this iniquitous, un- justly discriminating, and anti-republican measure to become law, and that, too, in violation of the Constitution, by which one hundred and fifty thousand indus- trious, peaceable, and orderly persons will be driven to the desperate necessity of disobeying Almighty God, the governor of the universe, or of subjecting them- selves to the pains and penalties of this act, which would be worse than death. "We beseech of you, gentlemen, do not, by the passage of harsh and despotic measures, drive an inoffensive. God-fearing, and loyal people to desperation, " We have suffered, God knows how much, in years past, for our religion. We fled to the mountain wilds to escape the ruthless hand of persecution \ and shall it be said now that our Government, which ought to foster and protect us, designs to repeat, in the most aggravated form, the miseries we have been called upon to pass through before. " What evidence can we give you that plural marriage is a part of our relig- ion, other than what we have done by our public teaching and publishing for years past? If your honorable bodies are not satisfied with what we now present, and what we have previously published to the world, we beseech you, in the name of our common country and those sacred principles bequeathed unto us by our revo- lutionary fathers, in the name of humanity, and in the name of Almighty God, before making this act a law, to send to this Territory a commission clothed with the necessary authority to take evidence and make a thorough and exhaustive in- vestigation into the subject, and obtain evidence concerning the belief and work- ings of our religious system, from its friends, instead of its enemies." This memorial, which was duly signed and attested, along with a set of reso- lutions more distinctly emphasizing the sentiment of the people upon some of its cardinal points, was promptly forwarded to Washington. Just previous to this, as already recorded, a series of mass-meetings had been held throughout the Territory, by the Mormon women, at which was affirmed, with great earnestness, their belief in, and determination to maintain, the institu- tions of the Church, The puritan aspect of those meetings would have been a rare treat to any his- torical spectator. They would have reminded him of the times when the God- fearing men of England defended their religious and political rights under such leaders as Cromwell, Hampden, Sir John Elliot and Sir Harry Vane, and were inspired by the republican pen of the divine Milton ; nor would he have for- gotten that one of Milton's most powerful writings is his defence of polygamous marriages, based upon the Hebrew covenants and examples. This united action of the brotherhood and sisterhood created a sentiment which finally culminated in the overthrow of the Cullom Bill. 464 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. CHAPTER LI. CONSERVATIVE GENTILES OF SALT LAKE CITY AND THE SECEDING MORMON ELDERS HOLD MEETINGS TO PETITION FOR A MODIFICATION OF THE CULLOM BILL. THEY MAINTAIN THE INTEGRITY OF MORMON FAMILIES. FEDERAL OFFICERS AND RADICAL GENTILES OPPOSE THE PETITION, AND FAVOR THE BILL WITH MILITARY FORCE, TO EXECUTE IT. MR. GODBE GOES TO WASHINGTON TO INVOKE FORBEARANCE. INTERVIEWS WITH GRANT AND CULLOM. Simultaneous with the great mass meeting of the Mormons in the Tabernacle, to remonstrate with Congress against the bill, the Godbeite leaders, combined with conservative Gentiles, called a meeting of representative non-Mormon citi- zens for a similar purpose. The meeting called at the suggestion of Messrs. Walker Brothers and Col. Kahn of this city, was held in the Masonic Hall, East Temple Street, to take into consideration the propriety of memoralizing Congress for such a modification of the Cullom Bill, as would make its provisions inapplicable to all polygamous mar- riages and associations entered into previous to the passage of said bill. The meeting was attended by a number of gentlemen of varied religious and political opinions, among whom were Gen. Maxwell, Col. Overton, Marshall Orr, Col. Kahn, T. Marshall, J. M. Carter, R. H. Robertson and J. R. Walker Esqs., with many others. Mr. Robertson was called to the chair, and opened the meeting by requesting a general declaration of opinion on the subject to be brought before the meeting, which he desired Mr. Eli. B. Kelsey to present. Mr. Kelsey briefly stated the purpose of the meeting, and reviewed the course which Congress had adopted since the passage of the act of 1862, and the belief among the people that no steps would be taken with reference to the enforcement of the anti-polygamy law. He, therefore, considered Congress responsible, to an extent, for the present feelings of the people on that subject. He bore testimony to his desire to uphold the laws and the influence of the government among the people, but he could not ask people to break up their families and bastardize their children. Mr. E. L. T. Harrison said that he came to that meeting upon invitation. The object of it he understood to be to see if we could unite upon a memorial to be addressed to the Senate, requesting such modification of the Cullom Bill as would except all marriages entered into before the passage of the bill. So far as the ab- stract principle of polygamy went, he did not believe in the interference of the Government on such a subject, as he believed that the people of Utah, and all other Territories, were perfectly capable of adjusting all such relations themselves- HIS2 OR Y OF SAL T LAKE CI 2 V. 463 Still, inasmuch as the Government is not of his opinion, and he desired to sus- tain law and order, he would join in any resolution to Congress expressive of a desire for a modification. He would do this not only out of justice to the people, but because he believed that it would be in the interest of the Government. He considered such a modification would greatly tend to promote a loyal and grateful feeling among the people, and do much to bring about that harmony between the Government and the people of Utah which was so desirable. Mr. Gordon did not believe in memorializing Congress. If God originated polygamy He could take care of it. If not, he was not anxious to have it stand. He was ready to take his own share of the risk. Mr. Stenhouse sustained Mr. Kelsey's position. If there had been a wrong in the past conduct of the Mormons, with respect to the violation of the act of 1862, he considered Government equally as culpable as the people by their neglect on the subject. He heard Mr. Lincoln say himself that if the Mormons let him alone he would let them alone. He, Mr. S., would join in soliciting for a modi- fication of the act. There were many points to which the attention of Govern- ment ought to be called. One was that the circumstances of the people would not permit a separate provision for their families, were they ever so disposed to obey that part of the act ; and that the carrying out of its provisions so far as ex- isting polygamous families were concerned, would involve the people in an amount of loss and suffering of which the Government has no conception. Mr. Shearman said it was not the object of the meeting to attempt to " dic- tate " to Congress, as one of the speakers had intimated, but simply to appeal in a respectful and kindly manner to the justice and humanity of its members. He (Mr. S.) would feel just as opposed to the bill were it aimed at any other people than the Mormons, because he considered it unjust, unconstitutional and impolitic, and, as an American citizen, he felt he had a perfect right to discuss or dissent from any measures of the Government. He regretted that the people of Utah had, by their past unwise course, aroused the antagonism of the Nation, but the pro- visions of this bill were unworthy of so great and magnanimous a government as ours. A gentleman had referred to the forcible abolition of slavery as a prece- dent; but it should be remembered that Congress never interfered with that until it became absolutely necessary to do so to preserve the life of the Nation from those who were in arms seeking its destruction, and that if the South had sub- mitted sooner, slavery would not have been abolished in the way it was. But the Mormons were not in arms, and had no disposition to rebel ; he, therefore, felt they were entitled to the kindly consideration of the Government as children to that of a father. One of his most serious objections to this bill was, that while compiled professedly in behalf of woman, it in reality made her the sufferer and the scape-goat, as it gave every unprincipled man the right to kick his wives and children out of doors without provision or redress. In conclusion he said all he desired to ask Congress was to so modify the bill as not to interfere with existing social contracts, and thus save the innocent and defenceless from untold misery. Mr. E. W. Tullidge said, what we ought to do was most clear — namely, to obey the laws of our country. It was not becoming in us to cavil with this Na- tion ; and to talk of resistance to her will was not only extravagant, touching our 466 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. own strength, but decidedly wrong in principle. It is a fundamental requirement that individuals and communities must obey the laws of the State. The right of conscience in religious matters cannot be allowed when it sets aside the laws of the land and the expressed will of a nation ; and we, as a people, have only the same rights in this as other religious communities. Nevertheless, Congress, in adjusting this most delicate and complicated matter, should manifest the magna- nimity becoming her humane character, and the same admirable administration of justice as in the past. The South had been pardoned after a rebellion; and, through the generosities of the Nation, even Jeff. Davis was forgiven and at large. Should the Nation, then, be less magnanimous to this God-fearing people, — who, if they have erred, have done so through the force of a religious faith and con- science such as have often led earnest men to the stake? He would emphatically appeal to this Nation on behalf of the w'omen, whom Congress believe to have been martyred by polygamy, and would pray that a new martyrdom might not be inflicted upon them by its special legislation, making them dishonored wives and dishonored mothers. He, therefore, proposed that we petition the Senate for a reconsideration and generous modification of the CuUom Bill. Gen. Maxwell slated his unwillingness to make any such request of Congress, but said he would join in any effort to have the land and disfranchising clauses so modified as not to injure any who were disposed to be loyal to the government. jMr. Marshall, of the firm of Marshall & Carter, said he was glad of the op- portunity of expressing himself in relation to the Cullom Bill. He wished it dis- tinctly understood that he was opposed to polygamy and would favor any measure which confined itself to stopping the spread of the practice. For this reason he decidedly approved the main measures of the bill, provided existing relationships were not interfered with. He testified to his personal knowledge of the virtue, in- tegrity, and loyalty of many gentlemen who were already practicing polygamy in Utah, and although he believed it to be a very great evil he felt it would be a still greater evil to break up family associations already formed. To do the latter he realized would be productive of great suffering and wrong, and, therefore, he should put his name to the proposed petition even if it stood there alone. Messrs. Henry Lawrence and William Jennings expressed their readiness to co-operate with gentlemen in any measures that would be mutually satisfactory and beneficial to the people of Utah and the Government of the Nation, but they had no desire to ask anyone to move in this matter except upon the broad ground of humanity and justice. Several other short speeches were made, and a committee of seven was ap- pointed to draft and forward to Congress by mail or telegraph a memorial for such modifications as the prominent non-Mormons would endorse. The follow- ing gentlemen were unanimously elected members of said committee : Messrs. J. R. Walker, J. M. Carter, Samuel Kahn, R, H. Robertson, Warren Hussey, T. Marshall and O. J. HoUister. O. J. Hollister, Esq., subsequently declined to act, and Bishop Tuttle, being informed that some one had suggested his name as one of the committee, in a most kindly and Christian spirit, cheerfully consented to fill Mr. Hollister's place. The meeting then adjourned after a vote of thanks to the chairman. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 467 Nothing, however, came of this effort of conservative non-Mormon citizens to have Congress reconsider and modify the CuUom Bill. The reason was, that while these gentlemen desired simple harmony between the Nation and Utah, the anti-Mormons, including the Federal officers, were anxious for the passage of the bill by the Senate in its most rigid form. The former class represented property, law and order, and Christian benevolence — the latter class represented a desire for the entire overturning of the then existing state of things, and the transfer of all power into anti-Mormon hands, under the direction of Congress and the Gov- ernment. The chairman of the meeting in question — R. H. Robertson — who " had referred to the forcible abolition of slavery as a precedent," and General Maxwell, who *•' stated his unwillingness to make any such request of Congress " as the reconsideration and and modification of the CuUom Bill, were the men who gave the real utterance of the Liberal party, and of the will and intentions of the administration at that critical moment. The " abolition of slavery " by military force was the precedent which the administration actually designed to apply to Utah during that year, and the new batch of Federal officials had been appointed by President Grant ior the carrying out of this design. The passage of the CuUom Bill in the House signified the immediate despatch to Utah of a large reinforcement of troops to execute the bill. The almost uni- versal expectation throughout the country was that we were on the eve of another "Mormon war," — that the Cullom Bill could not possibly be executed only by military force, and that the Mormons would resist the execution of the bill, against which they had so resolutely protested. Throughout the nation the affair was a great sensation, and at home in Utah was very serious in its war aspect. The Gentiles were most positive in their assurance that the Government would send on troops to '-wipe out the Mormon theocracy." Indeed, it was reported that troops were already on the way for that purpose. There can be no doubt that the mass meetings of the Mormon women, pro- testing against the Cullom Bill and affirming the sacredness of their marriage had greatly impressed the sympathetic heart and magnanimous mind of the American people. It was frankly confessed in the leading journals, both East and West, that some of the speeches of such women as "Sister Woodruff," were, for their bold tone, worthy their "revolutionary mothers " whose conduct they offered as their pattern. She said : " I am proud that I am a citizen of Utah, and a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. I have been a member of this church for thirty-six years, and had the privilege of living in the days of the Prophet Joseph, and heard his teaching for many years. He ever counseled us to honor^ obey and maintain the principles of our noble Constitution, for which our fathers fought, and which many of them sacrificed their lives to establish. President Brigham Young has always taught the same principle. This glorious legacy of our fathers, the Constitution of the United States, guarantees unto all the citizens of this great Republic the right to worship God according to the dictates of their own con- sciences, as it expressly says, ' Congress shall make no laws respecting an estab- lishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.' Cullom's bill is in direct violation of this declaration of the Constitution, and I think it is our duty ,^68 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. to do all in our power, by our voices and influence, to thwart the passage of this bill, which commits a violent outrage upon our rights, and the rights of our fathers, husbands and sons ; and whatever may be the final result of the action of Congress in passing or enforcing oppressive laws, for the sake of our religion, upon the noble men who have subdued these deserts, it is our duty to stand by them and support them by our faith, prayers and works, through every dark hour, unto the end, and trust in the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob to defend us and all who are called to suffer for keeping the commandments of God. Shall we, as wives and mothers, sit still and see our husbands and sons, whom we know are obeying the highest behest of heaven, suffer for their religion, without exerting ourselves to the extent of our power for their deliverance? No ; verily no ! God has revealed unto us the law of the patriarchal order of marriage, and commanded us to obey it. We are sealed to our husbands for time and eternity, that we may dwell with them and our children in the world to come ; which guarantees unto us the greatest blessing for which we are created. If the rulers of the nation will so far depart from the spirit and letter of our glorious Constitution as to deprive our prophets, apostles and elders of citizenship, and imprison them for obeying this law, let them grant this, our last request, to make their prisons large enough to hold their wives, for where they go we will go also." The American public admired, but answered the sisters that "their cause was not as good as their mother's cause had been in Washington's day." The Mor- mon people, however, believed in the integrity of their cause, and therein was the dan'j'er to the parties most concerned. Connected with these mass meetings of women, as we have seen, was that great meeting held by the Mormon people in the Tabernacle, at which ten thousand people voted by acclamation an extraordi- nary " Remonstrance " against the Cullom Bill, besides adopting a very elaborate apostolic statement to Congress, of the polygamic revelation and duties of ihe Mormon Church ; in it was also incorporated the bold declaration that " this Church" would stand by her faith and polygamic institutions. This age has never witnessed another such example of religious defiance of all earthly govern- ments, not even was that of the " Utah war" its equal, for this was made, not in isolation now, but in the very face of the American Nation, with the railroad completed over which, in a few days, troops could have been hurried by the con- queror of the South. This condition of things — this manifestation of the " irrepressible conflict" from both sides — appalled the best men of the Godbeire movement. In most re- spects touching the situation they were fully in accord with the entire Mormon people. Mr. William Shearman fully expressed their mind wlien he said, ** He would feel just as opposed to the bill were it aimed at any other people than the Mormons, becatise he considered it unjust, uncunstitutional and impolitic, and as an American citizen, he felt he had a perfect right to discuss or dissent from any meas- ures of ihe Government. During the agitation, and before the passage of the Cullom Bill in the House, it was resolved, by the Godbeite leaders, that William S. Godbe should at once proceed to Washington to lay before President Grant the full state of affairs and " to counsel " with him ; for they had reasons to believe that the President desired HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 469 this. There was also an elaborate " budget " written on Utah affairs and policy and despatched to the President through Government officers to prepare him for the interview. That " budget" bore date " March 8th, 1870." Mr. Godbe started for Washington immediately afterwards. He was intro- duced to President Grant by Vice-President Colfax. " Mr. Godbe," observed the President, " I am as solicitous as you can possibly be to preserve the Mormon people; and then he added, with marked significance, that he would himself ''save the Mormon people from their dangerous leaders." If more troops were sent to Utah they would be merely designed as a " moral force," he said, to give those leaders " to understand that the Nation intended to enforce her laws in Utah." Mr. Godbe also had an interview with General Cullom. Together, these gen- tlemen went through the " Cullom Bill," section by section, Mr. Godbe suggest- ing revisions and toning it to better suit the peculiar conditions of the Mormon people. At length, half provoked, the Hon. Member from Illinois exclaimed, " My G — d, Mr. Godbe, you would strike out all the points of my bill ! " But the Utah advocate plead the cause of the Mormon people with so much earnest- ness and feeling that all the animus of prosecution was killed. He showed how a devoted Christian people had been moulded by their apostles and their religious faith ; how polygamy had grown up in the Church years after the conversion of a hundred thousand disciples to the original Mormon faith; how they had, as a rule, gone into polygamy sincerely believing it to be the will Of God; and how so many dear good women had been already crucified for their religion and their wifely and motherly loves; and he urged that it would indeed be cruel, now, for civiliza- tion itself to crucify them afresh instead of redeeming them. He also plead that sufficient time should be given the Mormon people ior a. new education, — enforced in the argument the new conditions : that isolation was passing away forever, — that civilization was fast coming up to them. At that moment, Mr. Cullom was touched with conviction. He perceived that there were events and changes occurring in Mormon society that would, in a reasonable time, accomplish even more than he could hope to be effected by his bill. "Well, Mr. Godbe," said he, in closing his interview, " I shall have to vote for my bill ; " but his words bore the interpretation that he would be satisfied with its simple passage in the House. It did pass the House but it was never brought up for action in the Senate, though Senator Cragin had undertaken its passage there. 470 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. CHAPTER LI I. DR. NEWMAN'S EVANGELICAL CRUSADE AGAINST MORMON POLYGAMY. HE AR- RIVES IN SALT LAKE CITY. CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE CHAPLAIN OF THE SENATE AND THE PRESIDENT OF THE MORMON CHURCH. NEWMAN ACCEPTS THE CHALLENGE. BRIGHAM DENIES THE CHAL- LENGE, BUT INVITES THE DOCTOR TO PREACH IN THE GREAT TABER- NACLE. NEWMAN'S INDIGNATION: HE CHALLENGES BRIGHAM, WHO ACCEPTS, AND NAMES ORSON PRATT AS HIS SUBSTITUTE. THE GREAT DISCUSSION BEFORE TEN THOUSAND PEOPLE. In the meantime, since the passage of the Cullom Bill, Dr. Newman had been creating a sensation throughout the country over the subject of polygamy. Vice- President Colfax, in his discussion with Apostle John Taylor, had confined him- self principally to the State aspects of the question ; but Dr. Newman took up the discussion on Bibical grounds. The speech of Delegate Hooper on the Cullom Bill had embodied, for the information of Congress, quite an elaborale Biblical review and defence of the "■ peculiar institution." This, it was said, provoked the evangelical ire of the chaplain of the Senate ; and, in turn, he discoursed eloquently on the subject of Mormon polygamy, to the admiration of his aristocratic con- stituency of the Metropolitan Methodist Church. The Saints in Zion were much amused at the scene in Washington, and de- cidedly pleased that their institutions should at length be theologically glorified in "high places." So, with journalistic tact, Mr. Edward Sloan, acting editor of the Salt Lake Daily Telegraph, suggested that the chaplain of the Senate should discuss the subject in the Mormon Tabernacle, it being out of place in Washing- ton. Dr. Newman, affecting to regard this as a challenge from Brigham Young, "accepted the challenge," and publicly announced his purpose of visiting Utah to discuss with Brigham Young the subject of Mormon polygamy. On their side the Apostles humored the self-delusion of the reverend champion ; and, though the " Challenge " was a transparent hoax, they were quite ready to give the Chap- lain of the Senate a taste of their apostolic steel. In the event of the polygamic tournament, Orson Pratt was universally chosen by the Mormons as their cham- pion; and soon the Paul of Mormondom and the Chaplain of the Senate of the United States, were engaged in a preliminary encounter through the columns of the New York Herald. The coming discussion in Zion created a great noise. In some sense, it was a national event. There was just that novelty in it, too, that the public taste so dearly relishes. The American people were prepared for a treat, and the Chaplain of the Senate was duly " billed " and "illustrated" in Harper's Weekly for the oc- casion. Dr. Newman's expectation of a personal discussion with Brigham Young HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 4J i was as absurd as it was presumptuous in the Mormon eye. As well might he have journeyed to Rome, in the expectation of discussing Catholicism with the Pope. However, to the last moment of his leaving Washington, the Doctor affected to believe that he was going up to the stronghold of Mormondom to discuss the sub- ject of polygamy with Brigham Young, before ten thousand people. Early in August, 1870, Dr. Newman made his advent in Salt Lake City, ac- companied by the Rev. Dr. Sunderland, and immediately opened the following correspondence : DOCTOR NEWMAN TO PRESIDENT YOUNG. "Salt Lake City, Aug. 6, 1S70. " To President Brigham Young : ''Sir — In acceptance of the challenge given in your journal, the Salt Lake Daily Telegraph of the 3d of May last, to discuss the question, ' Does the Bible sanction Polygamy?' I have hereby to inform you that I am now ready to hold a public debate with you as the head of the Mormon Church upon the above ques- tion, under such regulations as may be agreed upon for said discussion ; and I suggest for our mutual convenience, that either by yourself or by two gentlemen whom you shall designate, you may meet two gentlemen whom I will select for the purpose of making all necessary arrangements for the debate, with as little delay as possible. May I hope for a reply at your earliest convenience, and at least not later than three o'clock to-day. "Respectfully, etc., "J. P. Newman." PRESIDENT YOUNG TO DOCTOR NEWMAN, "Salt Lake City, U. T., Aug., 6, 1870. " Rev. Dr. J. P. Newman ; " Sir — Yours of even date has just been received, in answer to which I have to inform you that no challenge was ever given by me to any person through the colums of the Salt Lake Daily Telegraph, and this is the first information I have received that any such challenge ever appeared. " You have been misinformed with regard to the Salt Lake Daily Telegraph ; it was not my journal, but was owned and edited by Dr. Fuller of Chicago, who was not a member of our church and I was not acquainted with its columns. "Respectfully, "Brigham Young." doctor newman to ^resident young. " Salt Lake City, Aug. 6, 1870. ' ' To President Brigham Yoiing : " Sir — I confess my disappointment at the contents of your note in reply to mine of this date. In the far East it is impossible to distinguish the local rela- tions between yourself and those papers which advocate the interests of your church; and when the copy of the Telegraph containing the article of the 3d of May last reached Washington, the only construction put upon it by my friends was that it was a challenge to me to come to your city and discuss the Bible doc- trine of polygamy. 472 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. " Had I chosen to put a different construction on that article, and to take no further notice of it, you could then have adopted the Telegraph as your organ and the said article as a challenge, which I either could not or dared not accept. That I am justified in this conclusion is clear from the following facts : '* I. The article in the Telegraph, of May 3d, contains these expressions, alluding to my sermon as reported in the N. Y. Herald, it says : ' The discourse was a lengthened argument to prove that the Bible does not sustain polygamy. * * * * The sermon should have been delivered in the New Taber- nacle in this city, with ten thousand Mormons to listen to it and then Elder Orson Pratt, or some prominent Mormon, should have had a hearing on the other side and the people been allowed to decide. **;;;* j)^ Newman, by his very sermon, recognizes the religious element of the question. * * Let us have a fair contest of peaceful argument and let the best side win. * * We will publish their notices in the Telegraph, report their discourses as far as possible, use every influence in our power, if any is needed, to secure them the biggest halls and crowded congregations, and we are satisfied that every opportu- nity will be given them to conduct a campaign. We base this last remark on a statement made last Sunday week in the Tabernacle, by President Geo. A. Smith, that the public halls throughout the Terrritory have been and would be open for clergymen of other denominations coming to Utah to preach. * * * Come on and convert them by the peaceful influences of the Bible instead of using the means now proposed. Convince them by reason and Scriptural argument and no Cullom Bill will be required.' " 2. I understand the article containing the above expressions was written by Elder Sloan, of the Mormon church, and at that time associate editor of the Telegraph; and that he was and has since been iu constant intercourse with your- self. The expressions of the said article as above cited, were the foundation of the impression throughout the country, that a challenge had thus been given through the columns of the Telegraph and, as such, I myself had no alternative but so to regard and accept it. I may add that I am informed that an impression prevailed here in Utah, that a challenge had been given and accepted. Under this impression I have acted from that day to this, having myself both spoken of and seen allusions to the anticipated discussion in several prominent papers of the country. "3. It was not till after my arrival in your city last evening, in pursuance of thrs impression, that I learned the fact that the same Elder Sloan, in the issue of the Salt Lake Herald, of Aug. 3d, attempts for the first time to disabuse the public of the idea so generally prevalent. Still acting in good faith and knowing that you had never denied or recalled the challenge of the 3d of May, I informed you of my presence in your city and of the object of my visit here. " My note this morning with your reply will serve to put the matter before the public in its true light and dispel the imjjression of very many in all parts of the country, that such a challenge had been given and that such a discussion would beheld. " Feeling that I have now fully discharged my share of the responsibility in tlie case, it only remains for me to subscribe myself as before, " " Respectfully, "J. P. Newman." HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 47 j PRESIDENT YOUNG TO DOCTOR NEWMAN. "Salt Lake City, Aug. 6th, 1870. '^ Rev. Dr. J. P. Netuman : " Sir — It will be a pleasure to us if you will address our congregation to- morrow morning, the 7th inst., in the small Tabernacle, at ten a.m., or, should you prefer it, in the New Tabernacle at two p.m., same instant, or both morning and evening. " Respectfully, ''Brigham Young. " P. S. I hope to hear from you immediately." DOCTOR NEWMAN TO PRESIDENT YOUNG. ''Salt Lake City, Aug. 6th, 1870, " 8 o'clock, p.m., ' ' To President Brigham Young " Sir — In reply to your note just received to preach in the Tabernacle to- morrow, I have to say that after disclaiming and declining, as you have done to- day, the discussion which I came here to hold, other arrangements to speak in the city were accepted by me, which will preclude my compliance with your invi- tation. •' Respectfully, "J. P. Newman." PRESIDENT YOUNG TO DOCTOR NEWMAN. "Salt Lake City, U. T., Aug. 6th, 1S70. *' ReiK Dr. Neivman : "Sir — In accordance with our usual custom of tendering clergymen of every denomination passing through our city, the opportunity of preaching in our taber- nacles of worship, I sent you, this afternoon, an invitation tendering you the use of the small Tabernacle in the morning, or the New Tabernacle in the afternoon, or both, at your pleasure, which you have seen proper to decline. "You charge me with ' disclaiming and declining the discussion ' which you came here to hold. I ask you, sir, what right you have to charge me with declin- ing a challenge which I never gave you, or, to assume as a challenge from me, the writing of any unauthorized newspaper editor? Admitting that you could distort the article in question to be a challenge from me, (which I do not believe you con- scientiously could) was it not the duty of a gentleman to ascertain whether I was responsible for the so-called challenge before your assumption of such a thing? and certainly, much more so before making your false charges. "Your assertion, that if you had not chosen to construe the article in ques- tion as a challenge from me, I ' could then have adopted the Telegraph as your [my] organ and the said article as a challenge,' is an insinuation, in my judgment, very discreditable to yourself and ungentlemanly in the extreme, and forces the conclusion that the author of it would not scruple to make use of such a subter- fuge himself. "You say that Mr. Sloan is the author of the article; if so, he is perfectly 18 474 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. capable of defending it, and I have no doubt you will find him equally willing to do so; or Professor Orson Pratt, whose name, it appears, is the only one suggested in the article. I am confident he would be vvilling to meet you, as would hun- dreds of our elders, whose fitness and respectability I would consider beyond question. " In conclusion, I will ask, what must be the opinion of every candid, reflect- ing mind, who views the facts as they appear? Will they not conclude that this distortion of the truth in accusing me of disclaiming and declining a challenge, which I never even contemplated, is unfair and ungentlemanly in the extreme and must have been invented with some sinister motive? Will they not consider it a paltry and insignificant attempt, on your part to gain notoriety, regardless of the truth? This you may succeed in obtaining; but I am free to confess, as my opinion, that you will find such notoriety more unenviable than profitable, and as disgraceful too, as it is unworthy of your profession. "If you think you are capable of proving the doctrine of 'Plurality of Wives ' unscriptural, tarry here as a missionary ; we will furnish you the suitable place, the congregation, and plenty of our elders, any of whom will discuss with you on that or any other scriptural doctrine. " Respectfully, " Brigham Young." doctor newman to president young. "Salt Lake City, Aug. 8th, 1S70. ' ' To President Brigham Young : '•' Sir — Your last note, delivered to me on Sunday morning, and to which, o course, I would not on that day reply does not surprise me. "It will be, however, impossible for you to conceal from the public the truth, that with the full knowledge of my being present in your city for the purpose of debating with you or your representative the question of Polygamy, you declined to enter into any arrangements for such a discussion ; and after this fact was ascer- tained, I felt at liberty to comply with a subsequent request from other parties, which had been fully arranged before the reception of your note of invitation to preach in your Tabernacle. "I must frankly say that I regard your professed courtesy, extended under the circumstances as it was, a mere device to cover, if possible, your unwilling, ness to have a fair discussion of the matter in question in the hearing of your people. " Your comments upon 'disclaiming and declining the discussion ' are simply a reiteration of the disclaitner ; while, in regard to your notice of my construction of the article in the Telegraph of May last, I have only to leave the representa- tions you have seen fit to make to the judgment of a candid public, sure to dis- cover who it is that has resorted to 'subterfuge ' in this affair. Your intimation that Elder Sloan, Prof. Pratt or hundreds of other Mormon elders, would be will- ing to discuss the question of polygamy with me from a Bible standpoint, and your impertinent suggestion that I tarry here as a missionary for that purpose, I am compelled to regard as cheap and safe attempts to avoid the appearance of HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 475 shrinking from such discussion by seeming to invite it after it had, by your own action, been rendered impossible. As to to the elders you speak of including your- self, being ready to meet me in public debate, I have to say that I came here with that understanding and expectation, but it was rudely dispelled, on being deri- nitely tested. Were it possible to reduce these vague suggestions of yours to something like a distinct proposition for a debate, there is still nothing in your action, so far, to assure me of your sincerity, but, on the contrary, everything to cause me to distrust it. " I have one more point of remark. You have insinuated that my motive is a thirst for ' notoriety.' I can assure you that if I had been animated by such a motive you give me small credit for good sense by supposing that I would em- ploy such means. Neither you, nor the system of which you are the head, could afford me any ' notoriety ' to be desired. "But, to show how far I have been governed by merely personal aspir- ations, let the simple history of the case be re-called. " You send your Delegate to Congress who, in the House of Representatives and in sight and hearing of the whole Nation, throws down the gauntlet upon the subject of polygamy as treated in the Bible. Being Chaplain of the American Senate, and having been consulted by several public men, I deemed it my duty to preach upon the subject. The discourse was published in the New York Herald, and on thus reaching your city one of your elders published an article which is construed as a challenge to me to debate the question with you, or some one whom you should appoint, here in your Tabernacle. Acting upon this presumption, I visit your city, taking the earliest opportunity to inform you, as the head of the Mormon Church, of my purpose and suggesting the steps usual in such cases. You then reply, ignoring the whole subject, but without a hint of your ' pleasure' about my preaching in the Tabernacle. " Subsequently other arrangements were made which precluded my accepting any invitation to speak in your places of worship. The day passed away, and after sunset I received your note of invitation, my reply to which will answer for itself. And this you intimate is an attempt on my part to obtain ' unenviable notoriety.' "Sir, I have done with you — make what representations of the matter you may think proper, you will not succeed in misleading the discriminating people either of this Territory or of the country generally by any amount of verbiage you may choose to employ. " Respectfully, etc., "J. P. Newman." DOCTOR NEWMAN'S CHALLENGE TO PRESIDENT YOUNG. Salt Lake Citv, Aug. 9, 1870. " To Mr. Bri^^ham Young : "Sir — In view of the enclosed communication, received from several citi- zens of this place, asking whether I am ready now and here to debate the ques- tion 'Does the Bible saction Polygamy?' with you, as the chief of the Church of Latter-day Saints, and in view of the defiant tone of your Church journals of 476 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. last evening and this morning; and in view of the fact that I have been here now four days waiting to have you inform me of your willingness to meet me in public discussion on the above question, but having received no such intimation up to this time of writing, therefore, I do here and now challenge you to meet me in personal and public debate, on the aforesaid question. I respectfully sug- gest that you appoint two gentlemen to meet Rev. Dr. Sunderland and Dr. J. P. Taggart, who represent me, to make all necessary arrangements for the discussion. " Be kind enough to favor me with an immediate reply. "Respectfully, " J. P. Newman. '• Residence of Rev. Mr. Pierce." CITIZENS TO DOCTOR NEWMAN. "Salt Lake City, Aug. 9, 1870. ' ■ Rev. J. P. Newman : " Dear Sir — Pardon the liberty which we the undersigned citizens of this place hereby take in addressing you in reference to the object of your present visit. Having seen in the News of last evening and in the Herald of this morning, an attempt to make the impression upon the public that you are, after all, unwilling to debate the question 'Does the Bible sanction Polygamy?' with Brigham Young, as the chief of the Church of Latter-day Samts, and to debate it vow and here, we desire to know from you directly whether such is the fact and we would respectfully request a reply, that we may be able to set the matter in its true light by publishing the whole correspondence, as we will seek to do, in an extra of the Tribuiie to be issued at the earliest possible moment. " Very respectfully, " Jno. p. Taggart, " T. H. WiCKIZER, "Geo. R. Maxwell, " G. B. Overton, "J. F. Woodman." DOCTOR NEWMAN TO CITIZEN.S. " Salt Lake City, Aug. 9, 1S70. " To Messrs. J. P. Taggart and others : "Gentlemen — In reply to yours of this date, requesting to know if I am willing to hold a debate here and now, on the question * Does the Bible Sanction Polygamy?' with Mr. Brigham Young, as the chief of the Mormon Church, I have to state that this was the express purpose for which I came here, as appears from my first note to him. The correspondence between him and myself has, however, developed, on his part, such a line of conduct that I had fully determined to have nothing more to do with him. But as I came here in full faith to debate the question with him, regarding myself as the challenged party, and as he endeavors to escape by a denial that he has ever challenged me, I will put the matter now beyond dispute by sending him a challenge. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 41 j " It shall be done immediately, and a copy of the same shall be furnished for the ex^ra of which you speak. "Very Respectfully, etc., "J. P. Newman." PRESIDENT YOUNG ACCEPTS THE CHALLENGE. " Salt Lake City, 9 August, 1870. ' 'Rev. J. P. Newman : " Sir — Your communication of to-day's date, with accompanying enclosure, was handed to me a few minutes since by Mr. Black. "In reply, I will say that I accept the challenge to debate the question, ' Does the Bible sanction Polygamy ? ' Professor Orson Pratt or Hon. John Tay- lor acting for me as my representative, and in my stead in the discussion. I will furnish the place of holding the meetings, and appoint two men to meet Messrs. Sunderland and Taggort, to whom you refer as your representatives, to make the necessary arrangements. "I wish the discussion to be conducted in a mild, peaceable, quiet spirit, that the people may receive light and intelligence and all be benefitted ; and then let the congregation decide for themselves. " Respectfully, " Brigham Young." president young to doctor newman. " City, Aug. 9, 1870. ' ' Rev. J. P. N'etuman : •' Sir — I have appointed Messrs. A. Carrington and Jos. W. Young to meet with Messrs. Sunderland and Taggart, to arrange preliminaries for the discussion. " Respectfully, " Brigham Young." doctor newman to president young. "Salt Lake City, Aug. 9, 1870. ' ' To Mr. Brighatn Young : " Sir — I challenged _yened their campaign in Salt Lake City, on the 19th of July ; for, notwithstanding Corinne had been chosen for pre- liminary business. Salt Lake City alone could afford sufficient sensation for the opening of the campaign. At the election the vote was overwhelming in favor of Hon. Wm. H. Hooper, who received over 20,000 votes as against a few hundred cast for General Max- well, who, however, contested the seat. CHAPTER LV. THE "WOODEN GUN REBELLION." ARREST OF MILITLA. OFFICERS FOR AS- SEMBLING THEIR COMPANY. THEY ARE HELD PRISONERS AT CAMP DOUGLAS; EXAMINED BEFORE JUDGE HAWLEY FOR TREASON; COM- MITTED TO THE GRAND JURY FOR TREASON AND PLACED UNDER BONDS- THE GRAND JURY IGNORES THE CASE. THE SERIOUS FACE BEHIND THE EXTRAVAGANZA OF THE " WOODEN GUN REBELLION." Governor Shaffer was dead, but his proclamation was in force, and that fact speedily led to nearly serious consequences, in the arrest of certain militia ofificers, their imprisonment at Camp Douglas, and subsequent presentment to the grand jury for treason, as will be seen in the closing passage of Associate Justice Hawley's ruling in the preliminary examination : "How far the defendants may be guilty, I am not called upon to decide, nor to construe the statutes of this Territory, under which they have been arrested, except so far as to decide that the defendants, however, have probably committed a crime. I shall leave the matter, therefore, to be further considered and investi- gated, and to that end shall leave the defendants to answer to the deliberation of HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 493 a grand jury. I will fix the bail bond in the case of the higher grade of officers at the sum of ^5,000, and the lesser ^2,000. This military episode in the history of Salt Lake City is usually treated in the extragavanza style of '* The Wooden Gun Rebellion ;" but it cannot be so con- sidered in legitimate history. In fine it was a capital circumstance, most serious and significant in its direct intents, and in its relations to other vital matters then pending, the very issues of which waited a development which was thus precipitated. There was involved in the circumstance, on the one hand, the Constitutional right of the people of this Territory to bear arms, and of their Legislature to organize and regulate a militia for the protection of the country, and the public weal, as prescribed by their legislative enactments. On the other hand, there was an assumption of an extraordinary power, inhering in the Governor, to set aside and supersede the control of the Legislature in the affairs of the militia, and to abolish the organization which that Legislature had created for the protection of the Utah colonies. Indeed, on this hand, it involved all contained in the unpassed bills of Senators Wade and Cragin, relative to our Territorial militia, the sec- tions of which may be pertinently repeated, as they connect here with the actual history : "And be it enacted that there shall be in the militia of said Territory no officer of higher rank or grade than that of major-general, and all officers civil and military shall be selected, appointed and commissioned by the Governor; and every person who shall act or attempt to act as an officer, either civil or military, without being first commissioned by the Governor, and qualified by taking the proper oath, shall be guilty of misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be sub- ject to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, and imprisoned in the peniten- tiary not exceeding one year, or both such fine and imprisonment at the discre- tion of the Court. " And be it further enacted, that the militia of said Territory shall be organ- ized and disciplined in such manner and at such times as the Governor of said Territory shall direct. And all the officers thereof shall be appointed and com- missioned by the Governor. As commander-in-chief the Governor shall make rules and regulations for the enrolling and mustering of the militia, and he shall yearly, between the first and last days of October, report to the Secretary of War the num- ber of men enrolled, and their condition, the state of discipline, and the number and description of arms belonging to each company, division or organized body. Aliens shall not be enrolled and mustered into the militia. "And be it further enacted, that all commissions and appointments civil and military, heretofore made or issued, or which may be made or issued before the ist day of January, 1867, (or in this case at the date of Governor Shaffer's proc- lamation) shall cease and determine on that day, and shall have no effect or va- lidity thereafter." Had these bills passed the two houses of Congress, it would still have been an important constitutional question for the Supreme Court of the United States to decide, whether or not, even with an act of Congress, such extraordinary powers could be properly conferred upon the Governor, setting aside the local legislature and all its enactment^ in the matter ; or at least whether or not this 494 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. could be done until the Territory had been first declared by the President and Congress to be in an actual state of rebellion. In such a case, either the regular army, or the militia of the Territory, woifld be properly ordered, as a posse com- itatus of the Governor, by which to execute the special purposes of the general Government concerning said Territory. But without such acts of Congress, or the existence of such a condition of rebellion, Governor Shaffer had assumed all these extraordinary powers, super- seding the Territorial Legislature by arbitrary will, and further by proclamation attempted to create a military despotism. In the correspondence between Governor Shaffer and Lieut. -General Wells, the Governor had said : "You ask me to recogni/.e an unlawful military system, which was originally organized in Nauvoo, in the State of Illinois, and which has existed here without authority of the United States, and in defiance of the Federal ofiicials." And Lieut. -General Wells had replied through the Deseret Neius: "That which he (Governor Shaffer) styles a pretended office, I have held by the unanimous voice of the people of the]- Territory — the office having been created by act of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah, approved by the Governor, February 5th, 1852, and not transported from Illinois as stated by Governor Shaffer. * * * j am of the opinion that the people of the Territory, according to the Constitution, have the right to bear arms — that the Legislative Assembly had the right to organize the militia — that Congress had the right to declare that the general officers should be elected by the people, in such a manner as the respective legislatures of the States and Territories may provide by law; that the governors of the States and Territories are commanders-in-chief of the militia, the same as the President of the United States is commander-in- chief of the armies and navies of the United States, with generals and admirals under him commanding; that the military of our Territory follows that of the Federal Government more closely, perhaps, than that of any other Territory or State in the Union ; and that governors and commanders-in-chief are as much the creatures of the law as any other officers, and while they exercise a higher jurisdiction, they are as amenable to law as the humblest officer or citizen." But notwithstanding that Lieut. -General Wells and the Utah Legislature held the constitutional right of the question, and that Governor Shaffer had assumed powers which did not lawfully belong to his office, he had practically, by a mili- tary coup de main, set aside the Legislature and suspended the militia. Disobedience of the Governor's proclamation, and any attempt to muster in the various military districts, would be construed by the Federal officials as overt acts of rebellion to the United States authority. To reach such a construc- tion of the case was the very object of the proclamations. Governor Shaffer was dead ; but his proclamation remained in force; while Vernon H. Vaughn, the former Secretary of the Territory, whose name was also to the proclamation, was now Governor of the Territory ; and George A. Black, who came to Utah as Shaffer's private secretary, was now Secretary of the Terri- tory. With these Federal officers in the succession, the proclamation of the dead HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 495 Governor was like an inheritance in their hands. Thus stood the case on the side of the Federal officers. On the other hand the members of the Legislature, the old officers of the militia, and the mass of the citizens throughout the Territory regarded the late Governor Shaffer's acts, and exercised powers, in relation to the militia as unlaw- ful and usurpation, subversive at once of the citizen's constitutional right, and also his duty to the State to bear arms, and subversive of the powers and functions of the Territorial commonwealth. In such a view of the case it was, to say the least, very proper in the citizens to test the matter by some method, in the hope, perhaps, that the obstruction had been removed; for evidently Governor Vaughn, living, could reverse the action of Governor Shaffer, dead. All the Governors of Utah up to Shaffer's time had recognized the Utah militia, not only as a proper and lawful organization, but one which had from the beginning been necessary to the safeguard of the Terri- tory ; while President Lincoln had, in 1862, directly called upon a portion of that militia to aid the Government in the protection of the Overland Mail route ; and, less than eighteen months previous to the date of Governor Shaffer's procla- mation, the Secretary of War had submitted to the House of Representatives the report of the adjutant-general of the Utah militia, relative to the employment of that militia by the Federal officers — Governor and Indian Agent — and that too by the direction of the War Department, for the suppresssion of Indian hostilities during the years 1865, 1866, and 1867. It simply needed now that Governor Vaughn should take the proper and legal view, — that this local military organiza- tion was the natural and properly constituted militia of a Territory, rather than a posse comiiafus o( the. Governor, to restore that militia to its former footing. Hence came the test of the "Wooden Gun Rebellion," to see in which of these lights the new Governor would view the military organization of the Terri- tory. However like an extravaganza on the outside, the affair possessed a very solid and constitutional inside. The militia serio-comedy came thus : Certain of the officers of companies and regiments, without the action of their commanding officers or an order from the lieutenant-general, decided to have a sort of an unofficial re-union of their companies, in the absence of the yearly muster. Evidently this was to feel the way for the coming year, without a violent shock to the dead Governor's proclama- tion, which would itself also be defunct, unless continued in force by the action of the new Governor, seeing the proclamation was based upon no act of Con- gress, nor upon any constitutional ground. But the popular version of the affair ran thus : The band of the 3rd regi- ment had just received some new instruments from the East; and the jubilant musicians invited the men of their regiment to turn out and hear a musical per- formance, and to glorify the occasion by an accompanying drill. On November 2rst, 1870, the citizen soldiers in question met at the Twentieth Ward School- house, in which ward most of the regiment resided, but without the order or presence of their colonel. It was said, they "had a very pleasant time to- gether, and were all exceedingly pleased with the music of the band and also with their own evolutions." Meantime the news was heard "down town," and Mr. 496 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Secretary Black, with two deputy marshals, hastened up to the scene of the "re- bellion." Immediately after the dismissal of the regiment, a warrant was issued by Judge Hawley for the arrest of eight of the officers of the regiment, who were brought before his honor and examined on the charge of treason. The court ap- pointed a prosecuting attorney, who opened the case by reading Section two of an act passed by Congress, "to suppress insurrection, to punish treason and re- bellion, to seize and confiscate the property of rebels and for other purposes," which reads : '■'■And be it further enacted, That if any person shall hereafter incite, set on foot, assist, or engage in any rebellion or insurrection against the authority of the United States, or the laws thereof, or shall give aid or comfort thereto, or shall engage in, or give aid or comfort to, any such existing rebellion or insurrection, and be convicted thereof, such person shall be punished by an imprisonment for a period not exceeding ten years, or by a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars, and by a liberation of all his slaves, if any he have; or by both of said punish- ments, at the discretion of the Court." " But the U. S. prosecutor was brought to a pause and his full period reached on the "dollars." He seemed to appreciate that the "liberation of all his slaves" was slightly inapplicable to this case, though both the prosecutor and the Court clearly saw the fittest political and legal application of the rest of the section to the drill in the Twentieth Ward, Salt Lake City. The following report of the examination, however, will be sufficient to unveil to a coming generation the for- midable "insurrection against the authority of the United States," which occurred in said Twentieth Ward, on the 21st of November, 1870: '^ R. Keyes exatnined l>y Mr. Maxwell: — " Where do you live? In Salt Lake City. Where were you on the morning of the 27th of November? In this city, at the court room. Were you at the Twentieth Ward Schoolhouse during the day? Yes, sir. What did you see there? I saw a company of men drilling there. How were they equipped, had they guns? Yes, sir. Can you identify any of them? Yes, sir ; lean identify Mr. Burt, Mr. Ottinger, Mr. Phillips, the two Livingstones, — Charles and Archibald,, — Mr. Savage, Mr. Graham and Mr. Fennamore. " Cross-examined by Judge Snow: — " What time were you there? Between eleven and twelve o'clock in the fore- noon. You saw those men there ? Yes, sir. You saw them drilling? Yes, sir. Had they any music? Yes, sir. Any uniform? Yes, sir. I believe all the officers were in uniform. Who were the officers? Mr. Ottinger was giving com- mand when I was there. I don't know whether he was an officer or not. What others were there? Mr. Burt. Was Mr. Burt an officer? I don't know. Any others? Mr. Phillips. Do you know whether he was an officer? Don't know any more than the rest. Mr. Savage, the two Livingstones, Mr. Graham the same. Mr. Fennamore had a gun, and should judge he was a corporal from the number of stripes on his clothes. How long were you there ? About ten minutes. Did you talk with any of those present? With Mr. Savage? Any other? No. Was there any boisterousness there? Not any in the least. What kind of music had they ? Martial. Did you observe whether the uniform was HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 4gy new or old? It was very nice uniform. I could not see whether it was new or old. Was there any drunkenness? No, sir. You did not see any liquor on the ground? No, sir. Do you know ho v long they kept it up? T was there tea minutes, and rode on a block or two beyond, and as I came back they were just dismissing. You went up after Court adjourned here? Yes, sir. You remained there ten minutes? Yes, sir. How long were you gone before you went back ? It could not exceed ten minutes. You were not there over twenty minutes? No, sir. When they dismissed did they march off in different directions? Yes; one company marched off down Brigham Street, another west of the building. When you went there did you command them to dismiss? No, sir. Did you see any women and children there? Yes, sir, there were a good many looking on, both women and children. Did you see any women and children in the ranks? No, sir. Were there not as many women and children as men there? Could not say. Did you see any flags there? Yes, sir. What kind of flags? My impression was that they were the "stars and stripes." Were they dressed in United States uniform? I don't know that I know the United States uniform. They had hats with plumes, swords, etc. Did you ever attend musters in the States ? Yes, sir. Was this any different to them in any way ? (Objected to by Maxwell). Judge Snow claimed to show its legitimate bearing, and that there was nothing done contrary to the laws of the United States. (Allowed to pass). In the States we are ordered out. I did not see anything different. Did you wear glasses on your face. I always wear them, and I believe I can discern a person with them as well as a person who does not wear them. '' Re-examined by Mr. Maxwell — " Describe the uniform of Mr. Ottinger, as to its marks and insignia? I was not near enough to recognize the shoulder strap. He had a blue coat, brass buttons, a black hat and a black plume. How many men were there in the ranks ? (Question objected to, but allowed by the court) I guess there were a hundred. How many boys and women surrounding? Probably one hundred and fifty. How many women ? I took but very little notice, there were a good many children. What was the conversation you had with Mr. Savage? As I came back I met Mr. Savage coming across. I spoke to him and said, ' You have got through?' He said 'Yes.' I then discovered that the band was composed of boys, and said, ' You have a young band ? ' He said, ' yes, that band, a year ago could not play a note.' There was a lot of boys with wooden guns, and he said they were going to have a drill. That was the substance of it. " George A. Black, examined by Mr. Maxwell: — " You are Secretary of this Territory? I am. You were present at the mus- ter? Yes. What time was it? I judge it was about lo o'clock. Will you state what you saw ? I saw a number of men drilling. I should judge there were 300 They were armed and equipped with various kinds of guns, muskets and carbines. Do you know any of these men, can you recognize them ? I can. Witness iden- tified Mr. Philips, Mr. Charles Livingstone, Mr. Ottinger, Captain Burt and Mr. Graham. What were they doing particularly ? They were going through the regular military drill. Did you notice the uniform these men wore, if so de- scribe the uniform of Mr Ottinger ? On his coat he had shoulder straps, a sword, a hat and black feather in it. 22 4g8 HIS TOR V OF SAL T LAKE CIl Y. ' ' Cross-examined by Judge Snoio: — '* Where do you reside ? In Salt Lake City. How long have you been here? Seven months the 27th day of this month. You said you were up in the 20th Ward, what time did you go there? About 11 o'clock. Have you any means of knowing the precise time ? I have not, it was after 10 and before 12 o'clock. How came you to go there? I heard there was a drill up there. Are you ac- quainted with costume in the States? Yes, sir. The uniform was alike, with the exception of the hat. I never saw a Colonel wear a hat like Mr. Ottin- ger wore. What is the difference in head-dress? They usually wear a cap. Do they wear a feather? I never saw one with a feather in it. Have you ever been in the army ? Yes, sir. Did you ever see a military officer wear a hat ? I never did. Did you ever see them on dress parade ? Yes, sir. What is the difference of dress parade and fatigue ? When on dress parade they appear in full dress and when on fatigue they go around loosely. I'here were about 300 there? Yes, sir. How long did you remain there? Fifteen minutes at least. What did you do after the fifteen minutes- expired ? Turned round and came down town. Where were the men then ? Still drilling. Did you see any of the men after ? I did in the afternoon. You don't know what time they left ? I do not. Nor how long they were there? No, sir. Did you see Mr. Keyes there? I did not. I saw him when I was coming back, when about half way between that place and the post office. Were you afoot ? I was in a buggy, and Mr. Keyes was' on horseback. Did you come tolerably fast? Not very, and he was riding on a slow lope. Did you see any women and children there? I did. A goodly number? Probably 15 or 20. There were a good many children I did not notice any women. Did you see anything disorderly there? No, sir. Any drinking? I did not. Did you hear any cursing? No, sir. All was order, quiet and peace? Yes, sir. Did you see any flag there? I did. I think it was the American flag. Don't you know that it was? I did not go up to examine it. I took it to be the American flag. " Cross-examined l>y Mr. Maxwell: — " What munitions of war did these men have? I noticed they had old mus- kets principally; some of them had carbines, and a number had cartridge boxes; the officers had swords." The ruling of Judge Hawley is immaterial to the history; further than to note that he applied the section quoted, and passed the prisoners over to the Grand Jury on the charge of rebellion. Governor Shaffer's proclamation forming the groundwork of their "treason," "insurrection," "inciting to insurrec- tion," etc. But no Grand Jury ever found bills against these citizen soldiers of the Twentieth Ward, whose devoted officers remain under bonds to this day. Indeed the case was supremely ridiculous, even farcical, hence all classes styled the affair, the "Wooden Gun Rebellion,'' by which name it will be per- [letuated, with its suggestiveness marked. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 4gg CHAPTER LVI. THE TWO CELEBRATIONS OF THE FOURTH OF JULY, 187L RESOLUTIONS OF THE GENTILE COMMITTEE ADDRESSED TO THE CITY COUNCIL. ANSWER OF THE MAYOR. THE RUPTURE. GRAND PREPARATIONS ON BOTH SIDES. PROCLAMATION OF ACTING-GOVERNOR BLACK FORBIDDING MILITIA COMPANIES TO MARCH IN THE PROCESSION. GENERAL DE TROBRIAND WITH HIS TROOPS ORDERED OUT. NOTES OF THE GRAND DAY. The celebration of the 4th of July, 1871, gave a fitting culmination to the affairs of the past year, 1S70. Early in June the non-Mormons of Salt Lake City, who had heretofore taken prominent parts with the city authorities in the celebrations of the Fourth, and Twenty-fourth, took active steps for a grand celebration of the National birthday, of 1S71, on their own account. But at the onset a spirit was manifested on both sides if possible to unite, whereupon a committee was appointed by the city coun- cil to confer with the non-Mormon committee relative to the matter. On the loth of June, the committee of the concil met the non-Mormon com- mittee at the office of Col. Buell to consult. After a free exchange of views, it was ascertained that the committee from the city was not empowered to enter into any arrangements of a final nature ; whereupon the subjoined preamble and reso- lutions were passed : " Whereas, At a meeting for conference this day held by and between a com- mittee appointed by many citizens of Salt Lake City, to mike arrangements for the proper celebration of the coming Fourth of July, and a part of the committee appointed by the city council, it has become apparent that seperate programmes were likely to be adopted by the respective committees ; and " Whereas, It is desirable that harmony and unanimity should prevail in the celebration of the Nation's birthday on the broad platform of American citizen- ship and honor to the flag; therefore, be it unanimously '•'Resolved, That the city council be and is hereby respectfully requested to authorize its committee, or in its wisdom appoint a new committee, to meet a like committee from the citizens already appointed, with full authority to confer, con- cert and adopt proper means to ensure, if possible, a single and harmonious cele- bration of the coming Fourth of July, irrespective of any and all action hereto- fore taken by either of the aforesaid committees. "i?i< jt conveys the idea of intimate union. He thus defines ' cohabit ' : To dwell and live together as husband and wife ; usually or often api)lied to persons not legally married. " The offense charged in each count could not be predicated of any one moment or instant of time. To commit such an ofifense, a continuous and some- what protracted period of time is necessary. There is nothing in this objection. '' The learned counsel for the defendant need not be assured that any motion which they may make in behalf of their client, shall be patiently heard and care- fully considered. Nor does the court intend to restrict them in their arguments, except upon questions already adjudicated. But let the counsel on both sides, and the court also, keep constantly in mind the uncommon character of this case. The supreme court of California has well said : ' Courts are bound to take no- tice of the political and social condition of the country which they judicially rule.' It is therefore proper to say, that while the case at bar is called, ' The People ver- sus Brigham Yoting,' its other and real title is, ' Federal Authority versus Polyg- amic Theocracy.'' The Government of the United States, founded upon a written constitution, finds within its jurisdiction another government claiming to come from God — imperium in imperio — whose policy and practices are, in grave partic- ulars, at variance with its own. The one government arrests the other, in the person of its chief, and arraigns it at this bar. A system is on trial in the person of Brigham Young. Let all concerned keep this fact steadily in view ; and let S36 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CJiy. that government rule without a rival which shall prove to be in the right. If the learned counsel for the defendant will adduce authorities or principles from the whole range of jurisprudence, or from mental, moral or social science, proving that the polygamous practices charged in the indictment are not crimes, this court w'ill at once quash the indictment and charge the grand jury to find no more of the kind. "The pending motion to quash is overruled." CHAPTER LXI. MASS MEETING CALLED BY THE MAYOR OF SALT LAKE CITY TO ASSIST THE SUFFERERS OF THE CHICAGO FIRE. RFSPONSE OF MORMON AND GEN- TILE. DONATIONS LED BY BRIGHAM AND THE CITY. "ONE TOUCH OF NATURE." THE TELEGRAPH TO PIOCHE COMPLETED. CONGRATULA- TIONS AND THANKS OF CONNOR AND OTHERS TO BRIGHAM YOUNG At this moment there occurred in America one of those great calamities, which though awful in its consequences to a hundred thousand human beings, sounded to its depths the great heart of mankind, and made every city in the Union re- sponsive to the call of our National brotherhood and sisterhood. It was the Chicago fire. The Mayor of Salt Lake City immediately issued the following : "PROCLAMATION, " The news having been confirmed of the terrible conflagration by which a great portion of the city of Chicago has been reduced to ashes, and one hundred thousand people have been strijjped of their homes, clothing, and means of sub- sistence, therefore, "I, Daniel H. Wells, Mayor of Salt Lake City, by the wish of the city coun- cil of said city, call upon all classes of the people to assemble in mass meeting to- morrow, Wednesday, October nth, at one o'clock p. m. in the old tabernacle in this city, for the purpose of making subscriptions and taking such measures as are demanded for the relief of our fellow citizens who are sufferers by this dreadful visitation. "Daniel H. Wells, Mayor. "October loth, 1871." Just at this moment there arrived in Salt Lake City (October loth,) the Hon. O. P. Morton, U. S. senator from Indiana, one of the most prominent men of the nation, accompanied by his wife and child, Maior Beeson, W. P. Fishback, wife and child, W. Clinton Thompson, Mrs. Lippincott (Grace Greenwood) and Dr. Clark, brother of the last named lady. Their coming at that juncture had there- after considerable influence in Utah affairs, Senator Morton and his companions HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. jjy' setting their faces sternly against the judicial procedure of those times, while Grace Greenwood joined with our citizens in raisingsubscriptions for the Chicago sufferers. In pursuance of the call of Mayor Wells, a large number of citizens -met at the old tabernacle, when Mayor Wells was called to the chair and Hon. George Q. Cannon appointed secretary. The following committee was also appointed by the meeting, to receive subscriptions from the citizens of Salt Lake and the ad- joining mining camps: John T. Caine, David E. Bnell, Warren Hussey, S.Sharp VValker, A. S. Mann, Theodore McKean, William Jennings and William Calder. Hon. William H. Hooper and Hon. Thomas Fitch made appealing addresses, and then Hon. Frank Fuller stated that he was authorized to say that a lady of great literary distinction, Mrs. Lippincott — Grace Greenwood — would gladly contribute the proceeds of a lecture to the fund, which announcement was received with ap- plause, and the distinguished lady invited to the stand by Mayor Wells to make a itw remarks. She said subbtantially "that the good book informs us that out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh, but she could not express the feelings of her heart in view of the terrible calamity which has afflicted Chicago, where she had many generous friends. She would like to do something to relieve this sorely stricken people. She rejoiced to see people of all opinions coming together to carry out the common obligations of humanity. This would do much to heal all these unhappy differences ; (referring to our local prosecutions). It seems to be time for some women to speak of the poor children dying of exposure in the streets of Chicago. But I cannot talk of them. You gentlemen all know what is due to the gravity of such an occasion." Mayor Wells said that the amounts subscribed should be forwarded to him at the City Hall at once, in order that he might place it in bank subject to the order of the Mayor of Chicago. He also said that a benefit would be given at the theatre in aid of the fund. Subscriptions were then announced led off by Brigham Young, $i,ooo; Salt Lake City, $1,500; Daniel H. Wells, $500; William Jen- nings, $500 ; William H. Hooper, $500 ; Buel &: Bateman $500, and a number more of lesser sums, amounting to ^6,286, subscriptions donated at this meeting alone and nearly all from Mormon hands. The Masonic Brotherhood aho inaugurated a subscription; other public meet- ings were held for a similar purpose ; a large benefit was given at the Salt Lake theatre ; Grace Greenwood gave her lecture, realizing for the fund nearly $300. Altogether quite a handsome sum, about ^20,000, was gathered in Salt Lake City to relieve the Chicago sufferers. Mrs. Lippincott seems to have been both surprised and considerably affected by the hearty manifestation of a deep human nature during the rage of a "Chris- tian" crusade against them, and she wrote to the Neiv York Herald 2i?, follows : " In the old tabernacle, yesterday, we attended a mass meeting, called by the Mayor, to raise money for the relief of the Chicago sufferers. Here we saw Brigham Y'oung, and I must confess to a great surprise. " I had heard many descriptions of his personal appearance, but I could not recognize the picture so often and elaborately painted. I did not see a common, gross looking person, with rude manners, and a sinister, sensual countenance, but 27 5j5 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. a well dressed, dignified old gentleman, with a pale, mild face, a clear grey eye, a pleasant smile, a courteous address, and withal a patriarchal, paternal air, which of course, he comes rightly by. In short, I could see in his face or manner none ot the profligate propensities, and the dark crimes charged against this mysterious, masterly, many-sided and many-wived man. The majority of the citizens of Salt Lake present on this occasion were Mormons, some of them the very polygamists arraigned for trial, and it was a strange thing to see these men standing at bay, w^ith 'the people of the United States' against them, giving generously to their enemies. It either shows that they have underlying their fanatical faith and Mohammedan practices a better religion of humanity, or that they understand the wisdom of a return of good for evil just at this time. It is either rare Christian charity or mas- terly worldly policy. Or, perhaps, it is about half-and-half. Human nature is a good deal mixed out here. But I do not suppose it will matter to the people of dear, desolate Chicago what the motive was that prompted the generous offer- ings from this fair city among the mountains. The hands stretched out in help, whether polygamic or monogamic, are to them the hands of friends and brothers. Certain it is that the Saints seemed to give gladly and promptly according to their means. President Young gave in his thousand and the elders their five hundred each as quietly as the poor brethren and sisters their modest tribute of fractional currency. It is thought that Utah will raise at least $20,000. "There is to me, I must acknowledge, in this prompt and liberal action of the Mormon people, something strange and touching. It is Hagar ministering to Sarah ; it is Ishmael giving a brotherly lift to Isaac." Coupled with this instance of ready and generous help extended to the Chicago sufferers by our citizens, which so warmed the hearts of Senator Morton, Grace Greenwood and their party toward the Mormon community, may be recorded here one of the many services which Salt Lake city has contributed to the settling and growth of the Pacific States and Territories. It will be remembered by the reader, that not only was the virgin city of the Great Salt Lake, in 1849, the half- way house of the Nation in her peopling of the west, after Mormon shovels under their foreman, Thomas Marshal, had turned up the gold of California, but that Utah for years afterwards aided in settling and feeding the younger Territories around her, which had grown up since the founding of Salt Lake City, and which her own colonizing activities had nursed in their infancy. As noted in the early chapters of this history, in 1854-5, the Mormon colonists pushed forward to the western frontier of this Territory and settled a large portion of the country now known as Nevada. These under Orson Hyde organized the whole of that district under the name of Carson County, which county was represented by Hon. Enoch Reese, a Mormon pioneer merchant. The first house in Genoa was built by Col- John Reese of Great Salt Lake City, and was called Reese's station. Some of our principal Salt Lake merchants were also the first merchants of Nevada : William Nixon, Joseph R. Walker (in the employ of Nixon), William Jennings, Christopher Layton and a number of others, first class men in the formation of a new colony, went out from Salt Lake City, to establish Carson County; and now in 1871, our city continued its good service to Nevada in extending to that State its local tele- graph line. HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 5J9 The extension of the Deseret Telegraph line to Pioche, Nevada, was opened October 23d, 1871, with the following congratulatory messages: " Pioche, Nev., Oct. 23, 2:20 p.m. "■President Brigham Young— ^^ thank you for your enterprise in placing us in telegraphic communication with the outer world, "P. Edward Connor, Charles Forman, M. Fuller, B. F. Sidis, Harvey J. Thornton, C A. Lightner, D. W. Perlev." " Pioche, 23. '^ President B. Young — We opened the office here at noon to-day. Josiah Rogerson, from the Ogden office, is operator. The citizens are out in full force, greeting the event most heartily. Firing cannon, speechifying with all the conso- nants, are the order of the day. With much esteem, ".\. M. MUSSER." '' Pioche, 23. ''Hon. W. Kirkpatrick—l send you greetings by telegraph. The Deseret Telegraph line is completed and we feel that we have stepped into the world. " Harry J. Thornton." ' " Salt Lake, 23. '' Col. Harry J. Thornton, Pioche, Nev. — Congratulations in return upon your escape from barbarism to civilization. '' W. KiRKPATRICK." "Pioche, Nev., 23. " Gov. Woods, Salt Lake — The wires of the Deseret Telegraph Company reached here this morning. The people of Pioche greet their neighbors of Salt Lake. "P. E. Conner and others." " Pioche, 23. "£/. 6". Grant. President United States of America, Washington, D. C. — We are to-day placed in telegraphic communication with the outer world. W^e greet you and through you our brethren of the great nation of which you are chief. " P. E. Connor and others." " Pioche, 23. " Gov. Badley, Carson, Nev. — The Deseret Telegraph Company has to-day opened communication with this place. We congratulate you on the event. It will greatly benefit our mining camp now so prosperously revived from the fire, and shipping such large quantities of bullion. We do not feel we are any longer the most distant part of your State. ''D. W. Perlev, M. Fuller, and others." It has been often said — more often perhaps by the Gentile than the Mor- mon — that the footmarks and finger marks of Brigham Young are found everywhere in these western S:ates and Territories. The Deseret Telegraph line was Brigham Young's offspring, and General Connor and the principal men of Pioche, very properly said to him, "We thank you for your enterprise in placing us in tele- graphic communication with the outer world." J40 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. CHAPTER LXII. THE HAWKIXS TRIAL. HIS POLYGAMY CONSTRUED IXTO THE CRIME OF ADULTERY. FOUND GUIL'IY AND SENTENCED FOR THREE YEARS TO THE PENITENTIARY. A CHARACTERISTIC SENTENCE. THE AMERICAN PRESS ON THE POLYGAMOUS TRIALS. The action of the courts was resumed. The case of Thomas Hawkins came next. He was tried under the same Territorial statute under which Brigham Young and others were indicted. His crime was to be construed adultery by Sec. 32 of the statute quoted in a former chapter. A review of this case will be found in a subsequent chapter in a speech of his counsel, Hon. Thomas Fitch. Suffice here to say that he was found guilty, and on the 2Sth of October, 187 i, sentence was pronounced by Chief Justice McKean as follows : '♦ Thomas Hawkins, I am sorry for you, very sorry. You may not think so now, but I shall try to make you think so by the mercy which I shall show you. You came from England to this country with tlie wife of your youth. For many years you were a kind husband and a kind father. At length the evil spirit of polygamy tempted and possessed you ; then happiness departed from your house- hold, and now, by the complaint of your faithful wife and the verdict of a law- abiding jury, you stand at tliis bar a convicted criminal. "The law gives me large discretion in passing sentence upon you. I might both fine and imprison you, or I might fine you only, or imprison you only. I micfht imprison you twenty years and fine you one thousand dollars. I cannot imprison you less than three years nor fine you less than three hundred dollars. It is right thai you should be fined, among other reasons to help to defray the ex- pense of enforcing the laws. But my experience in Utah has been such that were I to fine YOU only, I am satisfied that the fine would be paid out of other fiinds than yours, and thus you would go free, absolutely free from all punishment ; and then those men who mislead the people would make you and thousands of others believe that God had sent the money to pay the fine, that God had prevented the court from sending you to prison, that by a miracle you had been rescued from the authorities of the United States. I must lo^k to it tliat judgment give no aid and comfort to such men. I must look to it that my judgment be not so severe as to seem vindictive, and not so light as to seem to trifle with justice. This community ought to begin to learn that God does not interpose to rescue criminals from the consequences of their crimes, but that on the contrary he so orders the affairs of his universe that, sooner or later crime stands face to face with justice and justice is the master. "I will say here and now, that whenever your good behavior and the public good shall justify me in doing so, I will gladly recommend that you be pardoned. HIS TOR Y OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 5.; 1 Thomas Hawkins, the judgment of the court is that you be fined five hundred dol- lars, and that you be imprisoned at hard labor for the term of three years." The opinions of the American press relative to these trials, should be pre- served to history; but only a few of the mass can be cpiotcd in illustration here. The Sacramento Union said : "The conviction of Hawkins, at Salt Lake, for illicit cohabitation with women other than his first wife, means the conviction of the whole polygamous set of Mormons from Brigham Young down to the lowest in authority who is able to keep more than one woman. No doubt such is the object of the prosecution by the governmental officials. The end of the affair is not, however, with the decision of a court in Utah. The case will go to the Supreme Court of the United States for final settlement. If the reports have been correct, the prosecution of the Mormons for polygamy — for that is what it means — is un- dertaken, not under a statute of the United States, but a law of Utah, signed by Brigham Young himself in 1852, and which was not designed to cover a case like that which the polygamous elders of the Mormon church present. How they can be held amenable under a statute of their own not intended to be applicable in cases of plural marriages has not been explained. The intention of the act must be known to know its meaning. If there is any other law by which these sultans of the American desert can be punis-hed, it would seem that the United States courts ought to resort to that as sure to bring conviction and punishment. The arraignment under a law that was clearly not intended to strike at polygamy is a virtual admission that there is nothing better in law to which the authorities can go. The proposition is not disputed that the Territorial law was not intended to forbid or punish polygamy, and how it can be used in such cases as that of Brigham Young has not been elucidated, except that the prosecution is only intended as an annoyance, or to provoke hostilities, knowing well that the weaker and the despised will be the sufferers in the end. "As we have said in former articles we have no sympathy with the peculiar institutions of the Mormons, nor much respect for their precended faith. But laws are laws, and should be executed according to their real intent and meaning. * * * We very much fear that this raid on the institutions of the Mor- mons is dictated more by popular hate than springing from an honest desire to rid the Territory of Utah of an institution that has not the sanction of the civilized world." The Carson Register said in its review of the case : "To convict Hawkins it was necessary lo give a statute a different ir.eaning from that intended by its authors, and to impute an evil intention where the re- verse was known to exist. The presiding judge in excluding all Mormons from the grand and petit juries, cited California authorities to show that courts are bound to take judicial cognizance of the political and social condition of the country which they judicially rule. If this was true in empaneling the jury, it is difficult to perceive by what logic the judge refused to take cognizance of the political and social condition of the country when Hawkins married his second wife. What, ever opinion one may entertain respecting the Mormons, or polygamv, no un- biased observer can read the proceedings of this trial as detailed by the journals S42 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. of Salt Lake, without feeling that the court was organized to convict without much regard to law. * * * " If the verdict and the rulings of the court are sustained, this case is likely to mark the beginning of a social revolution in Utah and the breaking up of this extraordinary society ; but even this result will scarcely offset the judicial usurpa- tions by which it is brought about." But the Sacramento Union and the Carson Register were in error relative to the power of the defendants to appeal their cases to the Supreme Court of the United States. At that date there was no such power of appeal. Had there been the cases of President Young and others of the Mormon leaders would have been very different. Mr. Fitch boldly proclaimed to the country that, in the absence of the power of appeal, for Brigham Young and his compeers to go into Judge McKean's court was to go " not to justice, but to doom." The Albany Law Journal published in Judge McKean's own State, and edited by a legal gentleman who claimed long personal acquaintance with Judge McKean said : '• The indictment of Brigham Young and the conviction of Hawkins were brought about under a statute against adultery and lascivious conduct passed by an exclusively Mormon legislature in 1852. That the act was intended to cover cases of the kind no one believes, and it may be fairly questioned whether polyg- amy can be treated as a crime under it. '" * * That Chief Justice McKean is a pure and honest man we know, having known him for years before his elevation to the bench, but we know him also to be a man of strong convictions and unyielding prejudices. These latter qualities he has displayed in his present position scarcely becoming the ermine. Justice ought to be severe and awful, too, but it ought at the same time to be impartial — to sit calm and unmoved above the storms of prejudice and passion that rage beneath. His decisions we do not ques- tion, but the language accompanying those decisions have been often so intemperate and partial as to remind one of those ruder ages when the bench was but a focus where gathered and reflected the passions of the people. "Of the Mormon people much may be said in praise as well as in blame. They have, no doubt, trampled upon one of the strongest traditions of civilization, but they have also done some service to the State. Driven from one point to another by mobs as bad as the worst of them, they at length made a hegira quite as remarkable as the ' Flight of the Tartar tribes,' to the wilderness of Deseret and established a commonwealth which has pro5pered almost beyond example. Aside from polygamy they obeyed the laws quite as well as most new western com- munities, and they have never failed to respond promptly to any calls made upon them to aid in defending the country or in prosecuting its wars. For a quarter of a century their peculiar institutions have been tolerated by the Government; so long, indeed, as to justify them in assuming that they had become legilized by prescription. In view of these facts we have no hesitation in saying that the jus- tice that is now meted out to them should be tempered with mercy, and that neither the chief justice nor his followers will gain an imperishable renown by an uncompromising crusade." ^mu^^ J^- ^^^-^ HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 5.;j The Methodist Church on its part without reluctance owned the parentage of the crusade against the Mormons. Zion s Hetala, their official organ, said : " We find Brigham Young was not so far out of the way in declaring that the present judicial movement of the Government against his system, and even against his own immaculate person, is due to the Methodists; Dr. Newman's argument in the Temple began the war. Our missionaries organized it by fortifying themselves on the field, and the camp meeting brethren gave it the last stroke before the arm of the State was raised to carry out its just decrees. We have seen members from the committee and from Judge McKean, the brave man who is doing this work confirmatory of these facts. One of the ministers writes that during the delivery of the Rev. W. H. Boole's powerful sermon on polygamy in the presence of Brigham Young, Orson Pratt, George Q. Cannon and three thousand Mormons, the entire mass literally shook and quailed under the mighty power of God." Had the Methodist Z/W J- .Zr now vex the repose of streets, which beforetime heard no sound to disturb their quiet except the busy hum of industry, the clatter of trade and the musical tinkle of mountain streams. "The processes by which this condition of affairs has been brought about, as well as the excuse for invoking these processes, may here be briefly stated : " In 1856, a great political party declared itself opposed to polygamy as a relic of birbarisra ; in i860, that party achieved power in the nation; in 1862, an act of Congress was passed, the object of which was to suppress polygamy in Utah. This law was permitted to remain a dead letter on the statute books. The war sup- pressed rebellion, the problems of reconstruction growing out of that war, the proposed impeachment of President Johnson, the various exciting public questions of the day, diverted the minds of legislators and constituencies from the Mormon question ■■, and not until after President Grant's inauguration did the anti-polyg- amic plank of the national republican platform loom up into national consequence. It was then observed that the anti-polygamic act of Congress of 1862, had never been enforced. The Territorial laws for drawing and empaneling juries provided, as in all other communities, for a selection by lot. Nineteen-twentieths of the persons eligible for jury duty in Utah were Mormons, who naturally declined to indict or convict their neighbors for a practice which was believed by all to be a virtue rather than a crime. The law prescribed one rule, the sentiment of the community where the law existed prescribed another. Similar conditions pre- vented the trial of Jeff"erson Davis for treason at Richmond; similar conditions made it impossible to convict a violator of the fugitive slave law in New England. "The Forty-first Congress was asked to enact a law to meet the exigency and the CuUom bill was .framed. The measure provided that the selection of jurors should be given to the United States Marshal, that polygamists and those who believed in polygamy should be excluded from the jury box, that the wife might be witness against the husband, that marriage might be proved in criminal cases by reputation, and that the statute of limitation should not be applied to charges of polygamy. The wisdom and justice of this sweeping measure were seriously questioned by the New York Tribune, and other Republican papers, and by such leading statesmen as Henry L. Dawes, of Massachusetts, and Robert C. Schenck, of Ohio ; but the bill passed the House by nearly a party vote, and ifailed to become a law only because the United States Senate did not find time of nclination to consider it during the Forty-first Congress. j66 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. " After the adjournmient of the second session of the Forty-first Congress, James B. McKean was appointed Chief Justice of Utah, and with military promptness he proceeded to establish as rules of law the propositions of the defeated CuUoni bill. He decided in the case of Hempstead vs. Snow that the court over which he presided was a United States Court, that it was not a legis- lative, but a constitutional court, and that the Territorial prosecuting attorney was not, even when prosecuting offenders charged with violation of Territorial laws, the proper prosecuting officer of his court, but that the United States district attorney was such. He decided in the case of Patrick 7'.c. McAllister that the Territorial marshal was not, in any case, the proper executive officer of his court, but that the United States marshal was such in all cases. He decided in another case that the Territorial legislature of Utah had no power under the organic act to prescribe rules for obtaining juries to try any cases in his court, and in pres- cribing rules himself for that purpose, he declined to consult the assessment roll or invoke the usual method of selection by lot, but he ordered an open venire to the United States marshal. "Thus the first proposition of the defeated Cullom bill, that the marshal might pick, I will not say pack, the jury was decreed into existence. A tempo- rary delay in starting the engine of prosecution was caused by a lack of fuel, the comptroller of the treasury declining to audit the bills for the expenses of this court thus elevated to a United States tribunal, and the Territorial officers declin- ing to pay over Territorial funds to persons not authorized by Territorial law to receive them ; but fuel was found somewhere, and the machinery began to move. " In September, 1871, a grand jury was summoned by the United States mar- shal to attend the Third District Court of Utah, from the counties of Salt Lake, Tooele, Summit, Green River, Morgan, Weber, Box Elder, Cache and Rich, con- taining a population of 60,000 Mormons and 10,000 Gentiles, twenty-three grand jurors and seventeen talesmen were selected and summoned. Of these forty per- sons seven were Mormons and thirty-three were Gentiles. Each of the seven Mor- mons were examined on his voir dire, and to the question of U. S. disrtrict attor- ney Baskin, each replied in effect that he was a member of the Church of Latter- day Saints, that he believed that polygamy was a revelation to that church, that in his own case he would obey the revelation rather than the law. When asked the further question whether this belief in the revelation would affect the action of the juror in voting for or against an indictment for polygamy, some jurors replied that it would affect their action, others that it would not. The United States dis- trict attorney stated to the court that he intended to bring a number of accusations of polygamy before the grand jury, and challenged the seven Mormons for bias. Judge McKean sustained the challenge and disraissedjthe Latter-day Saints from the box. Thus the second proposition of the Cullom bill was established by the decree of Judge McKeaii. The seven Mormons whom the United States marshal had made a show of summoning were ruled off, and Co, 000 people in the Third District deprived of the privilege of representation in the jury box. " It is a fact worthy of notice that this grand jury from which Mormons were excluded because they believed in polygamy, never found a single indict- HISTORY 01' SALT LAKE CITY. ^67 ment for the violation of the act of Congress of 1S62, and never, so far as known, sent for a single witness npon, or attempted to consider any accusation for polyg- amy. Indictments for ' lewd and lascivious cohabitation' under a rusty old Ter- ritorial statute were found by the score j indictments for murder committed fifteen or twenty years ago were found by the dozen, upon the unaided and un- corroborated testimony of a witness who confessed himself the principal in these murders ; but the threat of ' indictment of polygamy' having fulfilled its mission by furnishing excuse to exclude Mormons from the grand jury was heard no more, " I pass for the present from this grand jury to review the processes by which Judge McKean vitalized the abortive Culloni bill. "A man named Thomas Hawkins had been indicted under a Territorial statute for the crime of adultery, and in October, 1871, he was tried before Judge McKean and a jury. Two or three Mormons, who chanced to creep on to the marshal's venire were asked if -they believed in polygamy j to which question they replied, yes. They were further asked if they believed a man could be guilty of adultery who committed the act constituting that offense under a claim of plural or polygamous marriage ; the reply was no ; whereupon the district attorney challenged the jurors for bias, and the judge sustained the challenge and directed the jurors to leave the box ; although there was not a line of pleading or record, nor a word of counsel or client by which the judge could judicially conjecture, much less know, that the defendant would set up any polygamous marriage as a defense to the charge of adultery. ''Hawkins was convicted on the sole evidence of his wife, who in despite of the protest of counsel, was permitted by Judge INIcKean to testify in the case, and thus the third proposition of the defeated Cullom bill, that a wife might testify against her husband was established by decree of the judge. Hawkins was sub- sequently sentenced to pay five hundred dollars fine and be imprisoned for three years — and he is now in the Territorial prison pending an appeal to the supreme court of the Territory. From present appearances he is likely to serve out his term, for his bonds pending appeal have been fixed at the sum of twenty thousand dollars, and his whole property would not suffice to pay his five hundred dollars fine. Judge McKean refused for three months to sign the bill of exceptions for Hawkin's appeal to the Territorial supreme court, on the ground that the bill was too voluminous, that it contained a record of all the proceedings in the case- proceedings reported by an official phonographic reporter appointed by himself When the supreme court of the Territory met on the fifth of February, Chief Justice McKean presiding, the record of the Hawkins' was not quite ready, be- cause the clerk had not had time to prepare it in he short period that had passed since Judge McKean had signed the bill of exceptions — whereupon the Chief Jus- tice adjourned the supren^.e court until the third Monday in June next, I will not say to prevent the Hawkin's case being heard and reversed by his associates, although I understand that such is the view Hawkins takes of it. But there Hawkins is probably prejudiced : his recollection of some of the proceedings in his case not having increased his confidence in the impartiality of the Chief Jus- tice. Let me refer to a few of those proceedings. " The act of Congress governing the mode of procedure in criminal cases iii jdS ffIS TOR V OF SAL T LA KE CITY. the courts of the United States, gives to the accused ten peremptory challenges to the jury against two accorded by the prosecution, while the Territorial law gov- erning the mode of procedure in criminal cases in the Territorial courts gives the prosecution and the accused six challenges each. The act of Congress, referred to bars all prosecutions for non-capital felonies (except forgery) not instituted within two years from the date of the offense, while the Territorial laws contain no statute of limitations. The Territorial laws provide that in non capital cases the jury which finds the man guilty may prescribe the punishment. The act of Congress is silent upon this subject and of course leaves the power of sentence, where in the absence of statutory regulation it would belong, with the judge. " As Judge McKean had ruled that his was a United Slates court, the coun- sel for Hawkins asked the court to give their client the benefit of the ten chal- lenges allowed by act of Congress. Judge McKean refused, and allowed only the six permitted under the laws of Utah. The defendant's counsel requested an in- struction to the jury that the law of Congress protecting the defendant for acts committed two years before the finding of the indictment. Judge McKean refused because the Territorial laws prescribed no limit for prosecutions. The counsel asked the judge to allow the jury to fix the punishment as prescribed by the Ter- ritorial laws. He refused that also. He pursued the practice of a United States court when the jury was being selected ; of a Territorial court when the jury were being peremptorily challenged. He pursued the practice of a Territorial court when the act of Congress would have limited the prosecution ; of a United States court when the jury might, under Territorial law, have been more lenient in pre- scribing punishment than the exigencies of a great, burning ' mission ' would warrant. " What authorities were cited ? What precedents invoked ? What chain of reasoning offered to sustain these judicial usurpations? — none. The section of the statute of Utah under which Hawkins was indicted, and his wife permitted to testify against him, both before the grand and petit jury, reads as follows : " 'No prosecution for adultery can be commenced but on the complaint of the husband or wife.' "The statutes of but few States make adultery a felony, and adjudicated cases upon such statutes are rare. In Minnesota, however, the statute on this sub- ject is precisely the same as in Utah, and the supreme court of Minnesota in a case strikingly analogous to the Hawkins case, in the case of State vs. Armstrong, reported in the fourth volume of Minnesota supreme court reports, set aside a similar conviction obtained upon the testimony of the wife. [Mr. Fitch quoted and applied the opmion.] " Perhaps I weary the convention with all this, but as the necessity of a State government in Utah arises largely from the character and conditions of the courts of Utah, I have thought best to recite some of the history of judicial proceedings here that all may know the grievances of the people, and that those who sustain the course of Judge McKean may understand what it is they endorse. Perhaps the legal profession may criticize my action in reviewing before a public assem- blage, the ruling made at a trial in which I participated as counsel. I can reply that the prosecution in these Mormon cases have constantly appealed to the pub- HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 569 He for support. They tried their cases on the streets, in the newspapers, at pub- lic meetings, by petitions and over the telegraph wires by means of their leading adviser, the Salt Lake agent of the associated press, and I do but follow their ex- ample in presenting the matter to this convention. Let those who sustain Judge McKean by petition and mass meeting without knowing whether he is right or wrong, take heed less the hour arrive when they shall feel the need of courts where the voice of passion and public clamor cannot enter, and where those rules of law which the wisdom of ages has prescribed will not for any social or political exi- gency be set aside. "Thus it will be seen that the four important provisions of the discarded CuUom bill, namely, no choice of jurors except by a United States marshal, no Mormon to serve on juries, the abrogation of the common law rule that a wife cannot testify for or against her husband, and the new doctrine that marriage in criminal cases can be proved by admission of the defendant, are all in successful operation. That legislation to meet a local difficulty in the way of enforcing the laws, which the United States did not deem it wise or expedient to enact, has been decreed and established by Jas. B. McKean. The course of procedure which Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase tacitly refused to pursue, even to meet a great popular de- mand for the punishment of Jefferson Davis, the Chief Justice of Utah has pursued to comply with a small popular demand for the punishment of a Mormon poly- gamist. The judge has made those bold innovations upon precedent, the contem- plation of which compelled the pause of the law-making power of a great nation. Who will doubt that whenever the exigencies arise the same judge will overturn another common law rule, and establish another proposition of theCullom bill by allowing marriage to be proved in prosecutions for polygamy by evidence of gen- eral reputation? Who will doubt that any ruling will be made that is necessary to carry out the crusade ? And what unprejudiced citizen but will regard with appre- hension the extension of this practice of judicial legislation? If it should ever each beyond Utah and be adopted by the judges of our State and National courts of last resort, either a revolution would be induced, or a people who had lost their liberties would have occasion to remember John Randolph's epigram, that ' the book of Judges comes before the book of Kings.' " Let me now recall some incidents in the history of the grand jury selected under the patent process to which I have referred. That grand jury found a num- ber of indictments, not for any alleged violation of the anti-polygamic act of Con- gress, not for adultery as in the Hawkins case upon the evidence of the wife; but upon somebody's evidence — let us hope that somebody was not public rumor — they indicted a number of prominent Mormons for the crime of ' lewd and lasciv- ious cohabitation.' The law under which these indictments were found is a statute of Utah Territory and reads as follows : " If any man or woman not being married to each other, lewdly and lasciv- iously associate and cohabit together, etc., every such person so offending shall be punished by imprisonment not exceeding ten years, etc. " But one State in the Union has a statute similar to this — the State of Mas- sachusetts, and the Supreme Judicial Court of that State in the case of the Com- 31 ^jo HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. monwealth vs, Catlin, ist Massachusetts Reports, page 8, decided tliat evidence of secret cohabitation cannot in any degree support an indictment for this offense.' " Who supposes that the defendant in any of the cases of this character, now pending in the Third District Court, will be proved to have committed any public act of cohabitation? And who does not conjecture that a petit jury, selected as the grand jury was, and instructed as they doubtless will be, will probably find verdicts of guilty upon evidence of secret cohabitation ? " Let me return once more to the record history of the Third Judicial Dis tricl Court. "Among the indictments for lascivious cohabitation is one charging the crime against Brigham Young, and charging it as having been committed with sixteen different persons, at sixteen different times and places, ranging over a period of nineteen years. The counsel for the defendant asked the court to quash this in- dictment of multifariousness, or else compel the district attorney to elect upon which count he would proceed. Let it be observed that there was nothing in this motion out of the regular course of criminal cases. It was made upon legal grounds only, and supported by legal authorities. It was nowhere suggested or argued that ' lascivious cohabitation' was not a crime, a felony under the laws of Utah. It was nowhere suggested or argued that evidence of a polygamous marriage would be offered, or if offered could be received as a defense of the accusation. The motion to quash or compel an election was made before plea, and the judge in passing upon that motion had no right to do anything except to grant or refuse it, or except, and to give his legal reasons for granting or refusing it. " What did he do? He went outside of the record ; he assumed that the defendant was guilty before trial. He first denied the motion, giving his legal reasons therefor, and then he used the following remarkable language: [He quotes McKean's opinion.] " What wonder then that the New York Laiu Journal, one of the leading legal periodicals of the country, thus criticized this remarkable language of Judge James B. McKean : " ' His decisions we do not question, but the language accompanying those decisions has been so intemperate and partial as to remind one of those ruder ages when the bench was but a focus vvhere were gathered and reflected the passions of the people.' "What wonder then that the counsel tor the defendant felt compelled to no- tice the unprecedented action of McKean by filing the next day the following protest : " We the undersigned, of cDunsil fjr the defendant in th? abDve entitled cause, respectfully except to the following language of your honor in your opinion to quash the indictment herein. [He quotes from the opinion.] "The indictment in this case charges the defendant with 'lascivious cohabita- tion' and not with polygamy or treason. The statement of your honor that a system of polygamic theocracy is on trial in this case in the person of Brigham Young coupled with your invitation to us to prove by authority that the acts charged in the indictments are not crimes, is most prejudicial to a fair trial of the HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. s7' defendant, in that it assumes that the defendant has been guilty ot' the acts charged in the indictment, and that law and not the alleged fact will be on trial. "No motion has been made to quash the indictment in this case on the ground that acts charged therein are not crimes, nor has such a proposition been advanced on argument by any of defendant's counsel herein. We submit that no political and social condition of the country can relieve the prosecution ot the task of proving one or more of the acts alleged in the indictment, and that unless and until such proof is made, the guilt of the defendant ought not to be assumed or even conjectured by the judge before whom he is to be tried. " ' If any presumption is to be indulged in, it is that the defendant is innocent of the charges preferred against him, and that he will accordingly plead 'not guilty' to the indictment, and that presumption remains until the defendant elects to plead 'guilty' or a special plea of justification, which latter have not been sug- gested by either defendant or his counsel. In so pleading 'not guilty,' the defen- dant will not say the acts charged in the indictment are not crimes, but that he is not guilty of the acts charged in the indictment. " ' Then there will be a question of fact for a jury, and we submit that in the determination of that question the language of your honor herein referred to can- not but tend to the prejudice of the defendant, and we therefore except to the same. '''Fitch & Mann, Hempstead & Kirkpatrick, Snow & Hoge, Hosea Stout, A. Miner, Le Grand Young.' " Let not the filing of this protest be criticized an an unusual proceeding. If it be unusual so was the occasion which elicited it. What right had Judge McKean to thus expose his bias to the world and bring the administration of jus- tice into contempt. Suppose that in the case of Sickles, indicted for killing Keys, the seducer of his wife, a motion had been made to quash the indictment for some technical defect, and in refusing the motion to quash, the judge presiding had said : Let all concerned keep steadily in mind that while the case at bar is called ' The People of the District of Columbia against Daniel E. Sickles, its other and real title is the peace of society against red-handed murder. The government of Washington City finds in its midst a social code claiming to come from God, a code which asserts the right of a husband to vindicate his honor by bloodshed. The code arrays itself against the laws. A system is on trial in the person of Daniel E. Sickles. The question is not is the defendant guilty or innocent of the crime charged, but it is shall men be permitted to walk down Pennsylvania avenue on Sunday evenings, and murder other men who may have disturbed their do- mestic relations." " A judge who should pursue such a course elsewhere would be apt to lose his official head, or the opportunity of trying the defendant thus passionately as- sailed from the bench. I do not believe there is a fair-minded judge in the country outside of Utah, who if he had been betrayed in such a case into the delivery of such language, would afterwards consent to sit as judge upon the trial of a defen- dant thus prejudiced. I do not believe there is another community in the country that would not with unanimous voice demand that a judge who had so exhibited his bias should retire during the trial of the defendant in such case. SJ2 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. "And yet I venture to predict that Judge James B. McKean will refuse a change of venue, refuse a change of judges, and iasist upon occupying the bench upon the trial of Brigham Young; and I predict further that his course in that respect, will be sustained by hundreds in Utah, who are only anxious that Brigham Young, whether innocent or guilty, shall be convicted of something or other. It will be sustained also by that portion of the newspaper press of Utah which has constantly since the inauguration of these prosecutions, presented the disgusting spectacle of calling for the conviction and punishment of men accused of crime, prejudgmg their cases, denouncing all who defended them, and accusing of cor- ruption those who declined to bend the high duties of officers of the Govern meet to the dirty work of malicious injustice. It will be sustained by the editors who have bitterly abused the United States marshal for according to persons in con- finement those comforts which are allowed to all prisoners before trial who are willing to undergo the expense. It will be sustained by those newspapers whose conductors have found words of encouragement and applause for every insult or indignity or oppression that has been leveled against the Mormons. ** But I am not through with the acts of Federal judges in Ucah. The pro- bate courts which for twenty years have exercised jurisdictioii in a certain class of cases, have been swept into nothingness by the supreme court of the Territory, throwing property rights into litigation, and making invalid and worthless hun- dreds of divorces, upon the faith of which other marriage relations had been con- tracted. A liquor dealer whose stock was destroyed for selling without license, in violation of a city ordinance, sued for damages the Territorial marshal and his deputies who executed the warrant and the justice who issued it, and obtained from a selected jury, a verdict of $57,000; $19,000 for the value of the liquor destroyed, and $38,000 as punishment for those who acted at least under the color of authority. The son of one of the justices of the Territorial supreme court — a young man whose zeal outran his discretion as a challenger at the polls on election day — was locked up for a it^^ hours for such disorderly conduct, and he has brought an action against the city officers who detained him, to recover ^25,000 damages. Several persons committed by local magistrates to answer charges of felony, have sued out writs of habeas corpus before a Federal judge and been discharged from custody, on the ground that the Mormon judge had no jurisdiction — the universal rule of law that the acts of a de facto officer cannot thus be collaterally attacked being coolly ignored. "The baser elements of society gaining courage and support from those de- cisions, now commit depredations on the public peace and on private property with impunity, until within a year Salt Lake, from one of the best, has almost be- come one of the worst governed cities on the continent. " I turn again from the proceedings of the court to the proceedings of the grand jury it impaneled. " In the guard house at Camp Douglas, associated with felons, and within the walls of the city jail, are four men of families, four kind, honest, worthy, harmless men, who are held in close confinement upon the uncorroborated evi- dence of a self-confessed perjurer. Innocent men over whom the shadow of the scaffold impends ; while the grand jury which indicted them refused to consider, HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 573 refased to listen even to evidence of the perjury of the man upon whose uncor- roborated testimony the indictment wns found. Before Judge McKean, as mag- istrate examining persons charged with the murder of J. King Robinson, one Charles W. Baker swore that he recognized Blythe and Toms as the two men with muffled faces who ran from the scene of homicide in question upon the night of October 22, 1866. After giving this evidence, Baker, struck with remorse, or failing to receive his reward, or for both or other reasons, made the following affidavit : " ' Territory of Utah, Salt Lake County — ss. '''Beit remembered that on the 3rd day of January, 1872, personally ap- peared Charles W. Baker who was by me sworn in due form of law, and who on his oath, did say that he is the identical Charles W. Baker who was a witness in an examination before the honorable James B. McKean, Chief Justice of the Su- preme Court of the Territory of Utih, commencing on the 14th day of Decem- ber and terminating on the 22nd day of December, 1871, at Salt Lake City; wherein John L. Blythe, James Toms, Alexander Burt, Brigham Y. Hampton, were charged with the murder of J. King Robinson, at Salt Lake City, in the County of Salt Lake, and Territory of Utah, on the 22nd day of October, 1866. "'He further says the testimony which he then, on said examination, gave was wholly untrue and false. He further said he was hired to give said testimony by S. Gilson. That it was agreed between him and the said S. Gilson and others. " ' That he was to receive the sum of five-hundred dollars, no matter what might be the event of the proceedings, and one thousand dollars for each person that was or might be convicted. " ' That during the time he was engaged in said testimony and detained, his board was paid by said Gilson and others, at the Revere House, in said city. "'He further says that he had a plat of the grounds and of the street in the city of Salt Lake near to the place where the murder was committed, fur- nished by S. Gilson. " ' Which plat, before he gave evidence, was by him carefully studied, so that he might understand it. " * He further says that since he so gave his testimony he has carefully reflected on the enormity of the crime he has committed and is aiding in carrying out and he has concluded to make amends, so far as it is now in his power. " ' He therefore voluntarily now makes this statement, upon his oath. " ' He further says that on or about the i6th day of December, 1871, he had a conversation with Thomas Butterwood, who then informed this afifiant that he was hired to give his testimony, in the above named case, and that his testimony was not true. '"(Signed) C. W. Baker. " ' Subscribed and sworn to before me this third day of January, A. D. 1872. '"John T. Q^m's., Notary Public: " After making this afifidavit, somebody persuaded Baker to go before the grand jury and repeat the false statement he had made before the examining mag- istrate. While Baker was giving his testimony the grand jury had in their pos- session the affidavit I have just read, and yet, will it be believed; they refused to 574 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. consider the affidavit ; they refuser], although requested to send for the three wit- nesses by whom the fact of Baker's voluntary signing of and swearing to it could have been proven ; they refused to even question Baker about it, or to ask him to explain it, while upon his testimony alone they indicted Blythe and Toms. There was no evidence so base or worthless but was sufficient to indict a Mormon upon ; there was no evidence sufficiently damning to indict a man who would swear against Mormons. From the closed doors of this grand inquest the counsel for Blythe and Toms turned to Judge McKean. Upon a proper legal affidavit they asked him to have Baker brought before him for examination upon a charge of perjury ; he refused to issue a warrant, or make any examination, on the ground that the grand jury had had the subject under consideration. Baker was then arrested and taken before a Mormon justice. The lawyer who acted as deputy district attorney on the ex- amination of Blythe and Toms appeared as Baker's counsel, and waived an exami- nation, thereby admitting that there was probable cause to believe Baker guilty of perjury, and Baker was committed to jail, where he now is in default of ^3,000 bail. The usual practice of habeas corpus to procure his release has not been resorted to, perhaps because unpleasant facts might thereby be made public, and his confinement will not be lengthy, for he will probably be discharged as soon as the grand jury can again get together and officially ignore the charge. " I will not pursue this dreary record further. A volume of details of acts of injustice and tyranny might ba compiled from the official records, but one more instance will suffice. " Brigham Young, an American citizen of character, of wealth, of enterprise; an old man who justly possesses the love and confidence of his people and the re- spect of those who know and comprehend him, is to day a prisoner in his own house in charge of an officer. Judge McKean refused to admit him to bail, although the prisoner is ready to give any sum demanded, and the Attorney- General of the United States has requested that bail should be taken. There is nothing but the lenity of the United States marshal and the caprice of his prose- cutors between the prisoner and the cell of a common guard house. If he takes an airing in his carriage accompanied by the officer who has him in custody, a howl goes up from those newspaper organs of the prosecution, who lustily call for a tin plate, and irons, and prison fare for him; and all this upon the uncorroborated oath of one of the most remarkable scoundrels that any age has produced ; a man known to infamy as William Hickman, a human butcher, by the side of whom all malefactors of history are angels ; a creature who, according to his own published statements, is a camp follower without enthusiasm, a bravo without passion, a mur- derer without motive, an assassin without hatred. " Who shall say that no man will ever be convicted by an American jury upon the testimony of such a witness? That which a peculiarly constituted grand jury commenced, a peculiarly constituted petit jury may continue, and a peculiarly constituted court complete. The end may be and doubtless will be, the logical sequence of the beginning. One year ago no man would have predicted such a beginning, and who shall say the tide will turn this side the grave? Who shall prophesy the end ? HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CILY. 575 " I say deliberately, that with the history of the past behind me, with the signs of the present before me, with the pervading feeling in the minds of those from whom alone juries will be taken, with the declared opinions of the judge as recorded ; I say with sorrow and humiliation that the Mormon charged with crime who now walks into the courts of his country, goes not to his deliverance but to his doom, that the Mormon who in a civil action seeks his rights in the courts of his country goes not to his redress but his spoliation. "And there is no prospect of relief except through a State government. It is true that the lower house of Congress his passed a bill to allow appeals to the Supreme Court of the United States in criminal cases from the Territories, but it is not probable that this bill will pass the Senate. The declared policy of the Sen- ate, and especially of its judiciary committee for some years past, has been adverse to such a law. "The present grand jury has found six indictments for murder and seven indict- ments for 'lascivious cohabitation.' The defendants in these cases include Brigham Young, Joseph A. Yonng, Daniel H. Wells, Geo. Q. Cannon, Hyrum B. Clawson, Hosea Stout, William H. Kimball and others less generally known." [The speaker next briefly reviewed the history of the drivings of the Mor- mons and the Utah war, which had produced a Hickman and a John D. Lee, and climaxed this line of his argument thus:] "The objection to a State government, an objection urged by a handful of people and an irresponsible guerrilla press, that in case Utah is admitted the Mor- mons will control her politics and elect her officers and representatives, is an ob- jection to which the Congress of the United States will, in my judgment, accord no weight whatever. "That body will, I venture to predict, see no good reason why the Mormons who constitute nine-tenths of the community should not control public affairs here and once satisfied the social problem is in the way of a peaceful and just solution there will I think be a disposition to give Utah the privilege of self-government. "The question of State government or no State government for the people of Utah, is simply a question of concession on the part of the people of Utah. I say a question of concession. I doubt indeed if it be longer than that. The uni- versal voice of a democratic-republican nation of forty millions of people seems to be consolidated into a demand with respect to Utah, a demand which may per- haps be the offspring of prejudiced opinion, but if so, it is an opinion which will not be enlightened and which cannot be disregarded or overruled. The demand is that the future marriage laws, and marriage relations of Utah be placed in con- sonance with the rest of the Republic. The demand is that polygamous or plural marriages shall cease. Accede to this demand and you may have a State govern- ment, with condonation of the past, and secure exemption from persecution for the future. Deny it and you will have neither a State government nor cessation of persecutions. The war is over, secession is dead, slavery is dead, and in the absenceof subjects of greater importance, Utah and her institutions will be the shuttlecock of Amercan politics to be bruised and beaten by the battledoors of party for the next decade, unless she now grasp her opportunity and gain peace by gaining power. 576 HIS TOR V OF SAL T LAKE C12 V. "In accordance with a public promise, made when nominated to this con- vention, I stand here to day to advocate the surrender of polygamy. It may be that my utterances in this behalf will take from me the friendship and support of many good men and women ; if so I must even pay the penalty. It is easier to swim with the current than to seek to stem it, and perhaps it is wiser, but whether or no it is policy I have seldom been able to practice. I have not permitted myself to be disturbed by the titles of ' Jack Mormon,' 'Apostate Gentile,' 'Saint Fitch,' and 'Apostle Fitch,' which have been so freely bestowed upon me during the last ten months by men whose small souls were incapable of comprehending that it was possible to pursue a great purpose by a liberal and comprehensive policy. That I am a friend of the Mormon people, wishing their welfare and happiness, and willing to do all in my power to advance that end, I have often publicly avowed by word and deed, and if my course in this respect shall have inclined this assemblage to-day to give mure weight to my utterances than would have been otherwise accorded to them — then I am more than compensated for being often traduced and steadily misunderstood by many who in times past honored me with their confidence and support. In another forum than this it was my fortune two years ago to stand up almost alone to ask the representatives of a great nation to be just towards an honest, earnest, calumniated people, and perhaps I may stand alone to-day in asking the representatives of that same people to be just to them- selves. " I am not here to attack polygamy from a theological, a moral, or a physical — but from a political standpoint. Certainly I do not propose to question the pure motives or the honesty of those who believe in and practice it. I am in- clined to agree with Montesquieu and Buckle that it is an affair of latitude, and climate, and race, and on these grounds alone its existence among a Saxon people, living in the North Temperate zone, is a chmatic anomaly. It did not grow out of any structural, or race, or social, or climatic necessities, and if it be, as as- serted, the offspring of revelation here, I can only say that it needed a revelation to start it. That it has scriptural patriarchal origin and example is probably true, but that was in another age than ours, and in a different land. If Abraham had lived on the line of the overland road in the afternoon of the nineteenth century; if Isaac had been surrounded by forty million monogamous Yankees; if Jacob had associated with miners and been jostled by speculators, there would, I apprehend, have been a different order of social life in Palestine. The Mormon doctrine may be the true theology, and the writings of Joseph Smith the most direct of revelations. The practice of polygamy may be a safeguard against the vice of unlicensed indulgence, and the social life of Utah the most sanitary of social reforms. All the advantages, claimed for this system may be actual, but nevertheless the fact exists that polygamy is an anomally in this Republic, existing hitherto by the sufferance of a people who now declare that it shall exist no longer. "Do you doubt this decision on their part? The evidences are all about you. Here is a people who expended thousands of millions of treasure and myriads of life to establish the freedom of the black race from oppression, and who yet regard with indifference if not with complacency the assault which has HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. j77 been made upon the rights and liberties of American citizens in Utah, because the object of those assauhs upholds a hateful doctrine. Here is a people ordi- narily jealoui of the aggressions of rulers and officials, who yet endorse acts of despotism and applaud assaults upon law and constitution because such assaults are made for the destruction of polygamy. " What if judges should be changed, or policies altered? It would bring but temjiorary relief, for behind all, impelling all, contriving all, demanding all, en- forcing all, there dwells the unconquerable, all-pervading idea of the American people that polygamy must be extinguished. On this one thing all parties, all creeds, and all philosophies are combined. The press calls for it, the pulpit thun- ders for it, the politicians rage for it, the people insist upon it. You may delay the issue but you cannot evade it. Your antagonist is hydra-headed and hundred armed. Whether by bigoted judges, by packed juries, by partizan officers, by puritan missionaries, by iron limbed laws, by armies from abroad or by foes and defections at home, the assault is continuous and unrelenting. Your enemies are ubiquitous. Your friends — ah ! it is your friends who advise you constantly to bafiffs your enemies and resign the practice of this one feature of your faith. The history of all similar movements warns you; the violatedlaws of latitude confront you ; your children unconsciously plot against you, for, while polygamy is with you the result of religious conviction, with them it is but the result of religious education, and an inoculated doctrine, like an inoculated disease, is never very violent or very enduring. " Can this people hope to retain polygamy against such influences and such antagonism? Some tell me that they trust in God to uphold them in a struggle to keep polygamy. Others would doubtless say they trust in God to uphold them in the struggle to banish polygamy ; and others that there can in the nature of things be no assurance that the Almighty will interest himself in the matter, or espouse either side. The early Christians trusted in God when the Roman emperors gave them to the wild beasts. The Huguenots trusted in God when the assassins of St. Bartholomew's Eve made the gutters of Paris reek with their blood. So trusted the Waldenses when their peaceful valleys were given to rapine ; so trusted the victims whose despairing faces were lit by the glare of Spanish auto da fes ; so trusted the martyrs whose fagot fires gleam down the aisles of history, so trusted the Puri- tans when driven out upon the stormy Atlantic ; so trusted the Presbyterians when the Puritans persecuted them ; so trusted the Quakers when the Presbyterians ex pelled them; so trusted the Arcadians when driven from their homes; so trusted the myriads who in all ages have been sacrificed to the Moloch of religious intol- erance. Who shall say when or in what cases or in what way the ruler of the Uni. verse will interfere? " Render unto Ctesar the things that are Cesar's and to God the things that are God's," A belief in polygamy is a matter between the citizen and his God ; the practice of polygamy is a matter between the citizen and his country. If you think the laws of God call upon you to believe in it — then obey them unmolested — but the laws of your country call upon you not to practice it, so obey them— and be unmoested. If for his own purposes the Almighty did not see fit to interfere by special and miraculous providences to protect those who re- fused to recant their professions, is it probable that he will so interfere to sustain j7S HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CIl Y. tliosc who refuse to surrender the practice of an ordinance and that not a saving, although a sacred ordinance. I do not claim to know, I do not know what the Mormon doctrine may be with respect to the practice of polygamy. I observe, however, that not one-tenth of your adult males actually practice it, and I naturally conclude that you do not consider its praccice essential to salvation ; that it is some- thing to be practiced or omitted as opportunity or ability may warrant. If this be so, then may not that lack of ability or opportunity arise from the antagonism of others, from the circumstances of the country, from overpowering laws, as well as from the circumstances of the individual? If one Mormon is permitted by his creed to say, I believe in polygamy as a doctrine, but I do not i)ractice it because my con- dition makes it inconvenient or impossible, why may not another say — why may not all say — we believe in it as a doctrine, but we agree not to practice it because the general conditions make it inconvenient or impossible? Why may not the earnest, conscientious Mormon say, I believe in polygamy as a doctrine, but in order to relieve my friends and associates from persecution, in order to prevent the establishment of intolerable oppression; in order to preserve the thrift, the industry, the wealth, the progress, the temperate life, the virtues of Utah from spoliation and devastation and ruin ; in order to save a hundred noble pioneer citizens from outlawry or the gibbet or incarceration ; in order to achieve self- government, and peace, and liberty, I consent to surrender its practice for the future. And so consenting I am content to embody my consent in the form of an organic law. So consenting I mean in good faith to do as I agree to, and so agree- ing make my agreement public and of record. "To say, on the other, that you will make no compromise, that you will die rather than surrender the practice of this one feature of your faith, is the resolve of neither philosophers nor philanthropists. Such a resolve means another Nauvoo ; it means that you consent to count more of your religious leaders among your list of martyrs ; it means death to some, exile to other, ruin to many- If such be the well considered, deliberate determination of the Mormon people, there is no weapon in the armory of logic that will prevail against it, for you cannot reason with him who is bent on suicide. I hope no such conclusion lias been or will be reached. I hope that the assembling of this convention indicates a different and wiser resolve. I speak to this people as a friend. I speak to them without thought of personal gain or advantage to myself to result from pursuing the course I sug- gest. Before God and before this conv'ention I do most solemnly assert that did I in- tend to leave Utah forever on the morrow, I would give the same advice. Before God and before this convention I do most solemnly declare that did I know my little life would go out from earth with to-day's sun I would give the same advice. "To this convention I say, be wise in time. If you do not by this conces- sion successfully organize a State government for yourselves now, the day is not far distant when your foes will organize one over your heads, and organize it upon such terms as will ostracise your most honored citizens from public peace, if it do not disfranchise the body of your voters. The political history of some of the reconstructed States lies to your perusal and for your warning. In politics as in finance the tendency of the age is to centralization. The triumphant career of a great political party demonstrates to you that there is no government so strong as HISTORY OF SALT LAKE Cn^Y. j^p a government of opinion, th.it there is no law so powerful as the will of a people. It is a turbulent and resistless torrent ; constitutional barriers are swept down be- fore it, laws are changed to accommodate it; courts are overwhelmed or carried away upon its crest, and instiuuions that lift up their voices against it are hushed by its mighty thunders. " Do not trifle with your opportunity. Do not wait the tardy action of Con- gress. Do not entail upon yourself years of oppression. Do not play into the hands of your foes. Do not close the mouths and tic the hands of your friends. Believe rather that this is the hour of triumph, that this is the ' tide in your affairs which taken at the flood leads on to fortune.' Believe rather that out of the wise compromise, the wise concession, which may have a beginning here, a happy future shall grow. That from this house the lovely State of Deseret shall go forth, with her errors forgotten, v/ith her virtues shining like rubies upon her breast, to clas[j hands with her sister States and march with them along the high- way of empire which stretches from sun to sun." CHAPTER LXVIf. THl': DISCUSSION FOR THE STATE CONTINUED. HAVDON AND BARMUM EL:- LOGIZE THE CHIEF JUSTICE. FITCH CHALLENGES THE RECORD, AND IS UNANSWERED. MOTION TO ADJOURN LOST, AND BUSINESS RESUxVIED. DESERET OR UTAH ? THE NAME OF DESERET PREVAILS. THE ALL IM- PORTANT STRUGGLE OVER THE FIFTH SECTION OF THE ORDINANCE, INVITING CONGRESS TO PUT IN ITS PLANK. ORSON PRATT LEADS THE OPPOSITION, GEORGE Q, CANNON THE MEMBERS FOR THE SECTION. THE FIFTH SECTION PREVAILS. GRAND POINTS OF THE MODEL CON- STITUTION. WORK OF THE CONVENTION FINISHED. ELECTION FOR CONGRESSMAN. BALLOTING FOR U. S. SENATORS. EFFORTS TO ORG vN- IZE THE CITIZENS INTO THE NATIONAL PARTIES. On the third day of the convention Judge Haydon rcjilied to Mr. Fitch. He said the reason why he made the motion to adjourn sine die was to define his pos- ition on the State government of Utah. He had no thought the discussion would take so wide a range, nor that so much bitterness of expression would have been indulged in ; neither did he think that the gentlemen would have taken occasion to speak in such harsh terms of the Government and its officers. This, he thought, of itself would militate against the admission of Utah, for the Government would say that those who abuse the Government and its officers are not fit to join the sisterhood of loyal States. He had noticed that great wisdom usually marked the gentlemen present in worldly matters, but in this instance he thought it was a truant. He had come to Utah to practice his profession quietly, and to keep aloof as far as possible from conflicting parties; and he desired to act justly towards all. sSo HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. He a was Gentile and by his actions in that convention represented in part the Gentile sentiment of Salt Lake County; and if his Mormon friends who elected him thought he could be used to give a Gentile color to the convention they had mistaken their man. He ventured the opinion that outside the Gentiles on the floor of the convention there were not more than fifty in Salt Lake County, nor a hundred in the Territory, in favor of a State government. He raised the point of increased taxation, against State sovereignty, urging that it would keep for- eign capital away and retard the development of the rcbources of the State. He next gave a eulogistical sketch of Judge McKean's career and character, criticising Fitch's argument ; and, closing on the polygamic question, said he did not be- lieve that the Mormons present would be willing to trade off what they believe a divine ordinance for the bauble of State sovereignty. If they were once to lose the respect of the world for their honesty in their faith they would go down like Lucifer — never to rise. What would history write— what would the world say, if a convention composed mainly of Latter-day Saints, among whom were six apostles and twenty bishops, should be found ready and willing to sacrifice one of their divine ordinances for a State government ? As a Gentile who was no enemy but who had many reasons to be their friend, he in conclusion said, " Stay where you are, and bide your time." He then moved the previous question, but at the request of numerou-; gentle- men he afterwards withdrew. Mr Fitch replied to Judge Haydon's strictures on his speech and " challenged the gentleman and the world to point out a false statement therein." He was not unwilling to believe that Judge McKean had always lived an upright life. It was not the acts of his past life which were here in review ; it was his course as a judge in Utah which he had criticised. And he submitted tliac, in considering a resolution to adjourn without action, all the evils of the existing system were legitimate sub- jects for discussion. In conclusion he desired to say that the position of his col- league differed from his in this, that while Judge Haydon desired the people of Utah to retain McKean and polygamy, he (Fitch) desired them to get rid alike of polygamy and McKean. Col. Akers said his collegue, Judge Haydon, had left all the reasons advanced in support of his original motion untouched, except taxation. The Judge had said if he could not lift up men, he gloried in the fact that he was too feeble to pull down angels ; yet his motion and arguments were directed towards pulling down the fabric which the convention was endeavoring to rear. It was infinitely easier to pull down than to build up. The architect's skill and wisdom of the builder might be employed in erecting a structure which the hand of destruction, nowever unskillful or unwisely directed, might lay in ruins. The convention had met to aid in building a fabric of State government, and one greatly needed for Utah. The history of this Territory had been one of harshness towards the peo- ple. He did not allude to the past experiences of the Mormons, in the drivings and persecutions which they had endured before they turned their backs on civili- zation and sought a refuge in this then comparatively desert region ; but he re- ferred to a period still more recent, and to the present; and appealed to the gentle men present if the bw which should ever be administered with justice, tempered by HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CILY. 581 kindness, and not been administered with severity and harshnes;. This should be changed and for it should be substituted a policy of kindness and Christianity, a policy of conciliation. Kindness always softens and melts. The maniac's fury is soothed by it; under its influence the ferocity of the tiger is subdued, and men can enter a den of savage beasts that have been made to feel the power of kind- ness and conciliation. Brute force appeals to the lowest instincts of mankind ; conciliation appeals to the highest and noblest. It is like the gentle summer cloud that sheds its grateful moisture upon the parched earth, making nature rejoice. He desired to see men governed always and in all places in a spirit of conciliatory kindness, that their better nature might be called out in response to it. He be- lieved that with a State government for Utah all the wrangling and contention which unsettled business and kept bitter feelings alive would cease. Mr. H. D. Johnson did not wish to made a speech, but endorsed the senti- ments and views of the previous speaker, reviewing the remarks of Judge Haydon and showing their inconsistency. Col. Buel said Judge Haydon had stated he was a Gentile. He, the speaker, was not a Mormon, and he would leave the people to determine where he stood. There was quite a liberal sentiment among many gentiles with regard to this mat ter of a State government. If Mormons were elected to office, he would sustain them in it. They had administered the government of the Territory in the past, so far as it was in their hands, with prudence and economy. He had to pay less taxes here than he had ever done before ; and as they had done so well in the past he was willing to trust them in the future in a State. General Barnum endorsed the views of his Gentile colleagues as against Judge Haydon's opposition to the State, but spoke highly of Judge McKean and Gov- ernor Woods, while differing from them in the policy and methods of their administration. In the afternoon of the third day's session Hon. George Q. Cannon, in a very able speech, brought the issue on Judge Haydon's motion to adjourn. The vote stood — aye, i ; noes, 95. But the all-important M^ork of the convention was in the discussion and pas- sage of the fifth section of the ordinance to the constitution, thus opening: "We, the people ot the Territory of Utah, do ordain as follows, and this ordinance shall bs irrevocable without the consent of the United States and the people of the State of Deseret : ''Fifth — That such terms, if any, as may be prescribed by Congress as a condition of the admission of said State into the Union, shall, if ratified by the majority vote of the people thereof, at such time and under such regulations as may be prescribed by the first Legislature of said State — thereupon be embraced wichin, and constitute a part of this ordinance." This compromise plank was the one aimed for in Mr. Fitch's earnest and most feeling appeal to his Mormon co-laborers in the State work, and which was anticipated in the prefatory speeches of all the Gentile members of the conven- tion excepting Haydon. Indeed, not only did the State superstructure rest upon the fifth section, but the very convention itself, as it is not probable that any one ^S2 BIS TOR V OF SAL T LAKE CJl V. of the Gentile members would have accepted their electio:i and work only in anticipation of such a concession as the fifth section implied. As for Judge Hay- don's opposition to the Mormons giving up polygamy it was appreciated accord- ing to its motive by both his Mormon and Gentile colleagues alike. In opening the discussion on the constitution the convention resolved iiself into a committee ot the whole, Col. Akers in the chair, and resumed consideration of the report of the committee on ordinance. Mr. Pratt understood a motion had been made to strike out the fifth section, and moved to amend by inserting the word "constitutional" after the word "buch." He deemed this change very necessary, because with all the wisdom of Congress it sometimes passed enactments conflicting with the Federal constitution, and as decided by the Supreme Court of the United States. He cited the CuUom bill as an instance of an unconstitutional measure which had passed one branch of Congress; and to the enabling act introduced into the House of Representatives by Mr. Sargent of California, which also contained what he held to'^be an uncon- stitutional provision. Judge Haydon moved that the amendment be adopted. Mr. Fitch did not see that the amendment would accomplish the gentleman's object. Should Congress propose terms which he might deem unconstitutional, would he not be willing that they should be submitted to the people ? Whether the terms of Congress, if any should be constitutional or not, they ought never- theless to be submitted. Mr. Miner held that from the construction of the section in question the State had to be admitted de facto before such terms would be submitted to the people, as the legislature of the proposed State was required by it to prescribe regulations for their being so submitted. There could be no State legislature un- less there was first a State, and this left it open for the State to be admitted and then thrown out in the cold if the prospective terms should not be accepted. Mr. Cannon thought the convention would make the necessary arrangements before adjourning, and that this objection would be met by the future action of the convention. Judge Haydon was in favor of Mr, Pratt's amendment. General Barnum thought the insertion of the word proposed by Mr. Pratt would accomplish no good purpose, and that it conveyed an insinuation that Con- gress would impose terms which were or might be unconstitutional. Now, Con- gress acts under the constitution, and was it reasonable to suppose that it would seek to impose unconstitutional terms? But suppose it did, who was to decide as to their constitutionality or unconstitutionality? The acts of Congress are the law of the land and held to be constitutional until decided otherwise by the Supreme Court. Mr. Thurber was surprised to hear gentlemen object to the word constitution, and as a supporter of the government he would vote for its insertion. As it then stood it was a bid for Congress to make unconstitutional terms, and see if the people of Utah would accept them. Mr. Joseph W. Young could not see that the convention or the Territory were offering any terms or making any bids. There was a clamor in the country that HJS TOR V OF SAL T LAKE CI 7 Y. 583 the people of the Territory should inake sjme concession and he thought the people who only desired their rights, should, in asking a State government, give Congress an opportunity to say it" they had any terms to impose, and then the people could decide on the acceptance of tliose terms. He was as little inclined to sacrifice principle as any member of the convention, but he deemed it neces- sary that it should be left to Congress to say what concessions were required of the people, who would then have the opportunity of accepting or rejecting them. He was opposed to Mr. Pratt's amendment. Mr. Pratt was not sure that he would accept the section even if the word was inserted. He considered Mr. Miner's objection to the section a very serious one ; but if the section be not amended, he was in favor of striking it out altogether. Mr. Cannon said the section was introduced for a purpose. He thought the exigencies of the times demanded a State government. He need not dwell upon the reasons for it. Allusion had been made to the prejudice existing against Utah; and in this section they asked Congress what terms it had to prescribe on which they might be admitted. He did not care, in one way, whether the terms im- posed were constitutional or not ; it was for the people to decide. He closed with a stirring appeal to sustain the section. Mr. Fuller said Congress would not knowingly impose unconstitutional terms. He thought Mr. Fitch's proposition was being lost sight of; that if they inserted the word ' constitutional,' they took from the people the right to say whether they accepted the required terms or not. Besides, if Congress should impose unconsti- tutional terms an appeal to the court of last resort would set them aside. Judge Snow thought the insertion of the w^ord would convey an imputation that Congress would iinpose unconstitutional terms, and he would vote against the motion. Mr. Pratt's motion was put and lost. Mr. Cannon said the committee which had presented the ordinance wished to amend the section by substituting " this convention " for " the first legislature of said State." Mr. H. D. Johnson wished the convention to be conducted according to par- liamentary rules, and held that a member of the committee on ordinance could not make such an amendment. Mr. Cannon made the motion as a mernber of the committee of the whole ; and it was then put and carried. The motion to strike out the entire section was then raised, and Mr. Miner spoke in favor of the motion, as the section seemed like asking Congress to im- pose conditions other than have ever been required of any other Territory seeking admission as a State. Utah should ask admission the same as any other Territory in a dignified manner, neither supplicating nor in a spirit of braggadocio, but in a spirit of manhood. If Congress had any terms to propose, it would do it in its sovereign power, and they then could accept or reject them. Mr. Moses Thatcher would sustain the motion to strike out the section. Utah presented as honorable claims for admission as any Territory had ever done, and he believed it shculd be admitted as other States had been. Mr. J. W. Young contended that in view of existing prejudices, unless there j84 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. should be some section of this nature, something by which Congress would see that the people of the Territory were willing to meet in a spirit of concession these prejudices, their constitution would be laid on the table and allowed there to remain. He was opposed to the motion. Mr. Farr said it was understood what objection Congress had to the admission of Utah — it was polygamy. Were they willing to yield polygamy for the sake of obtaining a State government. If they were, say so, and obtain State sovereignty. Mr. Milner did not think Congress was asked to prescribe terms by the sec- tion ; the inquiry was only made, had it any terms to prescribe? He did not think Congress would wish to impose conditions which could not be accepted in honor. He was opposed to the motion. Mr. Tyler opposed the motion. He could see nothing in the section that would compromise the honor of any member of the convention, or the people of Utah. Application had been made before for the admission of Ulah, which had been refused, and this section only asked, in fact, what were the reasons why ad- mission had not been granted. Mr. W. Snow, the proposer of the motion, said the section was materially changed sinced his motion had been offered, and in view of that change he would withdraw it. Objection was made and the consideration of the motion was continued. Mr. Rich thought the constitution should be republican in form, and he asked why a section should be introduced which would open a way for something that was not republican. He said he thought they had a right to ask what they wanted, and he was in favor of a strictly republican constitution. He favored the motion. Mr. T. R. Murdock, of Beaver, was in favor of the section being retained. He did not think the members of the convention had assembled to tell what they had done in the past, nor to criticize the parent government, but to frame a con- stitution that would secure the admission of Utah as a State. Mr. Pratt was opposed to the section because it was an anomaly, such as no other State had embraced in its constitution. He held that the Territory had a right to demand admission, for a Territorial government is not a republican one. They had once had a republican government in the State of Deseret, but that right had been taken from them, and he held they were only asking for that right being returned to them. He treated on the constitutional powers of Congress and the Government, and said he had been loyal to the Government, and so had his fathers before him ; and he did not think his rights as an American citizen had been destroyed because he was one of the early pioneers. His great reason for wishing to strike out the section was, because it was something unheard of in the history of States. As this ordinance was irrevocable, unless by the consent of Congress and the people of Utah, he did not desire to see such a section included in it. It was a section lugged in independent of all other ordinances that ever had been framed and should be stricken out. Mr. Fuller did not consider that they were asking Congress to impose con- ditions, though it was well understood that conditions would be prescribed. He opposed the motion. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. ^83 Mr. Cannon said there was one point which ought not to be disguised. Mr. Pratt said the section was anomalous. He admitted it; but they were an anom- alous people, and in an anomalous condition. The section gave Congress the opportunity to say what terms were required for the admission of Utah. There had been a carefully elaborated speech delivered in favor of the prohibition of polygamy, and if anything could convince the speaker that it should be done it would have been that speech. He did not want to insert in the constitution a clause abrogating polygamy ; nor to go into Congress with an ultimatum on the subject; but to go as one of the contracting parties and learn what terms were required for admission. Constitutions and delegates had been sent before ; he had had the honor of being one of the last delegates, and he was satisfied the retention of this section would have a beneficial effect. The motion to strike out the fifth section was then put and lost. The names of the gentlemen on the committee on ordinance who had con- structed this fifth section which thus prevailed were George Q. Cannon, Joseph W. Young, nephew of Brigham, John T. Caine, A. O. Smoot, second mayor of Salt Lake, Thomas Fitch, F. D. Richards, John Rowberry and John Sharp. After the passage of the fifth section of the ordinance the work of the con- vention progressed smoothly from day to day. Mormon and non- Mormon dele- gates vying with each other to make the constitution of the State of Deseret as broad and perfect as possible. It was a noble piece of work when finished and it won the admiration of American statesmen, notwithstanding the State was not admitted. Section 25 was constructed specially to give justice to the minority in the representation, and it is evident that had the State been admitted, quite a large element of non-Mormon representative men must have been admitted to the management and supervision of our public affairs, by the very construction of the instrument which the convention had wrought, and the precedents which it had given. Female suffrage was also granted. Hons Thomas Fitch, George Q, Cannon and Frank Fuller were elected to proceed to Washington, to act with Delegate Hooper in [iresenting the constitu- tion to the President of the United States and the two houses of Congress. The convention adjourned March 2nd, 1S72, and immediately thereafter commenced the election by the people of members to the State Legislature. On the 9th of March, a mass meeting of citizens was held in Salt Lake City, and the following State ticket made up : For representative to Congress, Frank Fuller ; for State senators from Salt Lake, Tooele, and Summit Counties, Wilford Woodruff, George Q. Cannon, VVm. Jennings and Charles H. Hempstead; for representatives from Salt Lake County, John Taylor, Brigham Young, Jr., John T. Caine, Thomas P. Akers, A. P. Rockwood and S. A. Mann. Several days later the following was issued for the purpose of organizing a Republican party in Utah : ■■TO THE REPUBLICANS IN UTAH. "The Republicans residing in the several Territories of the United States, have been invited by the National Republican convention, which is to meet at the city of Philidelphia, on the 5th day of June, 1872, for the purpose of nominating 33 ^86 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE Ciry. candidates for President and Vice-President of the United States, to be supported at the election in November. " The opportunity being thus afforded for the organization of the Republican party in Utah, the undersigned have deemed it advisable to unite in a recommen- dation that a convention be held at^the City Hall in Salt Lake City, on Friday evening, April 5th, at half-past seven o'clock, to which convention delegates may be sent from all parts of the Territory, on the basis of representation adopted in the selection of delegates to the late constitutional convention ; the object of the proposed convention being the selection of two delegates to the National Repub- lican convention as before mentioned. " In calling this convention we extend the invitation to all Republicans and to all citizens who approve of the principle held by the Republican party, and whose views are in consonance with that great national organization. '* The number of delegates to which each county will be entitled, is as follows : Salt Lake County, 19; Tooele, 6; Wasatch, 4; Summit, 3; Morgan, 2; Sanpete, 7; Cache, 9; Sevier and Piute, 2; Rich, i; Box Elder, 6; Millard, 4; Beaver, 3; Iron, 4; Washington, 4 ; Kane, 2'; Weber, 8. "Frank Fuller, Daniel H. Wells, Thomas Fitch, Geo. E. Whitney, F. M. Smith, Warner Earll, Jacob Smith, S. A. Mann, Len Wines, Wil- liam Jennings and many others. " Sail Lake City, March 15th, 1872." On the 3d of April, a call for a Democratic convention was made as follows : " We, the undersigned, invite all citizens of Utah, who adhere to the princi- ples of that grand old party of the people — the Democracy — to assemble in mass convention at the City Hall in Salt Lake City, on Monday, the 8th of April, at 7 o'clock p. M., for the purpose of taking initiatory steps for organization, appoint- ing a Territorial Democratic central committee, and transacting such other busi- ness as may be suggested at the meeting." This call, led off by Col. Thos. P. AkersandGen. E. M. Barnum, was signed by nearly one hundred representative names. Mormon and Gentile. On Friday, April 5th, the State Legislature met to elect Senators to Congress, and, after two good day's work and much sharp balloting, Fitch and Hooper were elected. In the Senate on the eighth ballot Fitch stood 4; General Morrow 4 ; George Q. Cannon, 2. On the ninth. Fitch, 5 ; Morrow, 4, Cannon, i. The senate having failed to elect, adjourned till 11:55 next day; and the house adjourned to meet with the senate in joint session, when the before named were elected and a telegram immediately dispatched to them at Washington an- nouncing the result. The great point of the interest in the balloting was that it was, especially in the senate, strictly on party lines. General Morrow, as a demo- crat, tying Fitch as a republican. The Democratic and Republican conventions met pursuant to call, and set earnestly to work with spirit and enthusiasm to organize their several parties on the strict national lines. It is worthy of a special note in our history that this is the only time when a legitimate effort was made in Utah to organize in accord HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY, 387 with the great political parties of the nation ; but it was frustrated by anti-Mor- mon milice, the majority of Gentiles chosing rather to betray their traditional parties, and coalising as the Liberal party, to keep up their crusade against the Mormon community. CHAPTER LXVIII. CHIKF JUSTICE McKEAN WRITES EDITORIALS FOR THE SALT LAKE TRIBUNE, SUSTAINING HIS OWN DECISIONS. THE SENIOR EDITOR IMPEACHED, IN CONSEQUENCE, BEFORE A BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND RESIGNS. THE "GENTILE LEAGUE OF UTAH" ORGANIZED TO BREAK UP THE MORMON POWER. ATTEMPTS TO FORCE THE CITY COUNCIL. REVOLUTIONARY MEETING. CALL FOR TROOPS. During this action of the old citizens, combined with conservative Gentiles, to obtain a State government, the Liberal party had, with an uncompromising persistence, which at times almost reached the pitch of civil war, opposed the State movement by every means in their power. Public meetings were held, not only in Salt Lake City, but in the mining camps, and all the anti-Mormon force rallied and loud threats of revolution made to intimidate the leaders of the State move- ment ; and those threats were directed perhaps more against the conservative Gen- tiles, who were dubbed " Jack Mormons," than against the heads of the Mormon Church. A petition was also gotten up against the admission of Utah to State sovereignty and forwarded to President Grant and Congress. It was signed by about five thousand names; the petition was taken from house to house and women as well as men affixed their names to it. For once the entire anti-Mormon force of the Territory was called into action ; the Godbeites and the Walker partv, equally with the fiercest anti-Mormon, took action and signed their names against the State movement. Joseph R. Walker, Henry W. Lawrence and R. N. Baskin undertook a mission to Washington at their own expense for the Liberal party, to counteract the favorable impression which the model constitution of the State of Deseret was certain to create in the minds of many congressmen, and to affirm emphatically to President Grant and statesmen that the Gentiles and seceding Mormons were unanimously opposed to a State, excepting a itw Gentile politicians — Fitch and others of his class — whom they denounced in the name of the Gen- tile party in the strongest terms. Undoubtedly this representation of delegates from the Liberal party of the weight of J. R. Walker, Henry W. Lawrence and R. N. Baskin, with a petition bearing five thousand signatures (so it was claimed) against the State were sufficient, with the temper of President Grant wrought up by Newman and McKean to a war pilch, to prevent the admission of Utah at that j88 HJS TOR Y OF SALT LAKE CIT Y. time, no matter how great its claims to and reasons for State sovereignty. Indeed, it was at the time when President Grant declared to the effect tliat if Congress did not pass a bill potent enough to overthrow Mormon polygamic theocracy, he would put his troops into Salt Lake City and settle the difficulty by military force. There were also petitions gotten up in Salt Lake both for and against McKean; the one for his removal the other for his retention. The one affirmed in substance that McKean's doings were a disgrace to the department of justice, and that his presence was disturbing to the good order and peace of society, inimical to the prospects of this great mining country, and forbidding to the investment of for- eign and eastern capital; the other petition affirmed the very reverse. The pe- tition for McKean was signed by about the same names and number affixed to the petition against the State. Judge Haydon, in the convention, in his opposition had declared that it v/as " the State versus McKean," and the Liberal party adopted his words very like as they would have done an inscription on their banners during the fierce anti-Mormon campaign of that year. The course of Chief Justice McKean, however, had not passed without a re- buke even from the inside of his own party — a rebuke in fact scarcely less severe than the strictures of Hon. Thomas Fitch ; but the affair was kept silent for party interest, and because, on the whole, McKean was looked upon by the gentlemen concerned as a good man at heart, notwithstanding he was " a judge with a mis- sion." The case is as follows, and the statement is made as a necessary explana- tion of certain hidden points in the history of those times. During the prosecutions against Brigham Young, Daniel H. Wells and others. Judge McKean was permitted by Mr. Oscar G. Sawyer, the then acting editor, to write editorials for the Salt Lake Tribune sustaining his own decisions. Mr, Saw- yer was also at this time the special telegraphic correspondent of the New York Herald, to the staff of which he had been formerly an attache — indeed one of its special correspondents during the war of the rebellion. Any amount of space was at his command in that potent newspaper, which the king of American journalists had made the greatest newsmonger and sensationalist in the world, and no cost for lengthy telegrams was begrudged by the younger Bennett, when the face of the matter bore strong sensational marks, with a seeming importance and authen- ticity. At that time the aspect and probable solution of Utah affairs were deemed by the American public to be of first class nevvs importance. It will be remem- bered by the reader, that in 1870 the managers of the New York Herald had deemed it sufficiently important to their paper to send out one of its principal special correspondents to Salt Lake City and to keep him here at a high salary, with a broad margin for expenses, to employ assistant pens from the Godbeite writers to furnish him with the best news and authentic subjects of the times. Col. Findlay Anderson was in Salt Lake City more than six months, and during that period he not only furnished the New York Herald with a fruitful series of letters, exquisite in their literature and generally acceptable in their spirit, even to the Mormon community ; but he also reported for the New York Herald the dis- cussion between Newman and Pratt. Indeed, during the term of Col. Anderson the New York //^ra/^/ made quite a mark in the line of Utah nevvs, while the other eastern journals, as a rule, gave but the synopsis, and that, too, it appeared gath- ered from the Herald letters. I HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. j\^ii may be pardoned, but who as a Utah journalist ought to have l)erceived the unfitness of a New York Herald Bohemian to take the editor-in-chief- ship of the Mormon Tribune, which at that time was a missionary, Godbeite organ. But TuUidge was in the States writing for the magazines and the New York Jforld, while Sherman had resigned as assistant editor of ihe Mormon Tribune, and was in the States with Mr. Godbe on commercial business of his own, and at home E. L. T. Harrison was worn out, unable to bear the burden of the paper and " mis- sion " alone. This condition of things led Mr. Godbe to commit the fatal error of sending out Oscar G. Sawyer to take charge of his paper as managing editor, forc- ing Mr. Harrison to retire, as nothing could have induced him to hold a subordi- nate place on the paper which he and his compeers had founded. This change gave the Mormon Tribune into the hands of James B. McKean and the prosecution. It soon changed its name to that of the Salt Lake Tribune, which was according to the will of its founders ; but it also, from the moment Saw- der took the editorial charge, rapidly became a decided anti-Mormon journal. It was a matter of great importance to Chief Justice McKean and the U. S. prosecuting attorneys, with such a programme as they had designed to execute in 1871-2, to have the Salt Lake Iribune under their dictatorship and in their service, with the understanding, not only among journalists in the eastern and western States, but in the mind of President Grant and his cabinet, that the Salt Lake Tribune was the organ of the seceding Mormon elders and merchants. With this explanation be it repeated, Chief Justice James B. McKean was permitted, by the managing editor, Oscar G. Sawyer, to write editorials for the Salt Lake Tribune, sustaining his own decisions; while Sawyer, as shown in his telegrams to the New York Herald, relative to the arrest of Brigham Young and the alarming circumstances of the hour, could communicate the secrets of the grand jury room, and the business marked out by the judge and prosecuting at- torneys for the coming week, his telegrams dated three days before the indict- ments were made known to the Salt Lake public and the arrests effected. With this power in their hands to create public opinion not only in Salt Lake City, where it would have been comparatively of little consequence, but in the eastern States, and in the sanctum of the White House, the judge and prosecution, who were arraigning " Polygamic theocracy " and trying " a system in the person of Brigham Young," held a most unlawful advantage. Besides the public was betrayed with the Salt Lake news published in the New York Herald, and the Herald also misled ; for Sawyer, as the editor of the Salt Lake Tribune, and form- erly one of the Herald's attaches, enjoyed something like the trust that had been reposed in Col. Findlay Anderson, as a reporter and expounder of Utah matters. j^o HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CJIY. Meantime in the Tribune office there was mutiny among the editorial staff. Tullidge had returned from the States and was now the assistant editor, while George VV. Crouch, an ex- Mormon Elder of the Godbeite, cast was the local ; and E. L. T. Harrison one of the directors of the paper. They frequently expressed their indignation, and at length, knowing the facts and the serious consequences to the public good, they resolved to force an issue; whereupon a meeting of the board of directors of the pai)er was called and the editorial staff summoned. There were present, Mr. J- R- Walker, David F. Walker, Henry W. Lawrence, Benjamim Raybould, John Chislett, Oscar G. Sawyer, the then chief editor, George W. Crouch local editor, and Elias L. T. Harrison and Edw. W. Tullidge, the original editors. The meeting was held in the private office (up stairs) of Kimball &: Lawrence. Mr. Harrison stated the case, and in very severe language denounced the course which the managing editor had been taking. He stated the object for which the paper had been started — namely, to maintain the cause of freedom and the rights of all classes, without distinction of Mormon or Gentile; that it had been specially named Tribune, as explained in its opening issues, to signify its character — " the Tribune of the People ; " that it was not the organ of the radi- cals, nor the enemy of the Mormon people, but ratlier was it designed to protect and defend them. At first it was called the Mormon Tribune, to show its mission in this respect, though since it had changed its name to the Salt Lake Tribune, so that it might more fully represent all classes, yet remain true to its original aims. Mr. Sawyer, he said, had been brought out to Salt Lake City, by Mr. Godbe, with the expectation that he would carry out the design of its founders; that he. Ham- son, had resigned the editorship, and control of the paper, to give hnnself a temporary rest, with the said understanding ; that Mr. Sawyer, having obtained control had turned the Salt Lake Tribune in a new direction and given it other aims and purposes from those for which it was established ; but above all he im- peached the managing editor on the specific charge of having permitted Judge McKean to write editorials sustaining his own decisions. All the gentlemen present expressed their views; and in substance, Mr. Saw- yer, smarting under the general censure, told the directors that they were but merchants, and knew nothing about journalism, while he was a trained journalist. In fine, the issue was that Oscar G. Sawyer resigned, and in his valedictory assigned as the cause of his retirement "a journalistic incompatibility" existing between himself and the directors- It was not, however, because of any journalistic in- compatibility between Mr. Sawyer and the directors, but for the reasons herein given. The valedictory was allowed to pass, and the true reasons kept from the public, greatly out of consideration for the Chief Justice himself; but the direc- tors forthwith published a standing notice at the head of the columns of the Trib- une defining the original character and intentions of the paper. Sometime after this, a secret society was organized in the city and mining camps, known as the "Gentile League of Utah." Its mission was to break up " Mormon Theocracy," made so famous by McKean' s extraordinary official state- ment, that it was on trial in his court, in the person of Brigham Young. The action of the Chief Justice of Utah was reversed by the Supreme Court HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. sgi of the United States, But President Grant sustained him. Until some further legislation from Congress, however, he was powerless as the " missionary judge." His work had to be done by the " G. L. U's," and they did not hesitate to impress on the public mind that they were a semi-military organization. The radicals, at their public meetings, boldly boasted of this organization and its purposes; and Judge Haydon prophesied that the streets of Salt Lake City would run with blood. The associated press agent, and the special of the New York Herald, sent their "blood " despatches broadcast through the land ; a panic was created among capitalists abroad, preventing local investment. It was supposed East that we were on the eve of civil war in Utah. But commercial men and bankers of Salt Lake City published a card to the country counteracting this view. Our greatest conservator of peace, during these radical agitations, was capital. But there can be no doubt that Judge Haydon's prognostications of blood had the form of circumstances deeply lined in the vision. Again the Tribune was drawn into the radical vortex. The city council chamber had been open to our reporter. An occasion was seized one evening, when President (Councilor) Young was in the council. The next morning's paper, in a flaming heading, proclaimed — '■'■ Brigham on the War Path .'"" It was the cry the radicals wanted to hear. For this gross misrepresentation, our reporter at the next meeting was expelled from the city council, and sensa- tional despatches flew over the wires east and west. The " G. L. U's," thought they saw an opportunity to strike a great blow; so they offered one hundred armed men to go to the city council, the next session, and force admission for the press. The following statement was made by the local editor near the time of the occurrence: " I, Joseph Salisbury, late associate editor of the Salt Lake Tribune, make the following statement, to-wit : "That on the evening of the 26th of July, 1872, I attended a meeting of the city council, held in the council chamber, in the city hall, Salt Lake City, and made a report of its proceedings; "That on the 30th instant, I attended again, when that honorable body, tak- ing exceptions to my previous report, demanded of me a public recantation on pain of expulsion. This I refused when the vote of the council was passed to that effect ; "That I was afterwards directed by Mr. Fred. T. Perris, manager of the paper, to attend at the next regular meeting of the council, and report as usual. I said, in answer, that I presumed the council would adopt parliamentary rules and close its doors; whereupon the manager informed me that General Geo, R. Max- well had promised to be there with 100 men, from the " G. L. U's" and other secret orders to force an entrance and insist on my taking the minutes ; " That, on the day previous to the meeting, I was in the editor's office writ- ing, when General Maxwell came in and asked me if I was ready to go to the council the following evening. I replied, "'I shall go anyhow.' He intimated that he was ready, and the 'boys ' would be there ; "That I understood the programme to be that, if any hostile demonstration jpo History OF SALT LAKE CITY. were made by the mayor and council, each of them would be immediately covered by a pair of pistols, in the hands of the loo men present ; "And furthermore, that, if Brigham Young was present, he would be a special mark ; " That, for some reason, the project was abandoned ; "That myself, accompanied by Mr. F. T. Perris and Mr. Abrahams, went to said meeting, when the motion of the preceding council was confirmed and the Tribune men again expelled. "Signed, Joseph Salisuury."* Immediately afcer this attempt to force an entrance to the city council, the August election for delegate to Congres came off, George Q. Cannon and George R. Maxwell being the contestants. An out-of-door mass meeting of the Liberals was called, on the evening of the 3rd of August, 1872, to ratify the nomination of the Liberal candidate. At 8 p. M., the street in front of the Salt Lake Hotel was crowded. On mo- tion, A. S. Gould was elected chairman. "Mormon Theocracy," as usual, was the subject of attack. This co the Utah radicals was legitimate political warfare. To the Mormon people, however, such ever is a religious warfare; and, as the multitude were mostly of the Mor- mon faith, as soon as the speakers assailed Mormonism and Brigham Young, they were interrupted with hisses and exclamations. Speaker after speaker attempted in vain to address the indignant people, for the radical leaders (one of whom was the Rev, Norman McLeod) vied with each other in outraging Mormonism and Brigham Young, while the Mormon people were spoken of as "dupes," "serfs," "the down trodden," and the chair- man's ardent imagination varied these hackneyed names by also repeatedly calling them " geese." Now came business for the " G. L. U's." They sprang to the front. They were headed by ex-Marshal Orr. " Follow me ' G. L. U's,' " he cried to his armed troop. They dashed after him, revolvers in hand, and formed a half circle in front of the stand. Flouriihing their weapons, they awed back the people, each waiting eagerly for the command to fire into the crowd. For the anxious space of five minutes, it was almost certain that Judge Hay- *NoTH. The statement of our local editor tells its own story, and is sufficiently suggestive without much comment. It may be added, however, that, learning of tliis design. I had resolved if the "hurl- dred men," or any considerable number, attempted to move towards the city hall in parties, I would, in time to prevent the risk of human life, make a statement of the facts to the mayor. As it was, I asked Mr, Perris— the Tribune manager — to let me go to the Council in behalf of the paper, but the per- mission was refused. The reason was that it was thought the city council, believing in my truthfulness and justice, would allow me to remain, as a member of the press, notwithstanding the expulsion of our paper. Harmony with the city council, or fairness towards its administration, was just what the "liberals" wished to prevent. War, not justice, was their aim. That they did also project the move- ment against the city authorities, as stated by Mr. Salisbury, the very fact that the Tribune manager, local editor and foreman of the printing establishment were at the city hall to force the presence of the opposition press is very evident, as the newspaper reports and the record of the council will sub- stantiate. The e.xplanation, too, why the "100 men" were not at their post was, it may be presumed, no fault of the agitators, but simply because certain well known conservative business men did not enthusiastically take the responsibility. Without these influential citizens Maxwell knew that his "100 men" would have been but an armed band of rioters. E. IV. Tullidgc, associate editor Tribune, iSyz. HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 593 don's prophecy would be fulfilled that night, and the streets of Salt Lake run with blood. The writer saw their weapons brandished above the heads of their foremost men, gleaming in the flickering light of the lamps, and heard the excited cries of men eager for the word to fire. The " G. L. U's" went to that meeting anxious for the work of revolution, as the more speedy way of "solving the Mormon problem;" and around the stand, where for a moment there seemed a favorable opportunity, this was strongly manifested. All through the anti- Mormon warfare of that period, the judicial pro- ceedings of McKean (coupled with the idea that Grant would support an anti- Mormon issue, no matter how terrible and summary) had encouraged this invading class. They had everything to gain and nothing to lose by a conflict with the primitive settlers. A strange, tiiough deeply rooted idea, was in the radical mind that Camp Douglas was bound, in its duty to the Government, not to support the city authorities nor the great community; but, in the case of riot or civil war, to concentrate its troops against the city authorities ; in other words, it was to be war upon the Mormon people and their leaders, who had founded the Territory and to whom, as a property, it chiefly belonged. This idea, too, was always un- derlined with the certainty that Governor Woods, who, like McKean, had a mis- sion to put down Mormon rule, would call upon the commander of Camp Douglas lor troops to support the anti-Mormon side. Fifty reckless men, therefore, in such a case, was at any time enough for civil war ; and the city and its govern- ment, in the prospect, were looked upon as their spoil. Such were the views of those radical leaders who called that out-of-door meet- ing which had so exasperated the multitude, and in the adjourned gathering that night, at the Liberal institute, it was singular to hear how "pat" the chairman was, in mixing the " G. L. U's" and Camp Douglas in the execution of a com- mon vengeance. That our city did not witness on this night a mournful tragedy is due alone to the fact that no weapons were drawn by any, excepting the Liberals. On the Monday morning the Tribune came out with the following editorial : " LET US HAVE TROOPS TO-DAY." Referring to the disturbance of the Saturday night, the editor said : " In view of such conduct being repeated to-day, and of the intense feeling aroused amongst the supporters of General Maxwell, and to avert any chances of a conflict, as also to secure the rights of voters at the polls, we ask the acting Gov- ernor to make a requisition for troops to be in attendance during the day or near the polls to insure peace and enforce the rights of loyal citizens. The conduct of the police on Saturday evening was such that not the slightest dependence can be placed on either their willingness or ability to preserve the peace. " In addition to having troops in the city it would also be wise for the saloon keepers to close their doors to-day, so as to aid in making- the election pass off peaceably. This seems to be demanded in consequence of the strong feeling aroused which may result disastrously unless great discretion be used. "Let every man opposed to church domination make this an election day, 34 594 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. and set the example of keeping cool in order to be the better prepared to assert his rights and resist such intolerance at all hazards." This war utterance of the Tribune was very like an order on board a pirate ship to clear the deck for action. It was directed, moreover, not against a citizen rabble, but against the city authorities. As for the reference to the indisposition of the police to keep the peace, and their ability to do it, the action shows that the pru- dence of the police in keeping out of the affray was the chief preventative of bloodshed. Our managing editor well knew that armed spies of the " G. L. U's" had their eyes on every policeman near, and that, had any of them engaged at the crisis, they would have been the principal marks for the ready revolvers of the radicals. The citizens undoubtedly would have helped the police, unarmed as they were. A massacre would have ensued; but before troops from Camp Douglas could have been brought into action, a terrible judgment night would have been met by the armed men who had dared war upon the city. The police knew this ; none knew it so well as they; and it was they under the direction of Mayor Wells who . 22. — General Sherman, whom Captain Hooper met in the Senate chamber, told hmi that he had said to Grant, with whom he had attended a din- ner party, that his action in relation to Utah was all wrong. For this advocacy of our cause they had laughingly called him a Mormon. " We have a perverse and unscrupulous enemy in John P. Newman, the Sen- ate chaplain. " Feb. 25. — In the evening I went to the Senate, where Captain Hooper had spent the entire day. The subject of discussion there was the Frclinghuysen bill. It passed a little after midnight on a vote of 29 for and 10 against it. The Dem- ocrats, with Carpenter, Trumbull and Schurz voted against it. It was fought inch by inch by Thurman, Bayard, Carpenter, Trumbull, Casserly, Stewart and Nye ; the bitter speeches made by Logan of Illinois and Windom of Minnesota had a telling effect, though composed of illogical, slanderous and untrue statements. The clause giving the deputy marshals the authority to call on the military when they were threatened with resistance was discussed with ability by Bayard and Trumbull, They denounced this ready appeal to the bayonet to enforce civil process. I felt that the day would yet come when those who were determined to have this feature in the bill would be made to groan under the tyranny of soldiers and be humbled in the dust. The Constitution has fallen into disrepute and the will of the majority has taken its place. ^^ March ist. — To-day our enemies in the House were anxious to get up the Frclinghuysen bill, which had passed the Senate, and pass it through the House. They had resolved upon getting it up this evening. All the feelings that I had in my dream I began to experience this evening. There was a time that I awaited its advent as I imagined in my dream that I awaited the shock of battle. I was nerved up in the same way. Claggett acted like a hen that wanted to lay. He was fidgctty and anxious ; a delivery would relieve him. He got the floor and was twice recognized by the Chairman of the Committee of the Whole, Mr. Wheeler, and had his speech prepared, written out and in his hand ; but he was choked off both times ; the first by Mr. Farnsworth introducing an amendment, the last time by General Garfield moving the previous question, despite the remonstrances of Claggett, by which further debate was cut off. He intended to commence by speaking on some claim, I was informed, and then branch off on to the Utah question, feeling confident from his past success in getting the ear of the House, that he could secure a hearing again. Merritt had also come down to the front to be near Claggett to support him. As soon as Claggett found that he could not interject his speech in then, he went over to Judge Bingham, of Ohio, chairman of the Judiciary Committee, and had a consultation with him. It was then arranged, as I afterwards learned, that further on in the evening Bingham ,was to try to get it up. Maxwell was back in Claggett's seat waiting for the on- slaught with great anxiety. Claggett went back and had a talk with him, and 6o6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. then went off to smoke. In the meantime a collation had been prepared in a com- mittee room down stairs, and some excellent punch, so said, had been furnished. Of this many partook freely, and about midnight the effects were very visible in the noise and confusion which prevailed. Beck, of Kentucky, made a motion to take a recess till 9 o'clock, Monday morning ; other motions to adjourn and take a recess were also made, but with no effect ; they were voted down two to one. Every moment I expected the Frelinghuysen bill to come up. The noise and confusion increased, and finally General Garfield made a motion to take a reces?i until Monday morning, 9 o'clock — the same motion they had vo-ted down just before — and it was carried. We rejoiced exceedingly. We had another day's grace. We had a quiet Sabbath granted unto us, and I praised the Lord. Mer- ritt afterwards said that we owed our escape to that punch. Bingham had 'got tight,' he said, and they could not trust him to present the matter. Claggett, Merritt, Maxwell & Co. were mad ; but we were gratified. " Monday, March 3rd. — The rules being suspended for the purpose of get- ting through the calendar, there appeared no human possibility of escape, for the Frelinghuysen bill was on the calendar, low down it was true, but at the rapid rate they were crowding through legislation it could not be long until it was reached. Claggett and Merritt were very active and very gleeful. The latter told me they had got us now, and swore by his maker that they were going in for results now and not for talk. Brother Hooper saw Claggett, and to see how he felt, asked him if he thought the bill would pass. He swore and said that it had to pass, that he would force it through. They, every little while, would go up to the Speaker's desk where the bills lay and examine the pile to see how far it was down. Maxwell and they were in great glee. I did not see how we could escape, but yet I had faith that something would interpose to prevent the passage of the bill; but I did not know what it would be, or how it would be prevented. At 5 p. M. took recess till 7-30, and still it was not reached. I paced up and down within hearing of the business, and called upon the Lord in my heart for that deliverance which I knew that no one but He could give. The exultation of our enemies was unconcealed. In imagination they already had their feet upon our necks. " Two o'clock in the morning of Tuesday came and still they were crowding through bills. There were but two bills to pass, and they could be passed in two or three minutes, and then the Frelinghuysen bill would be reached. Confusion and excitement prevailed, and any attempt to reason upon such a subject, with so great a feeling 'of hurry prevailing, would be useless. We had done all in our power, and only the power of God could now prevent the passage of the bill. Just then the Judiciary Committee brought up the impeachment cases of Judge Delahay, of Kansas, and Judge Shermr>n, of Ohio. This subject consumed an hcvur. Three o'clock had come, and still no action on the Frelinghuysen bill. Then members began to present resolutions, bills, etc., upon which they wanted action. Speaker Blaine recognized them, and half an hour was thus consumed. Our enemies, active and urgent, tried to press the Frelinghuysen bill on to the notice of the House, but in vain. I felt faint and hungry, and went down to the restaurant and got a little refreshment, was only absent a few minutes, and when HISTORY 01 SALT LAKE CITY. 607 \ came up, the House had just taken a recess until 9:30. I was surprised and yet •exceeding glad. I thought of my dream again. The dispersion of the members reminded me of the dispersion in the dream. Our enemies were swearing mad. Merritt said we had bribed the Speaker and that ''damned old Bingham." Claggett and Maxwell were also furious. ** March 4th. — This morning they commenced at the calendar. The two bills were soon passed, then came the Frelinghuysen bill ; but Mr. Sargent, of California, objected to the consideration of so important a bill when there was no quorum present. It was laid aside informally; and from that time until 11:30, when upon motion, it was decided to transact no more legislation, it could not be reached. Business of various kinds was attended to, but that could not be got up. Our enemies were raging. Maxwell said he would take out British papers and be an American citizen no longer. Claggett asserted that we had spent ^200,000 on the Judiciary Committee, and Merritt swore that there had been treachery, and we had bribed Congress. But I praised and thanked God, who was our friend and mightier than they all. By seemingly small and insignificant means he had brought to pass marvelous results, and to him all the glory was due. CHAPTER^ LXX. rOLlTICAL COAT.ITION OF 1874. JENNINGS FOR MAYOR. ELECTION FOR DEL- EGATE TO CONGRESS IN 1874. BASKIN NOMINATED. ELECTION DAY. U. S. MARSHAL MAXWELL AND HIS DEPUTIES TAKE CHARGE OF I HE DAY AND THE POLLS, TUMULT IN THE CITY. THE CITY POLICE AR- RESTED BY THE U. S. MARSHAL AND HIS DEPUTIES, U, S. DEPUTY MAR- SHAL ORR ARRESTED BY THE POLICE AND IS HABEAS CORPUSED B^ JUDGE McKEAN. THE MOB ASSAULT MAYOR WELLS AND TEAR HIS COAT TO PIECES. HE IS RESCUED BY THE POLICE FORCE, AND DOORS OF CITY HALL CLOSED. THE MAYOR APPEARS ON THE BALCONY AND GIVES THE ORDER TO HIS FORCE TO BEAT BACK THE MOB, WHICH IS INSTANTLY DONE. THE SEQUEL. CANNON ELECTED BY A 20,000 MAJORITY AGAINST A 3,300 VOTE OF HIS OPPONENT; BUT BASKIN CONTESTS THE SEAT IN CONGRESS. From its organization, it had been the policy of the Liberal party, in the municipal elections of Salt Lake City, and also the Territorial elections for mem- bers to the legislature, to construct their tickets with the names of representative citizens, among whom were some of tke founders of our city's commerce. This was obviously sound policy ; for such men as Henry W. Lawrence, J. R, Wallcer, S. Sharpe Walker and William Jennings were very proper men to fill any of the offices in the municipality or the legislature; but when it came to the election of delegate to Congress, a straight Gentile was always chosen, who had never in any 6oS HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. way been associated with the interests of the Mormon commonwealth, or even with the founding of Utah. Indeed, in the first years of the existence of the Liberal party, the Federal officers, politicians and adventurers, who came to the Territory from about the begmningof 1869, sought the entire rule of Utah ; and they seemed to have had nearly as great an antipathy to those influential seceders, who had been connected with primitive Utah, as to the same class of men who remained inside the Mor- mon community and who, as the People's party, stood a barrier against their political and social encroachments. These leaders of the Liberal party only used the names of such men as J. R. Walker, S. Sharpe Walker, Henry W. Lawrence, W. S. Godbe, Samuel Kahn, Fred Auerbach and such others, for their own ends. Of themselves, there was no account of service whatever standing between them and the city or Territory. In 1870, as before noted, Henry W. Lawrence was chosen to lead the Liberal ticket for mayor of Salt Lake City. He had been sev- eral times a member of the city council / was once the Territorial marshal ; was one of the founders of the city's commerce, and for many years a prominent man in the Mormon community. In changing from Mayor Wells, had Lawrence re- mained with that community, there was no man in Salt Lake City more likely than he to have been elected its mayor by the People's party. So also, S. Sharp Walker, J. R. Walker or Fred Auerbach would have been elegible at any time for the office of chief magistrate of our municipality in the estimation of all classes, providing their names were unencumbered with the dragon's tail of the Liberal party. Indeed, it would be safe to say that, at any time during the last twelve or fifteen years, had Mr. J. R. Walker been nominated to any office in the gift of the people, on a straight citizens' ticket, aside from both parties, with his personal honor pledged to serve in the spirit of his nomination, he would most likely have been elected without opposition, unless it had come from the Liberal party itself. An example of this was given by the nomination of Mr. S. Sharpe Walker by ac- clamation, at a mass meeting as one of the delegates to the constitutional conven- tion, to which he barely escaped being elected, notwithstanding his published card declining the nomination. Mr Walker's nomination was dissimilar from that of the Gentile nominees, who were chosen for their influence, and experience in politics and State-founding. " Sharp " Walker was chosen purely as one of our prominent citizens and principal men in commerce, finance and the mines of Utah. In the municipal election of 1872, the Liberal party nominated S. Sharpe Walker for mayor. But in 1874, at the municipal election, the managers of the Liberal party changed their tactics and constructed their ticket with Wm. Jennings, for mayor, accompanied with other leading citizens of the Mormon community, whose names were most acceptable, including Feramorz Little, Bishop John Sharp, A. C. Pyper and the regular city treasurer and city recorder. The policy of this move, on the part of the Liberal managers, was to present the names of men in the contest who not only were not committed to the Liberal party, either in association or sympathy, but who belonged to the Mormon com- munity, and politically to the People's party. It was thought that by this manoeuver party restraint would be taken from a division of the People's party. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 6og who would vote their preference for Jennings and oihers, while the Liberal party would come in with a solid vote, suspending their own party ticket for the occa- sion, swelling the split vote of the People's party, and aiming to carry the oppo- sition into office. The same scheme has been tried in the Ogden and Weber county elections, and on one occasion the opposition, with Aaron Farr running against Franklin D. Richards, for the probate judgeship, nearly gained the day. The operation of the scheme was somewhat similar, in the contest between Wm. Jennings and Daniel H. Wells, in the municipal election of 1874, in Salt Lake City. There were four tickets put before the public on this occasion, two of which entered the contest. Here follow the tickets with their history and results. The People's ticket, nominated at the mass convention held in the Taber- nacle, January 31 : For mayor, D. H. Wells ; for aldermen, Isaac Groo, George Crismon, Jeter Clinton, John Sharp, A. C. Pyper; for councilors, Brigham Young, Theodore McKean, Albert Carrington, J. R. Winder, Henry Grow, N. H. Felt, David McKenzie, Feramorz Little, Thomas Williams ; treasurer, Paul A. Schettler ; recorder, Robert Campbell ; marshal, J. D. T. McAllister. The "non Mormon ticket": For mayor, Joseph R. Walker; for aldermen. Dr. J. M. Williamson, Fred. T. Perris, Harvey Hardy, H. C. Goodspeed ; for councilors, John W, Kerr, C. C. Clements, John Lowe, Louis Cohn, R. N. Baskin, Joseph Dyer, Don C. Butterfield, T. D.Brown, John S. Atchison; for marshal, D. R. Firman ; for treasurer, John Chislett ; for auditor and recorder, Wrn. P. Appleby. The Working People's ticket : For mayor, Wm. Jennings ; for aldermen, J. M. Benedict, Fred. T. Perris, N. Groesbeck, H. C. Goodspeed, A. C. Pyper • for councilors, Adam Speirs, John Lowe, T. D. Brown, L. S. Hills, Elliot Hart- well, T. R. Jones, P. Pugsley, F. Auerbach, A. White ; for marshal, D. R. Fir- man ; for treasurer, Paul A. Schettler ; for recorder, W. P. Appleby. This third ticket seems to have suggested new ideas to the managers of the Liberal party; and, for once, to take advantage of the occasion, they laid aside their anti-Mormon malice and let the sounder judgment of the citizens themselves prevail over the "ring" policy which had hitherto dominated, and the result was a strong ticket composed of representative Mormons, five of whom were on the regular People's ticket. This opposition ticket _also bore the regualar name — "The People's Ticket." For mayor, William Jennings; for aldermen, J. M. Benedict, A. Miner, N. Groesbeck, John Sharp, A. C. Pyper; for coun- cilors, L. S. Hills, P. Pugsley, H. P. Kimball, Adam Spiers, Geo. Crismon, E. T. Mumford, R. B. Margetts, Feramorz Little, Thomas Jenkins ; for treasurer, P. A. Schettler; for recorder, Robert Campbell; for marshal, Henry Heath. On Saturday evening, previous to the election on Monday, at the meeting of non-Mormons in the Liberal Institute, it was intimated that there would be a change in the ticket ; and early Monday morning that change was announced in posters circulated throughout the city, signed by all the non-Mormon candidates, declining election, and calling upon their friends to vote the ticket headed by William Jennings for mayor. The election day was full of life, bustle and good humor. At the City Hall the main forces of each party were centred. Here, the noise, bustle and confusion were 6 10 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. intense, yet, withal, the best of feelings prevailed; not a fight nor other disturb- ance occurred. The canvassers for the opposition worked well for their party. Carriages and hacks were kept running all day, taking ladies to the polls, who turned out in greater numbers than ever before at an election in the city. During the day the National band was driven through the city in a'wagon, with " For n^ayor, William Jennings," on the sides of it, and flags flying'therefrom. At 6:30 p.M , the ballot boxes were returned from the several municipal wards to the City Ilall. The mayor directed the recorder to send invitations to Messrs. J. R. Walker, Fred. Auerbach, General P. E. Connor and Captain Bates, to be present to witness the opening of the ballot boxes and the counting of the vote?, in the interest of the opposition. Alderman Pyper, and Messrs John T. Caine, B. H. Schettler, John R. Win- der, T. G. Webber and Paul A. Schettler were invited to assist the recorder in counting the votes. There was a larger vote polled on that election day, for our city officers than ever, either before or since. Daniel H. Wells for Mayor received 3,948 votes, and the other names on his ticket similar votes; while Wm. Jennings received 1,677 votes and the others equal, excepting the names which were alike on both tickets, which gave the total of votes: For Alexander C. Pyper, 5,482; John Sharp, 5,477; Feramorz Little, 5,461 ; Paul A. Schettler, treasurer and Robert Campbell, city recorder, similar. It will be seen that Alderman A. C. Pyper received the greatest number of votes ever cast for a member of the Salt Lake City council, and that the opposition ticket was not altogether a failure, having given the very fair minor- ity vote of 1,677, ^i^d swelled the majority of five men on its ticket to a total greater than was likely to be cast on any one side in our city elections for a quarter of a cen- tury then to come. But this fusion scheme, so far as the Baskin-Maxwell managers were con- cerned, was to make preparation for the August election for delegate to Congress, when it was designed that Baskin should go the next term to contest with Cannon for his seat. It seemed certain to these Liberal leaders that, could they by their scheme carry an opposition into power from the People's party itself, it would induce the minority of that party, for permanence of power and office, to recip- rocate and coalesce with the Liberal party when its turn came to carry their man. Nothing, in fact, was more certain to the subtle, directing brain of R. N. Baskin than that, could he but carry to Congress, if no more than a thousand Mormon votes, secured throughout the Territory by such a scheme to divide political Mor- mondom, his claims in Washington would be greatly enhanced. But the Mormon community, in the August election of the same year, re- ceived another very striking lesson what an anti-Mormon party, under whatever name, signified to Utah, in every case, whether in success or defeat. That most significant question of the ancients was brought home — " Can the leopard change its spots, or the Ethiopian his skin? " They learned what Eli B. Kelsey discov- ered and declared in 1871, namely : that no division of the Mormon community could coalesce or in any way work with this Liberal party without betraying them- selves, at least, and aiming (though unwittingly) at the betrayal of the entire Mormon people. HISTORY 01 SALT LAKE CITY. 6n Having well laid their plans, the Liberal convention was called, by the Lib- eral central committee, to meet in Salt Lake City at the Liberal Institute, July 20, 1874, to nominate a delegate to Congress. There were present at the ap- pointed tiaie quite a fair assemblage of the ablest men of the party throughout the Territory, especially from the mining camps. The name put forward at first was that of H. W. Lawrence, and he, though stating his declination to his colleagues, was nominated as " our delegate to Con- gress," to allow the managers to gracefully bring Mr. Baskin to the front without seeming ingratitude to 04ie who had served his party well. Henry W. Lawrence and William S. Godbe had done good service in the building of the Institute, giving birth to the party, and in many other ways, furnishing a while out of their own purse two hundred dollars a week to support the Salt Lake Tribune alone. The nomination was fairly due to Mr. Lawrence; and then it kept up the pleasing fiction that our represesentative citizens, who had grown up with the community, and who had long been the architects of Utah's commonwealth, were not merely used by the politicians for their own purposes. In the dilemma, in which the nomination of Mr. Lawrence had left the con- vention. Judge Haydon came to the help, upon a motion from one of the delegates to make the nomination unanimous. It was against his political principles, the judge said, to force a nomination upon any man, no matter hDw much he might re- spect hu-n for his services to the party, etc., etc. He, therefore, objected to the making of the nomination of Mr. Lawrence unanimous. Vent being thus given by Haydon, others found breath, and then Mr. Lawrence insisted upon the con- vention's respect to his repeated refusal of the honor. The business was now clear, and R. N. Baskin was quickly nominated unanimously, not only to contest the election at the polls, but to contest for the delegate's seat in Congress; such, in- deed, was the duty imposed in the discussion of the day. The convention had done precisely what ic met to do, namely, to send Mr. Baskin to Washington on a mission ; the August election was merely the pathway. Never before had there been such an election as that held on Monday, August 3d, 1S74. The occasion of an election of a delegate to Congress that year, gave to General Maxwell, who was at that time U. S. marshal for the Territory, the power to apply the election " bayonet law," enacted for the reconstruction of the South. He engaged a strong posse of resolute deputy marshals, and it would seem from the development of the action of the day that the purpose was not only to take possession of the polls, but to place the city for one day under the rule of the United States marshal and his deputies, setting aside the mayor and the city police ; hence their action was chiefly directed that day against the police. Promptly the polls were opened at their several precincts and the rush beo-an. At each polling place, besides the city police, were U. S. marshals and challeno-ers lor both parties. At the outside precincts there was little trouble, but at the polls at the Fifth Precinct — the City Hall — there was almost a continual row from the opening to the closing. The Liberals concentrated their forces at this point, and from the first they seemed bent on causing trouble of a violent character • for in- deed, to the populace, the presence of so many deputy marshals under the com- mand of their chief, taking such an active and belligerent part could have no 6i2 HIS TOR V OF SAL T LAKE CI 2 Y. other meaning, to those who desired it, than as a spur to conflict with a promise of armed aid from the U. S. authorities, as the glittering revolvers of the deputy marshals were repeatedly displayed during the day, and that too as against the city police. Every man in that crowd which surrounded the City Hall, knew that Marshal Maxwell and his deputies signified an armed force engaged in the action of that election, and being so that conflict was invited between the People's Party and the Liberal Party, other than that which was going on at the polls in the elec- tor casting his citizen's vote. There could have been no other intent than such a conflict, or at least than a desire to make a strongly pronounced demonstration of the authority and power of a U. S. marshal and his force if he so pleased to call it into action. The voting power on the side of the People's Party who elected George Q. Cannon with over a 20,000 majority, as against Raskin's 3,300 votes polled for him throughout the Territory, renders it absurd to imagine that an armed force of U. S. marshals were needed to protect Mr. Baskin's interest and hold the city in awe for a day. Certain is it in any view of the case that many turbulent spirits interpreted the action of that election day, under the direction of the U. S. marshal and his deputies, to signify an intent of personal and vigorous con- flict, not only between the two classes of citizens, but also between the marshals and the police. At times, around the City Hall, a general melee was imminent, and it was only owing to the prompt and sturdy action of the police that a mob fight did not occur. The first arrest made was that of a Mr. Album, who was put in jail by police- man Philips for disturbing the peace, using profane language and assaulting an officer. Almost immediately Mr. Philips was taken into custody by a deputy marshal and marched before U. S. Commissioner Toohy. Captain Burt and policeman Andrew Smith soon afterwards were escorted to the same place, when they were held in bonds of $300 to appear before the commissioner on the fol- lowing Wednesday and answer to the charge of interfering with the election. Next Deputy Marshal Orr interfered with officer Philips when in the performance of his duty of keeping the peace of the city, and the latter locked Orr in the city jail, where be remained, however, but a short time as a ready writ of habeas cor- pus from Chief Justice McKean released the deputy. Finally, after numerous trifling brushes in which no one was badly hurt, the mob became almost unman- ageable. At this time Mayor Wells was standing in the door-way of the City Hall, when he was seized by some of the mob, and was struck and kicked in a shameful manner. In his struggle to release himself the Mayor's coat was torn to pieces, and it was only with difficulty that the mob was beaten back and the Mayor rescued. The rush at the polls was now so great that it became necessary to close the main entrance. In the meantime the Mayor appeared on the balcony, read the riot act and commanded the police to restore order, and drive the crowd back from the doors. The order was instantly obeyed, and in the beating back several men received some severe cuts about the head and face. After that there were no more fights of a serious character, though numerous assaults occurred till the closing of the polls at sunset. Immediately a deputy marshal, on a warrant issued by Commissioner Toohy, senior judge of the election, arrested Justice Clinton on a charge of ordering the arrest of Deputy Marshal Orr ; and Captain HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 613 Burt and policemen Hampton, Philips, Ringwood, Crow and Livingston were also arrested on charges of arresting the said Orr in the performance of his duty. They were all marched before the commissioner at the U. S. marshal's office, and placed under bonds, ranging from $300 to $1,000 to appear on the following VVednesday for examination. Next morning the Mayor of the city was arrested and brought before Commissioner Toohy and bound over to appear on the fol- lowing Thursday, his bonds being $1,000. The police were in the sequel dis- charged from custody, the commissioner holding that the policemen did their duty in taking Alhum into custody for violence and disturbing the peace. The Mayor was also relieved from his bond, for the cool judgment of the better class of the Liberal party appreciated that the Mayor and his officers had simply performed their duty, while the LI. S. marshal and his deputies had exceeded theirs in pre- suming to attempt to take the control of the city out of the hands of its lawful guardians, instead of confining their duties to the maintenance of the citizens' rights at the polls, and the prevention of the casting of unlawful votes. Indeed, the difficulties of that election day grew not out of any interruption of voting the Liberal ticket, but in the action between the U. S. marshal and his deputies in arresting the police in their efforts to keep the peace of the city. It was at this juncture that the mob assaulted the mayor as he stood in the doorway of the passage of the City Hall, and assaulted him, too, simply because he was the mayor ; and, when the mayor appeared on the balcony, voices from the same class in the mob cried, " Shoot him ! shoot him !" with other like exclamations. But Mayo'r Wells had read the riot act ; and all concerned were quickly taught that the Mayor and his force were the guardians of the city and its peace, notwithstanding a special act of Congress, made for the South in the reconstruction, gave to U. S. marshals a certain authority on election day at the polls to si.-e that no citizen was hindered in freely casting his vote. That neither the candidates, Baskin nor Marshal Maxwell, really expected any hindrance from the ma) or or the police, or indeed from anyone of the People's party manugers is certain. At the election in February, in the city, three times as many votes were polled for Jennings as those for Baskin, and two- thirds as many as were. cast for him in the entire Territory ; yet was there no hindrance to the opposition, which the Liberal party by uniting with it had made quite formidable. The day, though spirited, abounded with humor and good feel- ing. Mormon lads approached Mayor Wells, as he came along the street towards the City Hall, and, with their traditional respect for the leader scarcely over- powered by the mischief of the time, offered him the opposition ticket, crying, "Vote for Jennings." But on this election day hostile hands fell upon the mayor. In fine, the sharp history of the election day of August, 1874, for dele- gate to Congress is that Salt Lake City for a day was put under U. S. marshals, so that the contestant Baskin might perchance be able to tell Congress the story of the resistance of Mormon authorities to U. S. officers while executing an act of Congress to protect and aid the citizen in the exercise of his suffrage; and all this, too, after blood had been shed and the nation shocked with the news of a " Danite slaughter." Such an opportunity was nearly won for the contest- ant, whether aimed for or rot. Had those cries from his supporters been an- 6 f4 HIS TOR Y OF SALT LAKE CITY . swered with a pistol utterance — "Shoot him ! shoot him ! " when Mayor Wells appeared, and from the balcony of the City Hall read the riot act — answered in the manner of the rioters who fell upon the mayor at the door of the City Hall, beating him and tearing his his coat in shreads, the press dispatches that night would doubtless have told a story of horrors CHAPTER LXXI. THE FALL OF JUDGE McKEAN. THE ANN ELIZA SUIT AGAINST BRIGHAM YOUNG. ALIMONY AND LAWYER'S FEES GRANTED PENDING THE DECISION. THE HEAD OF THE MORMON CHURCH SENT TO THE PENITENTIARY FOR CON- TEMPT OF COURT. THE PUBLIC CENSURE COMPELS PRESIDENT GRANT TO REMOVE JUDGE McKEAN FROM OFFICE. The iith of March, 1875, ^^"^^ ^"^ ^^ ^^e marked days in the history of Salt Lake City, and a fated day to James B. McKean. The case of Ann Eliza Young vs. Brigham Young was resumed, on an order to show cause why defendant should not be punished for contempt in disobeying the order of February 25th, requiring him to pay $3,000 to plaintiff's counsel. The defendant, with his counsel, ap- peared in court to answer to a warrant of attachment. His counsel represented that the defendant was in ill-healih ; and asked the court that he might be per- mitted to withdraw from the room — either on his own recognizance or on a suffi- cient bond — during the argument on the order to show cause. The judge refused to grant the request and the hearing proceeded. Mr. Williams, of the defendant's counsel, read the answer to the order to show cause, which answer set forth that the defendant, advised by his counsel " believes that he is by law entitled to an appeal from said order and decree ; " that " an appeal has been taken and perfected from the said order and decree, to the supreme court of said Utah Territory;" that " this respondent disclaims all intention or disposition to disregard or treat contemptuously the said order and decree or any process of the said court; " "and prays to be hence discharged, and that further proceedings for the execution of said order and decree, for the payment of said fees and alimony, be stayed until the determination of said appeal in the said supreme court." Long arguments ensued by Hempstead for the defendant, and Hagan and McBride for plaintiff. At the close the chief justice read the following order : " This court having, on the 25th day of February last, made an order in this cause, ordering and adjudging that defendant herein should pay alimony and sus- tenance, the former within twenty and the latter within ten days thereafter, and the defendant having disobeyed the said order in this, tliat he has refused to pay the sustenance therein ordered to be paid ; and the defendant having been brought HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 613 before the court by warrant of attachment in order to show cause, and having in writing and by counsel, sliown such cause as he and they have chosen to present to the court ; and the court holding and adjudging that the execution of the said order of the 25th day of February last, can be stayed only by the order of this or some other court of competent jurisdiction ; "It is, therefore, because of the facts and premises, ordered and adjudged, that the defendant is guilty of disobedience to the process of this court, and i5 therein guilty of contempt of court. "And since this court has not one rule of action where conspicuous, and another where obscure, persons are concerned ; and since it is a fundamental prin- ciple of the Republic that all men are equal before the law; and since this court desires to impress this great fact, this great law, upon the minds of all the people of this Territory; now, therefore, because of the said contempt of court, it is further ordered and adjudged that the said Brigham Young do pay a fine of twenty- five dollars, and that he be imprisoned for the term of one day. " Done in open court, this nth day of March, 1875. "Jas. B. McKean, '■' Chief Justice, etc., and Judge of the Third District Court.''' McBride asked that the order be made so as to require the defendant to re- main in jail till the counsel fees were paid. The court said he would let the future take care of itself. President Young appeared in court at 10 o'clock a.m, and notwithstanding his ill health, there he sat till he was escorted out by Deputy U. S. Marshal Smith, at one o'clock. The great founder of Salt Lake City manifested not the slightest un- easiness or excitement during the proceedings, and when he was adjudged guilty of contempt of court, and sentenced to fine and imprisonment in the penitentiary, he was not disconcerted in the least. Probably he anticipated what was coming and was prepared for it. Indeed the native greatness of Brigham Young never appeared more striking than on these several occasions when he sat in the presence of Chief Justice McKean waiting for judgment. He was the " Lion of the Lord" still — but the lion in absolute repose. Sitting a prisoner in the court, he was, in the sight of his people, superior to the court; in the presence of the judge in- comparably greater than the judge. McKean himself, in his way, was painfully conscious of this vast superiority of Brigham Young, and his overwhelming pres- ence in lion-like repose in his court. This was illustrated in McKean's extraordi- nary opinion, in which he declared that a system was on trial in the person of Brigham Young ; and his decision now bore a manifested consciousness that he was sending "' the Mormon Moses " to the penitentiary, for contempt of his court. The paltry fine of $25.00 was as nothing to this judge who had refused half a mil- lion for the prisoner's bail ; but that one day of Brigham Young in the peniten- tiary, for a cause which rested directly between himself and the prisoner — con- tempt — was to the judge as an epoch in his own life; and so, indeed, it was des- tined to be. The court took a recess soon after the order had been pronounced. Mr. James Jack, President Young's chief clerk, paid to the plaintiff's attorneys the three thousand dollars. Deputy Smith took charge of the prisoner and escorted him to 6i6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. I he President's own carriage, which was in attendance, and drove him to his resi- dence, where President Young ate his dinner, procured such clothing, bedding, etc., as he required for a night in jail, and in the midst of a severe snow storm was then taken to the penitentiary by Dr. Smith, the deputy marshal. Mayor Daniel H. Wells, Dr. S. B. Young and Mr. Rossiter accompanied them and re- mained at the warden's house. Arrived at the penitentiary, President Young was locked in the only cell at the institution, with a dozen or more convicted criminals, and men awaiting trial for alleged crimes. However, he was held in that place only a short time, when he was furnished a room attached to the warden's quarters, where he spent the night. Many of the President's friends drove out to the penitentiary in the after- noon and a considerable number remained in the vicinity all night. President Young's prison quarters were comparatively comfortable, and he was treated by Dr. Smith with such courtesies as were consistent with the gentleman's official duties, and the circumstances of the case would permit. On Friday, March 12th, 1875, ^'^ the expiration of " the day" the doors of the penitentiary were thrown open, and the founder of Salt Lake City walked out a free man. He was escorted to the city by a number of friends who went out to see him. When the news of the incarceration of Brigham Young in the penitentiary spread throughout the city there was considerable excitement, but not the slighest demonstration of violent resistance to the judicial tyranny on the part of any one, none going farther than to express indignation at the course of Judge McKean in imprisoning a nian of seventy-four years of age and in feeble health, for so slight an offense, when none was intended, as the defendant's counsel had shown. Out- side of a certain clique, the act of sending Brigham Young to the penitentiary on an iniquitious suit, which he, the judge, had fostered, was denounced as an un- paralleled outrage. The intelligent portion of the community — even those openly opposed to the religious system of which Brigham Young was the head — were unanimous in the verdict that though McKean may have been technically justified by the law, he was guilty of an unchristianlike and unfeeling act. But James B. Mckean had at length provoked his own doom : and the thun- derbolt came from the hand of the man who had appointed him, and who had upheld him so long. The following telegram called the " Halleujah," from the pent up hearts of a hundred and fifty thousand Utah people. " Washington 16. — The President has nominated Isaac C. Parker of Mis- souri, chief justice of Utah, vice McKean ; and Oliver A. Patten, of West Vir- ginia, register of the land office at Salt Lake City. The nomination of ex-Con- gressman Parker, of Missouri, to be chief justice of Utah, involves the removal of Judge McKean, but does not indicate any change in the policy of the admin- tration regarding the question of polygamy. The removal and that of the present register of the land office in Salt Lake, are caused by what the President deems the fanatical and extreme conduct on the part of these officers as evidenced by their violent attacks on Governor Axtell and certain senators who recommended his appointment, and by several acts of McKean which are considered ill-advised, tyrannical and in excess of his powers as judge." HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 617 Here may be supplemented several clippings from the reviews of influential papers of America of the fated cause that brought Judge McKean himself to judg- ment. The New York Post said : " After more than six months' deep study his Honor, Chief Justice McKean has given his decision in the case of ' Ann Eliza against Brigham Young,' for ^\\- vciony pendente lite for divorce. It is embraced in two closely printed columns of a Salt Lake newspaper, which a correspondent, who sends us a copy of it, writes that he confesses his inability to comprehend. But therein the judge evinces his wisdom. If his opinion were written in the language of the Utes or Sioux he could not be so successful in disguising his reasoning, those aboriginal tongues not being adapted to the concealment of thought by verbiage. Only one thing is clear — that is, that the plaintiff is to have her law expenses paid and $500 monthly zWmony pendente Hie. Thus in order to deplete Brigham's bank account the judge repudiates his own principles and infringe upon^the law against polygamy, which he has heretofore so strenuously maintained. By this law a man can have but one wife. Brigham Young fought his case ' on this line,' proving that he was married to Mary Ann Angell, his still living wife, on January 10, 1834. By the law of Congress made especially for Utah, and by the common law of the land, any other woman taken by him to his bed and board after his first legal marriage is not his wife. This is the very point that Judge McKean has heretofore considered it hi-^ special mission to establish. " But now comes Mrs. Ann Eliza Webb, and on the 6th of April, 186S, (Brigham Young having previously taken to himself, unlawfully, seventeen other women) and according to the laws of the Mormon Church becomes his nine- teenth wife, or, according to the laws of the United States, his eighteenth concu- bine. Married according to the rules of that church, she knew what they were. They expressly permit a woman to claim divorce at any time, ivithout alimony. Connecting herself with Brigham in what Judge McKean has always rightly de- clared to be an illicit way, she renders herself, as well as Brigham, liable to crim- inal prosecution. By his decision the judge recedes from his own principles, and may fairly be hailed by the Mormon Church as a convert to the doctrine of polygamy." Here is the way the San Francisco Bulletin goes after his Honor, and the alimony /^//(^/i?;//,? lite opinion : " The suit of Ann Eliza Young against Brigham Young for divorce, and the rulings in the case made by Judge McKean, will be likely to attract much atten- tion ; not only for the social aspects of the case, but on account of the legal questions raised. " The petitioner set forth that Brigham Young was in receipt of an income of not less than ^40,000 a month, or 5480,000 a year, and asked that ^ 1,000 a month might be assigned for her support. Subsequently, on a motion made by her counsel, the court ordered that Brigham Young should pay over about ^3,000 to aid Ann Eliza in prosecuting her suit for divorce. Young hesitated to comply with this order, and the court inflicted a fine and ordered that he should be im- prisoned twenty-four hours ^//rr Young had paid over the $3,000 to the clerk of 6i8 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. the court. Young disclaimed any intention of committing a con.empt, but desired to raise the question of his liability before a higher court By this ruling Judge McKean assumes that Anna Eleza was actually married to Brigham Young, when all the facts show she was never legally married to him, and could not be, from the very nature of the case. " Brigham Young was legally married to Mary Ann Angell, atKirtland, Ohio, June loth, 1834. This woman has never been divorced, is still alive, living at Salt Lake City, as the acknowledged wife of Brigham Young. There is no con- troversy about these facts. How, then, could Anna Eliza at any time since be the lawful wife of Brigham Young? When Judge McKean assumes that this woman is the wife of Young, makes an interlocutory decree granting her ^3,000 to main- tain a suit for divorce, when there never was a legal marriage, and commits Young for contempt because he hesitates long enough to raise the question of the legality of the order, he burns some strange fire on the altar of justice. "Ann Eliza knew that she could not lawfully marry Brigham Young. She deserted her own husband for the purpose of cohabiting with Young, and at a subsequent date, we believe, procured a divorce from her former husband by the aid of the probate court of Utah. This woman lived with Young a year or more without any ground of complaint. The relation, according to her own admis- sion, was a satisfactory one, and might have been to this day, had Young devoted himself exclusively to her. The former, in the pleadings, sets up the one legal marriage in Ohio, and that the relation between himself and petitioner was only that known to the church as a celestial or plural marriage, and one, ofcour.se, not known to the law outside of the peculiar ordinances of the Latter-day Church. If there was no legal marriage it follows that there can be no legal divorce, and there is not a court outside of Utah which would decree the validity of such a marriage. We are not seeking to extricate Brigham Young from his difficulties. If he is caught in his own net he is not entitled to any sympathy. He has lived a long time in defiance of law — in fact has been a law unto himself, and has lived in de- fiance of the highest authority known to the nation. But there is nothing in the case as presented by Ann Eliza calling either for relief or special sympathy. She consented to cohabit with Young unlawfully, and would have sustained that relation until this time if Young had not made more conquests and added others to his conjugal circle. It is a reproach to the coun- try that Young was not long ago dealt with squarely on the ground that every po- lygamous marriage is a crime. But an oblique and cunning interpretation of law which assumes that to be a marriage which was no marriage, only a scandal- ous cohabitation, is not a straightforward way out of the difficulty. Instead of taking the bull by the horns, it is an attempt to grasp him by the tail. There is another phase of the case which cannot escape notice. When Ann Eliza Young takes to the platform and recites her assumed wrongs in the ears of the public, it is competent for the public to inquire whether she makes out any case calling for special sympathy. The evils which she suftered were incident to the social economy which was good enough for her so long as she could supplant the lawful wife of Brigham Young. What were the evils which this wife suffered? HISTORY 01^ SALT LAKE CITY. 6ig Ann Eliza, who now seeks to make merchandise out of her illegal relations with Brigham Yonng, entered into that relation in mature years, and afier she had been lawfully married to another man. As a social reformer she does not present any striking or salient features. Nor can her contribution to platform literature be very attractive to right minded people. If the three thousand dollars which Judge McKean has awarded as ^\vi\oviy pendente lite was in the nature of a fine legally inflicted upon Brigham Young instead of a blander, the first step toward justice might have been taken in the case." The Chicago Times thus treats the c intempt judgment : "Judge McKean, of the United States district court of Utah, yesterday had Brigham Young arraigned for contempt in neglecting to pay over the attorney's fees in the divorce suit of one of his concubines, Ann Eliza. Papers for an ap- peal from Judge McKean's decision had been filed by Brigham's lawyers, and bonds had been given for the payment of both the attorney's fees and the alimony allowed by the court, but notwithstanding this the Prophet was found guilty of contempt, fined twenty-five dollars, and sent to the penitentiary for twenty-four hours. The proceeding is a somewhat extraordinary one. It is customary, when an appeal has been taken and bonds filed for the faithful performance of the verdict of a court; to hold judgments in abeyance until the appeal is at least ar- gued. This summary method of dealing with the Prophet looks very much like persecution, and will awaken sympathy for hirn instead of aiding the cause of justice." Instead of the Hon. Isaac C. Parker, being appointed chief justice, it turned out to be the Hon. David P. Lowe, of Fort Scott, Kansas. The new chief jus- tice was an honest, straightforward man, a good lawyer, and an upright judge, who would not lend himself to any system of fraud or injustice, and, in the case of Ann Eliza, he determined that the order for alimony should be expunged from the record. But this did not occur, however, until its victim had been imprisoned, and had paid over ^4,000 for counsel fees, and two months' alimony. Ex-Prosecuting Attorney Bates, summarizing the McKean period, says; *' The five years of judicial mal administration of McKean in Utah may be summarized as follows : " ist. — |ioo,ooo, of United States public money, belonging to the Depart- ment of Justice, have been squandered there. " 2d. — No Mormon has ever been convicted, during that period, of any of- fense against the laws of the Territory, or of the United States, except : " 3d. — The case of the United States vs. Geo. Reynolds, for polygamy, where the verdict of guilty was found by a jury, nine of whom were Mormon polyg- amists ; and the witnesses who furnished all the evidence, including the plural wife herself, were all polygaraists — which case is expected to go to the Supreme Court of the United States, where the validity of the Act of 1862 will be finally settled, as it would have been in 1872, had not the plan then agreed upon been frustrated by the Federal officials in Utah. "4th. — These illegal prosecutions, including the false imprisonment of 620 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CriY- Brigham Young and the leaders of the people, have cost them in counsel fees, loss of time, and injuries to their business, at least $500,000. " 5th. — The panic and alarm created thereby in the States of the Union, and the fear of a collision between the authorities and the Mormon people have driven or kept away millions of dollars of capital." CHAPTER LXXIII. THE PRESIDENTIAL VISIT TO SALT LAKE CITY. FEDERAL OFFICERS AND GENTILES CLAIM THE HONOR OF RECEIVING THE PRESIDENT; BUT THE CITY FATHERS CHARTER A SPECIAL TRAIN AND "PIONEER" THE PRESI- DENTIAL TRAIN TO OUR CITY. MEETING BETWEEN U. S. GRANT AND BRIGHAM YOUNG. CHARACTER MARKS. LONG FAMILIAR CHAT ON THE WAY BETWEEN MRS. GRANT AND BRIGHAM. PUBLIC RECEPTION GIVEN TO THE CITIZEN. VISIT TO TEMPLE BLOCK. MRS. GRANT WEEPS FOR •'THESE GOOD MORMON PEOPLE." THE DEPARTURE. GRANT TOUCHED BY THE TRIBUTE OF THE MORMON SUNDAY SCHOOLS TO HIM AS PRESI- DENT. " I HAVE BEEN DECEIVED." The visit of President Grant to Salt Lake City, in the early part of October, 1875, '^^^^ ^^ auspicious event, as it greatly corrected his views, and created quite a revulsion in his mind favorable to the Mormon people. Indeed, it would seem, from what is rehearsed of the expressions of the President and his wife relative to the Mormon people, that had this visit occurred in i86g, with the same party sur- roundings, in the place of the Colfax visit of that date, our local history of the last five years would have been markedly different from what it was. The presidedtial party consisted of the President and Mrs. Grant, Col. Fred Grant and wife. General O. E. Bibcock, ex-Secretary of the Navy Adolph E. Borie, wife and daughter, and Governor Thayer of Wyoming. The Federal officers and non-Mormon citizens claimed the honor of receiving the President of the United States. A meeting was called at the Federal Court House, and a committee of ten, headed by Governor Emery, was appointed to meet the President and his party, and extend to them the hospitality of the Federal officers and Gentile citizens. But the founders of Utah and the municipal council of Salt Lake City, with- out the least manifestation of displeasure at being thus characteristically set aside by the Federal dignities, moved in the matter of the reception of President Grant with the quietest emphasis possible of their sense that precedence belonged to them. They were the pioneers of these western States and Territories. They had led the way across the plains and sandy deserts before the tide of colonization, apart from that of their own, had fairly started towards the Pacific, and they were HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 621 actually the first band of colonists proper who planted the American (lag in this dominion ; and if distinction or precedence were to be made in receiving the first President of the United States who had visited the Pacific slope, to the fathers of Utah properly belonged the honor of escorting him to Salt Lake City. The committee of ten, headed by the Governor, which had been appointed by the Federal Court House meeting, in pursuance of their programme, started for Ogden on the early train, and taking the Union Pacific ea?t bound passenger train, met the presidential train at Peterson Station in Weber, and returned with it. Thus they had the advantage of the first meeting and it was thought by the Federal committee that their programme would prevail in all its points. The Utah Central special tr»in, chartered by the city council, left the station here at 9:30 Sunday morning, making the trip to Ogden in about an hour and a half, conveying the aldermanic committee and other members of the city coun- cil, city and county officers, and several invited guests, including President Brigham Young, Hon. John Taylor, Hon. B. Young, Jun., Hon. Jos. F. Smith, Judge Elias Smith, Hon. F. M. Lyman, H. B. Clawson, Esq., Col. F. Little, sev- eral ladies and representatives of the press. None of the Federal Territorial officials or military officers availed themselves of the special invitation of the council. The engine of the special train was decorated with flags and bunting. About half an hour after the arrival of the Utah Central train the presidential train approached the station at Ogden. All of the railroad platforms were crowded with people straining their eyes to get a sight of the President. The Ogden brass band struck up " Hail to the Chief." The locomotive of the presidential train was profusely decorated with flags, streamers, etc. O. H. Earll, division superin- tendent of the Union Pacific, and A. H. Earll, the Ogden agent of the company, accompanied the presidential party to Ogden, doing the honors to the distinguished guests. The President was standing on the rear platform, swinging his hat to the people, with ex-Secretary Borie and General Babcock at his side. Now and then a boy would jump up and get hold of the President's hand, an event of which he may boast for years. The presidential train immediately switched upon the Utah Central track, when it appeared to be assumed by some of the party, though not by the President or General Babcock, tliat the train would proceed by itself to this city in advance of the Utah Central train. This arrangement, however, was not made, and the presidential cars were attached in front of those of the LTtah Central, and drawn by the latter's engine; the train started out of Ogden at a good speed, making the trip to this city in about an hour and a quarter. While at Ogden, the President cordially received the representatives of our city council, who were presented to him, and said in reply to Hon. George Q. Cannon, who tendered him the hospitality of the city in behalf of the munici- pality, that he had accepted an invitation of the Governor of the Territory to be his guest ; that he could only remain in Utah until Monday afternoon, and would be happy to avail himself of any courtesies at the hands of the city that he might have time to accept. He expressed his obligations for the attention paid him by the municipal authorities. Other Utah gentlemen were then introduced. As the train was moving out of Ogden, President Young stepped from the 622 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. car ot the Utnh Central upon the platform where the President was star.dmg, and was presented to President Grant by Mr. Cannon, both gentlemen uncovering. President Young baid : President Grant, this is the first time I have ever seen a president of my country." President Grant nodded, and after a few enquiries and compliments, President Young was conducted to the interior of the car, and pre- sented to Mrs. U. S. Grant, Mrs. Col. Fred Grant, Mrs. Boric and the other ladies and gentlemen of the party. Mrs. Grant entered into a familiar conversa- tion with President Young, which was prolonged for about half an hour, when the latter took his leave of the ladies and of President Grant, saying a few words to the Presdent as he passed upon his return to the Utah Central train. During the entire trip from Ogden to this city, President Grant occupied the platform of his car with Governor Emery and Delegate Cannon, the latter being kept engaged in conversation by the President in regard to the various points of interest in the Territory. The President asked a good many questions which showed a keen interest in the material resources of the country and the industries of vari- ous kinds. Indeed he appeared to be far more impressed with these things tlian he did with the people whom he met. At the station in this city, the President and party were taken in charge by the Federal committee and conveyed in carriages to the Walker House. Many thou- sands of people had assembled at the depot, and from there to East Temple, on both sides of the street, were arranged the city Sabbath school children, with their teachers. The President and Mrs. Grant and Governor Emery rode up in an open barouche, behind four handsome greys. The President, as he passed along, waived his hat to the crowds, who saluted him without boisterous demonstration. During the afternoon the President remained at the iiotel, where he received calls from many officials and leading citizens. A large crowd had also gathered in front of the Walker House, and to gratify their desire to see the President, Grant stepped out upon the balcony, and was introduced to the multitude by Gov. Emery, who stated that the President was suffering from a Rocky Mountain cold, was very hoarse, and it would therefore be difficult for him to respond to the calls for a speech. Early Monday morning, the President, in an open buggy with Gov. Emery, was driven to the Temple block, when he went into the tabernacle, and looked at the foundation walls of the temple. He was next driven to the north bench, where he obtained a fine view of the city ; and afterwards went to Camp Douglas. There he examined the new stone barracks and officers' quarters in course of erection > and was waited upon by the officers of the jjost. The other members of the Presi- dential party also visited the Temple block and Camp Douglas. It was at the special request of the President that no salute w^as fired at the military post in his honor; also that the band did not come out. He said his visit was strictly a social and sight-seeing one, and was not in the least of an official character. He desired, therefore, that there be as little ostentation and display as possible. After spending a brief time in Camp Douglas, the Governor drove the Presi- dent a short distance up Emigration canyon, and then returned to the city and his hotel, where a public reception was held, when several hundred citizens, ladies and gentlemen were presented to the President. Notably among the others who em- HISTORY OF SALT LAKE Cn^. 623 braced this opportunity of calling upon the President was Judge McKean, who walked up with the crowd and in his turn shook the executive right hand. The reception continued until after 2 o'clock, when the public were excluded and the federal officials, in a body, were presented to the President, The Presidental party partook of an early dinner at the Walker House and then proceeded to the depot, where the special car in which Grant travels was found profusely decDrated with flowers and green — the artistic work of a number of ladies of this city. On the way to the depot the President and company called at the residence of Hon. Wm. Jennings, where there were also a few prorninent citizens. As the train was moving off, the President, who stood upon the car platform, was heartily cheered by the crowd assembled at the depot, and he acknowledged the salute by waving his hat. He was escorted to Ogden by the city council com- mittee of welcome, the court house committee, and several invited guests, promi- nent ladies and gentlemen of the city. After the train had left the depot, Presi- dent Grant and party entered the car in which were the ladies and gentlemen of Salt Lake, and passed the time until the arrival at Ogden, in conversation. They seemed to have thrown off restraint, and resolved upon the enjoyment of a social visit. They talked freely, and upon taking their farewell, expressed themselves as having been highly pleased with the appearance of Salt Lake City, and delighted with their reception. The President and party stood upon the rear platform of their car when the train moved off eastward, and waved their handkerchiefs to the Salt Lake ladies and gentlemen, who returned to the city by special train. Gov- ernor Emery and his committee, who had all along ignored the municipal commit- tee of welcome, accepted the invitation of the council committee to occupy seats in the special train, and all returned to the city together. There were many incidents in this visit of a President of the United States to our city, that tended to give our citizens favor in the Nation's eyes. Two of these incidents will be sufficient to note. When President Grant, on his entrance to our city, in his carriage, passed the multitude of Sunday School children who, under their teachers, had gathered, ar- rayed in white to welcome him — in their simplicity of manner, emphasising the greeting of Brigham Young, "this is the first time I have had the honor of meet- ing a President of my nation" — he turned to Governor Emery and enquired, "whose children are these?" He was answered by the Governor, "Mormon children." For several moments the President was silent, and then he murmured, in a tone of self-reproach, " L have been deceived ! " It was in vain for any anti- Mormon, after that utterance, to tell him that those children had been arrayed to give him welcome, for the purpose of making a favorable impression on his mind in behalf of their Mormon parents. To a man of so strong a religious nature as that of U. S. Grant, which nature to the end of his daySj contrary to the better judg- ment of the American people, gave Dr. Newman a controling influence over him, these Sunday School children, brought up in the fear of the Lord, were, on this Sabbath day of his entrance into our city, more powerful sermons than he had ever heard in the Metropolitan Methodist Church, from the charmed tongue of his favorite pastor. And even the depreciatory expounding of the anti-Mormon — that this array of Sunday School children was " all gotten up for effect " — 624 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. would have been entirely lost on a man of simple directness of mind, for Mormon parents, who could with so much natural sagacity conceive the plot of capturing the conqueror of southern rebeldom, by an army of their Sunday Schoolchildren, were surely not wicked parents, nor unworthy of the regard of the representative " father of his country." The other incident is of Mrs. Grant, on her visit to the Mormon Tabernacle in this city, escorted by Hon. \V. H. Hooper and others. As she listened to the chaste yet sonorous music from the grand organ of the tabernacle, which for com- pass and quality has but few equals, and which on this occasion was played by a master organist, with tears in her eyes she exclaimed with deep feeling, her words addressed to the ex-Delegate of Utah, " Oh, I wish I could do something for these good Mormon people !" CHAPTER LXXIV. DEATH OF BRIGHAM YOUNG. THE CITY DRAPED FOR ITS FOUNDER. GRAND SOLEMN FUNERAL. SERVICES AT THE TABERNACLE, TRIBUTE OF THE CITY COUNCIL TO HIS MEMORY. On Wednesday, August 29th, 1877, Brigham Young, the founder of Utah, and one of the greatest colonizers the world has seen in a thousand years, died at his residence in Salt Lake City. The life and career of this remarkable man, whose record compasses the whole history of the Mormon people, may be gath- ered from the entirety of this book, and the personal sketch of him in the sup- plement of biographies. Suffice in this chapter to give the record of his death and burial. On Thursday evening, August 23rd, President Young was attacked with cholera morbus, which was very severe, and continued throughout the whole of the night and the following day until the afternoon. The pain was intense, and quickly prostrated the patient. On Friday afternoon, however, he was somewhat j-elieved, and was considered by his physician to be convalescing. This favorable condition continued until Saturday afternoon, when his symptoms suddenly be- came worse, and the disease assumed an alarming aspect. The pain in his bowels returned, his bowels began to be distended, and his sufferings were greatly aggra- vated. These symptoms yielded to the use of morphine; but on Sunday morn- ing a condition of semi-stupor came on continuing throughout the day and night. On Monday there was little change, the patient remaining about in the same con- dition as on Sunday, until Tuesday when his coma deepened. Still he could be roused, and occasionally spoke to those about him. Suddenly on Tuesday morn- HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 623 ing, there was extreme difficulty in breathing, owing to the distension of the bowels. Artificial respiration was resorted to for about nine hours, with the re- sult of enabling him to breathe without assistance. His condition from that time until his death admitted no doubt as to the result of the case. Death ended his work at 4 p. M. on Wednesday. The technical name of the fatal disease of which he died is ^;//^r^ colitis — commonly called inflammation of the bowels; which, of course, was brought on by cholera morbus. The deceased did not speak for hours previous to his death, although at times he appeared to be conscious, and would make an effort to articulate. He was surrounded by most of the members of his family and a few intimate friends. During the three last days of his mortal life the people of Utah was in the most profound and anxious suspense. Telegrams fled frequently throughout the Territory informing the Saints of the condition of their leader, and prayer circles met in every settlement to invoke Divine power to stay the stroke, which when it fell, though it appalled the heart of the church for a moment, and baptized in tears the State which Brigham Young had founded, yet brought to the people re- lief from the terrible suspense under which they had stood as with suspended breath for three days. In the world beyond the angel of destiny tolled his bell : the spirit of Brigham Young, a son of destiny, winged its homeward way ; and within the hour every city in Utah was draped in mourning. The following account of the funeral is culled from the reports oi t\\Q Descrct Netvs and Salt Lake Herald of that date : It was the original intention not to admit the public to view the body of President Brigham Young until Sunday morning, two hours before the commence- ment of the funeral services. The very general desire to see the deceased, and the certainty of there being present at the tabernacle on Sunday a tremendous crowd, has led to the making of a satisfactory change in the programme. The body will lie in state, in the new tabernacle, from this morning at nine o'clock until eleven o'clock on Sunday, It will be in the coffin, which will be enclosed in a metallic case, a glass being over the face. The public will be admitted to the tabernacle at any time between the hours indicated above. OFFICIAL PROGRAMME AND INSTRUCTIONS: "As soon as the probable number of seventies, high priests, elders, and the lesser priesthood is ascertained, places will be assigned them in the tabernacle, during the funeral ceremonies of President Brigham Young. These different quorums will hold meetings this evening for the purpose of learning in relation to this matter, and will also appoint committees to attend to the seating of their quorums, and to arrange for them to take part in the procession. It is desirable that each quorum should attend to its own organization for the procession so as save time, obviate confusion, and lessen the labor of the marshals. " The procession will leave the tabernacle eight abreast, and walk through the south gate and up the north sidewalk of South Temple street to the Eagle Gate, thence up through President Young's grounds to his cemetery. A pro- gramme will be arranged for the procession, assigning to each body its proper place. The intention at present is for the general authorities to occupy the stand. For greater convenience, however, it will be well for the presidents of the high 626 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. priests, of the elders, and the lesser priesthoood, to sit with their respective quo- rums, so that they can take their places for the procession. The high council of this stake and the visiting presidents and counsellors of stakes from other places, and members of high councils of other stakes will have seats assigned to them on the platform south of the stands. The Tenth Ward brass band, the Glee Club, which will sing at the vault, and the city council will also be seated south of the stands on the platform. " The platform on the north side of the stands will be occupied by the bishops and their counsellors of this stake, and visiting bishops and counsellors from other stakes. Seats will be reserved immediately in front of the stands on both sides of the centre aisle for the family and relatives of the honored deceased. " It is desired that all who reside in the city and its vicinity who desire to view the remains of President Young will do so to-day, and once having seen the body will be satisfied with that view and not try to obtain another to the exclu- sion of persons who have not had an opportunity of seeing it at all. If this be strictly observed, the brethren and sisters who come from other settlements on Sunday morning, can have the privilege of getting a view of the body ; and un- less this be observed it would be difficult for them to get into the tabernacle for that purpose. We cannot impress this too much upon the residents of this city and its vicinity. " Thousands will probably come by the morning trains, all of whom will be anxious to get a last look at the face of their beloved president, prophet and leader. Arrangements will be made for as many as possible to have this privilege, but in the short time remaining, only a limited number can possibly, with the best arrangements, pass by the cofifin. Too much cannot be said upon the necessity of observing strict order. There will be a body of men detailed as special police for the occasion; and we hope that every man, woman and child in the community will conform to the arrangements that will be made, and not impose unpleasant duties upon those acting as special policemen. Let us show respect to the memory of our great leader by observing that order of which he himself was so deep an admirer and great example. Let no man, woman or child say or do a thing on the solemn occasion of his funeral, which if he were present in person would grieve or annoy him. Of necessity there will have to be strict arrangements to save con- fusion, as there will be doubtless an immense number of people present." "The remains of the late President Brigham Young were removed from the Lion house Saturday morning shortly after S o'clock, and conveyed on a bier to the new tabernacle. Employees of the deceased carried the body, the apostles now in the city acting as pall bearers. A number of President Young's sons fol- lowed, besides bishops, seventies, elders, etc., forming a procession of between six and seven hundred people. The coffin containing the body was placed at the foot of the centre aisle of the tabernacle, directly in front of the stand, the head .being to the west. The coffin is enclosed in an air-tight metallic burial case, a sheet of plare glass covering the face, admitting of a good view of the features. The inside of the coffin is trimmed and dressed plainly, but neatly, with white satin, quilted ; and the drapery overspreading the case is white merino. A hand- some floral cross, encircled by a wreath of flowers, is on the lid. The tabernacle HISTORY 01' SALT LAKE CITY. 62 j is profusely draped, the platform, stands, organ and pillars wearing heavy folds of crape. The features of the dead have undergone much change since his sickness, and indicate plainly the severity of his sufferings. "It was II o'clock when the gates to the Temple blo(k were opened and the public admitted to take a last look at the deceased. Probably three thousand peo- ple had assembled, and for a couple of hours the crowd was tremendous. How- ever, the arrangements were so complete, that the rush being once over, there was no more crowding, people passing in and out without hurrying. A constant stream of men, women and children went in at one door, looked at the features of the dead, and passed out on the opposite side of the tabernacle, until quite late in the evening when there was a slight cessation, and those in attendance were en abled to rest. The body was kept in state all night, a guard surrounding it and the building, and it was not until near midnight that people ceased to visit it. An accurate account was kept of the number of those who saw the body, running up to within a i^w of eleven thousand people. The remains will lie where they are, and the public will! be admitted until 11 o'clock to-day, and as all the trains entering the city last night were crowded with passengers— seven carloads arriving from the south and thirteen from the north — and as special trains will run overall the roads this morning to bring people from other places, it can be estimated that ten thousand more people will visit the tabernacle this morning. The greatest order and decorum were observed, and nothing occurred to mar the solemnity of the occasion. ^; ^ * * " Sunday, September 2d, 1877, will not soon be effaced from the memories of the people of Utah; not only will it be remembered as the day when the mortal remains of Brigham Young were laid in the tomb, but on account of the oreat popular demonstration on the occasion. On Saturday night, long after the hour when the city is usually quiet and the inhabitants are hushed in sleep, people could be seen directing their steps towards the tabernacle to obtain a last look at the features of the dead leader. Early Sunday morning the rush began again, and soon it seemed as if the whole of the population was astir and gathering at the Temple block. Notwithstanding the multitude of people bent on the same purpose, the utmost order prevailed. The quiet and decorum observed in the tabernacle were remarked by all. People walked steadily down the aisle, gazed for a moment at the face of the dead and passed out, all seemingly deeply impressed with the solemnity of the occasion. It is gratifying to the family, friends and public gen- erally, that nothing occurred to mar the proceedings, and it reflects credit upon the masters of the ceremonies and the community. This stream of people was not checked until 11.30 Sunday morning, more than 18,000 men, women and children having gazed upon the corpse within the twenty-four hours. After the public was restrained the family gathered around the coffin and looked for the last time upon the loved features. The apostles followed the family, when the met- allic case was removed, exposing the coffin, which was then elevated on a cata- falque, in lull view of the entire audience. There was a noticeable absence of all drapery about the coffin ; however, there was a plain black p. 11 over the stand on which it rested. The tabernacle was deeply draped, all the j liars wearing heavy folds of crape, and the stands, platforms, organ and tables were in deep black. 6-8 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. The floral decorations in the tabernacle were grandly beautiful. Besides those of artificials, festooned from the ceiling and suspended from the gallery, the stands bore many vases of living flowers. The coffin was a plain casket of redwood, var- nished, but devoid of ornament, save the massive silver handles. It was decked with wreaths and garlands of flowers, a beautiful and artistically arranged flower harp, being attached to the foot. The east portion of the auditorium and the galleries were thrown open to the public, and hours before the services commenced ])eople began to occupy the seats, which at ii o'clock were all full, and thousands were unable to gain admission. The family and relatives of President Young, numbering some hundreds, occupied seats directly in front of the platform and next the coffin. In their rear, and on the right and left, grouped together, were the seventies, high priests, elders, and others of the priesthood. The south side of the platform was occupied by the city council, band. Glee club, presidents of different stakes of the church and high councils. On the north platform were bishops and their counsellors. The upper stand, or that of the first presidency, was occupied by George Q. Cannon, master of ceremonies;' Daniel H. Wells and John W. Young, counsellors to the deceased; and Brigham \oung, Jr. The apostles, who were all present except Orson Pratt and Joseph F. Smith, now in I'mgland, the presidency of the Salt Lake stake, and presiding bishop were in their usual seats. A close estimate of the people in the building places the number at thirteen thousand, while probably as many more were in the yard and around the gates. The organist and orchestra had been in attendance since 9:30 a. m., and while the body v/as in state and the tabernacle was being filled, played the " Dead March in Saul," organ and orchestra ; " Brigham Young's Funeral March," com- posed for the occasion by Jos. J. Daynes, organ ; Wilson's Funeral March, organ; Mendessohn's Funeral March, organ and orchestra. The services commenced at noon, precisely, George Q. Cannon announcing the hymn Hark ! from afar a funeral knell. This was sung by the tabernacle choir, George Careless leader, and J. J. Daynes organist. The tune to which the hymn was sung was one composed by Prof. Careless on the occasion of the funeral of the late Geo. A. Smith, and is called "Rest." Then followed the opening prayer by Apostle F. D. Richards. The prayer was followed by singing Thou dost not weep to weep alone. After which his counselor and faithful friend, Daniel H. Wells, delivered a brief and feeling address. He said : "I arise with an aching heart, but cannot let pass this opportunity of paying at least a tribute of respect to our departed friend and brother, who has just stepped behind the veil. I can only say, let the silent tear fall that it may give relief to the troubled heart; for we have lost our counselor, our friend, our president; a friend to God, a friend to His saints, a friend to the Church and a friend to hu- manity. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 62Q •' I have no desire or wish to multiply words, feeling that it is rather a time to mourn. Good bye, Brother Brigham, until the morning of the resurrection day, when thy spirit and body shall be reunited, and thou shalt inheiit immortality, eternal lives and everlasting glory, and thy life-long companions who will soon follow after, will meet thee in peace and joy." He was followed by Apostles Wilford Woodruff, Eraslus Snow, George Q. Cannon and John Taylor; Orson Hyde pronounced the benediction. The readiness and absence of friction with which the procession was formed occasioned much comment. The congregation, with the exception of the family, apostles, bishops, and others, who were to march, withdrew from the tabernacle, the Dead March playing on the organ, and the choir singing. The procession then quietly formed — every one falling into his position — and while the band at the head with muffled instruments slowly played the Dead March, filed out of the south gate and up the sidewalk to the Eagle gate, moving eight abreast, and marching with uncovered heads. Following is the order of THE PROCESSION. Tenth Ward Band. Glee Club. Tabernacle Choir. Press Reporters. Salt Lake City Council. President Young's employees. President Joseph Young, Bishop Phineas H. Young, Bishop Lorenzo D. Young and Elder Edward Young (President Brigham Young's brothers.) The Body, borne by clerks and work- men of the Deceased, with nine of the Twelve Apostles as pall bearers. Immediately following the body, the counselors of President Brigham Young. The family and relatives. Patriarch of the Church. First seven presidents of the seventies. Presidency and high council of Salt Lake Stake of Zion. Visiting presidents, their counselors and high councils of various stakes of Zion. Bishops and their counselors. High priests. Elders. Lesser priesthood. Seventies. The general public. An immense crowd lined the sidewalk, and was kept back by ropes stretched along the line of shade trees to the Eagle gate, where the procession entered, and moving up the hill entered the private cemetery of the deceased. The vault is in the southeast corner, where the family first, and then the pub- lic had an opportunity of seeing it before the coffin was lowered. A heavy red- wood box was then letdown, and into this the coffin was placed, the family as- sembling around the vault. The Glee club — male voices — sang the hymn com- mencing, O, my Father, Thou that dwellest. Apostle Wilford Woodruff offered the dedicatory prayer. At a special meeting of the city council called by Mayor Little to take appro- priate action, the Mayor formally announced the death of President Brigham Young, one of the members of the city council ; whereupon Aldermen Sharp and Raleigh, and Councilors Reynolds, Calder and Winder were appointed a com- mittee to draft and present resolutions ; they reported the following : "PREAMBLE AND RESOLUTION. " Whereas, President Brigham Young, our most distinguished and illustrious 6so HISTORY OF SALT LAKE 017 Y. fellow-citizen, and a member of this council, in the providence of Almighty God, has departed this life ; and " Whereas, The death of so eminent and good a citizen, leader and mem- ber of our community, is a calamity so great that the mind seems inadequate to grasp, or language express, the extent of the loss that this lamentable event has brought so suddenly upon us ; therefore, " Resolved, That while we mingle our tears and condole with each other in this sad bereavement, we tender this token of respect and love to the one we mourn, and express our deep sympathy with his family and friends in the overwhelming affliction which has befallen us all." The report was accepted and adopted, and the preamble and resolutions were ordered to be spread upon the minutes of the council. It was also, on motion, ordered that they be published in the Salt Lake Daily Herald ^Xi^ Deseret News; also that a copy be engrossed and presented to the family of the deceased. It was further resolved, as an additional token of love and respect for the de- ceased, that the members of the council attend the funeral in a body. And at a meeting of the directors of the Deseret National Bank^ President Wm. H. Hooper in the chair, the following was unanimously adopted: " We, the officers of the Deseret National bank, realizing the loss sustained by the corporation and the community at large, in the death of our beloved asso- ciate and friend, President Brigham Young, who departed this life on the 29th day of August, 1877, in the 77th year of his age, hereby desire to express our deep sense of the great worth and superlative qualities of the revered deceased. Therefore, ''Resolved, That in President Brigham Young we recognize a wise counselor, a financial genius and a master mind. " That during the many years he has been a director of this institution, part of which he was its president, having been associated with us from its inception, he has invariably exhibited such qualities of head and heart as have secured the respect, esteem and affection of all its officers. " That in his death we are deprived of a most valuable director and adviser whose absence will be sadly missed from our official deliberations. •' That we deeply sympathize with his bereaved family, and condole with the whole community who mourn the departure of a mighty leader and one of the great spirits of our age and race. " That we bow in submission to the decrees of Providence, while we lament the sad event which has deprived us of so valuable a co-laborer. <* That these resolutions be spread upon the minutes of the board, and that copies be furnished to the family of the deceased, and to the Salt Lake Herald and Deseret Ne7vs for publica ion. '< By order of the board of directors. W, H. Hooper, President.'' It was thought by the outsiders that the death of Brigham would convulse, perhaps destroy the Mormon Church; and that there would arise several rival con- .-^S^" l?l) ^A^ HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 631 testa'its from the family of President Young and the Twelve Apostles to fiercely strive for the succession to the presidency of the Church. Such had been the speculations during the last seven years of Brigham's life, and columns of what seemed monstrous nonsense to the Mormons had from time to time appeared in the great journals of the country, relative to this succession and the probable dis- solution of the Mormon Church on the demise of the man who by his marvelous exodus had become famous in the age as the " Mormon Moses." But to the as- tonishment of the " unbeliever," the death of Brigham Young produced no vis- ible shock either in the Church or the affairs of our Territory; the Twelve Apostles for awhile stood as the presidency; and, indue time, Apostle John Taylor, was chosen by the Church as president, as Brigham Young had been before him.* CHAPTER LXXV. RETURN TO THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE CITY. EVOLUTION OF THE MOR- MON COLONIZATION PLAN. THE PATRIARCHAL ORDER. EXPOSITION OF THE FORMATION OF SOCIETY IN SALT LAKE CITY. The general history having been brought down almost to the present date, we return to review numerous lines in the development of society in these Rocky Mountains. In the early chapters, a series of pictures from the pens of travelers to California, and also from Captain Stansbury and Lieut. Gunnison, gave the reader glimpses of the work of these Mormon society builders in its first stages. Since that date the rush of the general history has swept beyond a local scope and interest into the magnitude and importance of a national social " problem," and one, too, which, in the later periods, has assumed so much of a political character that the non-Mormons openly confess that polygamy is the minor part of it. But, to future generations, the peculiar society work of the Mormons, wrought in the Pacific States, will be of chief and lasting interest in American history, so far as the Mormons and the founding of these States will be concerned ; and, therefore, a regular sociological series of expositions are needed at this central point, covering the thirty-eight years of Utah's social formation. Taking up the connecting social links, it may be repeated that not only Salt Lake City, but all the cities of Utah grew up under the most perfect system of colonization that the world has seen in latter times. Indeed the early travelers to California invariably spoke of it as a system of religious communism, which Brigham Young and his apostolic compeers were attempting to establish upon the / ■•'■For further note see biography of President Taylor in the Supplement. 632 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Old and New Testament plans, in the virgin valleys of the Rocky Mountains, where a new social experiment seemed eminently proper, viewed from a strict sociological standpoint. The pioneers, as the leaders of a colony, or rather of a family of colonies, having located " the City of the Great Salt Lake,'' as we have seen, returned to Winter Quarters to bring up the body of the Church which had been driven from Nauvoo, while the British Mission of the Mormon Church was waiting to pour its tide of emigration into America, to populate the State which the leaders were founding. Meantime, the companies which followed close on the track of the pioneers, the same season, built the "Old Fort," located in the Sixth Ward of the city, and they survived the scarcity and hardships of the first winter. In September, 1S48, Presidents Young, Kimball and Richards arrived in the Valley of the Great SaU. Lake, with three large companies of the Saints from Winter Quarters" The parent colony numbered now nearly 6,000 souls. So much is repeated to take up the thread of those vast emigrations, of a later period, which have brought to America nearly a hundred thousand souls, in ships specially chartered by the Mormon Church, and given to these valleys, since 1S47, i'"* parents and offsprnig, not less than a quarter of a million of population. The majority of the parents and thousands of their children 'nave passed away in the course of nature, but tens of thousands of their children, most of them American born, survive. Next we take up a link of the plan and growth of Salt Lake City. The genius of the social plan of the Rocky Mountain Zion was touched by Brigham Young on Sunday, July 25th, the next day after his arrival in the valley. Though feeble with the mountain fever, and scarcely able to stand upon his feet, the great colonizer arose and " told the brethren," says the historian Woodruff, " that they must not work on Sunday; that they would lose five times as much as they would gain by it. None were to hunt or fish on that day, and there should not any man dwell among us who would not observe these rules. They might go and dwell where they pleased, but should not dwell with us. He also said, no man should buy any land who came here ; /hat he had none to sell ; but every man should have his land measured out to him for city and farming purpo-.es- He might till it as he pleased, but he inust be industrious and take care of it.'" There is a new social system nascent in this diary note which needs, to the outside reader, and even to " the children of the fathers," an expounding from Mormon theory and phases of actual Mormon history of the date of the exodus and the founding of this city. The note signifies that President Young, and his pioneer compeers, at that time, contemplated the building up of a Zion in these Rocky Mountains on the " perfect plan," or the " order of Enoch," laid down by Joseph Smith. Hence he said, " No man should buy land who came here; that he had none to sell," etc. It was the design of the Prophet Joseph Smith, at the very opening of the " Latter-day dispensation," to construct for his followers a new social system, as well as to reveal a " new" spiritual religion, or rather to restore the "Everlasting Gospel," as taught to the ancients in the patriarchal ages of the world, and by Jesus at the opening of the Christian dispensation. Blending thus the genius and institutions of the Old and New Testaments — or as classified in modern theology, HISTORY 01 SALT LAKE CITY. 633 the patriarchal and gospel dispensations, the Mormon Church grew up as the spir- itual and temporal halves of a divine plan and government. Hence a "gather- ing dispensation " became, both to the Prophet and his disciples, as the signature of their " new covenant," and a gathering place was the very base of their mil- lennial work ; for such to them it was in the highest and broadest sense. ; or, in the Common language of modern sociology, there were needed a Mormon Zion and a constant flow up of Mormon e.nigrations; in fine, a well sustained systeui of Mormon colonization to evolve and consummate the Prophet's plan. In keeping with this peculiar plan of social architecture, in a modern age, the Prophet, im- mediately after the organization of his church, removed from the State of New York to Ohio, which was then a virgin State, and at Kirtland, Ohio, he established Zion, to which the disciples "gathered," and there they built the first temple of the dispensation. The evolution of these new and marvelous society plans of the Mormon Prophet was through the temporal institutions and government of the Church : and, it is important in the historical digest of that evolution, to know that the bishopric was appointed and in control of the temporal organization several years (four) previous to the organization of the quorum of the Twelve Apostles. And hO it will be seen, as the exposition advances, that in Ohio, in Missouri, in Illinois and Winter Quarters, as in Salt Lake City and Utah generally, religious coloniza- tion and society founding have been as the alpha and omega of the Mormon work; and that upon the social plans laid down by Joseph Smith in Kirtland, Salt Lake City grew up. It is because of these cardinal social relations vv'ith the history of our Territory that the exposition is carried back to the Mormon Zion of fifty-five jears ago In the latter part of January, 1S31, Joseph Smith, his wife Emma, Sidney Rigdon and Edward Partridge started from New York State for Kirtland, Ohio, where they arrived on the first of February; and the Prophet and his wife lived for a while at the house of N. K. Whitney, a merchant of the place and afterwards presiding bishop of the Church. The disciples at that place numbered one hun- dred members ; and to the mind of the Prophet these, with the Saints in New York State, were germs enough to plant in the social soil of a kingdom of God. It now became necessary to effect the temporal organization of the Saints. The "gathering" of a Latter-day Ibrael had commenced. The Saints were fast be- coming a people. The great organizing genius of Joseph (subsequently so wonderfully mani- fested in Brigham) was called into action, and the bishopric which has since grown into such magnitude — controlling both the social and ecclesiastical organizations of the people — sprang, as in a moment, into vigorous life. Its organization com- menced with a revelation, as seen from the following passage : "*' * -•- "And again, I have called my servant Edward Par- tridge, and given a commandment, that he should be appointed by the voice of the Church, and ordained a bishop unto the Church, to leave his merchandise and to spend all his time in the labors of the Church; to see to all things as it shall be appointed unto him, in my laws in the day that I shall give them. And this be- 634 HIS TOR V OF SAL T LAKE CI 7 K cause his heait is pure before nie, for he is like unto Nathaniel of old, in whom there is no guile." The Mormons from the State of New York — the birthplace of the Church — now began to come in and Bishop Partridge was directed how to settle the people and organize their temi)oral affairs ; and so rapidly did the Mormons increase that they soon began to colonize certain portions of the State of Missouri, and Jack- son County was named " Zion." This latter expansion of the system of Mormon colonization called forth another revelation directed to the bishopric, which gives the key to the first sermon of Brigham Young delivered in the valley of ihe Great Salt Lake, on the Sunday morning after the arrival of the pioneers. From it we excerpt the following passages, touching the settling of the Saints, the laying out of Zion, the dedication of the temple spot, and the publish- ing of the gospel to the ends of the earth : * * * * And let there be an agent appointed by the voice of the church, unto the church in Ohio, to receive moneys to purchase lands in Zion. "And I give unto my servant, Sidney Rigdon, a commandment that he shall write a description of the land of Zion, and a statement of the will of God, as it shall be made known by the Spirit unto him ; and an epistle and subscription, to be presented unto all the churches to obtain moneys, to be put into the hand.^ of the bishop to purchase lands for an inheritance for the children of God, of him self or the agent, as seemeth him good or as he shall direct. For, behold, verily I say unto you, the Lord willeth that the disciples, and the children of men should open their hearts, even to purchase this whole region of country, as soon as time will permit. Behold, here is wisdom. Let them do this lest they receive none inheritance, save it be by the shedding of blood. "And again, inasmuch as there is land obtained, let there be workmen sent forth of all kinds unto this land, to labor for the Saints of God, Let all these things be done in order; and let the privileges of the lands be made known from time to time, by the bishop or the agent of the church ; and let the work of the gathering be not in haste, nor by flight, but let it be done as it shall be counselled by the elders of the church at the conferences, according to the knowledge which they receive from time to time. "And let my servant Sidney Rigdon consecrate and dedicate this land, and the spot of the temple unto the Lord. And let a conference meeting be called, and after that let my servants Sidney Rigdon and Joseph Smith, Jun., return, and also Oliver Cowdery with them, to accomplish the residue of the work which I have appointed unto them in their own land, and tlie residue as shall be ruled by the conferences. ''^ * * * * * Let the residue of the elders of this church, who are coming to this land, some of whom are exceedmgly blessed even above measure, also hold a confer- ence upon this land. * * * \n(j j^t them also return, preaching the gospel by the way, bearing record of the things which are revealed unto them ; for verily the sound must go forth from this place unto all the world. =*= * In the above revelation of the Prophet Joseph's social plan of the Zion, which he sought to establish in Ohio and Missouri, even before Brigham Young came into HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CTTY. 6j$ the Church, we have the social prototype of his great successor's plan of the Zion of the Rocky Mountains, as laid down to the pioneers on their first Sabbath in the valley where the ''city of the Great Salt Lake" grew up, for the first five years almost perfectly, on that model of social formation. During that period *' the law of inheritance" was written on the family tablet of every household, in the Zion which Brigham and his apostolic compeers and the bishops sought to es- tablish in these valleys, as Joseph had before them in Kirtland and Jackson County. In the original plan, it was not designed that any man should " buy land" in these valleys. The pioneers "had none to sell;" "but every man should have his land measured out to him for city and farming purposes. He might till it as he pleased, but he must be industrious and take care of it." These builders of society were colonists ; and these words the utterances of the master builder, ere this vast territory belonged to the domains of the United States. Ac- cording to the primal law of colonization, recognized in all ages, it was their land, if they could hold and possess. They could have done this so far as the Mexican government was concerned, which government, probably never would even have made the first step to overthrow the superstructure of these Mormon society builders. At that date, before this territory was ceded to the United States, Brigham Young, as the master builder of the colonies which were soon to spread throughout these valleys, could with absolute propriety give the above ut- terances on " the land question." In the early days of the Church, they applied to land not only owned by the United States, but within the boundaries of States of the Union : the Prophet, laying down the plan, (by revelation or otherwise as each different sociologist pleases to consider) said, let " an epistle and subscrip- tion " " be presented unto all the churches to obtain moneys, to be put into the hands of the bishop lo purchase lands for an inheritance for the children of God; ■^ * * even \.o purchase the whole region of country, as soon as time will permit. * * ;1< Behold here it is wisdom. Let them do this lest they receive none inheritance, save it be by the shedding of blood.'' The latter clause of the quotation signifies that the Mormon Prophet foresaw that, unless his disciples purchased " this whole region of country " of the unpop- ulated "Far west" of that period, the " land question" held between them and anti-Mormons would lead to the shedding of blood, and that they would be in jeopardy of losing their " inheritance." And this indeed was realized, notwith- standing the Mormons did purchase " this whole region of country." It was consummated by mobs, greedy for the " inheritances of the Saints," and by the exterminating order of Governor Boggs. Similar views and fears were entertained by the Mormon colonists of Utah, who not only obtained possession of the land by the primal claim of colonization ; but they or their followers, afterwards pur- chased from the United States, the bulk of the land upon which they had founded their cities and made their farms. And subsequent events and changes have rather strengthened than weakened the idea in the minds of the original colonists of Utah, that it is the " inheritances'' of the Mormons — the possession and con- trol of Utah that the Gentiles want, and that the crusades against polygamy and upon other Mormon questions are merely means to the end. There is another portion of the early history of the Mormon community 636 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. closely allied with the original plan of the building up of a Zion and the securing of temporal " inheritances for the Saints," which is also closely related to the peo- pling of Utah at the onset, and still afterwards in the vast emigrations of the Mormons from Europe by the operations of the Perpetual Emigration Com- pany, which company itself shows the genius and plan of the foregoing revelation. In the month of January, 1849, Brigham Young inaugurated a movement whic'ii sheds enduring lustre on his name, and, indeed, upon the Twelve. It was no less an undertaking than to remove all of the poor Saints out of the State. When he broached the subject to the presiding bishop he was met with the discouraging answer, " The poor may take care of themselves, and I will take care of myself." But the prompt reply was ready and emphatic: " If you will not help them out, I will." AVhereupon, at a meeting of the brethren, held Jan- uary 29th, 1839, as the record shows, "On motion of President Brigham Young, it was resolved that we this day enter into a covenant to stand by and assist each other to the utmost of our abilities in removing from this State, and that we will never desert the poor who are vvorthy, till they shall be out of the reach of the exterminating order of General Clark, acting for and in the name of the State." The covenant then made was as follows : •' We, whose names are hereunder written, do each for ourselves individually covenant to stand by and assist each other, to the utmost of our abilities, in re- moving from this State in compliance with the authority of the State ; and we do hereby acknowledge ourselves firmly bound to the extent of all our available prop- erty, to be disposed of by a committee who shall be appointed for that purpose, for providing means for the removing of the poor and destitute who shall be con- sidered worthy, from this country, till there shall not be one left who desires to remove from the State: with this proviso, that no individual shall be deprived of the right of the disposal of his own property for the above purpose, or of having the control of it, or so much of it as shall be necessary for the removing of his own family, and to be entitled to the overplus after the work is effected ; and fur- thermore, said committee shall give receipts for all projjerty, and an account of the expenditure of the same."* *This covenant was signed by the following names : Jolm Smith, James McMillan, Williain Huntington, Chandler Holbrook, Charles Bird, Alexander Wrigiit, Alanson Ripley, William Taylor. Theodore Turley, John Taylor, Daniel Shearer, Reuben P. Hartwell, Shadrarh Roundy, John Lovvry, Jonathan H. Hale, Welcome Chapman, jilias Smith, Solo mon Hancock, Brigham Young, Arza Adams, James Burnham, Henry Jacobs, Leicester Gaylor, James Carroll, Samuel Williams, David Lyons, John Miller, John Taylor, Aaron M. York, Don Carlos Smith, Geo. A. Smith, Wm. J. Stewart, Daniel H. Howe, Isaac B. Chipmm, Janiis Braden, Roswell Stephens Jonathan Beckelshimer, Reuben Headlock, David [ones, David Holman, Wm. Fawcct, Joel Goddard, Charles N. Baldwin, Phineas R. Bird, Jesse N. Reed, Duncan McArthur, Benjamin Johnson, .-Mien Tal ley, Jonathan Hamjiton, James Hampton, Anson Call, Sherman A. Gilbert, Peter Dopp, James S. Hol- min, Samuel Rolph, Andrew Lytle, Abel Lamb, Aaron Johnson, Daniel McArthur, Heber C. Kimball, Wm. Gregory, George W. Harris, Zenas Curtis, George W. Davidson, John Reed, Harvey Strong, William R. O'rton, Elizabeth Mackley, Samuel D. Tyler, Sarah Macklcy, John H. Goff, Andrew More, Thomas Butterfield, Harvey Downey, Dwight Hardin, John Maba, Norville N. Head, Lncy Wheeler, Steven V. Foote, John Terpin, Jacob G. Bigler, William Earl, Eli Bagley, Zenas H. Gurley, Wm. Milam Joseph Cooledge, Lorenzo Clark, Anthony Head, Wm. Allred, S. A. P. Kelsey, Wm. Van Ansdell, .Vloici Evord, Nathan K. Knight, Ophelia Harris, Zub.i McDoiild, John Thorj), Andrew Rose, Mary (ioff, John S. Martin, Harvey f. More, .Mbert Sloan, Francis Chasr, John D. Lee, Stephen Markham, Eliphas Marsh, John Outhouse, Joseph Wright, William F. Leavens, John Badger, Daniel Tyler, Levi [Richards, Noah Rogers, Erastus" Bingham, Stephen N. St. John, Elisha Everett, Francis Lee, John Lytic, Eli T.,ee, Levi Jaekman, Benjamin Covey, Thomas Guyman, Micheal Borkdull, Nahum Curtis, HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 637 The foregoing covenant is given to preserve in the history of this city, and of Utah, the original of the covenant and organic plans by which the Moroion community was not only removed from Illinois to the Rocky Mountains, but also by which a hundred thousand Mormons have been emigrated to America from the old countries, partly by their own means and greatly by the operations of the Per- petual Emigration Company of the Church. And this covenant, moreover, is pertinent here, as it was the work of Brigham Young in removing the Saints from Missouri while Joseph was incarcerated in Liberty jail, just as it was principally his work in removing the community from Illinois and elsewhere, to colonize the val- leys of the Rocky Mountains after the martyrdom of the Prophet. In Illinois the Mormons again attempted their society work as a religious com- munity, with similar results, and then they resolved to remove to the Rocky Mountains, where they hoped to build u]) their Zion upon the plan which the Prophet gave them, and which Brigham Young, as his successor, sought to fulfill. Having traveled as far as Winter Quarters in 1S46, the community rested and es- tablished temporary stakes of Zion, at Garden Grove, Mount Pisgah and old Council Bluffs, and during the winter and the opening spring they more perfectly unfolded their religio-social methods and organization, upon which they designed to build up Zion in the valleys of the Rocky Mountains. It was during the sojourn of the community at Winter Quarters that they evolved a part of their system, the plan and genius of which, though un- derstood from the revelations and teachings of their Prophet, had never till then found an opportunity for social embodiment. Up to this time it w^as but as seed sown, with which their social soil was pregnant waiting for the birth. This was the " Patriarchal Order :" and it was just at this stage of the evolution that "plurality of wives " came in, originally named " Patriarchal Marriage " — synonymous with " Celestial Marriage." The patriarchal order is historically worthy of a sufficient exposition, and this more so, seeing that Mormon patriarchal marriage is the national question of the present moment as applied to the Federal rule in Utah. It is a remarkable fact, then, of Mormon history, that while the community sojourned " in the wilderness" — at Winter Quarters — the Twelve Apostles, who are the types of the Twelve Patriarchs of the house of Israel, began to organize the people into grand branch families, symbolical of the twelve tribes of Israel, and patriarchal marriage ariiong the community was openly declared. They were going to the unpeopled valleys of the Rocky Mountains and plural marriage, or polygamy, was at once a social and religious method of peopling those valleys and applying the Abrahamic covenant — "In thee and thy seed," etc. At that time it Miles Rand-iU, Lyman Curtis, Horace Evans, Philip Ballard, David Dort, William Gould, Levi Hancock, Reuben Middleton, Edwin Whiting, Wm. Harper, Wm. Barton, Seba Joas, Elisha Smith, Chas Butler, James Gallaher, Richard Walton, Robert Jackson, Isaac Kerron, Lemuel Merrick, Joseph Rose, James Dun, David Koote, Orrin Hartshorn, L. S. Nickerson, Nathan Hawke, Moses Daley, Pierce Hawley, David Sessions, Thos. F. Fisher, P. G. Sessions, James Leithead, Alfred P. Childs, Alfred Lee, James Daley, Stephen Jones, Noih T. Guyman, Elaazer Harris, David Winters, Elijah B. Gaylord, John Pack Thomas Grover, Sylvenas Hicks, Alex. Badlam, Horatio N. Kent, Phebe Kellogg, Joseph "W. Pierce, Albert Miner, Thomas Gates, Wm. Woodland, Squire Bozarth, Martin C. Allred, Nathan Lewis, Jede- diah Owen, Philander Avery, Orrin P. Rockwell, Benjamin F. Bird, Chas. Squire, Truman Brace, Jacob Curtis, Sarah Wixom, Rachel Medfo, Lewis Zobriski, Lyman .Stephens, Henry Zobriski, Roswell Evans, Morris Harris, Leonard Clark, Absolom Tidwell, Nehemiah Harmon, Alvin Winegar, Daniel Cathcart, Samuel Winegar, Gershom Stokes, John E. Page, Rachel Page, Levi Gifford, Barnet Cole, Edmund Durfee, Wm. Thompson, Josiah Butterfleld, Nathan Cheeney, John Killian, James Sherry, John Patten David Frampton, John Wilkins, Eliz. Pettegrew, .Vbram .Mien, Chas. Tompson, William Felshaw. 638 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. was very likely that their society would grow for fifcy years, in their own methods and forms, ere the American people would come up to invade their Zion. Be that, however, as it may, the Mormon Moses of Utah, as soon as he had "deliv- ered the community from their enemies," and sat down with them at Winter Quar- ters to wait the opening spring, began to perfect the social organizations of the people and to bring them into the patriarchal relations as the proper basis of their society work. Numerous families were also adopted by Brigham as his tribal sons and daughters, to so speak ; and Heber C, Kimball, Wilford Woodruff, Willard Richards, George A. Smith and others did the same. This will explain certain things which were done by the pioneers, in relation to the "land question," when they took possession of these valleys, and also many other affairs and features noticeable in the community, especially during the first ten years after the entrance of the pioneers, in 1847. This exposition of the original plan and genius of a Zion, as laid down by Joseph the Prophet, leads up to the revelation concerning the removal of the community to these valleys, and the laws of the formation of society under Brigham's leadership. It is the last contained in the Doctrine and Covenants, (late edition) and is entitled : " The Word and Jlil/ of the Lord, given through Tresident Brigham Young, at the Winter Quarters of the Camp of Israel, Omaha Nation, West Bank of Missouri River, near Council Bluffs, January 14th, 1847. " The word and will of the Lord concerning the Camp of Israel in their journeyings to the west. Let all the people of the Church of Jesus Christ of Lat- ter-day Saints, and those who journey with them, be organized into companies, with a covenant and promise to keep all the commandments and statutes of the Lord our God. Let the companies be organized with captains of hundreds, cap- tains of fifties, and captains of tens, with a president and his two counselors at their head, under the direction of the Twelve Apostles ; and this shall be our cov- enant, that we will walk in all the ordinances of the Lord. Let each company provide themselves with all the teams, wagons, provisions, clothing, and other nec- essaries for the journey that they can. When the companies are organized, let them go to with their might, to prepare for those who are to tarry. Let each com- pany with their captains and presidents decide how many can go next spring; then choose out a sufficient number of able-bodied and expert men, to take teams, seeds, and farming utensils, to go as pioneers to prepare for putting in spring crops. Let each company bear an equal proportion, according to the dividend of their property, in taking the poor, the widows, the fatherless, and the families of those who have gone into the army, that the cries of the widow and the father- less come not up into the ears of the Lord against this people. Let each company prepare houses and fields for raising grain, for those who are to remain behind this season, and this is the will of the Lord concerning his people. Let every man use all his influence and property to remove this people to the place where the Lord shall locate a stake of Zion ; and if ye do this with a pure heart, in all faith- fulness, ye shall be blessed ; you shall be blessed in your flocks, and in your herds, and in your fields, and in your houses, and in your families. Let my servants Ezra T. Benson and Erastus Snow organize a company; And let my servants Orson Pratt and Wilford Woodruff organize a company. Also, let my servants HISTORY 01' SALT LAKE CITY. 6^9 Amas.1 Lyman and George A. Smith, organize a company ; and appoint presidents, and captains of hundreds, and of fifties, and of tens ; and let my servants that have been appointed, go and teach this my will to the Saints, that they may be ready to go to a land of peace. Go thy way and do as I have told you, and fear not thine enemies ; for they shall not have power to stop my work. Zion shall be redeemed in mine own due time. And if any man shall seek to build up himself and seeketh not my counsel, he shall have no power, and his folly shall be made mani- fest. Seek ye and keep all your pledges one with another, and covet not that which is thy brother's Keep yourselves from evil to take the name of the Lord in vain, for I am the Lord your God, even the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, and of Isaac, and of Jacob. I am he who led the children of Israel out of the land of Egypt, and my arm is stretched out in '.he last days to save my people Israel. Cease to contend one with another, cease to speak evil one of another. Cease drunkenness, and let your words tend to edifying one another. If thou borrowest of thy neighbor, thou shalt return that which thou hast bor- rowed ; and if thou canst not repay, then go straight way and tell thy neighbor, lest he condemn thee. If thou shalt find that which thy neighbor has lost, thou shalt make diligent search till thou shalt deliver it to him again. Thou shalt be diligent in preserving what thou hast, that thou mayest be a wise steward ; for it is the free gift of the Lord thy God, and thou art his steward. If thou art merry, praise the Lord with singing, with music, with dancing, and with a prayer of praise and thanksgiving. If thou art sorrowful, call on the Lord thy God with supplication, that your souls may be joyful." Ji< * * * It was upon this practical plan, now fairly developed during the sojourn of our modern Israel "in the wilderness," and upon the foregoing revelation, that the community was removed from Winter Quarters to the Rocky Mountains ; and in- deed also thereon all the emigrations were conducted, both from the States and Europe in crossing ''the plains" down to the day of the completion of the Union Pacific Railroad. Thus, in the peopling of these valleys, the regular Mor- mon system has prevailed, and that, too, long after society in LItah had become mixed — as Mormon and Gencile — and after the Federal part of the government of the Territory had passed entirely out of the hands of its founders. One of the most striking features of the Mormon emigrations, which has so often attracted the attention of the world, was the family, or patriarchal character of the Mormon companies, which yearly crossed the Plains from 1847 to 1868-9. Indeed, while on ship-board and on the way to the valleys, they have been strictly as an organi- zation of families, belonging to a peculiar community, and when not that they are historically as nothing in this Mormon system of colonization. Not only did the pioneers travel under their captains of hundreds, of fifties and tens; but so also did the other companies that followed quickly in their footsteps the same season, and afterwards in 1848, when Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, and Willard Richards gathered the body of the community to the mountains, in the "second pioneer journey " from Winter Quarters. And all this was done, too, upon the communistic patriarchal plan and genius of the Mormon church, and not as a mere masterly socialistic experiment in peopling a country. 640 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CnV. CHAPTER LXXVI. ORGANIZATION OF SOCIETY IX SALT LAKG CITY. THE LAND RIGHTS. VIEWS AND INCIDENTS OF THE EARLY DAYS. The social evolution of the community in the valleys was patriarchal and Israelitish, not secular and modern, and their "land question" in establishing the cities of Utah, was typed with the Morraon Prophet's communistic law of giv- ing the Saints their "inheritances." In laying off the " city of the Great Salt Lake," the pioneers observed the com- mandments of the patriarchal revelation given them before leaving Winter Quarters, relative to the building of houses and planting crops for those who remained or who were to follow in their track, " dividing their property, in taking care of the poor, the widows, and the families of those who have gone with the army." As seen hi the diary note of historian Woodruff, quoted in the opening chap- ters, having laid off their city plot, " the Twelve held council. Each one was to make choice of the blocks that they were to settle their friends upon. President Young took the tier of blocks south through the city : Brother Kimball's runs north and northwest ; Orson Pratt, four blocks ; Wilford Woodruff, eight blocks ; George A. Smith, eight blocks, and Amasa Lyman, twelve blocks, according to the companies organized 7vith each.'''' This was no " land grab," nor were these blocks personal property of the jjioneer leaders, but for the giving or apportioning of " inheritances" to the fami- lies patriarchally organized with their natural families, by adoption, or friends and brothers for whom they were providing homes, in their Mormon system of colonization. Having surve)ed their city plot, taken up their tiers of blocks, built their fort and houses, of logs fetched from the mountains, and ploughed and planted eighty-four acres with corn, potatoes, beans, buckwheat, turnips, etc., on the morning of the 26th of August, 1847, the pioneers, with most of the returning members of the Mormon Battalion, harnessed their horses and bade farewell to the brethren who were to tarry. In this return move to the body of the com- munity, the pioneers were again strictly carrying out the plan : " Let each com- pany prepare houses, and fields for raising corn for those who are to remain behind this season ;" and " let every man use all his influence to remove this people to the place where the Lord shall locate a stake of Zion." They had done the same along the route from Nauvoo to the Rocky Mountains, first at Garden Grove, next at Mount Pisgah, then at Council Bluffs, and finally in the valley, and were now returning to gather up the residue of the people. They were also about to extend their plan, with equal fidelity, in the emigration of tens of thousands from HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 641 Europe to populate the valleys of the Rocky Mountains which as colonists they claimed. Notwithstanding about two thousand souls, under their " captains of hun- dreds," of " fifties," and "tens," arrived in the valley with seven hundred wagons, after the pioneers left, the apportioning of the lands of the city plot was ended for that year, and indeed until the return of the Presidency. There was no disposition manifested to "grab" the lands; yet they all were colonists, with equal rights, at least to city lots and farms not apportioned to the families of the pioneers proper, who had taken posession of this valley and laid off and surveyed the city. What they did was done as a community. Indeed it may be noted, as an illustration of the integrity of the pioneer work for the community, versus in- dividual land-holding to the detriment of the commonwealth, that Wilford Wood- ruff, who had taken eight ten- acre blocks of the city plot, and Orson Pratt four, were both bound on missions, the former to the Eastern States, the latter to pre- side over the British Mission, and that the blocks which they had nominally claimed were apportioned out during their absence to early settlers of the city, according to the pioneer order which they approved at the conference held in the valley before their departure. Those blocks never were their personal property. During the absence of President Young the colony simply extended and im- proved their fort and works begun by the pioneers, gathered their crojjs, hus- banded their stock, took an inventory of their breadstuffs, by the supervision of the bishop, to ration the families till harvest time, and anxiously waited the re- turn of their presiding leaders. But as soon as President Young arrived in the valley (September 20th, 1848) on his second pioneer journey, bringing with him a company of 1,299 souls and 397 wagons, followed by Heber C. Kimball, with a company of 662 souls and 226 wagons, and with the third company of 526 souls and 169 wagons, under Willard Richards, the growth of Great Salt Lake City took giant strides. Within a month (at the October conference) the city was divided into nineteen wards, bishops placed over them, and this stake of Zion organized, upon which both the society and government of Salt Lake City grew. The parent colony of the Great Salt Lake numbered, now, in the fall of 1848, nearly six thousand souls, and their lands were held not by purchase, but by the strict communistic law of the Mormon Church, which " gives to the Saints their inheritances.^' They received their apportionment of city lots upon a most simple, equitable, social plan. Each family of colonists received its due share of the lands, and no sale or purchase of the lands was permitted, in the first instance, which, until apportioned, belonged to the community as colonists and not to the individual. The following note from the first general epistle sent out from the Mormon Presidency in the spring of 1849, ^^^ the subject at this point. They said : "A field of 8,000 acres has been surveyed south of and bordering an the city, and plotted in five and ten acre lots, and a Church farm of about 800 acres. The five and ten acre lots were distributed to the brethren, by casting lots, and every man is to help build a pole, ditch or stone fence, as shall be most convenient, around the whole field in proportion to the land he draws ; also a canal on the east side for the purpose of irrigation." 39 64^ HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Upon such simple, equitable plans these Mormon colonists designed to appor- tion the city and farming lands not only of this Salt Lake valley, but of every valley of the Rocky Mountains, and to apply their "law of inheritance" to mil- lions of their own community, who were expected in due time to inhabit these valleys. So vast a system of colonization has not been conceived, much less at- tempted, in modern times; and these Mormon leaders would have carried out their original design to the very letter, traveling nearer constantly to the " order of Enoch " and the patriarchal relations of Abraham, had they remained in sole pos- session of these valleys as in 1847, when their primal rights as colonists were su- preme. The land portion of each family, as a rule, was the acre-and-a-quarter lot, designated in the plan of the city, but the chief men of the pioneers, who had a plurality of wives and numerous children received larger portions of the city lots. The giving of farms, as shown in the general epistle, was upon the same principle as the apportioning of city lots — " every man should have his land measured out to him for city and farming purposes." The farm of five, ten or twenty acres was not for the mechanic, nor the manufacturer, nor even for the farmer as a mere personal property, but for the good of the community at large^ to give the substance of the earth to feed the I opulation ; the right of the farmer to the farming land was upon the law of eul- tivation, oihtxwisQ he had no claim upon the land. "He might till it as he pleased, but he must be industrious and take care of it." So also was the law relative to city lots, owned either by the farmer or mechanic. He must build a house upon it and plant an orchard; and while the farmer was planting and cul- tivating his farm the mechanic and tradesman produced his supplies for the public good, and thus both classes interchanged supplies and wrought his daily work for the community. This was the first phase of commerce and trade among the community in the settling of these valleys. Money was not the basis, for the people had none; nor had they as yet imported goods for trade and barter ; each had about the same family needs, with no surplus. Work, cultivation, produc- tion, industry, formed the basis of all, and very fitly the beehive was chosen as the emblem of the State — Deseret. It should further be marked, in the social formation of these colonies, that there were no land rights or claims held for several years by any grants from corporations, either of the city or Territory. The land was held by the simple right of colonization. One dollar and fifty cents, paid to Thomas Bullock, clerk of Salt Lake County, to pay for the survey and recording, was the only thing in the transaction that had the least element of purchase, and this was not for the land, but for labor, clerical work and records, nor was this dollar and a half paid in money, but in exchange of labor, or produce. It can be easily understood how some departures were made from this original plan. First may be named the extraordinary flow of population to the Pacific Slope, the coming of Gentile merchants to Utah, the gradual mixture of society and the land necessities of the vast emigrations, which have yearly given settlers to Salt Lake City, and the needs of the first land owners to sell their city lots, or portions of those lots to obtain " States' goods " required in the household, for HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 643 building purposes, for machirery, for material to helj) home [nanufactures. and numerous things which could not be supplied from the native resources of this Territory. But withal there remained, strongly marked, through the whole period of the administration of Brigham Young, as Governor of the Territor) , the original features of the community, and many of them to this day are stamped indelibly on the face of the Mormon part of society in all the cities which have sprung up in the valleys of the Rocky Mountains. Here may be repeated for their excellent pertinency and application, several passages from the early pictures of society in Salt Lake City. Captain Stans- bury, in his report to the Government, wrote : " The founding, within the space of three years, of a large and flourishing community upon a spot so remote from the abodes of men, so completely shut out by natural barriers from the rest of the world, so entirely unconnected by water-courses with either of the oceans that wash the shores of this continent — a country offering no advantages of inland navigation or of foreign commerce, but, on the contrary, isolated by vast uninhabited deserts, and only to be reached by long, painful, and often hazardous journeys by land — presents an anomaly so very peculiar, that it deserves more than a passing notice. In this young and pros- perous country of ours, where cities grow up in a day, and States spring up in a year, the successful planting of a colony, where the natural advantages have been such as to hold out the promise of adequate reward to the projectors, would have excited no surprise ; but the success of an enterprise under circumstances so much at variance with all our preconceived ideas of its probability, may well be con- sidered one of the most remarkable incidents of the present age. " Their admirable system of combming labor, while each has his own prop- erty, in lands and tenements, and the proceeds of his industry, the skill in divid* ing off the lands, and conducting the irrigating canals to supply the want of rain, which rarely falls between April and October ; the cheerful manner in which every one applies himself industriously, but not laboriously ; the complete reign of good neighborhood and quiet houses and fields, form themes for admiration to the stranger coming from the dark and sterile recesses of the mountain gorges into this flourishing valley ; and he is struck with wonder at the immense results, produced in so short a time, by a handful of individuals. " We remained thus shut up until the 3d of April. Our quarters consisted of a small unfurnished house of unburnt brick or adobe, unplastered, and roofed with boards loosely nailed on, which, every time it stormed, admitted so much water as called into requisition all the pans and buckets in the establishment to receive the numerous little streams which came trickling down from every crack and knot- hole. During this season of comparative inaction, we received from the authorities and citizens of the community every kindness that the most warm- hearted hospitality could dictate, and no effort was spaied to render us comfort- able as their own limited means would admit. Indeed, we were much better lodged than many of our neighbors ; for, as has been previously observed, very many families were obliged still to lodge wholly or in part in their wagons, which, being covered, served, when taken off from the wheels and set upon the ground, to make bedrooms, of limited dimensions it is tiue, but yet exceedingly comfort- 644 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. able. Many of these were comparatively large and commodious, and when car- peted and furnished with a little stove, formed an additional apartment or back building to the small cabin, wnth which they frequently communicated by a door. It certainly argued a high tone of morals and an habitual observance of good order and decorum, to find women and children thus securely slumbering in the midst of a large city, with no protection from midnight molestation other than a wagon- cover of linen and the oegis of the law. In the very next enclosure to that occu- pied by our party, a whole family of children had no other shelter than one of these wagons, where they slept all the winter, literally out of doors, there being no communication whatever with the inside of their parent's house." Captain Stansbury wrote this simply as of a marvelous society experiment in this age and country; but he did not so well perceive that all these peculiar society features, were the results of the patriarchal organizations of the Mormons, and the spirit of their " order of Enoch," which they were seeking to infuse into their commonwealth. Women and children " slumbered securely" '• in the midst of a large city" of eight thousand inhabitants, for that city was one family; " with no protection from midnight molestation other than a wagon cover of linen and the aegis of the law." That law was the Mormon patriarchal law, not the law of the United States. Had any brother in that city, (" stake of Zion ") in 1850, broken that law in "molesting" those " women and children," or in violating the sanctity of the " family," (though the " Danite Band " is mythical) he would have found a Danite in Zion to have prevented him from ever doing the like again. This was illustrated by Major Howard Egan (the " Kit Carson" of the Mormon com- munity) when he killed his Mormon brother for consorting with his wife, and was defended in a U. S. court, by Apostle George A. Smith, in the first criminal trial in that court, in Salt Lake City, U. S. Associate Justice Zerubbabel Snow presiding. One other passage from the letter of a California gold seeker, from the New York Tribune, (date July 8th, 1849) ^'^^^^ t)e repeated to illustrate the patriarchal society of our city in those primitive days : " The company of gold diggers which I have the honor to command, arrived here on the 3d instant, and judge our feelings when, after some twelve hundred miles travel through an uncultivated desert, and the last one hundred miles of the distance through and among lofty mountains, and narrow and dififi- cult ravines, we found ourselves suddenly and almost unexpectedly, in a compara- tive paradise. * * * At first sight of all these signs of cultivation in the wilderness, we were transported with wonder and pleasure. Some wept, some gave three cheers, some laughed, and some ran and fairly danced for joy, while all ielt inexpressibly happy to find themselves once more amid scenes which mark the progress of advancing civilization. We passed on amid scenes like these, expecting every moment to come to some commercial centre, some business point in this great metropolis of the mountains, but we were disappointed. No hotel, sign post, cake and beer shop, barber pole, market house, grocery, pro- vision, dry goods, or hardware store distinguished one part of the town from another; not even a bakery or a mechanic's sign was anywhere discernible. " Here, then, was something new : an entire people reduced to a level, and HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 645 all living by their labor — all cultivating the earth, or following some branch of physical industry. At first I thought it was an experiment, an order of things established purposely to carry out the principles of ' socialism ' or ' Mormonism.' In short, I thought it very much like Owenism personified. However, on in- quiry, I found that a combination of seemingly unavoidable circumstances had produced this singular state of affairs, There were no hotels because there had been no travel ; no barber shops, because every one chose to shave himself, and no one had time to shave his neighbor; no stores, because they had no goods to sell, nor time to traffic ; no centre of business, because were all too busy to make a centre. " There was abundance of mechanics' shops, of dressmakers, milliners and tailors, etc.; but they needed no sign, nor had they time to paint or erect one, for they were crowded with business. Beside their several trades, all must culti- vate the land or die, for the country was new, and no cultivation but Iheir own within a thousand miles. Everyone had his own lot, and built on it ; every one cultivated it, and perhaps a small farm in the distance. "And the strangest of all was, that this great city, extending over several square miles, had been erected, and every house and fence made, within nine or ten months of the time of our arrival ; while at the same time, good bridges were erected over the principal streams, and the country settlements extended nearly one hundred miles up and down the valley. " This Territory, State, or, as some term it, ' Mormon empire,' may justly be considered one of the greatest prodigies of our time, and, in comparison with its age, the most gigantic of all Republics in existence — being only in its second year since the first seed of cultivation was planted, or the first civilized habita- tion commenced. If these people were such thieves and robbers as their enemies represent them to be in the States, I must think they have greatly reformed in point of industry since coming to the mountains." 646 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. CHAPTER LXXVIII. ORIGIN OF THE BRITISH EMIGRATION TO SALT LAKE CITY. ITS CIRCUMSTAN- TIAL HISTORY. THE P. E. FUND COMPANY. ARRIVAL OF THE FIRST BRITISH EMIGRANTS. GRAND RECEPTION BY THE CITIZENS. MODE OF CONDUCTING THE EMIGR.\TION. DICKENS' GRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF "MY EMIGRANT SHIP." The history of the Mormon emigrations is one of the most unique and inter esting society subjects of modern times. From these sources have come not only the bulk of the population of this city and Territory, but also a considerable por" tion of the population of the surrounding States and Territories. Even the city of St. Louis, a quarter of a century ago, was largely sprinkled with Mormon ele- ment, as many of the emigrants to Utah tarried on the way, exhausted by the long sea voyage and destitute of means to pursue their journey to the mountains. Moreover, the emigrational methods by which this vast communistic result was ac- complished supplied considerable of the material wealth of the Territory, in the early days, and gave means and opportunities for its commerce. In the year 1837, that splendid missionary movement was "revealed " to the Prophet Joseph Smith, to send the gospel of the latter-day work to Great Britain and gather from the mother country a people to build up Zion. Speaking of his efforts to establish Zion in Ohio and Missouri, the Prophet has left the following notes in his history : 'About this time (1837), the spirit of speculation in lands and property of all kinds, which was so prevalent throughout the whole nation, was taking deep root in the church. As the fruits of this spirit, evil surmisings, fault-finding, dis- union, dissension, and apostacy followed in quick succession, and it seemed as though all the powers of earth and hell were combining their influence in an ■especial manner to overthrow the church, * * * ^p^j many became disaffected towards me as though I were the sole cause of those very evils I was most strenuously striving against, and which were actually brought upon us by the brethren not giving heed to my counsel. "No quorum in the' church was entirely free from the influence of those false spirits who were striving against me for the mastery. Even some of the Twelve were so far lost to their high and responsible calling as to begin to take sides, secretly, with the enemy. "In this state of things God revealed to me that something new must be done for the salvation of his church. And on or about the ist of June, 1837, Heber C. Kimball, one of the Twelve, was set apart by the spirit of prophecy and revelation, prayer and the laying on of hands of the first jjresidency, to pre- HISTORY 01 SALT LAKE CITY. 647 side over a mission to England, to be the first foreign mission of tlie church of Christ in the last days." Concerning this very important mission and crisis of the church, Heber C. Kimball says : " On or about the ist of June, 1837, the prophet Joseph came to me while I vi^as seated in the front stand, above the sacrament table on the Melchisedek side of the Temple, in Kirtland, and whispering to me, said, ' Brother Heber, the Spirit of the Lord has whispered to me. Let my servant Heber go to England and proclaim my gospel and open the door of salvation to that nation.' " Undoubtedly, had not such a revelation been given, Mormonism would have amounted to but little in the age, nor would the eyes ot nations have been aston- ished with those vast emigrations of Mormon converts to America, which have contributed so much to the peopling of Utah. The Apostles Heber C. Kimball and Orson Hyde were set apart by the Prophet to open Great Britain, and to them were added Elders Willard Richards, Goodson, Russell, Fielding and Snyder. Some of the principal men of the church were greatly opposed to this missionary movement into foreign lands, which has since produced such extraordinary results, and given to the Mormon church a missionary history scarcely paralleled since the days of Paul. In 1840, after the Mormons had been removed from Missouri to Illinois, the majority of the Twelve, under the presidency of Brigham Young, took a second mission to England, and it was during this time that the emigration opened. The event is thus noted in church history : "Saturday, 6th June, 1840, a company of 41 Saints, to-wit : Elder John Moon, and Hugh Moon, their mother and seven others of her family; Henry Moon, (uncle of John Moon) Henry Moon, Francis Moon, William Sutton, Wil- liam Stritgreaves, Richard Eaves, Thomas Moss, Henry Moore, Nancy Ashworth , Richard Ainscough, and families sailed in the ship Britannia, from Liverpool for New York, being the first Saints that have sailed from England for Zion." On the 8th of September, 1840, under the agency of Brigham Young, a company of emigrants, numbering 200, sailed from Liverpool for New York, bound for Nauvoo, under the presidency of Elder Theodore Turley, one of the American missionaries, and Elder Wm. Clayton, one of the earliest English con- verts. William Clayton was afterwards a member of the Pioneer band, and a prominent man in the history of Salt Lake City. Owing to the expensiveness of the route via New York, many of this com- pany fell short of means to complete the journey to Nauvoo; they, therefore, divided at Buffalo, a part going to settle in Kirtland and other settlements in Ohio, and the balance to Nauvoo, to which place Joseph Smith states he had the pleasure of welcoming one hundred of them in the fall of the year. The third ship sent under this agency, February, 1841, was the SheffieU, having on board 235 Mor- mon emigrants; the fourth the Echo, which sailed in the same month with 109 souls; the fifth the Eleste, which sailed in March, with 54 souls; and on the 20th of April, 1 841, Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, Orson Pratt, Wilford Wood- ruff, John Taylor, George A. Smith and Willard Richards, with a company of 648 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 130 Saints, went on board the ship Rochester, bound for New York, and sailed on the 2 1 St. About the time of the sailing of the Sheffield a company, gathered from Herefordshire and the neighboring counties, sailed from Bristol. Since that time up to the year 1S56, the main emigration was direct from Liverpool to New Or- leans, but numerous individuals sailed beiween the seasons to New York, Phila- delphia, Boston and other American ports. Few particulars have been preserved by the emigration agents respecting the earliest companies, but Parley P. Pratt stated in June, 1S41, that about 1,000 persons had then emigrated. The second period in the emigration table, for the years 1841-2, gave the number of ships, 10; and emigrants 1,991. The year 1843, ships, 5 ; emigrants, 769. The years 1844-6, ships, 8; emigrants, 990. According to these tables of the British agency, nearly 5,000 Mormon emi- grants landed in America previous to the settling of Utah. Many of these were in the exodus, and among the pioneer companies which arrived in the Valleys in 1847 ^"*^ 1848; and therefore, though the American element predominated, the British emigrants must be considered as forming a strongly marked vein in the original population of Salt Lake City. Probably, however, the Mormon emi- grants from Great Britain, prior to 1850, entered as largely into the population of St. Louis as into that of Salt Lake City; but, from 1850, the emigration tide, from the foreign missions, flowed constantly into the population of Utah. During the period of the removal of the community from Illinois to the Rocky Mountains, emigration from Great Britain was suspended ; but on the 20th of February, 1848, the Carnatic, Captain McKenzie, re- opened the emigration, after a suspension of two years, and conveyed 120 passengers to New Orleans, under the presidency of Franklin D. Richards. This company was rapidly made up, and sailed under most pleasing anticipations of at length finding a Zion in the valleys of the Rocky Mountains. Nearly one hundred of the company were adults. They arrived at Council Bluffs just in season to be organized in Willard Richard's company, which followed the companies of Brigham Young and Heber C. Kimball, when they brought up the body of the community. Before the return of the pioneers to the mountains, they appointed Orson Pratt to preside over the mission in Great Britain, and to push on the emigrations to the fullest extent, while Orson Hyde, George A. Smith and E. T. Benson were stationed at Council Bluffs to receive the emigrants from abroad, and to promote their speedy removal to the Valley, as well as the removal of those of the com- munity who had concentrated there after the exodus from Nauvoo. Orson Pratt's agency extended to February, 1S51, and comprised twenty-one vessels, carrying 5,369 souls. At the October conference held in Salt Lake City, in 1849, Heber C. Kim- ball brought up the subject of the covenant made in the Temple at Nauvoo, " that the Latter-day Saints would not cease their exertions until every individual of them who desired and was unable to gather to the Valley by his own means was brought to that place;" and it was there and then unanimously voted to raise a fund for the fulfillment of the covenant. " .\ committee, consisting of Willard Snow, John S. Fullmer, Lorenzo Snow, HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 649 John D. Lee and Franklin D. Richards, was appointed to raise the money, and Bishop Edward Hunter, was appointed to carry it to the States, to purchase wagons and cattle, and to bring the poor Saints from the Pottawattomie lands. About five thousand dollars were raised this season. It was resolved, at the same conference, that Elders A. Lyman and C. C. Rich bs appointed agents to gather up means for the fund in California ; also that the Perpetual Emigrating Fund for the poor, be under the direction of the first presidency of the Church. " On the 29th of March, 1850, Elder Franklin D. Richards, one of the Twelve Apostles, arrived in England, having been appointed at Great Salt Lake City, on the 6th of October, 1849, to co-operate with Elder Orson Pratt, who was then presiding there, and immediately introduced the subject of the Perpetual Emigrating Fund to the British churches. Donations were made straightway, and the first received was 2s. 6d., from Mark and Charlotte Shelly of Woolwich, on the 19th of April, 1850. The next was £\ from Geo. P. Waugh, of Edin- burgh, on the 19th of June. This fund during the second year of its existence was increased in value, in Utah, to about $20,000, and at a general conference in Great Salt Lake Cit)-, on the 7th of September, 1850, a committee of three, con- sisting of Willard Snow, Edward Hunter and Daniel Spencer, was appointed to take care of, and transact the business of the poor fund. It was also agreed to organize the committee into a company and get it chartered by the State. In the same month the general assembly of the Provisional State of Des- eret passed an ordinance incorporating the Perpetual Emigrating Fund Company. At a special conference of the Church, held on the 15th of the same month Brigham Young was chosen president of the company ; and Heber C. Kimball, Willard Richards, Newel K. Whitney, Orson Hyde, George A. Smith, Ezra T. Benson, Jedediah M. Grant, Daniel H. Wells, Willard Snow, Edward Hunter, Daniel Spencer, Thomas Bullock, John Brown, William Crosby, Amasa Lyman, Charles C. Rich, Lorenzo D. Young and Parley P. Pratt, assistants. The organization was completed by electing Willard Richards, secretary; Newel K. Whitney, treasurer ; and Thomas Bullock, recorder. Newel K. Whit- ney died on the 23d of the same month, and Daniel Spencer was elected treasurer in his stead. Elders Orson Hyde, Orson Pratt, Franklin D. Richards and John Brown, were appointed travelling agents. The Saints in the British Isles contributed liberally to this fund. Donations as high as ;^40o were made to it by single individuals. The total amount con- tributed in that mission up to July, 1854, was ^7,113 o s. 8^ d. in addition to tbe value of the fund in Utah. The following interesting account from the Des- eret News of the first arrival in Salt Lake City, of P. E. F. emigrants, in the fall of 1852, is a worthy passage of our city history of that date : "Captain A. O. Smoot's company, of thirty-one wagons, was escorted into this city, by the first presidency of the Church, some of the Twelve Apostles and many of the citizens on horseback and in carriages. " Captain Pitt's band, in the President's spacious carriage, met the company at the mouth of Emigation canyon, where the Saints of both sexes, of nearly seventy years of age, danced and sung for joy, and their hearts were made glad 40 djo HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CJ7Y. by a distribution of melons and cakes ; after which the band came in the escort, and cheered the hearts of the weary travelers with their enlivening strains. " Next in the procession came a band of pilgrims — sisters and children, walk- ing, sunburnt and weather-beaten, but not forlorn ; their hearts were light and buoyant, which was plainly manifest by their happy and joyful countenances. " Next followed the wagons. The good condition of the cattle, and the general appearance of the whole train, did credit to Bishop Smoot, as a wise and skillful manager — who was seen on horse, in all the various departments of his company during their egress from the canyon to encampment. " As the escort and train passed the Temple block, they were saluted with nine rounds of artillery, which made the everlasting hills to shake their sides with joy ; while thousands of men, women and children gathered from various parts of the city, to unite in the glorious and joyful welcome. '■ After coralling on Union Square, the emigrants were called together, and President Young addressed them as follows: — " ' I have but a few words to say to the brethren and sisters, at the present time. First I will say, may the Lord God of Israel bless you, and comfort your hearts. (The company and bystanders responded Amen.) "'We have prayed for you continually; thousands of prayers have been offered up for you, day by day, to Him who has commanded us to gather Israel, save the children of men by the preaching of the gospel, and prepare them for the coming of the Messiah. You have had a long, hard, and fatiguing journey across the great waters and the scorched plains; but, by the distinguished favors of heaven, you are here in safety. *' * We understand that the whole company that started under Brother Smoot's guidance, are alive and well, with but a few exceptions. For this we are thankful to our Father in heaven ; and our hearts are filled with joy, that you have had faith to surmount the difficulties that have lain in your path ; that you have over- come sickness and death, and are now with us to enjoy the blessings of the people of God in these peaceful valleys. You are now in a land of plenty, where, by a reasonable amount of labor, you may realize a comfortable subsistence. "' You have had trials and sufferings in your journey, but your sufferings have been few compared with thousands of your brethren and sisters in these valleys. * * * With regard to your circumstances and connexions here, I am little acquainted ; but this I can say, you are in the midst of plenty. No person here is under the necessity of begging his bread, except the natives ; and they beg more than they care for, or can u=e. By your labor you can obtain an abundance ; the soil is rich and productive. We have the best of wheat, and the finest of flour ; as good as was ever produced in any other country in the world. We have beets, carrots, turnips, cabbage, peas, beans, melons, and I may say, all kinds of garden vegetables, of the best quality. " * The prospects are cheering for fruits of different kinds. The grapes that we have raised this season, are, doubtless, as fine as were ever exhibited for sale in the London Market. The peach, we expect, will do well also. We had but few last year; this season we have more. We are under the necessity of waiting a few years before we can have much fruit ; but of the staple articles of food, we have a great abundance. HISTORY 01 SALT LAKE CITY. 651 " * With regard to your obtaining habitations to sheher you in the coming winter — all of )0U will be able to obtain work, and by your industry, you can make yourselves tolerably comfortable in this respect before the winter sets in. All the improvements that you see around you, have been made in the short space of four years; four years ago this day, there was not a rod of fence to be seen, nor a house, except the Old Fort, as we call it, though it was then new. All this, that you now see, has been accomplished by the industry of the people ; and a good deal more that you do not see, for our settlements extend 250 miles south, and almost xoo miles north. " ' We shall want some of the brethren to repair to some of the other settle- ments, such as mechanics and farmers; no doubt they can provide themselves with teams, etc., to bear them to their destinations. Those who have acquaintances here, will all be able to obtain dwellings until they can make accommodations of their own. " ' Again, with regard to labor — don't imagine unto yourselves that you are going to get rich at once by it. As for the poor there are none here, neither are there any who may be called rich, but all obtain the essential comforts of life. * * * I will say to this company, they have had the honor of be- ing escorted into the city by some of the mosi distinguished individuals of our society, and a band of music, accompanied with a salutation from the cannon. Other companies have not had this mark of respect shown to them ; they belong to the rich, and are able to help themselves. I rejoice that you are here; and that you will find yourselves in the midst of abundance of the common necessaries of life, a liberal supply of which you can easily obtain by your labor. Here is the best quality of food ; you are in the bist atmosphere that you ever breathed ; and we have the best water you ever drank. Make yourselves happy, and do not let your eyes be like the fool's eye, wandering after the things of this world ; but in- quire what you can do that shall be for the best interest of the kingdom of God. " ' No man or woman will be hurried away from the wagons ; but you may have the privilege of living in them until you get homes. '• ' I hope the brethren who live near by, or those who live at a distance, will send our brethren and sisters some potatoes and melons, or anything else they have, that they may not go hungry ; and let them have them free of charge, that they may be blessed with us, as I exhorted the people last Sabbath. " 'I have not anything more to say to you at this time, as my presence is wanted in another place. I pray the Lord God of Israel to bless you ; and I bless you in the name of Jesus. Amen.' " Of the crowning period of the emigration from Europe to Utah, Mr. James Linforth, business manager of the Liverpool office, and since well known as an influential merchant of San Francisco, in his " Route from Liverpool to Great Salt Lake Valley," says: " On the first of May, 1852, Elder Samuel W. Richards came into charge of the British Mission, and under his agency the emigration attained to greater per- fection, and was opened up to a larger number of individuals, in the same amount of time, than at any previous period. The anxiety of thousands of the Saints to gather to Utah, had become intense, so much so, that Elder Richards was fre- 6s2 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. quently desired t^ organize companies who would walk the entire overland jour- ney, and assist to haul the provisions and luggage also. Much prudence and caution were now required to restrain the overflowing spirit which the Saints were giving way to, and at the same time to promote the emigration of as large a num- ber as practicable in the approaching season. In the meantime the seventh gen- eral epistle of the first presidency of the Church had been issued, and on the 17th of July was published to the British churches. The Saints were, in this epistle, exhorted to gather to Utah speedily, by tens of thousands. The language was — * Let all who can procure a loaf of bread, and one garment on their back, be as- sured there is water plenty and pure by the way, and doubt no longer, but come next year to the place of gathering, even in flocks, as doves fly to their windows before a storm.' This needed no interpretation but was reiterated by hundreds of elders throughout the country, and gave fresh vigor to the desire already burn- ing in the breasts of thousands to emigrate in the coming season. This anxious desire had to be met in some way or other, and after much deliberation it was de- termined to fit out companies of emigrants in 1853, for the entire journey, at j[^\o for each person over one year old, and ^^^5 each for those under that age, and it was hoped that by sending efficient men in advance to procure the necessary sup- plies and teams, the emigrants might be got through upon those terms. . As many as 957 persons availed themselves of this arrangement, but it was found necessary to procure a loan upon the teams to complete the journey. " Elder S. W. Richards was appointed, September 30th, 1852, an agent to the P. E. Fund Company, and during this season 400 persons were assisted out by the P. E. Fund, for whom similar arrangements were made to those for the £^\o companies. " There were 955 emigrants, who either made their own arrangements for the overland journey, or procured their teams by sending money forward in ad- vance of themselves by the agent charged with the superintendence of the P. E. Fund and the pTio emigration. The price of a team consisting of two pairs of oxen, two cows, and one wagon, was estimated at ^^40, and ;^2,748, los. was sent forward by this class. The emigration now consisted of four classes; first, the P. E. Fund emigrants ordered from the Valley ; second, the P. E. Fund emi- grants selected in the British Isles; third the j[^\o emigrants; and fourth, the ordinary emigrants, embracing those who sent money forward to procure teams, and all the balance. The entire expense involved in this season's emigration could not have been less than ^30,000. The agent intrusted with the overland part of the journey, for both the P. E. Fund and ^\o emigration, was Elder Isaac C. Haight, who had in the previous year assisted Elder Smoot. The presi- dent of each ship's company, in which there were emigrants of these descriptions, had charge of them until their delivery to Elder Haight. "From the experience of 1853, and the increased prices of cattle, wagons, and provisions, occasioned by the great California and Oregon emigration, whicli has scoured the frontiers and many miles around for several years past, it was found necessary during the last season to charge ^^13 per head, instead of ;^io, for those who went in companies similar to the ^^lo companies of 1853. This amount will possibly cover the expense. The growing interest of P. E. Fund in HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 653 the minds of the Saints, however, reduced ttiis class to eighty-six, by inducing those of the emigrants who were not ordered from the Valley by the P. E. Fund Company, nor selected by its agent in Great Britain, or who did not provide their own outfit, to come under the auspices or arrangements of the P. E Fund Com- pany, and many of them donated to the fund all the money they had, and signed the bond to pay in the Valley, the whole cost of their passage money to that place. The amount thus donated was _;2ri,8oo 8s., and, although the benefit of this was not felt last season, the fund was actually enriched to that amount. " The ordinary emigration was not so large last season as it was in the pre- vious season, but more money was sent forward for the purchase of teams, the amount being ^,{^3,575. The price of a team was estimated at ^^45, but it appears from recent advices to be higher. " The P. E. F. emigration of last season was very large, and the agent charged with the superindence of the overland journey is Elder Wm. Empey, a man of experience in the customs and business of the United States, and in the purchase of the outfit. He has the assistance of Elder Dorr P. Curtis, and of other elders of experience en route for the Valley. It is fully anticipated that their joint labors will be abundantly sufficient to carry the emigration in a pros- perous state into the Valley. The supervision of the emigrants from Liverpool until their delivery to Elder Empey_, was given to the presidents of the respective ships, and they will aid, if directed, until the companies are through to the Valley. " The total number of persons shipped under this agency was 4,346, and it was expected that very few would fail of going through to the Great Salt Lake Valley. The emigration of this number would involve from first to last an expen- diture of not less than ^^70,000. " After the Latter-day Saints had established missions upon the continent, emigrants soon began to pass through Liverpool en roicte for Great Salt Lake Val- ley. The first company, numbering 28, was from the Scandinavian mission and was re-shipped at Liverpool, on board the Italy, for New Orleans, on the nth of March, 1852, under the direction ot Elder Erastus Snow, one of the Twelve Apostles and founder of the Scandinavian mission. The next company was from the same mission, and numbered 297, and was re-shipped at Liverpool on board \\\Q Forest Monarch for New Orleans, on the i6th of January, 1853, under the direction of Elder Willard Snow, president of the mission at that time. " Donations to the Perpetual Emigrating Fund having been commenced in Scandinavia, particularly in Denmark, jQi^t^ 15s. 6d. was appropriated during Elder Willard Snow's presidency, to the assistance of a number of the persons that sailed in the Forest Monarch. " The next company from the continent was seventeen persons from the Ger- man mission, who sailed from Liverpool in August or September, 1853. "In January, 1854, and under the presidency of Elder John Van Cott, Scan- dinavia sent out two companies, numbering 678 persons, two of which were as- sisted by the P. E. Fund. Elders were sent in charge of the Saints, and were to continue with them from Copenhagen to Great Salt Lake Valley, men who could speak both English and Danish, and had travelled the whole route before. To 6s 4 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. accomplish the overland journey, ^3,667 was sent forward to Elder Empey, to procure the teams, provisions, etc. The point of embarkation from the Scandi- navian mission is Copenhagen, and to this pbce the emigrants gather, and form one company or more as the case may be. They are then conveyed from Copen- hagen to Liverpool. The route taken in 1853, was across the Baltic to Kiel, from thence per railway to Altona, from thence across the North Sea, to Hull and then per railway to Liverpool. During the last season the route was a little different, being from Kiel to Gluckstadt, instead of Altona. It will readily b^ conceived that the continental emigration is characterized by more vicissitudes than the British, and requires a proportionately greater amount of careful and prudent arrangement to preserve the lives of the people, and guard their pockets. Under the wisest and most economical guidance, the removal of this 678 people from their various homes in Frederickstadt, Osterzisoer, and Brevig, in Norway; Schana in Sweden ; and Zealand, Jutland, Lalland, Falster, Moen and Fyen, in Denmark, to Great Salt Lake Valley, will consume not less than ;^io,ooo. "In the first vessel occupied by the Scandinavian emigration, in the last sea- son, were thirty-three persons from the German mission, shipped under the direc- tion of Elder Daniel Carn, president of the mission at that time. "The emigration from the French, Swiss, and Italian missions his hitherto, upon arrival in Liverpool, joined the British, and has been shipped in the vessel sent out by the president of this mission. Interpreters, speaking French, Italian and English have accompanied them. " Mode of Conducting the Emigration — Applications for passage are received by the agent, and when sufficient are on hand a vessel is chartered by him, and the passengers are notified by printed circulars, containing instructions to them liovv to proceed, when to be in Liverpool to embark, also stating the price of i^assage, the amount of provisions allowed, etc. It is often the case that one con- ference or district furnishes a ship load or the greatest part of it. In such cases arrangements are made for them to embark together, and the president of the conference, or some other suitable person, contracts with the railway company for their conveyance to Liverpool altogether, which saves much expense. "In contracting for the vessel, it is agreed that the passengers shall go on board either on the day of their arrival in Liverpool, or the day following, and although this arrangement may be inconvenient to them, it saves the ruinous ex- pense of lodging ashore, and preserves many an inexperienced person from being robbed by sharpers, who make extensive experiments in this port upon the unwary. When the passengers are on board, the agent, who is always now the president of the Church in the British Island?, proceeds to organize a committee, consist- ing of a president and two counselors, and, if possible, elders are selected who have travelled the route before, or, at least, have been to sea. These men are received by the emigrants by vote, and implicit confidence is reposed in them. The committee then proceed to divide the ship into wards or branches, over each of which an elder or priest is placed, with his assistants, to preside. The president of the company then appoints from among the adult passengers, watch- men, who, in rotation, stand watch day and night over the ship until her depart- ure, and after nightfall prevent any unauthorized person from descending the HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 655 hatchways. When at sea. the presidents of the various wards see that passengers rise about five or six o'clock in the morning, cleanse their respective portions of the ship, and throw the rubbish overboard. This attended to, prayers are offered in every ward, and then the passengers prepare their breakfasts, and during the remainder of the day occupy themselves with various duties. At eight or nine o'clock at night, prayers are again offered, and all retire to their berths. Such regularity and cleanliness, with constant exercise on deck, are an excellent con- servative of the general health of the passengers, a thing proverbial of the Lat- ter-day Saints' emigration. In addition to this daily routine, when the weather permits, meetings are held on Sundays, and twice or thrice in the week, at which the usual Church services are observed. Schools for children and adults are also frequently conducted. When elders are on board who are either going or return- ing to the Valley, and have traveled in foreign countries, they interest the pas- sengers by relating the history of their travels, and describing the scenes they have witnessed, and the vicissitudes through which they have passed. From the John M. Wood, which sailed on the 12th of March, 1854, we have accounts that the Swiss and Italian emigrants studied the English language; and the English, emigrants, the French and Italian languages. In this they were aided by several missionaries from Italy and Switzerland, conversant with those languages. Lec- tures on various subjects also were delivered. These agreeable exercises no doubt break the monotony of a long sea-voyage, and improve the mental capacities cf the passengers. The good order, cleanliness, regularity, and moral deportment of the passengers generally, seldom fail to produce a good impression upon the captain, crew and any persons on board who are not Latter-day Saints. The re- sult is, they attend the religious meetings or exercises, and few ships now reach New Orleans without some conversions taking place. In the Olympw:, which sailed in March, 1851, fifty persons were added to the Church during the voyage, and in the International, which sailed in February, 1853, forty-eight persons, in- cluding the captain and other officers of the ship, were added. Not the least good resulting from the excellent management of the companies is the relaxation of much rigidity necessarily belonging to captains at sea, and the extension of many a favor to the passengers in times of sickness, and when they can well appreciate the kindness. Most of the vessels sent out have had humane and gentlemanly captains, some of whom have been presented at New Orleans with testimonials from the passengers. " As an instance of the estimation in which the mode of conducting the I-. D. Sainrs' emigration is held in high quarters, we quote from Morjung Advertiser of June 2. ' On Tuesday, says the London correspondent of the Cambridge In- dependent Press, I heard a rather remarkable examination before a committee of the House of Commons. The witness was no other than the supreme authority in England of the Mormonites, (Elder S. W. Richards), and the subject upon which he was giving information was the mode in which the emigration to Utah, Great Salt Lake, is conducted. * * >}; jjg g^yg himself no airs but was so respectful in his demeanor, and ready in his answers, that, at the close of his ex- amination he received the thanks of the committee in rather a marked manner. * * * There is one thing which, in the opinion of the emigration 6s6 BIS TOM Y OF SALT LAKE CITY. committee of the House of Commons, they (the L. D, Saints) can do, viz. — teach Christian shipowners how to send poor people decently, cheaply and health- fully across the Atlantic' " On arriving at New Orleans, the emigrants are received by an agent of the Church stationed there for that purpose, and he procures suitable steamboats for them to proceed on to St. Louis without detention. Elder James Brown was the agent for the last season. It is the duty of this agent, furthermore, to report to the president of the European mission, the condition in which the emigrants ar- rive, and any impoitant circumstances that may be beneficial to be known to him. At St. Louis, another agent of the Church co-operates with the agent sent from England. From thence the emigrants are forwarded still by steamboat to the camping grounds, which were last year at Keokuk in Iowa, at the foot of the lower rapids of the Mississippi, 205 miles from St. Louis, and this year at Kansas, in Jackson County, Missouri, 14 miles west of Independence. Here the emigrants find the teams which the agent has prepared, waiting to receive them and their lutJf^age. Ten individuals are the number allotted to cne wagon and cne ter.t The Perpetual Emigrating Fund Company this year allowed 100 lbs. of luggage, including beds and clothing, to all persons over eight years of age ; 50 lbs, to those between eight and four years old ; none to those under four years. The wagons are procured to order in Cincinnati and St. Louis, and are conxeyed by steamboat to the camping grounds. The wagon-bed is about 12 feet long, 3 feet 4 inches wide, and 18 inches deep, and boxes should be made to fit to advantage. " The cattle are purchased of cattle dealers in the western settlements, and are driven to the camping grounds. The full team consists of one wagon, two yoke of oxen and two cows. The wagon-covers and tents are made of a very su- perior twilled cotton, procured in England for the emigration of 1853 and the present year. It is supplied to the emigrants before their departure, and they make the tents and covers on the voyage and thus save expense. A common field tent is generally used. The material is 27 inches wide, and 44 yards are used for a tent, and 26 for a wagon-cover. The two cost about two guineas. The poles and cord are procured by the agent in the United States. " Each wagon this year containing the ;^i3 and P. E. Fund emigrants was supplied with 1000 lbs. of flour, 50 lbs. of sugar, 50 lbs. of bacon, 50 lbs. of rice, 30 lbs. of beans, 20 lbs. of dried apples and peaches, 5 lbs. of tea, i gallon of vinegar, 10 bars of soap and 25 lbs. of salt. These articles and the milk from the cows, the game caught on the plains, and the pure water from the streams furnish to hundreds better diet, and more of it, than they enjoyed in their native lands while toiling from 10 to 18 hours per day for their living. Other emigrants who have means, of course purchase what they please, such as dried herrings, pickles, molasses, and more dried fruit and sugar, all of which are very useful, and there is every facility for obtaining them from New Orleans to the edge of the plains. " As soon as a sufiticient number of wagons can be got ready, and all things are prepared, the company or companies move off under their lespective captains. The agent remains on the frontiers until all the companies are started, and then he goes forward himself, passing the companies one by one, and arrives in ihe HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 657 Valley first to receive them there, and conduct theai into Great Salt Lake City. From the review we have taken of the modus operandi of the emigration, although we have merely glanced at the frame-work, it will be readily seen that it is of no ordinary magnitude, but brings into requisition directly and indirectly, the labors of hundreds of individuals besides the emigrants themselves, and at the present time involves an outlay of not less than ^^40,000 to ^^^50,000 each year, an amount nevertheless small when the number of emigrants and the distance are considered. It is only by the most careful, prudent and economical arrangements that such a number of persons could be transported from their various British and European homes across the Atlantic Ocean, and three thousand miles into the in- terior of America, with such a sum of money." Of the class and character of the British emigrants to Utah, we quote the following inimitable description from the pen of Charles Dickens : " BOUND FOR THE GREAT SALT LAKE. " Behold me on my way to an emigrant ship, on a hot morning eaily in June. My road lies through that part of London generally known to the in- itiated as " Down by the Docks." >ic '?= * Gigantic in the basin just beyond the church, looms my emigrant ship : her name, the Amazon. Her figure- head is not ^/i-figured as those beauteous founders of the race of strong-minded women are fabled to have been, for the convenience of drawing the bow ; but I sympathize with the carver : A flattering carver who made it his care To carve busts as they ought to be — not as they were, My emigrant ship lies broadside-on to the wharf. Two great gangways made of spars and planks connect her with the wharf; and up and down these gang- ways, perpetually crowding to and fro and in and out, like ants, are the emigrants who are going to sail in my emigrant ship. Some with cabbages, some with loaves of bread, some with cheese and butter, some with milk and beer, some with boxes, beds and bundles, some with babies — nearly all with children — nearly all with bran-new tin cans or their daily allowance of »iater, uncomfortably sugges- tive of a tin flavor in the drink. To and frO; up and down, aboard and ashore, swarming here and there and everywhere, my emigrants. And still as the dock- gate swings upon its hinges, cabs appear, and carts appear, and vans appear, bring- ing more of my emigrants, with more cabbages, more loaves, more cheese and butter, more milk and beer, more boxes, beds and bundles, more tin cans, and on those shipping investments accumulated compound interest of children. " I go aboard my emigrant ship. I go first to the great cabin, and find it in the usual condition of a cabin at that pass. Perspiring landsmen, with loose papers, and with pens and inkstands, pervade it ; and the general appearance of things is as if the late Mr. Amazon's funeral had just come home from the cemetery, and the disconsolate Mrs. Amazon's trustees found the affairs in great disorder, and were looking high and low for the will. I go out on the poop-deck, for air, and surveying the emigrants on the deck below (indeed they are crowded all about me, up there too), find more pens and inkstands in action, and more j)apers, and interminable complication respecting accounts with individuals for tin cans and 'djS HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. what not. But nobody is in an ill-temper, nobody is the worse for drink, nobody swears an oath or uses a coarse word, nobody appears depressed, nobody is weep- ing, and down upon the deck in every corner where it is possible to find a few square feet to kneel, crouch, or lie in, people, in every unsuitable attitude for writing, are writing letters. " Now, I have seen emigrant ships before this day in June. And these peo- ple are so strikingly different from all other people in like circumstance whom I have ever seen, that I wonder aloud : * What would 3. stranger suppose these emi- grants to be !' '' The vigilant bright face of the weather-browned captain of the Amazon is at my shoulder, and he says, 'What, indeed ! The most of these came aboard yesterday evening. They came from various parts of England in small parties that had never seen one another before. Yet they had not been a couple of hours on board, when they established their own police, made their own regulations, and set their own watches at all the hatchways. Before nine o'clock, the ship was as orderly and quiet as a man-of-war.' " I looked about me again, and saw the letter-writing going on with the most curious composure. Perfectly abstracted in the midst of the crowd ; while great casks were swinging aloft, and being lowered into the hold ; while hot agents were hurrying up and down, adjusting the interminable accounts ; while two hundred strangers were searching everywhere for two hundred other strangers, and were asking questions about them of two hundred more ; while the children played up and down all the steps, and in and out among all the people's legs, and were be- held, to the general dismay, toppling over all the dangerous places ; the letter- writers wrote on calmly. On the starboard side of the ship, a grizzled man dic- tated a long letter to another grizzled man in an immense fur cap; which letter was of so profound a quality, that it became necessary for the amanuensis at inter- vals to take off his fur cap in both his hands, for the ventilation of his brain, and stare at him who dictated, as a man of many mysteries who was worth looking at. On the larboard side, a woman had covered a belaying-pin with a white cloth to make a neat desk of it, and was sitting on a little box, writing with the delibera- tion of a bookkeeper. Down upon her breast on the planks of the deck at this woman's feet, with her head diving in under a beam of the bulwarks on that side, as an eligible place of refuge for her sheet of paper, a neat and pretty girl wrote for a good hour (she fainted at last), only rising to the surface occasionally for a dip of ink. Alongside the boat, close to me on the poop-deck, another girl, a fresh well-grown country girl, was writing another letter on the bare deck. Later in the day, when this self-same boat was filled with a choir who sang glees and catches for a long time, one of the singers, a girl, sang her part mechanically all the while, and wrote a letter in the bottom of the boat while doing so. " ' A stranger would be puzzled to guess the right name for these people, Mr. Uncommercial,' says the captain. " ' Indeed he would.' " ' If you hadn't known, could you ever have supposed ?' " ' How could I ! I should have said they were in their degree, the pick and flower of England.' HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 659 " ' So should I,' says the captain. " ' How many are they ?' " ' Eight hundred in rouud numbers.' " I went between-decks, where the families with children swarmed in the dark, where unavoidable confusion had been caused by the last arrivals, and where the confusion was increased by the little preparations for dinner that were going on in each group. A few women here and there, had got lost, and were laughing at it, and were asking their way to their own people, or out on deck again. A few of the poor children were crying; but otherwise the universal cheerfulness was amazing. ' We shall shake down by to-morrow. ' ' We shall come all right in a day or so.' ' We shall have more light at sea.' Such phrases I heard every- where, as I groped my way among chests and barrels and beams and unstowed cargo and ring-bolts and emigrants, down to the lower deck, and thence up to the light of day again, and to my former station. "Surely an extraordinary people in their power of self-abstraction. All the former letter- writers were still writing calmly, and many more letter-writers had broken out in my absence. A boy with a bag of books in his hand and a slate under his arm, emerged from below, concentrated himself in my neighborhood (espying a convenient skylight for his purpose), and went to work at a sum as if he were stone deaf. A father and mother and several young children, on the main deck below me, had formed a family circle close to the foot of the crowded rest- less gangway, where the children made a nest for themselves in a coil of rope, and the father and mother, she suckling the youngest, discussed family affairs as peace- ably as if they were in perfect retirement. I think the most noticeable character- istic in the eight hundred as a mass, v/as their exemption from hurry. " Kight hundred what? 'Geese, villain?' Eight hundred Mormons. I, Un- commercial Traveler for the firm of Human Interest Brothers, had come aboard this emigrant ship to see what eight hundred Latter-day Saints were like, and I found them (to the rout and overthrow of all my -expectations) like what I now describe with scrupulous exactness. " The Mormon agent who had been active in getting them together, and in making the contract with my friends the owners of the ship to take them as far as New York on their way to the Great Salt Lake, was pointed out to me. A com- pactly-made handsome man in black, rather short, with rich brown hair and beard, and clear bright eyes. From his speech, I should set him down as an American. Probably, a man who had ' knocked about the world ' pretty much. A man with a frank open manner, and unshrinking look ; withal a man of great quickness. I believe he was wholly ignorant of my Uncommercial individuality, and consequently of my immense Uncommercial importance. " UncommerciaL These area very fine set of people you have brought to- gether here. " Mormon Agent. Yes, sir, they are a very fine set of people. " Uncommercial (looking about). Indeed, I think it would be difficult to find eight hundred people together anywhere else, and find so much beauty and so much strength and capacity for work among them. d6o HIS TOR Y OF SALT LAKE CITY. ^^ Mormon Agent (not looking about, but looking steadily at Uncommercial). I think so — We sent about a thousand more, yes'day, from Liverpool. " Uncommercial. You are not going with these emigrants ? '■^Mormon Agent ^ No, sir. I remain. " Uncommercial. But you have been in the Mormon Territory ? " Mormon Agent. Yes; I let't Utah about three years ago. '•' Uncommercial. It is surprising to me that these people are all so cheery, and make so little of the immense distance before them. " Monnoti Agent. Well, you see, many of 'em have friends out at Utah, and many of 'em look forward to meeting friends on the way. ' ' Uncommercial. On the way ? " Mormon Agent. This way 'tis. This ship lands 'em ia New York City. Then they go on by rail right away beyond St. Louis, to that part of the banks of the Missouri where they strike the plains. There, wagons from the settlement meet 'em to bear 'em company on their journey 'cross — twelve hundred miles about. Industrious people who come out to the settlement soon get wagons of their own, and so the friends of some of these will come down in their own wagons to meet 'em. They look forward to that greatly. " Ujiconuncrcial. On their long journey across the desert, do you arm them? " Mormon Agent. Mostly you would fine they have arms of some kind or another already with them. Such as had not arms we should arm across the plains, for the general protection and defense. " Uncommercial. Will these wagons bring down any produce to the Missouri ? ^^ Mormon Agent. Well, since the war broke out, we've taken to growing cotton, and they'll likely bring down cotton to be exchanged for machinery. We want machinery. Also we have taken to growing indigo, which is a fine commo- dity for profit. It has been found that the climate on the further side of the Great Salt Lake suits well for raising indigo. '' Uncommercial. I am told that these people now on board are principally from the south of England. ^^ Mormon Agent. And from Wales. That's true. " Unco77imercial. Do you get many Scotch ? " Mormon Agent. Not many. " Uncommercial. _ Highlanders, for instance. ^^ Mormon Agent. No, not Highlanders. They ain't interested enough in universal brotherhood and peace and good will. " Uncommercial. The old fighting blood is strong in them? ^^ Mormon Agent. Well, yes. And besides, they've no faith. " Uncommercial (who has been burning to get at the Prophet Joe Smith, and seems to discover an opening). Faith in — " Mormon Agent (far too many for Uncommercial). Well — in anything. ** Similarly on this same head, the Uncommercial underwent discomfiture from a Wiltshire laborer; a simple, fresh-colored farm-laborer, of eight- and- thirty, who at one time stood beside him looking on at new arrivals, and with whom he held this dialogue : HISTORY Of SALT LAKE CITY. 66 1 " Uncommercial. Would you mind my asking you what part of the country you come from ? " Wiltshire. Not a bit. Theer ! (exultingly) I've worked all my life o' Sal- isbury Plain, right under the shadder o' Stonehenge. You mightn't think it, but I halve. " Uncommercial. And a pleasant country, too. " Wiltshire. Ah ! 'Tis a pleasant country. " Uncommercial. Have you any family on board ? " JViltshire. Two children, boy and gal. I am a widderer, I am, and I'm going out alonger my boy and gal. That's my gal, and she's a fine gal o' sixteen (pointing out the girl who is writing by the boat). I'll go and fetch my boy. I'd like to show you my boy. (Here Wiltshire disappears, and presently comes back with a big shy boy of twelve, in a superabundance of boots, who is not at all glad to be presented.) He is a fine boy too, and a boy fur to work. (Boy hav- ing undutifully bolted, Wiltshire drops him.) " Uncommercial. It must cost you a great deal of money to go so far, three strong. " Wiltshire. A power of money. Theer ! Eight shillen a week, eight shillen a week, eight shillen a week, put by out of the week's wages for ever so long. " Uncommercial. I wonder how you did it. " Wiltshire (recognising in this a kindred spirit). See theer now ! I won- der how I done it ! But what with a bit o' subscription heer, and what with a bit o' help theer, it were done at last, though I don't hardly know how. Then it were unfor'net for us, you see, as we got kep' in Bristol so long— nigh a fortnight, it were — on accounts of a mistake wi' Brother Halliday. Swaller'd up money, it did, when we might have come straight on. '' Uncommercial (delicately approaching Joe Smith). You are of the Mor- mon religion, of course ? " Wiltshire (confidently). O, yes, I'm a Mormo.i. (Then reflectively.) I'm a Mormon. (Then, looking round the ship, feigns to descry a particular friend in an empty spot, and evades the Uncommercial for evermore.) " Afcer a noontide pause for dinner, during which my emigrants were nearly all between-decks and the Amazon looked deserted, a general muster took place. The muster was for the ceremony of passing the government inspector and the doctor. Those authorities held their temporary state amidships, by a cask or two; and, knowing that the whole eight hundred emigrants must come face to face with them, I took my station behind the two. They knew nothing whatever of me, I believe, and my testimony to the unpretending gentleness and good nature with which they discharged their duty, may be of the greater worth. There was not the slightest flavor of the Circumlocution Office about their proceedings. " The emigrants were now all on deck. They were densely crowded aft, and swarmed upon the poop-deck like bees. Two or three Mormon agents stood ready to hand them on to the inspector, and to hand them forward when they had passed. By what successful means, a special aptitude for organization had been infused into these people, I am, of course, unable to report. But I know that, even now, there was no disorder, hurry or difficulty. 662 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. " All being ready, the first group are handed on. That member of the party who is entrusted with the passenger- ticket for the whole, has been warned by one of the agents to have it ready, and here it is his hand. In every instance through the whole eight hundred, without an exception, this paper is always ready. '^ Inspector {rea.d\r\g the ticket). Jessie Jobson, Sophronia Jobson, Jessie Jobson again, Matilda Jobson, AVilliam Jobson, Jane Jobson, Matilda Jobson again, Brigham Jobson, Leonardo Jobson and Orson Jobson. Are you all here? (glancing at the party, over his spectacles). "Jessie fobson Nutnber Two. All here, sir. " This group is composed of an old grandfather and grandmother, their married son and his wife, and their family of children. Orson Jobson is a little child asleep in his mother's arms. The doctor, with a kind word or so, lifts up the corner of the mother's shawl, looks at the child's face, and touches the little clenched hand. If we were all as well as Orson Jobson, doctoring would be a poor profession, •'■Inspector. Quite right, Jesbie Jobson. Take your ticket, Jessie, and pass on. " And away they go. Mormon agent, skillful and quiet, hands them on. Mormon agent, skillful and quiet, hands next party up. " hispector (reading ticket again). Susannah Cleverly and William Cleverly. Brother and sister, eh ? " Sister (young woman of business, hustling slow brother). Yes, sir. ." Inspector. Very good, Susannah Cleverly. Take your ticket, Susannah, and take care of it. " And away they go. "Inspector (taking ticket again). Sampson Dibble and Dorothy Dibble (surveying a very old couple over his spectacles, with some surprise). Your hus- band quite blind, Mrs. Dibble ? " Mrs. Dibble. Yes, sir, he be stone blind. "Mr. Dibble (addressing the mast). Yes, sir, I be stone blind. " Inspector. That's a bad job. Take your ticket, Mrs. Dibble, and don't lose it, and pass on. " Doctor taps Mr. [Dibble on the eyebrow with his forefinger, and away they go. "Inspector (taking ticket again). Anastatia Weedle. "• Anastatia (a pretty girl in a bright garibaldi, this morning elected by uni- versal suffrage the beauty of the ship). That is me, sir. " Inspector ^ Going alone, Anastatia ? "Anastatia (shaking her curls). I am with Mrs. Jobson, sir, but I've got separated for the moment. "Inspector. Oh! you are with the Jobsons? Quite right. That'll do, Miss Weedle. Don't lose your ticket. "Away she goes, and joins the Jobsons who are waiting for her, and stoops and kisses Brigham Jobson — who appears to be considered too young for the pur- pose, by several Mormons rising twenty, who are looking on. Before her cxten- HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 663 sive skirts have departed from the casks a decent widow stands there with four children, and so the roll goes. " The faces of some of the Welsh people, among whom there were many old persons, were certainly the least intelligent. Some of these emigrants would have bungled sorely, but for the directing hand that was always ready. The intelligence here was unquestionably of a low order, and the heads were of a poor type. Generally the case was the reverse. There were many worn faces bearing traces of patient poverty and hard work, and there was great steadiness of purpose and much undemonstrative self-respect among this class. A few young men were go- ing singly. Several girls were going two or three together. These latter I found it very difficult to refer back, in my mind, to their relinquished homes and pursuits. Perhaps they were more like country milliners, and pupil teachers rather tawdrily dressed, than any other classes of young women, I noticed, among many little orna- ments worn, more than one photograph-broach of the Princess of Wales, and also of the late Prince Consort. Some single women of from thirty to forty, whom one might suppose to be embroiderers, or straw-bonnet-makers, were obviously going out in quest of husbands, as finer ladies go to India. That they had any distinct notions of a plurality of husbands or wives, I do not believe. To suppose the family groups of whom the majority of emigrants were composed, polygamically possessed, would be to suppose an absurdity, manifest to any one who saw the fathers and mothers. " I should say (I had no means of ascertaining the fact) that most familiar kinds of handicraft trades were represented here. Farm-laborers, shepherds, and the like, had their full share of representation, but I doubt if they preponderated. It was interesting to see how the leading spirit in the family circle never failed to show itself, even in the simple process of answering to the names as they were called, and checking off the owners of the names. Sometimes it was the father, much oftener the mother, sometimes a quick little girl second or third in order of seniority. It seemed to occur for the first time to some heavy fathers, what large families they had ; and their eyes rolled about, during the calling of the list, as if they half-misdoubted some other family to have been smuggled into their own. Among all the fine handsome children, I observed but two with marks upon their necks that were probably scrofulous. Out of the whole number of emigrants, but one old woman was temporarily set aside by the doctor, on suspicion of fever ; but even she afterwards obtained a clean bill of health. " When all had " passed," and the afternoon began to wear on, a black box became visible on deck, which box was in charge of certain personages also in black of whom only one had the conventional air of an itinerant preacher. This box contained a supply of hymn books, neatly printed and got up, published at Liverpool, and also in London at the "Latter-day Saints' book depot, 30 Flor- ence street." Some copies were handsomely bound/ the plainer were more in request, and many were bought. The title ran : " Sacred hymns and spiritual songs for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.' The preface, dated Manchester, 1S40, ran thus: — 'The Saints in this country have been very desirous for a Hymn Book adapted to their faith and worship, that they might sing the truth with an understanding heart, and express their praise, joy and gratitude in 664 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. songs adapted to the New and Everlasting Covenant. In accordance with their wishes, we have selected the following volume, which we hope will prove accep- table until a greater variety can be added. With sentiments of high consideration and esteem, we subscribe ourselves your brethren in the New and Everlasting Cov- enant. Brigham Young, Farley F. Frait, John Taylor." From this book — by no means explanatory to myself of the New and Everlasting Covenant, and not at all making my heart an understanding one on the subject of that mystery — a hymn was sung, which did not attract any great amount of attention, and was supported by a rather select circle. But the choir in the boat wcs very popular and pleasant; and there was to have been a band, only the cornet was late in coming on board. In the course of the afternoon, a mother appeared from shore, in search of her daughter, ' who had run away with the Mormons.' She received every assistance from the inspector, but her daughter was not found to be on board. The Siints did not seem to rne, particularly interested in finding her. " Towards five o'clock, the galley became full of tea-kettles, and an agree- able fragrance of tea pervaded the ship. There was no scrambling or jostling for the hot water, no ill humor, no quarrelling. As the Amazon was to sail v/ith the next tide, and as it would not be high water before two o'clock in the morn- ing, I left her with her tea in full action, and her idle steam tug lying by, dejuit- ing steam and smoke for the time being to the tea-kettles. " I afterwards learned that a despatch was sent home by the captain befL,re he struck out into the wide Atlantic, highly extolling the behavior of these emi- grants, and the perfect order and propriety of all their social arrangements. What is in store for the poor people on the shores of the Great Salt Lake, what happy delusions they are laboring under now, on what miserable blindness their eyes may be opened then, I do not pretend to say. But I went on board their ship to bear testimony against them if they deserved it, as I fully believed they would ; to my great astonishment they did not deserve it; and my predispositions and ten- dencies must not affect me a? an honest witness. I went over the Amazon' s side, feeling it impossible to deny that, so far, some remarkable influence had produced a remarkable result, which better known influences have often missed."'^ Dickens was right when he exclaimed, " I should have said they were in their degree the pick and flower of England." The founders of the commerce of Salt Lake City, its business men and clerks, its master mechanics and manufacturers, its authors, editors and publishers, its artists, musicians, and their kindred classes, were nearly all from the European mission, and sailed in these emigrant ships such as Dickens describes. It may be here noted as a valuable item of emigrational history that the largest en:iigration of the Mormon Church from Europe within a limited period ■*■" After this Uncommercial Journey was printed, I happened to mention the experience it describes to Lord Houghton. That gentleman then showed me an article of his writing, in T/ie Edinburgh Re- view iox January, 1862, which is highly remarkable for its philosophical and literary research concerning these Latter-day Saints. I find in it the following sentences : — ' The Select Committee of the House of Commons on emigrant ships for 1854, summoned the Mormon agent and passenger broker before it, and came to the conclusion that no ships under the provisions of the ' passenger act ' could be depended upon for comfort and security in the same degree as those under his administration. The Mormon ship is a family under strong and acccp'rd discipline, with every- provision for comfort, decorum, and internal peace." HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 66 j occurred in 1863, when six vessels left in five weeks, with 3,574 souls of the Saints on board, as follows : ApnXZQ— John J. Boyd, 763 souls. Prest. of Co., W. W. Cluff. May ^—B. S. Kimbail 654 " " H. P. Lund. May %— Consignment, 38 " " A. Christensen. May 11— Antarctic 483 " " J. Needham. May Z\— Cynosure 7.54 " " D. M. Stuart. June i.— Amazon 882 " " W. Bramall. Total 3.574 " A.11 the above sailed from Liverpool except the Amazon (the one visited by Charles Dickens), which went from London. CHAPTER LXXIX, EARLY RESOURCES OF OUR TERRITORY, EMIGRANT TRAINS LADEN WITH BRITISH HOMES. THE CHURCH AGENT MAKING PURCHASES ON THE FRONTIERS. RACE MIXTURE OF THE POPUL.'\TION. The destitute condition of the people in the Valley, in the second year of settling, has been mentioned in the opening chapters. They were reduced almost to the condition of the native Indians. Their clothing, their shoes, their hats and everything most needed by a community, in absolute isolation, were worn out. There were manufacturers and mechanics, but no manufactories or means within themselves to replenish their exhausted resources ; nor had an eastern merchant yet arrived with a train of goods. Even had the people possessed gold to invite a merchant train to such a distant point, the supplies would have been swallowed up in a day, scarcely benefitting the community while exhausting their money : but there was not a dollar in the country. All the monetary resources of the Mor- mons, numbered in the exodus, had been spent in purchasing outfits to remove themselves to the Rock 7. Mountains, (where money was absolutely valueless at the onset) and in providing themselves with the simplest implements of husbandry, and builders', manufacturers' and mechanics' tools. The emigration from Europe and the eastern States were the natural sources of supplies for colonization, to which these Mormon pioneers looked, when they set out from the " borders of civilization," to build their cities in the heart of the " Great American Desert ;" and only these emigrations could have preserved the community in isolation from utter destitution. There were no anticipations of the discovery of gold in the unpeopled West when the Mormons set out from Nauvoo ; and it is not strange that the Gentile world said Brigham Young and his companion apostles had led the Mormons into the wilderness to perish, and that none of them would ever be seen within the borders of civilization again. But 42 666 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CriY. those pioneer apostles knew that they had a British mission to draw population from, and that their emigrations from Europe, and the branches of the Church in the United States, would enable them^ in the natural course of their affairs, to ac- complish their work of colonizing these valleys. The community, possessing no gold, could not at the onset have sent their merchants down to the States to pur- chase supplies ; but their emigration agents would have been their merchants; their vast trains of emigrants with outfits and merchandise would in time have sup- plied the people with goods and implements, which could not be produced at home ; considerable money would have been brought into the country by the well- to-do emigrants for the purchase of machinery, while the community would have built themselves up by a system of trade and barter, much of the business of the country being done through the agencies of the Church at home and abroad. This indeed very nearly accords with the actual history of our city and Territory down to the completion of the railroads across the continent, and the opening of the Utah mines; and had not gold been discovered in California, in 1849, ^"^ the mining Territories of Nevada, Idaho and Montana sprung up around us, it would have been the exact history of Utah to this day, with all the original prospects. These valleys would have been peopled with a family of colonies ; and the community would have preserved their original forms and social types. These virgin valleys would have given to the farmers land sufficient for a million hands to cultivate, boundless opportunities for stockraisers, wool growers, and the raisers of fruit, sugar cane, cotton, etc.; while there would have developed equal oppor- tunities for home manufacturers, without being brought into competition with the eastern manufacturer and merchant. This view sustains the early policies of Brigham Young, especially in his efforts to make the community self-dependent and self-supportive; to place home manufactures above " States goods," and the farmer and the home producer above the States' merchant ; hence the conflict which grew up in the early commerce of our city. A passage from an autobiographical sketch of the Salt Lake merchant and banker, Horace S. Eldredge, who, in the early days, was the emigration agent of the Church, will further illustrate what the emigrations did for Salt Lake City, and also did in establishing the credit of the community in the Eastern cities, es- pecially St. Louis and Chicago. He says: " In the fall of 1852, I was called upon and appointed by the General Confer- ence of the Church to take a mission to St. Louis, Mo., to preside over the St. Louis Conference, to act as general Church agent for the emigration and as pur- chasing agent for the Church. " In the spring of 1853, our emigration from Europe amounted to about three thousand souls and required over three hundred wagons and a thousand head of oxen to transport them. These, with what was termed the American emigration swelled the number to over four hundred wagons and nearly two thousand head of cattle. It required an immense labor to deliver these at the overland starting point, besides purchasing the provisions, outfits and all the necessaries for a three or more months' camp life. " On my return to St. Louis, I had to look to some Church matters, and, after visiting several branches and giving them the necessary counsel, I began, by con- HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 667 trading for wagons, etc , to lay my plans and arrange for the coming season's immigration. Having formed many agreeable acquaintances^ I spent the winter much pleasanter than I had the previous one. The following spring brought its cares and responsibilities, as a large emigration from Europe as well as many from St. Louis and vicinity and different parts of the States were preparing to migrate to our mountain home, and all were more or less looking to me as agent to pro- vide for them their outfit by the way of teams, provisions, and the various necessities for a trip across the plains. I also received orders from Salt Lake City to purchase a large quantity of merchandise, machinery, agricultural imple- ments, and to provide wagons, teams, teamsters, etc., for their transportation." In this extract from Mr. Eldredge's emigrational notes, we have not only a view of the vast business done on the frontiers by the Church agents, in outfitting companies bound for the Valleys, but the commencement of the mercantile basis and credit upon which years afterwards Z. C. M. I. was founded, and which will itself be suggestive of the colossal commercial commonwealth which Brigham Young had designed to establish throughout the community when the pioneers first entered these valleys. In 1852-3-4, of which Mr. Eldredge notes, the original plan was fairly work- ing, both on the emigrational and mercantile lines; and Salt Lake Mormon mer- chants began to be favorably known in the Eastern States as well as the emigra- tion agents. The "over four hundred wagons, and nearly two thousand head of cattle," with yokes, etc., which Mr. Eldredge purchased for the emigrants and delivered on the frontiers represented a prime cost of ^120,000. It must be borne in mind also that these four hundred wagons came into the Valley, in the fall of 1853, laden with almost everything to be mentioned that the settlers most needed, excepting a competent supply of merchandise and machinery ; and even of the latter the affluent emigrant brought a goodly share; while, in the year following, as it is seen, the emigration agent received " orders from Salt Lake City to pur- chase a large quantity of merchandise, machinery and agricultural implements." First the emigrants from Great Britain came across the sea to New Orleans, with the best outfits that they could bring to a new country : the choicest tools of the mechanic and manufacturer ; the most useful and endurable clothing, enough to last the family for several years; milliners, dressmakers, etc., came with their stock in trade, and all their household utilities — indeed, excepting furniture and cumbersome articles, it may be said that from the opening of the general emigra- tion to Utah in 1849-50, a thousand English, Scotch and Welsh homes were yearly transposed to Utah from the mother country. It was with these homes and their hordings of years that those 400 wagons, with their 2,000 head of cattle, came laden into the Valley. They were as merchant trains of matchless worth to fur- nish supplies to the young colonies ; in fine it was those trains of the European and American emigrants, which yearly poured across the Plains from 1849; that started and sustamed the commerce and business, not only of Salt Lake City, but of every settlement of Utah, while the agricultural interests of the country were equally as well sustained. The farmers themselves came in those emigrant trains, with their wagons, oxen, seed, and implements of husbandry ; the mechanic and manufacturer with 668 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. their tools and experienced skill. The agriculturists went into the fresh valleys north and south where they could obtain farms and lots " without money and without price," except for the survey, the labor on canals for irrigation, and the fencing of their lands ; while those who chose to settle in Salt Lake City, purchased lots, or portions of lots, with the supplies which they had brought, and which the pri- mal settlers of this valley needed more than gold. A pound of tea, of sugar, of tobacco, a dress, a suit of clothes or a set of mechanic's tools, a paper of needles or pins, a supply of silk, thread or tape, or a thousand other seemingly trifling ar- ticles, which had been brought to the valley in those emigrant outfits, afforded means of purchase and trade; while the emigrant of the "independent com- panies," who arrived with several wagons and yokes of oxen and a small stock of merchandise possessed abundance, not only to purchase a lot and build himself a log or adobe house, retaining one wagon and one yoke of oxen for farm or can- yon work, but enough to give him a fair start in business life. The early merchants of Salt Lake did next to nothing for the country, ex- cepting periodically to bring in a few trains of States goods and to swallow up the money of the country, which the emigrants had brought in, and which they had put into circulation in the purchase of their lots and the building and furnishing of their houses. The Church, the emigrations and the Mormon peo- ple did almost everything for the country during the first decade. It was not until after the " Utah war," (1857) the establishment of Camp Floyd with its final aban- donment, leaving vast supplies in the country, at little money cost, that the Mormon community realized any real benefit outside the operations of their Church tem- poral government, their emigrations and their exchange of property and labor with each other. In the beginning of the second decade, after Camp Floyd had given oppor- tunities to a fresh class of enterprising men, the commercial status was changed and the community began to feel the pulsation of vitalizing blood of a healthy vigorous home trade and commerce. A new class of Salt Lake merchants had risen. They were not merely resident merchants, but truly our home merchants, whose every interest was identified with Utah in their own life enterprises and in the generations of their children. They were Hooper, Nixon, the Walker Brothers, Jennings, Eldredge, Clawson, Kimball & Lawrence, Staines & Needham, Godbe & Mitchell, and their compeers, both in and outside the community, in a special sense, but every man of them a part of the community in a general sense. These made our commerce reciprocal. If they imported " States' goods " and drained the city of money for awhile to supply fresh stocks of merchandise from the Eastern States ann California, they also exported the produce of the country to the mining Territories, purchased grain for the Overland Mail Company, sent herds of fat cattle into the neighboring markets, and at a later period, with such men as John Sharp and Feramorz Little, they have built the railroads and opened the mines of Utah. Disposing here of the subject of the emigrations, which have so largely con- tributed to the population of this Territory, it may be observed that in 1856, nearly five thousand Mormon emigrants sailed from Liverpool to America. In consequence of the " Utah war," the emigration was then closed until i860, when HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 66g it was again opened. From that date to the completion of the U. P. railroad, the Perpetual Emigration Company adopted the policy of sending from 500 to 1,000 teams every year to the frontiers, and later to the railroad points to " gather up the poor." These trains also brought large stocks of merchandise, ma- chinery and agricultural implements for their settlements prior to the establish, ment of Z. C. M. I.; and in 1861 they brought the telegraph wires for our local telegraph lines. Thus it will be seen much of the mercantile activities went hand- in-hand with the emigration until the completion of the railroads, since which time the emigrants to Utah have come direct from New York to Ogden by rail. Up to present date it is estimated that about 100,000 Mormon emigrants have landed in America, the majority of whom have come to Utah, The Scandinavians claim one-fifth of the Mormon population; the remainder are Americans, English, Scotch, Welsh, Irish, Fiench, Italians, Swiss and Germans. It has been often affirmed that there are no Irish among the Mormons. This is not correct. Some of the most talented men of the community have been Irishmen ; for instance, General James Ferguson and Edward L. Sloan ; and the author has discovered, in writing their biographies, that there is a copious infusion of Irish blood in the veins of the American Mormons. In defining the strong veins of our population, however, they would have to be classed, American, English, Scandinavian, Scotch, Welsh, German a few of the other races named, and a mixture of the whole in their offspring, which are American born, giving a vast preponderance to the Amer- ican element in our composite population. CHAPTER LXXX. SOCIAL GRADING OF UTAH. A COMMUNITY OF MANUFACTURERS. THE PUB- LIC WORKS. OUR INDUSTRIES AND INDUSTRIAL MEN. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Z. C. M. I. BOO T AND SHOE FACTORY. PROSPECTS OF HOME MANUFACTURES. The growth and social grading of Utah have deviated markedly from the rules and examples of all the rest of the western family of States which have grown up during her period of existence. Her development, in fact, has been •according to the old and not the new social methods. The other States and Ter- ritories on the western line have sprung up out of almost superhuman energies in- duced by the vast mineral wealth of the West, which first appeared in the discovery of gold in California; but Utah has passed through the regular stages of social growth which reminds one of the old fashioned style of the founding of New England, notwithstanding that Utah is second to none in her mineral resources. Here, in this Mormon Territory, we have had the agricultural period as well defined as it was in the Eastern Hemisphere four thousand years ago — when the 6jo HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. race kept sheep and tilled the land, while empire was being rocked in her cradle. True, the settlers of these valleys emigrated from the manufacturing nations. The majority of those who peopled Utah during the first decade were, as we have seen, from Great Britain ; and there were far more gathered from the manufactur- ing centres of England and Scotland and the mining district of Wales than from the agricultural counties. In grading the settlers of Utah, we should, therefore, consider them chiefly as a manufacturing people; but who, after they came to these valleys, were greatly thrown out of the familiar spheres of their lives. Speaking of the emigrants from Great Britain, they were, as a class, skillful artizans, apprenticed mechanics and colonies of manufacturers which the Mormon Church every season poured into the Territory. Arriving here, they soon lost their original character in conse- quence of the necessities of the country and the strict methods through which the Mormons have built up their cities and settlements. Devoting their lives and in- dustries toward general results as a community, the emigrants were directed by the bishops over the whole extent of country mapped out by the authorities to be sub- dued by Mormon industry and enterprise. Thus, a people originally artizans and manufacturers, became agricultural in their pursuits of life; and it was not until the last decade, under the new era and development of the railroads and mines, that they resumed their original activities. The fact is, Utah was necessarily founded upon an agricultural basis. The very life necessities of the Mormons as a community, and their isolated condition — so far removed from the centres of our national industries and commerce— for a time unduly balanced them on the agricultural side. During the early period, it was in vain to urge the people into home manufac- tures — though it was certainly judicious in their leaders to so counsel them, for the ultimate prosperity of the community was in that direction. They had not the facilities for home manufactures, nor even the raw material ; while the idea of competition with States' goods was simply preposterous — and yet there were in Utah all the skilled laborers who could have produced those goods. The case simply was that Utah had not properly reached her manutacturing period; and it was be- yond even the power of wise and vigorous leaders to place the country prematurely on a manufacturing ba.sis, or more strictly stated, beyond their power to build up trade and commerce excepting according to their own laws. A fresh opening of a season's stock of States' goods by our merchants, for instance, was quite suffi- cient to kill a whole year's preaching on home manufactures. In reviewing the industrial history of our city it may be observed as a singu- lar feature, that nearly all labor, building and mechanic's business commenced on the Public Works, under Daniel H. Wells, the superintendent, and the means for* the employment of labor, not only directly on those Public Works, but also in- directly in the building up of the homes of the citizens, came through the busi- ness management of the Trustee in-Trust of the Church and his agents, the bishops. The first development of the city was the Old Fort, with its log cabins and adobe huts and its school and meeting house. Next the settlers moved out upon their city lots to build their city proper. Saw and grist mills were erected for President Young, known as the Chase mills, located iu what is now called Liberty HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CnV. 671 Park, the remains of which are still standing. In rapid succession the several canyons were opened and other saw mills erected in City Creek, Neff 's Canyon, Mill Creek and the two Cotton woods. About this time the Public Works, on Temple Block, were started under ihe direction of the First Presidency, with Dan- iel H. Wells, superintendent. Here nearly all the emigrants were employed dur- ing the first year of their arrival, or at least so long as they needed such employ- ment. Until they were enabled t© mark out a line of business or enterprise for themselves; the Public Works were open to the industrial classes. On Temple Block there were soon established a carpenters' shop, a large blacksmith shop and a machine shop, where they manufactured mill and other machinery, a paint shop, etc. The carpenters and builders were under the fore- manship of Miles Romney, father of the well known and influential master builder, George Romney. Thomas Tanner was the foreman of the blacksmiths' shop; Captain Pitt of the painters, and "old man Derrick " of the machine shop. In 1850, the men in the blacksmith shop were Phil Margetts, of local cele- brity as "our favorite comedian;" Jonathan Pugmire and Henry Margetts. Afterwards came in Hamilton and Thomas Cartwright. In 185 1, Richard B. Margetts worked there for a short time. A Brother Cook was the horseshoer of the shop. The first casting that was done in Utah was done in this shop, under the supervision of John Kay, Phil. Margetts and Hamilton : Kay was the pattern- maker. The casting was a large spur wheel, for President Young's mill, to supply one broken. It was cast out of old hub cast iron boxes. They melted the ore on a blacksmith's forge, in what they called a pocket furnace. Their furnace in- vented for the occasion, they made by hollowing out below the tool iron, filling in with sand, then placing layer after layer of charcoal and cast iron : they used an old Pennsylvania wagon skein as a spout to carry the molton iron into the ladle, which was made of old fashioned wagon hub bands. And so in the other departments of the public works, there were combina- tions of mechanics some of whom had worked in the best shops in Great Britain, and who in the history of our city since that day have become quite historical men. It was on the public works that many of our citizens got their start in life, and while there they have built themselves homes with tithing office pay, or by the turns which the hands have been enabled to make with their fellows or by the managing men of the works. Hundreds of families in this city have obtained homes, without as much as seeing a dollar in their hands in a year, who to-day with a gold circulation in our city never could have obtained a home. Among the representative men of Salt Lake City who in the early days were associated with the Public Works was John Sharp, often spoken of as the Mormon "railroad bishop." He was born in the Devon Ironworks, Scotland, November 8th, 1820, and was sent into a coalpit to work when but eight years of age. In 1847, Mormonism found him in Clackmannanshire, still engaged as a coal miner. The Mormon gospel was brought to this quarter by William Gibson, one of the first Scotch elders sent out, — a man who obtained notoriety in the British mission as an orator and an able disputant. This elder converted the Sharp brothers (there were three of them) to the faith, and in 1848, they left Scotland 672 HIS TOR V OF SAL T LAKE CJ7 Y. for America. They landed in New Orleans, came up the Mississippi to St. Louis, where they lived until the spring of 1850, and then took up their line of march for Salt Lake City. The date of his arrival, August 28th, 1850, makes John Sharp one of the earlier settlers of Utah, and the sphere that he has filled so many years, properly classes him among the " founders." He first went to work in the Church quarry, getting out stone for the Old Tabernacle and Tithing Office, and next was made the superintendent of the quarry. Under his direction the stone for the Public Works, the foundation of the Temple, and the massive wall around the Temple block, was gotten out ; and it must be understood that the quarrying and hauling of those huge blocks of granite was no indifferent undertaking. The sandstone quarry was in Red Butte Canyon and the Church quarry is eighteen miles from the city, and the rock, of course, had to be hauled by oxen, and the men employed directly or indirectly on tithing account. The numerous diffi- culties which the superintendents of the Church works have had to grapple with in raising teams upon the tithing offerings, the employment of regular hands and the finding of means generally to carry on the public works, are not easily imagined, unless one can fxncy what the national income would mean if paid in flour, mo- lasses, potatoes, squashes, and the like, and distributed afterwards for the national service. In the spring of 1 851, Alderman Raleigh was called upon and appointed by President Young to take charge of and carry on the mason department of the Pub- lic Works, which he continued to do until those works were suspended during the Buchanan war and the " move south." It is not possible to deal with the industries and enterprises of our city and Territory, without introducing occasionally a biographical passage of the men who have developed those enterprises and worn out their lives in the industrial activities, which have converted our once desert and isolated valleys into impor- tant commercial cities. Nor need the author apologize for biographically intro- ducing the class of men who form the subjects of this chapter considering that in the settling and growth of a new country, the men who struck the first blows of hard work and enterprise are truly historical personages. The men who founded our cities; the men who built the first houses ; the men who used the first plows and the men who made them ; the men who made the first leather and shoes, built the cloth factories and wove the cloth ; the men who gave birth to Utah commerce, opened her mines and built her railroads ; these and their class gener- ally are Utah's real representative men with whom the historian will mostly deal in the local record of our Territory and its resources. It was they who gave im- pulses to the country. It was they who created society where, before they came, no society existed. It was they who laid the foundations of- our western cities, with their own hands, and made the country habitable for the millions. It was they, in fact, who established the West and gave to it its life and its mighty energies, which in the short period of thirty-eight years, has made it the rival of the East. These are the true representative men of the West and they are the most worthy of historical record. But we have in this biographical series to treat of those who have promoted and HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 673 developed the manufacturing industries of our Territory. Their importance in the history of Utah has never yet been sufficiently emphasized. It is only now, indeed, that we are beginning to appreciate their real value and mission. The farmers were from the beginning like the landed aristocracy of the country. Utah belonged to them; while the merchant on his part held the " money bags," but the manufacturers had no dispensation, nor to this day have capitalists come to their help^ excepting in the shoe manufacturing establishment of Z. C. M. I. Principally the capital that has been invested in manufactures has been by the in- dustrial classes themselves, and which they have earned by hard work and con- stant struggles. Indeed, it is due to these men, of whom we are here treating, that our home manufacturing industries have assumed anything like the impor- tance needful for the employment of an English and an American people. The late Mr. R. B. Margetts, whose steel plate' accompanies this chapter, is very suggestive of the subject. There is a record of hard work and enterprise stamped on his countenance. For over a quarter of a century he was identified with this country and some of its first industries were wrought by his hands. The fol- lowing is a brief biographical sketch of the man : Richard Bishop Margetts was born at Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England, on the first of February, 1823. He left Woodstock, when he was six years of age and lived in and around London for seven years. He left school when he was thirteen years old to learn the trade of a blacksmith, so that he had not a very liberal scholastic education ; but was fitted by his early training for the hard work of a new country. He learned his trade under his father on several of the rail- roads in England, the last place where he worked being Watford, on the London and Northwestern Railway. Mr. Margetts, with his brothers, joined the Mormon Church, and they have all made considerable mark in life. Mr. Thomas Margetts, over a quarter of a century ago, was famous as one of the ablest of the British elders, Mr. Philip Margetts is also quite an historical character in Utah. He is as- sociated in the whole of our theatrical history as one of its principal characters, and is an old public favorite of the stage. We shall meet him in due time in our theatrical history. Richard B. Margetts left England to emigrate to Utah in January, 1850, and after a voyage of nine weeks arrived in St. Louis. During the summer of 1850 he suffered severely from sickness; which caused him to bind himself, under oath, that he would not spend another summer in St. Louis, but would go through to Salt Lake Valley or die in the attempt. On the loth of March, 1851, Mr. Richard Margetts left St. Louis, taking his wagon, which he made for the trip across the Plains, We cannot here follow him through all the vicissitudes of his journey, but will note his arrival in Salt Lake City on the 28th of September, 185 1, he having been six months and two weeks on the journey from St. Louis to this place. His narrative continues, and is strikingly illustrative of the development of the industries of our city. He says : " I rested a {t\\ days, and October loth I commenced business as blacksmith- ing in a rented shop, and must say the change from a locomotive and machine 43 674 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CIT^. shop to that of a jobbing blacksmith was both strange and funny; particularly so as the first job that came in was a horse to be shod and I had to go to work alone and make the nails out of an old iron chain and the shoes from the iron off an ox yoke, and then take beef for pay. I did the job, and that satisfactorily, although it took me a long time and I got rather nervous when the man asked me who taught me to shoe a horse. After telling him hastily that it was none of his busi ness, I learned, to my chagrin, that he was going to give me credit fur doing the work so well. I soon got acquainted with the requirements of the country, how- ever, and turned my attention to the manufacture of mill irons ; and although there was nothing but the iron off old wagons to use, I made some very heavy mill irons, and enough to start thirteen grist and saw mills in a short time. I turned my attention to anything and everything that came along. During the emigration to California, I was very busy working for the emigrants ; and when the overland stages were running through the city, I, in connection with my brothers, Henry and Phillip, did the work for that company for several )ears. '•About the year '55, I saw that something was required for the purpose of ex- pressing the juice of the cane for molasses, as the farmers were raising consider- able cane and there were none but wood rollers in use. I planned and made up the first cane mill. It took the prize at the fair, the whole machine being made of wagon tires. This led to the manufacture of a great many of those machines, which could be set to horse or water power and did good work for several years until foundries were started that could make cast iron rollers much cheaper. The making of those wrought iron machines was followed by the raising of large quantities of cane or sorghum, and proved to be a great benefit to the Territory. About the year '63, a little circumstance occurred which proved to be a turning point in my business. I wanted to get the patronage of a gentleman who was then running a tannery, and at the same time I wanted to get a pair of boots for one of my men. I asked the gentleman of the tannery, as a favor, to let me have a pair of boots and I would give pay in blacksmithing; but he blankly refused. This rather nettled me, and that same day I made up my mind to start a tannery myself; and in less than two months I had vats in place and commenced to work in hides ; and in a very short time had the building in good shape and the busi- ness in a very satisfactory condition. I now found it necessary that I should withdraw from blacksmithing and turn my whole means and attention to the tan- ning business, and found it also necessary to add to the same the manufacture of leather belting — a great want of that article being experienced throughout the Territory. The whole business was very successful till near the approach of the railroad, when I found out that leather could be imported cheaper than it could be made here on account of the scarcity of tanning material. In '71, I con- cluded to gradually work out of the tanning business, and to establish a brewery on the premises." We may now follow for awhile the leather and shoe trade. It is put first in the manufacturing series, because the shoe trade is the most primitive branch of the manufacturing industries — employing more laborers than any other branch until we reach the period of cloth and cotton factories. Moreover, the shoe fac- ^ HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 675 tory, attached to Z. C. M. I , is Salt Lake's manufacturing monument, as the Provo Wo len Factory is to City of Provo. Samuel MuUiner was the father of our Salt Lake tanners. He manufactured the first leather — a calf skin — which was exhibited at a general conference, before he went on a mission to Scotland from Utah in 1850. Mulliner's tannery was where Walker Brothers' business block and banking house now stand; Ira Ames and Alexander Brim were the next to start tan- nerries in the city. Brim's was in the First Ward ; Ames', afterwards known as Pagsley's tannery, was near the Warm Springs. Among the men who have been foremost in developing the industries of Utah is Mr. Philip Pugsley. Claiming simply the rank of one of the hard-workers of the country and promoters of our local enterprises, he has won a legitimate place in the history of our Territory. He was first known among our early leather manufacturers ; at a later date Pugsley & Randall built and successfully ran the Ogden Woolen Factory; still more recently he engaged in the iron and coal in- dustries, and, indeed, there is scarcely a home enterprise with which the name of Philip Pugsley has not been identified. Philip Pugsley was born in Somersetshire, England ; and ranks as a Mormon emigrant. In his youth he was engaged in the raising and shipping of stock and was afterwards in charge of a large brewery at Bristol, at which city he learned the process of the japanning of leather ; this was his start in the leather business in which he did so much after his emigration to Utah. He left England in 1853, emigrating in the famous ;^io couipanies sent to this country by the Apostle Franklin D. Richards — His company, under the command of Captain Jacob Gates, arrived in Salt Lake City on the last day of September. Pugsley's family at the time consisted of his wife and eldest son, Joseph, who is now '' boss " of the Salt Lake Soap Works. Sister Pugsley was sick' and the family possessed not so much as a cent of money. The first thing to be done on their arrival was to get something to eat, so Brother Philip went to seek employment down at Brother Ira Ames', who was just starting in the tanning business. At this juncture Ames' son, Clark, was called to go on a mission in April with Parley P. Pratt to South America ; Pugsley was engaged to take his place in the leather manufactory. Isaac Young and Pugsley ran the tannery for Ames for a year ; and, at the death of Isaac Young, he ran it himself on shares with Ames, continuing up to the time of the move South. He also ran Golding & Raleigh's tannery on shares. The employers furnished the means and he the labor, for one third of the leather. Those were the days that tried men's souls and the courage and self-sacrifice of the women not less. Pugsley and his wife shared with the early settlers of Utah the poverty of those times. The first winter after their arrival was very severe, and work was stopped. Brother Philip now brought his tools into requisition, in making chairs, tables and other things for household use. The family lived in a tent for several months, until very deep snow fell, when they got into an old house, which appeared ready to tumble down about their ears. Money and pro- visions were very scarce ; obtaining a {t^^ beets the wife boiled them down in a bake-skillet, pressed the juice out and then boiled it down into molasses. The first "two-bits " that he got in money was for a piece of leather. With 676 HIS TOR Y OF SALT LAKE CITY. this lie bought a shin of beef, and his wife boiled it every day for two weeks, un- til broth could no longer be extracted from the bones. It is only by the narration of such personal experiences, that the reader of to-day is enabled to realize the privations which the early settlers of this Terrirory had to endure, for the experience of one is the story of the whole, with merely some variety_, and the example of a case is suggestive of a thousand-and-one needs of the community when a bushel ot wheat was worth its weighty in silver. When the spring opened, and the tanners got out a little leather, times grew better with Pugsley and his family, for leather and shoes, being among the most essential needs of a community, those articles, more readily than any others, commanded the limited supplies of the country in those times. The women could even do without their tea and sugar, the men without their tobacco, but shoes to the workers who plowed the land and went into the canyons to haul wood, for building purposes and for fuel, were nearly as needful as the "staff of life." Philip Pugsley " kept pitching in," to use his own homely but suggestive word- painting of the hard work and constant struggle of those days, when all our self- made men were "pitching in" to get their own start in life, found cities and set- tlements in the Great American Desert, and to establish the many industries of the Territory of which we now can boast. As we have already said, Pugsley was among the foremost of these industrial men, and the branch of business in which he engaged was the earliest of our manufacturing activities. He made some means in the leather trade, which was the basis of the capital which he has since con- trolled and invested in other branches ol enterprise, as fast as they developed. In the spring of 1858, his folks were with the community in their " move south," but Captain Pugsley was left with the detail to guard the city, he belong- ing to the police force. Sometimes there was only himself in the city. But he kept the tannery going notwithstanding, working by day and guarding by night. Nathaniel Jones and James W. Cummings at that time owned the Fifteenth Ward tannery, but being piincipal officers in the militia they were out with their respec- tive commands ; so they sent down their unfinished leather to Pugsley — 700 large kips and calf skins, and 500 sides of harness and sole leather. The exodus of the people South had suspended the planting of crops, but there was a great deal of self-sown grain in the fields near the city, which promised a fair harvest. Much of this was in danger of being destroyed by the camping of the companies on their way back to the northern settlements, but Captain Pugsley was appointed by Marshal Jesse C. Little to station himself on the State Road from Gordon's to Salt Lake City, to prevent the companies from camping within that boundary; and this guard duty being effectually performed ,the self-sown wheat was saved and good crops were cut at harvest. On the return of the people to their homes, Ira Ames concluded not to start his tannery again. It was just at this time that Cache Valley attracted so much attention, and the community having been disturbed by the exodus, multitudes poured into Cache Valley and founded the cities which now constitute Cache County ; and with these settlers of the north went Ira Ames, who sold his tannery and bark to Philip Pugsley. Nobody had peeled bark that season, and Pugsley had now the only bark in the city ; so he sold bark to re start the other tanneries HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 677 — MTr. Wm. Jennings' and also that of Golding & Raleigh — and thus was renewed the home manufactory of leather. He now left the police service, and attended altogether to the manufacturing business, and from that time Philip Pugsley has been one of the foremost in nearly all of our home manufacturing enterprises. William Jennings and John R. Winder, in partnership, started in the leather business in 1855. Their place of business at that time was adjoining the property where the Walker House now stands, and behind Mr. Jennings' old residence. They associated with their tannery the harness and boot and shoe branches and also a butcher shop. Just before the "move south," they built the Octagon House on the corner where the Eagle Emporium now stands, and continued busi- ness there for awhile in partnership. After the move Brigham Young, Feramorz Little and John R. Winder started a tannery on Canyon Creek, John R. Winder being the practical partner of the firm and manager of the business. Brigham Young also established a shoe shop on his own premises, inside the wall near his family school house. This shoe shop will be well remembered. He employed about a dozen hands in this shop and they made boots and shoes for his family and numerous employees. He also had a butcher's shop, saddle and harness maker's, carpenter's, large blacksmith's shop, which is still alive and busy under an- other management, a lumber yard and a store well supplied with States' goods. Undoubtedly Brigham Young was, in those days, the largest employer of laborers, mechanics, business managers and clerks in the Territory, and all his establish- ments were for his own people and employees, and not for trade with the public. Hiram B. Clawson was his general business manager; George W. Thatcher, of railroad fame, as superintendent of the Utah Northern, was his commissary, and the present apostle, George Teasdale, commenced his life in Utah as the President's store-keeper. In fine Brigham Young was the great patron and promoter of home manufactures and home industries, and he took a special pride in the employment of numerous hands. In one of his sermons, delivered about a quarter of a cen- tury ago, he made this characteristic utterance : "I have grown rich by feeding and employing the poor." He scarcely ever turned an applicant for labor away unemployed. In some department he made room for the applicant or else he created a place for him. He also employed female hands, such as shoe binders. His hands were better paid in kind and with larger wages than any others in Salt Lake City, or indeed in the Territory. Hundreds of our citizens have ob- tained their lots, their houses and their supplies for years in the employment of President Young. He also, through his agents, brought on a vast amount of ma- chinery to engage in and to encourage home manufactures and home enterprises in general. On this head Horace S. Eldredge speaking of his mission to the States in the spring of 1863, says: "Having been called upon to go again to New York to superintend the emi- gration, I left by overland stage in company with F. Little and L. S. Hills — the two latter to remain at Florence on the frontiers to attend to the outfitting, and I proceeded to New York to attend to forwarding the immigrants from that point to Florence. Having some means of my own, I invested between ^8,000 and $10,000 in machinery for a cotton factory, which was got up under contract by Messrs. Danforth & Co., of Patterson, New Jersey, with the understanding that 678 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Pre-iident Brigham Young would hive the sime freighted to Salt Lake City and erect buildings for them. '•While in New York, I was induced to purchase some small lots of staple goods which I considered would meet a ready sale on their arrival. I therefore invested a few thousand dollars, and on arriving home found that my friend Hooper had been doing the same as a similar adventure. On comparing invoices we found we had a very fair assortment, and including what I had in store of my original stock, would justify us in opening a retail store which would give us employment during the approaching winter. "Having a very fair line of staple goods, we had a successful trade and realized fair returns for our investment. In the meantime, W. H. Hooper had invested between twelve and fifteen thousand dollars in woolen machinery for the sake of encouraging home manufacture, and President Brigham Young proposed purchasing our interests in the cotton and woolen machinery and to pay us in freighting merchandise from the Missouri River the coming season. This arrange- ment was entered into, and in the spring of 1864, we proceeded to New York and other Eastern cities and purchased our goods, amounting to over one hundred and fifty thousand dollars first cost, the freight on the same amounting to over eighty thousand dollars." Nathaniel V. Jones and James VV. Cummings in the early days were also en- gaged in the leather trade. Their tannery was in the Fifteenth Ward. It was started by the merchant Hockaday, the partner of the mail contractor Magraw, who figured prominently in bringing on the Utah war. Howard, the dis- tiller, and H. E. Bowring, saddle and harness maker, were very extensively en- gaged in the leather trade under the firm name of Howard & Bowring. Howard's tannery was the original MuUiner tannery. They soon, however, divided partner- ship, but each continued largely in the business. They were located near to- fjether on the Main Street, occupying the quarter in which the leather business started, but Bowring purchased the tannery of Jones & Cummings in the Fifteenth Ward, while Howard continued in the Mulliner establishment, the various branches of his business being conducted by his son-in-law, Isaac Brockbank. They man- ufactured quite a quantity of boots and shoes, and carried on a busy saddler's shop. But undoubtedly William Jennings was the greatest of the Salt Lake home manu- facturers. His large tannery near the Court House was the most conspicuou; manufacturing establishment in the city. President Young had a woolen factory in Sugar House Ward. This factory is now owned and run by Jennings & Sons. But the Provo Woolen Mills have, up to present date, made the broadest mark in the cloth line, and the company established a house in Salt Lake City for the sale of its goods. It was at first under the charge of Eliza R. Snow, with her lady as- sistants ; but it was afterwards placed under the management of John C. Cutler, a young man of energy and much business capacity, who, with his brothers, brought the concern to a decided success, to the great help of the Provo Woolen Mills. It being thus closely related to the home manufacturing trade of our city a pas- sage of its history may be properly quoted from the author's "History of Provo." It was a leading policy with the men who founded the colonies of Utah to es- tablish those branches of home manufactures most needed in the settlement of a HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CI7Y. djg new country ; but the progress of our home manufactures in the early period was necessarily very slow. For nearly a quarter of a century supplies had to be hauled a thousand miles or further in wagons; and it was, therefore, almost impossible to transmit the tnachinery requisite for the construction of the factories requiring heavy metal ap- ])urtenances. We had to content ourselves with the simplest forms of machines, and consequently the home made goods hardly bore comparison with the imported. Clothing, boots, shoes, and other goods made here were homely indeed. The advent of the transcontinental railroad made it possible to procure engines, ma- chinery, etc., with which to furnish work shops. Yet, when the railroad laid at our doors all manner of clothing and other luxuries of civilization at low prices, the very desire to support home manufacturers was decreased rather than increased. But the Provo woolen factory, which was started soon after the com- pletion of the railroad, restored confidence to our home manufacturing industries. Indeed, it will be marked in the history of this Territory that it was the Provo Woolen Mills that brought Utah manufactures from a primitive condition to a commercial status, placing our home made fabrics on the market side by side with imported goods, competing with them in quality and price, which was necessary to be done before home manufactures could possibly become a decided success. Next to the Provo Woolen Mills came the Salt Lake Shoe Factory of Zion's Co-operative Mercantile Institution, which, like the Woolen Mills, employs num- erous hands, and is conducted upon the modern manufacturing system. The Provo Factory, being the most conspicuous industrial building in our Territory, turning out fine fabrics which were fully equal to the imported, was un- doubtedly an example to the capitalists of Z. C. M. I. of what could be done in a sister branch of manufactures, while the success of the Provo Woolen Factory and the Salt Lake Shoe Factory has induced Z. C. M. I. to handle their goods in preference to the imported, and that, too, upon a sound commercial basis, rather than as a mere patron of favored establishments of home industries. Thus con- sidered, the Provo Woolen Mills will stand as the first monument in the manufac- ing history of our Territory. June ist, 1869, a company, known as the Timpanogos Manufacturing Com- pany was organized with a capital of $1,000,000, in 10,000 shares of $100 each. The mill site was bought of the Hon. John Taylor, and, as soon as the company had matured its preliminary business, the ground was broken. The tollowing is a note from the diary of Secretary L. John Nuttall : " Saturday, May 2S, 1870. The southeast corner stone of the Provo Co-op- erative Woolen Factory was laid at half-past nine o'clock a. m. by President A. O. Smoot. Upon the stone being laid. President Smoot offered prayer, after which Bishops E. F. Sheets, Myron Tanner, and Andrew H. Scott, and Elder Thomas Allman made appropriate remarks. " President Smoot prophesied that this corner stone shall remain steadfast and sure." The "Provo Woolen Factory" was established very much after the same pattern and with the same spirit as that of Z, C. M. I. itself; the one represent- ing the mercantile institutions of Zion, the other her manufacturing institutions. 68o HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CllY. The erection of the buildings was under the management of Mayor A. O. Smoot, and were finished in the spring of 1872. From the breaking of the ground the work progressed with vigor, and skilled workmen came from all parts of the Territory to assist in building a factory which was designed for the employment of hundreds of hands and to earn for the Territory millions of dollars by home in- dustries. The buildings were erected at a cost of $155,000; and the men, as a rule, who did the work and furnished the material, took stock for their labor. Associated with President Smoot in the construction of these works was Bishop A. H. Scott, who rendered most efficient service. For the purchase of suitable machinery, President Young advanced over %1o,ooo in cash, and F. X. Loughery of Philadelphia was engaged to put the ma- chinery in place and start it. In 1872 The Tiropanogos Manufacturing Company was incorporated, with the following officers : Brigham Young, president; A. O. Smoot, vice-president ; Myron Tanner, Wm. Bringhurst, O. Simons, Jos. S. Tanner, A. H. Scott, directors; H. A. Dixon, secretary, L. J. Nuttall, treasurer. In October, 1872, the cards and mules started, and yarn was spun and mar- keted ; but it was not till June ist, 1873, that cloth was manufactured. Secretary Nuttall notes in his diary : "Oct, 4th, the first wool was carded at the Provo Woolen Factory to-day." Owing to some defect in the constitution, the Timpanogcs Company was dis- solved on the 13th of October, 1873, and on the 15th of the same month the Provo Manafacturing Company was incorporated with a capital of $500,000 in 5,000 shares of ^100 each. Officers remained the same as before, excepting that Myron Tanner was appointed superintendent in the place of A. O. Smoot. The reason of this reorganization is thus explained : When the Timpanogos company was organized, there was no Territorial statute authorizing the organization of co- operative institutions, but in 1870 the Legislature of Utah passed a general incor- poration act, under which this company v;as reorganized, with the name of the Provo Manufacturing Company. The stock was issued and bonds given to the stockholders to the amount of $200,000, insuring them ten per cent, per annum. As the bonds were held by the stockholders, and it being of little benefit to the institution, it was deemed advisable, in the year 1878, to recall them — nineteentwentieths being considered sufficient to accomplish the retirement of the bonds. At the present writing the bonds are all retired. This is an evidence of the interest which the stock- holders have taken in this branch of Utah manufacturing industries, when they were willing to sacrifice a certainty — as these bonds drew len per cent, an- nually and take their chances upon dividends that might accrue from the stock. It is something unprecedented in the history of any business corporation. For some time after the cloth was put upon the market the Provo goods did not meet the encouragement deserved. They were excellent in quality so far as durability was concerned, but lacked the finish of the imported article. This, to- gether with the prejudice manifested against home manufacturers generally, for a time retarded the progress of the factory ; but with the improved facilities of to- HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY, 68 1 day, and its operatives brought to first class proficiency, the Provo fabrics will now compete with the same class of imported goods. Myron Tanner was the first superintendent of the manufacturing department, with efficient foremen. Under his superintendence the first cloth was made and put upon the market. He served to the general satisfaction of the company till the fall of 1874, at which time he was succeeded by Mr. James Dunn, under whose efficient management and under the direction of the board of directors, the Provo Factory has reached a first class working status and achieved a reasonable success generally. The Factory was run under the able management of Mr. Dunn until May, 1884, when he resigned for the purpose of going into business for himself. By the action of the board of directors Mr. Reed Smoot was appointed to succeed Mr. Dunn as superintendent, Mr, Smoot having been more or less familiar with the inside working of the Factory from the time that F. X. Loughery was foreman. In the year 1876 the Factory commenced to buy wool and also to ship it east. The wool business has been reasonably successful. When the company entered into this wool trade it involved the necessity of borrowing from twenty to fifty thousand dollars, for which loan the Deseret Na- tional Bank required President A. O. Smoot, who has been the financial backbone of the institution from the beginning, to give his personal security. In 1877, the company established an agency in Salt Lake City, with John C. Cutler as agent of the commission house. In 1 88 1, a retail store for the sale of merchandise and woolen fabrics was started in Provo, under the management of the superintendent of the Factory. The dimensions of the main building are 145 x 65 feet. It is a four-story rock building, with a half mansard roof, covered with tin roofing. It has a pro- jecting stairway, surmounted by a tower 30 feet above the roof. The upper story is used for the storing and preparing of the wool for the cards. On the floor be- low there are eight sets of cards and one hand mule of 240 spindles, two reels and two spoolers. The next floor below is the spinning room, containing four self-acting mules, of 720 spindles each. The ground floor contains 19 broad looms and 38 narrow looms, 2 wrappers and dressers, i shawl fringer, i quilling frame and i beamer, and a machine for a double and twist stocking yarn of 62 spindles. The finishing house is built of adobe, 70 x 30 feet, two and a half stories high. On the first floor are three washers, three frillers, two large screw presses, two gigs, one cloth measure, and one hard waste picker. The factory is run by water power, with two Lefifel turbine wheels, one 36 and the other 44 inches. The factory has a rotary pump, which is in operation. Immediately south of the main building is situated a two-and-a-half story adobe building, 33 x 134 feet. The upper room is used for the receiving and as- sorting of wool, and the lower story for an office, salesroom, carpenter shop and drying room. Attached to this building, on the east side, is a one-story frame house, 30 X 60 feet, which is used for the dye-house and wool-scouring. Connected with the Factory was quite a large flouring mill, but it was burned down in the spring of 1879, involving a loss of ^10,000. 44 682 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITy. The Factory employs on an average from 125 to 150 operatives, who were mostly trained in the large manufactories of England and Scotland. The company finds a market for their goods in every town and village of Utah, besides exporting some into Montana, Idaho and Colorado. Among its complete variety of goods, it manufactures about three thousand pairs of blankets per year, which will compete with the same class of goods manufactured either east or west. The amount of goods manufactured per annum is about $150,000 J. C. Cutler, as agent, sold from 5100,000 to $120,000 per annum. The wool purchases amount to about one million pounds, out of which the Factory manu- factures between three and four hundred thousand pounds. The company has done a great deal of wholesale trade. We return to the boot and shoe trade as culminating in the factory started by Z. C. M. I., under the management of that practical and able manufacturer, Wm. H. Rowe. These already given of the causes of the slow progress of manufactures in Utah, combined with a lack of capital, are a few reasons why manufacturing has languished in Utah ; but a new era seems now to have dawned upon us. Political and domestic economy requires the people of the Territory to seriously contem- plate the fact that it is financially suicidal to continue importing nearly everything required for use or consumption. No argument is needed to sustain this state- ment, every person of ordinary intelligence being able readily to comprehend it. We are pleased to note, however, indications that ere long there will be many branches of manufacture established throughout the Territory, providing employ- ment to the hundreds of skilled artisans Avho are gathered here, and to the thou- sands of young people who are rapidly growing up and anxiously seeking for opportunities to acquire a knowledge of useful trades. Already there are a few branches assuming substantial proportions, one of the most noticeable being the Shoe Factory of Zion's Co-operative Mercantile Institution. This factory is the outgrowth of many efforts which had been made to establish a permanent business in manufacturing boots and shoes, extending back fifteen years or more. It was apparent to shoemakers and practical men generally, that a busuiess of that char- acter ought to be successful ; people cannot conveniently go barefoot, and as the roads in the west are exceedingly rough, and the avocations of its citizens labor- ious, the number of pairs of boots and shoes required by them exceeds the aver- age of other countries ; therefore, they reasoned, if any branch of manufacture could be made to pay in Utah the boot and shoe trade was the most likely to succeed. But the results of their trials generally terminated unsatisfactorily. Leather was seldom allowed to remain long enough in the vats to get thoroughly tanned, and then it was hurried so quickly through the process of currying, finishing and making into shoes, that when worn it frequently proved to be lacking in many essential qualities. The term "valley-tan" soon became, and is now, rather a derogatory expression, applied indiscriminately to any rough home-made article, including whisky. In addition to the frequently poor quality of leather they had to contend with, master shoemakers had to pay high prices for the manufacture of boots and shoes, the goods having to be made in the old fashioned manner. HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 683 on the lap, compelling them to charge much higher prices than those for which imported articles could be purchased. Latterly, after some machinery was intro- duced for the effort of competing with prices of imported goods, there were the difficulties to encounter of not having experienced men to manipulate the ma- chinery, or to organize and operate factories on modern methods. It was not until Mr. W. H. Rowe, the efficient manager of Z. C. M. I. Shoe Factory, took hold of the business that any thoroughly satisfactory head way was made in the wholesale manufacture of boots and shoes to compete with the imported ; although great credit is due to the employees of the Workingmen's Co-operative Association for having, in 1876, by instigation of Mr. D. M. McAllister, voluntarily initiated a revolution in rates of wages, which demonstrated a possibility of manufacturing for wholesale trade. The association alluded to was organized, in March, 1874, by about twenty-five shoe makers, assisted by a few friends, who made a heroic attempt to create employment for themselves and others; but, unfortunately their capital was too small for the purpose, and, although they were sustained by the public, it became evident, after two years' struggle, that they were fighting against fate. At this juncture of affairs, Mr. D. M. Md^llister was appointed superintendent, and he succeeded in keeping the business alive for another year, saving it from bankruptcy. In March, 1877, Mr. Wm. H. Rowe purchased the business of the Working- men's Co-op., and at once proceeded to lay the foundation of what is to-day the largest manufacturing enterprise in Utah. In addition to the fact that Mr. Rowe must hereafter be recognized as a pioneer amongst the successful manufacturers in this Territory, his natural ability, and the substantial character of the work he has done for the benefit of the laboring classes and for the community, demands that he should receive more than a passing notice, and we therefore insert a short biographical sketch of his life. Mr. Wm. H. Rowe was born at Portsmouth, England, February 14th, 1841. At the early age of eleven years he commenced to learn the shoe trade, working, under the instruction of his father, at bottoming childs' shoes, ladies' welts, and pumps, continuing on those classes of work until he was fifteen years of age. He afterwards spent two years at cutting uppers, in an army custom-work firm at Portsea. From the latter place he went to London and obtained a position as foreman in the cutting department of an exporting shoe factory, that of Messrs. A. & W. Flauto, Leadenhall St.; remaining there three years. He next became associated with M. & S. Solomon & Co. of Tuillerie St., Hackney Road, London, and he continued with them eleven years, until he emigrated to Utah. When he commenced business with Messrs. Solomon they had but three cutters at work. The senior members of the firm being unacquainted with the routine of" factory work, the management of the hands, therefore, rested entirely upon Mr. Rowe, whose assiduity and energy was the principal means of increasing the business, until, just previous to his retirement, they had thirty-eight cutters employed, and manufactured a daily average of fifteen hundred pairs of fine shoes and slippers. In this labor he was princiijally assisted by his wife, who had charge of a large num- ber of young women, employed at fitting and machining the uppers, Mrs. Rowe being herself an experienced and exceedingly expert machinist. 684 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. The thoroughly practical experience obtained by Mr. Rowe, as shown in the foregoing outline, gives the key to the reasons why it was possible for him to suc- ceed where others had not, and also indicates plainly to all intending manufac- turers that the first step taken by them should be to secure foremen who have been similarly trained in their respective trades. Mr, Rowe arrived in Salt Lake City with his family in the summer of 1873, and soon thereafter accepted a position in the shoe and leather department of Z. C. M. I. His unmistakable practical business qualities were quickly observed, and he was in a short time advanced to the leading position in that department. Possessing an unusually agreeable and genial disposition, he excelled as a sales- man, and the branch of business in his charge speedily grew into the largest of that line in this city or Territory. He occupied this position for nearly four years, but he was not entirely in his element ; his education and desire were in the di- rection of manufacturing, and when the opportunity offered, as before stated, he purchased the business of the Workingmen's Co-op., retained all the hands em- ployed therein, and with characteristic energy, applied himself to the establish- ment of a model shoe factory, and exclusive boot and shoe trade. Mr. Rowe at once brought into action his thorough knowledge of m.anufacturing, and adopted the English method of bottoming', using solid iron lasts and brass clinching screws, a mode of fastening admirably adapted to the requirements and the peo- ple in this Territory. The result was success. Business grew rapidly, and the number of hands had to be continually increased. In the fall of 1878, the Deseret Tanning and Manufacturing Association con- templated starting a shoe factory, for the purpose of making up the leather pro- duced in their tannery ; but the officers of the association being loth to conflict in any manner with the good then being accomplished by Mr. Rowe, considering that a unity of effort with him would be to the best interests of the community, therefore made propositions which finally resulted in the amalgamation of his business with theirs. Mr. Rowe was appointed superintendent of the organiza- tion, resigning his individual enterprise with the hope that the prominent and wealthy men with whom he thus became associated would greatly add to the facilities for manufacturing. Unity is not merely a pleasing subject for inspiring discourse among the Mor- mons, it is a living principle which they seek to practice in their moral, social, and business relationships. Being governed by that feeling, and realizing that it would not only prevent a business conflict but also aid in increasing manufactur- ing, and so benefit society by providing more employment, the directors of Z. C. M. I., who were mostly officers also of the Deseret Tanning and Manufacturing Association, decided that it would be to the best interests of all concerned to merge the business of the latter into Z. C. M. I., which was accordingly done in March, 1879. This movement was a further step in the right direction, because Z. C. M. I., doing the largest boot, shoe and leather trade in the Territory, and with abundant capital at command, is better able than any individual or firm to invest in a manufacturing enterprise of this character, and to find a market for the goods produced. We are assured it is the determination of the officers of the institution to foster and increase this successful branch of their vast business, with ^^-^Win/C. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 685 the object in view of ultimately making all the boots and shoes they can sell. There are now one hundred and twenty hands employed in the shoe factory, includ- ing eighty men, twenty boys, and twenty young women and girls. When the boot and shoe factory of Z. C. M. I. started, the business of this branch of that house amounted to $400,000 a year, only $70,000 worth of which was of their own make ; now over $200,000 of the business of that house in the boot and shoe trade are home made. This, of itself, shows the rapid pro- gress made in the home industries of our city in the last few years since Z. C.M.I, became its active patron and helper. The factory first started on stoga work, but it now manufactures every class of goods, except babies' shoes. This progress has been made by the efficient management of the factory and the education of the employees up to a class of work that completes successfully with the imported goods. Not only has the factory built up itself, but it has also built up the tanning department connected with the factory, in using the leather for which other- wise it could not have found a market. It should be here mentioned that all the Utah tanneries suspended work and passed out of existence on the advent of the railroads, and this one established by Z. C, M. I. is a revival of the leather-making business. The factory uses up 13,000 sides of leather a year, made at its tannery, which is about equal to the whole tannage of the city in early times. All those hides are from the Salt Lake butchers, which would have to have be sent out of the Territory for a market but for this factory. Here fol- lows a detailed description of Z. C. M. I. Shoe Factory, as given by the secretary of this manufacturing department : In the cutting room a dozen men and boys are employed. In this room the first part of the manual labor is done. Care, skill and judgment are highly essen- tial qualifications of the workmen in this department, as the materials used in cut- ting are expensive, and a considerable degree of ingenuity is required to cut the stock to advantage and with the least possible waste. The cost of material and labor in the uppers averages about one-half the value of the finished article. There are nearly one hundred styles of boots and shoes made in the establishment, and the large number of patterns required is surprising. Each shoe upper is made of six or more pieces, and in cutting a set of sizes of ladies' shoes there are fre- quently upwards of fifty patterns used. Manager Rowe is the designer of the multitude of patterns, which constitute an invaluable adjunct of the business. Nearly all the work in this department is done by hand. There are no two sides of leather, or skins, exactly alike; it is, therefore, hardly possible to use machinery in cutting uppers; a few dies, and some small machines for cutting strips, is all that is used here. We must not omit noticing, however, a remarkable ingenious machine placed in this room for measuring leather. No matter how irregular in form, nor how many holes there may be in the leather, the indicator of the ma- chine will instantly show the precise quantity of surface in the side or skin placed on it. Fully half of the material required for the uppers is imported, but we are pleased to state a large amount is now made at the Z. C. M, I. tannery, and J. W. Summerhays & Co. of this city furnish most of the lining skins and roans that are used. 686 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. The upi)ers, after being cut and stamped with sizes and order numbers, are assorted in what is called "case lots," that is five dozen pairs of shoes or one dozen pairs of boots, and are passed into the fitting room. A work ticket accom- panies each case lot, on which is detailed a description of the goods, order No., who for, when wanted, scale of sizes and number of"pairs of each size, with lines on which to write the name of each person who does any of the various desig- nated portions of the work. We will here mention that in the making of each pair of boots or shoes, the labor of over thirty persons is represented. In this room an Otto Silent Gas Engine, of seven horse-power, is located. A peculiarity which every visitor notes in regard to the engine is that it is kept locked up in a glass-enclosed room, and that it has no attendant. It needs no attention except to oil, clean, start or stop it, and can be started or stopped in one minute. There is no boiler, no fire, no smoke; no dust, no noise, no danger connected with it; it feeds itself and consumes no more gas than it needs, is therefore decidedly economical, and is truly one of the wonders of the nineteenth century. This engine runs seventy-five machines belonging to the shoe and clothing factories. The process of making the uppers is commenced by passing the edges of the leather, which have to be sewn, under a revolving knife, which rapidly takes off a shaving and reduces the edge to uniform thickness. The fitters paste the various parts of the uppers in proper position, and otherwise prepare the work for the sewing machine. The operators receive the uppers thus prepared and govern the lively moving sewing machine while it stiches the curved, scol- loped or straight seams. A light pressure of the foot suffices to start or stop the sewing machine instantly. The exhausting labor of feet and limbs is no longer necessary, and the engine thus proves a blessed boon to the young lady employees. It is exceedingly interesting to observe the astonishing rapidity of movement and beauty of work done by the machines, intricate designs in stitching being worked with the greatest precision, under the expert guidance of the operators, A but- ton-hole machine that automatically guides itself, making button-holes at the rate of two per minute, with a perfection of stitch unequalled by hand, is one of the most admired of the sewing machines. Several other machines in this room seem, almost, endowed with intelligence, among them being the puncher and eyeleter. This machine punches holes, regulating the distance between, inserts and fastens eyelets with great rapidity and perfect workmanshii^. The waxed - thread machines are large and strong, being capable of easily sewing through leather a half inch thick, and several of them carry two needles each, for stitch- ing double seams on shoe fronts, etc. The rooms described, connected with which are the packing department and office, are located in the second story, west end of Jennings' Emporium Build- ings, From there we can descend by an elevator to the basement, or sole leather room. A fifteen horse-power steam engine, built at the Salt Lake Iron Works, operates the machines in this and the bottoming departments. Connecting with the south end of the basement is a boiler room, in which there are two twenty horse-power boilers, one furnishes steam for the engine, the other to heat the entire premises. The hands employed in the Sole Leather Room, cut and prepare the material HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 687 required for the bottoms and heels of boots and shoes. The number of pieces thus prepared averages twenty- four to each pair of boots or shoes, and as there is a daily production of about 400 pairs, there are, consequently, nearly io,oco pieces of leather cut and fitted up every day in this room. The sole leather used is the best quality of California oak tan. The machinery employed includes two sole-cutting presses; a guillotine knife, for cutting strips; a splitter, to reduce the leather to uniform thickness ; a heavy roller, through which the rough pieces are passed, under great pressure, making the leather firm and smooth ; a moulder, which moulds the soles into the curved form of a last ; a powerful heel press, and a variety of smaller machines for trimming, skiving, etc. One of these small machines is an ingenious contrivance for making nail holes. It accurately guages the distance from the edge and between the holes, and punches them with aston- ishing rapidity. An important, and costly item in this department is the exten- sive assortment of steel dies required for cutting soles, heel lifts, etc., used in connection with the two sole- cutting presses. On the floor above this is the bottom- ing room. The incessant pounding of shoemakers' hammers, whirr of machinery, lively movements of the workmen and array of racks filled with boots and shoes in pro- cess of manufacture, combine to make a picture of industry that instinctively calls to mind a hive of busy bees. The method of fastening soles on boots and shoes, adopted in this workshop, is the same as has, for many years, extensively pre- vailed in England, and is now becoming popular in America; it is called the clinching screw process; unquestionably the best in the world. Solid iron lasts are used; the clinching screws are driven into the soles, with a stout, flat file ,• the points of the nails turn on the last, after passing through the inner sole, and they are then firmly riveted, or clinched, by blows of a heavy hammer. After the soles and heels are securely fastened on, the boots or shoes having passed through the hands of lasters, nailers and heelers, are then given to the heel breaster, who manipulates a machine which, at one slice, cuts through the six, or more, thick- nesses of sole leather comprising the heel and leaves a square breast next to the shank. The heel trimmer next receives the goods. An old fashioned shoemaker, accustomed to spend an hour or more in whittling a pair of boot heels into good shape would almost be inclined to think that the magic art had been introduced in the modern method of heel trimming as done in thi> establishment ; the rap- idity with which heels are trimmed, by machine, into the most perfect forms, has the appearance of a slighit of hand trick. Although highly interesting to a per- sonal observer, it would be tedious to a reader to follow a detailed description of the many splendid machines used in this department. Each machine is the most perfect that can be obtained. We will simply name them in the order in which they are used. Next to the heel trimmer is the heel filer and scourer, then the edge trimmer ; edge setter or burnisher ; heel burnisher ; sandpapering machine, or buffer, for scouring the soles; following them are the bottom finishing machines, including revolving brushes for applying colors, polishing, etc.; also a machine with heated steel stamps of various designs, for stamping a trade mark on the soles; and an embossing machine for gilding the tops of boots. From this room the goods are conveyed on the elevator up to the floor where 68H HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CI7Y. the packing room is located. The process of cleaning and packing boots and shoes involves more labor than is generally understood. Their attractive appear- ance, or the reverse, depends greatly on the manipulation of cleaners and packers. All boots are subjected to three or four rubbing and dressing opera- tions, on boot "trees," before they are sufficiently smooth and polished to pre- sent to the public, and ordinary leather or calf shoes are similarly treated. There are competent foremen in each department of the factory, who are specially instructed to permit no poor stock to be used, or imperfect work done on the goods, and their duty is to carefully examine all goods as they pass through the various hands in each room. By this means every pair of boots and shoes is subject to frequent inspection. Damaged or poor goods are laid aside, and only the best are packed for market. To properly conclude our observations we will now look into the office. In this quiet corner is generally to be found the principal moving power of the whole concern, W. H. Rowe, Esq. He is one of those human electric ma- chines whose business force is felt by all with whom he is associated. The suc- cessful working of this factory speaks loudly for his acquaintance with details and managing ability. In addition to supervising the Shoe Factory Mr. Rowe is man- ager also of the tannery and clothing factory. The employees of these manufacturing departments of Z. C. M. I. have estab- lished, by Mr. Rowe's advice, a mutual aid society, which has proved highly ben- eficial to them. The members of this society pay a very small sum monthly into a fund from which they receive aid in case of sickness, and they hold meetings frequently for social enjoyment and mental improvement. In all matters con- nected with the growth of these manufacturing enterprises Mr. Rowe has had efficient aid in the services of Mr. D. M. McAllister, and other faithful em- ployees, men, boys and girls. That these manufacturing concerns are accomplishing much good is a remark hardly necessary to make ; every person can readily comprehend that the large number of people employed are not the only persons benefitted, but that the whole Territory indirectly participates in the advantages. We heartily commend the laudable example of Z. C. M. I. in establishing and fostering these branches of industry, and recommend others, who can, to go and do likewise. To this may be added something more of detail of the overall and under- wear department, under Mr. Rowe's management. The overall department was first started by Mr. Spencer Clawson, while he was with Z. C. M. I.; but when Clawson left to go into business for himself, the department was turned over to manager Rowe, under whose enterprise it has constantly increased. He im- mediately added to the original overall making, the underwear, which enabled them to cut up 25,000 yards of Provo flannel the first year. This enterprise has entirely cut out the importation of Chinese overalls. The division of labor being adopted in this branch of business, a single overall going through thirteen hands, has made it a decided success. The overalls are cut by folding 72 bolts, about 3,600 yards, placed on a table and cut into sections by hand, then cut by a power knife, which produces twelve pairs of overalls per minute ; the stitching is done by sewing machines running HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 68g 1,400 stitches per minute. The buttons are put on by a magnetic machine. The production of the room is 400 pairs per day. It is the nucleus of a clothing factory, on a large scale, towards which the management is aiming. In connection with Z. C M. I. boot and shoe factory it is highly proper to personally distinguish William Jennings as a home manufacturer. Mr. Jennings is known to day as the successful merchant and a millionaire of trade. This he has made of himself, but nature, made him for a manufac- turer and an employer of the operative classes. The circumstances of the country changed the bent of his life and threw him into the more profitable avenues of a mercantile commerce rather than that of manufactures — more profit- able, however, only for a time, for the commerce of the future will be chiefly con- structed upon our home industries and native resources. At first, Mr. Jennings was the manufacturer. He was in Utah nearly ten years before he became the regular merchant. Dealing in cattle was a family vo- cation, but notice in his history how soon he constructed several branches ot trade nearest to his primitive business. He established a successful tannery and manu- factured leather. He prided himself in this and made the best leather in the Ter- ritory. The time was when Jennings' tannery was a great public good ; next he became a large manufacturer of boots and shoes, and when he opened a mer- chant's store he placed his home-made stock side-by-side with his States goods and raised it to a cash value, competing in his own store with the imported article. None of the other merchants of Utah did as much. This is by no means said to the discredit of other merchants, but to mark out Jennings' proper line of useful- ness to the community. At one time he employed a hundred men, and stopped the importation of leather from the States. The co-operative organization of the '' Big Boot " grew out of his original concern, as did also the Deseret Tannery &: Manufacturing Association, which business is still carried on in Jennings' Empor- ium building and at the premises in the 19th Ward, under the auspices of Z. C. M. I. Indeed, he was the original manufacturer of Utah and the only one worthy of that name in the earlier days, though others are now rising, like hives of busy bees, as illustrated by the weavers of cloth in Provo, and the boot and shoe man- facturers of Salt Lake City. Furthermore, it may be noted that Jennings & Sons are ambitious to make their Wasatch Woolen Mills (the pioneer woolen mills of Brigham Young) the rival of the Provo Woolen Factory, in which case Salt Lake City will own a little colony of cloth manufacturers as well as Rowe's colony of boot and shoe makers. In c:.nnection with William Jennings we should give a regular biographical link of his early partner, John R. Winder : John Rex Winder was born at Biddenden, in the County of Kent, England, on the nth of December, 1820. In the year 1847 he first heard of Mormonisra, in Liverpool ; in the following year he rendered obedience to the Mormon Gos- pel; and in February, 1853, sailed from Liverpool on board the Elvira Owen, which made the trip to New Orleans in thirty-five days. He steamed up the river to Keokuk, and camped there until the 19th of July, when the company started across the plains, arriving in Salt Lake City, October 10, 1853. He genedag 45 6go HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CIT\. with Samuel Mulliner in the business of manufacturing saddles, harness, boots, shoes, etc., and remained with him until the spring of 1S55. He then joined in partnership with Wm. Jennings, under the firm name of Jennings & Winder, butchers, tanners, and manufacturers of boots, shoes, harness, sad- dles, etc., doing a successful business in each department until the move South, in the spring of 1858, when this partnership was dissolved. William Jennings continued the business, and John R. Winder, in connection with Brigham Young and Feramorz Little, started another tannery on Canyon Creek ; this was carried on successfully until the railroads broug-ht leather to the Terri- tory cheaper than it could be manufactured at home. As already noted, the rail- road caused a general suspension of the tanneries throughout the Territory, but more particularly was this the case in and near Salt Lake City. The last home enterprise John R. Winder was actively engaged in (associated with Feramorz Little, Wm, Jennings, W. H. Hooper, Geo. Romney, Elias Morris and others) was the building and operating a new tannery in the Nineteenth Ward. After putting it into successful operation, it was disposed of to Z. C. M. L, and is now carried on by that firm, as detailed in the general history of the leather trade. People arriving in the Territory to-day, when we have so many of the nec- essaries and comforts of life — when we have our railroads, street cars, gas works, foundries, mills and manufactories — seldom stop to think of the early days of these settlements, when these things did not exist here, nor of the many trials and difficulties that the early settlers had to encounter in bringing about the present state of affairs, — many of them without a practical knowledge of what they under- took to accomplish, without money or influence abroad that would secure credit, without everything, in fact, except their indomitable will, perseverance, and faith. In connection with the lumber business, which forms so important a factor in the building of cities, are the factories, containing a number of machines, called wood-working machinery, consisting of planing and grooving machines, mortice and tenanting machines, moulding and shaping machines, circular, fret and band saws and a number of other useful machines, nearly all of which were unknown to our grandfathers, but without which the whole country could not have taken such giant strides the last half century. The first successful effort to introduce this class of manufacture in Utah, was by the firm of Latimer, Taylor & Co., consisting of four partners : Thomas Lati- mer, Geo. H. Taylor, Charles Decker and Zenas Evans. The first two were sash and door makers, the last two owned and ran a saw mill. It was in the winter of 1866-7, when the canyons were closed up, that the owners of the saw mill used to sit around the fire at Latimer & Taylor's little shop (they —Latimer & Taylor — being agents to sell their lumber). There they would talk about machines and machinery, and study over an illustrated catalogue of the same, that had found its way out here, and wish that they could raise the money to purchase the nec- essary machinery to make a start in that business. They determined at length to make an effort to borrow five thousand dollars, each one pledging himself and all he was worth as security. It was also determined that as Latimer and Taylor had the least of this world's goods, they should do the borrowing, and the other two, being worth more, could give the security. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 6gi If the national currency had been then what it is to day, the borrowing might have been a very difficult task, but as greenbacks then were worth only fifty cents on the dollar, those who had nioney were not disposed to hoard it. In a very short time the five thousand dollars were raised. Mayor Smoot furnished three thousand at three per cent, per month, and the other two thousand was pro- cured from various sources at five per cent, per month. When we consider the high prices of everything in consequence of the depre- ciation of currency, and the enormous rate of interest paid on the loan, we can form some idea of the task these men had undertaken. Orders were immediately sent through Fred. Perris for the necessary ma- chinery, and in the fall of 1867, it was brought here by ox team, the freight amounting to twenty cents per pound. A lot was rented opposite the southeast corner of the Eighth Ward Square. A lumber yard was started and a planing machine set up, but as yet they had no power to turn it. The first effort to run was made with a small two-horse power rig, which they hired for an experiment, to which they had attached eight mules, but after turning the contrivance upside down a few times, they came to the conclusion that they could never succeed in running a four-horse machine with a two-horse power. Learning that Mr. Henry Din- vvoodey was expecting a four-horse steam engine from the east, they negotiated for the same, and on its arrival, had their mill up, and the machinery all in place, so that when the engine arrived, it was but a few days before everything was in order, and they blew the first steam whistle that was ever heard in the city. Young people, who had never heard one, came from all parts of the city to witness the novelty. Many predicted that it would be a faliure, and the idea that Latimer and Taylor, who were to run it, would make a success of it, seemed preposterous, when it was known that Latimer was a potter by trade, and Taylor a calico en- graver. Though neither of them had any experience with that class of machinery, they started out to succeed, and Mr. Latimer being naturally a machinest, they soon overcome the obstacles that inexperience left in their way. Fortunately for them it was a busy season, mechanics scarce, and they soon had all they could do at remunerative prices. By working early and late, and with the assistance of the lumber from the other partners, they, at the close of the first season, had paid off all their interest and settled the most pressing part of their principal. Through the winter they made a stock of sash, doors and flooring from which during the next season they expected to realize enough to clear off their indebt- edness. But they were doomed to fresh trials. On the forenoon of the 23d of June, 1868, their factory took fire, and though they were on the premises at the time, so strong was the wind and so combustible the building and its contents, that within twelve minutes the whole concern was burned to the ground. Nothing was saved; one of the proprietors went home without his coat and the other without his hat. They were without means, heavily in debt, and out of business. Taylor here relates an incident that he is always fond of telling : One old lady living in one of the outside wards, as soon as she heard of the fire, came down to his house (walking ten blocks) and told him not to be discouraged, as he 6g2 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY, had burned down in the right time of the moon. He says he has often heard of the moon having an influence over planting, reaping, and various other events, but never thought it extended far enough to cover his case at that time. It being the most extensive fire that had occured here up to that time, they had the sympathy of the community, which took practical shape through the efforts of Bishop Thomas Taylor, who collected from the business men of the place, both Mormon and Gentile, about one thousand dollars, in sums of about fifty dollars, which Latimer & Taylor would not take as a gift, but gave their joint notes to pay as soon as they were able, without interest, all of which they paid within two years, as far as they have any knowledge. They then bought the burnt and damaged machinery from their former partners for one thousand dollars, giving to each a note of five hundred dollars. Latimer set to work to repair the damaged machines, while Taylor worked to support the two families. After a whole season spent in repairs, they formed a new partnership in 1869 with W. H. Folsom and George Romney, starting a steam mill on Folsom's lot on South Temple Street. W. H. Folsom was a leading architect, and Romney had been for years foreman at the Public Works. For several years previous to the part- nership they, under the firm of Folsom & Romney, had been the leading con- tractors and builders in the city. The uniting of these four practical hard work- ing men made a strong team and insured them success, otherwise the introduction of capital and lumber from the west about that time from the great Truckee com- panies would have been too much for the old company. After a successful business of five years, during which this company built a number of our principal stores and dwellings, Mr. Folsom sold out his interest to Mr. Francis Armstrong, and has since held the position of Church architect for the Manti Temple. The company then purchased the grounds where they now are, put up a large mill, and continued to run under the name of Latimer, Taylor & Co. until the death of the senior partner, Mr. Latimer, in October, 1S81, when the remaining partners purchased the interest of their former partner and changed the firm to Taylor, Romney & Armstrong. It has always been the aim of the company to sustain home industries, and for a long time after the introduction of foreign lumber, they were the only ones keeping a yard who dealt in the home-made article, and to-day, in connection with their outside stock, they take the entire proceeds of three home saw mills, besides a large amount from several others, and also manufacture many things that they could import and make more profit on. Thus the little struggling con- cern of sixteen years ago is to-day standing in the front rank in contracting, building and manufacturing. Their lumber contracts for the present year are about four million feet, and during the building season they have had on their pay roll about sixty names, paying over one thousand dollars a week in wages. These hands, with their families, together with the men employed in the saw mill and their families, must aggregate about five hundred persons who draw their support from this firm. They have also built a number of houses on the instalment plan, taking legal interest on the outlay, for people who would otherwise have been paying rent to-day. The late Thomas Latimer was born at Burslam, Staffordshire, England, in HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. dgj 1828. He served as a potter. When he was about twenty years of age he was baptized into the Mormon Church at about the same time that the " Eardley Brothers" and " Croxall and Cartwright " came into the Church. They all worked at the same shop and the latter, as is well known, established the pottery industries of our Territory, while Latimer branched out into the lumber business with Mr. George H. Taylor. Latimer emigrated to St. Louis at about the year 1850, where he stayed for two years and then journeyed west with Mr. Eardley. After his arrival in Salt Lake City in 1852, Latimer engaged in ditching and adobie making for a season, after which he worked for Mr. Samuel Snyder selling lumber and making sash and doors, which business he had learned since his arrival in America. In that day mechanics were scarce; and he, devoting himself ex- clusively to sash and door making and had all the work he could do the year round, people coming to him from all the neighboring settlements. Thus commenced this branch of business in our City as a specialty, the history of which is briefly sketched in the foregoing. Thomas Latimer died in the latter part of October, 1881, after two years of illness in consumption. He was a genial, social, honest man ; his partners would have trusted him with all they had, and by our citizens generally he was highly respected. George H. Taylor was born at Bloomfield, New Jersey, November 4th, 1829. He was apprenticed to a calico engraver, and served five years. Mr. Taylor and his wife came to this Territory in 1859, by ox team, landing without a dollar on the i6th of September. Three days after his arrival in Salt Lake City he went up to the saw mill in Big Cottonwood to work for Feramorz Little, as a tail sawyer. There he worked six weeks and got his winter's provis- ions, when he went down to Sugar House Ward to spend the winter, during which season he hauled lumber for Little from the mill to the city. In the spring of i860, he moved into the city with his family, and sought employ on the Pub- lic Works. He went into the carpenter shop, of which Mr. George Romney, one of his present partners, was the " boss." Here he worked six weeks, learn- ing his new trade, at a wage of $1.50 per day, at the expiration of which time he found somebody to give him ^2.00 When Mr. Taylor commenced to learn the carpentry business he was thirty - one years of age. He served his time with Mr. Charles King, the well known Salt Lake builder. During his engagement with King, covering a period of two years, Taylor had a hand in building some of the first principal stores on Main Street, such as Walker Brothers' old store, the Town Clock store, and others which at one time gave prominence to the merchants' street. In those early days of struggle Mr. Taylor devoted his " overtime " at nights to the engraving business, to which he was apprenticed, engraving on maple wood for the stamping of embroidery. It was Taylor who started this class of work in our city, in which he was afterwards succeeded by Mr. Druce, who had his pat- terns. After he had left Mr. King he went into business for himself, continuing till 1867, when he joined partnership with Mr. Latimer, from which date the fore- going sketches his industrial career. 6g4. HIS TOR Y OF SAL T LAKE Cll K In the business and industrial history of Salt Lake City, Henry Dinwoodey, the furniiure maker and upholsterer, stands at the head of his class as a home manufacturer and employer of labor. Commencing business in the city ere scarcely a commercial house was established, Mr. Dinwoodey's branch of home manufactures has grown from small beginnings to his present fine establishment on First South Street, which carries a stock equal to any Eastern house. On his arrival in Salt Lake City in September, 1855, Mr. Dinwoodey en- gaged by himself in the carpentry business, and soon afterwards in the cabinet business in partnership with James Bird, occupying a stand just south of the pres- ent Continental hotel. They continued thus until the fall of 1857, when trade and commerce were almost entirely suspended by the Buchanan expedition. In the spring of 1858 he and his partner moved south, as did the whole peo- ple of the northern cities and counties. With his partner, Mr. Bird, he went into American Fork Canyon, repaired an old saw and grist mill, and commenced making lumber. In the fall of this year he returned to Salt Lake City and went into business for himself, hiring men and manufacturing furniture out of native lumber. Mr. Dinwoodey rented a piece of ground of Levi Richards, a little above the corner where afterwards was erected Kimball & Lawrence's store. At this time that corner, and the adjacent ground, was distinguished by nothing more imposing than a pole fence, which will sufficiently suggest the primitive character of Main Street when Mr. Dinwoodey pulled down a portion of that fence and built his first furniture shop and store. Previous to this date, on this block, which is now one of the principal business blocks of the City, the Old Constitu- tion buildings was the only monument of trade in that part of Main Street ; for, though commerce commenced at the upper part of Main Street, it very soon took a direction south towards the "Old Elephant Corner, where both Mor- mon and Gentile clustered, especially after the date of the return from the " move south" and the evacuation of Camp Floyd. There were on the two sides of Main Street, limited on the west side by what is now known as "Walker's Corner" and "Jennings' Corner," and on the east side by " Godbe's Corner" and the '-Old Elephant Corner," nearly all the commercial and business houses of the City. On the east side there were Gilbert & Gerrish, William Nixon, Ransohoff, Walker Brothers, Staines & Needham, John Kimball, Godbe's Drug Store, the Salt Lake House (which was the first hotel in the City), and T. D. Brown ; on the west side Gilbert Clements (the first manufacturer of brushes in the City), Dan Clift, John M. Brown, Howard (tanner, harness and boot and shoe maker), H. E. Bowring (also carrying on the same business), and on Jennings' corner his butcher stall and store, which in time gave place to the Eagle Emporium. But, Mr. Dinwoodey having pulled down a portion of the fence on the Rich- ards' lot, building his furniture shop and store thereon, business began to return towards the Old Constitution Buildings, at the head of Main Street, where Livingston, Kinkade and Bell opened the commercial activities of the city in 1849, where ^^^ Postmaster Bell kept the Post Office; the Council House, in which HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 6g5 both the State of Deseretand the Territorial legislature passed their measures and constructed their governmental work, stood as the crowning edifice of the early times. The location which Mr. Dinwoodey chose was at that time very suitable for the furniture business. It possessed the advantage of being in the front street where the merchants dwelt and sold "States goods" for enormous profits, without his expenses drainmg the home manufacturer's small percentage of cash needful to carry on his bushiess, in purchasing imported goods or furnishings, and that class of material which could not be bought by exchange of home goods. It was im- possible, at that time, for the home manufacturer to carry on business in a locality where several hundred dollars in cash were required per month for rent, or to compete with the merchants who sold States goods, and drained the city of its cash while the manufacturer had to carry on his business and pay his men by the primitive system of trade and barter. Following close after Henry Dinwoodey came John Kimball and Henry W. Lawrence, who pulled down the fence at the corner and built the Kimball & Law- rence store. " States goods' " commerce and the home manufacturing trade had now joined hands, supporting each other on the same block, while the Post Office, under the management of Postmaster T. B. H. Stenhouse, gave bustle and pas- sage to this portion of Main Street. Good stores soon sprang up along the entire block, including stationers, music dealers, jewelers and millinery stores, and Sav- age's art gallery. Mr. Dinwoodey stayed on Main Street from 1858 to 1869 ; and it was at his original stand that he established himself as a successful business man who was able to " pull down his old barns and build up greater;" to employ more hands in the home factory and to import periodically large stocks of the finest eastern furniture. Being unable to obtain sufficient room on Main Street for his largely in- creased trade, Mr. Dinwoodey, in 1869, purchased a part of the ''Bullock lot," where he erected his fine capacious establishment. When the U- P. R. R. ap- proached the city, he commenced to import furniture ; he was in the States pur- chasing machinery and furniture when the last spike was driven, since which time he has imported all classes of fine " States furniture," without diminishing his large home manufacturing business. But it is to Dinwoodey and his class as home manufacturers that the reminis- cences of our city attach with particular historical interest ; and here may be noted, as suggestive of this, one of the peculiar features of our home trade and early industries, which will also illustrate how hundreds of our citizens obtained houses and lots, and comfortably furnished homes, without scarcely ever handling a dollar of cash. Upon the shoulders of perhaps not more than a score of master business men and employers, the home trade and the life of the city rested ; and it was they, indeed, who found the ways and means to supply the chief wants of the people, while less than a score of merchants were sufficient to carry on commerce in " States goods." After all the seeming commonality of the home manufacturer and the home 6g6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CriY. tradesman, the burden not only of the business of the city, but of the provisions and comforts of the homes of the citizens rested on their enterprise and business capacity. Indeed to keep their various businesses alive, and to make their own homes desirable, they had to do very much the same for their employees, and even for their customers. There were certain classes of home-made goods which ranked on a par, others nearly so, with " States goods." Among such, most fa- miliarly named, were furniture, boots and shoes, leather, harness, home-made cloth and its class, earthenware, and particularly might be named the supplies of the butcher's stall. Undoubtedly the people, through the sharpening pinch of necessity, became smart traders, but much had to be done for them by the home tradesman and employer, or by business compeers helping each other. They is- sued due bills for the home trade, and for their employees, purchased lots, lumber for building, adobies, the winter's firewood, etc., placing their workmen perhaps a year's service in their debt. Indeed, it required no small amount of business capacity, as well as integrity in honoring " due bills," to carry on the home busi- ness ; and upon these requirements their own success rested. It was just in the fulfillment of the requirements of trade in those times, that Dinwoodey and a few others, made themselves'successful tradesmen in their various lines. He opened accounts with every tradesman, or honest customer, who sought him or he them, often opening accounts for his men in his own name, thus also creating his own business; not a it'N of his employees since 1857, iaave obtained their homes through his management for them. His home-made furniture is seen from one end of the Territory to the other. Thus home manufactures have struggled up these thirty-eight years, since Salt Lake City was founded, to their present prosperous and promising condition. We are of an opinion that Utah is destined to yet make her mark a? a manu- facturing State as well as a mining State; and there are many signs already given that she has fairly entered into her manufacturing period of growth. All who are familiar with the resources of the Territory know that if Utah is rich in her sil- ver she is more abundantly wealthy in her coal and iron ; and this should mean a promise in due time of at least manufacturing importance, and perhaps, also, of manufacturing greatness. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY, dgy CHAPTER LXXXr. OPENING OF THE MINES. EARLY COUNSELS OF BRIGHAM YOUNG TO THE MORMONS AGAINST THEIR GOING INTO MINING. GENERAL CONNER AND HIS TROOPS PROSPECTING IN OUR CANY HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. William Pitt, made itself historical. This band and the " Nauvoo Legion " were the only remembrancers that the Mormons brought to these valleys bear- ing the name of their forsaken city. Captain Pitt and his band left Nauvoo on the same day with Brigham Young, crossing the Mississippi on the ice, and with him journeyed that day to the "Camp of Israel," which waited for the leader on "Sugar Creek;" and at night, though the weather was bitterly cold, the trumpet, by the order of Brigham, called the camp out to a concert in the open air, and the Nauvoo Brass Band performed its best selections, after which the pilgrims joined in the dance, and the music was as joyous as at a merry-making. Arriving in the valley of the Great Salt Lake, the dance to the Mormons became almost like an institution and the ball as a social sacrament. Out of this Nauvoo Brass Band indirectly grew our first theatrical company. An amalgamation was effected between the members of the band and certain gen- tlemen and ladies possessing dramatic instincts and predilections, several of whom had also been connected with theatricals before they came into the isolation of these mountains. Phil. Margetts was a member of the band, and Hiram B. Claw- son had already graduated in a traveling theatrical company. The project of organizing a theatrical company, with a combination of the musical and dramatic elements, received the hearty sanction of Brigham Young, and he at once became the patron of the Salt Lake stage. The first dramatic company organized consisted of H. B. Clawson, James Ferguson, Phil. Margetts, John Kay, Horace K. Whitney, Robert Campbell, R. T. Burton, George D. Grant, Edmund Ellsworth, Henry Margetts, Edward Mar- tin, William Glover and William Clayton ; the ladies were Miss Orum, Miss Judd, (Mrs. Margaret G. Clawson) and Miss Mary Badlam. The company's cast stood, James Ferguson, leading man ; Miss Orum, leading lady ; Miss Judd. soubrette ; Miss Mary Badlam played general parts and filled in with her clever dancing business ; Hiram B. Clawson was the company's character actor ; Phil. Margetts commenced his theatrical career as a character actor and comedian ; John Kay, who was endowed with a fine baritone voice, and an imposing stage figure, sang star songs and did a corresponding business as an actor ; Horace K. Whitney was a useful and very efficient actor in those parts which sustain the play, and which, when not well filled, put out the lights of the stars of the company ; Robert Campbell played old-man character parts ; William Clayton was a princi- pal instrument in organizing the company, and he also took his parts in the or- chestra ; Generals Burton and George D. Grant, and Elder Edmund Ellsworth, gave amateur importance to the stock, and Wm. Glover and Henry Margetts, it is presumed, were useful in their line of business ; however, James Ferguson, Phil. Margetts and H. B. Clawson were the only professional types in the male cast of this first Salt Lake theatrical company. It bore the name of the " Musical and Dramatic Company." The orchestra deserves naming, for its members were of the Nauvoo Brass Band, from which the company originated : William Pitt, captain of the band, was the leader of the orchestra, and William Clayton, James Smithies, Jacob Hutchinson, David Smith, and George Wardle were his supports. There was a company now, but no theatre, nor even a hall of capacity sufifi- ) HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. yjy cient to give a public perforinance, while the community were socially starving for public amusements and recreation to enliven the isolation of a " thousand miles from everywhere," as their locality was then described. The majority of the citizens in 1851 and 1852 were fresh irom a land of theatres. England, thir- ty-five years ago, w£.s still the England of Shakespeare, and not of Boucicault. There were those in Salt Lake City who had seen Macready ; some who had seen John and Charles Kemble, their sister Sarah Siddons and Edmund Kean on the stage in their native land. The majority of the British people in the valley at that period were from London, Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Yorkshire and Edinburgh, where the common people for generations have been accustomed to go to the theatre and to the philharmonic concerts, to i^ee the best of acting and hear the divinest singing, at a few pence, to the galleries. Such a community could not possibly have got along without their theatre, nor been content with their isolation without something to awaken pleasurable reminiscences of the in- tellectual culture and dramatic art of their native land. Their sagacious head sensed all, this, and he at once gave to the newly formed " Musical and Dramatic Company" the "Old Bowery," where the congregation of Saints met Sabbath days, and it was there — in the only temple or tabernacle Zion had in those days — that home theatricals took their rise. If the Church stooped in this, she but gave her helping hand to civilization, without losing aught of her own caste, for those actors and musicians were her own ordained elders and high priests. Historical interest is always associated with the first programme of every notable institution, therefore is here presented the first cast of the first dramatic company of Utah. The play produced on the occasion was Robert Macaire. The cast was as follows : Robert Macaire, John Kay Jaques Strop, H. B. Clawson Pierre, Philip Margetts Marie, Miss Orum Clementina Miss M. Judd (Mrs, "M. G. Clawson) Several other plays were produced during the season, and it is said they were creditably performed by the company. " Hector Timid " was the opening of the farcical role. There were more than a thousand persons who witnessed each of these per- formances, showing that the theatrical audiences in the " Old Bowery," in the winter of 185 1-2, were larger than the average audiences in 1885, with a Madame Ristori playing her magnificent role oi historical plays in the "Big Theatre" with the modern audiences of Salt Lake City to support her performances. The company played in the " Old Bowery " for two years, during which time a number of high class plays were performed, one of which was the cele- brated play of " The Stranger; " the brilliant James Ferguson took the title role. In 185 1 the Musical and Dramatic Company was reorganized and named the " Deseret Dramatic Association," with Bishop Raleigh as its president. Pieces were cast, written out and rehearsed to prepare for the opening of the Social Hall. In 1852, this historical hall was built. It is the identical assembly rooms s(^ often mentioned in those days in the books of travelers, who have 51 738 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. sojourned awhile in the Mormon Zion, where they [.rofessed to have had the hon cr of dancing with the wives of Brigham Young and others of the Mormon chiefs, and admiringly saw " the Prophet " "trip the light fantastic toe." It was opened and dedicated for the performances of the Deseret Dramatic Association, and Bulwer's classical play of the " Lady of Lyons" was produced on the first night. The company had now greatly strengthened and was enabled to cast first class plays. To the original members were added John T. Caine, David McKenzie, David O. Calder, Bernard Snow, William C. Dunbar, Henry Maiben, Joseph M. Simmons, David Candland, (stage manager), William Broomhead and J. M. Bar- low; to the ladies Mrs. Wheelock, Mrs. Tucker, Mrs. Bull, Mrs. John Hyde and Mrs. Cook. In theopeningplay of the "Lady of Lyons," the gifted Ferguson played Claude Melnotte and Mrs. Wheelock, Pauline. In the great plays, the men parts were strongly filled. Bernard Snow, who was iri that day styled the " Rocius " of the Rocky Mountains, played Othello ; Ferguson, lago ; Snow, Damon, and Ferguson, Pythias. Virginius was also played, with Bernard Snow in that character. Phil. Margetts, in his line of comedy, farce and comic song, by this time, had estab- lished himself as a public favorite, in whose estimation he grew every season ; Dun- bar had created a type and style peculiarly his own, both in character parts and character singing ; while Henry Maiben was fast mounting the ladder of local fame in another line of comedy character parts and comic singing, to which was occasionally supplemented the role of professional dancer. David McKenzie had not as yet found his day of opportunities. Neither had John T. Caine'sday come asa mere member of the Social Hall company ; nor indeed had that of Hiram B. Claw- son. Mrs. Wheelock rose to a local star magnitude, but she passed out of our sky and went to California, leaving scarcely a name in the remembrance of the living. At the Social Hall, the company had a splendid orchestra, with Professor Ballo, director, and John M. Jones, the leading violin. But the Utah war broke up the chain of dramatic performances in our city, and it may be said also the Deseret Dramatic Association itself for several years. Our dramatic history was continued by Mr. Phil. Margetts organizing a com- pany, of which he was president, under the name of the Mechanic's Dramatic Association. The members of the company were Phil. Margetts, Harry Bowring, Henry McEwan, James A. Thompson, Joe Barker, John B. Kelly, John Cham- bers, Joseph Bull, Pat Lynch, William Wright, William Poulter and William Price ; the ladies were Mrs. Marion Bowring, Mrs. Bull, Mrs. McEwan, Elizabeth Tullidge and Ellen Bowring, with Father John Lyon, critic. A large room was fitted up in the house of H. E. Bowring, with a stage and good scenery, painted by that excellent artist, William V. Morris, and the place of performance was called Bowring's Theatre. It is worthy of note that this was the first place in Utah that bore the name of theatre. In the performances of this little theatre, Mrs. Marion Bowring was leading lady, Mrs. Bull, walking lady, Mrs. McEwan, soubrette. Phil, played Othello, Beverly in the "Gamester," and Duke Aranza in the " Honeymoon ;" and he sus- tained those parts admirably, to the surprise of all his theatrical friends, who had HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 7jp cast him as the comedian par excellence. Henry McEwan played lago to Phil's Othello, Stukely to his Gamester, and did it excellently well. In that line of characters, had McEwan remained on the stage, he would have made quite a pro- fessional mark. He had but one defect — that of voice. Thompson was the walk- ing gentleman, but it was in the farce of " Betsy Baker," that he made his chief mark, as Crummy, by which name he is known to this day among his intimate friends. Bowring played the Mock Duke to Phil's Duke ; Peter White in " Mr. and Mrs. Peter Whiie " (played for the first time in Salt Lake City at Bowring's Theatre), and was a rare Bobby Trot to Phil's great Luke the Laborer ; and he was also the first Mouser (in this city) in " Betsy Baker." Mr. Joe Barker made quite a hit in old man parts. In the " Gamester" he played the old man part with great feeling; so he did also Farmer Wakefield; and, as Lampedo, in the "Honey- moon," his part was a decided hit. Mr. Joseph Bull and Mrs. Bull sustained their appropriate parts ; the public will remember them as the lago and Desdemona of the early period of our theatricals. Mrs. Marion Bowring was Juliana in the " Honeymoon ;" Mrs. Beverley in the " Gamester;" Emelia in " Othello ;" and, afterwards, in the Salt Lake theatre, of which for years she was the leading lady of our stock company, she gave to Lyne's Pizzaro the best Elvira ever played by any lady of our stock company. Mrs. McEwan in her line of parts, shined as Jenny in " Luke the Laborer," and as Zamora, in the "Honeymoon." It was these performances which led indirectly to the building of the Salt Lake Theatre and the re-organization of the Deseret Dramatic Association. Phil, waited on President Young and invited him to the performances, with all his family, naming the evening. Brigham said, " Why can't Heber and I come to- night ? What are you playing? " The reply was, " Luke, the Laborer." " I'll come to-night, said the President, evidently designing to catch them as they were, without special preparation for his coming. He attended, was greatly pleased, and the next day Phil, presented him with ninety tickets for his and Heber's fam- ilies for that evening. The families of the two presidents of the Church came, including H. B, Clawson ; the play that night was " The Honeymoon," with Phil, as Duke Aranza, Bowring as the Mock Duke, and McEwan as Orlando. Speaking with theatrical swell becoming the occasion, the performance was a tre- mendous success. At the close Phil.^ from the stage, made a speech to the President, and Brigham, with his usual gallantry when pleased, in return, from the audience, made a speech to Phil, and his dramatic company. Immediately after this the President told Hiram B. Clawson to organize the Deseret Dramatic Association, unite with it Phil's company, and said that he would build a great theatre, for, as he sagaciously observed, " the people must have amusements." Such is the historic significance of Bowring's Theatre, and soon thereafter the Salt Lake Theatre rose as the grander symbol of the times. 740 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. CHAPTER LXXXV. BUILDING AND OPENING OF THE SALT LAKE THEATRE. THE FIRST PLAY, REMINISCENCES OF THE COMPANY, THEATRICAL CRITICISMS. THE EARLY STARS. T. A. LYNE. THE IRWINS. PAUNCEFORT, "YOU CAN'T PLAY ALEX.\NDER." JULIA DEAN HAYNE. JOHN T. CAINE'S BENEFIT. THE FIRST LOCAL PLAY PUT UPON THE SALT LAKE STAGE— " ELEANOR DE VERE." THE CROWNING DAYS OF THE THEATRE. THE WORLD'S STARS THAT HAVE VISITED ZION. It was just at the outbreak of the civil war that the theatrical history proper of our city commenced. The " Utah War " was as a bustling memory of the past ; Camp Floyd was evacuated ; all in Zion was peace, though the nation was in civil war, in which neither Utah nor California had the honor of taking part. It was in the year 1861, our citizens saw a colossal building in the process of erection, and it was known that Brigham Young designed to give to the Mormons a great theatre, which, after its erection, was popularly styled Brigham's theatre. There were those among the heads of the community who would have rather seen the Temple rushing up; but our citizens, (who at that date were mixed, of Gentile and Mormon) needed the theatre more than the Temple : so thought Brigham Young, and his practical mind gave to our city one of the best theatres in America; and soon it was stocked with a company and furnished with appoint- ments that bore favorable comparison with the theatres of the East. And Brigham Young was right. With the drama, the English civilization was born ; and though Brigham Young comprehended it not in a learned sense, his strong Saxon common sense perceived as by instinct the methods of his race; and it is remarkable how an uneducated man (uneducated in the sense of the schools) could have so methodically worked, as to give his people a theatre and choral classes here simultaneously as he did in 1861. The English common people were educated and their minds drawn out into art and philosophy not by the pulpit but the stage; not by the Church, the cath- edral, or the temple, but the theatre and the concert hall ; and as in England so also has it been in America. We enter the Holy of Holies to worship ; we go to the theatre to learn the everyday lessons of practical life and to study character for a knowledge of human nature ; nor is it a little singular in this man. Brig- ham's life, that though he put on e capstone of the Nauvoo Temple, he also at Nauvoo played the High Priest to our T. A. Lyne's Pizzaro, while Apostle Eras- tus Snow, then a brilliant young elder, played Alonzo. In that day Thomas A. Lyne, then in the prime of his dramatic power, was at Nauvoo giving perform- ances. Joseph Smith himself was highly endowed with a dramatic nature. His whole life was a drama — not a pulpit oration ; and his culmination was a solemn tragedy. And even in his Temple, the Prophet was a sacred dramatist, and not HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 741 like unto a modern minister or a lecturer from college, and all his mysteries were sacred dramas— revealings in the Temple of the characters and action of the im- mortal hfe, as Shakespeare, the prophet of the Theatre, revealed at the Old Globe in London, the characters and actions of mortal life. The Mormon theatre was conceived in Nauvoo in Joseph's day. It is as ortho- dox as the Temple. Thomas A. I.yne was Joseph's actor : an incident in his pro- fessional life of which this veteran personator of the characters of Shakespeare and other dramatic masters has often spoken with unction to the author. It was such a unique episode in his life to play Pizzaro in the city of the Saints at the request of the Prophet with Brigham performing the high priest of his play, that T. A. Lyne has cherished the circumstance as a sacred page in the book of reminis- cences of his professsonal career. Pizzaro was just such a play as Joseph would de- light in as a study for his people, the subject being the invasion, by the haughty iron-heeled Spaniard, of the ancient nation of Peru, closely akin to a Book of Mormon subject ; and Erastus Snow as the young Alonzo, a type of Spanish chiv- alry at its best temper, was a character to admire, while Brigham as the high priest holding the ancient temple and calling down fire from the sun-god, per- formed a part that the Mormons could sympathetically appreciate. The dramatic episode is pertinent as the play of Pizzaro was performed afterwards by T. A. Lyne in " Brigham's theatre" in Salt Lake City, with a very similar cast, as it was played by him in the Masonic Hall at Nauvoo before Joseph and his people. It was at Nauvoo that Hiram B. Clawson became a regular member of the Lyne company. Hiram possessed the natural abilities of a good character actor, which thus early attracted him to the stage. He traveled professionally in Lyne's company, up the river and around, and was considered by both the management and the public as a decided hit in his character parts. Herein we find the pro- logue of Brigham's theatre in Salt Lake City, with Hiram B. Clawson, manager, and Lyne playing star parts, supported by a local company of Mormon elders and the daughters of the High Priest of bygone days. Historically illustrated we may say that the Salt Lake Theatre rose as the monument of our Rocky Mountain civilization. In this respect it is worthy of reference to the Old Globe of London, which, when the English nation was emer- ging from the gorgeous barbarism of the feudal times, was, by the genius of a gal- axy of supreme minds, endowed with the dramatic voice of a new civilization. The founders of this Territory had performed their wonderful exodus ; they had laid the first strata of society in the Rocky Mountains ; they had peopled these valleys by immense emigrations ; our Territory had survived what was called the Utah war ; Camp Floyd was evacuated, and General Albert Sidney Johnson had resigned his character role as the conqueror of the Utah rebellion, and gone to play a principal part in the rebellion of the South. There were certainly the swell of heroism and the sonorous tones of a gorgeous barbarism in all this, but from the higher views of civilization, both the history and social conditions were only semi-barbaric. Though Utah society was made up of the elements of the superior races, and the people who constituted this new commonwealth had mi- grated from lands of high culture, yet society itself in these valleys was in its primi- tive state of formation. The element from the old countries needed a re-culture. J 42 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CIIY, The exterminations, emigrations, and the first settlings in the " Great American Desert " had returned it as clay to the hand of the potter, for a remoulding into forms suitable to its own civilization, while the native born of these valleys had merely the primitive fashioning of an Anglo-Saxon offspring, without any personal cultured remembrances brought from other lands. In short, in the early periods of the history of our Territory, all society here needed toning up with the impulses of a re-culture. President Brigham Young, as a colonist and society-founder, as we have said, realized this in his own way. B.it there were other men around him who realized it in what may be termed the professional sense of civilized society — the senses which have given birth to the poet, the musician, the painter, the actor, the architect, the inventor and the journalist, — which at the birth of our present English civilization, made the Old Globe of Shakspeare's management as fame resounding as the court of Elizabeth, and Shakspeare's name more splendid than that of the great queen herself, and which in modern times have made the press the mightiest power of the age. About the year i860, those professional instincts around Brigham Young may have been named as embodied in Fliram B. Clawson, JohnT. Caineand David O. Calder. On his part David O. Calder had been prompting President Young to the organization of large philharmonic societies throughout the Territory; and un- der the patronage and by the financial support of the President of the Church. David O. Calder taught large classes of pupils in Brigham's choral free schools , while under Hiram B. Clawson and John T. Caine, the Deseret Dramatic Associ- ation, in 1861-2-3, grew into a first class theatrical stock company. The years 186 1-2 saw the building and opening of the great Salt Lake Theatre, of which Julia Dean Hayne afterwards became queen. Its fame spread even to Europe ; and on his visit to our Zion, Hepworth Dixon was charmed to write upon Brigham Young's theatre several interesting pages of his book — New America. From the opening of that theatre, speaking in a professional sense, civilization in the Rocky Mountains received a fresh impulse. Brigham Young was the president of the as- sociation ; his daughters played upon the stage ; Mormon elders were the actors ; Mormon elders painted the scenes and constituted the orchestra ; the managers were Clawson and Caine ; and apostles, patriarchs, high priests and elders filled the parquette and the private boxes with their families. It is thus we must view the management ot the Salt Lake Theatre under Clawson and Caine, to under- stand its import in the history of our Utah civilization. The Salt Lake Theatre was opened to the public on Saturday evening, March 8th, 1862. The pieces were, " Pride of the Market," and "State Secrets." But the ceremony of the dedication of the Theatre was the remarkable event of the opening. Indeed it is not only worthy to constitute a chapter of our local dramatic history, but of the general history of Salt Lake City itself, for there is nothing in the history of the English and American stage so unique in its object and sentiment. Reserved seats were placed before the curtain for the First Presidency of the Church and a few others. At the appointed hour, these were occupied and- Brig- ham Young, president of the Deseret Dramatic Association, called " the house " HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 743 to order and delivered a brief introduction. The choristers of the occasion sang an opening hymn : " Lo ! on the mountain tops appearing," After which President Daniel H. Wells offered up the dedication prayer from which we cull the following characteristic passages : * * ^ '< In the name of our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ, and in the authority of the holy and eternal priesthood of Almighty God, we consecrate and dedicate this building, with its surroundings above and below and upon each side thereof, unto Thee, our Father and God. We dedicate the ground upon which it stands, and the foundation of the building, and the superstructure thereon, the side and the end walls, and the chimneys upon the tops thereof, and the flues within the walls, and the openings for ingress and egress ; and ask for thy blessing to rest upon them, that the materials used in the construction of the walls may cement together and grow stronger and stronger as time shall pass away. To this end we dedicate unto Thee, our Father, the stone, the adobes, the brick, the hewn stone and mortar of which they are composed, and all the mason-work thereof ; and all the timbers within and above and upon the walls, and the frame- work thereof for the support of the floors, the galleries, the stage, the side rooms, stairs and passages and entrances thereof and therefrom, for the support of the roof of the building and the towering dome. * * * p^^^ y^g dedicate the parquette, circles, galleries and rooms adjoining for the people, the orchestra, and the actors and performers ; the stage upon which we stand, and the green-room, and rooms adjoining above and round about for dressing rooms, for painting and other conveniences. * * * All and every part of this building we consecrate and dedicate unto Thee, our Father, that it may be pure and holy unto the Lord our God, for a safe and righteous habitation for the assemblages of Thy people, for pastime, amusement and recreation ; for plays, theatrical performances, for lec- tures, conventions, or celebrations, or for whatever purpose it may be used for the benefit of Thy Saints. * * jf: Upon this edifice be pleased to let Thy bless- ing rest, that it may be preserved against accident or calamity by fire or flood, or hurricane, or the lurid lightning's flash, or earthquakes. May it forever stand as a monument of the skill, industry and improvement of those who have labored thereon, or in anywise contributed thereto, and of the enterprise and ability of Thy servant Brigham, who is the projector and builder thereof, and also as a mon- ument of the blessing and prosperity which Thou hast so eminently conferred upon Thy people since Thou didst bring them forth unto this land. And we pray Thee to bless this Dramatic Association, the actors and actresses, and all who shall perform upon this stage, O Lord, may they feel the quickening influence of Thy Holy Spirit, vivifying and strengthening their whole being, and enabling them to bring into requisition and activity all those energies and powers, mental and physi- cal, quick perceptions and memories necessary to the development and showing forth the parts, acts and performances assigned unto them to their highest sense of gratification or desire, and the satisfaction of the attending audience. * * And, O Lord, preserve forever this house pure and holy for the habitation of thy people. Suffer no evil or wicked influences to predominate or prevail within these walls, neither disorder, drunkenness, debauchery or licentiousness of any sort 744- HISTORY OF SALT LAKE Ciry. or kind ; but rather than this, sooner ihan it should pass into the hands or con- trol of the wicked or ungodly, let it utterly perish and crumble to atoms ; let it be as though it had not been, an utter waste, each and every part returning toils natural element ; but may order, virtue, cleanliness, sobriety and excellence ob- tain and hold fast possession herein, the righteous possess it, and •' Holiness to the Lord ' be forever inscribed therein." * * * After the dedicatory prayer Mr. William C. Dunbar, assisted by the choir and accompanied by the orchestra, sang the "Star Spangled Banner." President Young next addressed the audience and the Deseret Dramatic As- sociation relative to his object in building the theatre, and the mission ot the drama, in which address he aptly ?aid : " The Lord looked upon the children of men as they were, saw their deeds and understood them ; and so should the Saints understand who was in the world and learn to choose the good and eschew the evil. It was not to learn evil ; but to know the duplicity and falsehood of false men, guard against the inroads of vice, and to pursue the undeviating course of rectitude and virtue, that invariably lead to happiness and honor. * * Brother Wells has prayed that this Ifuilding might crumble to the dust and pass away as if it had never been, sooner than it should pass into the hands of the wicked or be corrupted and polluted, and to that I say, Amen." * * * In closing, the President made an impressive invocation in behalf of the dra- matic company and the audiences which should assemble to witness their perform- ances. Heber C. Kimball and John Taylor followed in brief addresses in conso- nance with the dedication. The Deseret Dramatic Association then gave their opening performance to tlie public. Thus it will be seen that this theatre was dedicated very much after the manner that the high priests of the Mormon Church would have dedicated one of their temples; and though probably Brigham Yourg had, at that time, never heard the text of the play of "" Hamlet" in all his life, he described the object of the drama, as it was designed by him for the Salt Lake Theatre, very much like the spirit and exposition of Hamlet to the players : ■••■ * * " The purpose of playing, whose end, both at the first, and now, was, and is, to hold, as 'twere the mirror up to Nature; to show virtue her own feature, scorn her own image, and the very age and body of the time his form and pressure." Tne Salt Lake Theatre, in fact, at the onset was elevated to the caste of a dramatic temple, and made a high school to the public for the study of human nature, which was the very object of all the plays of our Solomon of the Anglo- Saxon stage. Not in the whole history of the stage, ancient or modern, was ever a theatre before thus endowed as a sacred dramatic temple for the people. Tiiic Shakspeare and tlie rest of the great dramatic comjjosers, with Garrick, theKem- l>les, ihe Keans, Macready, Booth, Forrest, and others of their illustrious class, in (heir imperial dignity of character, and in the matchless splendor of their genius, befire wlios^ bright (onsiellation ihe galaxy of the pulpit have bowed in 1 uniility — hav • affirmed t'iat the Theatre of ilieir designing is a Temple for the j) o|'le H rt^art.T i tichai ce it may he rej^aided ns one of the " sitange things" HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 745 of dramatic history that Brigham Young, a man of no art culture beyond that which was self-evolved, but the high priest of a despised church, should have so lifted the theatre to the conception of the great high priests of the stage; and, if "Brigham's Theatre" has fallen from its pinnacle, we shall not debit the fall to him, nor his counsellor, whose dedicatory prayer is before our eyes. During the first season there were performed of the minor and domestic drama?, "Pride of the Market," " SeriousTamily," " Porter's Knot," " Lavator the Physiognomist," "The Charcoal Burner" (a melo-drama), and Charles Mathews' comedy — "Used Up/' with farces: "Sarah's Young Man/' " An Ob- ject of Interest," " Paddy Miles' Boy." "To Oblige Benson," " Pleasant Neigh- bor," " Love in Livery,'' " Betsy Baker," and, on the last night of the season, a high class play — " Love's Sacrifice," and the farce " The Widow's Victim." Before the opening of the second season, the veteran actor Mr. T. A. Lyne, had been sent for by his former pupil, Manager Clawson ; and he came to Salt Lake City to take the position as tutor of the company. The following is a brief sketch of his life up to that period : Thomas Ackley Lyne (who is still living in Salt Lake City) was born at Phila- delphia, in August of the year 1806. His youth and early manhood were spent en the "ocean wave." At the age of twenty-three, he appeared at the Walnut Street Theatre, which was then under the management of Blake & Ingsley. He made his appearance in the popular play of " William Tell/' which, in those days, was presented to the public in five acts. His second appearance was at the Park Theatre in the same character under the management of Simpson. He at once took rank as a leading actor ; so it may be seen from the dramatic record that T. A. Lyne was one of America's great actors over fifty years ago. He was a "star" before Charlotte Cushman had made any mark in the theatrical world, and he sup- ported that lady in her early days. He also played leading parts to the elder Booth, and the principal characters to Miss Ellen Tree before she became Mrs. Charles Kean. He has had a large share of crossings and disappointments in the precarious profession which claims " to hold the mirror up to nature." On look- ing over the old files as far back as the " Old Warren Theatre," under the man- agement of Wm. Pelby, at Boston, (on the site of the Warren wvs built the Nat- ional) we find on the third night of its first season Lyne as the Stranger in Kot- zebue's play of that name, and Harry Smith as the Francis. So, more than forty years ago, he was a leading serious actor in the Athens of America. We find him also identified with western theatricals as far back as when Chicago's population was about three thousand and Milwaukee's about half that number. He was man- ager and actor and gave to Chicago in Mr. Ogden's theatre, a wooden buildino-, its first "stars" — Dan Marble and Mrs. Silsby — then imported by steamer from Detroit. We find T, A. Lyne playing among the Saints at Nauvoo. At the open- ing of the Salt Lake Theatre he was brought from Denver at the instance of Brigham Young and installed as dramatic teacher and reader. Thus commenced his professional history in our city. The second season opened with a grand ball at the theatre, which was now receiving the finishing touches in the interior of the house ; and T. A. Lvne was 52 74-6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE C1T\. introduced to the public in a poem composed by him — "Our Country's Flag," which was read by John R. Clawson. On Christmas night, 1S62, the fine play "The Honeymoon " was performed by the stock company, with John T. Caine as Duke Aranza, and Phil. Mar- getts in his inimitable Mock Duke. W. C, Dunbar's "Paddy Miles' Boy," of which he made a rare Irish comic type, followed. "Old Phil's Birthday," one of II. B. Clawson's marked character hits, was repeated on two nights ; as was John T. Caine's "Charcoal Burner. " The "Two Polts " (Margetts and Bow- ring) carried off the palm of the farces. Then came " Virginius" on the night of the 17th of January, 1863, a crown- ing part, and in the hands of our local company. It is Sheridan Knowles' greatest character part, in which Vandernoff found scope to take the laurels of the play even from Macready ; yet our Bernard Snow played Virginius up to a high mark. On the nights of the nth, 14th and iSth of February, 1863, " Damon and Pythias" was played with Lyne as Damon. Mrs. L. Gibson played Calanthe, Mrs. M. G. Clawson Hermion, James Ferguson played Pythias. This occasion was his final appearance on the stage. "Pizarro" was performed, for the first time on the Salt Lake stage, on the night of March 4th: John T. Caine, Pizarro; Lyne, Rolla; Joseph F. Sim- mons, Alonzo ; George Teasdale took the part of the High Priest, and Mrs. M. Bowring, Elvira; and for the first time Salt Lake City saw stage business which perhaps was not surpassed that season in any theatre in America. "William Tell," Lyne's favorite, followed, and afterwards the "Stranger," in which latter play Mrs. Fanny Stenhouse sustained the difficult character of Mrs. Haller. April ist, Lyne played Virginius ; and again came his great Damon, in which he has been acknowledged to have had no equal in America, excepting Forrest himself. "Pizarro" was repeated, with cast as before, and then the " Merchant of Venice, " (for the first time played here) in which Lyne gave a fine exposition of "the Jew that Shakspeare drew," in which Edmund Kean won the sceptre of the London Stage, after Hazlett, the greatest English critic, had fought the adverse London critics in his cause. In the third season (the fall and winter of 1863-4) the Irwins reigned. They played the " Lady of Lyons," "Ingomar," " Evadne," "Faint Heart never Won Fair Lady," " Warlock of the Glen," " Ireland as it was," "Chimney Corner," "'Katharine and Petruchio," "Marble Heart," "Octoroon," "The Hunchback," "Green Bushes," "Othello," " Corsican Brothers," "Jessie Brown," " Still Waters Run Deep," "Idiot Witness," "Angel of Midnight," and " Colleen Bawn," Excepting Othello these were a fresh class of plays here of the second order, giving great scope and variety, and keeping up the dignity of the Salt Lake stage. It will be gratifying to the lovers of the legitimate drama to have recalled this spendid exhibit of the early days. And during these per- formances our home company did excellent work not only in the support, but also in their own comedies and farces. In the "Colleen Bawn" David McKenzie scored a triumph as Danny Mann, and at once raised himself to an equality with Irwin- As Danny Mann he has never met his match on the Salt Lake stage to this day. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CnV. J4'j 111 the fourth season, (June and July, 1864,) Lyne came on again in Damon, Pizzaro, and William Tell- Mr. George Pauncefort, an accomplished English actor, with Mrs. Florence Bell, appeared in the city at this period, and during the remainder of the season, alternated his light classics against T. A. Lyne's grander, stately parts of the old school. They made to each other a fine variation, illustrating for their audiences the old legitimate and the new legitimate class of plays. Two better types are rarely to be found heading a stock company, during the same season, in any of the principal cities either of America or England, than those which were presented by Lyne and Pauncefort during the unbroken theatrical period from July, 1864, to January 7th, 1865. Lyne, in the imperial hauteur of the Forrest school, scarcely deigned to notice the introduction of the modern school of classical drama, which clothes its character- casts in the naturalness of society of our own times, as against the grand but stagey portraiture of men and women as they were a century or two ago. There was ever something about Lyne's stately acting that kept the audience in remembrance of the dedication of this Mormon Temple of the drama. It seemed to say to Pauncefort and alike to the audience " take off thy shoes for the place whereon thou standeth is holy ground." In Pizzaro and Damon, this was eminently so. He was a martinet over the dignity, virtue and proprieties of the stage, which told you proudly of the days when he played with the chaste and irreproachable Ellen Tree. So strict was he that in his character of the " Stran- ger," he " cut out " the hintings of reconciliation between him and his erring but repentant wife (Mrs. Haller), for which the emotional meeting of the parents and their children is introduced to extort forgiveness from society in its passion of tears, usually produced by the affecting closing scene. T. A. Lyne indeed, above all the actors that have played on the stage (Couldock alone excepted) has come up to the mark given by President Wells in his solemn dedication of the house on the opening night. George Pauncefort breathed upon the Salt Lake stage a lighter atmosphere. The somewhat Puritanic spirit which had hitherto prevailed in our theatre was dis- pelled, without a shock to the families of apostles, bishops and elders who filled the parquette, for the plays now introduced were still chaste, though of a lighter order. The English actor opened with " The Romance of a Poor Young Man," in which he wrought out one of the most accomplished and natural works of dram- atic art. Lyne followed on the next night of the theatre in the " Merchant of Venice." Pauncefort came again with his " Romance ;" then in his rare person- ation of William in '' Black-eyed Susan." His "Hamlet," (played here for the first time), was not unworthy of Barry Sullivan himself; and his "Don Caesar De Bazan," we think, surpassed even the Don Caesar of that most classical Irish actor whom Liverpool challenged against all England. Charles Matthew's favorite high comedy character, " Used up" was a congenial part, and the " Corsican Broth- ers," sustained by David McKenzie, was rendered by Pauncefort in a style excel- lent in the eyes of those who had seen Charles Kean in the part. " The Duke's Motto" came next and this actor's first engagement closed with "Don Caesar De Bazan." 748 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CLTY. The stock company then held the stage alone for a while, and here may be introduced a review of the first critic of the Salt Lake Theatre — Alpha,* to mark the status of our stock company as they appeared to him in the freshness of daily memory. " The development of the dramatic art in our midst forms a page of social and popular progress. It could be predicted, a priori, that by its side would spring up musical and literary movements, and in their wake popular movements of every kind would follow. "When that national theatre of the Mormons first lifted its stately form, as a fact in the social and intellectual unfolding of this people, we said, ' There is a gigantic prophecy materialized to the senses.' The house was large in its external, and magnificent in its internal. So much the better; for it prophesied the louder^ and the people understood its vernacular tongue better than they could its meta- physical speech. It prophesied of popular progress, the birth of the arts and the establishment of the professions. Figuratively speaking, that magnificent theatre of ours was an organ of the people, published for them by President Young. There they select their own favorites ; there they express their own taste ; there they applaud that which they think deserving. The theatre was not a religious house, but a secular public institution — a temple of art; and art is universalian. Be an audience as varied in their religions and politics as Joseph's coat of many colors; and, if they possess a cultivated taste, they will express a common ad- miration and pleasure. You shall see a gentile house make a Mormon artist the favorite, and a Mormon public flock to witness good professional performances. The meaning of appearing before the public in the arena of art the management soon appreciated. Much attention and cost were lavished in putting the plays upon the stage, graced with exquisite pictorial illustrations and scenic splendor, for this, with an immense command of means and facilities, was much easier to the management than to fill parts with first class artists. Indeed theatricals, even in our professional-looking house, starred with a purely amateur corps, with Mr. John T. Caine as its leading member. This gentleman has since given up first parts to Mr. McKenzieand professional actors, and has made himself very efficient in the more dignified character of manager, playing in the company less to star in a part than for the general effectiveness of the whole. This is a mark of good judgment and correct self-appreciation, for in the long run he would be certain to find many to eclipse his glory, especially after our theatrical heavens shall have been be- spangled with professional stars; he always could hold a first position in the man- agement and not lose caste in the body of a play. Great heaven, how often do even leading men with abilities to rule a nation, and capacity to legislate for an empire put themselves in parts in life where a common laborer could overmatch them, and your veriest vagabond that travels with a show eclipse their glory. All the crowned heads of Europe could not have furnished in their own persons, a company of actors to tread the boards by the side of the dramatic corps of old Richardson's Booth ; nor have shone as stars in the same firmament with those luminaries who perchance first shot out to public gaze in a ' penny gaff' or a coun- try barn. They have been your Edmund Keans ! »E. W. Tullidge. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 74^ " While it would be too partial to say the management has committed no errors, it may without reserve be affirmed that it has displayed on the whole ex- cellent judgment, and not only has the mo;t effectual caste been designed, but the most fitting a;id laborious members of the association have won the best parts and leading characters. The members of the association stand to-day classified and ranked pretty much in the places where their own talents, study and industry have marked out for them. Once fairly won upon the public stage of art, in any of its branches, and all will most certainly find their leveU It is when they cannot reach the public in the fitting place to appeal to the public judgment, that the possessors of excellent gifts and fine artistic finish do not take their proper place. There is nothing in the world more severely just and omnipotent than the public judgment pronouncing itself upon the artist upon the stage, either in opera or the plain drama. The public everywhere choose their own favorites, and managers everywhere accept them. The reasons are too clear to need a pointing out. " The members of our Deseret Dramatic Association have had the chance of taking their own places and finding their level. Let those who think differently take for an example David McKenzie. Now, among regular professionals of the East where the numerous dramatic corps are found organized with much complete- ness and classified with the nicety of managers studying profoundly the condition of their exchequers, we own that it requires much perseverance, artistic training and slow progress, besides natural talent for actors and actresses to find their level. Why, not even by their equals may your Garricks, your Kembles, your Siddonses, your Keans, your Macreadys and your Forrests be displaced. Could their doubles come they would have to wait until their originals were dead before they could find their level and take their places. But, it is very different with our Deseret Dramatic Association, when all were as on probationary examinations before the public, to have pointed out their proper places and receive their diplomas and their due degrees. For instance, it is most evident that had any of the lady can- didates proved equal to fill principal places, not even yet filled, ample opportun- ities have been offered. Indeed the management have necessarily somewhat tres- passed upon the consideration of the public in their good natured trials of lady amateurs. These facts should at once be significant hints aud encouragement to aspiring members of our dramatic association, and they should remember that in every profession much labor and training, as well as talent, are necessary for ex- cellence and eminence. •'Since their rtVi^//^ in our theatre the association has made much improve- ment, and some of its members have written their marks and stamped their indi- vidualities. Our comicalities of the company were the first to classify themselves, and Margetts, Dunbar and others, became decided portraits and distinctive cari- catures. The professional element has also been introduced, and moreover, even the association itself has put on somewhat of a professional character and show features of the professional face. Doubtless this mixing of our home talent with trained and legitimate artists has tended much to the training and accomplishments of our amateur corps, and created both for the theatre and the company, a pro- fessional character. In time both will assume a professional caste, and its amateur 750 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. type be only remembered as forming the first pages in the history of theatricals in Utah. " The professional element having been once introduced in the persons of Mr. Lyne and the Irwins it was not enough that the plays should be put upon the stage in that solid magnificence and pictorial illustration which has so delighted everybody, but the public looked to see the dramatic corps show the features and style of the profession. It was a mixed house in the first place, and in the second, theatricals here are commercially the same as everywhere else, and the public had paid for admission to a first class looking theatre ; what wonder then that it should almost ignore the fact that an amateur company were on the boards. The management has had to nicely calculate this and make both the theatre and the company as professional in their character as possible. This has been partly ef- fected by the mixing of foreign artistes with home talent, and partly by the style and completeness with which the plays have been put upon the boards. " Even the most good-natured in a ward meeting become most unmerci- fully critical and sourly inconsiderate in a theatre — aye, even to our very bishops; for the public are in a secular house for artistic exhibition and not in a tabernacle or religious temple. Not even is justice done an amateur corps, and we never ex- pect to be so generally censured for critical severity as we were by the public for too much praise and considerate wording of our criticisms last year. We have a painful sympathy for the writers of the theatrical notices and descriptions found in the Deseret News and Daily Telegraph. The public ranks them, as of course it will ours, frightfully below the mark ; and doubtless the dramatic association puts them twenty degrees lower still. There is nothing that concerns any one except- ing praise; and that soon gets stale and meaningless, and it would be quite a re- lief to the members to have the public view. It would preserve them from ennui. There are only one or two occasionally for whom they possess interest. Sister Marion when her 'cadence' is touched of course is interested, and Brother Hardie who was rather stiltish upon the stage /// his first appearance, is also doubtless a good natured subject to offer upon the altar. But great Jupiter, and all the other heathen gods, why select Sister Marion when this same defect of cadence and modulation is one of the most noticeable defects of the association generally. " The most marked individuality yet offered by the association from its own corps is Mr. David McKenzie. This gentleman is by natural instincts an artist. In the public judgment he took the laurels from Mr. Irwin, a professional actor, and obtained first parts for himself. Mr. Lyne is an actor of the old school, of great experience and no mean standing. In fact in his 7-ole he is a power upon the stage in Salt Lake City, yet Mr. McKenzie held his ground with him in ' Damon and Pythias.' The most striking personality, however, and the most refined and finished artist that has yet appeared before the theatrical world in Utah, is Geo. Pauncefort." Lyne opened another engagement in the famous old English play of Massin- ger — "A New Way to Pay Old Debts." Nothwithstanding Lyne's preference for his Damon and William Tell, his Sir Giles Overreach was a superior character ex- ecution to that of either. It was one of those characters to which he was organ- ically fitted. It is of a higher class than either Damon or William Tell. Edmund HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 751 Kean laid Sir Giles Overreach along side of his Richard III. and Shylock, but it is doubtful if he would have condescended to Damon or William Tell. Lyne's Richelieu and Richard III. followed, and scored his greatest dramatic marks. Pauncefort alternated with him in " Don Caesar de Bazan ; " "Black-Eyed Susan;" " The Duke's Motto ; " "Hamlet;" " Belphegor, the Mountebank ; " and, on January 5th, 1865, he played Macbeth. Locke's music to " Macbeth '' was rendered in character by the Tabernacle choir. Phil. Margetts, H. E. Bowring and Wm. C. Dunbar took the parts of the three weird sisters, who lead the witches in their demoniac music, and George Teasdale, as Hecate, led the theme, "We fly by night." The stock company again held the stage. They were now capable of execut- ing star plays of the second class. Their casts for the season were: "Colleen Bawn," "Rob Roy," "The Octoroon." " Uncle Tom's Cabin," "The Rag-Picker of Paris," and other plays of a similar class, with some good comedies and " roar- ing farces." David McKenzie also played Macbeth ; which was the second time of the performance of Shakspeare's greatest play on the Salt Lake Stage. Mrs, Gibson was Lady Macbeth, the character which she had sustained to Pauncefort's Macbeth. Lyne came in one night of the season as Sir Edward Mortimer in the " Iron Chest;" and McKenzie, having scored a triumph in the character, repeated Macbeth. The stock company held the stage from January r4th to to August nth, excepting one night with Lyne and three nights with Mr. and Mrs. George Chapman. This was a splendid achievement of the stock in contin- uing the season, playing to full houses, with Lyne and Pauncefort fresh in the public mind. But it was the coming of Julia Dean Hayne, in the Potter troupe, that gave professional caste to the Salt Lake company, for, though she ran her first engage- ment in the Potter troupe, she was so charmed with the feeling of restfulness which came over the painful tumult of her life, that she sought, as it were, sanctuary in the dramatic temple of the Mormon people. Her professional opportunities in Salt Lake City were rare ; her salary $300 a week ; her frequent benefits golden harvests ; but it was her pleasant associations on the Salt Lake stage, and in the private circles with the actors and their families, that induced Julia Dean to tarry in Salt Lake City nearly two years, and to condescend to take the sceptre of a local company of Mormon amateur actors and actresses. Julia Dean Hayne had gone to California in the flower of her youth, but ere she left the east she was famous as Julia Dean, and when, two years after her arrival in Salt Lake City, she returned to New York, it was as Julia Dean that she figured on the play bills in her initial engagement at Winter Gardens Theatre, once famous as Edwin Booth's Theatre. In her maiden days she made her debut in the Old Bowery, New York, in Julia, in the '''Hunchback, " and before she came West she had won national fame. But for the matchless dramatic power of Charlotte Cushman, the Siddons of America, Julia Dean would unhesitatingly have been pronounced by the American public the queen of the American stage. As it was, Mr. S. R. Wells in his famous book — New Physiology — which embodies the types of characters of every class, engraved the likeness of Julia Dean in his group of the greatest actors and actresses that had sprung from the Anglo-Saxon /J' HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. race, up to the time of his writing, ranking her in the group with Garrick, John Kemble, Edmund Kean, Junius Brutus Booth, Edwin Forrest, Sarah Siddons, Charlotte Cushman and Mrs. Mowatt Ritchie. After an absence of a number of years in the west, she was returning to the east in the maturity of her woman- hood, to take the sceptre of the American stage left by Charlotte Cushman, who had entered another life, and which at the time she started from California, the theatrical profession east and west deemed would be fitly swayed in the hand of Julia Dean. There could still be seen, and seen perhaps to this day, in the club houses where actors' resort, the likeness of Julia Dean in costume in her charac- ters played in New York in her maiden days. Perhaps she lost her opportunity in the east, before the advent of Ristori and Mrs. Landor as Queen Elizabeth, by tarrying in Salt Lake City in the autumn of 1865, instead of proceeding at once to New York. But the Salt Lake company paid quick and heartfelt homage to her as their queen, the Salt Lake public worshipped her in their dramatic temple ; and, being a woman of deep feeling, her heart was touched, and in love she took the throne of the Salt Lake stage, where she reigned with peace and comfort. Julia Dean Hayne made her debut in Salt Lake City in the Potter troupe, on the night of the nth of August, 1865, in the play of " Caraille. " On the 12th she played Mrs. Haller and the Jealous Wife; these were immediately followed with her Griseldis, Julia, in the "Hunchback," "Leah the Forsaken," "Fazio," " Katherine and Petruchio, " "Love," "Romeo and Juliet," "Women in White," "EastLynne" and " Camille, " at which we pause for review. Mrs. Hayne's personation of the character of Camille most affected the theatre-going public of our city. The extraordinary emotion which she put into the part, her perfect imitation of the consumptive cough and the actual consump- tive condition which she threw herself into, it is said so affected by sympathy the constitution of Mrs. Gibson, who had reigned on the stage before Julia Dean Hayne came, that it hastened her decline to the grave ; thus exquisitely do the children of genius feel the crossings of human life and enter by sympathy into all the emotions of the human heart. Julia Dean dared not play often the class of parts to which Camille belongs, as they always made her sick, and in six months, repeated every night, the intensities of the part would have taken her also to the grave. Upon her performance of this phy, " Alpha, " who was still the critic of the Salt Lake Theatre, wrote : " September r, 1865, *' Editor Telegraph : " I said, in a former communication, that an engagement robbed me of the privilege of seeing Mrs. Julia Dean Hayne in her great character of "Camille. " " Last night I saw "Camille." It was indeed a painful illusion of individu- ality. No person sensible to the subtle sympathies of nature, which communicate feeling from soul to soul, and no one acquainted with the realities of society, but what must have felt that in her very self Camille had come to live, to agonize and die before us. It is true our knowledge, in disregarded undertone, said, it is Mrs. Julia Dean Hayne playing a part on the mimic stage, but the logic of feelings, in its strong emphasis, drowned that undertone of our knowledge and said it is Camille. HIS TOR Y OF SAL T LAKE CITY. y^j " Fictions ! What are they ? All that we read in books or see upon the stage which the superficial call so much made up lie? No, no; these are not fictions. Often times in books and upon the stage, we are made to see and feel realities, more than in real life we see and feel them. We meet them in life, but in the buz- zing of the busy world around us, and in the crowd of our own concerns, we are not struck by them in their marked individualisms, nor affected with their experi- ence and their lives. In the practical world, we almost exclusively feel ourselves and our own concerns. Enough, most times are these, to fill our daily page; but in the books and at the theatre, we lay aside ourselves awhile, to see the personal- ities that move around us daily. We live with them in communion there, feel their joys and sorrows, and sympathize in their experience. " The stage is a great humanizer and a powerful preacher, when properly ful- filling its mission. We are in communion with humanity through it, and callous must be the nature that feels not the brotherhood and sisterhood of mankind, and depraved indeed when it answers not to a noble sentiment, justifies the good and condemns the wrong. Very few are wicked or unjust in their sympathies with a play. The seducer likes not his own character there, the iron-hearted are sensible to more of nature's tenderness, society asks forgiveness of its victims, and weeps for them. It may be somewhat heterodox in expression, but true in fact, that the world is more human, — sometimes more divine in the theatre, than at the church. " Camille is no fiction ; and because she is not, she is so affecting. How much sympathy and tears society will give her at the theatre, when it will outcast her in life, and denounce her from the pulpit. She is, on the stage, society's victim, and there we are just enough to own it, and tender enough to weep for her. What a painful lesson does she teach? It is that the best of human beings often are fallen, and the divinest of God's creatures are sometimes clothed in sin's scarlet robe, when the white one belongs to them. The history, beautiful nature and sad fate of Camille, is too painfully that of thousands of her class. Some of the best of womankind by nature, in some respects, are among them, fallen. " Camille comes upon the stage to show us the two phases of her character and history, one of which she shows not in every-day life. She has there to conceal it and coquette with a tortured soul and commit her daily suicide, with a hopeful recklessness to reach the end. She comes that society may see its victims, and in her history and sufferings drink deep of reproaches against itself. "Not only is Camille herself no fiction, but Mrs. Dean Hayne's personation of her, was also no fiction. Of all that she has represented before us, I think this her most perfect character. She made it so replete with consummate touches of na- ture and art, that it would be difficult to conceive anything more perfect. "The whole company played Camille well. Mrs. Leslie and Miss Douglass are always satisfactory. They have much public favor and several of the gentle- men nightly win upon us. Mr. Mortimer was very good last night. He always is efficient in the company and plttys naturally. Mr. Potter is an experienced actor and well suits the parts he takes ; Mr. Leslie and the rest, though not aspiring to be stars, make up, as far as their number, an efficient stock company of profes- sionals. As for Mr. George B. Waldron, I like him better than at first. He is a very promising young man, a careful artist, and what is so necessary to success, 53 754- HISTORY OF SALT LAKE C1T\. shows much ambition and enthusiasm in his profession. A softening of a few features and a copy of a few of the examples that he always has in the lady he sus- tains, and Mr. Waldron may hope from his natural abilities to win a high esteem in public favor." After her second performance of Camille, Mrs. Hayne played "Medea;" " The Love Chase ; " " Lucretia Borgia ; ' Lady Macbeth; "School for Scan- dal;" Parthenia, in " Ingomar ; " " Our American Cousm ; " "The Wife ; " " Lady of Lyons ; " " Masks and Faces ; " " The Wife's Secret ; " Evadne ; " " The Fatal Mask; " Portia; Gamea, and other plays of a similar class; and, strange to say, "Aladdin," during the new year holidays of 1866. She next ap- peared in "Eleanor De Vere," written for her by Edward VV. Tullidge, who had won her friendship by his theatrical reviews of her many superb parts, every one of which in her hands were works of the highest dramatic art. In this respect of art work Julia Dean Hayne had, perhaps, no equal, either in America or England — certainly no superior. Ristori and several others may have surpassed her in genius, but everywhere her exquisite art execution was accounted near perfection ; grace was in all her motions ; she wrote poems in her pictures on the stage, and her imperial presence commanded universal homage. Manager Caine visited the Eastern States, to recuperate his health and take professional points to place the Salt Lake Theatre on the highest grade of manage- ment. Learning of this intention, our influential citizens, both Gentiles and Mor- mon, united to give Manager Caine a grand testimonial benefit. During the sea- son a similar testimonial had been given Julia Dean Hayne, but this was the first benefit ever given to a member of the Deseret Dramatic Association. It was known that President Young was not favorable to the introduction of the benefit system among the home company, he looking upon " his " theatre very much as a dra- matic Tabernacle, and the giving of a testimonial benefit to the manager was, in his sense, very much like the public extending to himself a testimonial benefit, as the builder of the theatre and the president of the Deseret Dramatic Society. We believe he would very much have preferred to have given Manager Caine a hand- somer benefit out of his private purse, but the public generally had resolved to ex- press its own sincere appreciation of the manager's work, and the President, with his fine diplomatic tact in dealing with a strongly expressed will or pleasure of the public, graciously yielded the point. This is the history of the beginning of benefits in the Salt Lake Theatre. Immediately thereupon the Salt Lake Daily Telegraph announced "The original historical play of ' Eleanor De Vere,' written for Julia Dean Hayne, by Mr. E. W. Tullidge, of this city, has been chosen by the management for the complimentary benefit of Mr. John T. Caine." The ni^ht of the performance was on February 5th, 1S66. It was said that Julia Dean Hayne made her greatest triumph in Salt Lake City on that night. The applause was great and very prolonged ; the audience clamoring for the ac- tress, the author and the manager, who with his sensitive judgment pressed the first honors of the call on the former; and, on a renewed insistence for his appearance closed with the following speech, which in itself is quite a suggestive passage of our dramatic history : HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 755 ^' Ladies and gentlemen. — I am highly gratified with the compliment which your presence here this evening confers upon me, and feel more the deep sense of my obligation than I am able to express ; there is no human nature insen- sible so a compliment of this kind ; there is no human nature that is insensible to expressions of personal regard. If I am permitted to judge from the very flat- tering terms in which my humble abilities and labors in connection with this theatre have been spoken of, since the subject of this testimonial was first sug- gested, I fear they have been over estimated ; but — be this as it may — it is none the less gratifying to realize that my efforts have given some degree of satisfaction to the patrons of the house. " Isolated as we are in this country — as we used to say ' a thousand miles from everywhere,' it is pardonable to be proud of so noble a structure as this — conceived, designed and executed by a master mind, it stands to-day, a noble tribute to the refining and elevating influence of the drama. Carrying out the de- signs of its founder, it has been the aim of my worthy colleague — Mr. H. B. Claw- son — and myself, never to present anything on this stage that was debasing or de- moralizing in its tendency, or that would cause the blush of shame to crimson the cheek of purity and innocence- If at any time anything has been presented that wonld have such tendency, it has been the result of accident, not design. For while striving to '■ hold the mirror up to nature,' we have sought to draw a pall over that which was not calculated to benefit and elevate fallen humanity — so may it ever be —and may the drama, occupying its legitimate sphere, go hand in hand with the sister arts, music, sculpture and painting, on its mission of exaltation to man. ''I contemplate leaving you for a short time, with the purpose of visiting the great eastern cities, to recuperate my somewhat exhausted energies, and to collect, from experience, information and material which may tend to render cur theatre still more attractive, interesting and worthy of patronage. " A feeling of regret steals over me when I think of leaving those with whom I have so long held such pleasant relations, but hoping to meet you on my return, thanking you for your kind patronage to-night, and still more for the kind feeling you have manifested toward me, and thanking those who have contributed to this entertainment I beg to say farewell to one and all, and wish you, ladies and gen- tlemen, a very good night, and all the prosperity your hearts can desire." During his professional visit to the States, Mr. Caine assisted in the immigra- tion of that year. After his return he resumed his place in the management of the theatre, and in 1867-8-9, Clawson &: Caine were its lessees. After the close of the season, in the latter part of April, 1S66, Julia Dean Hayne left for the East ; and at the next season, opening in November, the Irwins played two nights, and then the stock company ran alone until March, when Lyne resumed his great characters for a month, and the stock continued with Miss Adams and Miss Alexander starring. George Pauncefort was next en- gaged and his role repeated with some fresh plays of his line. The fine old actor, Couldock, (with his talented daughter) was the next star that held its course for awhile in our firmament. ''The Willow Copse," "Louis XI.," "Dot," "Jew of Frankfort," "Richelieu," " Waiting for a Verdict," marked his class of plays red HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. /■) in some of which he had no equal. Mr. and Mrs. Langrish interspersed the season, and Amy Stone ran the lighter drama for nearly three months, and then Couldock came on again with the " Stranger," " Merchant of Venice," "The Hunchback," " King Henry IV.," " Old Phil's Birthday," " Porter's Knot," " Chimney Cor- ner," and repetitions of his parts. Mr. James Stork from California ran in the opening of the year 1868, with "Brutus," "Money," "Merry Wives of Wind- sor," and " Jack Cade ; " and the stock resumed with Margetts and Lindsay star- ring, the latter in "Hamlet." Mr. and Mrs. Waldron were engaged awhile, and "King Lear" was played for the first time in Salt Lake Theatre. Madame Scheller and Charlotte Compton appeared about this time, Scheller starring for Leveral months in a fine line of parts ; her Ophelia, which she had played to Ldwin Booth's Hamlet, was pronounced by him the best on the American stage. Miss Annette Ince (a great actress) followed in a number of plays of Julia Dean Hayne's cast, to which was added Ristori's "Mary Stuart," and "Elizabeth Queen of England." Edward L. Davenport, in his Julian St. Pierre, in "The Wife," gave the most finished piece of acting ever witnessed here; T. A. Lyne repeated his " Pizzaro, and the stock followed alone, playing during their course " Louis XL,'' and " Jack Cade." Parepa Rosa interspersed with a grand concert, and John McCullough came on with his role, with Geo. B. Waldron and Madame Scheller starring with him ; " Romeo and Juliet " being in the role. McCullough ran a month and Waldron and Scheller continued. In February, 1859, Miss Annie Lockhart came, and remained the leading lady of the stock till her death, in the fall of 1869. Mr. J. A, Heme and Lucille Western were engaged, and for the first time " Rip Van Winkle " was performed here. Fanny Morgan Phelps was the next star, Annie Lockheart holding the stage with her. Mr. Charles Wheatleigh starred awhile, and the Howsons varied the season with opera. G. G. Chapman, Lotta with her exquisite Little Nell, Mr. and Mrs. Kennedy, Miss Ger- aldine Wardon, and Murphy & Mack's Minstrels filled up the season. Neil War- ner was engaged the next season, and his "Richard III.," among his Shaks- pearian role, was pronounced the best Plantagenet performed on this stage. After the death of Annie Lockhart, whose remains the Deseret Dramatic Association followed to the grave, Madame Scheller again reigned awhile, but Kate Denin superceded her, and held the stage with John Wilson. Charlotte Thompson played an interval, and Denin and Wilson resumed, bringing up the seasons to May, 1S70, when the stock company resumed. Couldock and daughter returned with their parts in December, and Miss Sallie Hinckley and G. W. Thompson ran the opening month of the year 1871, when Milton Nobles relieved them, and the stock resumed their business, followed by a number of minor stars, alternating with the stock company. During this time up to 1871, Waldron played a long engagement, Joseph K. Emmet appeared and W. T. Harris, afterwards manager of the Salt Lake Theatre, made his debut. Couldock and his daughter held an- other engagement, two months, and the Lingard company and others followed, the stock company having been now nearly displaced. The famous and most classical actor, Edwin Adams, reigned awhile, and John McCullough exchanged characters with him, giving to the Salt Lake public the rarest classical treat. With the retirement of David McKenzie from the stage, in December, 1869, HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 757 tlie old Deseret Dramatic Company may be said to have ended its career. There was left now of the founders of the Salt Lake stage Phil. Margetts only, though some of the later members were occasionally mixed in with the new stock. For awhile longer John Lindsay and James M. Hardie remained. Their lines will be sufficiently marked by naming that Lindsay played lago to Neil Warner's Othello, and Hardie, Cassio. During the years 187 1-2-3-4, the names of the stock casts, changing from time to time, were J. M. Carter, J. AL Dunne, E. B. Harden, H. Haines, Mark Wilton, W, T. Harris, W. J. Coggswell, the leading man, and in 1874, James Vinson, Wra. C. Crosbie and Mr. Frank Rae, a veteran of the eastern stage, as Vinson was of the California stage. These were all actors " from abroad," though now combined as the Salt Lake stock company. The professional ladies were Carrie Coggswell (once the wife of T, A. Lyne), Kate Denin (principal lady), Mrs. Frank Rae and Mrs. Crosbie, and later, Jean Clara Walters. The local names were A. L. Thorne, M. Forster, D. J. Mackintosh, Harry Taylor, Logan Paul, H. Horsley, with the favorites Margetts and Graham returning occasionally; and, on the engagement of Mrs. Landor, McKenzie returned to support her Mary Stuart and Marie Antoinette, in the parts of Leicester and Louis XVI. The lo- cal ladies were Miss Adams, Mrs. M. Bowring, Mrs. Grist, Miss Susie Spencer and Miss Napper, the three former ladies, however, only playing in the early date of the new combination. John Lindsay, having joined the Godbeites, had retired from the company, and James M. Hardie had gone to the States seeking national fame. In 1874, James Vinson was stage manager and practical director of the company, while John T. Caine was still the generalissimo of the institution. While this stock combination, in a professional sense, may, in some features, be said to resemble more the ever changing stock companies of the large cities of America, it came not up to the old Deseret Dramatic Association in enthusiasm and the endowment of a dramatic mission to our city, for our local members, who played at the onset without " wages," really showed themselves the kin of the poets who " lived and died in garrets," but who created the literature of nations; while at times the old stock company, when running their seasons under a Julia Dean and G. B. Waldron, a Lyne and a Pauncefort together, a Couldock, a Dav- enport, and an Edwin Adams and John McCullough, the Irwins and an Annie Lockhart, surpassed the new combination many degrees. Indeed the '* stars ' ' have confessed, admiringly, that there was no stock company in America that could equal the Salt Lake company at such times, nor would those great actors of na- tional fame have owned themselves the heads of a local company, for the time being, as they did here where the charms of a unique association made them almost for- get for awhile that they were of the national dramatic stars. Perhaps only in the great theatres of London, where the stock companies are the constant "stars of the town," has there been so exact an example of the theatrical origins of the Anglo-Saxon stage as illustrated in the times when Garrick, the Kembles, Macready, the Keans, the Brooks and the Phelps reigned as the kings of the stock, as that shown in the first ten years of the history of the Salt Lake Theatre. True, Wallack's Theatre, Booth's Theatre, and the great theatres of Boston and other eastern cities have, taken together in the round, each sustained almost perfect 758 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. companies, in their several special Shakspearian plays and classical comedies ; but here, in Salt Lake City, with the very stars of these companies fast succeed- ing each uther, and sometimes in combinations, supported by the local stock, the plays performed in those theatres from the highest range of the heavy legitimate drama, to the limits of the range of the light legitimate, as seen in the foregoing casts, running through a period of ten years, with the seasons scarcely broken by short intermissions, all have been performed on the Salt Lake stage. It is indeed a most worthy theatrical history, which will be noted in coming generations with admiration. Here we may pause for personal sketches of leading members of the old home stock, whose achievements will remain in the attached remembrance of the present generation of the Salt Lake public, who traced them in their respective lines, with a personal kinship of fellow citizens, from their first appearance to the close of their professional career. First in rank of that "dear old stock" (for as such they live in the hearts of our people) is David McKenzie, who fairly by his own talents as an artist, and his perseverance as a student, won his way from the bottom to the top of the ladder of local fame. David McKenzie was born at Edinburgh, Scotland, December 27th, 1833. He was bound apprentice to engraving, June, 1845, ^"^ served seven years as an apprentice and two years as journeyman. He joined the Mormon Church in Glasgow, February nth, 1853, and emigrated to Utah, March 6th, 1854, where he arrived October nth, of the same year. Two days after his arrival in Salt Lake City, he was voted in a member of the Deseret Dramatic Association ; he made his first appearance on a theatrical stage (in the Social Hall) the same week in a supernumerary part in " All is not Gold that Glitters." At the opening of the Salt Lake Theatre he appeared in a second class part as a gendarme in the "Pride of the Market,'' itself but a second-class piece of the minor drama; but it was soon noticed that the tuition of T. A. Lyne was not lost upon upon him. He gradually won his way up, in the ascent playing Pythias to Lyne's Damon; but it was as Colonna in "Evadne," to Irwin's Ludov- ico, that called marked attention of the public to his ability. Alpha, the critic, as seen in his foregoing review, at once pronounced McKenzie a dramatic artist, and ranked him at the head of the stock. He had seen the great Vandernoff as Colonna to Davenport's Ludovico, in Liverpool a year or two before, and with the character of one of that proud Italian house, that had often made a Pope for Rome, fresh in his memory, he was struck with McKenzie's conception of the character, which, while it lacked, of course, the mighty weight of Vandernoff, was rendered in its proper type. His Danny Mann in the "Colleen Bawn," was a rare piece of character acting, which has never been excelled to this day on the Salt Lake Stage. Father Jean, in the " Rag-Picker of Paris, was also a rare part. His Jacob McClosky to Irwin's Salem Scudder, in the " Octoroon,'- fairly held the stage in rivalry with the star, and this was the more marked from the fact that Jccob McClosky is the repellant part, though in the hands of a principal actor it is the character of the play. Irwin seemed not to have measured the steel he was crossing, for he was really playing seconds to the local actor. In the " Hunch- back " Mrs. Irwin was Julia; her husband Sir Thomas Clifford, and McKenzie HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. y^g Master Walter. McKenzie had now Macready's part (played first to Fanny Kem- ble's Julia) but Master Walter was pre-eminently in McKenzie's line. Had he failed (speaking exaggeratingly) he would have earned a coffin ; he succeeded and won a laural. He was now head and shoulders above Irwin. Quickly after George Pauncefort's Macbeth, McKenzie played Macbeth, and it is sufficient praise for a critic to say he did not fall in his leap. His Macduff was pronounced a great part, and his Col. Dumas was a rare piece of character acting. But his Polonius, to a Shakspearian judgment, would place him the highest as a dramatic artist. When he played the part to John McCullough, that prince of the Ameri- can stage remarked " Mr. McKenzie's Polonius is the best I ever saw." Polonius is not a small part, but a great Shakspearian part ; Horatio is a third class Shaks- pearian part compared with it. It is not a mile of text that constitutes a great character, but some distinctive type. Polonius is not only a type, but a Shaks- pearian creation. His profound self- wisdom, in which he is utterly lost, is inimi- table ; and, like Sir John Falstaff, he utters sentences of common philosophy that will live through all time : " Though this be madness, yet there's method in it." There is not half a dozen actors in a nation that can play Polonius. A quar- ter of a century ago, vvhen the Liverpool critics were wont to challenge Barry Sullivan's Hamlet against London, they always added, "Old Baker (Liverpool's favorite) is the best Polonius in England." So when John McCullough made his remark it signified, '* Mr. McKenzie is the best Polonius in America." Having sustained the leading business for years, David McKenzie retired from the company in December, 1869, and became President Brigham Young's cor- responding secretary. In June, 1874, he was appointed to the British Mission, where he presided over the Scottish conference, until he was called to the Liver- pool Office to assist in editing the Millennial Siar, and in the general business of the office. Returning home in 1876, he resumed his position in President Young's office ; and, at the incorporation of the Salt Lake Dramatic Association, he was appointed its secretary ; and from that time until the present he has also been acting manager of the Salt Lake Theatre. His first appearance for several years was in October, 1880, as Jacob M'Closkey, in "The Octoroon," the occa- sion being a benefit tendered him by the " Home Club," for services as instruc- tor to the Club. The house was "crowded to suffocation." Bernard Snow, whose name in the order of date ranked before that of David McKenzie, but who retiring early can only be placed at the head of the amateur dramatic corps of the Social Hall, possessed considerable native talent for the stage, and had he passed a regular training under such masters as Macready, Van- dernoff, or Forrest, may have reached a star magnitude. He played Virginus, Othello, Damon, Rolla, Sir Edward Mortimer, Matthew Elmore, and Ingomar, his proper line of characters ; but when he came to the task of interchanging in his chosen parts with the veteran T. A. Lyne, the public which named him the " Rocius of the Rocky Mountains " realized that he was eclipsed many degrees. It was perhaps this realization of the public judgment which caused him to retire. He could not, as McKenzie did, hold his own with the stars without constant 76o HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. sense of eclipse, yet still in our theatrical history he is worthy to be remembered IS a local star of the amateur days. General James Ferguson, a man of b'-illiant intellect, an officer in the Mor- mon Battalion, adjutant general of the Nauvoo Legion, and editor of the Moun- taineer, was as a brother of Bernard Snow, to whom he played Pythias, and in his own sphere shined as Claude Melnotte, and played a fitting Don Ctesar De Bazan and lago to Snow's Othello in the Social Hall. He died early in the history of our theatre, and his memory lives apart from the sphere of the stage. Hiram B. Clawson, as before noticed, was a member of Lyne's company at Nauvoo, and it was he and John T. Caine who ^vvere instrumental in moving President Young to build the theatre, which was run so many years under the management of Clawson and Caine. He possessed considerable native talent for such a line of character parts indicated by his " Old Phil's Birthday," "Porter's Knot," and in the "Chimney Corner," which were three of the favorite char- acters in which Couldock starred. Hiram B. Clawson retired at an early period from the stage, and occupied the position of the first superintendent of Z. C. M. I., but still retained his position in the management. John T. Caine at the onset headed the stock company. He played Duke Aranza in the "Honeymoon," "The Charcoal Burner," Sir Charles Coldstream in "Used Up," Pizarro to Lyne's Rolla, Eustache Baudine, Stephen Plumb, in "All is not Gold that Glitters," and other leading parts, but he had also retired to the fitter sphere of the managemen , and also became one of the founders and editorial managers of the Salt Lake Herald, city recorder, and later was elected the delegate Irom Utah to Congress. His general biography will be found elsewhere. John S. Lindsay first appeared in " Thompson's Theatre," but attracting the attention of the management was soon called into the stock company of the Salt Lake Theatre. Of him the local critic wrste in 1809 : " Mr. John S. Lindsay has treated us to some very fine playing of late. His Michael Feeney, in " Arrah-na- Pogue " was a masterpiece of its kind. He ever plays well. There is vim in his action and force in his character. He is constant in his efficiency, always ready in his scenes, never lacking in his parts. He has played among numerous charac- ters on our stage, Ludovico, lago, Hamlet, Richelieu, Romeo, and Macbeth. For years now he has been traveling in his profession both in the Western States and Territories and also in the East. James M. Hardie, a favorite pupil of T. A. Lyne, with considerable of his master's style, early became a favorite of the public. He played the principal male character, Raphael, in "The Marble Heart," to Annie Lockhart's Marco, " Jack Cade," and other star parts of a similar line. The critic wrote of him in 1869: "James M. Hardie is decidedly a rising actor. We expect to see him make a name in the world. There is in him metaphysical force and physical weight, combining a fine appearance. In heroic parts he can reach the top of the tree. He must aim for professional perfection. That is a work of art. Nature has given him all the force," For years now he has been starring in the Eastern States. Mr. Philip Margetts has been treated in the dramatic history as one of the HISTORY OF SAL'f LAKE CITY. 761 fathers of the Salt Lake Stage, but here, in these brief biographical passages, a few of Phil's great comedy parts may be instanced as theatrical record. His Valen- tine Verdict, the grand juryman, in the " Charcoal Burner," was immense ; so also was his Jeremiah Clip, in the " Widow's Victim ; " his Dickory, in the " Spectre Bridegroom," and his Mock Duke may "challenge the world" for their match. He was great in Toodles, first Grave Digger in " Hamlet;" and immense in the Illustrious Stranger. The last few years he has traveled through the Territory with companies of his own, and sometimes with provincial companies, playing charac- ter parts, such as A Party by the Name of Johnson, in the " Lancashire Lass ;" Old Phil, in " Old Phil's Birthday ;" Peter Probity in " Chimney Corner;" Post Boy, in the play of that name ; Martin (Old Fidelity) in the " Will and the Way;" and Middlewick, in "Our Boys." John C. Graham, in his line of comedy, stood unrivalled in the Salt Lake company from his first appearance on our stage. In Liverpool, his native place, he first showed his dramatic talent, and his friend, E. W. Tullidge, who at that time was reading Hazlett and others of the best English critics, encouraged him to train himself for the theatrical profession of Salt Lake City. Though he had scarcely reached the age of young manhood, at the festivals given in the Liver- pool branch, J. C. Graham was always put down on the programme for a dramatic personation, which he generally selected from the fine English comedies. Sheri- dan's Sir Peter Teazle, from the "School for Scandal," was at that time his favor- ite. "JohnC." continued his dramatic practice for several years in Liverpool, and, on his arrival in Salt Lake City, in November, 1864, he immediately became the leading comedian in his line, as Mr. Phil. Margetts was in his ; indeed these favorites alternately took the laurels of comedy, each in his own characters. Graham for a period of ten years held the favor of the Salt Lake public ; and his benefits in the old times were quite ovations. His low comedy parts embraced the entire range ; yet critical friends have cast him at his best in the higher role, and pronounced his Lord Dundreary scarcely inferior to Southern's. Graham was for a time the acting manager of the Salt Lake Theatre ; and to-day he holds a similar position in Provo, in theatrical management and theatrical performances, as he did for so many years in Salt Lake City. William C. Dunbar wa? of all the comedians of our company the most unique in his type. He entered the Deseret Dramatic Association in 1853, and played first at the Social Hall. Paddy Miles' Boy was one of his initial hits in the ama- teur days, before the building of the Salt Lake Theatre; and besides his comic character parts, he won loud local fame as a singer of character comic songs. In this line he was nearly inimitable. We never heard, even in England, a rarer comic singer than Dunbar. When the Salt Lake Theatre opened, W. C. Dunbar appeared in the initial farces. "Paddy Miles' Boy," figured on the second night. " The Irish Tutor" was personated by him with infinite drollery and the tru3 Irish typing. In the " Colleen Bawn," his Miles da Coppaleen, equaled in its line, McKenzie's Danny Mann. In " Rob Roy," his Nicholei Jarvie was " im- mense," his Scotch conception and mannerism enabling him to render Balie Jar- vie in Sir Walter Scott's own style. In " Hamlet," Dunbar was one of the grave- diggers, a part which always requires a good Shakspearian comedian, or Hamlet's 54 762 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CIIY. own scene at Ophelia's grave is half spoiled before he comes on. It is praise to say Dunbar gave to his Gravedigger Shakspearian tones. There were various other characters of mark in which he appeared, while on the stage, but the above named will show his peculiar line, in which he must be marked in our dramatic history with local fame. He will also appear among the founders of the Salt Lake newspapers, still in association with John T. Caine as he was with him on the stage. Mr. Joseph M. Simmons was one of the origmal members of the Deseret Dramatic Association. He was elected a member of the Association in the spring of 1852. In his line of parts as the gentleman of the company, he became at once very useful; and in the plays where the tender romance of love abounded, he was nearly always the hero of the love episode. True he was never cast for a Claude Melnotte; but Sir Thomas Clifford to a Ferguson's Sir Walter, or later, to McKenzie's Sir Walter, was the part which the manager would always cast to Mr. Simmons. In Pizarro he played Alonzo to Mrs. Gibson's Cora ; and he per- formed the part with that genuine enthusiasm and generous fearless .spirit so be- coming in a Spanish cavalier, and the pupil of the good Las Casas, in defence of his Indian princess and her people, as against Pizarro, the haughty invader who had loved his talented Alonzo as an adopted son. The character is quite difficult, lest, in playing for love, his child, and the Peruvian people, he should seem to the audience an ingrate to Pizarro and traitor to his own country. But Simmons' Alonzo manifested all the best elements of the character; and he will stand in our theatrical history as the representative Alonzo of the Deseret Dramatic Asso- ciation. Horace K. Whitney was also one of the founders of the Deseret Dramatic Association ; and in his character as one of the pioneers of the Salt Lake Stage, he fitly kept up the personal interest which attached to him as one of the Pioneers of the country. He was enrolled in the " Musical Dramatic Association " formed in 1850 ; continued in the re-organization under the style of the Deseret Dramatic Association and played through the theatrical days of the Social Hall, and during the first years' performances at the Salt Lake Theatre. He played Jasper Plumb, in " All That Glitters is Not Gold;" Duncan in "Macbeth;" Sunnyside in the "Octoroon;" Admiral Kingston in "Naval Engagements," and characters gen- erally of a similar line. Henry Maiben was enrolled with the re-organized company that played in the Social Hall, and, therefore, though not one of the organization of 1850, he was one of the first members of the Deseret Dramatic Association. He was associated with an amateur company in England, and being a coach painter and an artist in heraldry painting he had a natural inclination to art performance. He was a typical comicsinger; his " Man That Couldn't Get Warm " was inimitable. He wasagood comedian and in a certain line of parts none of the other comedians could so well have filled the place. His Tobias in the " Stranger," though a small part was, a gem. He was the fancy dancer of the company and in Christmas Pantomime he was Pantaloon and Harlequin. Briefly must be noticed the ladies of the Deseret Dramatic Association. Pre- cedence belongs to Mrs. Margaret Ciawson. As Miss Judd this lady stands alone in a niche of fame, she being one of the founders of the drama, in 1850. For HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 763 nearly twenty years thereafter she sustained the company in a class of characters of a representative line, for which no other lady of the stock was fitted. Judy O'Trot was one of her great parts. Mrs. L. Gibson was a lady endowed with dramatic genius, as was exemplified in her Lady Macbeth, in which she was never surpassed on our stage excepting perhaps by Miss Ince. Had Mrs. Gibson not died so early in our theatrical his- tory her name would have become famous as a local star. Mrs. Marian Bowring long held the Salt Lake stage as a local actress. Her Elvira is remembered to this day as a powerful and impassioned peaformance. Even Lyne as Pizarro was fully matched by Mrs. Bowring's Elvira. She also made an excellent Emilia in " Othello," as she did Juliana in "The Honeymoon." Maggie Thomas, sister of Professor Charles J. Thomas, was a public favorite in chambermaid and comedy parts, and was a specialty as a stage songstress — "Barbara Jones with a song." Li the burlesque tragic opera of " Borabastus Furioso," she "made a hit" in the burlesque character of Distafifins. She re- tired from the stage on her marriage to Mr. George Romney. Miss Alexander was Utah's favorite soubrette actress. Good-for-Nothing Nan was one of her best. She is the actress of whom Hepworth Dixon wrote : " Miss Alexander — a girl, who besides being pretty and piquant, has genuine ability for her work. A story, which shows that Young has a feeling for humor, has been told me of which Miss Alexander is the heroine. A starring actor from San Fran- cisco, fell into desperate love for her, and went up to the President's house for leave to address her. ' Ha ! my good fellow,' said the Prophet, ' I have seen you play Hamlet very well, and Julius Caesar pretty well, but you must not aspire to Alexander ! ' " George Pauncefort was the hero of the story. Miss Adams made her debut at about this time. She long held the favor of the public, and has for many years traveled, both in the East and West, as a pro- fessional actress. She has occasionally returned to Salt Lake, her native place, to star an engagement with the home stock. Mrs. Alice Clawson, daughter of Brigham Young, was in the early days as a flower in the play ; but she never claimed for herself special dramatic talent. Miss Nellie Colebrook has reigned as the local queen of the stage. She early made her debut, and during her seasons the star characters have been entrusted to her, and rendered to the satisfaction of the public. She has a fine stage appear- ance, is graceful and artistic in her style, and her acting always manifests dramatic fire. Julia in the "Hunchback" marks her highest line. In the "Banker's Daughter," Nellie Colebrook won fc r the Home Dramatic Club its greatest triumph. Annie Lockhart, though not a local star, must be named with tender remem- brance. She was an excellent actress and a gentle lady. She died in our midst in November, 18(39, and was reverently followed to the grave by the Deseret Dramatic Association. Miss Couldock, the beloved daughter of the veteran actor, and worthy of her father's fame, also died in our midst and was buried by the association. She was the first person buried in the Episcopal cemetery ; but her remains have since been removed to Mount Olivet. ■J 64 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CIT\. Under the management of James H. Vinson, after the retirement of the old Deseret Dramatic Association, the theatre for awhile kept up its former prestige, and with the combination of stars with the imported stock, it was net quickly realized, even by the management, that theatricals were really on the decline. much of the local interest having retired with the home company and the home stars. During this management a few notable names appeared on the bills : Miss Fanny Cathcart, (from a famous English family of actors), James A. Hernc, John McCullough, J. T. Raymond, Dion Boucicault, T. A. Lyne, William Hoskins (one of London's best comedians), Agnes Booth, W. J. Florence, Katharine Rogers. These were the only names of special note during a period of neaily two years. Jean Clara Walters was the leading stock lady; and she was a befer actress than the majority of the " stars " passing across the continent. After Vinson, the active management fell into the hands of Mr. W. T. Harris. Returning from the Eastern States, Vinson tarried in Salt Lake City for a short engagement, opening in TuUidge's play of "David Ben Israel," he sustaining the title role. Then came the prince of actors, Edwin Adams. After their de- parture the stock company lingered, languished and died in the spring of 1879, when Manager Harris found it impossible to cast an ordinary piece, with all the auxiliaries of the city to fill the minor parts. Indeed there had really been no standing stock company for several years, but periodically there had appeared theatrical people, interspersed with minstrel companies, which in a way supplied a link between the fine theatrical history of our city as seen in the past with that of the future, when it is to be hoped the enthusiastic soul of that past will be transmigrated into a higher cast of home professionals. The lesson to be gathered from the review seems to be, that this revival and the inspiring of the public with a sustained local interest, can only be brought about by similar methods and means as those which gave the former triumphs — a home company of talented artists. This review brings us at once to the history of the young Home Dramatic Club, as sketched by one of its members : A new era in the theatrical history of the city may be said to have begun in 1880, when a number of young people belonging to well-known families, organized the Home Dramatic Club, and inaugurated a series of performances that has not yet ended, and which we hope will continue to entertain the citizens for years to come. The venture was probably an outcome of the many private entertainments of the Wasatch Literary Association, which fron» 1876 to 1879, ™^t weekly at the homes of the members and naturally developed, among the other exercises, a good de- gree of dramatic ability. The original members of the Home Dramatic Club were Heber M. Wells, Orson F. Whitney, Laron A. Cummings, John D. Spencer, Miss Lottie Claridge and Mrs. Cummings {nee Dellie Clawson), with H. L. A. Culmer and H. G. Whitney as managers. For their opening piece they chose Les- ter Wallack's adaptation, of " The Romance of a Poor Young Man," which was presented on the evening of April ist, 1S80, to a well filled house. The wide ac- quaintance and well known ability of the players, together with the energy of their young managers, had predisposed the public to look at least for a respectable rep- resentation; but a general surprise was expressed at the singular excellence of their HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 765 first performance. Only a few days before it came off, an old-time player on the Salt Lake stage, taking one of the managers aside; said, with well meaning con- cern, " Don't you know you young folks have made a great mistake in choosing the ' Romance ' for your opening piece ? It is one of the most difficult plays out- side of Shakspeare. You ought to have taken some easy little piece to begin on." The listener took great care not to repeat what he had heard, but urged the others on to further rehearsals and greater care. The performance was a complete suc- cess, was presented again and again to still larger audiences, and the members shared a nice dividend in addition to the glory they had won. The readiness of the citizens to support any respectable company of local players was again shown, proving that the decadence of home drama, to whatever else it might be attrib- uted, was not due to weariness of appreciation on the part of a people who had ever loved the Salt Lake stage from the night when the footlights first blazed there. From the time this Club first produced the '* Romance " until the present, it has continued to be the only dramatic organization of importance to which the city could lay claim. It is true that, its members being engaged in other pursuits, it is a company of amateurs, after all, but the character of its productions have been such as to once more establish the dignity of the stage and prove the dra- matic talents that exist among us. It is fitting that the young Whitneys and the young Clawsons took part in this revival, and there is no doubt that their connec- tion with the new Club did much to predispose the public in its favor. It was a wise feature of their policy that they drew to their assistance whatever other young people of the city gave promise of dramatic ability, thus giving opportun- ities to prove the marked talents of Misses Edith Clawson, Birdie Clawson, Mr. B. S. Young, and not a few others. So long a time had elapsed between the old time vigor of the Deseret Associa- tion and the advent of the Home Dramatic Club, that the methods of the latter, when they once got fairly to work, seemed quite revolutionary. Instead of the heavy dramas and tragedies which afforded the triumphs of early days, they aimed at modern methods. For the fire and passion of the romantic and classical plays, they substituted the polish and finesse of emotional dramas and eccentric com- edies of the present school. Compared with their own stupendous tragedies of by-gone days, the old-time actors, what few of them remained, failed to see much in these performances, but they were "up to date," and when their drift was learned they became popular. The first attempt of this kind on the part of the Club was the performance of " Ours," a few weeks after their initial appearance, and it is safe to say that the public were more indulgent than amused by it ; but the young actors were on the track which has since led them into great public favor and unfailing support. The comparative failure of this comedy frightened them for a time, however, and they returned to more demonstrative pieces, such as ''Extremes," "Rosedale," and further repetitions of the " Romance." The following Christmas they presented "Pique" to crowded houses, and on New Year's put on the most successful piece they ever played, " The Banker's Daugh- ter." By this time a new play by the Home Dramatic Club meant an overflow- ing audience of our best citizens, and, of course, large earnings. The four ren- y66 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. ditions of "The Banker's Daughter" drew over $3,500, of which $2,221.72 was profit, and the Ckib felt that they could well afford to put pieces on in the hand- somest manner possible. About this time, the owners of the building made an arrangement with Henry C. Tryon, Esq., a noted scenic artist of Chicago, to en- tirely refit the Salt Lake Theatre with scenery, and the splendid work he did con- tributed in no small degree to the brilliancy of their efforts. The Club itself was by no means niggardly, often venturing an outlay approaching a thousand dollars in its preparation for some special entertainment ; and when fitting occasion offered itself was free in giving its talents for the relief of charity. Thus, in January, 1881, when an awful snowslide buried the town of Alta, with many of its occupants and drove the homeless survivors to this city, the Club hastily impro- vised an entertainment and gave the entire profits, over $750.00, to the sufferers. Perhaps it is due to such a policy that in the six years career of the Club it has yet to give a performance on which it has not made a profit. At any rate, its uniform prosperity is an undying testimony to the liberal appreciation of our citi- zens towards earnest attempts to furnish them with dramatic amusement. The records of the Club show the average nightly receipts to have been $475.17 of which $204.35 has been profit. It is doubtful whether a dramatic organization in any other city of America has had such support extending over so long a period. Their last, and perhaps in most respects their greatest, success was in "Contusion," in which Mr. John D. White shone out as director and manager and played a leading role. In this dramatic revival the building of the Walker Opera House has played a very influential prompting part. The Walker Opera House was opened on the night of the 5th of June, 1S82, wiih a concert given by the Careless Orchestra. Of the occasion and the house the Salt Lake Herald, on the next morning, said : " This pretty theatre was opened to the public last evening, and attracted an audience of several hundred ladies and gentlemen, the orchestra chairs and par- que|te circle being fairly filled, and there were many people in the two galleries. Much has been said in the newspapers lately descriptive of the house, its arrange- ment and finish, hence the company were in a measure acquainted with the place ; but the quite general suprise manifested and the pleasure expressed, plainly showed that the people had but a faint conception of the beauty, even elegance, of the handsome interior. The artistically frescoed ceiling, the richly papered walls, the luxurious upholstery, the charming scence on the curtain, the profusion of gold, the richness and completeness everywhere apparent attracted attention and delighted the senses. All is new and bright, and the appropriateness of every- thing struck everybody as remarkable. Taste and skill have made this a most de- lightful place for amusement, and the audience appreciated the fact, for they were profuse with praise of the work of the artizan and the artist, and loud in expres- sions of admiration for the beautiful to be seen on all sides. Some finishing touches are yet lacking, and the furnishings are not yet complete, but their ab- sence detracts little from the appearnce of the charming auditorium. " Very appropriately the Opera House was inaugurated by a concert given by local talent, and if the entertainment is an indication of what will follow, the HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CnV. yd? public may expect a series of good things at this new home of the song and the drama. The programme comprised selections by the Careless Orchestra, instru- mental solos, songs, etc., under the musical conductorship of Mr. George Care- less, and there was nothing done that did not excite enthuiastic applause. We believe everything was encored. The company seemed unable to get enough of the sweet voice of Mrs. Careless, who could only quiet the audience by re-appear- ing twice and singing a third song. The lady was also the recipient of magnifi- cent bouquets. Mr. R. Gorlinski, who is a well known local favorite, delighted ihe audience with an aria from ' E Puritani,' and was especially happy in an encore. Mrs. J. Leviberg, as a debutatite, we believe, so far as relates to Salt Lake, made a highly favorable impression as a vocalist, Those who heard her will hope to often be charmed by her sweet singing. One of the most enjoyable parts of the programme was 'The Night before the Battle,' by the quartette, Misses Olsen and Richards and Messrs. Whitney and Spencer. Altogether the entertainment was artistic and extremely pleasurable, and such as can be often repeated without wearying the public. A concert by the Careless Orchestra will • be given at the Opera House this evening. "The proprietors of the Opera House, and the public are to be congratu- lated upon the successful opening of this new temple of amusement which is a credit to the owners, the builders and the city." The concert was repeated on the following evening. On the 8th of June, the first dramatic performance was given, by one of Haverly's companies, in the play of " My Partner. " Louis Aldrich, as Joe Sanders, starred in the play, and George D. Chaplin, who had on several occa- sions starred at the Salt Lake Theatre, performed the comedy. The Home Dramatic Club, at a later period, also gave several dramatic per- formances at the Opera House. Since its opening, a number of the stars of the world, dramatic and operatic, including the great Janauschek have performed at this house. 768 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CJTy. CHAPTER LXXXVI. MUSICAL HISTORY OF OUR CITY. GRAND PERFORMANCE OF THE "MESSIAH." PERSONAL SKETCHES OF THE MUSICAL PROFESSORS, Musical development is very much the index of civilization, and its variations of quality the signs of national character. Nations highly advanced and refined have fine musical taste, such as the Germans, the Italians and the English. Their educated classes cannot endure crude compositions. Nothing less than exquisite strains of melody, and the grandest harmonies will satisfy the soul attuned to the beautiful and the sublime. On the other hand the Chinese, the American In- dians, and the races generally who are crude in their natures, and unprogressive in their national characters have very poor perceptions of sweet melodic strains or harmonic grandeur. Kettle drums, and noisy discordant instruments would afford them more delight than the matchless oratories of Handel and Haydn, or the solemn majesty of the Masses of Mozart. In the growth of the arts, music springs up among their first outshoots, tak- ing the precedence, in the unfolding of civilization, of every genius but that of poetry — as the second born of the Muses, she starts out with her divine mission. In her first stage she takes the form of simple song. Like as poetry, when far ad- vanced, brings to its aid writing and printing, with their magician-like powers and agencies, so music, in her advancement, arranges her alphabet, notation, and her art becomes elaborated in science. Like also as poetry from the crude body of verse receives a massive and infinitely capacitated transformation into universal literature, so music rises from her primitive form of simple song and clothes her- self in grand gigantic harmonies No longer a hymn or a ballad from untutored voices and inartistic votaries, but a volume of Creation from the creator Haydn; from the harmonic Handel, a Messiah^ bearing the almighty majesty of his Halle- lujah chorus to the Lord God Omnipotent, and from Mozart a consecrated mass to Deity. The genius of music develops capacities and forms for all the exposi- tions of the harmonies of nature and the human soul, and for her interpretation she is no longer dependent on unlearned composers, nor upon uncouth utterance from untutored voices. The history and schools of music agree with the stages of civilization. In cathedral times we have cathedral music. Their solemn, massive forms and eccle- siastical sublimity resemble the religious service of the age to which they belong. Masses, anthems, and Luther's hymns show their quality. The Oratorio resembles the epic poem translated into another tongue of art, with the same principles, the same style, the same majestic elaboration. It is, however, Hebraic and not Gre- cian in its spirit, prophetic and not heroic in its themes. As yet the Oratorio is the best form and style that has been given in modern times of music suitable for Temple service. It is more Hebraic in its quality than the masses of the Catholic ; HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. ySp there is in its composition the declamatory moods, and bursts of bold inspiration that so wonderfully characterized the Jewish prophets, while the choruses describe the lofty exultation of the congregations of Israel when they were the people of Jehovah's special care. The mass music of the Catholics is, it is true, very impos- ing and seductive, but it is burdened with the superstitions of a church rather than with the bold inspirations of Prophets and Psalmists- Even its Gloria in Excelsis is more like choruses performed by priests and virgins of heathen tem- ples than the wondrous exultation in music of the vast congregation of the Zion of God. However near they may approximate to it in classical forms and treatment, there are no mass compositions burdened with such pure Hebrew subject, nor breathing so much divine theme as the oratorio of the "Messiah,'' and no Gloria in Excelsis equals'the triumphant majesty of Handel's "Hallelujah, for the Lord God Omnipotent reigneth," in which one can imagine when Zion from above comes down to unite in worship with the Zion of all the earth, unnumbered millions of mortals and immortals will take their parts to swell the mighty theme. This general view of music is pertinent in the history of the people who founded Utah. They were certain, in the early stage of their peculiar civiliza- tion, to manifest the genius of music. Being so eminently religious in their tone of character, music would naturally form one part of the basework of their wor- ship; and being also Hebraic in their type and history, the genius of praise was born in them. It is quite natural, therefore, that they should be a congregation of singers. They would love the exercises of singing more than the duty of prayer. Hence we find the Mormons, at home and abroad, always and every- where singing the "songs of Zion." We meet some very touching musical ep- isodes in the history of their exodus to the Rocky Mountains. Colonel Thomas L. Kane, ih his famous historical discourse upon the Mormons, tells the follow- ing touching story. He said . '' Well as I knew the peculiar fondness of the Mormons for music, their or- chestra in service on this occasion (the departure of the Mormon Battalion from Winter Quarters) astonished me by its numbers and fine drill. The story was that an eloquent Mormon missionary had converted its members in a body at an English town, a stronghold of the sect, and that they took up their trumpets, trombones, drums and hautboys together and followed him to America. "When the refugees from Nauvoo were hastening to part with their tableware, jewelry, and almost every other fragment of metal wealth they possessed, that was not iron, they had never thought of giving up the instruments of this favorite band. And when the battalion was enlisted, though high inducements were offered some of the performers to accompany it, they all refused. Their fortunes went with the camp of the Tabernacle. They had led the farewell service in the Nauvoo Temple. Their office now was to guide the monster choruses and Sun- day hymns; and like the trumpets of silver made of a whole piece, ' for the call- ing of the assembly, and for the journeying of the camps,' to knoll the people into church. Some of their wind instruments, indeed, were uncommonly full and pure toned, and in that clear dry air could be heard to a great distance. It had the strangest effect in the world, to listen to their sweet music winding over the uninhabited country ; something in the style ot a Moravian death- tune blown 55 jjo HJS TOR Y OF SALT LA KE CI 7">. at day-break, but altogether unique. It might be when you were hunting a ford over the great Platte, the dreariest of all wild rivers, perplexed among the far- reachmg sand bars, and curlew shallows of its shifting bed;— the wind rising would bring you the first faint thought of a melody; and as you listened, borne down upon the gust swept past you a cloud of the dry sifted sands, you recognized it — perhaps a home-loved theme of Henry Proch or Mendelssohn, Mendelssohn Bartholdy, away there in the Indian marches ! " In the earliest days of Salt Lake City the Nauvoo Brass Band, under Captain William Pitt, attached to itself the first musical reminiscences of the Mormon people, though it did not reach the professional eminence of that of Captain Ballo's famous band. Dominico Ballo, an Italian, highly endowed with the musical genius of his race, was, before he came to Utah, band-master at West Point for a number of years. He is said to have been one of the best clarionetists in the United States. He was a fine composer and arranger and a great solo player, having 'played solos at musical festivals in New York and other Eastern cities. Ballo's band is famous in the musical history of our city. He also trained and organized the Provo band. The old musical amateurs of the city speak of him with reverence. Professor Ballo has been dead over twenty-three years. After Professor Ballo we come to David O. Calder, the pioneer class teacher of vocal music in Utah. David O. Calder was born in Thurso, Caithness, Scotland, June iSth, 1823. He moved with his parents to Edinburgh in 1824. His father died in 1839. David was then taken from school and entered in the service of the Union Canal Company as a messenger boy. On the 31st of August, 1840, he joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints under the administration of Orson Pratt. When the Hullah classes were organized m Edinburgh in 1842, for instruc- tion in the Wilhem method of singing, Mr. Calder joined one of them ; and hav- ing prosecuted the studies through the entire course, graduated as a teacher of the system. In Scotland, Mr. Calder began his mission as a pioneer class teacher to the Saints, thus early aiming for musical education in the Church ; and he organized and taught the first choir in the Edinburgh Conference. Having risen rapidly, step by step, in the outdoor and office departments of the canal company's service he was appointed by the directors of the company to the office of manager of the intermediate stations of the service, between Edin- burgh and Glasgow, with headquarters at Falkirk. Shortly after taking up his abode there, in 1846, he called a meeting of the members of the choirs of the several religious denominations and the instrumental performers of the tovi^n, at the " Town Hall," and after a few such meetings succeeded in organizing the "Falkirk Musical Association" and obtained the consent of the Earl of Zetland to act as honorary president of the society, and several of the nobility of the country to act as honorary vice-presidents. He was elected manager and secretary of the society. The association went into immediate practice of the oratorio of the "Messiah," and subsequently, with the assistance of professional soloists, gave a HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. jyr performance which was liiglily approved by the critics, and hirgcly patronized by the nobibty and general i>ublic. The " Creation " was afterwards given with like results. In January, 1851, he left for Utah, accompanied by his mother and her family, in the George IV. Bourne, which sailed from Liverpool to New Orleans ; and after two years' detention in Cincinnati, in consequence of the sickness and death of his elder sister, he arrived here in September, 1853, and settled over Jordan, where he taught a singing school during the fall and winter of 1853-4. In 1855, he entered the service of the Church as a clerk in the President's office, and from 1857 to 1867 was the chief clerk. In 1 86 1, under the patronage of President Brigham Young, Mr. Calder or- ganized two classes of two hundred members each, and commenced giving vocal instruction in his school room, using the Curwen tonic sol-fa method ; which was the first introduction of the system in America. He compiled, arranged and printed the class books used. In December, 1862, he organized and taught two other classes of two hundred each, and the progress made by the pupils in the study of vocal music was a genuine surprise to the public and to local musicians. He organized the " Deseret Musical Association " with over two hundred picked singers from several classes — thus creating the material for the first musical asso- ciation. The society practiced the higher classes of anthems, choruses and glees, and gave several concerts in the tabernacle and in the theatre with success. With the intention of performing the opera of "La Somnambula," Mr. Calder trans- lated, transposed and printed the choruses of that opera into the Curwen nota- tion. After a number of rehearsals, diphtheria entered his house and carried off five of his children. This sad calamity, with the continuous waiting upon them during their sickness, so impaired his health that he was compelled to discontinue his labors as conductor of the association, and teacher of the several classes under way, which resulted in the disorganization of both the association and the classes. The next nmsical personage of local fame is Professor Charles J. Thomas. He belonged to the London profession, and for years was associated with several of the principal orchestras of the metropolitan theatres. In 1862 he came to Salt Lake City, where he was already known by reputation, which the American elders had imparted to President Young and Messrs. Clawson and Caine. The Salt Lake Theatre being about to open at the time of his arrival in the City, an experienced conductor of a theatrical orchestra was much in demand by the management; and so Professor Thomas stood to the Deseret Dramatic com- pany in orchestral business, as T. A. Lyne did as theatrical master and profes- sional actor to the amateur company. John M. Jones, in the Social Hall had, as the first violin and leader, acquitted himself with honors j but in this new theatre an orchestral conductor from London was more acceptable to an audience who had paid first-class admission price ; and the conductor showed to the public tliathe was experienced in theatrical business, and to the management his general usefulness. Professor Thomas was also appointed the leader of the Tabernacle Choir, which, until he took its charge, had been under Father James Smithies, as choir master. Indeed the Tabernacle choir had never risen above the musical status of 7/2 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CIT\. an ordinary choir of a country church ; but under C. J. Thomas it soon became fairly metropolitan, and good anthem music was frequently performed on Sundays to the delight of the congregation, the majority of whom had come from the mu- sical cities of Great Britain, who*until Professor Thomas took the leadership had seldom heard in the Salt Lake Tabernacle those fine English anthems with which they were familiar. In fine, the advent of Charles J. Thomas marks an epoch in the musical history of the city; and he gave the first "grand vocal concerts" here, as benefits, and reaped a financial harvest. He long held a ruling musical position. Professor John Tullidge (the father of Edward and John Tullidge) arrived in Salt Lake City, in September, 1863. John Tullidge, Sen., was born in Weymouth, Dorsetshire, England, Novem- ber 5th, 1807. In his childhood he was the musical prodigy of his native town. He sang in a Methodist choir at the age of six, and in his young manhood was ranked as the principal tenor singer of the county. Unsatisfied with local fame he left his native place and went to London, in 1837, to study under the great English masters. There he was engaged as principal tenor, of the famous Evans' Saloon, and while occupying this position he studied harmony and counterpoint under the greatest English master of those times, the world-renowned Hamilton. He next conducted the best glee party out of London, and traveled with them through the musical provinces, taking engagements to sing at the grand fetes of the nobility. In the year 1838, or 1839, he and his glee party sang at the Count- ess of Westmorland's in honor of the visit of the Duchess of Kent and Princess Victoria. Grisi and Mario, the then greatest singers in the world, were the mu- sical stars of the occasion. The Princess Victoria did him the honor to '•' chat " with him a few moments to express her pleasure over a fine old English madrigal which the glee party had rendered, which charmed the English taste of the royal maiden more than did the classical pieces of the great Italians. Mario, struck with the compass and quality of Tullidge's voice, after the close of their service, asked Mr. T. if he would allow him to test his full voice capacity and execution, which condescension of the great singer was gratefully met. At the close of the trial Mario exclaimed, "My God, I never knew the English had voices till I heard yours;" and adding that his voice was equal to his own, he offered to bring him out in Italian opera. Perhaps Mario, in his condescension and gener- osity paid the English singer too high a compliment. Mr. T, would fain have accepted the offer of Mario, but he knew not the Italian language and was not fitted for the operatic stage, which requires the actor combined with the star singer. After singing at the Countess of Westmorland's, before the lady who became Queen of England, in the following year Mr. Tullidge went to the city of York, where he quickly won the position as principal tenor of the York philharmonic concerts, and became one of the four conductors of the York " Harmonicus So- ciety." His name may be found on its roll as John Elliot (Tullidge) his mother's maiden name. Mrs. Sunderland, known as the " Yorkshire queen of song," and later, succeeding Clara Novell© as the greatest oratorio singer in England, was at that time the leading soprano of the society, and with her Mr. Tullidge was fre- quently sent out by the society to fill engagements as the principal singers at the HIS TOR V OF SAL T LAKE CITY. yyj oratioro concerts of the northern counties of England. It was one of these pro- fessional tours that lead him into Wales. Mr. Tullidge was conductor of St, Mary's Cathedral choir, Newport, South Wales, and was founder of the Newport Harmonic Society, in 1843, the offspring of which, years later, at the Crystal Palace, London, took the laurels from the choral societies of all England. In 1863, he emigrated to Utah, and in September, 1864, gave his first con- cert in Salt Lake City, the first part of which consisted of the following selections : Overture, " Tancred," A'ossini. Anthem, " Zion's Harp," (Choir). Recitative, "And God Created Man," (Tullidge), Haydn. Aria, " In Native Worth," (Tullidge), Haydn. Recitative, (basso) "And God Saw Everything," (Tullidge), Haydn. Chorus, "Achieved is the Glorious Work," Haydn. Orchestra, C. d' Albert. Recitadve, " In Splendor Bright, (Tullidge), Haydn. Grand Chorus, " The Heavens are Telling," Haydn. He composed the Latter-day Saints' Psalmody, a number of whose hymns and anthems are sung at the Tabernacle. In 1873, he fell down the theatre stairs, as he came from his music room, where he copied and arranged for the orchestra, and was killed in the fall. His anthem, " How Beautiful upon the Mountains," the favorite of the Tabernacle, and the delight of the lamented Mrs. Careless, will perpetuate his name in the musical history of our city. But the man who has done the most for the musical progress of Salt Lake City, and for the establishment of the legitimate profession, is undoubtedly Mr. George Careless. George Edward Percy Careless, (known as Professor George Careless) was born in London, Sept. 24th, 1839. Early in youth he showed musical talent, and having become fairly proficient as an amateur, without a teacher, he studied in the Royal Academy, and under the tuition of Alexander Simmons — a pupil of Sainton, and a member of the Queen's private orchestra. In London he played with the great instrumentalists of the day, under the batons of Sir Michael Costa, Sir Jules Benedict, Dr. Arnold, G. W. Martin, Wm. Ganz, Randegger, Barnard and other famous conductors in oratories, operas, concerts, etc., with from thirty- five to four thousand performers, in Exeter Hall, Crystal Palace, Drury Lane Theatre, Italian Church and other places. He left London, for Utah, June 3d, 1864, and arrived in Salt Lake City, November 3rd. In 1865, Professor Careless took the leadership of the Salt Lake Theatre orchestra, which he held five or six years, during which time he produced a num- ber of musical plays, including " Macbeth, " " The Brigands" and " Aladdin. " For the latter he composed the entire music, (for over forty numbers), comprising solos, duets, choruses and dramatic music. Professor Tullidge copying the parts. For several years many of the melodies were sung around the streets. He also composed the music for " Cinderella; " and did all the composing and arranging work for the orchestra to the close of his leadership. It was during this engage- ment he conducted the first opera given in Utah — "The Grand Duchess" — with the Howson troupe, and an act from " Der Freischutz, " and several operettas. He was appointed the conductor of the Tabernacle choir soon after taking the orchestra, and was conductor of this chcir over fourteen years, during which period the Tabernacle musical service reached its crowning excellence. 77^ HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CI I Y. But above the personal efforts of the Professor is the great event of the per- formance of the " Messiah " in our city in June, 1875. ^'^ '^he musical history of our city it marks an epoch. Professor Careless was engaged as conductor of the " Handel and Haydn Society," which afterwards changed its name to the "Philharmonic Society," under his conductorship. On the occasion of the performance of the " Messiah " the Deseret News said : " Several months ago something over a hundred [over two hundred] ladies and gentlemen, including and comprising the best musical talent, vocal and instrumental, of this city, organized themselves into a society for promoting musical culture and raising the standard of musical taste in this com- munity. This was a most praiseworthy object, for the excellence vvhich a com- munity attains in musical science and art is no mean criterion by which to judge of its local status. " Among the principal vocalists and instrumentalists who distinguished themselves in the delivery of this vast musical epic, were Mrs. Careless, Mrs. Haydon, Mrs. Hamilton, Mrs. Waterbury, Miss Colebrook, Miss Sarah Olsen, Miss Belle Clay- ton, Mrs. Tester, Mrs. Grow, Mrs. Allen, Miss Haydon, Mrs. HoUister, Mrs, Groo, Miss Nebeker, Mr. Black, Mr. Hollister, Mr. Barnes, Mr. Williams, Mr. Podlech, Mr. Horn, Mr. Griggs, Mr. Foster, Mr. Emery, Mr. Morgan, Mr. Owen, Mr. Sanders, Mr. Schnell, Orson Pratt, A. C. Smyth, J. Broughton, Charles Smyth. The following invitation was issued to the musical people : Salt Lake City, January 9th, 1875. You are respectfully invited to be present at a meeting to be held at the Fourteenth Ward Assembly Rooms on Wednesday evening next, the 12th inst., at 7 o'clock, to take into consideration the desirability of giving a performance in Salt Lake City, of Handel's great oratorio "The Messiah, " by the associated rAusical talent of this city and vicinity, on some date to be hereafter decided upon, said performance to be solely for the furtherance of the divine art, (music) and not for the benefit of any institution or person. This invitation was signed by the invitation committee, consisting of Mrs. Haydon, Mrs. Careless, Mrs. Hamilton, Messrs. George Careless, Orson Pratt, Jr., and Jos. Broughton. Ot the performance (which was given in the Salt Lake Theatre, with over two hundred performers and a full orchestra) a reviewer in the Salt Lake Herald said: "Taking the orchestra as a whole, and laboring under the difficulties already described, from the fact of the impossibility of placing them on the stage, the effect and result was simply a marvel of excellence — especially with the first violins, whose singing tones so nearly approached the vox humana on several occasions, as to defy all recognition of which was the voice and which the violin. Mr. Kennicott's organ accompaniment also for some of the recitativos and arias was charmingly delicate and yet supporting. Of the solo singers it is difficult to do justice to and not praise in the very highest manner one and all, though we will be pardoned if we make particular mention of Mrs. Haydon, Mrs. Careless, and Miss Haydon among the ladies, and Mr. Williams, Mr. Black and Mr. Hol- lister among the gentlemen. Mr. Home also, as well as Mr. Podlech, deserve HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 77 j great praise for their admirable singing of music which must be doubly trying to them to sing in English. The gems among the solos were " Oh thou that tellest," (by Mrs. Haydon) ; "Rejoice greatly," (by Miss Haydon) ; "He was de- spised," (by Mrs. Haydon); "But thou didst not leave," (by Mrs. Careless); " Why do the nations," (by Mr. Black); "Thou shalt break them," (by Mr. Podlech) ; but if we must give the palm of excellence to any it must be in all justice to Mrs. Careless for her beautiful rendition of " I know that my Redeemer liveth. '' Her singing was simply perfection. We have already called attention to the disadvantages under which the solo singers labor, but with all these Mrs. Careless' young, fresh voice seemed to defy all difficulties, coming forth with its rich " tombre timbre" bell-like and sympathetic. If angels had human voices, surely hers would suggest heavenly music indeed. Fine, however, as the solo sing- ing was, we must confess that the choruses were the great achievement of the whole entertainment, and taking into consideration the fact that very few of the singers concerned either sing at sight or are entirely familiar with music, Mr. Careless deserves unqualified praise for the masterly way in which they have been trained. Of the choruses the finest were, "For unto us a Child is Born," "All we like Sheep," the " Hallelujah " chorus, and " Worthy is the Lamb." It is a great thing to be able to say (as the writer can truthfully) that, taken as a whole, the " Messiah," as performed last night, was far superior — both as re- gards the solos, choruses and orchestra — than the oratorio given in San Francisco some eight months ago, with Madame Anna Bishop, Mrs. Morrison, and several other vocal celebrities. On that occasion the trumpet obligate was played so badly as to nearly compel Madame Anna Bishop to stop singing. Compare with this the excellence of the cornet obligato in Mr. Black's solo, " The Trumpet shall Sound," by Mr. Croxall, and here is proof of it. To musical adepts who understand what a worthy execution of a complete oratorical composition means this performance of the "Messiah" in Salt Lake City may fitly be considered as one of the capital events in the musical history of America. There are only a few cities either in England or America, where the " Messiah" can be executed by their local philharmonic societies; and even when given in London itself, the principal vocalists and instrumentalists of all England are sometimes combined to render the oratorio in its full capacity, and that too with a profound realization among the artists that the composition will call into play all the human powers of voice, of soul, of intellect and instrumen- tal execution. And even with such a combination of performers it requires the highest class audience to fully appreciate such music ; so that if we can say that Salt Lake City is up to the standard of the "Messiah," (which is too much to affirm in the supreme sense at present) we substantially affirm that Salt Lake City is one of the greatest musical cities in the world. In this view the performance of the "Messiah" in our city in the summer of 1875, ^y a local philharmonic society under the conductorship of Professor Careless was a prophecy of such a culmina- tion even in his own generation. In Handel's day London itself was not up to the standard of the " Messiah." London rejected it. Dublin, in the month of April, 1742, had the honor of giv- ing to this immortal work its acceptance. 776 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. The " Messiah " is an epic in music. It is the most complete in construe- rion and voluminous in subject of all the oratorios. The reviewer of the Herald defined the oratorio "as a kind of a sacred composition either purely dramatic or partaking both of the drama and the epic, in which the text is illustrative of some religious subject." In this definition the critic has confounded the oratorio with dramatic compositions of the class of the Shakspearian plays, which though very high as comparison is not theoretically correct. The oratorio is always an epic, never a drama in that sense, though true the epic does compound dramatic ele- ments. The oratorio has the subject and harmonies of the two worlds combined as the two halves of one whole ; just as the epic poem has the subject and action of the two worlds combined. Take examples. In the " Creation," by Haydn, the Recitatives and Arias are delivered by the Archangels — Gabriel, Uriel and Raphael. This combination in the epic poem is denominated the celestial ma- chinery. The principal leading subject of Uriel (the tenor) is "And God created man in His own image ; in the image of God created he him, male and female created he them. And he breathed into his nostrils the breath of life and man became a living soul." And from this grand announcement the Archangel develops his beautiful theme in an aria — " Native worth :" " In native worth and honor clad, with beauty, courage, strength, adorn'd, erect with front serene he stands, a man, a king of nature all," In Man the mortal half of creation is now brought into the subject, and into its compound harmonies, and in Man the whole mortal world is in conception. The Recitativo : "And God saw ev'rything that He had made, and behold it was very good ; and the heavenly choir in song divine, thus closed the sixtli day : "Achieved is the glorious work, etc." This brings the two worlds — the immortal and the mortal into combination in chorus. Such is the nature of this oratorio— the " Creation." This is not " text illustrative of some religious subject," any more than it is of " some " profane subject. It is the subject of all mankind and all Deity; — all the Heavens and all the Earth, and if you please, all the hells: Affrighted fled hell's spirits black in throngs, Down they sink in deep abyss, to endless night. Despairing, cursing rage attend their rapid fall. The " Messiah" is the theme of " Creation " continued in the still grander evolution of the two worlds in combined action ; which examples show that the oratorio is not a musical drama, as the opera is, but a musical epic. " Comfort ye, comfort ye, my people, saith your God ; speak ye comfortably to Jerusalem," is Jehovah's recitativo (now above the archangels), and "Every valley shall be exalted,'-' is Jehovah's rt'r/^. In the "Hallelujah Chorus " we have the heavens and earth combined in exultant theme. "For the Lord God Omnipotent reigneth; King of Kings and Lord of Lords." " Hallelujah." The chorus of the universe swells the theme. The " Messiah" properly is an Hebraic subject, but it not having reached its proper resolution in Handel's day, and in Handel's Christian conception, he mixed it with the Christian subject. "Messiah" is transposed to Jesus, and HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 777 Handel's critics, being Christians and not Hebrews, accept his resolution. When the pure Hebrew genius comes, however, — the Isaiah of musicians — he will give '* Messiah " a new rendering, but some of his themes in strict accord with Han- del's settings of the poet Isaiah, yet even in these with some new musical work- ings. " Comfort ye My People " will be retained in substance as the opening of the theme; so will the " Hallehijah Chorus;" while the Christian mixing will be expunged. The "Trumpet shall sound and the dead shall be raised," etc., is Paul, not "Messiah."' Ezekiel in his vision of the "dry bones" of the whole house of Israel has the subject : " Come from the four winds O breath, and breathe upon these slain that they may live; " and "My servant David shall be prince over them, and Messiah King of Kings." " Worthy the Lamb " is Christian, not of Hebrew genius. But Daniel's vision of Messiah's Kingdom is, and then the "Hallelujah Chorus:" "For the Lord God Omnipetent reigneth : King of Kings and Lord of Lords." Now the great and relative significance of the performance of the oratorio of the "Messiah " in Sak Lake City is, that it marks the beginning of the musical culture in their supreme line of a people with the genius and subject of the "Messiah" actually embodied in their whole history, running now through a fifty-six years' period. The Mormon Temple, if it survive, will as certainly bring the oratorio into its service as that its dispensation has brought in the "gather- ing" of a modern "Israel fro.n all nations." The work of a George Careless and others like him, then, has only just begun. The very prophecies, in the his- tory of the past of this peculiar community, proclaim with trumpet tongue that Salt Lake City in the coming time will be the city of America pre-eminent in the oratorio performances. The gentile artists as well as well as the " musicians of Israel " will help to accomplish this grand musical result, for art is not sectarian, but universalian. Apropos of this latter remark may be noted particularly the fact that Pro- fessor Careless succeeded in combining the principal singers and instrumentalists in a "Handel and Haydn Society," for the performance of the "Messiah," with- out the thought even occurring to the artists whether their fellows were Mormons or Gentiles. This of itself was a great musical triumph; and the fact that the "Messiah" was performed in Silt Lake City in 1875, '" ^ style as it never was in any city west of Chicago, is most worthy of a page in our local history; and, as we pass on to the biography of Salt Lake musicians, the historian may be al- lowed the personal expression of a hope that Salt Lake City may witness many repetitions of the example and many such triumphs in musical art. Of Professor Careless' engagements as a conductor, it may be noted that he conducted the celebrated Parepa Rosa concerts, in November, 1868 ; also the Madame Anna Bishop concert in the large Tabernacle, and the grand Wilhemj concert in the Theatre, March 6th, 1880. Our talented citizen received the highest praise from the great virtuoso and many marks ot his esteem. Since his presentation of the "Messiah," in 1875, he has given the 46th psalm ; beautiful cantata " Daughter of Jairus ; " made a brilliant success in April, 1879, with Sir Arthur Sullivan's opera, " Pinafore" and in November, 1885, Gilbert and Sulli- 56 77c? HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CnV. van's latest and most difficult opera, the '' Mikado ; " these compositions were rendered by home talent. In March, 1879, he organized the " Careless Orchestra, which gave a num- ber of a orchestral concerts; and in 1885, 1"*^ succeeded in organizing the largest local orchestra ever brought together in this city, consisting of forty-five members. Of the musical business, of which he and D. O. Calder were the pioneers, it may be noted that these two gentlemen formed a co-partnership about 1873, which continued seven years, during which period the firm published the Salt Lake Musical Times, the first musical publication in the Rocky Mountains, though to the Utah Magazine belongs the honor of importing the first musical type, and publishing the first musical sheets under the editorship of Professor John Tullidge. In fine in Professor Careless' career in Salt Lake City maybe traced the principal germinations of the musical development of our city, which is said without de- traction from the diligent art labors and excellent public performances of musi- cians of a later date. To Lavinia Careless, the lamented wife of Professor George Careless, belongs, by the sacred claims of her rare genius, a high niche of fame among our musi- cal stars. Indeed, she is worthy of more than local fame. She possessed one of the best English voices of her generation ; and had she traveled as a star she would undoubtedly have won a world-wide name, for not only was her voice of the purest quality, but her singing was burdened with soul and her exquisite de- livery intense with feeling, which, in oratorio, rose to the exalted pitch of epic song. She died m Salt Lake City July i6th, 1885. The following brief, but well-told story of her life and genius we clip from the Salt Lake Herald of Au- gust 2d, 1885 : "It is curious to reflect that the songstress whose death has occasioned so profound an impression in our musical circles might have gone to her grave lamented as Tietjens or Parepa was lamented, and with all the honors and tributes which an admiring world paid to those artists, but for the one circumstance that she preferred a domestic career to an artistic one, and chose rather to exercise her genius for the delight of her friends than to shine as a prima donna in the world's great coterie of lyric stars. It did not need the assurance of Carl Rosa, of Mad- ame Bishop, or of the many other distinguished singers, musicians and impres- sarii who heard Mrs. Careless' voice, to acquaint her with the fact that a brilliant career lay open before her, if she but chose to enter upon it. All who ever listened to the noble melody of her voice knew that she had received from nature one of those gifts which are conferred but a few times throughout the course of centuries ; when a girl she sang her first simple melody in a small English choir, her voice was already such as many an artist who had spent years with singing masters might vainly envy ; what it might have been with the care bestowed upon that of a Pa- repa or a Patti, we can only conjecture — it would be hard to realize. " Mrs. Careless would have been thirty-nine years of age next December; her father, George Triplett, was always musically inclined, and his daughter com- menced singing in London when she was eleven years old ; at fifteen, her voice had developed into a full, resonant soprano, and she sang for a long time in the London Conference choir as leader of the trebles; Professor Careless was then HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 77^ director of that body, and he often instructed her in particular pieces, little think- ing by what an near tie they would one day be united. They met in Utah some years later, and were married in 1865. Mrs. Careless' improvement from that time was marked and rapid, and under the excellent instruction of her husband, she acquired a further knowledge of music and kept up a systematic course of practice which greatly benefitted her. The fourteen years which she led the treble in the Tabernacle Choir, while her husband was leader, is a period in the history of local music of which the lovers of the art will not need to be reminded. Hers was one of the few voices which did not appear lost in the vast echoes of that building. Of all her sacred selections, perhaps the solo in Tullidge's beautiful anthem, ' How Beautiful Upon the Mountains,' will live longest in the memory of her admirers; of the great variety of songs we have heard her render in con- cert, we think that she gave none more exquisitely than the glorious composition, ' O, Loving Heart, Trust On.' Her voice was very much of the same quality as that of Parepa, and her upper limit was E flat, the same as that distinguished singer. Her higher notes were her best, but her voice was of extreme purity throughout the whole register. '•'Mrs. Careless will long be remembered and mourned as distinctly the first and foremost of all Utah's singers. She leaves a daughter of twelve, of whom it is not too early to say that she bears promise of possessing to a marked extent the musical gifts of both her parents. Mr. Careless, 'who occupies to orchestral music in Utah the same position which his wife held to vocal, sustains his bereavement with becoming philosophy and fortitude. In the education and care of his daughter he will find ample means for occupying his thoughts, and his friends all trust that the great healer Time, with the tender hand of Him ' who wipes the tear from every eye,' may yet bring to him peace of soul and resignation of mind." She was singing twenty-five years ; was first taught in London by Mr. Care- less when she was a child eleven years of age. Her voice was as fresh when she died as ever. Professor Careless having resigned the conductorship of the Salt Lake Phil- harmonic Society, letters were written by Mrs. Dr. Hamilton, in behalf of the so- ciety, to Mr. Tourjee of the New England Conservatory, at Boston, for him to select a competent conductor; on this application to the Conservatory, Professor T. Radcliffe came to Salt Lake City and took the vacant position ; and a year later after much practice, the society, under his directorship, gave the oratorio of the "Creation," in the Salt Lake Theatre. The concert was a musical success but not a financial one. Professor Radcliffe soon resigned the conductorship of the society to devote himself to teaching the piano, since which his courses of teach- ing have produced some very efficient pupils from the best families in Utah. This gentleman is acknowledged to be a great organist and he has recently attracted much interest to himself by private recitals on the Tabernacle organ. In a late issue the Desa-et Nnos said : " A number of persons had the pleasure of listening to Mr. Radcliffe — one of the best organists in the country — perform on the Tabernacle organ last even- ing, and all were enthusiastic in their praise of both the organ and performer." j8o HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Mr. Radclifie graduated among the great English organists, as the following testimonials will show, the first being from the celebrated W, T. Best : " I consider Mr. T. Radcliffe a very able organist and perfectly qualified to undertake the duties of any church appointment. " W. T. Best "St. George's Hall, Liverpool, December 27th, 1866 " " I have much pleasure in bearing my testimony to the merits of Mr. T. Rad- cliffe as a solo organist and accompanist. The organs at this institution have been performed upon by the first organists in this Kingdom, including Messrs. Hop- kins, Cliipp, Adams, H. Smart, Best and Dr. Wesley, but without depreciating their abilities, lam bound to say, from the opportunities I have had of listening to Mr. Radcliffe's accompaniments to the oratorios of the ' Messiah ' and the ' Creation ' that 1 have not heard accompaniments to sacred music, for solo or chorus, more effectively given than by him, and I have also reason to know that this is also the opinion of that eminent vocal st, Mrs. Sunderland. As a solo per- former Mr. Radcliffe is one of the most rising men of the day, and if he con- tinues to devote to his noble instrument the same untiring energy which he has displayed, he cannot fail to place himself in the most distinguished position in his profession. I have the honor to be, gentlemen, " Ycurs very respectfully, " S. Gregory Jones, "December 27th, 1866." ^^ Secretary of the Liverpool College. The work on construction of the Tabernacle organ was commenced in 1866, by Mr. Joseph Ridges, to whose skill and design the outward case and much of the interior work is accredited. The musical and mechanical work was left by him in an unfinished state seven years ago, and the instrument was subsequently injured by incompetent tuners be- ing employed. The work of completing the instrument was assigned to Mr. N. Johnson about two years since, who has, up to the i)resent, devoted most of his time to the work. Organ-building has made immense progress during the last few years, and Mr. Johnson has introduced many of the best modern improvements. The interior of the organ is so arranged that all parts of the mechanism are easy of access. The pneumatic lever is applied to the great organ and its couplers rendering the touch — even with all the couplers on — as light as that of a piano. Another improvement is the putting in of a solo organ with six stops. This, together with the addition of other stops to the great, swell, choir, and pedal or- gans makes an addition of about 1,300 new pipes. The organ has now four manuels and a pedal, the number of stops being 57. The total number of pipes is 2,648. The wind is supplied to the organ by three large bellows, which are operated by two hydraulic motors- The instrument has been almost entirely reconstructed in its interior parts ; HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 7S1 and in its now completed form, it is justly an object of pride to our city, and is one of the chief objects of the visiting tourist. Mr. Joseph J. Daynes is the organist of the Tabernacle. His father was an amateur musician and a bass singer in an English glee club, whose rehearsals at his house were partly the means of developing the musical talent of his gifted son, who was esteemed as a prodigy by the musical friends of the elder Daynes. Soon after arriving in Utah, in 1862, the lad and his father were invited to the residence of President Young. After hearing him play, the President advised Mr. Daynes to put him under the tuition of Professor Raymond. The father took his prodigy to the professor, who asked to be shown some of the music the lad had been playing, that he might be able to tell where to begin the lesson ; on seeing which, Professor Raymond remarked that he had better take lessons of the lad instead. In the spring of 1867, when only just fifteen years of age, Mr. Daynes wai appointed the organist of the Tabernacle, which position he has iield ever since. In the fa'l of 1879 he went to New York to study the church organ and piano ; and, before leaving for home, he played on the church organ at Chickering Hall, at a very fashionable concert of Mr. G. W. Morgan, was applauded and encored, and was afterwards noticed in the Art Journal. We have no doubt that, had Mr. Joseph J. Daynes lived in New York or Bos- ton, with the opportunity of appearing often before large musical audiences, win- ning frequent applause, so necessary to stimulate the artist's nature and ambition, he would be widely known as one of the great organists of the day. Orson Pratt, Jr., ranks, in the estimation of all the musicians of the city, as an excellent teacher of the piano and organ. In painstaking with his pupils he has no equal among the Salt Lake profession. As a theorist, he is one of thf best on the Pacific Coast. He is as familiar with the great works of Albrechtsberger, Cheru- bini, and Dr. Marx as a scholar with his alphabet. Indeed, as a teacher of har- mony and counterpoint there will be found in all America but few so able and effi- cient as Orson Pratt. Professor H. S. Krouse was born in the city of New York, March 2 2d, 1853. He began the study of music at the age of nine, and received instructions from Herr Von Arx in theory and piano. After several years' study he changed to S. B. Mills and played piano for the Italian opera chorus under Carl Auschutz, In 1867 he went to the Leipsic school of music, where he studied with Moschelles, Reinecke, and Wenzel. After a course of several years' study he went to Paris and studied piano with Mathias. He received a diplomx after one year's study there and returned to New York and joined the Clara Louise Kellogg company, traveling through all the principal cities of the United States, and then joined the Adelaide Phillips Concert Company, making the same circuit, including the principal places of South America and Central America. He returned to New York and then accepted an engagement in San Francisco with lima de Murska and Caraillo Urso, and also taught at Madam Sitkas, and gave private instruction on piano. A few years afterward he accepted the position as chorus master with Chas. E. Locke, of Melville Opera Company and was afterwards conductor. 7^2 HTS TOR Y OF SAL T LAKE CI TV. Mr. Krouse came to Salt Lake City in March, iSSi, and was warmly wel- comed to the professional musical {:(?f-J>s by the late David O. Calder, who con- stantly spoke of him as a very eflficient and thorough musician, whose musical ser- vice in our city was greatly needed. Though a foreign artist, his talents and ef- forts coupled with a five years' residence entitles him to be considered among our principal local professors of music. He is a musical enthusiast, which type of nature is so eminently required in a matter of this most exquisite art whose cul- ture is above all other branches of art ; for while in poetry and general literature a man may bound at once into fame as an author, in music it takes years of train- ing to make a fine executant, whether of the voice or the instrument, and three times seven years apprenticeship to perfect a master of theory. Mr. Krouse has worked hard to cultivate the musical taste of our city, and the courses of his training are mentioned as an example of his fitness. He is at present engaged in teaching piano, thorough bass and harmony, and has many proficient pupils. He recently produced with local talent. Sir Arthur Sullivan's very popular and highly artistic opera " lolanthe," adding much to the fame of himself as a musical conductor and manager thereby. Mr. B. B. Young, professor of singing, was born in Salt Lake City, April 23, 1856. He is the youngest son of President Joseph Young and Jane Bicknell. His talent for music is inherited both from his father's and mother's families. Mr. Young's first lessons in music were received from Professor George Care- less. He also studied the piano with Professor Orson Pratt, Jun. In May, 1879, he went ta London to study music in general and especially the art of singing, taking with him letters of introduction to a great London musical publisher. He •entered the national training school for music, of which Sir Arthur Sullivan was principal. Si^mor Albert Visette, principal professor of singing, examined him and gave the opinion that he would make a fine artist. Mr. Young was admitted in the school as a paying pupil; and by merit in the second year obtained a free sholarship, which was renewed in the third year, lasting till the close of the school in 1882, when he was appointed professor of singing at the Watford school of music. He now began to receive engagements for concerts, and sang before the Prince of Wales at the Duke of Edinburgh's concerts. Last year he sang at the Crystal Palace concerts and at other noted places; and at the production of Wagner's "Parcifol" in London, in Novem- ber, 1884, he was selected to sing one of the baritone parts, in the execution of which he won from the professors especial praise for his voice, pronounciation and phrasing, it being sung in German. His singing has mostly been confined to the concert platform, but last winter he sang with the English opera company with marked success. Since Mr. Young's return to his native city he and Madame Young have given concerts in which he has been favorably received by the Salt Lake public as a professional vocalist. He is only twenty-nine years of age and will doubtless yet be known on the lyric stage. Madame Mazzucato Young was born in Milan, Italy, in 1846. Her mother was Donna Teresa Bolza, daughter of Count Bolza. Her father was the Chev- HISTORY OF SAL'I LAKE CITY. ySj alier Alberto Mazzucato, whose name became celebrated throughout Europe as a musician and as a teacher of music ; and by his compositions and his essays on the esthetics of music. Among his pupils as vocalists may be chiefly mentioned Mr. Sims Reeves, and among those as composers Signor Boito. He was professor at the Milan Conservatory of music forty years and finally become director of that famous institution, a position he held at the time of his death. Mme. Young began the study of music under her father when she was eight years old ; but her father being constantly engaged with his appointment at the conservatoire and at the theatre of La Scala (where he was musical director for about eighteen years), and with his writings, he was not able to give her regular lessons. He would, however, provide her with heaps of music to read, encour- aging her constantly and giving her invaluable advice every day. At the age of fourteen she began to play operatic accompaniments for her father's pupils. At about that time her mother died and her father began to take her to almost all the rehearsals (which he conducted) and to the performances at the Scala, then the leading opera house of Europe, so that she had opportunities of hearing repeatedly the best operas as sung by the greatest singers. She soon began also to attend classical concerts, and these became her chief pleasure. She studied singing (always under her father's direction) not for the purpose of appearing in public, but so as to know the art thoroughly and become an ear- nest teacher. After her father's death most of his pupils asked her to continue their lessons, but she soon left Milan with her brother to settle in London, where before a year was over she was appointed professor of singing at the National Training School of music, which position she held till he close of the school in 1882. The next year the Royal College of music was inaugurated by the Prince of Wales, when she was again appomted professor of singmg, with such associates as Signor Visetti, Mr. Deugon and Madame Jenny Lind. Mme. Young met Mr. B. B. Young in London in 1880; was married to him three years afterward, and came to Salt Lake City v/ith her husband in January, 1885. Evan Stephens, under the patronage of the Church, has wrought a general movement in class teaching of Sunday schools m several principal counties, as well as in this City, resulting in repeated concerts at the Tabernacle. In this movement he found an earnest, influential patron in George Goddard, general assistant superintendent of Sunday schools. Crowned with success in this juv- enile mission, Mr. Stephens recently left for training and study in the New Eng- land Conservatory of Music, in Boston, and it may be reasonably expected that when he shall return with his diploma of professor, which his talent and perse- verance will doubtless earn, he will engage in class teaching of a higher grade, passing the practical work of the Sunday schools over to assistants, should he still hold their general musical superintendence. Evan Stephens is the only man who has had the opportunity of taking up the movement laid down by Mr. Calder, and this he has done so far as Sunday schools are concerned, and that, too, with the old notation and a system of his own for class teaching. He has been pushed forward and fairly supported by a similar patronage to that which made David O. Calder potent, and he has the extra advantage of being a practical musician and j84 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CIIY. composer, of considerable native genius, and after professional study and training in the colleges East, he may be expected to return a finished master. And should Evan Stephens on his return undertake the accomplishment of that which David O. Calder undertook in iS6i, there will be in Utah, in the Mormon Church, before another decade lias passed, a vast improvement in the musical status of the people. A. C. Smyth is one of the elder members of the Salt Lake profession ; and, though unassuming and modest to a fault, he is generally esteemed a sound mu- sician, both in theory and practice. Mr. Smyth received his early training at Manchester Cathedral, and it is said that he could read music before his alphabet. The gentleman has made some very fine singers from the local talent of Salt Lake, and is highl)^ respected as a leader and choir instructor. Some few years ago he trained a company of children so well that they played with immense success the operas of " H. M. S. Pinafore," "Grand Duchess," and the "Pirates of Pen- zance." He is equally at home in musical composition, both sacred and secular, and has taken several first class prizes, at home and abroad. Willard Erastus Weihe, the present leader of the Salt Lake Theatre orchestra, was born in Christiana, Norway, in the year 1S56. He began the study of the violin at a very early age, receiving instruction from some of the best masters of that instrument in that country. When only ten years of age he played for the world-renowned Ole Bull, who was so delighted with his performance that he of- fered to take him to Paris and have him educated at the Musical Conservatory, free of expense to his parents, but they rejected the kind offer because of his youth. In 1871 he emigrated to Salt Lake City, and being introduced to the the public by Clawson and Caine as a protege of Ole Bull, though so young he (quickly became locally famous as a solo violinist. In December, 1877, he went to the Conservatory at Brussels. He at once passed a successful examination, which admitteil him to the very highest class, where he had the celebrated violinist, H. Vieuxtemps, for a tutor. This master soon became so interested in him that he gave him private lessons free of charge. He studied one year at the Conservatory at Brussels, and returned to Salt Lake City in May, 1879. After his return he appeared at the jubilee concert given in the Tabernacle, and he has appeared in all the principal concerts up to the present time. In 1885, he took the position of conductor of the Salt Lake theatre orchestra, which enjoys at present a first- class reputation. W. C. Clive is the first violin. He is is the son of Claude Clive, of old-time theatrical memory. His lamented sister. Little Miss Clive, will be remembered by the public as their favorite dancer. Mr. Anton Pederson, the talented conductor of the Walker Opera House Orchestra, is a native of Norway, and though young, he has won considerable local fame. He commenced the study of the violin and piano when quite young and made very rapid progress. Later on he studied the organ under one of Ger- many's great masters. Mr. Pederson came to this country about ten years ago, and established himself at once as a teacher of violin, piano, organ and brass in- struments. As a composer he ranks high, and possesses much ability and knowl- HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 783 edge of the rcquiremenls of orchestral and local music. Magnus Olsen is the first violin of this orchestra, and George Hedger, the flutist, is an instrumentalist of considerable local fame. The foregoing embodies a tolerably complete history of the rise and progress of music in Salt Lake City, with sufficient biographical notes of the professors whose lives have been compounded in that history and who have given it caste and the present musical status of the City as illustrated in the profession of both the vocal and instrumental branches of the art. CHAPTER LXXXVII. LITERATURE AND THE FINE ARTS. UTAH AUTHORS AND POETS. SPECIMENS. SALT LAKE PAINTERS. OUR YOUNG SCULPTORS. ART DESCRIPTION:— "OUR DESOLATE SHORES." In treating of literature and the poets of Utah, the reviewer must chiefly pre- sent the works and authors of Mormon origin ; for though there are classic Gen- tile pens among us, their scintillations belong to general literature rather than to local authorship and local art. The first name which presents itself is that of Parley P. Pratt, the Isaiah of the Mormon people and one of the founders of Salt Lake City. He was endowed pre-eminently with that quality of poetic genius typically classified as the Hebraic genius ; and though its exaltation in his nature and works may be somewhat as- cribed to his apostolic endowment and ministry, yet was it derived from an or- ganic quality and instinct. His little book entitled the "Voice cf Warning," not only dealt with the lofty subjects and themes of the ancient Hebrew prophets, but the poetic fire and treatment were closely akin to those subjects and themes of which he wrote. It is a prose Hebrew poem adapted to the "Latter-day Dispen- sation," rather than a mere theological treatise ; and so great was its charm over kindred minds that its reading and study brought into the Mormon Church thou- sands of converts. Perhaps there never was a book published in the English lan- guage excepting the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament, of which so much can be said, not even of John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, which has been a sort of a sacred novel for the reading of pious folks; but Parley P. Pratt's ''Voice of Warning" was as a veritable Testament of a new dispensation, converting thou- sands of souls, and infusing new thoughts and inspirations into the minds of its readers. A book of such a character and with such a history must be pronounced a wonderful book ; and the less that is ascribed to its subject of these well-known results of the book, the more must be ascribed to the book itself, and to the au- thor's rare genius in a certain line of poetic composition. 57 786 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CIIY. Another feature of this prose poem of Parley P. Pratt's on the Hebrew proph- ets is that the book is a specimen of almost pure Saxon, and this merit of his com- positions was not from poverty of words, or his illiteracy, but from choice and real art appreciation, for Parley P. Pratt was profuse in language and a natural orator, as well as poet, from whose tongue inspired thoughts and rich fancies took a world of forms. An elaborate review of Parley P. Pratt's works — "Voice of Warning" and "Key to Theology" is not necessary in a general chapter on Utah literature. To those works themselves the reader is referred ; but to his Autobiography must be given enough pages for its examples, introduced with a brief exposition of the species of authorship to which Parley P. Pratt's Autobiography belongs. Biographies and autobiographies, when they are worthy in subject and excel- lent in authorship, are ranked among the first class works of a nation's literature. They are, however, of a class which, unless the personal subject be one of great dignity and reputation, and the work wrought by a master hand, produces more disgust in the public mind than any other species of writings. The most famous example of the biographical species, ready to the memory of the English or Amer- ican reader, is "Boswell's Life of Johnson." Dr. Samuel Johnson was as the thundering Jove of his club, and in his presence seated a galaxy — such personages as Edmund Burke, statesman and Parliamentary orator ; Gibbon the historian ; Goldsmith the matchless poet of his day ; Sir Joshua Reynolds, the great English painter; Garrick, the actor ; Sheridan, the statesman and "wit," and Boswell the note-taker of the club, endowed by Nature with a sort of classical sycophancy which produced a graphic book of the personages who created the English litera- ture of his times. Bourrienne's Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte is a similar book. It is rarely that such books can be written, worthy of rank as standard works. The autobiography is still a more difficult composition and even more liable to provoke public contempt rather than public admiration ; for this species of au- thorship requires not only a worthy subject, but the author himself must be nearly equal to it in his own personal character and life, — that is to say, his book must have a principal subject superior to himself, notwithstanding it is an autobiog- raphy, yet himself scarcely inferior to it, while the execution of his work must show the noble simplicity of a great mind. The autobiography of Parley P. Pratt is of such a character. In this sense of authorship it is the best and highest class work produced by any of the authors of the Mormon people. In the opening of his manhood, reverses befall him, but they are as the ways of Providence, leading on to the mission of his apostolic career. In his narra- tive he says: " Time passed ; harvest came ; a fine crop, but no market ; and consequently the payment came due on our land and there was no means of payment. " The winter rolled round; spring came again ; and with it a prosecution on the part of Mr. Morgan for money due on land. "The consequence was that all our hard earnings, and all our improvements in the wilderness, were wrested from us in a moment. Mr. Morgan retained the land, the improvements and the money paid. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 787 " Weary and disconsolate, I left the country and my father, who took charge of our crops and all unsettled business. " I spent a few months with my uncles, Ira and Allen Pratt, in Wayne county, N. Y., and in the autumn of 1826 1 resolved to bid farewell to the civil- ized world — where I had met with little else but disappointment, sorrow and un- rewarded toil ; and where sectarian divisions disgusted and ignorance perplexed me — and to spend the remainder of my days in the solitudes of the great West, among the natives of the forest. " There, at least, thought I, there will be no buying and selling of lands, — no law to sweep all the hard earnings of years to pay a small debt, — no wranglings about sects, and creeds, and doctrines. I will win the confidence of the red man; I will learn his language ; I will tell him of Jesus; I will read to him the Scrip- lures ; I will teach him the arts of peace; to hate war, to love his neighbor, to fear and love God, and to cultivate the earth. Such were my resolutions. " In October, 1826, I took leave of my friends and started westward. I paid most of my money in Rochester for a small pocket Bible, and continued my jour- ney as far as Buffalo. At this place I engaged a passage for Detroit, on board a steamer ; as I had no money, I agreed to work for the same. " After a rough passage and many delays, I was at length driven by stress of weather to land at Erie, in Pennsylvania; from whence I traveled by land till I came to a small settlement about thirty miles west of Cleveland, in the State of Ohio. The rainy season of November had now set in ; the country was covered with a dense forest, with here and there a small opening made by the settlers, and the surface of the earth one vast scene of mud and mire ; so that traveling was now very difficult, if not impracticable. Alone in a land of strangers, without home or rrioney, and not yet twenty years of age, I became discouraged, and concluded to stop for the winter ; I pro- cured a gun from one of the neighbors ; worked and earned an axe, some bread- stuff and other little extras and retired two miles into a dense forest and prepared a small hut, or cabin, for the winter. Some leaves and straw in my cabin served for my lodging, and a good fire kept me warm. A stream near my door quenched my thirst ; and fat venison, with a little bread from the settlements, sustained me for food. The storms of winter raged around me ; the wind shook the forest, the wolf howled in the distance, and the owl chimed in harshly to complete the dole- ful music which seemed to soothe me, or bid me welcome to this holy retreat. But in my little cabin the fire blazed pleasantly, and the Holy Scriptures and a few other books occupied my hours of solitude. Among the few books in my cabin were McKenzie's Travels in the Northwest, and Lewis and Clark's Tour up the Missouri and down the Columbia Rivers. Spring came on again ; the woods were pleasant, the flowers bloomed in their richest variety, the birds sang pleasantly in the groves ; and, strange to say, my mind had become attached to my new abode. I again bargained for a piece of forest land ; again promised to pay in a few years, and again commenced to clear a farm and build a house. " I was now twenty years of age. I resolved to make some improvements and preparations, and then return to my native country, from which I had been 788 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. absent several years. There was one there whom my heart had long loved, and from whom I would not have been so long separated, except by misfortune. " It was the Fourth of July, 1827. The morning was beautiful and gay, the sun rose without a cloud over the pine-clad hills of my native land, where in boy- hood I had often toiled and sported, just as I came within a mile of the farm of my good old aunt Van Cott, of Canaan, Columbia County, after an absence of three years. I had, during this time, exchanged the features of the bashful boy for those of the man ; and, instead of a laughing careless countenance, a forehead of marble and a cheek of rose, stern care had marked me as her child, and the sun had given a shade of brown to my features ; these added to a heavy growth of beard and whiskers, disguised me so far that I could pass through the neighbor- hood of people, known and familiar to me, unnoticed and unknown. " With a quick step, a beating heart, and an intense, indescribable feeling of joy, sorrow, hope, despondency and happiness, I approached the door of Mr. Halsey, and knocked ; it was opened by an aged female, a stranger to me ; I en- tered, and inquired for Miss Thankful Halsey — in a moment more she had me by the hand, with a look of welcome which showed she had not forgotten me. *' I spent the day and evening with her; explained to her all my losses, my poverty and prospects, and the lone retreat where I had spent the previous win- ter ; and the preparations I had made for a future home. I also opened my relig- ious views to her, and my desire, which I sometimes had, to try and teach the red man. " ' In view of these things,' said I to her, ' If you still love me and desire to share my fortune you are worthy to be my wife. If not, we will agree to be friends forever; but part to meet no more in time.' 'I have loved you during three years' absence,' said she, ' and I never can be happy without you.' " Eighteen months," he wrote, " had passed since our settlement in the wil- derness. The forest had been displaced by the labors of the first settlers for some distance around our cottage. A small frame house was now our dwelling, a gar- den and a beautiful meadow were seen in front, flowers in rich profusion were clustering about our door and windows; while in the background were seen a thriving young orchard of apple and peach trees, and fields of grain extending in the distance, beyond which the forest still stood up in its own primeval grandeur, as a wall to bound the vision and guard the lovely scene. Other houses and farms were also in view, and some twenty children were returning from the school actu- ally kept by my wife, upon the very spot where two years before I had lived for months without seeing a human being. About this time one Mr. Sidney Rigdon came into the neighborhood as a preacher, and it was rumored that he was a kmd of Reformed Baptist, who, with Mr. Alexander Campbell, of Virginia, a Mr. Scott, and some other gifted men, had dissented from the regular Baptists, from whom they differed much in doctrine. At length I went to hear him, and what was my astonishment when I found he preached faith in Jesus Christ, repentance towards God, and baptism for remission of sins, with the promise of the gift of the Holy Ghost to all who would come forward, with all their hearts, and obey this doctrine ! *' Here was the ancient gospel in due form. Here were the very principles HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 789 which I had discovered years before ; but could find no one to minister in. But still one great link was wanting to complete the chain of the ancient order of things ; and that was, the authority to minister in holy things — the apostleship, the power which should accompany the form. This thought occurred to me as soon as I heard Mr. Rigdon make proclamation of the gospel. " Peter proclaimed this gospel and baptised for remission of sins, and prom- ised the gift of the Holy Ghost, because he was commissioned so to do by a cru- cified and risen Savior. But who is Mr. Rigdon ? Who is Mr. Campbell ? Who commissioned them? Who baptised them for remission of sins? Who ordained them to stand up as Peter ? Of course they were baptized by the Baptists, and ordained by them, and yet they had now left them because they did not administer the true gospel. And it was plain that the Baptists could not claim the apostolic office by succession, in a regular, unbroken chain from the Apostles of old, pre- serving the gospel in its purity, and the ordinances unchanged, from the very fact that they were now living in the perversion of some, and the entire neglect of others of these ordinances ; this being the very ground of difference between the old Baptists and these reformers. " Again, these reformers claimed no new commission by revelation, or vision from the Lord, while they had not the least shadow of claim by succession. " It might be said, then, with propriety : ' Peter I know, and Paul I know, but who are ye?' However, we were thankful for even the forms of truth, as none could claim the power, and authority, and gifts of the Holy Ghost — at least so far as we knew. " After hearing Mr. Rigdon several times, I came out, with a number of others, and embraced the truths which he taught. We were organized into a society, and frequently met for public worship. " About this time I took it upon me to impart to my neighbors, from time to time, both in public and in private, the light I had received from the Scriptures concerning the gospel, and also concerning the fulfillment of the things spoken by the holy prophets. I did not claim any authority as a minister ; I felt the lack in this respect ; but I felt in duty bound to enlighten mankind, so far as God had enlightened me. " At the commencement of 1830, I felt drawn out in an extraordinary man- ner to search the prophets, and to pray for an understanding of the same. My prayers were soon answered, even beyond my expectations; the prophecies of the holy prophets were opened to my view ; I began to understand the things which were coming on the earth — the restoration of Israel, the coming of the Messiah, and the glory that should follow. I was so astonished at the darkness of myself and mankind on these subjects that I could exclaim with the prophet : surely, ^'darkness coven the earth and gross darkness the poop le^ " I was all swallowed up in these things. I felt constrained to devote my time in enlightening my fellow men on these important truths, and in warning them to prepare for fhe coming of the Lord. * * * "In August, 1830, I had closed my business, completed my arrangements, and we bid adieu to our wilderness home and never saw it afterwards. On settling up, at a great sacrifice of property, we had about ten dollars left in cash. With this jgo HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CIT\. small sum we launched forth into the wide world, determining first to visit our native place on our mission, and then such other places as I might be led to by the Holy Spirit. " We made our way to Cleveland, thirty miles. We then took passage on a schooner for Buffalo, a distance of two hundred miles. We had a fair wind, and the captain, being short of hands, gave me the helm, the sails being all set, and turned in. I steered the vessel most of the day, with no other person on deck. Of course, our passage cost us little besides my labor. Landing in Buffalo, we engaged our passage for Albany on a canal boat, distance, three hundred and sixty miles. This, including board, cost all our money and some articles of clothing. "Arriving at Rochester T informed my wife that, notwithstanding our passage being paid through the whole distance, yet I must leave the boat and her to pursue her passage to our friends, while I would stop awhile in this region. Why, I did not know; but so it was plainly manifest by the Spirit to me. I said to her, ' we part for a season ; go and visit our friends in our native place ; I will come soon, but how soon I know not ; for I have a work to do in this region of country, and what it is, or how long it will take to perform it, I know not ; but I will come when it is performed.' "My wife would have objected to this, but she had seen the hand of God so plainly manifest in His dealings with me many times, that she dare not oppose the things manifest to me by His spirit. She, therefore, consented ; and I accompanied her as far as Newark^ a small town upwards of one hundred miles from Buffalo, and then took leave of her and of the boat. "It was early in the morning, just at the dawn of day, I walked ten miles into the country, and stopped to breakfast with a Mr. Wells. I proposed to preach in the evening. Mr. Wells readily accompanied me through the neighborhood to visit the people, and circulate the appointment. " We visited an old Baptist deacon by the name of Hamlin. After hearing of our appointment for evening, he began to tell of a book, a strange book, a VERY STRANGE BOOK! in his possession, which had been just published. This book, he said, purported to have been originally written on plates either of gold or brass, by a branch of the tribes of Israel ; and to have been discovered and translated by a young man near Palmyra, in the State of New York, by the aid of visions, or the ministry of angels. I inquired of him how or where the book was to be obtained. He promised me the perusal of it, at his house the next day, if I would call. I felt a strange interest in the book. I preached that even- ing to a small audience, who appeared to be interested in the truths which I en- deavored to unfold to them in a clear and lucid manner from the Scriptures. Next morning I called at his house, where for the first time, my eyes beheld the ' BOOK OF MORMON,' — that book of books— that record which reveals the antiquities of the ' Ne7v World' back to the remotest ages, and which unfolds the destiny of its people and the world for all time to come; — that Book which contains the fulness of the gospel of a crucified and risen Redeemer; that Book which reveals a lost remnant of Joseph, and which was the principal means, in the hands of God. of directing the entire course of my future life. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. ygi " I opened it with eagerness, and read its title page. I then read the testi- mony of several witnesses in relation to the manner of its being found and trans- lated. After this I commenced its contents by course, I read all day; eating was a burden, I had no desire for food ; sleep was a burden when the night came, for I preferred reading to sleep. " As I read, the spirit of the Lord was upon me, and I knew and compre- hended that the book was true, as plainly and manifestly as a man comprehends and knows that he exists. My joy was now full, as it were, and I rejoiced suffi- ciently to more than pay me for all the sorrows, sacrifices and toils of my life. I soon determined to see the young man who had been the instrument of its dis- covery and translation. " I accordingly visited the village of Palmyra, and inquired for the residence of Mr. Joseph Smith. I found it some t^vo or three miles from the village. As I approached the house at the close of the day I overtook a man who was driving some cows, and inquired of him for Mr. Joseph Smith, the translator of the ^ Book of Mormon.^ He informed me that he now resided in Pennsylvania; some one hundred miles distant. I inquired for his father, or for any of the family- He told me that his father had gone a journey ; but that his residence was a small house just before me; and, said he, I am his brother. It was Mr. Hyrum Smith. I informed him of the interest I felt in the book, and of my desire to learn more about it. He welcomed me to his house, and we spent the night together ; for neither of us felt disposed to sleep. We conversed most of the night, during which I unfolded to him much of my experience in my search after truth, and my success so far ; together with that which I felt was lacking, viz : a commissioned priesthood, or apostleship to minister in the ordinances of God." Parley P. Pratt meets the Prophet Joseph Smith, believes in the " Marvelous work and a wonder," to be accomplished in the "last days," and is ordained to the ministry. It is then he swells his exultant theme in song, afterwards con- piled as the first hymn of the Church : The morning breaks, the shadows flee; Lo ! Zion's standard is unfurled ! The dawning of a brighter day Majestic rises on the world. - ■ The clouds of error disappear Before the rays of truth divine ; The glory, bursting from afar. Wide o'er the nations soon will shine. The Gentile fulness now comes in, i- nd Israel's blessings are at hand ; Lo! ludah's remnant, cleansed from sin, Shall in their promised Canaan stand. Jehovah speaks ! let earth give ear. And Gentile nations turn and live ; His mighty arm is making bare, His cov'nant people to receive. ' " . _,,-j j Angels from heaven and truth from earth Have met, and both have record bornej; Thus Zion's light is bursting forth, To bring her ransomed children home. In these first raptures of his opening views of Israel ransomed and the Jews jg2 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. again under Jehovah's favor, Mr. Pratt repeats the subject in a yet more trium- phant strain : Come, O Thou King of Kings f We've waited long for Thee, With heahng in Thy wings, To set thy people free ; Come, thou desire of nations, come. Let Israel now be gathered home. Another hymn is of a similar strain : Let Judah rejoice in this glorious news. For the sound of glad tidings will soon reach the Jews, And save them far, far from oppression and fear. And de'iv'rance proclaim to their sons far and near. Long, long thou hast wandered an exile forlorn, And all that have seen thee have laughed thee to scorn, Thou naught but affliction and sorrow hast seen. Heartrending and cheerless thy pathway has been. But the days of thy mourning are near at an end. When Messiah will come, thy Redeemer and friend. To cheer thee, and bless thee, and dry up thy tears, And calm thy sad bosom, and chase all thy fears. Thy olive shall flourish, thy fig tree shall grow, And with wine, milk and honey thy mountains shall flow, 'Neath the fig tree and vine, in their cool spreading shade. Thou shalt worship thy God, and none make thee afraid. Thy Messiah will come, and His right will maintain, Over thee and all nations in majesty reign. Thou shalt with his presence forever be blest, .•\nd from pain, grief and sorrow eternally rest. Orson Spencer, the first chancellor of the Deseret University, was one of the greatest theological writers of the Mormon Church. " Spencer's Letters " are fa- mous. They were written in answer to a " letter from the Rev. William Crowel, A. M., to Orson Spencer, A. B." The first of these letters bear date as early as October, 1842, but they extend over a period of correspondence to December, 1847. The author afterwards compiled them in a book, in the preface of which it is said : " The author was extensively known in the New England Middle States, as a preacher of the Baptist denomination. Reference for his character is given to his Excellency George N. Briggs, Governor of the State of Massachusetts, by whom he was once invited to take the pastoral charge of the church where His Ex- cellency resided, and of which he was a member; also to G. Reade, Esq., Con- necticut; and Eliphalet Nott, D. D., L. L. D., president of Union College, New York, under whose presidency he graduated in 1824 ; and also to N. Kendrick, D. D., president of Hamilton Literary and Theological College, from whence the author graduated in 1829. The records of both these institutions will show that the author held the first grade of honorable distinction at the time he left them." " Spencer's Letters " rank as the first standard theological work of the Church, but is not of that class of literature from which a page can be culled to the advan- tage of the author and his argument. Orson Pratt was the chief theological writer of the Church. Hundreds of HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. ygj thousands of his series of tracts have bedi in circulation in Great Britain at a time ; and in those series he has discussed theology and philosophy with the learned, as well as expounded all the branches of the doctrines of his church. In point of learning, however, his works on mathematics and astronomy rank him the highest. He is, in this scientific department, recognized by the professors both of Great Britain and America, who have read his works ; and not unlikely Orson Pratt will yet be claimed by the scientific world as one of its lights. His '' Key to the Universe" Professor Pratt considered his masterpiece. Passing from Utah's learned authors to general literature and poetry, Eliza R. Snow looms up as the long-admired star of her people. She has been their poetess and high priestess a full generation. When quite young she commenced A^riting for publication in various jour- nals, which she continued to do for several years, over assumed signatures — wish- ing to be useful as a writer, and yet unknown except by intimate friends. " During the contest between Greece and Turkey," she says, '* I watched with deep interest the events of the war, and after the terrible destruction of Missolonghi, by the Turks, I wrote an article entitled 'The Fall of Missolonghi.' Soon after its publication, the deaths of Adams and Jefferson occurred on the same rtiemorable Fourth of July, and I was requested, through the press, to write their requiem, to which I responded, and found myself ushered into conspicuity. Sub- sequently I was awarded eight volumes of Godey's Lady's Book for a first prize poem published in one of the journals." But she is even more sensitive to the heroic and patriotic than to the poetic — at least she has most self-gratification in lofty and patriotic themes. "That men are born poets," she continues, " is a common adage. I was born a patfiot, — at least a warm feeling of patriotism inspired my childish heart, and mingled in my earliest thoughts, as evinced in many of the earliest produc- tions of my pen. I can even now recollect how, with beating pulse and strong emotion I listened when but a small child, to the tales of the Revolution. " My grandfather, on my mother's side, when fighting for the freedom of our country, was taken prisoner by British troops and confined in a dreary cell and so scantily fed that when his fellow-prisoner by his side died from exhaustion, he re- ported him to the jailor as sick in bed, in order to obtain the amount of food for both — keeping him covered in their blankets as long as he dared to remain with a decaying body. " This, with many similar narratives of Revolutionary sufferings recounted by my grand-parents, so deeply impressed my mind, that as I grew up to woman- hood I fondly cherished a pride for the flag which so proudly waved over the graves of my brave ancestors." It was the poet's soul of this illustrious Mormon woman that first enchanted the Church with inspired song, and her Hebraic faith and life have given some- thing of their peculiar tone to the entire Mormon people and especially the sister- hood just as Joseph Smith and Brigham Young gave the types and institutions to our modern Israel. She has written several volumes of poems, and has edited the autobiography 58 794 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. of ber brother Lorenzo Snow. Of all her poems and hymns the following, entitled " Invocation, or the Eternal Father and Mother," is pronounced the gem : Oh ! my Father, thou that dwellest In the liigh and lioly i)lace ; When shall I res^ain thy presence, And again behold thy faee? In thy glorious habitation, Did my spirit once reside ? In my first primeval childhood, Was I nurtured by thy side ? For a wise and glorious purpose. Thou hast placed me here on earth ; And withheld the recollection Of my former f»-iends and birth. Yet oft-times a- secret something, Whisper'd, " You're a stranger here ;" And I felt that I had wandered From a more exalted sphere. T^had learned to call thee Father, Through thy spirit from on high ; But until the key of knowledge ^ Was restored, I knew not why. In the heavens are parents single ? No ; the thought makes reason stare ; Truth is reason ; truth eternal Tells me I've a Mother there. When I leave this frail existence — ■ When I lay this mortal by, Father, Mother, may I meet you In your royal court on high. Then at length, when I've completed All you sent me forth to do. With your mutual approbation. Let me come and dwell with you. Her tender funeral hymns have solaced the hearts of thousands of the be- reaved of her people. "At the Sea of Galilee," is one of her poems written in the Holy Land : I have stood on the shore of the beautiful sea, The renowned and immortalized Galilee, When t'was wrapp'd in repose, at eventide, Like a royal queen in her conscious pride. No sound was astir — not a murmuring wave — ■ Not a motion was seen, but the tremulous lave, A gentle heave of the water's crest — As the infant breathes on a mother's breast. I thought of the present — the past : it seemed .^ That the silent Sea, with instruction teem'd; For often, indeed, the heart can hear What never, in sound has approached the ear. Full oft has silence been richly fraught With treasures of wisdom, and stores of thought, With sacred, heavenly whisperings, too, That are sweeter than roses, and honey dew. « ■;■:■ •:■;- «• s- •* Again, when the shades of night, were gone, In the clear, bright rays of the morning dawn, I walked on the bank of this selfsame Sea, Where once, our Redeemer was wont to be. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CIT\. 7gs Where, " Lord sive, or I perish," was Peter's prayer, Befitting the weik and the fliithless elsewhere. Ann here while admiring this Scriptural Sea, Ih' bold vista of Time, brought tlV past up to me; Emboss'd with events when the Prince of Life, Endured this world's hatred— its envy and strife; When, in Him, the Omnipotent was revealed. And, by Him, the wide breach of the law, was healed. The gates, He unbarred, and led the way, Through the shadow of death, to the courts of day; And " led captivity captive," when "- He ascended on high, and gave gifts unto men." Sarah E. Carmichael, a gifted daughter of Mormon parents, introduced an- other class of poetry. Here is a gem of the first water, entitled, THE STOLEN SUNBEAM. There's a light that burns with a quenchless glow, In the wide, deep caverns of earth below; Like the fire that lives on the Parsee's shrine Is the amber torch of the lighted inine. Burning forever, steadily bright ; Flickering never, a changeless light; Proud and passionless, still and fair; Burning forever without a glare ; Burning forever, so still and deep, A quenchless flame in a dreamless sleep ; And Time's broad ocean may roll its waves While space hath room for the centuries' graves. It hath not billows to dim the shine Of the wizard fagot that lights the mine. Beware 1 beware ! of a starless beam ! The nightmare spell of a miser's dream. Emotionless ever, its subtle art Tugs at the strings of the world's strong heart. The stars of the earth at its bidding stoop; Awed by its menace, life-roses droop ; And the fairest blossoms that earth can twine Fade near the taper that lights the mine. The Fallen looked on the world and sneered : " I guess, he muttered, " why God is feared; For eyes of mortals are fain to shun The midnight heaven that hath no sun. I will stand on the height of the hills and wait Where the day goes out at the western gate, And reaching up to its crown will tear From its plumes of glory the brightest there ; With the stolen ray I will light the sod, And turn the eyes of the world from God." He stood on the height when the sun went down — He tore one plume from the day's bright crown ; The proud orb stooped till he touched its brow, And the marks of that touch are on it now. And the flush of its anger forever more Burns red when it passes the western door! The broken feather above him whirled, In flames of torture around him curled, And he dashed it down from the snowy height In broken masses of quivering light. Ah ! more than terrible was the shock Where the burning splinters struck wave and rock ; The green earth shuddered, and shrank, and paled, The wave sprang up and the mountain quailed. Look on the hills — ^let the scars they bear Measure the pain of that hour's despair. jg6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. The Fallen watched while the whirlwind fanned The pulsing splinters that plowed the sand ; Sullen he watched, while the hissing waves Bore them away to the ocean caves; Sullen he watched, while the shining ril's Throbbed through the hearts of the rocky hills; Loudly he laughed: " Is the world not mine? Proudly the links of its chain shall shine; Lighted with gems shall its dungeons be; But tiie pride of its beauty shall kneel to me ! " That splintered light in the earth grew cold, And the diction of Mortals hath called it " GOLD! " There is litile among the breathings of the nation's poets, more rare than the " Stolen Sunbeam " of our own "■ Lizzie " Carmichael, as we were wont to call her in her bright maiden days, when this was written. Her " Moonrise on the Wasatch," is not less beautiful as a poem, yet not so dazzling in splendor. An- other, entitled " Stanzas," is toned with the same rich fancy and a touch of exquis- ite tenderness. The opening poem of her book — '^ April Flowers," is painfully suggestive of our gifted sister's life : Pale flowers, pale flowers, ye came too soon ; The North, with icy breath, Ilath whispered hoarsely through the skies A word that spoke of death. Ye came too soon — the Spring's first glance, In this cold clime of ours, Is but the sheen of Winter's lance — Ye came too soon pale flowers ! Pale, rain-drenched flowers, ye came to greet The young Spring's earliest call. As untaught hearts leap forth to meet Loved footsteps in the hall : Ye came — beneath, the snow-wreath lies; Above, the storm-cloud lowers; Around, the breath of winter sighs — Ye came too soon, pale flowers. Pale, blighted flowers, the summer time Will smile on brighter leaves ; They will not wither in their prime. Like a young heart that grieves ; But the impulsive buds that dare The chill of April sliovv'ers. Breathe woman-love's low martyr prayer — I kiss your leaves, pale flowers. Mrs. Emily Woodmansee, a companion poetess of Sarah E. Carmichael, was endowed with a different tone of mind to that of her friend, yet gifted in her line of devotional poetry. The following verses from her pen are in another vein : WHAT DOES IT MATTER TO ME? If a storm cloud be over us riven, The very next thing that we know — Right over us bending — A glory transcending. Is the promised, the beautiful Bow. So if justice be from us withheld ; Or there's something we'd like that we see ; If we can't now obtain it, In time we may gain it, I won't let it matter to me. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 7P7 Djmc Fortune herself, like a see-saw, Pulls even her pets up, and down ; While some are lamenting, She's something inventing — To lift them to wealth or renown. But 'tis best not to trust to her always, " Work and wait," to success, 'tis the key, What if fortune be blind ? Or to others more kind. Need it matter to you or to me ? If you needs must appear out of date — To hold up your head have a care ; If somebody dashing — Should snub you in passing, Don't wilt 'neath their insolent stare. Some, lacking more wisdom than style. By dress, count your class and degree; Shall we ape their condition. To win recognition? What matters their notice to me ? For thanks be to Providence ! surely We've friends, who are sterling as steel. Who ask not our station, Our income, or nation — Caring less for our looks than our weal ; While such are vouchsafed us we will not — We cannot disconsolate be ; Whilst for friends we are grateful. Folks haughty and hateful — Matter little or nothing to me. Oh ! what should they matter indeed ; If our hands and our hearts are but clean. There's One high above us. Will own us, and love us — Though lowly our pathway has been. And so, when my body shall rest. In peace with the quiet and free, If I slumber protected, By marble erected Or no, will it matter to me? And yet, T would like that a few Should tenderly think o'er my dust, Here lies a frail woman, • Like all the world human. Who was honest and true to her trust. In place of a monument grand — Plant near me a flower or tree; So friendship undying. May mark where I'm lying. But I doubt if 'twill matter to me. Mrs. Hannah Tapfield King has long worthily sustained her reputation as a Salt Lake authoress. She was known in literary circles in England, and was on corresponding terms with the celebrated English poetess, Elizd Cook. Her best lit- erature is in the line of biographical romances, literal in their subject and narra- tive, but dressed with the author's admiring fancy. Such are her interesting stories — '•' The Diamond Necklace," " The Victorian Era," " Josephine, Wife of Napoleon," and "Mary, the Bride of Suffolk" — sister of Henry VIH. of Eng- land. The latter is a rare specimen of old English romance and composition. Mrs. Emeline B. Wells is not only one of our Salt Lake authors, but is also the editor and manager of the Woman'' s Exponent, which has for many years been sustained by her literary enthusiasm and business perseverance. The following poem, entitled, " The Wife to her Husband," is a tender fragnaent from her pen : 7g8 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. WW. wwv. vo iii:r hushand. It seems to me that should I die, And tliis poor body cold and lifeless lie, And tlioii shimld'st tuiuli my lips with thy w inn hiiMth, Tlio ll(c-l)l()0(l iiuiikfii'd in each scp'r.itc vein, Would wildly, m.ully rushiri)^ back ay;ain, Brin<; the {jlad spirit from the isle of death. It seems to me that were I dead, And thou in sympathy should'st o'er me slieJ Some tears of sorrow, or of sad rejjret, That every jjcarly drop that fell in grief. Would bud, or blossom, burstin}>f into leaf. To prove immortal love could not forget. I do believe that round my prave. When the cool, frajjrant, evening zephyrs wave, Should'st thou in friendship linger near the spot. And breathe some tender words in memory, That tiiis poor heart in grateful constanev. Would softly whisper back some loving thought. I do believe that should I ]iass. Into the unknown laml of happiness. And thou should'st wish to see my face once more, 'I'hat in n)y earnest longing after thee, I woukl come forth in joyhil eestaey, .\nd once again gaze on thee as before. I do believe my faith in thee, , Stronger than life, an anchor firm to be. Planted in thy integrity and worth, A jierfect trust, implicit and secure; * That will all trials and all griefs enduie, And bless and comfort me while here on e n ih I do Iwlieve who love hath known. Or sublime friendship's purest, highest tone, Hath tasted of the cup of ripest bliss. And drank the choicest wine life hath to give, llalii known llie truest joy it is tu H\e; Wiiat i)U-ssings rich or great compared to this? I do believe true love to be An eleiuent that in its tendency, Is elevating to the human mind ; An intuition wiiich we recognize . As foretaste of immortal I'aradise, Througii whicii tlie soul will be reliiu'd. To Mrs. Crocheron was awarded the prize for a Christmas story published in the Contributor of January, 1883. She has also published a little volume of poems. William Gill Mills, an author of more than local fame, is a native of the Isle of Man, and received a classical education in his native island. Previous to his emigration to Utali, he obtained considerable reputation as an author. A niunber of Mr. Mills' early poems were published in the Millennial Star and also in the Dcseret News; and several very fine hymns from his pen were compiled in the various editions of the " Latter-day Saints' Hymn Rook." During the early residence of Mr, Mills in Salt Lake City, he sent several l)oems to Godey's Lady's Book, for which die editress, Mrs. Sarah Jane Hale, herself one of America's sweetest poets, sent complimentary letters requesting further effusions. One of these poems furnished a leader for the Monthly Liter ary Gazette of Boston. It was entitled "Our Good Time is in the Present." HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 7pp The following sweet morceaux, of conjugal affection, simple as sweet, and unique, yet enjoyed by millions of young hearts, appeared also in Godey's Book, and received compliments from Mrs. Hale : TO MY WIFE. { On my first visit to my parents' home after mirriagc,) I'm seated 'neath my parents' roof, This old familiar place ; And, as I cast a glance around, Can each fond relic trace. My mother clasps her first-born son, With all a mother's feeling; My father's smile and heaving breast His inmost soul's revealing. My brothers clasp me by the hand, Each sister round me clings ; Here words are true, and hearts sincere— O, rare and priceless things. The joyous welcome breathings fall. Like music on my ears ; The tales they tell, and questions liring The life of other years. Well I can prize this happy scene, And feel its sweet control ; And every word and smile can find A place within my soul. I love them all, but there is one Is dearer still to me. Without whose presence this fair earth A dreary waste would be. She spreads a charm through every scene. That mocks the cares of life; She leans her trusting heart on mine — Afy own endearing WIFE. For her I'd leave friends, kin and place — All I have known before ; Not that I love them aught the less. But that I love her more. Mr. Mills' translations of some of Anacreon's lyrics have been pronounced by Greek scholars as equal, in purity of translation and versification, to any that have ever appeared. His great poem of Cleanthes, the Stoic philosopher, entitled " Hymn to Jove,'" will illustrate Mr. Mills' classics : HYMN TO JOVE. Greatest of Gods ! by many names adored, Ruling all things, and Ever-ruling Lord ! Zeus ! All nature's origin and source, Governing by Law creation in its course, W^e mortals, Thee address in praise and prayer. As it is due, for we Thy offspring are, > . To whom, alone, of all that move or live, • The power of imitative speech dost give; Hence will I praise Thee ever, and make known Thy power and glory through all nature shown. The sparkling heavens that round our planet roll Obey 'Ihy will, submit to Thy control; W^hither thou leadest following the way. And freely the eternal Law obey. Soo HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Thou boldest in Thy mighty hand at ease, — As minister of power to work Thy purposes — The deathless thunderbolt, two-edged, a flame, Whose flashing roar appal great nature's frame ; Thou guid'st the common Reason that does all Things permeate, passing through great and small, P'illing the radiant orbs that whirl afar, From sun and moon and every midnight star To the minutest particle that is, Making It King of all existencies. Without Thee naught is done. Oh, Deity, From the ethereal pole to earth's deep sea, — Save the great evils wrought and seen and heard By sinful, senseless, wicked men preferred. But order out of chaos. Thou canst make, Beauty from grossness, chord from discord wake; So from variety bring unity, That even out of evil good shall be : Thus, throughout nature, one great Law is known. Which but the wicked disobey alone. Deceived are they for happiness who pine That will nor see nor hear the law divine. Which, if obeyed, would truly lead to life; But each his own way joins the hapless strife. Some strive, in battle, glory to attain ; Others, inglorious lost, are seeking gain; Others to sensual joys and pleasure trend. While seeking life in hasting ruin end But Zeus ! All-bestower Cause and Force Of clouds. Ruler of thunder in its course! Do thou guard men from error's sad control ; Dispel the clouds that gather round the soul. And let us follow, to eternal gain. The laws all-governing Thy righteous reign. That we be honored we will honor Thee, Hymning Thy love and deeds harmoniously, As mortals should to make them truly great. — For, nor for gods nor men in their estate, Can ought be nobler than, adoring, raise Their voices in perpetual songs of praise Of the eternal Law and Reason found, Common to all, the universe around 1 There is a pensive plaint in his last beautiful effusion : THOUGHTS ON A STARRY NIGHT. Oh, beautiful and glorious orbs of light That thus have glistened round the throne of Night, Unnuml)ered cycles in your ether wave And radiant still, but silent as the grave! How many yearning hearts like mine, on earth, Have questioned you to know your holy birth? In vain the thought our deepest feelings stirred, Ye shine, and shine, but answer not a word. Why is it thus? Why your vast discs be less By lifeless, cold, illimitable space? The music, too, is lost of your grand motion In the wide waves of your ethereal ocean ; Or if some meditative poet-ear Catch the sweet cadence, flowing from you here, It is so soft, so faint, so exquisite It vibrates only through the soul made fit To listen to the " music of the spheres," Rather than vibrates on the outward ears. But, then, ye are so distant, and with all Your vast and bright immenseness are so small, That a bat's wing, nay, cv'n a tiny leaf Which trembles by a zephyr, soft and brief. If intervening can your brightness shade — An eclipse to our raptured vision made : HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 8oi What! a lone feather on a bird unfurled, Or tiny fading leaf eclipse a world ! But, ah ! 'tis thus, ev'n on our globe itself The veriest trash, the lure of filthiest pelf, The hidden mischief of the secret earth. The claim of title, blood, descent and birth, If interposing, 'tvvixt the priceless gem Of genius forming in the mine, to stem The current of the warm sun's fostering rays, Will intercept the bright creative blaze, And let the glorious jewel lie in doom To waste in grand prolific Nature's womb. Ay! but there are some souls of holy fire That will shine out and other hearts inspire, Whose light will sparkle with increasing rays Till genial natures kindle in the blaze. With natures such as those 'tis purest joy The hours in blest communion to employ. And we can gaze upon the stellar light In lustre beaming in the dome of night: Behold the self-same stars that Byron viewed When in his Grecian skiff he skimmed the flood ; Or when the sprightlier Moore oft glanced among Translating them into his glowing song, And those that sparkled in the skies of Greece Inspiring Homer into e.xtacies. Who deemed them exquisitely beautified That ev'n the gods might dwell in them with pride; Nay more — perchance the very stars that shone Which David in fudea gazed upon. Whose glorious beauty filled the vaulted span, He wondered God should think of puny man. Oh, holy Night! seen by thy distant beams ! If thou can'st wake so many luminous dreams * * * * Can'st bring us into one immortal feeling Past, present, future with their grand revealing, Oh, let me from thy influence and power Draw inspiration for this musing hour. Let me mount up thy mystic atmosphere. Let shapes of heroes, poets, gods appear To my impassioned gaze amid the clouds, And have the greeting of those noble crowds. My soul is pensive, wayward, lonely new; , And so the silvery moon, that from her brow Shoots her mild rays across the misty deep, Or on the rugged mountain lies asleep, seems brighter, grander and more glorious than The glaring sun that shines upon the haunts of man. Mr. Mills obtained two prizes for poems in London literary papers, compe- tition for which was open to all writers in Great Britain. The principal and pro- fessors of St. Bees College, in England, presented great marks of esteem to Mr. Mills for his beautiful " Monody on the Death of a Young Lady." Mr. Henry W. Naisbitt has long held a foremost place among our Salt Lake poets. His poems are typical of the man. His subjects exhibit the native dig- nity of his own thoughts. Following are specimens: TO-DAY. "As thy day is so shall thy strength be." — Bible, Strength for to-day is all we need, 1 here never will be a to-morrow. For to-morrow will prove another to-day. With its measure of joy and sorrow. 59 8o3 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CIIY. Strength for to-day is all we get, 'Tis well to have that when needed; Full oft when the sun in the west is set, Our strength has our hope exceeded. Strength for to-day, is all we ask ; Why grasp like the miser reaching? When many are tired, though small their t.isk, And they perish while life beseeching. Strength for to-day ; what more to say, — What use for a soul to borrow ; Life's trc^ubles are surely enough to-day, And we never shall see a morrow. Strength for to-day, I bless that word ; Ah, it falls like a sunset's glory ; My Father, 'tis not too long deferred. Each day brings the self-same story. Strength for to-day ! No trouble now Seems worthy of thought or sorrow ; Thy promise spans, like yon arching bow. The day-life, which knows no morrow. THY NAME BE PRAISED! Swells there a grand inspiring thought; Erratic, yet there is design. It comes from God, And wondrous plan ; And breaks with lofty purpose fraught; What sage hath lore to help define On earth's green sod ! For fellow-man ? ■ With tidal force it ebbs, it flows, This inspiration shall be felt, As centuries pass ; And wide extend ; Man knows not whence it comes, or goes, Till fertile hearts our earth shall belt. Or why it was ! And time shall end ! 'Tis meteor like, now here, now there, — Hail glorious age, hail latter-day ;— Impulsive seems ; The days of light ! Now in the summer's morning air. Hail Priesthoods grasp, hail its full sway, Then, midnight dreams ! 'I he rule of right ! In zones apart, in lands afar. For purpose is its end and aim, With us, — to-day ; From sire to son ; Then moveless as yon radiant star. To give to God, earth, loack again. Or Milky-way ! Which will be done! How proudly beats the true man's heart. But God's can know; For they to him that fire impart. Whose intense glow, — Shall light the world to higher spheres That day of earth's, one thousand years! BESIDE THE GARDEN GATE. The stars had lit their ruddy fires O'er all the crowning arch of night ; For day had fled to gild the spires Of western lands, with living light. The silent beauty bade me wait. Beside the swinging garden gate. 'T was Springtime then and perfume filled The evening air as twain we stood ; While love-tones through my being thrilled. As hand pressed hand, to say, I should. And liright eyes told that lips would wait, A kiss beside the garden gate. As gently round my arms I swept, I clasped her to my bounding heart ; 'Twas then the love which long had slept. Made two hearts one no time could part. And now — no need to wish or wait. My kiss beside the garden gate. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 803 For weal or w,-)e, Love's impulse swells And that true heart is mine, my own; My every pulse and action tells That happy hours from Love have grown. But memory knows I once did wait, My first kiss by the garden gate. DRIFTING! Drifting apart, two fallen leaves, On the rippling face of a laughing tide, Yet each coquetting with make-believes, That still tney are floating side by side ! Dancing and drifting to music sweet, — Murmuring music 'neath Autumn's sun ; They, in the Springtime and Summer's he.it, On the same tree had their life as one! Drifting apart, obstructions tell, — Further and further they now divide; One goes down where the rapids swell, The other finds rest on a peaceful tide ! Quiet it floats, and a peaceful nook Controls its end, where it sinks away ; The other, — is dashed and wildly shook, Vet, like its fellow, meets sad decay ! Drifting apart, — two human hearts, • Though life's sun glows in their azure skies, And ever from each, the one thought starts, — i '■ ' ris only a moment," — they both despise ! A moment of life, yet fraught with death From chilling words, from a dark surmise, 'Tis drifting ap.irt, — yet, neither saith, " The distance is creeping," ah, sad disguise ! The one by a quiet pathway lies. Out of the current, in shady nook ; The other, the whirl of excitement tries. For pleasure is followed for garish look ! Destiny, — acting on self — is met, Through self delusion ; the end portray ; Dancing or silent, life's sun doth set. In drifting apart. Love meets decay ! Mr. Orson F. Whitney, the youngest of our poets is working on a poem of the epic order. His jubilee poem, written in 1880 to celebrate the jubilee of his people, brought him into prominent notice. It is a noble picture of the Mormon Pioneers, and the subject of their first sight of the Valley of the Great Salt Lake. At a later period he struck a loftier theme, under the style of "A Christmas Idyl," published in the Contributor. This is also an epic fragment, which he has re-named " Immanuel." His last effort of a similar class is entitled THE ANCIENT OF THE MOUNT. Alone upon the mount ; a mighty hill Capped with the lingering snows of vanished years, Where towering forms the etherial azure fill. Swept by the breath of taintless atmospheres ; Where Nature throned in solitude, reveres The God whose glory she doth symbolize, .And on the altar watered by her tears Spreads far around the fragrant sacrifice Whose incense wafts her sweet memorial to the skies. ,^04 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CI7Y. Here let me linger. O my native hills — Snow-mantled wonders of the western waste! — With what a joy the bounding bosom thrills, Whose steps aspiring mar your summits chaste! Not Language with her robes of rarest taste, Could clothe the swift-born thoughts in fitting dress, Surging upon the mind with torrent haste. Wrapt in mute wonder's conscious littleness Where loom the cloud-crowned monarchs of the wilderness, Whereo'er I roam, and still have loved to roam From early childhood's scarce-remembered day, And found my pensive soul's congenial home Far from the depths where human passions play. Born at their feet, my own have learned to stray Familiar o'er these pathless heights and feel. As now, my mind assume a loftier sway, Soaring for themes that past its portals steal, Beyond its power to reach or utterance to reveal. Oh, that my words were written in the rock, Graven with iron pen whose letters bold, Surviving still the crumbling ages shock. Should stand when seas of change around them rolled ! In kindred phrase lamented one of old. Knew he not well, ye mighty tomes of clay. How firm the trust your flinty page might hold? Have ye not spurned the fiats of Decay? Are ye not standing now where nations passed away ? Ye hoary sentinels, whom heaven willed Should guard the treasures of a glorious land ! Had primal man the sacred garden tilled. Ere yet terrestrial scenes your vision scanned ? Were ye of miracles primeval, planned Ere rolled the world-creating fiat forth ? Or came at fell Convulsion's fierce command. 'Mid loud-tongued thunders bursting from the earth — The martial music that proclaimed your war-like birth ? Ye voiceless oracles, whose intelligence Sleeps in the caverns of each stony heart, Yet breathes o'er all a silent eloquence, What wealth historic might your words impart ! Lone hermit of the hills, that loom'st apart From where thy banded mates in union dwell ; A chosen leader seemingly thou art. The spokesman of the throng that round thee swell ! And oh, were speech thy boon, what volumes could'st thou tell ! Thrice wondrous things were thine to wisely scan, And stranger yet than dreamed of mortal lore — Had'st thou that gift full oft misused by man. Though deemed his glory — thou might'st all restore. Till learning's tide o'erwhelmed its shining shore. And doubting souls, ill-fated to deny Bright truths exhumed fiom wisdom's buried store. Might in von stream persuasion's force descry, And gladly drinking live, who doubting thirst and die. Vain, vain the unavailable. Firm sealed Those rigid lips whose accents might disclose Marvels and mysteries yet unrevealed, Realins rich with joy, or wastes of human woes ; Or names of mighty empires that arose And fell like frost-hewn flowers before thy face ; Causes which wrought them an untimely close. Dark crimes for which a once delightsome race Was doomed to sink in death or live 'neath foul disgrace. And like the laboring brain that burns to speak Unutterable thoughts, deep in its dungeons pent; Or liker still to inward boiling peak Of fires volcanic, vainly seeking vent Where rock-ribbed walls an egress e'er prevent, HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 805 Thou'rt doomed to utter stillness, and shalt keep The burden of thy bearing till is rent Yon heavenly vail, and earth and air and deep Tell secrets that shall rouse the dead Irom s:>lenin s!eep. Thus musing, lone upon a beetling brow. Clothing with utterance the thoughts that sprung Swift as the sun fused flood's impetuous fl iw, Nfethought from out the rocky caves there rung A voice, whose tones bewrayed no mortal tongue. But deeply clear though darkly mournful broke. As notes from off the weird-toned viol flung, Or, as the heavens lowly rumbling spoke. Heralding the storm-king with vivid flash and stroke : " Son of man ! " — the solemn sound rose echoing high — " Why lingerest here upon the mountain's brow ? Deem'st thou no stranger ear was listening nigh ? No louder tongue than thine, which did but now Powers of mine own so boldly disallow ? What would'st thou? Speak! And haply thou shalt find These silent rocks their story may avow, In words such as the will of human-kind Hath made the wings whereon thought flits from mind to mind," Amazed I listened. Did I more than dream ? Had random words aroused unhoped reply? Or was it sound who^e import did but seem ? Hark! — for again it breaks upon the sky: '■ Then query hast thou none, or none would'st ply, Sive to thy soul in meditative strain. Or heedless winds that wander idly by? So be it; still to me thy purpose plain. Thy hidden wish revealed, nor thus revealed in vain." Whi'e yet upon the circumambient air Weird echoes trembled of that wilder tone ; While, as on threshold of a lion's lair, Speechless I stood, as stricken into stone; Methought the sun with lessening splendor shone. As if some wandering cloud obscured his gaz^. Expectant of such trite phenomenon, Turning, mine eyes beheld with rapt amaze What memory ne'er should lose were life of endless da\s. A stately form of giant stature tall. Of hoary aspect venerable and grave, Whose curling locks and beard of copious fall Vied the white foam of ocean's storm-whipt wave. The deep-set eye flashed lightning from its cave. Far-darting penetration's gaze, combined With wisdom's milder light. Of learning, gave Deep evidence that brow by labor lined. Thought's ample throne where might but rule a monarch mind. The spirit's garb — for spirit so it seemed — Fell radiant in many a flowing fold, Of style antique, by modern limners deemed Befitting monk or eremite of old. The hoary head was bare, the presence bold With majesty, e'en as a God might wear When condescended to a mortal mould. It spake — -the voice no longer thrilled with fear. Like solemn music's swell it charmed the listening ear. ■" Mine is the burden of the mighty past; Far ages flown find oracle in me; Reserved of all my race, on earth the last. Alike thy minstrel and thy muse to be. For this my doom, fi.xed by a firm decree — Wherefore or whence it suits me not to say : But hence to pass might I no more be free, Till destiny should guide or hither stray One who would quest my ta'e and list my solemn lay. 8o6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE ClTi. " Long have I watched and waited; but no sound Broke the deep stilhiess of my drear abode — Save 'twere the thunder smote the trcmbhng ground, Or far beneath some torrent's fury flowed ; Anon the screaming eagle past me rode ; • The seelcer after gold, with toilsome stride, And eager eyes to fix the shining lode, Hath paused and panted on the steep hill-side; — But none for greater things till now have hither hied. " List, son of man, for I am one by whom ridings of times forgotten thou shah hear ; Thy mission to dispel in part the gloom 'ihat wraps the mystic past and chams me here. Thou, my deliverer from durance drear, Hearken till I the record have unrolled'; Then, rest not thou, nor toil nor danger fear, Till all that I may tell or yet have told Shall blaze in lettL-rs bright on history's page of gold." The ancient paused, and, unespied till then, A mammoth harp his bosom swung before ; Such as, perchance, tuned Israel's psalmist when An evil sprite his monarch tossed and tore. And music's magic quelled satanic power; Seated, his form against a crag reclined. He waved me to his feet, and forth did pour In rolhng numbers on the mountain wind. The song whose surges swept the channels of his mind " The soil whereon thou stand's! is Freedom's own, Redeemed by blood of patriots o'er and o'er ; When all else was defiled, this land alone Was sacred kept — a consecrated shore. The Gods of freedom and of justice swore No tyrant should this chosen land defile ; And nations here, that for a season wore The robe of power, must righteous be the while. Or Ruin's torch should swiftly light their funeral pile. " Three races nursed upon this goodly land; And nations glorious as the stars of heaven Have fallen by Retribution's blood-red hand Before mine eyes, since that dread word was given; Empires and realms, as trees by lightning riven ; Cities laid waste and lands left desolate ; The wretched remnant, blasted, cursed and driven Forth by the furies of revengeful P'ate — Till Wonder asks in vain, * What of their former state? Mr. Whitney is still working upon this poem, which gives promise of great capacity and variety of treatment. It is designed to embody the epic story of three races of this continent — two of the ancients who have passed away, whose history in a poem is co be revealed by " The Ancient of the Mount," and the present race of Americans whose future is to be outlined by this august shadow of the olden times. The veteran poet, John Lyon, in his native Scotland, now nearly sixty years ago, entered the sphere of authorship and earned his daily bread by his pen. This note of itself is a suggestive reminiscence of his life, for sixty years ago were days when authors lived and died in garrets, and the " fittest alone survived." As an author he came into the Mormon Church and has held his place as an author to the good old age of eighty-three. His best line of authorship was in his char- acteristic Scottish stories. His description of Scottish scenery not only shows the professional author's hand, but sometimes they remind the reader of the touches of Sir Walter Scott, It is not possible in a general chapter to give ade- HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 807 quate examples of his stories ; they are published and will occupy a place in Utah literature; but the following reflections from his venerable pen may be repeated as the closing talk to the reader from a dear old friend : YOUTH AND AGE. The thoughts of infancy and childhood seem Like dreams that vanish at our waking hours, While boyhood's actions is a fresher theme, lire age is weak'ning the reflective powers. Well we remember most we've said or done, . What others said or sung in sport or play, Of thoughts and feelings long since past and gone, We see and hear, as if 'tvvere yesterday. The smile parental approbation gave, The pedant's birch that o'er the truant played ; The shallow brook, we, wading, stem'd the wave, Or played at hide.and-seek in bushy glade. The tempting treasure of the ripened fruit ; The yellow cream the cupboard hid from vitw ; The stolen sugar and the quick pursuit, When grandmi with ths broomstick did pursu^. The old graveyard, so lonely on the hill, We've thoughtless roamed, and on the tombstones read Of severed friendship, graved by human skill. That would have raised the blushes of the dead"; The burning fever, stung by Cupid's dart. That longed for something death had nameless made. Which we could feel, yet dared not to impart Of what we felt for some bewitching maid. • The favors granted that no toil had won ; The praise or blame we earned for good or bad ; The tricks we played ; the races we had run ; The proud contentions and the fights we had; The giant thoughts by emulation sown, How great we would be if with learning fraught; Graved golden scenes of life, with riches strewn. Without a thorn to gall youth's happy thought. Beyond the hoary age of four score years The best of life is tainted with disease — A semi-lameness, blindness, half-closed ears ! But youth's reflection minds all things with ease. Bevond this date we grow a child again. Minus of all the pleasures of our youth. With here and there a little touch of pain. And wav'ring step would tumble us forsooth. " If not to know the tale of ages past," 'Tis said, " we will continue still a child ; " Alas! when mem'ry fades, a dark cloud cast O'er manhood, li'e looks mystified and riled. Search where we may to find some truth revered. It seems a phantom fading from our sight; Our boyhood life starts up, loved, loathed or feared, Instead of what we looked for in another light. All these remain in mem'ry's passing thought, And moulds reflection of our by-past years ; The time and place, like spectres, all unsought. Passing before us, joyous or in tears. Till sight and mem'ry dims the vital spark. And lame and weary oh our crutch weiean, Forgetting all, So childlike, in the dark. We pass in dotage from this mortal scene. 6o8 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Still, 'midst the changes of this mortal scene, One hope remains, unaltered and and secure — That nothing yet could ever come between To make the hope of after life obscure. While faith and hope grow brighter in old age, Though all the framework of the body's riven; The chinks of time but lighten up life's stage To show the actor on his way to heaven. Judge C. C. Goodwin is one of the ablest journalists on the Pacific Coast, and an author of high culture, speaking in the old classical sense of authorship. Modern journalists are rarely authors, still rarer poets ; and, when such an one is found in the editorial chair, we are reminded of " the days past and gone," when Douglas Jerrold edited Z/^^y^'j (London) i\''' of Utah, do declare and certify that at a regular elec- tion for delegate to the Forty-seventh Congress, held in said Territory on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, A. D. 1880, returns whereof were opened in my presence by the secretary of the Territory, Allen G. Campbell was the person being a citizen of the United States, having the greatest number of votes, and was therefore duly elected as d legate from said Territory to said Congress, and I do give this certificate accordingly. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the great seal of the Territory to be affixed. Done at Salt Lake City this 8th day of January, A. D. 1881. [L, S.] EI^I H. MURRAY, Governor, By the Governor: .Arthur L. Thomas, Secretary of Utah Territory. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Sig Territory ok Utah, Secretary's Office — ss: I, Arthur L, Thomas, secretary of the Territory of Utah, do hereby certify that the foregoing is a full, true and correct copy of the " decision of the governor in the matter of issuing a certificate to the person duly elected delegate to the Forty-seventh Congress," and of the " certificate of election issued to Allen G. Campbell, delegate to the Forty-seventh Congress," as appears of record in my office. Attest my hand and the great seal of the Territory of Utah, this lotli day of Felaruary, A. D. 1881. [L. s.] ARTHUR L. THOMAS, Secretary of Utah Territory. CREDENTIALS OF HON. A. G CAMPBELL. United States of America, Territory of Utah, Executive Office — ss. \, Eli H. Murray, governor of the Territory of Utah, do declare and certify that at a regular elec- tion for delegate to the Forty-seventh Congress, held in said Territory on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, A. D. 1880, tg-wit, the 2d day of November, 1880, returns whereof were opened in my presence by the secretary of the Territory, Allen G. Campbell was the person, being a citizen of the United States, over the age of twenty-one years, having the greatest number of votes, and was, therefore, duly elected as delegate from said Territory to said Congress, and I do give this certificate accordingly. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the great seal of the Territory to be affixed. Done at Salt Lake City this eighth day of January, A, D. 1881. [SEAL.] ELI H, MURRAY, Governor. By tlie Governor : Arthur L. Thomas, Secretary of Utah Territory." NOTICE OF CONTEST. '• Washington, D. C, January 20th, 1881. "Allen G. Campbell, Esq.: '^ Sir : I have the honor to notify you that I shall contest your right to hold a seat in the House of Representatives of the 47th Congress of the United States, as Delegate from the Territory of Utah, and also your right either to be sworn or enrolled, or to hold a certificate of election as such Delegate, on the following grounds : '' I. That the returns of the election of Delegate to the 47th Congress of the United States, held on the 2d day of November, 1880, in the several counties of the Territory' of Utah, which were prepared and forwarded to the Secretary of the Territory, under sections (23) and (^4) of the Compiled Laws of ihe Territory of Utah, copies of which returns marked respectively, A, B, C, D, etc., are hereto annexed, showed, as the fact was, that 18,568 votes were legally cast tor me at said election, that only 1,357 votes were cast for you, and that only 8 votes were cast for all other candidates, and that I was therefore legally elected to said office of Delegate from the Territory of Utah in the 47th Congress, and was also entitled to receive the certificate of election, and to be enrolled and sworn as such Delegate. " 2. That said returns showed, as the fact was, that you received less than one- thirteenth of the votes legally cast at said election, and therefore were not entitled to hold the said office of Delegate from the Territory of Utah in the 47th Congress or to be enrolled or sworn as such Delegate, or to receive the cer- tificate of election to said office. " 3, That the action of the Governor of the Territory of Utah, in withliolding the certificate of elec- tion from me, and giving it to you, was illegal and fraudulent. " Very respectfully, "Geo. Q. Cannon." The continuation of the history of this famous suit is from Mr. Campbell's claim submitted to the Forty-seventh Congress of the United States. Mr. Camp- bell filed his answer to Mr. Cannon's contest. The answer was as follows : ''Salt Lake City, Utah, February 26th, 1881. "Geo. Q. Cannon, Esq.: •'Sir: To your notice of January 20th, 1881, served on me on the 4th day of the present month, 8so HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CIIY. to the effect that you will contest my right to hold a seat in the House of Representatives of the Forty- seventh Congress of the United States, as Delegate from the Territory of Utah, etc., I have the honor to answer in respect to the facts alleged by you, and to state the grounds on which I rest the validity of my election as follows : "I. I admit that the returns of the election of Delegate to the Forty-seventh Congress of the United States, held on the 2d day of November, 1881, in the several counties of the Territory of Utah, were made to the Secretary of said Territory, of which copies are annexed to your notice and referred to therein as marked A, B, C, D, etc. But I deny that said returns showed, or that the fact was, that 18,568 votes were legally cast for you at said election, or that you were legally or otherwise elected to said office of Delegate from the Territory of Utah in the Forty-seventh Congress, or entitled to re- ceive the certificate of election, or to be enrolled, sworn, or otherwise in any manner recognized as such Delegate. I deny that said returns showed, or that the fact was, that I received less than one-thirteenth of the votes legally cast at said election, or that I was not entitled to hold the said office of Delegate from the Territory of Utah in the Forty-seventh Congress, or to be enrolled and sworn as such Delegate, or to receive the certificate of election to said office. "I deny that the action of the Governor of the Territory of Utah in withholding the certificate of election from you and in giving it to me, was illegal or fraudulent. "And I allege as the grounds of the foregoing denial and of my claim that my election was valid, as follows : "I. No statute Federal or Territorial, required or authorized said returns of said election to be placed before the Governor of said Territory ; or authorized or required him to open or inspect said returns as the whole or any part of the evidence, on which he was required to determine the result of said election, and this state of the law has been judicially declared in said Territory-. " 2. Said returns do not disclose the names, sex or qualifications of the voters whose votes are therein aggregatedly stated. "3. A large number of the voters who voted for you were females, and therefore not qualified to vote for members of the Legislative Assembly in said Territory, and consequently not qualified to vote for Delegate to Congress at said election. The number of such illegal votes can only be estimated, but such votes were given in all the counties in relatively large numbers, and are an undistinguishable part of the votes mentioned in each of said returns. " 4. You were not at the date of said election eligible or qualified, nor capable of being made eli- gible or qualified to be elected to, or to serve in, said office of Delegate, because you were born a subject of Great Britain, and have never been naturalized as a citizen of the United States ; you are not a man of good moral character; you are not attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, nor well disposed to the good order and happiness of the same ; you have been for many years a polyg- amist, living and cohabiting with four women as wives, to whom you have joined yourself by a pretended ceremony of marriage; you do not loyally yield assent and obedience to the act of Congress against polygamy in the Territories ; you have for many years last past publicly endeavored to incite others to violate that statute in the Territory of Utah — therefore all the votes given for you at said election are void. " 5. At the time of said election on the second day of November, i88i, you were known through- out the Territory of Utah to be an alien and not eligible to said office of Delegate. All the persons vot- ing for you were aware, and had full notice, that you were an alien, unnaturalized, and disqualified to hold any office under the laws of the United States, or of any of the Territories thereof. " 6. I am a native born citizen of the United States and qualified by age and residence in said Ter- ritory to be elected at said election to said office of Delegate to the House of Representatives of the Forty-seventh Congress of the United States, and besides eight scattering votes cast at said election, I re- ceived all the legal votes given at said election for said office of Delegate in the Forty-seventh Congress from the Territory of Utah; that on the 8th day of January, 1881, the Governor of said Territory, in pur- suance of the statute in such cases made and provided, and in the due and regular exercise of the power in him vested, did declare and certify under his hand and the great seal of said Territory, that I was the person having the greatest number of votes, and therefore duly elected as Delegate from said Territory to said Congress. " Respectfully Yours, "A. G. Campbell." ■' I hereby admit service of the within and foregoing notice to me directed by a copy delivered to me personally at Washington, this the fifth day of March, A. D. 1881. ♦' Geo. Q Cannon." HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 831 On a suit instituted before Chief Justice Hunter, at Salt Lake City, on the 8th day of June, 1881, in the name of the " United States ex rel. Allen G. Camp- bell vs. George Q. Cannon," that court pronounced its judgment as follows: **/// the District Court for the Third Judicial District of Utah Territory. "The United States on the relation of Ai.i.EN G. Campbell, Plaintiff, vs. George Q. Cannon. Defendant. "Complaint to annul a Certificate held by Defendant and used by him as a Cer- tificate OF Naturalization. " The demurrer of the defendant to the complaint filed in this action having been heretofore argued by counsel for the respective parties, and taken under advisement ; and the court having duly considered the same ; and it appearing to the court that the Attorney-General of the United States should file com- plaint in behalf of the Government in such cases ; and that from the facts stated in the complaint, which are admitted by defendant's demurrer, that there is no record of defendant's naturalization, and that no proceeding for that purpose ever took place in court, and that the certificate held by defendant as a cer- tificate of naturalization was obtained by fraud and has been fraudulently used, and is void on its face iii not professing to be the copy of a record and not certifying a regular naturalization, and therefore that there is no sufficient cause shown for annulling it, it is ordered that the said demurrer be and the same is hereby sustained, and that the complaint be and is hereby dismissed. "John A. Hunter, y>/(/f^. "Attest, October 31st, 1881. " H. G. McMillan, Deputy Clerk. [seal.] " Filed October 31, 1881." Notwithstanding tha? Mr. Campbell did not obtain the seat in Congress, which was scarcely expected either by himself or his political friends, the Utah Liberal party considered that he won for it a great triumph in Congress, and on his return he was received as a victor, not a defeated candidate. The following review of the case from Hon. George Q. Cannon's great speech, delivered to the House of Representatives on his retirement from Congress after the passage of the Edmunds Bill, is the other half of this remarkable chap- ter of our Territory : " On the 2d day cf November, 1S80, in a convention of delegates from all parts of the Territory of Utah, I received, on my part, the unanimous nomina- tion for delegate to this House. Notwithstanding all that has been said about church and state, I assert here that there is no place in the United States where there is greater freedom and greater liberty for the expression of opinions by the people respecting the men whom they wish to serve them, than there is in the Territory of Utah. Our political organization is entirely distinct from our church organization. It is true that the members of the church are members of the political party, because they are all — that is, the great bulk of the people, now numbering over 120,000 according to the last census — members of that church. We have no salaried ministers. Every man is a preacher who is a reputable man among us. From the midst of the congregation men are called to preach, very frequently without any previous notice. All the males over twenty-one years of age of good repute hold ofifice in the church. It is this, and this alone, which can give any color to the statements that there is a connection between church and state. " Now, I wish to say here, though I have had probably as much influence in 832 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. political matters as most of the men in the Territory of Utah, occupying as I do a position of confidence among the people, I can state on my honor that beyond the expression of an opinion as a citizen when asked, at no time and under no circumstances have I endeavored to influence any man or any body of men in the Territory of Utah respecting the selection of any one they had in view for office. I have not myself used any influence of that kind that could possibly be called by any one improper. When I speak this of myself of course I speak of ray own personal knowledge. But I think I can say the same for the rest of the leading men of Utah. Whatever influence they have used has been always to have the people select and vote for men who would worthily fill the offices. Knowing the jealousy there is abroad respecting this matter, there is the greatest care exercised so as to prevent anything from occurring which would give color to the prejudice existing upon this point ; yet of course where men have influence, if their opinions are asked their views will always have considerable weight. "All the forms of political procedure prevail in Utah as in other Territories and in the States. The people hold their primary meetings, elect delegates, and those delegates meet in convention, sometimes instructed whom they are to vote for and sometimes not, and every delegate has the right to express his views in favor of or against any candidate, and to vote for whom he pleases, and as the se- cret ballot prevails in Utah there can possibly be no interference on the part of any one to prevent citizens from expressing their unbiased choice for any candi- date. It was a convention of this kind, composed of delegates from all parts of the Territory, which nominated me as Delegate to Congress. I had given my friends to understand that I was not a candidate, and done so upon every previous occasion when I had been nominated; for you know, gentlemen, the position I have occupied here now for nine years is one which no one capable of filling the place would desire to occupy. It is not pleasant to be made a target for every man who wishes to gain credit for his morality to aim arrows at. In coming here, however, I have been sustained by the consciousness that I was at a post of duty where it was necessary for some one to represent the people and that I had the sole support of my constituents. It was the unanimous feeling of the delegates coming from all parts of the Territory that I should be nominated, and I received their unanimous vote. At that time I was occupying the position of Delegate to Congress. No question as to my eligibility had risen or could arise ; my consti- tuents had the best of evidence in their possession that I was eligible from the fact that I was at that time a Delegate in good standing in this House with an un- questioned right to my seat, and was in the same position when I was voted for and elected. Directly after the election I came here and took my seat and served through the last session of the last Congress. "Bat the governor of Utah Territory, having an idea that he had the oppor- tunity to gain fame and make himself popular, entered, as I have full reason to be- lieve, into a conspiracy with others to precipitate upon the country this question for the agitation of which a favorable opportunity had been long sought, to fur- nish some excuse for nullifying the election, and, either making the seat of the delegate vacant, or have a man occupy it whom the people had refused to elect. I having been born in a foreign land, he afl'ected to entertain the belief that I was HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 833 not properly naturalized. At our last interview, before I came to Washington to occupy my seat at the last session, he told me he thought some question would arise on that point. I told him then that it was a matter which the House had decided in the Forty- fourth Congress, that the question had been fully exammed and adjudicated, and I thought there ought to be some time in a man's life when the statute of repose should intervene to prevent his being annoyed upon a ques- tion of that kind, especially after it had been so thoroughly investigated. I told him further that it was the province of Congress to decide upon the qualifications of its members. But in accordance, as I believe, with this pre-arranged pro- gramme, he withheld from me the certificate of election. " I came here, as you know, and claimed my seat as I had done before. I courted investigation. I have been willing that this charge should be thoroughly re-exammed, although, as I said, it was thoroughly investigated by the committee on elections of the Forty-fourth Congress, who unanimously reported that I was a citizen of the United States. Since this session began, a distinguished Repub lican member of the committee on elections well-known, if not personally, at least, by reputation, to every member of this House, Hon. Martin I. Townsend, told me — and I will be pardoned for mentioning his name, because I have no doubt he would be quite willing I should use it — " Mr. Cannon, there is nothing whatever in this charge about you not being a citizen. I went to the bottom of that case my- self in the Forty-fourth Congress, and if you are not a naturalized citizen, I do not know where to look for one." But at this session my case was referred, and four- teen of a committee, composed of fifteen members of the House, have decided that I was properly elected. Of that there can be no question ; for the governor himself in my presence gave to the clerk of this House last winter his decision upon the election ; and in response to my question, in the presence of the then clerk of the House, "Governor, do you admit that this is your official action ? " he replied that it was. In that decision he stated (and it is his duty under the law to declare the result of the election) that I had received 18,568 votes and my competitor 1,357. This is the decision also of your committee ; and further, they decided after thorough discussion and examination that I am a citizen, and so far as election and citizenship are concerned, am entitled to my seat. " Mr. Speaker, it is now clear, that if 1 had my rights I should have come here by law with a certificate from the Territory of Utah under the seal of the Territory, signed by the Governor and countersigned by the Secretary of the Territory. That would have been my position it I had not been defrauded of my rights. I say "defrauded; " it is not too strong a term. I was defrauded of my rights and thus prevented from taking my seat on this floor; and the country has been inundated with falsehood since the election eighteen months ago to make the public believe that I was not eligible to a seat. I have been held in that position until within a few weeks a law of Congress has been passed which now disqualifies me in the opinion of many gentlemen on the other side who previously favored my case and said that I could not be kept out of my seat on account of any alleged disqualification arising out of my marital relations. I have been held in this position, bound hand and foot, until the passage of this act, and now it is 63 834 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CIJY. proposed to make this law operative against me to expel me literally from the House, not by a two-thirds vote, but by a majority vote. " If any gentlemen feel that they can vote thus to exclude me, and thus be jus- tified because of the clamor that is raised about Utah, and the people of Utah, and the religion of the people of Utah, I do not envy their feelings, but from the bottom of my heart I pity them. Of course every man must be responsible to himself and his constituency and his God for whatever vote he may cast. I do not question the right of any man to vote as he thinks best. I do not quarrel with any man on that account. His is the responsibility. I do not do so now ; but I say it is a great wrong to thus act. Whatever may be said about my con- stituents or myself does not justify the violation of the Constitution and the laws in my case. "It is conceded by the best lawyers in this House, if that recent law had not been passed, my case would have been a good one, notwithstanding the report of the committee on elections, and I could not have been kept out of my seat by that report nor by any reasoning embodied in it. This is the unanimous opinion of the best lawyers in the House. I h^d no fears about the subject myself. I was undisturbed as to what the result would be. But when this law was passed, I knew it was intended to furnish ground of justification for voting against me for many who were doubtful previously as to what vote they should cast. "Mr. Speaker, if religious prejudice, if religious animosity, if allegations against the people of Utah are to be accepted as the foundations upon which action in my case is to be based, then it is clear I am to be excluded, and cannot take my seat. If these are to be accepted as reasons why Utah should not have representation, then certainly all representation will be stricken down on this floor, and the seat of the Delegate from Utah Territory, legally elected under the laws and under the Constitution, will be declared vacant. " But I ask you, gentlemen, all of you, who say the people of Utah shall obey the law, will you who say we should comply with the law, religion or no religion, will you set us the example by smiting law down here, in what ought to be the temple of justice? Will you do this? Will you who ask equity from the people of Utah do equity, or will you deny us equity, and say we shall not have it because there are allegations made against Utah Territory; because they are falsely ac- cused of everything that is vile, and charged with being bad men, just as the first Christians were when Nero burned them, made torches of them, and justified him- self in doing so — will you, because of the alleged bad character of the people of Utah, be guilty of this great wrong ? "I say to you, Mr. Speaker, that before I would be guilty of that, I would want my right hand to loose its cunning and my tongue to cleave to the roof of my mouth — ay! before I would tear out the corner-stone of this grand and glorious temple of liberty which has been reared with so much costly toil and sacrifice, tear out the corner-stone of the right of the people to representation. " That, sir, has been conceded to Utah from the beginning. You now pre- scribe by law certain disqualifications. This, upon no principle of fairne::S can ap- ply to me. It would be an outrage to have it do so. It would be giving legisla- tion a retro-active effect. I am just as eligible to this seat in Congress to day, as HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 835 I was the first Monday in December, 1873, when the Forty thiid Congress con- vened in this Hall of Representatives; for this new law does not affect me. I have not exposed myself to its disqualifying clauses. My eligibility has not been inter- fered with in the least. I have not committed any act which makes me any more unsuitable to that position than I was at that time. And if this idea shall prevail — which is the ground upon which the majority of the committee base their re- port — that every Congress shall have the right to prescribe new qualifications for Delegates to Congress, imagine the condition of the people of the Territory. They elect a man in good faith, believing they have a right to elect him, and because of some whim or caprice, through some change in popular majorities, when he presents himself, for some reason or other, he is objected to, and is told he cannot have a seat in this House, because in the opinion of the majority he is disqualified. " It may be plural marriage to-day; it may be something else to-morrow, or some oftense, real or imaginary, the next day ; it may be the Mormon to- day, the man who believes in marriage, and it may be to-morrow the Shaker, the man who does not believe in marriage. It may be the Catholic the next day, and so on to suit the ever-varying whim of popular caprice, if Congress can prescribe new regulations for the Delegates from the Territoiies. Such will be the inevitable condition if the conclusions adopted by the majority of this committee shall prevail. '•' It has been stated that I represent a church ; that I am the ambassador of a church. Mr. Speaker, I represent the people of Utah Territory. I represent no church, and yet I represent every church that exists in that Territory. I am not here as an ambassador from any church. I am here because the voice of the legally qualified people of Utah Territory have chosen me to represent them here. It has been asserted also that I have no votes outside of the community of which' I am a member. I dispute that statement also. It is not true, if the testimony of voters themselves can be believed, for they have stated to me, many of them, that they voted for me. " We have a secret ballot in Utah Territory, and there is no means of know- ing the candidates for whom votes are cast. I was voted for, if I may believe what I am told, by many non-Mormons. My last contestant, that was in the Forty-fifth Congress received over 4,000 votes. There has been an increase of the non-Mormon element since that time, and as one prominent man from Utah said to me in this city recently, 'Mr. Cannon, when we wish to get the seat of the Delegate from Utah, we will send some man here with more votes than 1,357 to get the seat.' This was said by a prominent non-mormon of that Territory, and if the entire vote had been cast in the Territory at the last election, I have no doubt there would be nearly 5,000 in opposition at that time. I am, therefore, a representa- tive of the people of Utah, and if I do not represent them, certainly there is no one to represent them; but I am here because the law of Congress says that Utah Territory is entitled to a Delegate on this floor, and because the law said who should vote for the Delegate, and because the votes were cast for me. "But in regard to licentiousness concerning which so much has been said, I wish to say a few words. Do gentlemen understand that if the people of my 8j6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Territory, those who are accused of violating law in having more wives than one — I say do gentlemen, in considering this question not understand that if licen- tiousness and lechery were the objects to be accomplished, that the people could reach this in a much cheaper and much more popular manner than by marrying women and sustaining and making legitimate their children ? Why it needs no argument upon this point. The mere suggestion brings conviction to the mind of any person who reasons that the methods in vogue elsewhere and which i)ro- voke no wrath would be much more likely to have been adopted to accomplish such a purpose if that had been the object. "Why should I stand here and be assailed, abused, and denounced as I have been for lechery, because of marrying wives. Was it necessary that wives should be taken to gratify sensuality ? I have no need to take any wife to accomplish that. I have no need to take to myself the burden and responsibility of a family for that purpose. The people I represent would not need to be kept out of the Union (that being, we are told, the great reason that Utah has not sooner been admitted as one of the States) if the motives whicii have been attributed to them on this floor were the ones which have prompted them to contract marriages. There would be no necessity to place themselves in such a peculiar position if the gratification of passion were, as alleged, the sole object. What then, is it? "Mr. Speaker, the people of Utah have profound convictions concerning many things. They have left their homes more than once for the sake of religion, and have been forced to make themselves new homes in a distant land. Marri- age is an institution concerning which they have strong convictions. It may be said that this is not religion ; but whether it is or not, they believe it to be re- ligion. The Catholic has ideas as to what is religion. The Episcopalian has his ideas also upon the same subject ; so with the Presbyterians the Methodists, the Baptists, the Quakers, the Unitarians, and others ; and who shall decide, until the great day when men shall be judged and rewarded or punished for the deeds done in the body, between them. " My constituents believe that God has given a command concerning marri- age, and that he never gives a command without an object, and the object in this instance is to redeem the human family from the terrible evils under which in mod- ern society it groans. It may be asked how redeem them ? We answer by mak- ing marriage honorable ; by uplifting it, by elevating it above its present condi- tion; by giving every woman an opportunity to be a wife and mother. To cut off opportunity for prostitution and concubinage, and to leave no margin for lust to prey upon. It may be said that the sexes are so evenly divided that there is not sufficient disparity between their numbers to justify the adoption of such a principle. "The people of Utah do not believe that jjlural marriage ought to be or can be universal. In Utah itself it is not possible, for the males out number the fe- males. But give every woman the opportunity to marry, punish fornication and adultery, and what woman would occupy an illicit relation with the other sex ? The people of Utah believe marriage at the present time is falling into desuetude, and in consequence corruption is spreading over the land, and we have felt that the country was big enough to allow us in that far-off Utah, not interfering with others, HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 837 not forcing our views upon others, to test the effect of the patriarchal system of mar- riage in checking the tide of vice and preventing the spread of evils which mod- ern society acknowledges its powerlessness to extirpate. " I do not think it would be wise under present circumstances, that I should say anything more on this question. You may depend upon it, however, that there are more arguments in its favor than you have heard here or are likely to hear, and that the men and women choosing to embrace that principle are able to assign good and sufficient reasons for doing so. " I shall not allude to it from a scriptural standpoint. I may say, however, that so far as the condemnation of the world is concerned, we are willing io be placed upon the same plane with Abraham. And when we pray to go to Abra- ham's bosom we expect he will not look upon us as aliens cr law-breakers ; and when we pray to go to the New Jerusalem over each of whose twelve gates is written the name of each one of the twelve patriarchs, the sons of Jacob, we ex- pect when we pass through these gates we shall not be ashamed to be known for what we are. "Since the commencement of this debate, the statement has been made so frequently, that I feel as though I ought to say something in regard to it in con- nection with this case ; I mean the statement respecting the alleged conduct of the people of Utah in absorbing all the public lands. In the first speech on the Utah case, the allegation was made that the people of Utah in pursuance of a well-defined and settled policy, had absorbed all the public lands. It would seem ai though it were unnecessary for any person, and for myself particularly, to say one word in relation to this matter, it being so well known that in Utah Territory, as well as in the other Territories and States over which the land laws have been extended, every person can obtain land that is not occupied, every citizen who has the right to pre-empt or homestead land, and that there is no power in the lo- cal legislatures to alienate the lands or to take away the title and bestow it upon any individual. Acts of the Legislative Assembly of Utah Territory have been quoted to sustain the idea that they have really given title or sought to dispose of the public lands. At no time and under no circumstances was any action of this kind taken with a view to bestow the ownership or title upon any person who might occupy the land or to whom any grant might be given. " But our canyon roads had to be made, and it required some action on the part of the Legislature to induce men to build costly roads into our mountains and to build bridges over our canyon streams. I have known canyon roads there costing over $12,000 to be swept away in a single storm. Grants of this kind were given in the early days of the Territory for such purposes, and also for herd grounds and other purposes, that local rights might be preserved. If such had been the design it would have been futile. We lived in Utah Territory twenty years before the land laws were extended over us ; we had to do the best we could. As soon as these laws were extended over our Territory we then obtained title to our lands. These towns which have been spoken of could only get the same amount of land to their population that towns in other parts of the United States obtained. Where the inhabitants number one hundred, the law says, and less than two hun- dred, sites shall embrace not exceeding 320 acres, and so on. The highest num- SjS HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. her that was allowed was 1,280 acres. That was to a town containing 5,000 inhab- itants. Now, Salt Lake City had outgrown the conditions for which the town- site act was designed, and the inhabitants could not obtain title under it to their homes. My predecessor, Hon. W. H. Hooper, succeeded in getting a special act of Congress passed to meet the exigency. "The boundaries of the incorporated cities of Utah Territory were made very extensive. There was a very good reason for this. It is to be found in the facts that the settlements of Utah Territory were differently situated from fnose of every other part of the country. We had to do our farming by means of irri- gation. We had to adopt the Mexican system of living in pueblos or villages. And it was thought a wise thing for municipal authority to be extended over the farms, the fields, the water, so that the water could be controlled and come within municipal regulations, and that men who farmed in the country might be within the towns, and have the social advantages, the school advantages and other ad- vantages that there were to be obtained. Besides, it was an Indian country, and we had to live in villages to secure protection. But under the old law no man could pre-empt inside of an incorporated city. This was found out after the land laws were extended over the Territory. " It was not supposed at the time these corporations were granted that they would thus interfere with the settlement of lands outside of the town-side limits; and it put the Mormon people as much as it did all others to great inconvenience. They could not obtain title to their lands any more than any one else until a law was passed by Congress which relieved the people in that respect in that Terri- tory and in all the Territories; so that every settler that came within the limits of an incorporated city could obtain his land if it was open to pre-emption or homestead entry. That is all there is connected with this allegation that the people of Utah have plastered the whole country with their incorporations in order to prevent settlement. "Another point, Mr. Speaker, in connection with this case. Let the resolu- tion that has been proposed by the majority of the committee on elections be adopted and what will be the result ? Nearly eighteen months have elapsed since the election for this Congress. President Hayes was President of the United States at that time. President Garfield succeeded him. President Authur now fills the executive chair. During these three administrations the Governor of Utah Territory, who ruthlessly violated the law and robbed the people of their franchises, still occupies that position, " Let this seat of the Delegate from Utah be declared vacant, and you say to every Governor in the United States who acts as a ministerial officer, in declaring the results of elections, 'You can give certificates to men not elected with im- punity if we are in power, as was done in the Utah case, and no one will call you in question.' And the returning board which goes to Utah Territory under the law just passed, if not superior men, will feel emboldened to do the same thing with every man who may be elected under that law, and who may be displeasing to a majority of the board. They may assume the same right, and say to the man, 'You have received the votes, but we question your right, your eligibility. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Sjp and we refuse to give you the certificate.' Gentlemen can you see what the effect will be? " You may depend upon it that the consequences of this action, if the report of the majority of the committee be adopted, will not end with Utah Territory. Crystalize this fraud, make it effective by your votes, and its consequences will be far-reaching and extensive The delegate-elect from Utah may be an insig- nificant person, but a great principal is involved in this case. It will not be the Mormons always. There will be some one else, perhaps, who will be unpopular. There will be some party in the minority against whom strong prejudices will be aroused and strong feelings evoked. This case will be cited as a precedent for refusing right and justice to such persons and it will be pleaded in justification that this Forty-seventh Congress indorsed such action by sustaining the report of the majority of the committee on elections. A great wrong of this character can- not be perpetrated even upon the people of Utah without producing terrible results, which will be far-reaching and wide-spread. " There is one statement which I feel that I ought not to permit to pass un- challenged. It was stated upon this floor by the gentleman from Pennsylvania, [Mr. Beltzhoover,] and he assigned it as a strong reason for joining in the majority report, that in tlie Forty-third Congress I had unequivocally denied that I was what I have since acknowledged myself to be. And the gentleman from Ten- nessee, [Mr. Pettibone,] made that the foundation for his argument. He read from the statement which I made in the Forty-third^ Congress, and he certainly has an admirable way of reading anything so as to make it suit the purpose of his own argument. He read : " I deny that I am now living with four wives. "And then he paused. Well, if that was without qualification it would look as though the gentleman from Pennsylvania was quite correct in saying that I had unequivocally denied the accusation. But there is something else in the sentence. There is a parenthetical sentence — 'or that I am living or cohabiting with any wives' — which may be omitted. It will read then in this way. " I deny that I am now Hving with four wives in defiance or willful violation of the laws of Con- gress, etc "I denied it then and I can deny it now. I never defiantly or wilfully violated any law. In response to the tenth allegation contained in the statement, I said : " I deny that I am now living or have ever lived in violation of the laws of God, man, my country, decency, or civilization, or any law of the United States. " Every lawyer knows that in pleading for the purposes of the action in con^ troversy, allegations are denied and proofs are called for, or a defendant might violate the old common-law rule that a man is not bound to accuse himself, but to leave the burden of proof to rest upon his opponent. But to show that the mem- bers of the committee in the Forty-third Congress understood exactly my position, for I want to make it so clear that it cannot be disputed, that that issue was raised and was accepted and was recognized as the true issue, I will read from their report. Before doing so I may say that the full committee decided, not- withstanding the accusation that had been made that I was not entitled to my 840 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. seat because of mirital relations, that thes-e relations were not a disqualification for a seat upon this floor, and the majority reported these resolutions : 1. Resolved, That George R. Maxwell was not elected, and is not entitled, to a seat in the House of Representatives of the Forty-third Congress as Delegate from the Territory of Utah. 2. Resolved, That George Q. Cannon was elected and returned as a Delegate from the Teiritor)- of Utah to a seat in the Forty-third Congress. " There the majority of the committee stopped. But a minority of the com- mittee reported the following resolution : '■'Resolved, That George Q. Cannon was duly elected and returned as Delegate from the Territory of Utah, and is entitled to a seat as a Delegate in the Forty-third Congress. " The issue in controversy, and upon which the contest was based, was brought plainly before the House, and the House by about a two thirds vote adopted the majority report and the supplemental minority report. In the re- port which was made by the minority of the committee it was stated that — " The majority of the committee have failed and decline to report a resolution to the effect tliat George Q. Cannon was entitled to the seat upon the ground that he was disqualified by reason of the fact thas he was the husband of more than one wife, and, as is assumed, is guilty of a violation of the act of Congress, etc. " You will see by this that the issue was fairly brought before the committee on elections ; it was not only brought fairly before the committee on elections, but it was brought fairly before this House. And this House, with the full knowledge of all the facts, thoroughly conversant with the statement made concerning me upon this point, and which I neither disputed nor denied, this House of a Repub- lican Congress, by a vote of about two-thirds of the members present, confirmed me in my seat. " In the Forty fourth Congress the same issue was made and the same resolu- tions were adopted. The House being pressed for time on account of business, the sub-committee did not report to the House thinking it unnecessary to do so, as I already had my seat. After I had been confirmed to my right to a seat in the Forty-third Congress, a resolution was introduced by a member of the committee on elections, making charges against me concerning marriages, and the committee was authorized to investigate the matter. The committee in submitting their report, made this statement : " Your committee think the evidence, unchallenged as it is by the Delegate, establishes, etc. "That is, that I was living with more wives than one. The committee then reported a resolution that George Q. Cannon, Delegate from Utah, being found, upon due consideration and the evidence submitted and not controverted by said Cannon, to be an actual polygamist, etc., " The committee was authorized to report to the House, but when it did re- port, the House refused to consider the report, and the case was dismissed. " That was in the Republican Foity-third Congress. " Mr. Speaker, I find myself in this position : I am here as the delegate from Utah Territory, regularly elected, properly qualified, fully entitled to the seat. My constituents, as well as myself, believed at the time of my election that there Was no barrier to prevent me from taking my seat. Nothing has occurred since /^^6^ HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 841 my election to interpose any such barrier. All these charges which are made against my constituency, which I have not time to allude to in detail or to dis- prove, but which I do state are false, all these charges were in existence years and years ago. They were in existence in the Forty-sixth Congress, in the Forty- fifih, in the Forty-fourth, in the Forty-third Congress. I have sat here during those Congresses. My right to my seat has been fully vindicated by the House. I came here under precisely the same circumstances then that I come now. But it IS now said that a law of Congress has been enacted which prevents me from taking my seat ; that by the operation of this law I am excluded, and the seat is to be declared vacant. If this proposed resolution be sustained, then I say fraud will be supplemented by this method of strangling, of murdering the representa- tion of the Territory of Utah on this floor. "If the report of the majority of this committee shall be sustained, I shall leave this Hall of Representatives with a feeling and a conscience which will give me far more satisfaction in the days to come than if I were a member of this House and voted in favor of the adoption of the report of the majority declaring this seat vacant. I am a resident of Utah Territory, and one of those people who are everywhere spoken against, and against whom many vile charges are made, as were made against their predecessors, the Church of Christ, in the early days, and as Jesus predicted would be the case ; yet I do respect my oath, and I pity any gentleman who, with nothing to sustain him but popular sentiment, is willing to trample upon the Constitution and the law, and to strike down a people against whom popular sentiment is strong. [Here the hammer fell.] ''Mr. Speaker and gentlemen of the House, I thank you for your kind indulgence." CHAPTER XC. POLITICAL CAMPAIGN OF 1882. NOMINATION OF JOHN T. CAINE. VAN ZILES CHALLENGE. THE CANDIDATES BEFORE THE PEOPLE. VICTORY OF THE PEOPLE'S PARTY, The action opened with the meeting of the Convention of the People's Party, in the City Hall, Salt Lake City, on Monday, the loth of October. The Conven- tion soon adjourned until the following Thursday without having effected its regu- lar organization , the temporary chairman was R. K. Williams, now of Ogden, late chief justice of Kentucky. On the nth of October, the Convention of the Liberal Party met at the Walker Opera House. Business commenced by a temporary organization with M. M. Kaighn, Esq., as chairman; the organization was perfected with Judge Mc- Bride as regular chairman. The delegates quickly came to the adoption of the following platform of the Liberal Party of Utah. 842 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY, "The Liberal Party of Utah Territory, composed of citizens of all shades of political opinion, finding itself confronted by a condition of local affairs so anom- alous in character as to make the partizan distinction known in other portions of the United States of minor importance ; and being assembled in convention for the purpose of nominating a candidate for Delegate to the Forty-eighth Congress from this Territory, and being desirous that the public may fully understand the reasons which influence us in discarding the current political distinctions prevailing elsewhere, and justifying our independent action, do hereby proclaim the follow- ing platform of principles : " I. That the highest political duty of every American citizen is to be loyal to the nation under whose flag he lives, and to yield ready obedience to all the laws enacted by its authority to effect its conduct and government. "2. That we are in favor of equal and exact justice to all citizens with- out regard to nativity, creed or sect, and the honest enforcement of the laws against all offenders, without regard to their opinions, social, religious or political. "3. Tiiat the laws of Congress heretofore passed for the purpose of suppress- ing polygamy, practiced in Utah under the pretense of a religious right and duty, and to prevent the Mormon Church from perverting the local government provi- ded by the Organic Act, into a means of advancing the interests of that sect in disregard of the rights of those not of that faith, have our emphatic approval and support, and the effort thus far successful of that Church to prevent the execution of those laws stamp it as a law- defying organization, of which we express the most positive condemnation. "4. We arraign the Mormon power in Utah on the following grounds: it exalts the Church above the State in matters of purely administrative and political concern. It perverts the duty of the representative in ofhcialand legislative mat- ters by demanding that the interests and wishes of that sect and of the priesthood shall be made paramount considerations. It destroys the freedom of the citizen by assuming the right to dictate his political action and control his ballot. It teaches that defiance of the law of the land when counseled by its priesthood is a relig- ious duty. It encourages jurors and witnesses, when attempts are made in the or- dinary course of law to punish the crime of polygamy, to disregard their duties in order to protect offenders who are of their faith. It discourages immigration and settlement upon the public lands, except by its own adherents, and by intolerance and gross personal outrages on non-Mormon settlers, drives them from the com- mon domain. It restricts commerce and busmess enterprise by commanding its members to deal only with houses of which it approves, thus creating vast monoj)- olies in trade in the interests of a iew men, who engross the favor of its hierarchy and enjoy the income of its people. It oppresses the people by taxation, unequal and unjust, and its officers neither make nor are they required to give any satisfac- tory account of the disbursement of public funds. It taxes the people to build school houses and therein teaches the tenets of the sect by teachers licensed only by its priesthood — most of whom are incompetent and unlearned except in Mor- mon doctrines. It fills the public offices v/ith bigoted sectarians and servants, without regard to capacity for official station or public employment. It divides the people into classes by religious distinction and falsely teaches its adherents HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 843 that those not of their faitli are their enemies, thus sowing suspicions and bigotry among the masses. It confers on woman the suffrage and then forces her to use it under the lash of its priesthood, to perpetuate their power and her own degredation. It robs thousands of women of honorable wedlock and brands their children with dishonor, so that they may be forever deterred from any effort for relief from its grasp. In a word, it has made Utah a land of disloyalty, disaffection and hatred toward the Government ; has retarded its growth, prosperity and advancement ; set its people at variance and discord with the fifty millions of people in the Uni- ted States, and made its history a reproach to the Nation. For these offenses, to which many more might be added, we arraign the Mormon power in Utah, and invoke against it and its monstrous pretentions and practices the considerate judg- ment of the citizen voter, the statesman and the Christian, and humbly submit that our attitude toward it is not only justified but demanded by every considera- tion that ought to control the true American citizen in the discharge of political duty. " 5. That while this organization, calling itself a church, asks immunity for its acts on a plea of religious belief, it is in reality a social, commercial and polit- ical body ; and while we recognize the fact that many of its members are con- trolled by honest motives, and would, if freed from their obligations to the body, be faithful citizens, we equally assert that the organization is an enemy of all gov- ernment except its own, and that there can be no fair and impartial civil govern- ment in Utah while the Mormon Church is permitted to control the law-making power. " 6. That while the act of June, 1S74, commonly known as the Poland Bill, the act of March, 1882, commonly known as the Edmunds Bill, with the Hoar amendment of July, 1882, have all given great relief to the non-Mormons of Utah, and while for this legislation we express our sincere thanks to the senators and representatives who originated and passed it; we here repeat the resolve of our last Territorial Convention, that no attempted remedy which leaves the political ]:iower of the Territory under the control of the Mormon priesthood will ever be successful in reforming the evils we complain of, and that the peaceful, thorough and effective remedy will only be found by the adoption of a measure by which the legislative power of the Territory shall be given to a Council or Commission appointed by and under the authority of the United States, and answerable to it for the faithful performance of its duties. " 7. That we hail with joy the dawn of a brighter day for priest-ridden Utah, and we invite the loyal, independent members of the Mormon Church to co-operate with us in an honorable political effort to confine the church to its le- gitimate work, and free every voter from priestly dictation ; to drive from ofifice the men who have squandered our municipal, county and Territorial funds, and to hold our official servants to the strictest accountability ; to establish and main- tain a system of unsectarian free schools ; to develop the varied material inter- ests of this wonderfully rich Territory; to harmonize the antagonism engendered by the arbitrary, intolerant rule of the now defunct polygamous dynasty ; and, in fine, to lay broad and deep the foundation of a loyal, intelligent and enduring commonwealth. B44 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. " 8. That in Eli H. Murray, our present governor, we recognize a faithful, fearless, and patriotic public officer, one who, in denying a certificate of election to an alien and polygamist as a delegate to the Forty-seventh Congress, and in granting such certificate to the only person eligible at that election, performed his official duty in a bold, manly, and patriotic manner, and opened the way to a contest which resulted in the defeat and rout of the representative of polygamy from the hall of the National Congress; and we further give to Governor Murray, in his attempt to discharge the duty imposed by the Hoar amendment, our cordial approbation, and announce it as our opinion that but for the treasonable counsels of the Mormon hierarchy, urging resistance to the appointments made by his Ex- cellency, the present unseemly contest to nullify the laws by opposition in the courts would not have been made. "9. That in the Edmunds law, and the Hoar amendment, the latter sug- gested by the judicious wisdom of the patriotic and faithful judges of our Supreme Court, we recognize that Congress has determined that means shall be adopted adequate 10 reform the political condition ot Utah ; that we express our gratitude for those measures, and pledge ourselves to labor to make them effective for the purposes intended. " 10. That the judicious conduct of the Utah Election Commission in con- ducting the registration of voters for 1882, under circumstances of great and pe- culiar difficulties, challenges our admiration and approval, and we truly tender to the Commission the thanks of citizens who have learned to appreciate the pros- pect of a fair vote and an honest count. " II. That this convention represents, in the non-Mormon population, not less than thirty thousand fair-minded, loyal, just and patriotic people, and we resent with indignation the assertion and imputation that in urging the reforma- tion of notorious abuses in the government of this Territory, we are organizing a scheme to plunder the Mormons of their property and worldly possessions ; and whether such imputations emanate from the priesthood, whose political power we oppose, or their tools of the press, or any other power, subsidized or not, we de- nounce it as without color of support in fact, and the vile concoction of villifiers and slanderers. " 12. That to Allen G. Campbell, the standard-bearer of the Liberal party for the last two years, we express our admiration and gratitude for his services and his faithfulness to the Liberal cause." One after the other the counties nominated Allen G. Campbell and quickly the nomination was made unanimous. A committee was appointed to wait upon Mr. Campbell who on his appearance, gracefully declined the nomination. Most likely this was expected. Philip T. Van Zile was doubtless intended as the standard-bearer of the Liberal party of Utah in this campaign, but all felt that the offer of the nomination was first due to Allen G. Campbell for past services. Philip T. Van Zile was next nominated by E. P. Ferry of Park City, chairman of the delegation from Summit County. Other delegates briskly followed upon the same name, after which there came a division in favor of Judge McBride. Against this division several members protested, and both Van Zile and McBride declined the nomination that afternoon. This caused an adjournment to the next HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 845 morning, when Judge Philip T. Van Zile was again nominated bj^ the delegate from Summit County, and chosen by the unanimous vote ot the convention. A committee was appointed to notify Judge Van Zile, who, on making his appear- ance in the convention, was received by the members standing, and welcomed with great enthusiasm. He accepted the nomination and made a very conserva- tive, effective speech, in which he confessed the prospect of defeat, but affirmed that the influence of their work in the coming campaign would, in effect, be a victory for the Liberal party. On Thursday, pursuant to adjournment, the convention of the People's party again met, organized, and proceeded to business, electing Wilson H. Dusenberry, president. Much important business was done for the People's party on this day, but the crowning work was reserved for the following day. Friday, October 13th, in the afternoon the committee on resolutions and de- claration of principles, reported through its chairman, Mr. S. R. Thurman, and the reading of the platform of the People's party was given to Mr. F. S. Richards. DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES. " The People's party, struggling for supremacy of constitutional law and the sacred privilege of local self-government, submit the following declaration of principles : " I. We believe that the protection of life, liberty and the pursuit of hap- piness is the object of free government, and that the Constitution of the United States was ordained and established to secure the greatest possible liberty to man, woman, and child, consistent with public welfare. " 2. We believe that free government can only exist where the people gov- erned participate in the administration thereof. " 3. We believe that any party or faction of a political community that seeks to subvert the institutions of local self-government, aims a deadly thrust at the Constitution, and that such party or faction is unworthy the suffrages of a free people. 4. We believe that any official who attempts to stifle the popular voice as ex- pressed at the ballot box, is guilty of treason against the sovereign people. 5. We believe that the right to frame laws suited to the requirements of the Territory having been vested by Congress in the Legislature elected by its citizens, to deprive them of that right by substituting a commission, arbitrarily appointed, and thus disfranchise a hundred and fifty thousand people, and reduCe them to a condition of serfdom, would be unprecedented in the history of the nation — an act that could not be justified by any actual necessity, and that the attempt by a pretended political party to create such a revolution in the government of this Territory is worthy only of conspirators and political adventurers. 6. We believe in the right of the people of a Territory, as well as of a State, to test, in the courts established by the government, the constitutionality or con- struction of any enactment, local or congressional, and express our astonishment at the public declaration of a high Federal official of this Territory, and the enun- ciation by a so-called political party that the people have no rights except such as Congress may grant to them, and that to differ wath the Territorial executive 84^ HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. about the construction of a statute is nullification. We utterly repudiate such a monstrous doctrine as worthy alone of the most absolute despotism, and claim that the United States Constitution, in its benign provisions, extends alike over the States and Territories of the American Union, and that it is the bounden duty of the Governor, as much as the humblest citizen, to yield obedience to the laws as they are construed by the courts. We utterly repudiate the unconstifu- tional attempt by any executive to usurp judicial or legislative functions, and to hold the American citizen bound by the partial, prejudiced, unfair, and illegal construction which he may see fit to place upon any statute, " 7. Citizenship is the basis of the right of suffrage. While the elective franchise is a privilege conferred by law, the qualifications for its exercise grow out of the condition of citizenship, and as citizenship is not dependent upon sex or regulated thereby, whatever right of voting originates in the citizenship of men inheres also in the citizenship of women. Female citizens, equally with male citizens, are amenable to the law, therefore they are entitled to an equal voice with men in the framing of the law. As all just powers of government are derived from the consent of the governed, and that consent is expressed by the suffrage, and as women as well as men are made subject to the government of this country, the denial of the suffrage to women is inconsistent with the principles which underlie our national institutions. The moral and intellectual, as well as physical excellence of our sons and daughters being largely dependent upon the mothers who bear and train them, the women of the nation should be endowed with full political freedom, that, being riiade familiar with political rights and prin- ciples, they may be able to instill into the hearts of the rising generation the spirit of patriotism, the love of liberty, and a reverence for republican institu- tions. For twelve years the women citizens of Utah have enjoyed the right to vote at all elections in this Territory, and have exercised it with credit to them- selves and to the benefit of the community, and the People's party hereby de- nounces the attempts which have been made to deprive women voters of the righr of suffrage, as illiberal and unmanly assaults upon vested rights and upon justice, equality, and the principle of popular sovereignty. " 8. We believe in an honest and economical administration of government, and point with pride to the economy and honesty with which the public affairs have been administered by officers elected from the ranks of the People's party, and also to the fact that the taxes in Utah are lighter than any other Territory ; the Territoryis out of debt ] the counties, with one or two exceptions, are in the same satisfactory condition. The records fail to furnish any instance of embez- zlement or misappropriation of public funds by any official of that party. On the the other hand, when, by frauds committed at the polls, Tooele County was wrested from the popular control, the taxes of the county were shamefully misap- propriated and embezzled ; county scrip depreciated from par to less than fifteen cents on the dollar, and even by the economy and honesty of the People's officials, who have resumed control of its affairs, and although its paper is now worth ninety per cent., Tooele County is not yet quite out of debt and has not fully re- covered from the evils of ' Liberal ' rule. " 9. We repudiate and deny the charges of lawlessness which have been HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 847 made against the people of Utah, and as proof that those slanders are without foundation, we point to the records of the courts, the chief of which are not in any way in the control of the people, and which demonstrate the striking fact that the so-called ' Liberal ' class, constituting less than twenty per cent, of the population of the Territory, furnishes over eighty per cent, of the criminals. "10. We further repudiate and deny the charges that in Utah a church dominates the slate ; that priestly control is exercised in any manner to infringe upon the freedom of the individual, either at the polls, in convention or in any official capacity ; that perjury or falsehood of any kind is justified, whether for the protection of persons from the action of law or for any other purpose what- ever ; that intolerance is exhibited either for the discouragement of emigration, the settlement of the public domain or invasion of the rights of any individual ; that any unequal taxation is either encouraged or permitted ; that public accounts are not given of the expenditure of public moneys ; that the tenets of a church are taught in the district schools, or that the people are influenced to disloyalty or antagonism to the'government of the United States or any of its representatives. *' II. We affirm that it is the duty of every American citizen to render obe- dience to the Constitution of the United States and every law enacted in pursu- ance thereof "12. We affirm with confidence that the Territory of Utah, having the requisite population and exhibiting all the qualifications necessary to self govern- ment; its people being exceptionally honest, thrifty, sober, frugal and peaceable, is entitled to admission into the Union as a sovereign State. " 13. We pledge ourselves as a party to the maintenance and defence of constitutional principles and the inalienable rights of mankind, and pjroclaim our- selves the friends of true liberty — civil, political and religious, to all people in every part of the habitable globe." The reading of the resolutions was received with prolonged applause, and a vote of thanks was tendered to the committee that framed them. Mr. Penrose said that to be consistent with one of the planks in the platform the women citizens should have some representation in the Territorial Central Committee. He therefore moved that the lady delegates be permitted to nomi- nate two ladies as members of that committee. Carried. Mrs. Home nominated Mrs. E. B. Wells, and Mrs. Howard nominated Mrs. M. I. Home. Those ladies were added to the committee. The convention then proceeded to nominate candidates for the office of del- egate to Congress, and on motion of R. K- Williams, nominations were left free to every delegate. Judge Williams nominated F. S. Richards, of Ogden. The nomination was seconded, but Mr. Richards firmly and respectfully declined, and in a neat but brief speech nominated Hon. John T. Caine. Seconded by C. W. Penrose. J. R. Murdock nominated W. H. Hooper and urged his claims to the position. Seconded by S. R. Thurman. Mr. J. R. Winder announced that Captain Hooper having heard that his name had been mentioned as delegate wished to decline. Mr. Thurman stated that he had come here prepared to nominate Warren S. Dusenberry, but as he had requested that his name should not be presented, he 848 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. endorsed the nomination of W. H. Hooper, and passed a deserved eulogy on that gentleman. Mr. Penrose endorsed the sentiments expressed in relation to Captain W. H. Hooper, but urged the qualifications of Hon. John T. Caine as a man of ability and experience in many positions. Mr. Creer supported the nomination of Capt. Hooper. Mr. Richards being again mentioned, that gentleman with thanks for the honor asked that his name be not mentioned in this connection, but that his friends would cast their votes for Mr. Caine. Judge Williams was in favor of voting, and then if either gentleman was nominated who wished to decline he could do so. Mr. Dunn supported Mr. Hooper. On motion, the Convention proceeded to ballot. The chairman of each dele- gation collected the ballots of his county. On the first ballot John T. Caine re- ceived 53 votes, W. H. Hooper 12 ; F. S. Richards 3 ; necessary to a choice 46. On motion of Judge Williams, the nomination was made unanimous. John T. Came was declared to be the nominee of the Convention. On motion of Mr. Graham a committee of three was appointed to wait upon Mr. Caine, as follows : J. C. Graham, Geo. M. Ottinger, and Mrs. M. I. Home. On motion of Mr. Penrose, the Convention proceeded to nominate a delegate for the unexpired term of the Forty-seventh Congress. Captain Hooper's claims were urged with great force by several delegates. Mr. Richards again nominated Mr. Caine. C. W. Penrose explained the pro- priety of sending the same man to the remaining session of the Forty-seventh Congress as for the full term of the Forty-eighth. The first ballot resulted : John T. Caine, 48; W. H. Hooper, 22; necessary to a choice, 46. John T. Caine received the nomination, and it was made unani- mous. Mr. Stanford offered the following: Mr, Chairman — I move that the delegations composing this convention see that mass meetings in their several counties throughout the Territory are held to ratify the principles contained in our platform and canvass for a mammoth vote in favor of our nominee for the Delegateship to Congress. Carried. Hon. John T. Caine being escorted to the Convention hall by the committee, responded as follows : '^ Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : — I am informed by your committee that you have been pleased to select me as your nominee for Delegate to Congress. I thank you sincerely for this manifestation of your confidence. If you think it is for the best, if you, as the representatives of the people want me, I can only sav that I have always held myself in readiness to obey any call of the party to which I owe allegiance ; and, relying on your confidence and your support, I accept the nomination. I do not by any means consider the position an enviable one, for it involves much labor and many unsatisfactory outcomes ; but since some one has to endure it, since some one must be abused, why not I be the target as well as any one else? I have no set speech prepared. I am not a professional speech- maker, for it has not been my occupation ; neither are those who compose the HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 849 People's party speech-makers by profession — we are workers, rather ; but we know our rights, and dare to defend them against any opposition. I can say that I am proud of being a citizen of Utah, despised though she may be by many ; I am [)roud of being a member of the People's party and to be associated with those heroes (for so I look upon them) who labored and toiled and suffered hardships to make this Territory a delightful habitation for us who now enjoy the fruits that have resulted from their trials and sufferings. Who made the roads ? built the bridges? subdued the savages? destroyed the snakes? and made this once barren waste a fair spot on the earth? Who but the founders of the People's party? and to them I think all honor is due. I do not wish to disparage the labors of others, those who have developed the mines and established useful and profitable indus- tries. I would accord to them full honor and fair words for what they have done ] but had they come here when many of the necessities of life had to be freighted by ox teams a distance of 1,000 dreary miles ; had they to pay the almost unbear- able prices that these commodities commanded ; had they been forced to subdue all the conflicting conditions which were rank when the people came here, I would like to know how many of the mines would have been developed, and what would be the condition of this Territory to-day? And yet a certain class would deprive these pioneers, these heroes, of the meagre right of casting their votes for the per- sons who are to labor for them as public servants. Is this right ? Is this mag- nanimous on the part of the parent government? It is not ; it is not right ; it is not magnanimous, and it is this injustice that calls for our indignation. We have some rights which are guaranteed to us by the Constitution and laws of the coun- try, and we propose to show such persons that we know how to defend these rights. We can no longer submit silently and endure as we have done, but we will fight it out this time, if it takes all summer, if it takes all winter, or if it takes all the time we live upon the earth ! " The speech was frequently interrupred by applause, and the conclusion called for an additional burst. The following wasofTered by Mr. C. W. Penrose : "Resolved, That in the Hon. George Q. Cannon the people of Utah have had an able, upright and fearless gentleman as their Delegate in Congress for several sessions; that his exclusion from the present Congress Avas a cruel blow aimed at the right of representation ; that the honorable gentleman has the confidence, es- teem, and admiration of the People's party, and that we hereby tender him the thanks of the people for his faithful services in their behalf." On motion of Mr, R. Baty, 20,000 copies of the resolutions and declaration of principles was ordered printed in pamphlet form for distribution by the Terri- torial Central Committee. On motion of Mr. A. Hatch, a vote of thanks was tendered to the president and all officers of the Convention. The minutes were read and accepted. Benediction by the chaplain. Ad- journed sine die. The Central Committees of both parties had resolved at this great test election on a thorough and most vigorous campaign throughout the Territory, the standard bearer of each party taking the platform with his ablest lieutenants. It was the 8so HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. first time in our elections that the two parties had fairly recognized each other frankly and conjointly accepting the idea of the "irrepressible conflict " between them, to be fought out by political leaders and the votes of American citizens. Hitherto our election contests had been rather between the Mormons, as a church, and the anti Mormons, as a body of crusaders in deadly conflict to overthrow that church. This time, at least in profession, they informally agreed to accept each other as purely political parties, contesting for the rule of the Territory by the sovereign votes of American citizens. Strictly and conscientiously this seems to have been the case with the leaders of the People's party, and the reasons for this judgment are obvious and sound. In the first place, the Mormon Church, as such, may be said to have been politically outlawed by the Edmunds bill and the action of the Utah Comission. The principal churchmen had been disfranchised, and so the entire burden of the conflict rested upon the people as a political party. Immediately upon the nomination of John T. Caine, Judge Van Zile sent to him the following challenge : "Salt Lake City, Utah, October 13, 1882. '' Hon. John T. Caine : " My Dear Sir : — Youhave to-day received and accepted the nomination for Congress at the hands of the " People's party," and I understand your party is anxious to make a thorough canvass of tlie Ter- ritory. Believing that the principles and claims of the two parties can be better understood by the voters by listening to a joint discussion, I do most respectfully challenge you to discuss with me the political issues, at public meetings to be arranged for by the two central territorial committees throughout the Ter ritory. The time to be divided between us at each joint discussion as follows: " The opening speaker to have forty-five minutes to open, the speaker to follow to have one hour to answer. The one who opens to have fifteen minutes to close the debate. As the time is very short be- fore election day I am anxious for an early reply, and hope to hear Irom you by to-morrow (Saturday) evening. " Hoping you will accept this challenge, I am yours very respectfully, Philip T. Van Zile, Nominee of the Liberal Party of Utah. The response of Mr. Caine was as follows : "Salt Lake City, Oct, i6tli, 1882. ' ' Hon. Philip T. Van Zile, Salt Lake Ci/y: "Dear Sir: — Referring to your favor of the 13th inst., which I did not receive until Saturday afternoon, I beg to say that I do not agree with you in believing that the principles and claims of the two parties can be better understood by the voters by listening to joint discussions, as I fail to see that my party has anything to gain by such discussions. Its members are fully confirmed in their princi- ples and claims and care nothing for the views of the so-called Liberals ; and I cannot ask my friends to attend meetings under the pretense of listening to a discussion of political issues, when judging from the past, so far as the Liberals are concerned, it would be nothing but an attack upon their re- ligious principles. " I propose to conduct my campaign in the interest of my friends, the party who nominated me and not in the interests of my opponents, and I do not propose to furnish the latter with audiences which they could not otherwise obtain ; nor in any other manner give them either aid or comfort. " I therefore most respectfully decline your challenge, and remain, " Very truly yours, " John T Caine." The next movement was made by the central committee of the People's party for ratification meetings to be held at Ogden, Farmington, Brigham City, Logan, HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 851 Morgan City, Coalville, Plain City, Provo, Ephraim, Nephi, American Fork and Tooele City, which were addressed by Hons. John T. Caine, W. N. Dusenberry, C. W. Penrose, Samuel R. Thurman, F. S. Richards, James Sharp and others. Ogden, where the parties are nearly equal in strength, was the great battle- field cf the campaign. There the grand ratification began, and there the action, so far as the leaders were concerned, may be said to have ended in a splendid demonstration on both sides, on the night of the 6th of November, previous to the casting of the votes of the citizens the next day. The Liberal party also held their first rally at Ogden. Indeed, the able can- didate of the opposition and his lieutenants were foremost in opening the cam- paign. The majority of those of that party who went out to stir up the people of this Territory to a lively interest, touching the imperative duties and vital issues of the present and future, were experienced political leaders and able electioneering orators. Though, of course, they could neither carry the Territory on the Lib- eral side, nor hope to do so, yet they fought through the campaingn with as much courage and genuine party zeal as if victory were certain. On Saturday evening, November 4th, a grand ratification meeting of the People's party was held in Salt Lake City. At six o'clock a procession, consist- ing of the Central Committee, the People's candidate, the various brass and mar- tial bands of the city, and a host on foot bearing torches and Chinese lanterns, formed in front of the theatre and proceeded to march through the principal streets. As they marched, Roman candles were shot into the air, and the music of the bands and shouting of the populace gave a grand enthusiasm to the affair. Cheers were given at several points for the Hon. John T. Caine. By seven o'clock the procession had returned to the point of starting, and the doors of the theatre were thrown open, which was soon packed from pit to dome with the enthusiastic multitude. Thousands went away unable to gain admission. Hon. John Sharp called the meeting to order, and nominated Mayor Jen- nings as chairman. The nomination was unanimously carried. After thanking the audience for the honor conferred on him, the chairman introduced the People's nominee, Hon. John T. Caine, who, on rising to address the meeting was received with loud and prolonged applause. The great speech of Mr. Caine delivered on this occasion, is too capacious to be incorporated in the narrative ; as is also that of Mr. Van Zile, delivered to his constituents at Salt Lake City in closing his action in the campaign. The grandest demonstration, however, occcurred at Ogden, November 8th, on the eve of the election. The leaders of the People's party bore the standard of victory, for the battle Avas substantially fought and the spendid issue of their to- morrow was certain. Not alone did the People's party make triumphal march with blazing torches and stirring music, but the Liberal party did the same, though its procession, of course, was not so imposing, nevertheless worthy to be styled a grand party rally and parade. It was indeed as the meeting of armies, and though victory perched on the standards of the People's party, yet the Lib- erals stimulated their enthusiasm with courageous hopes and ringing prophecies of certain victories in the near future. 8^2 -HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. On the following day, Tuesday, November 7th, 1S82, the election was held closing the campaign which forms a political epoch in the history of our city and Territory. The gentlemen appointed by the commission as a canvassing board to can- vass the returns of the delegate election, held November 7th, met at the commis- sion room at 10 a. m., Thursday, November 16th. There were present, besides the commission — excepting Colonel Godfrey who was away — Col. E. Sells, Judge C, C. Goodwin, Mr, McLaughlin of Park City, F. S. Richards, Esq., of Ogden, and Judge Dusenberry of Provo, who composed the board. There were also in atten- dance Hon. John T. Caine, Hon. P. T. Van Zile, and other gentlemen, friends of the candidates. The following protest w-as submitted to the commission, ard afterwards made to the board of canvassers also : "Territory or Utah, City of Salt Lake, Xovember 16, 1882. To the Utah Commissioners, and to the Board of Canvassers by them selected: " Gentlemen : — I have the honor to submit to you the following objections to canvassing the votes claimed to be cast for the Honorable John T. Caine at the late election for Delegate to Congress, viz: " First — The ticket used and voted at the late election by the so-called " People's party," and which bore the name of John T. Caine, was not in accordance with law, but, on the contrary, was one which embodied two distinct tickets, and for two different offices, to-wit : " I. One for Delegate to the Forty-seventh Congress, and one for Delegate to the Forty-eighth Congress. "That there is no authority for electing a delegate for the unexpired term of the Forty-seventh Congress, which was well known to the persons voting said ballots, and especially to John T. Caine. the nominee and candidate named on said ticket. " 2. That by reason of the unusual size and shape of said ballot, it marked the envelope which your Honorable Body caused to be used for enclosing said ballot at the time of voting the same, and which the law required, and thus caused said ballot to be other than a secret ballot, as is contem- plated and required by law. " 3. That the said envelopes were so marked by reason of the size and form of said ticket, that it could be easily determined which ticket was contained within the envelope. " 4. That John T. Caine, the person voted for by the so-called " People's party," and whose name is contained on their tickets, is not eligible for said office, which was well known by persons casting said ballots, in this, to-wit: " I. That said Caine is, within the meaning and fair construction of the law of Congress, commonly called the Edmunds Bill, a polygamist. That for proof of the allegations contained within this objec- tion, the undersigned now offers to make satisfactory proof to this Honorable Body. "■Yours very respectfully, •' Philip T. Van Zile," Upon the presentation of the above protest, Mr. Caine said that if the Com- missioners determined to hear the matter discussed, he desired the privilege of making a reply, in the meantime denying all the allegations the document con- tained. The Commission held the matter under advisement, and the Board pro- ceeded with the duty of opening and canvassing the returns. Subsequently, the Commission sent for Judge Van Zile and asked him if he were prepared to prove his charge of polygamy against Mr. Caine, his answer being that he was prepared to prove the truth of it on the ground only that he presumed Mr. Caine to be a believer in polygamy. Upon this answer the Commission made the following ruling, covering the whole protest: "The Commissioners having considered the communication addressed to us by Hon. P. T. Van Zile. hold: " ist. Tliat the oVijections in relation to the envelopes and ballots, and for the voting for the vacancy HIS TOR Y OF SALT LA KE CI 7 Y. Sjj for the Forty-seventh Congress ought to be overiuled, because ft is not shown that the law of the Terri- tory or the orders of the Commissioii have been violated. " 2d. That a candidate for Delegate to Congress having other legal qualifications is eligiljle, unless he is actually guilty of entering into the condition of polygamy, bigamy or unlawful cohabitation with more than one woman, within the meaning of those offenses as described in the ist and 3d sections of the act of March 22d, 1882, and that the objection in regard to polygamy should be overruled, unless it is specifically charged and proved that John T. Caine has been guilty of entering into a polygamist rela- tion of unlawful cohabitation with more than one woman in the marriage relation." This difficulty being overcome, the labors of the Board proceeded without interruption until the evening session, when Judge McBride, on behalf of Judge Van Zile, presented the following protest : " To Messrs. Sells, Goodwin, Dusenberry, Richards, and McLaughlin, members of the Board ap- pointed to canvass the returns of the election f.r Delegate to Congress, held i?i the Territory of Utah, November yth, 1882. "GENTLEMEN; — I hereby protest against the issuance of any certificate to any person — or any cer- tificate of election to any person voted for as Delegate to Congress, either the Forty-seventh or Forty- eighth, at the election held on the 7th day of November, 1882, in the Territory of Utah, on the ground: " That by law you are only authorized to receive the returns from the various precincts of the differ- ent counties of the Territory and make an abstract of the same, which abstract must be sent to the sec- retary's office and the Governor and the secretary are then required to canvass the same, and the certifi- cate of election can only be issued by the Governor of the Territory to the person whom he shall find to have received the highest number of votes. " Second: — I protest against any return of the vote at the late election aforesaid for the reason that the returns are incomplete in that the precincts of Pahreah and Johnson, in Kane County; Bluff City and Montezuma, in San Juan County ; Arizona, in Sevier County ; Deep Creek, in Tooele County ; Leeds Precinct, Poll No. i, in Washington County, and Pine Valley in the same county, have made no return of any vote to your Board ; and any canvass at this time is premature. " The above protest I make as a cindidate voted for at the above election for Delegate to Congress. " Philip T. Van Zile." " S.4LT Lake City, November i6th, 1882, ''This protest was overruled by unanimous vote of the canvassing board, " Elijah Sells, Chairman." This was debated by Judge McBride, claiming that the Commission, in au- thorizing the Board to issue a certificate, exceeded its power ; he also claimed that all the Board had a right to do, under the law, was to canvass the returns and to report the result to the Governor of the Territory, whose duty it was to issue a certificate as provided in the Organic Act. He did not consider that the Ed- munds bill divested the Governor of any power, holding that its operation was confined wholly to temporal officers; and that the Governor was exempted. Gen- eral Ramsey, Senator Paddock, Judge Carleton and Colonel Pettigrew, all replied, defending the action of the Commission ; their point was that the Edmunds bill vacated all registration and elective offices, "and that each and every duty rela- ting to the registration of voters, the conduct of election, the receiving or rejec- tion of votes and the canvassing and returning of the same, and the issuing of certificates, or other evidence of election, in said Territory, shall, until other pro- vision be made by the Legislative Assembly of said Territory, -j^ ^ -^ be performed under the existing law of the United States and of said Territory by proper persons who shall be appointed to execute such offices and perform such duties by a board of five persons to be appointed by the President, by and with the consent of the Senate," etc. Under this authority the Commission had ap- pointed this Board, after mature deliberation. The matter was submitted to the fy the city council of G. S. L. Ci/y, That we deeply lament the loss by death of our late President and Mayor, Jedediah M, Grant, and that the marshal, J. C. Little, and Deputy Marshal L. W. Hardy, be instructed to make such arrangements for his burial as in their wisdom may be deemed most suited to the importance of the occasion. " It was motioned by S. W. Richards, and carried, that the city appropriate two lots to be selected by the sexton for the burial of the dead and use of the family of the deceased. " It was motioned and carried, that this council appropriate out of the city treasury a sufficient amount to defray the expenses incurred by the committee of arrangements in the interment of the deceased mayor. "The council consulted upon further measures for attending the funeral ob- sequies of the dead, and publishing expressions uf their respect and esteem for his memory, and a committee was appointed consisting of S. W. Richards, A. H. Raleigh and A. O. Smoot, to draft a preamble and resolutions and report their doings this evening. "President Spencer expressed his satisfaction at the proceedings of the meeting. 868 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CI7Y. " The council adjourned to meet at 6 p. m. at this place. Benediction by A. O. Smoot." The council met at 6 o'clock p. m., and the committee on preamble and res- olutions submitted the following, which were adopted : " W/iereas, It has seemed good in the ordering of the dispensations of Al- mighty God to take from us by death, our beloved mayor, Jedediah M. Grant, a man in Israel whose intrinsic worth was but in a very limited degree represented by the important stations he so ably filled, as one of the First Presidency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ; as mayor of Great Salt Lake City since its incorporation, as major-general of the Nauvoo Legion, and for a suc- cession of years as speaker of the House of Representatives in the Legislative As- sembly of the Territory of Utah; and one whose character and life as a citizen, husband and father, endeared him to every honest and virtuous person with his familiar associations, "Be it Resolved, That while we recognize the hand of God in all things we most deeply lament the loss we have sustained as a council in the removal of our president, and we sincerely sympathize in common with the citizens in the be- reavement sustained by his family, relatives and friends. "Resolved, That we in a body attend the funeral ceremonies to be held at the Tabernacle at lo o'clock a. m., on the 4th inst., and that each member and officer of the council wear a badge of crape thirty days on the left arm, significant of our heartfelt sympathy and respect for the departed. "Resolved, That the foregoing preamble and resolutions be published in the Deseret News. "The committee on arrangements selected Aldermen Snow, Harmon, Raleigh, Smoot, Councilors Home, Taft, Richards and Davis, bearers; they also in- structed the city council to be at the residence of the deceased, at 9 o'clock A. M., to take carriages to join the funeral procession. "The council adjourned. Benediction by A. O. Smoot." The following was the military order of proceedings at the funeral of Major- General Jedediah M. Grant, Dec. 4th, 1S56. " ist. At 9 o'clock a. m., an escort will be formed under the command of Lieutenant Gen. D. H. Wells, in front of the residence of the deceased. " 2d. At half-past 9, the military will be formed in open lines extending from his residence to the Tabernacle, through which the corpse, preceded by a band of music will be conveyed, followed by his relatives, friends and members of his staff. The bands in waiting in the Tabernacle will play alternately until the procession be seated. " 3d. At 10 o'clock the services will commence. " 4th. At 12 o'clock, the services being ended, the procession to convey the body to the cemetery will be formed as follows : "An advanced guard; band of music; lieutenant-general and staff; escort, (cavalry) ; lancers ; first presidency, twelve and presiding bishop ; eight bearers ; hearse conveying corpse, covered by the deceased major-general's staff; major- general's horse, fully caparisoned and led by his groom ; family and relatives ; HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 86g band of music; city council; presidency of stake and council; high council; bishops; members ot the Legislative Assembly; members of Masonic Fraternity; friends and citizens in carriages ; band of music ; rear of the escort, cavalry and infantry; citizens generally (on foot.) The proceedings of the day were under the direction of J. C. Little and L. W. Hardy." At its session, January 2d, 1857, the city council deliberated on the subject of filling the vacancy caused by the death of the late mayor, and A. O. Smoot was appointed to fill the vacancy. On the first Monday of April, 1857, the regular election confirmed this selec- tion by the popular vote. The result of the election of April 6, 1857 was : Mayor— A. O. Smoot. Aldermen— J. P. Harmon, Abraham Hoagland, A. H. Raleigh, William Snow and Edmund Ellsworth. Councilors — Zera Pulsipher, Harrison Burgess^ Joseph Horn, Wm. G. Perkins, Seth Taft, E. F. Sheets, Samuel W. Richards, Nathan Davis and Nathaniel V. Jones. In May, 1857, A. O. Sifioot was selected (with Feramorz Little, Ephraim K. Hanks, John R. Murdock and others) by the " Y. X. Company " to carry their mail and establish mail stations along the route from Salt Lake City to Indepen- dence, Missouri. He started with the mail June 2d ; but previous to his depart- ure, at a meeting of the city council. May 15th, he stated that he should be ab- sent for several months and suggested the appointment of A. H. Raleigh to act in his stead, whereupon the council elected Alderman Raleigh mayor //-^ tern.* On his arrival at Independence with the mail, Mayor Smoot learned news of the orders of General Scott to the army designed for Utah, and the repudiation of the mail contract by the government ; and he hastened back to Salt Lake City, which he reached on the evening of July 23d, and on the 24th, carried the news to the pioneers, who were celebrating their tenth anniversary in Big Cotton- wood. Soon thereupon the Territory was put under martial law, but Great Salt Lake City was continued under the municipal rule very much as before, subject merely to the general bent of affairs. Tne mayor was in charge of the city during the war period when the citizens arose to arms and went out to Echo Canyon to prevent the entrance of the army that year ; and in the spring the people moved south, but a strong detail of the police force was left in the city to lay it in ashes should the order be given by the acting Governor, Brigham Young, to prevent its occupation by the army. Mean- time Col. Thomas L. Kane arrived, and with Governor Young and his counselors, entered into preliminary arrangements of peace, whereupon Governor Gumming entered the city amid welcomes by the citizens, but the people, notwithstanding, in the spring of 1858, moved south to await the faithful performance of the peace compact ; after which they returned to the city and the municipal council re- sumed its suspended control. f *See Mayor Smoot's letter, page 156 of this historj', and chapters XVI and XVII generally in re- lation to the mail contract, the Buchanan expedition, and the arrival of Mayor Smoot on the 23d of July with the news of the coming of the army. fFor the full record of events of those times, and the affairs generally, see chapters XVI to XXVII. 870 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CriY. After the return of the people from the south and the resumption of the municipal rule, the condition of society rendered it necessary for the organization of a powerful police force. At a meeting of the city council held September i6, 1858, it was nioved that the police force be increased to 200. The names of per- sons chosen for this force were presented and accepted by the council, and they were afterwards enrolled by the marshal of the city and his deputies, who were A. Cunningham, N. V. Jones, Robert Burton, John Sharp, R. J. Golding. John Kay, James Barlow, Lewis Robison, Seth M. Blair, Alexander McRae and VV. G. Mills. Andrew Cunningham was captain of police and Robert T. Burton his lieutenant. This police force, by severe discipline, at length restored the city to its former order and suppressed the lawlessness of desperadoes, which for awhile had reigned, terrorizing the citizens and impeding public affairs.* In April (4th), 1859, the city election occurred, when the following were elected to the council : Mayor — Abraham O. Smoot. Aldermen — Elijah F. Sheets, Nathaniel V. Jones, Alonzo H. Raleigh, Jeter Clinton and Nathan Davis. Councilors — Samuel W. Richards, Harrison Burgess, James W. Cummings, Robert T. Burton, Leonard VV. Hardy, Wm. H. Hooper, Isaac Groo, Wm. C. Staines and Samuel Malin. The city officers now stood as follows : Recorder — Robert Campbell. Treasurer — Hiram B. Clawson. Assessor and collector — feter Clin- ton. Marshal — Jesse C. Little. Auditor of public accounts — Robert Campbell. Captain of police- Andrew Cunningham. Water master — Elijah F. Sheets. Surveyor— Jesse W. Fo.x. Superintendent of cemetery — Jesse C. Little. Inspector of spirituous liquors — Robert Campbell. Inspector of pro- visions — Andrew Cunningham. There was a grand celebration of the Fourth of July, in the city, in the year i859-t In the spring of i860, the experiment of the Pony Express from the Mis- souri River to the Pacific Ocean was made. The first Pony Express from the west left Sacramento City at J2 p.m., on the night of the 3d of April, and arrived in Salt Lake City at 11:45 p- ^^-j ^^^ ixova the east it left St. Joseph, Missouri, at 6:30 on the evening of the 3d, and arrived in this city at 6:25 on the evening of the 9th. During the year i860, the relations between Great Salt Lake City and Camp Floyd were of a peaceful and conciliatory character, and our citizens received much financial benefit in their dealings with the Camp. The good order of society was now restored and the municipal rule returned to its ordinary ways and means, there being no longer need for the extra police- January 20th, i860, a new city charter was passed by the Legislature, which changed the election day from "the first Monday in April" to "the second Monday in February," to occur biennially. The charter provided for the elec- tion of mayor, five aldermen and nine councilors. The passage of this new charter threw the next election on the second Mon- day of February, 1862 ; consequently there was no municipal election in 1861. In May, i86r, just previous to the outbreak of the civil war, Governor Gum- ming and his lady departed from Salt Lake City with no expectation of returning. ®See chapter XXVI. fSee chapter XXVII. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 871 Special interest was attached to the celebration of the Fourth of July this year, in consequence of secession, which our citizens deprecated. The lieutenant- general of militia, D. H. Wells, in his general orders No. i, issued from head- quarters. Salt Lake City, June 25th, 1861, said : "Thursday, the Fourth of July, being the eighty-fifth anniversary of Ameri- can Independence, notwithstanding the turmoil and strife which distress the nation established on that foundation, the citizens of Utah esteem it a privilege to celebrate the day in a manner becoming American patriots and true lovers of the constitution of their country." About the middle of October, 1861, the eastern portion of the Pacific Tele- graph Line was completed to Salt Lake City. The first message which passed over it from this point was from ex-Governor Young to Hon J. H. Wade, presi- dent of the Pacific Telegraph Company, in which he said : " Utah has not se- seceded, but is firm for the constitution and laws of our once happy country," to^which Wade replied, as did Abraham Lincoln, to the congratulations of our city sent by acting- Governor Frank Fuller.* The following officers were elected in 1862 : Aldermen — First Municipal Ward, Elijah F. Sheets; Second Municipal Ward, Wm. Clayton; Third Municipal Ward, A. H. Raleigh; Fourth Municipal Ward, Jeter Clinton; Fifth Municipal Ward, Nathan Davis. Councilors — Robert T. Burton, Leonard W. Hardy, Isaac Groo, Theodore McKean, A. Cunningham, N. H. Felt, Enoch Reese, Elnathan Eldredge, fohn Sharp. In the spring of 1S62, President Lincoln called for the service of our citizens in the protection of the Overland Mail Line ; and two companies went out, one under the command of Col. Burton and the other under Major Lot Smith.")" In 1862 the city council issued a document very much of the character of a proclamation to our citizens relative to the celebration of the Fourth of July, as a mark of loyalty to the Union.;}; October 20th, 1862, Col. Connor and his command arrived in Salt Lake City.§ In the latter part of January, 1S63, Gen. Connor and his troops fought the battle of Bear River ; and at the burial of the dead in Camp Douglas Cemetery, Salt Lake City was becommgly represented by the presence of several thousands of citizens to pay tribute to the slain. In the spring of 1863 there were great mass meetmgs held in the city to pro- test against the continuance in office of Governor Harding and United States Judges Wait and Drake, and resolutions and a petition were sent to President Lincoln asking their removal. || On the nth of February, 1864, the election occurred, when the following were elected to the council and the city officers stood as given : Mayor — Abraham O. Smoot. Aldermen — Elijah F. Sheets, William Clayton, Alonzo H. Raleigh, Jeter Clinton and Nathan Davis. Councilors — Robert T. Burton, Isaac Groo, Andrew Cunningham, *See History, pages 249-50-51. fSee Lincoln's call. Well's orders, and the reports of the commanders, HISTORY, Chapter XXVIII. JSee Document, History, Chapter XXX. gSee History, Chapter XXXI. IJSee History, Chapter XXXIII. 872 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE C1T\. Nathaniel H. Felt, John Sharp, Leonard W. Hardy, Theodore McKean, Enoch Reese, and Elnathan Eldredge. Recorder — Robert Campbell. Treasurer— Hiram B. Clawson. Marshal— Jesse C. Little. Auditor of Public Accounts — Robert Campbell. Supervisor of Streets — Elijah F. Sheets. Surveyor — Jesse W. Fox. Attorney — A. Miner. Board of School Inspectors — Henry L Doremus, Geo. W. Mousley and Bartlett Tripp. Sealer of Weights and Measures — Nathan Davis. Captain of Police — Andrew Burt. Watermaster — Elijah F. Sheets. Inspector of Buildings — A. H. Raleigh. Inspector of Wood and Lumber — John C. Gray. Inspector of Liquors — Robert Campbell, Inspector of Pro- visions — Leonard W. Hardy. Quarantine Physician — Jeter Clinton. Chief Engineer, Fire Depart- ment— J. C. Little. Board of Examination of Physicians — Dr. J. M. Bernhisel, Dr. Jeter Clinton and H. .1 Doremus. In March, a conflict impended between Camp Djuglas and the city, and on two occasions the citizens made ready to defend their city. During this year there were continued demonstrations of hostility, and in July, 1S64, a "provost marshal of Great Salt Lake City " was created and a provost guard quartered in the " Museum " buildings.* In the year 1S65 there was a happy change between the relations of Camp Douglas and our city brought about by their uniting to celebrate the inauguration of Abraham Lincoln on his second term. The officers of Camp Douglas com- menced the movement and appointed a committee of arrangements with Mr. S. Sharpe Walker grand marshal ; and simultaneously the city council issued resolutions to celebrate, whereupon the two committees united, a grand procession of the soldiers and citizens was constructed and the day was made one of the most notable in the whole history of our city. After the ceremonies a ball was given at the City Hall by the City Fathers and the officers of Camp were the honored guests. In the following month, April iSth, the Federal, civil and military officers again united, but this time to mourn together over the assassination of President Lincoln. t The Hon. Schuyler Colfax and party were guests of the city, in June, 1865, and the City Fathers devoted much attention to the occasion. | About this time Governor Doty died in the city, and the mayor issued pro- clamation suspending business and ordering flags to be draped at half-mast until after the funeral ceremonies. On the Sth of January, 1866, the present City Hall was dedicated. The fol- lowing is from the record on the occasion : "City Hall, G. S. L. City, January Sth, 1866, 10 o'clock a. m. " The city council met pursuant to adjournment to dedicate the City Hall. " Present of the invited guests. Presidents Brigham Young, Heber C. Kim- ball, Daniel H. Wells, Joseph Young, Sen., Governor Charles Durkee, Amos Reed, secretary of the Territory; Hon. Geo. A. Smith, president and members of the council, the Hon. Speaker and members of the House of Representatives of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah, Hon. Elias Smith, judge of probate, and county and city officers. • «See History, Chapters XXXIV, XXXV. fFor a fuller account of both occasions see History, Chapter XXXVII. JSee HISTORY. Chapters XXXVIII. , XXXIX. HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 873 "Reporters Geo. D. Watt, E. L. Sloan and Mr. Davis, also T. B. H. Sten- house, Esq., editor of the Daily Telegraph. " The exercises of the day were opened with singing "The City I love so well," by Elder VVm. Willis. The roll of the city council was called, and the following gentlemen re- sponded to their names : Mayor A. O. Smoot, Aldermen Elijah F. Sheets, Alonzo H. Raleigh, Jeter Clinton, Nathan Davis; Councilors Robert T. Burton, Leonard W. Hardy, Isaac Groo, Theodore McKean, Andrew Cunningham, Enoch Reese, Elnathan Eldridge, John Sharp and Henry W. Lawrence; Recorder Robert Campbell; Treasurer Paul A. Schettlerand Marshal J. C. Little. " Aldermen Clayton was absent through sickness. President Young made the following annotmcement : " ' I will announce to those assembled here, that we are here for the purpose of dedicating this house and the material thereof, the grounds, and all pertaining to the building and its surroundings, to the Lord our God whom we serve ; and we do it in the name of Jesus Christ, His son. Brother George Q. Cannon will offer the dedicatory prayer.' " After the dedicatory prayer, came the opening speech by the mayor, which was followed by a speech from Governor Charles Durkee, who concluded thus : " ' You have before you an interesting event — the dedication of this building. You have been here long ; you settled here early; you have endured privations and hardships, and for the scene of progress and perfection that now surround you, you have reason to be proud, and to thank God for such blessings, hence you should feel a degree of gratitude and I do not doubt that you do, and that you are doing your best to serve the community, to elevate the people, to set a good ex- ample and to officiate for the good of the Territory, the country and the people at large. You certainly deserve a great deal of credit; those who have provided the means for the erection of such a beautiful building, and have exhibited such a line specimen of architectural genius have reason to be proud ; it is creditable to the people, to the artists and the community, and I can only say I wish that the council here may be as pei'fect and as harmonious as this architecture. I doubt not that it will be so, and hops it may be, for we all know the purer we can be, the more truth we can have, the higher we can rise, the more harmony with God, the more happy we are here and hereafter. You have my prayers and my efforts that this building may be dedicated really, as you have prayed to day, to the cause of humanity, progress, religion, to the welfare of the Territory and the wel- fare of the world.' "This was followed by a speech from Hon. George A. Smith, president of the council, after which Hon. John Taylor, speaker of the House delivered an address. '*" President Brigham Young came next in an interesting speech, and was fol- lowed by President Heber C. Kimball. Mayor Smoot made a few closmg remarks, and the 'meeting was dismissed by prayer by President Daniel H. Wells. " The exercises throughout were interspersed with songs, by Wm. Willis. " In the evening a grand banquet and ball was held, at which were present 63 874 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. many distinguished guests, such as the First Presidency of the Church, members of the Twelve, presiding bishops, Federal ofificials including Governor Durkee and others. " The party occupied the entire second story, and everything was fitted up for the convenience and pleasure of the guests assembled." In February the municipal election occurred when the following were re- turned to the council : Mayor — Daniel H. Wells. Aldermen — Elijah E. Sheets, Samuel W. Richards, Jeter Clinton, Alonzo H. Raleigh and Alexander C, Pyper. Councilors — Robert T. Burton, Isaac Groo, Theodore McKean, Elnathan Eldridge, John Sharp, Henry W. Lawrence, William S. Godbe, Claudius V. Spencer and Joseph F. Smith. Recorder — Robert Campbell. Treasurer — Paul A. Schettler. Marshal — J. U. T. McAllister. Here we give a biographical sketch of A. O. Smoot, second mayor of Salt Lake City on his retirement : Hon. Abraham O. Smoot, the second mayor of Great Salt Lake City and afterwards the mayor of Provo City, was born on the 17th of February, 1815, in Owen County, Kentucky. His father, George W. Smoot, was from Prince Edward County, Virginia, and his mother, Ann Rowlett, was from the same state and county. They migrated from Virginia to Kentucky in 181 2. On the father's side he is of Scotch origin. Grandfather Smoot emigrated from Scotland and settled on the eastern shores of Maryland. His wife, Nancy Beal, was from Eng- land. They emigrated about the same time and were married in America. When A. O. Smoot was seven years old his parents moved from his native place to the western district of Kentucky, and when he was about thirteen years old to a short distance across the State line into Tennessee, where he lived till he embraced the Gospel and came west. In the exodus he led a company to Winter Quarters_ and was the captain of one of the pioneer companies in the journey to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake. His company, which was organized at the rendezvous on Horn River, consisted of 120 wagons. It was the largest company on the road that season, and was the second company that arrived in the Valley after the Pioneers — Daniel Spencer's being the first. He was elected one of the first high council in the organization of the Great Salt Lake Stake, which existed several years before the incorporation of the city. He was the first justice of the peace that ever acted in Utah. The next year was the great gold emigration to California, when, as the only justice of the peace found between the Missouri River and Salt Lake, he was called upon by the gold-seekers to adjudicate in about forty cases, some of which involved thousands of dollars. In the fall of 1S49 he returned east to establish a carrying company with Jede- diah M. Grant, on the Missouri River, twelve miles from Winter Quarters, which, however, was not accomplished, but they established a ferry there and started the largest portion of the emigration of that year. In the spring of 1850 he engaged to bring out two trains of merchandise, one for Colonel John Reese, and conducted one for Livingston & Kinkade — the former by his partner, Jedediah M. Grant, the latter conducted by himself. These were the earliest of the merchant trains that HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 875 supplied the Salt Lake market after the one brought by Livingston & Kinkade the previous year. After the death of Jedediah M. Grant, the first mayor of Great Salt Lake City, A. O. Smoot, in November 1856, was elected by the city council to take his place, and in February, 1S57, he was elected mayor of Great Salt Lake City, by the unanimous vote of the people at their regular election. He went to the States in charge of the mail carried by the Y, X Company, and brought the news of the coming of the Utah Expedition, a full account of which has been given in the History of Salt Lake City. He remained in charge of the city during the Utah war, moved with the people south and located for the time at Salem, where there was feed for his stock. After the conclusion of peace he returned with the people to Great Salt Lake City and resumed his duties as its chief magistrate. He was re- elected mayor in February, 1859, and was by repeated elections continued in office till February, 1866. He was alderman of the Fifth Municipal Ward, four years before being elected mayor. He was also one of the members of the Provisional Government, and after declining the mayorship in 1S66 he served twelve years in the Council branch of the Legislature. He went to Provo on the first of February, 1868 and was elected mayor of Provo on the second Monday in February. He served Salt Lake City as mayor for ten years, and has since served Provo for twelve years in the same capacity. In 1868, Salt Lake merchants held meetings at the City Hall and Z. C. M. L was established. In July, 1869, a delegation of eastern merchants arrived in Salt Lake City, and Vice President Colfax and party made their second visit.* In November and December, the Godbeite Movement was started in the city and for awhile occupied public attention. The Utah Central Railroad was completed and the last spike driven, in this city, by President Young, January 10, 1870, in the presence of fifteen thousand citizens. j" In the beginning of this year (1870) the Liberal party was organized and the municipal election contested by that party with Henry W. Lawrence as candidate for mayor. The returns of the election gave the following members to the council :J Mayor -Daniel H. Wells. Aldermen— First Municipal Ward, Issac Groo ; Second, Samuel W. Richards ; Third, A. H, Raleigh ; Fourth, Jeter Clinton ; Fifth, A. C. Pyper. Councilors— Robert T. Burton, Theodore McKean, Thos. Jenkins, Heber P. Kimball, Henry Grow, John Clark, Thomas McLelland, John R. Winder, Lewis S. Hills. Recorder— Robert Campbell. Treasurer— Paul A. Schettler. Marshal— John I). T. McAllister. February 12th, 1870, the female suffrage bill was passed, and on the 14th of February the first female votes were cast at the city election. Female mass meet- ings were also held about the same time against the CuUom Bill ; and, on the last day of March a mass meeting was held in the city and Congress petitioned against the Cullom Bill.S «See Chapter XLIV. fSee Chapter LXXII. for particulars of the occasion and railroad history JSee Chapter XLVII. ^Chapters LXVIII, L and LI. 876 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CI7Y. In March, 1870, Governor Shaffer arrived and began his administration.* Judge James B, McXean arrived August 30th, 1870, and commenced his court proceedings September 7th. In August, Dr. Newman arrived and discussed polygamy with Apostle Orson Prattt In August, 1870, the Liberal party opposed the People's party in the election for delegate to Congress. | Governor Shaffer, in September, issued his proclamation forbidding the mus- ter of the Utah militia, whereupon a correspondence took place between him and Lieutenant-General Wells. § Governor Shaffer died in Salt Lake City on the 31st of October, 1870. In November the " Wooden Gun Rebellion " occurred. |! April 4, 1871, a petition of Brigham Young, president of the Utah Southern Railroad Company, was brought up before the council, asking a grant to said com pany of the right of way through the corporate limits of the following portion of the city, viz : " Beginning at the terminus of the Utah Central Railroad, thence south on Third West Street, to Ninth South Street ; thence east on Ninth South Street to Third East Street ; thence south on an open street through the five acre plat A. to the southern line of corporation." On motion of Alderman Clinton the right of way was granted. On the loth of June, 1871, a communication, signed by Governor Geo. L. Woods, chairman, and Geo. R. Maxwell, secretary, was addressed " to the mayor and common council," by a committee of arrangements which at a meeting had ^'■Resolved, That the city council be and is hereby respectfully requested to authorize its conmiittee, or in its wisdom to appoint a new committee, to meet a like committee from the citizens already appointed, with full authority to confer, concert and adopt proper means, if possible, for a single and harmonious celebra- tion of the coming Fourth of July, irrespective of any and all action heretofore taken by either of the aforesaid committees." To which the city council replied by formal resolutions stating, " that it is deemed unnecessary, and under the circumstances, unjust, either to set aside the present committee, or otherwise to interrupt the advanced state of their labors, which might jeopardize the approaching celebration by the mass of the people, believing that we have through them provided liberal and ample provisions for all who desire to celebrate the anniversary of our Nation's birthday." The arrangements of the city, however, were interrupted by a proclamation of acting Governor George A. Black, forbidding the granting of a " detach- ment of the Territoriil militia, with bands of music to aid in the celebration of the ninety-fifth anniversary of American Independence,', which was applied for by the City of the lieutenant-general of the militia.^ ■*See Chapter LI 1 1. tSee Chapter LI I. tSee Chapter LTV. ^See Chapter LIII, IJSee Chapter LV. I^For the documents and the narrative of the celebration of the Fourth of Julv, 1871, see Chap- ter LVI. HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CJ7Y. 877 In August (31st) 1S71, U. S. Marshal Patrick made a demand upon City Marshal McAllister, for a prisoner in his custody, belonging to the penitentiary. He also brought a suit against tlie warden of the penitentiary and the city marshal before U. S. Associate Justice Hawley, in the prosecution of which U. S. District Attorney Baskin intimated that he would have surrounded the City Hall with cav- alry, infantry and artillery and " knocked the City Hall and city jail down."* On the 3d of October, 1871, D. H. Wells, mayor of Salt Lake City, was ar- rested by U. S. Marshal Patrick, on the charge of polygamy, but was released on bonds. On the loth of October, the mayor issued a "proclamation" calling for a mass meeting of "all classes of the people" to assemble to relieve the sufferers of the Chicago fire. The proclamation was nobly responded to and among the wor- thy subscribtions, the city corporation appropriated ^1,500, and the mayor him- self personally ^5co.f On Saturday the 28th of October, 1871, Mayor Wells was arrested on a cap- ital charge, and was sent by Judge McKean, a prisoner to Camp Douglas, but on the Monday following he was admitted to bail by the chief justice, on the ground, that if held a prisoner at Camp Douglas, " it would be practically impossible for the mayor to attend to any of the dnties ot his office, and, therefore, he could not be held responsible for the quietude and good order of the city."| A committee appointed by the city, on the 4th of February, 1872, met the Japanese Embassy, at Ogden, and " in the name of the chief magistrate and civil authorities of Salt Lake City " tendered them welcome , and on the sixth, the Em- bassy held a levee at the City Hall, where, in the room occupied by the House of Representatives, Mayor Wells greeted them with a very becoming address, after which he introduced to them Governor Woods, who in turn introduced the dif- ferent Federal officials, and General Morrow presented the officers of the garri- son at Camp Douglas ; then followed the presentation of the members of the Leg- islature, city and county officers and prominent citizens. § On the second Monday of February, 1872, the municipal election occurred when the following were returned : Mayor — Daniel H. Wells. Aldermen — -Isaac Groo, Aurelius Miner, Nathaniel H. Felt, Jeter Clinton and John Van Cott. Councilors — Theo. McKean, Henry Grow, John Clark, John R. Winder, Lewis S. Hills, Alexander C. Pyper and Joseph F. Smith. Recorder — Robert Campbell. — Treasurer —Paul A. Schettler. Marshal— John D. T. McAllister. At the municipal election of 1874, there were four tickets put into the con- test : the People's party's regular ticket and the opposition ticket of the Liberal party first appeared followed by the " Working People's " ticket, upon which a fourth ticket was constructed, supported by the Liberal party who withdrew their own, leaving two tickets in the field both bearing the name of the "People's Ticket," with Daniel H. Wells for mayor on the regular ticket, and William Jen- nings on the opposition ticket. The result of the election was : Mayor — D. H Wells. Aldermen — Isaac Groo, George Crismon, Jeter Clinton, John Sharp, A. C. •■•See chapter LIX. fSee chapter LXI. jSee chapter LXI 1 1. ^See chapter LXV for further account of the Japanese Embassy's visit. 878 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Pyper. Councilors — Brigham Young, Theodore McKean, Albert Carrington, J. R. Winder, Henry Grow, N. H. Felt, David McKenzie, Feramorz >ittle, Thomas Williams. Treasurer — Paul Shettler. Recorder— Robert Campbell. Marshal— J. D. T. McAllister * At the August election of 1874, for delegate to Congress the control of the polls was assumed by the United States marshal and his deputies, who in the ex- ercise of their duties attempted the control of the city, among other acts arresting the captain of the city police and several members of his force. Towards even- ing there was a riot at the City Hall, when the mayor read the riot act, and or- dered the police to beat back the mob which had previously assaulted his person and were shouting ''shoot him ! shoot him ! " while he stood on the balcony of the hall ordering them to disperse. f In October, 1875, President Grant visited Salt Lake City. He was met at Ogden by the city council, county officers and other distinguished citizens, in- cluding Brigham Young, John Taylor, George Q. Cannon and Joseph F. Smith. The special train chartered by the city authorities, brought the train of President Grant to the city.| The returns of the municipal election in February, 1S76, gave the following to the city council : Mayor — Feramorz Little. Aldermen— Adam Spiers, Henry Dinwoodey, A. H. Raleigh, John Sharp, and Ale.xander C. Pyper. Councilors — Brigham Young, John Henry Smith, Nicholas Groes- beck, John R. Winder, David O. Calder, Geo. Reynolds, Elias Morris. Elijah Sheets and Harrison Sparry. Recorder — John T. Caine. Treasurer — Paul A. Shettler. Marshal — Andrew Burt. Auditor of Public Accounts— John T. Caine. Assessor and Collector — John R. Winder. Supervisor of Streets, Watermaster and Jailor — Wm. Hyde. Captain of Police, Market Master, and Inspector of Provisions — Andrew Burt. Superintendent of Hospital and Insane Asylum — A. H. Raleigh. Sexton — Joseph E. Taylor. Surveyor — Jesse W. Fox, Jr. City Attorney — Joseph L. Rawlins. Sealer of Weights and Measures— Martin H. Peck. Superintendent of Water Works — T. W. Ellerbeck. Chief Engi- neer of Fire Department — C. M. Donelson. Quarantine, Asylum, Hospital and City Physician — Dr. Seymour B. Young. Here we pause in the city notes to give a biographical sketch of ex-Mayor Wells : Daniel H. Wells, who in the history of Utah has become famous as the lieu- tenant-general of the Utah militia, mayor of Salt Lake City, and second coun- selor of the Mormon Church, was born in Trenton, Oneida County, New York, October 27th, 1814. His father, Daniel, served in the war with Great Britain, in 181 2, and his mother, Catherine Chapin, was the daughter of David Chapin, a revolutionary soldier who served with General Washington. In the rise of the British colonies in America, this man's ancestor was one of the governors. He was none other than the illustrious Thomas Wells, fourth gov- ernor of Connecticut, who held the offices of governor and lieutenant-governor alternately a number of times. In all the land there was no American more illus- trious than this ancestor of General Wells, to whom we give the rank on the Mor- *See Chapter LXX., for the history of the contest. tSee Chapter LXX. +See Chapter LXXIII. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Syg mon side, as first citizen of Utah to-day in historical importance. Gideon Wells, Secretary of the Navy in the Lincoln administration, is from a branch of the same family, but the Utah Wells is descended directly from the inheriting line. On his mother's side, also, his descent is scarcely less distinguished. His father died in 1826, when Daniel H. was but twelve years of age. When he was eighteen, the family, consisting of his mother, himself and six sisters, sold their estate in Trenton and removed to Ohio. In the spring following (1834), he settled at Commerce, afterwards famous as Nauvoo. This was the year suc- ceeding the Black Hawk War, and before Carthage, the county seat, was located. Ere he was twenty-one years of age, he was elected constable, and soon afterwards justice of the peace. He was also elected second sergeant in the first organization of the militia of the district ; and so great was the confidence of all parties and sects, including the Catholics, in his integrity and impartiality, that he was often selected as arbitrator of differences between neighbors, and administrator of the estates of deceased persons. In politics he was a Whig, and was an influential member of many of the political conventions of Hancock County from its organ- ization to the time of the expulsion of the Mormons. In 1839, ^'^^ became acquainted with the Mormons. When they fled from Missouri, he was among the foremost to welcome and give succor to the refugees. That severe American spirit, for which he has ever been marked, was aroused to indignation at witnessing the expulsion of free-born American citizens from a neighboring State, many whose forefathers, like his own, had helped to found the nation, and to fight for its independence in later generations, Indeed, it would seem, from the tenor of his life, that the chain which at first bound him to the Mormons was his uncompromising Americanism and stern republican integrity, rather than a sentimental sympathy with a religious sect, or from any constitu- tional tendency to be carried away by a love of the marvelous, which is popularly supposed to have been the moving cause with the majority of those who embraced the new faith. When Nauvoo was organized, and charters were granted by the Legisla- ture of Illinois to the city, university, and Nauvoo Legion, Daniel H. Wells was elected alderman and member of the city council, one of the regents of the universityand commissary-general on the staff of the major-general with the rank of brigadier-general. After the murder of Joseph and Hyrum Smith, when the Governor of the State of Illinois sent Lieutenant Abernethy to de- mand the arms of the Legion, General Wells protested against the order, as an infringement of his constitutional right to bear arms as a member of the militia of the State. After the exodus of the main body of the Mormon Church, under the Twelve, and at the time the mob was gathering, he became a mem- ber of the Church, and, six weeks later, he took part in the famous battle of Nauvoo, — fighting for the freedom of his conscience, and the rights of Ameri- can citizens. In this battle, Colonel Johnson having been taken sick, he as- sisted Lieutenant-Colonel Cutler in the command, acting as the latter's aid-de- camp. During the three days of the battle he was especially conspicuous on his white horse, encouraging and directing the men, and was often made a target by the enemy. &8o HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. On the surrender of Nauvoo, he resolved to go to Winter Quarters, but was among the very last to leave the doomed city. As the mob advanced, coming down the street, only two blocks behind the expelled citizens, Colonel Cutler and himself brought up the rear of the refugees. On the other side of the river they were met by a patrol guard, who demanded their arms, which they refused to give up, it being in violation of the treaty, which provided that the arms should be re- stored to the Mormons as soon as they reached the Iowa side of the river. From the portico of the temple the enemy fired their cannon on the defenceless camp across the river. Gathering up the balls he sent one of them, with his compli- ments, to the Governor of Iowa, whose Territory had been thus invaded. He then took a one-horse buggy and rode day and night, with Colonel Cutler, to the Mormon headquarters, to send back teams for the expelled remnant, to whose res- cue he soon returned. In the second journey of the pioneers to the valleys he was aide-de camp to General Brigham Young. Since that day, in the history of Utah, Daniel H. Wells has figured among the most conspicuous, in its great events and important places in the Church, in the city and in tlie Territorial government. He was a member of the Legislative Council in the Provisional State of Deseret, superintendent of public vvork^, after the death of Jedediah M. Grant, Second Counselor of the Church, and lieu- tenant-general of the Utah militii, which he comnunded in the "Utah war" in 1S57-S. Daniel H. Wells was elected Major-General of the Nauvoo Legion by the General Assembly of the Territory of Utah, May 26th, 1849 > ^"^-^^- HISTORY OF' SAL'/ LAKE CITY. 883 Great Salt Lake ("ity, which was the full name of our city when he first became a member of the municipal government. Speaking of the length of his service, as the oldest alderman in America, this fact alone would make his portrait quite a unique and very fitting illustrative plate in the history of Salt Lake City. Alonzo Hazeltine Raleigh was born in Francistown, Hillsboro' County, State of New Hampshire, November 7th, 1818. His father's name was James L. Raleigh, and his mother's name Susan McCoy. They were also born in the State of New Hampshire. His grandfather, Major Raleigh, was born and bred in old Concord, Massachusetts, near the line of Lexington ; and he was in the battle of JiCxington, so called, though grandfather Raleigh always claimed that it was fought on the Concord side of the line. (jreat grandfather Philip Raleigh came to America, from Ireland, in 1744 and settled, being the first settler in the town of Antrim, Hillsboro' County, New Hampshire. At the time the place where he settled was a wilderness. The great- grandmother's name was Sarah Joiner. She was an English v/oman and emi- grated from England about the same time that Philip Raleigh came over from Ireland. The grandmother's name was Sarah Hazeltine, whose family name (Hazeltine) our alderman bears. Alderman Raleigh in his youth received an ordinary common district school education. He left school early, and labored on a farm till he was fourteen years of age, when he was apprenticed to the mason's trade. He was a good bricklayer, became a master builder, and took contracts. After learning the mason's trade Raleigh went to Boston, and in that great city he joined the Mormon Church, being baptized by that once famous elder, George J. Adams, who in the theatrical history of this country in his day ranked as one of America's great actors. In the spring of 1843, Raleigh gathered to Nauvoo, where he was at the time of the martyrdom of Joseph and Hyrum. He left Nauvoo in the great Mormon exodus of 1846, but did not come to the mountains with the pioneers in 1847. However, on the second pioneer journey in 1848, became in President Heber C. Kimball's company and arrived in the city of the Great Salt Lake in September. In the spring of 1S51 Alderman Raleigh was called upon and appointed by President Young to take charge of and carry on the mason department "of the public works, which he continued to do until those works were suspended during the Buchanan war and the " move south." In the year 1851 he was also called upon by President Young to preside over the Deseret Dramatic Association at its first organization, to which association he devoted his evenings for about three years. In 1853, October 21st, he was made superintendent of and trustee for the Nineteenth Ward portion of the city wall, the building of which he accomplished satisfactorily. Alderman Raleigh's services in the municipality of Great Salt Lake City commenced in 1854. On the 12th of September he received notice of his ap- pointment to the office of alderman of the Third Municipal Ward, and took the 8S4 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. oath of office. At the next election, March 5th, 1855, he was duly elected to the same position. In 1857, Mayor Smout having been called and appointed by Governor Young to go and establish a settlement at Deer Creek, near Fort Lar- amie, in the interest of the mail service, Alderman Raleigh was elected mayor pro tern., May 29th, which office he filled till the 4th of September, when Mayor Smoot resumed his duties. Alderman Raleigh has also for many years filled the office of bishop of the Nineteenth Ward of Salt Lake City. He was called to be a bishop at the April Conference of 1856, and was or- dained and set apart by Presiding Bishop Edward Hunter, May 6th of the same year, to preside over the Nineteenth Ward, he having been counselor to Bishop James Hendricks from about the organization of said ward. In the "Utah War" he served as a commanding officer. He was elected major in the Nauvoo Legion, April 20th, 1857; was appointed adjutant, 2nd regiment, 2nd brigade, ist division, September 12th, 1857. In the spring of 1858, March 31st, he started with 135 men for Echo; there his number was increased to 180. April 5lh, he inspected the earth works and stone batteries and made his report to the lieutenant-general. April 7th, Governor Cummings and Col. Thos. L. Kane passed through the camp in Echo for Salt Lake. On the 13th, having been selected, he started for Lost Creek Station with two battalions of infantry (having been reinforced), and after exploring, sent on the 15th the entire force up the creek twelve miles to build a station, clear roads, etc., after which, on the 19th, he took 175 men four miles further up the canyon to build batteries, etc. After building nineteen batteries, at about equal distances apart for about a mile and a half, he was ordered to detail fifty men and station them at the mouth of the canyon, send twenty-five to Echo, and return with the remainder to Salt Lake City. Before the organization of Great Salt Lake City the bishops acted as magis- trates of their wards, but on the incorporation of the city, A. H. Raleigh was elected justice of the peace for Salt Lake City precinct, for Salt Lake County, and occupied that office until the city was divided into five municipal precincts, since which for several years he was justice of the Third precinct. He was appointed inspector of buildings for Salt Lake City, about the time of the passage of the law prescribing the duties thereof, March 17th, 1S60, and has been the only incumbent of the office ever since. As an alderman he has served the city from September, 1854, to February, 1884, excepting one term. Of his administration it may be said that A. H. Ral- eigh is not only the oldest of our " city fathers," but also a veteran legislator in this municipality. Raleigh, indeed, is very defined in the history of Salt Lake City as a strong, persistent man. He generally carried his measures, and showed remarkable self-reliance and independence of character. Our city could ill af- ford to lose from the public service such men as A. H. Raleigh, D. H. Wells, Henry Dinwoodey, and William Jennings, but the Edmunds law was more powerful than the people's will. The municipal term of 18S4-5 ^"^^ critically related to general events, and it on HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 885 several occasions required at once prudence and firmness in the^council to sustain the dignity of the city, yet| to take such action as to meet the public approval. This was particularly the case relative to certain doings of city officers on the Fourth of July, 1885. On that day the flags of the City Hall, County Court House, Salt Lake Theatre, Z. C. M. I., Deseret News Office, the Tithing Office and the Gardo House, the residence of President Taylor, were placed at half-mast. This being observed a great excitement was produced, and finally a committee of citizens, consisting of Marshal Ireland, Major Wilkes, Captain Evans and C. L. Haines, and others went to the City Hall to ascertain the reason of the flag being at half- mast at the City Hall. The officers of whom the enquiry was first made knew nothing further than that Marshal Philips had ordered it. The Marshal, who with Mayor Sharp, was attending a meeting at the Tabernacle, was sent for, and on his appearance at the office, where the committee awaited him. Major Wilkes, as spokesman, said : " Marshal, we are here as a committee of citizens to ascertain the reason for the flag of this building being at half-mast." The city marshal replied that it was " a whim" of his, and further added in explanation remarks to theeff"ect that Salt Lake City had cause for mourning, and that the half-masting of the flag expressed the feelings of the majority of the cit- izens. The mayor, however, on his arrival ordered the flag to be raised to its proper position ; and the officers of Z. C, M. I. did the same at a later hour in the day, it having been placed at half-mast at that institution by an irresponsible person. During the entire day the city was greatly disturbed, and both at the City Hall and Z. C. M. I. riot was threatened. That there was any intention to dishonor the flag, few seriously believed, though many affected such an opinion. The Deseret Nezus thus explained the case : " The Mormon people have never at any time insulted the national ensign. They have sustained and upheld it under the most trying and extraordinary cir- cumstances. When they were, like the Pilgrim Fathers, driven from their homes and sought a place where they could enjoy liberty of conscience, they planted the emblems of union and liberty in these mountains, and they will continue to sustain it, and should the occasion arise, doubtless they will be ready to lay down their lives in the maintenance of the principles over which it should forever wave. " Four years ago on Saturday the nation's flag was at half-mast throughout the land. The people had been thrown into the depths of sorrow because one of the leading sons of the Republic had been shot down by the bullet of an assassin. But the victim was not yet dead. The man who would have accused the country of insulting the flag because it was then placed in a drooping position, would have been treated as an idiot. The people of U ah joined in that universal grief. They are now sorrowful over the decadence of their liberties. And a feeling of depression was to some extent expressed on Saturday as it was on July 4th, 1881. "Who could rejoice on the Fourth of July, and make it a day of revelry and mirth, and indulge in gratulations over liberty when some of our best men are SS6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. languishing in prison, committed there, as we believe, in gross violation of law and of every right that belongs to citizens of this Republic? " It will only be a iew days until thirty-eight years have elapsed since the Latter-day Saints trod the soil of this valley. With reverent hands and patriotic hearts they hoisted their country's flag, unfurling it to the breeze, in these moun- tains, and from that day until the present they have maintained that flag loyally and truthfully, and have never feared to denounce every attempt of governors, judges, marshals, secretaries and other petty officials who have held office for a brief space, to trample upon the rights of the people guaranteed by the Constitu- tion under the flag of the country. These are the patriots of the land — men who knowing right dare maintain it, and who have never crouched nor been dis- posed to " Crook the pregnant hinges of the knee That thrift may follow fawning — " But have dared tell men the truth as it is, and stand up for the rights of men." The Salt Lake Tribune under the head of " Lisulting the Flag," said : "The Mormons made a shameful record for themselves yesterday. As the people of the city awoke to the light of Independence Day they saw from the chief centres of Mormon power the American flag drooping at half-mast. It was a startling sight. Every one wondered what it meant, and many were the surmises. But no one hit at first on the true reason — that it was the Mormon method of ex- pressing their hatred of this Nation and their contempt for its power. * * And this is the boasted loyalty of the Mormon people ! We have all known, those of us who have been here any length of time, that all their profession in this respect was damnable hypocrisy, sheer falsity to deceive candid people. The occurrence of yesterday will forever stop them from pleading loyalty any more. In their despair they threw off their mask. They will not be able to escape the consequences of their treason. Let us hear no more of Mormon love for the Stars and Stripes." It was this latter view that was telegraphed East, causing a great stir in the country ; and it was supposed an official report was sent to President Cleveland with a similar tone. For several days the eastern journals kept the public under the impression that troops were needed in Salt Lake City to quell Mormon treason, and President Cleveland ordered General Howard to hold troops in readiness for this service. It was expected that on the Twenty-fourth — the Mormon pio- neer day — the city, following its usual custom, would use the flag again. Would it be again at half-mast, was the sensitive question of the hour, but the death of General Grant gave the occasion of half-masting by common consent. The affair of half-masting the flag came up before the city council, and a committee was appointed to report on the case, which they did, giving a similar explanation to that of the marshal and the Deseret N'e^vs — namely, that the city had cause for mourning. But this was not satisfactory to the non-Mormons, who held an indignation meeting, at which the speakers gave vent to many belligerent expressions. At the close of the year 1S85, there was again great excitement in the city over HISTORY OF SAL T LAKE CITY. 887 the shooting of Joseph W. McMurrin, a night watchman, by Deputy Marshal Collin. According to the evidence, it appears that Deputy Collin was approach- ing his residence near the Social Hall, on the evening of November 28th, 1885: when he and McMurrin came together, either accidentally or by design. It ap- pears that McMurrin struck at Collin, when the latter fired several shots from a revolver, severely wounding his assailant. Mr. Collin being a U. S. deputy mar- shal and Mr. McMurrin a member of the Mormon Church, coupled with the fact that other men were near and ran from the scene of the encounter, gave rise to many stories and much excitement. Rumors were started that the Mormons were arming for resistance. The city council promptly investigated the matter. The following is from the council minutes : " CiTV Hall, Salt Lake City, "Saturday, December 5th, 1885. "The city council met in special session at 3 o'clock P. m., pursuant to call of the mayor. Roll called. "Present — Mayor Sharp ; Aldermen Spiers, Waddell, Dean, Patrick, Pyper ; Councilors Stringfellow, Clark, Webber, Macfarlane, Wells ; Attorney Richards. "Absent — Councilors Petit, Davis, Jennings, Grant. "The mayor stated that the object of calling a special session was to con- sider the advisability of the council's investigating certain rumors that were in circulation affecting the peace and good order of the city and its inhabitants, and which he was informed had been telegraphed to the national authorities in Wash- ington, with a view to securing military interference with the local government. " After various inquiries by the members relative to the nature of the rumors and the impression they had created abroad, and a full and free discussion of the injurious effects likely to result to the community in case they were not thoroughly investigated and the exact truth ascertained and made known, on motion of Al- derman Waddell, it was decided that an official investigation of the many current rumors affecting the general welfare of the people of the city be made by the council, commencing Monday, December 7th, at ten o'clock a. m.; and that in- vitations be issued to persons who, there was reason to suppose, had any informa- tion concerning the rumors, to be present and make statements. " On motion of Alderman Patrick, the recorder was instructed to address communications to the following-named gentlemen inviting them to be present at the investigation : His Excellency, Eli H. Murray, Governor of Utah ; Hon. Arthur L. Thomas, Secretary ; Major-General Alexander McD. McCook, com- manding Fort Douglas ; Lieutenant S. W. Groesbeck, Post Adjutant ; Hon. C. S. Varian, Assistant U. S. Attorney ; Hon. E. A. Ireland, U. S. Marshal; Hon. William Jennings, Hon. John Sharp, Hon. Feramorz Little, Hon. John Q. Can- non, P. L. Williams, Esq., J. L. Rawlins, Esq., S. A. Merritt, Esq. " On motion of Councilor Clark, the speci;^! session adjourned to Monday, December 7th, at ten o'clock a. i^l " City Hall, Salt Lake City, "Monday, Dec. 7th, 1885. " The city council met pursuant to adjournment in special session. Roll called. 888 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CJTy. "Present — Mayor Sharp; Aldermen Spiers, Waddell, Dean, Patrick, Pyper; Councilors Stringfellow, Clark, Webber, Pettit, Macfarlane, Wells, Grant; At- torney Richards. " Absent— Councilors Davis and Jennings, " The minutes of the special session of December 5th, were read and approved. " The following report was submitted : "Salt Lake City, December 7th, 1885. " The Hon. the Mayer and City Council: Gentlemen — I have the honor to report to you that in compliance with your instructions of the 5th inst., 1 have forwarded to the gentlemen named by you each a communication, of which the subjoined is a copy : " i Sir At a special session of the City Council of Salt Lake City, held Saturday, December 5th, it was decided that an official investigation of the rumors in circulation at the present time affecting the peace and welfare of the city and its inhabitants be had, commencing Monday, December 7th, at 10 A.M. I am directed to respectfully invite you to attend said investigation, and to furnish the council any information concerning the matter that you may be in possession of." " Very respectfully, •' Hei!Er M. Wells, Recorder." " On motion of Councilor Stringfellow the recorder's report was accepted and approved. " The following communications were read : '' Fort Douglas, Dec. 6th, 1885. •'Heber M. Wells, City Recorder, Salt Lake City, Utah: " Sir Referring to your communication of yesterday, requesting my presence at an official investi- gation ordered by the city council concerning the origin of certain rumors ' affecting the peace and wel- fare of the city,' I have the honor, in reply, to say that I can only communicate facts coming to my knowledge in my official capacity to and through my superior officer. "As to jjersonal knowledge of said rumors and their origin, I know nothing which to me seems of material value, or could aid the council in its work. " While appreciating the courtesy extended, I beg you will consider that in declining to appear as requested, I am acting within the customary and legal restraints of my office. " Very respectfully, " Your obedient servant, " S. W. Groesbeck, " First Lieut., Adjt. Sixth Infantry and Post." " Office U. S. Attorney, Salt Lake City, Dec. 7th, 1885. *•■ Heber M. Wells, Esq., City Recorder, Salt Lake City: Sir — I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt, late yesterday afternoon, of your communication of Saturday's date, wherein you inform me that the City Council had decided " that an official investiga- tion of the rumors in circulation at the present time, affecting the peace and welfare of the city and its inhabitants " be had, commencing Monday, December 7th, at 10 o'clock A. M., and that you were di- rected to request my attendance upon the occasion of said investigation, and that I furnish the council anS information I possess concerning the matter. " In reply thereto, I have to request that you be pleased to communicate to the Honorable the City Council my respectful acknowledgment of the Council's invitation. I regret to say that the obligations of office will prevent me from disclosing at the present time any information possessed by the district at- torney relative to the subject mentioned. Be also pleased to convey to the Council my desire to be ad- vised of any facts which can aid the office in its endeavors to secure the public tranquillity and enforce the laws. " Very respectfully, " C. S. Varian, Asst. U. S. Attorney." HIS TOR V OF SAL T LAKE CI 7 Y. 88g "Territory of Utah, Executive Office, "Salt Lake City, December 6th, 1885. " Sir — I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication, in which you state that 'at a special meeting of the City Council of Salt Lake,' held last night, ' it was decided that an official investigation of the rumors in circulation at the present time affecting the peace and welfare of the city, etc., be had,' and inviting me to attend, and to furnish the council any information concerning the matter that I may be in possession of. I have to state that I have for several days been engaged in investigating and communicating for the information of the President the condition of affairs pertaining to the peace and welfare of the people of this city in common with other parts of the Territorv, and to say that I am pleased to know that the council of this city propose to investigate the matter. I beg that you will say to the council that I will be gratified to receive from that body any facts bearing on the sub- ject that may be of service to the President, the Governor, or the District Attorney, who is charged with the duty of the prosecution of offenses against the laws of the United States and of Utah, and that it will be my pleasure at all times to support the mayor in his efforts to preserve the peace and in uphold- ing the law, " Respectfully, " Eli H. Murray, Governor. " To Heber M, Wells, Esq., City Recorder." •' Utah Territory, Secretary's Office, "Salt Lake City, Dec. 7th, 1885. "A'r — I have the honor to acknowedge the receipt of your communication, dated Dec. 5th, 1885, in- viting me, on behalf of the City Council, to be present at a special meeting of that body, called to inves- tigate ' the rumors in circulation at the present time affecting the peace and welfare of the city and its inhabitants,' and to return my thanks for the same. " Please say to the gentlemen of the Council that I have no information bearing upon the subject mentioned, other than that which is now in possession of the Governor. " I am, sir, very respectfully, " Arthur L. Thomas, Secretary of Utah Territory. " Heber M. Wells, Esq., City Recorder." '• On motion of Councilor Wells the communications were ordered to be filed. " On motion of Councilor Clark, it was decided to proceed with the investi- gation, by requesting those present who had any information on the subject to make their statements and be interrogated, beginning with his Honor the mayor, "REPORT OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE "Salt Lake City, December 8th, 1885. " 77^1? Jlon. tke Mayor and City Council : ♦'Gentlemen — Your special committee to whom was referred the matter of drafting a preamble and resolutions embodying the result of the investigation by the council into the rumors that have been circulated throughout the country, det- rimental to the peace and welfare of the city and its inhabitants, beg leave to re- port the accompanying resolutions and recommend their adoption. " Very repectfully, "Joseph H. Dean, " H. J. Grant, "T. G. Webber, *' John Clark, "George Stringfellow, " Junius F. Wells, " James Sharp, mayor, " F. S. Richards, city attorney, *< Orson F. Whitney, city treasurer, " Special Committee, 70 8go HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. " On motion of Alderman Pyper, the rej)ort was approved. The resolutions were read as follows : " Resolutions in relation to current rumors respecting the peace, reputation and wel- fare of Salt Lake City. " IVliereas, Certain rumors affecting the peace, reputation and welfare of Salt Lake City and its inhabitants are prevalent, and have been circulated abroad to the injury of the same, and " Whereas, To the knowledge of the city officials there was no cause exist- ing on which these evil reports could be justly based, and " Whereas, Official notice appears to have been taken of said rumors by the general and military authorities of the nation, it became expedient that the mayor and city council of said city institute a thorough investigation of the same, that the facts upon which they were founded, if any existed, might be made known, and " Whereas, Such investigation has been held, at which Federal officials of the Territory, military authorities of Fort Douglas and prominent residents and business men, and the citizens generally, were invited to be present to give such information as they might be in possession of respecting the peace and good or- der of said city, and the injurious rumors affecting the same, and " Whereas, After diligent and searching inquiries and the taking of reli- able testimony, such rumors as had taken definite form and as were reported to the city officials, were refuted. Among these were the following, namely : " A body of armed men is said to have been seen riding into the city along West Temple Street before daylight on Monday morning, November 30th. This rumor was traced back by the city marshal from the person who first gave the in- formation to the mayor, to one Mr. Van Horn, of the Continental Hotel, the only one who was reported to have seen the armed men, and he denies any knowl- edge whatever of the matter. " The rumor that armed men lined the road to the penitentiary for the sup- posed purpose of taking Henry Collin from the custody of the United States officers, came to the city marshal from United States Marshal Ireland, who ad- mitted, however, that on going over the road he had seen nothing himself to jus- tify the report, and could not name anyone who had. The city marshal then rode out to the penitentiary, traversing both routes, making diligent inquiries of residents along the way, but could not learn that any armed men had been seen anywhere in the vicinity. " The rumor of threats made to lynch Collin after the shooting of McMur- rin, on Saturday night, November 28ih, was refuted by City Marshal Phillips, who testified that he had heard no such threats on the night in question, and that the crowd at the City Hall did not exceed two hundred people and was quiet and or- derly. The assertion of Assistant District Attorney Varian to the city marshal, that a rope had been seen in the crowd by one Thomas Curtis, was refuted by Curtis himself, who denied being at or near the City Hall at any time on Satur- day, and heard nothing of the shooting until Sunday morning. " The rumors that quantities of arms and ammunition were secreted in the general tithing store was ascertained to be false by a personal visit to the premises by General McCook and his adjutant. Mayor Sharp and City Attorney Richards. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 8gi The General expressed himself as perfectly satisfied that the rumor was without foundation. " The report that the Mormons were arming themselves, and organizing for an outbreak under the direction of their leaders, and that in the outer settlements they had been ordered to be ready at a moment's notice to march to Salt Lake City, was met by the testimony of Apostles Lorenzo Snow, Franklin D. Richards, John Henry Smith, Heber J. Grant and John W. Taylor, each of whom declared that from their own personal knowledge the rumors were utterly untrue. Hon, John Sharp, William Jennings, and other prominent citizens testified to the same effect, and that such a condition of affairs as had been reported could not exist among the people without their knowledge. " Other rumors of insecurity to life and property were refuted, and others still were of so vague a character that it was impossible to trace them to any defi- nite source, or give them tangible form. Therefore, " Be it Resolved by the Mayor and City Council of Salt Lake City, that the reports or rumors of any condition of affairs other than of the most peaceful character prevailing at the present time in this city, are false. " That at no time in the history of this city have the lives and property of its non-Mormon inhabitants been more secure than now. "That the reports to the contrary have been accredited and circulated by federal officials of this lerritory for some purpose best known to themselves. " That to the extent they or any others have circulated these false reports abroad, they have defamed the city and injured its people. "On motion of Alderman VVaddell the resolutions were unanimously adopted. " On motion of Alderman Waddell the Council adjourned. "James Sharp, Mayor. Attest: " Heber M. Wells. Recorder. On April 24th, 1883, E. W. TuUidge presented a petition to the city council proposing to write and publish the History of Salt Lake City, which was accom- panied by the following recommendation : "The undersigned, having been made acquainted with the proposition of Mr. E. W, Tullidge to collect and publish the historical facts pertaining to the esiab- lishment and growth of Salt Lake City, do hereby recommend him as one well qualified for the work, and also recommend such appropriations as the officers of this City and County may deem necessary for the prosecution of this important undertaking. Daniel H. Wells, David F. Walker, Jos. F. Smith, Samuel S. Walker, Elias Smith, William Jen- nmgs, M. H. Walker, Angus M. Cannon, Joseph K, Walker, D. Bockholt, Feramorz Little, Anthony Godbe, H. S. Eldredge, John A. Hunter, T. G. Webber, A. O. Smoot, F. D. Clift, James W. Cum- mings, Philip T. Van Zile H. Dinwoodey, W. Woodruff, John Cunnington, John Sharp, John P, Taggart, Paul A. Schettler, Albert Carrington, C. E. Pomeroy, L. S. Hills, Benjamin Hampton, James Jack, R. T. Burton, J. M. Goodwin. Byron Groo, Allan T. Riley, D. McKenzie, Edward Hunter, S. H. Auerbach, X. Groesbeck, E. L. T. Harrison, George Goddard, C. W. Penrose, E. Kahn, L. W^ Hardy, C. C. Goodwin, Philip Pugsley, Wm. Eddington, E. Sells, E. F. Sheets, George F. Prescott, H. W, Naisbitt H. B. Clawson, j. E. Dooly, Geo. J. Taylor, Samuel Kahn, James Dwyer, David O. Calder, W. S. Godbe, J. Woodrnansee, Godbe, Pitts & Co,, J. Jaqucs, Thomas Taylor, Thomas C. Armstrong. Philip Margetts, Jacob Alt, Heber M. Wells, A. H. Raleigh, Benj. G. Raybould, H. K. Whitney, H. W. Lawrence, J. M. Benedict, George Dunford, Eli B, Kelsey, William H. Rowe, Auer 8g2 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CnV. & Murphy, Jesse W. Fox, Frank W. Jenning<:, O J. Hollister, Theo. McKean, Geo. A. Meears, N. A. Kmpev, "j. T. Little, G. M. Pierce'. Milando Pr.Ut, John W. L-iwell, B. H. Schettler, Elias Morris, Eli H. Murray, W W. Ritcr. T. k. Jones, Win. 15. liarton, C. H H.issett, Daniel Dunne, Charles W. S ayner Ahram Gould D.wid James, \V. C. Dunbar, J. E. S. Russell, Ben Sheeks, A. H. Kelly, Geo. Reynolds, M. Merrill, E D. Hoge .Adam Spiers, D. R. Firman, Amos Howe, Geo. H. Taylor. Geo. .\. Luke, Spencer Claw on, S I. Jonasson, G. E. Bourne, T. \. Williams, John Paul, Bowring Bros. , H P. Mason, O. P. .Miles, S. B Young, S. A. Shoemaker. H. P. Richards," M. Paul, Jr.. Samuel H. Hill, F. Armstrong, Thomas J. Almy. J, E. Reese, G. .M f^orhes, Joseph H. Felt. H G Patk, H, M. R. .Atkinson D. C. Dunbar, Joseph Salisbury, J. L. Rawlins, D. L. Davis, John Farmer, W. G.Young. Geo- .\. Lowe, G. H. Snell. S. H. B. Smith, .Arthur Brown, Careless & Croxall. H. E. Smith, R. W. Sloan, William L Binder, E Benner, C. J. Thomas, Wm. Gill Mills, C. H. Lenzi, George G. Bvwater, M3ore, .Allen & Co , T. X. Olsen, F. T. Lee. W. S. Burton, W. C. Burton, .A, N. Hamilton, George R. Jones Henry Wagner, E. Stevenson, G. B. Wallace Sam Levy, C. R. Savage H. Spiers, A. M. Musser, Henry Grow, Charles H. King, Isaac M. Waddell. R. C. Chambers, T. R. Ellerbeck, John C. Cutler, Henry Saddler, L. D. & A. Young. N. H. Ransohoff, S. A Kenner, John Smith, C. K. Gil- christ. B. H. Young, Wm, F. Raybould. Isaac Brockbank, Jos. C Kingsbury, James F. Bradley. H. J. Dorenuis, M. M. Bane, John Sears, A W. Carlson, George R. Maxwell, J"hn Kirkman, .A. L. Thomas, D. M. Mc.AUisfer, J. E. Callister. Herbert Van Dam W. J. Beitie, C. E. Silverwood Thomas .Aubrey, T. Pierpont, Watson Bros., .A, F. Barnes, White & Sons, John S Lewis, James H. Raddon. R. G. Taysum, John South, John Lvon. Sen . G. A. Wiscombe, Capt J D. Wright, JohnR, Park .A. B. Dunford, Junius Y. Wells, Jos. E. Taylor, H. J Faust S. W. Darke & Co., James Sharp. George Swan, S. W. .Sears, Henry Tribe, W. H, Shearman, C. \^. Spencer. Wm. Naylor, Cooper Bros:, John N. Pike, Silas T. Smith, T. B. Lewis, Jos. W. Johnson, N. H. Felt, Eliza R. Snow. Zina D. H. Young, Phebe W. Woodruff, Mrs. E. B. Wells, Mrs, E, Howard, M. Isabella Home, M. M. Barratt, Louisa F. Wells, Dr. R. B. Pratt, P. L. Kimball, Ruth V. Savers. Dr. E. B. Ferguson, Sarah M. Kimball, Helen M. Whitney. Sarah E. Russell. Elmina S. Taylor, Ellen C. S. Clawson, Mrs. P. Jennings, Hannah T, King, C. C. Raleigh, It was referred to a special committee, who reported as follows : " Your special committee, to whom was referred the petition of Edward W, Tullidge, proposing to write the history of Salt Lake City, and the accompany- ing endorsement of 241 of the infiaential and representative citizens of all classes, recommending that the city council make an appropriation to assist in the enter- prise, together with the subsequent communication of Mr. Tullidge and the re- port of this committee, which was returned to be made more definite, having given the matter thorough and careful consideration, beg leave to report as follows : "We find that Salt Lake City was settled about thirty-six years ago under very peculiar and interesting circumstances, and although at that time of very lit- tle importance to any one except its founders, it has since prospered and grown until a great city has been established — a city ranking in commercial importance with any of the same population and facilities in the United States — a city of in- dustry, and thrift and magnificence, attracting the attention of capitalists, fur- nishing employment to laborers, providing homes for settlers and commanding the respect of the civilized world. " We also find that many of the citizens who have helped to build the city, who have spent the best part of their lives in working the miracle which has changed a * half-way house ' into a midland metropolis, are justly proud of their magnificent achievements, and purpose lending their support towards the perpetu- tion of the events connected with their past, in history. " Your committee announce themselves to be heartily in accord with the project, and believe, in the interests of justice and enlightenment, for the benefit of the citizens at large, the stranger and posterity, that a knowledge of the facts attendant upon the founding and growth of Salt Lake City should be preserved — that an accurate and reliable history of the city, unbiased with partisanship, should be written and published with as little delay as possible, and that a portion of the expense incurred in the work should be borne by the public, in whose direct inter- est the publication is made. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 8g3 " Furthermore, we are of opinion, from a thorough knowledge of his abihties as a writer, and his candor as a historian, that Edward W. Tullidge is a compe- tent and suitable person to be entrusted with this important undertaking. " Therefore your committee respectfully recommend that the sum of ^1,500 be appropriated to assist in defraying the expenses of writing and publishing the history of Salt Lake City, and for the purchase of copies of said history. " That Edward W, Tullidge be required to give a bond to the corporation of Salt Lake City in the sum of ^1,500, with good and sufficient security, to be ap- proved by the city council, and conditioned that he will write and publish, first in parts, and afterwards in bound volume form, a history of Salt Lake City, which shall contain at least 500 pages of printed matter and be a concise and impartial account of the events of importance that have occurred from the first settlement of this city down to the present time. " That before any of the writings of said historian shall appear either in pam- phlet or volume form, the manuscript or proof sheets, whichever shall be more convenient, shall be submitted to the inspection of a committee of five competent persons three of whom should be selected by the city council, and the other two by Edward W. Tullidge, whose duty it shall be to carefully peruse the writings submitted to them, and to approve or correct the same as their judgment shall dic- tate ; and that any alterations, additions, or deductions to the text suggested by said committee shall be noted and corrected by said historian ; and that the his- tory shall be printed, independently of any other matter, in form and style suita- ble for compiling and binding in a volume which shall be approved by the com- mittee. That he will complete the writing and publication of said history, and deliver to the mayor copies thereof, before the first day of July, 1885 ; that after said bond shall have been given and approved by the city council, the mayor be authorized to issue an order on the city treasury for $500 in favor of Edward W. Tullidge, and when two-thirds of the history shall have been published in pamphlet form as agreed by the mayor and said historian, and to the acceptance of the city council, the mayor be authorized to issue an order on the city treas- urer for the second payment of $500, and when said history is completed and copies thereof in bound volume form delivered to the mayor, that he be author- ized to issue an order on the city treasurer for the third and final payment of ^500. That the mayor be authorized to act for and in behalf of Salt Lake City to enforce the terms under which said history is to be written and for the convenience of the historian in consulting the wishes and intent of the council, and that the committee on revision hereinbefore provided for, shall receive such reasonable compensation for their labors as may hereinafter be decided by the council. "Respectfully, "Henry Dinwoodey, "Daniel H. Wells, "A. H. Raleigh, • ^Special Committee. " Salt Lake City, May ist, i<5'83. Adopted May 23d, 1883.'" "May 26th, 1885, a petition was presented from E. W. Tullidge, represent- ing that in the process of preparing the history of Salt Lake City, he found that 8g4 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. the work demanded considerable increase of capacity, and by and with the advice of the supervisory committee, the petitioner asked for an additional appropriation of one thousand dollars and the extension of the time for the completion of the history to the end of the present year, 1885" The mayor appointed Alderman Patrick, Councilors Webber, Clark and Wells, who reported favorably, June 9th. An appropriation of $1,000 was made and the time extended. ASSASSINATION OF CAPTAIN ANDREW BURT. On the 25th of August, 1883, Captain Andrew Burt was assassinated in Main Street, Salt Lake City, by a colored man, W. H, Harvey, who immediately after the murder was taken from the police and lynched in the prison yard. The assassination of Captain Andrew Burt was a tragical event in the history of our city, upon which almost an universal judgment was pronounced, notwith- standing there was involved in it the execution, by lynching, of the assassin. No such a case had before occurred during all the troublesome and critical times of the past as a lynch law execution, but the murder on the public street, in broad daylight, of an officer who had so many years commanded the police, and whose personal courage and moderation were proverbial, wrought the temper of the populace to a pitch of fury that neither reason nor a Christain spirit could restrain. When Captain Bart's body was brought out from Smith's drug store an awful burst of rage, not loud but deep, ran through the vast multitude and the cry "lynch him, lynch him," was followed by a general rush to the City Hall. In a few minutes the terrible judgment was executed, and the murderer of Captain Burt had paid his fearful account to public vengence. That there was a profound regret the day after the execution there is no doubt, but it was rather that a lynch law precedent had occurred in the history of our city than in atone of condemna- tion of the public wrath, which had so fearfully supplemented the tragedy of Captain Burt's taking off. The following document will show the action of the city council in the case : " Resolutions of Respect to the memory of Captain Andrew Burt, City Marshal. " Whereas, In the mysterious providences of Almighty God, our beloved brother and fellow officer, Captain Andrew Burt, city marshal, has been stricken down by the hand of an assassin, and " Whereas, An intimate relation to the deceased in his official capacity for a long period, makes it fitting that we should place on record our sentiments ot sorrow and affection which this melancholy affliction has awakened ; therefore ^' Be it resolved by the mayor and city council of Salt Lake City, That we deeply deplore and execrate the cruel, atrocious act that has deprived the corpor- ation of a true and valiant officer, the community of an honest and upright cit- izen, the Church of a zealous and faithful official member, and a large family of a kind, generous, loving husband and father ; ''Resolved, That we recognize in the career of Captain Burt the highest expression of the noble qualities of a true man. In 1859, he became as- sociated with the police force, of which he was appointed chief three years later. HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. 89s In 1876, he was elected city marshal, and discharged the varied duties of the office promptly and efficiently to the hour of his death. In these important pos- itions of trust and of danger, Captain Burt has had opportunity to display the highest character and principle which have distinguished him among his fellow men, as an officer of the municipal court, custodian of the corporation property, and conservator of the public peace. Marshal Burt proved himself competent, incorruptible, and vigilant, creating friends among all classes of men, and earn- ing their universal respect and admiration. In the history of Salt Lake City cir- cumstances have frequently placed the police force in the foremost position of danger, calling forth from them manifest actions of great courage, intrepidity and daring, as well as the employment of the detective's cunning and strategy. On such occasions Captain Burt was pre-eminently a leader of his men. He was cool, deliberate and cautious in planning; quick, decisive and complete in exe- cuting. His work was always well done, and while mercy and a humaneness, not often accredited to men in his position, have ever accompanied his measures of enforcing obedience to the police regulations; the law has ever been vindicated by him, and peace, good order and quietness preserved, even under the most trying and difficult circumstances ; '■^Resolved, That we sincerely sympathize with the bereaved family of the de- ceased and earnestly beseech the comforting influences of the Great and Holy Spirit to be ever around them, and that we commend the example of their hus- band and father as a worthy guide and stimulant to success and happiness in life. " On motion of Councilor Smith it was ordered that the resolutions be spread upon the minutes and engrossed copies be furnished to the family of the deceased. "Adopted August 28th, 1883." FIRE DEPARTMENT RECORD. September i()th, 1856 — N. Davis presented a motion " for the prevention and extmguishing of fires and the necessity of placing a patrol on the Temple Block." October I'jth, 1856 — An ordinance passed organizing the Fire Department. (See original ordinance). Jesse C. Little appointed chief engineer. Five hun- dred dollars appropriated to purchase a fire engine. $903.88, balance on cost of engine house also appropriated. Total cost of engine house, April 2d, 1858, $[,684.26. Very little was done for fire protection after the passage of the ordinance, but two or three incipient fires occurring, no alarm or apprehension was felt. The fire engine remained partially constructed, the engine house unfinished. How- ever in the beginning of the year 1870, an impetus was given to the matter, mainly through insurance agents located in the city, and prominent merchants in- terested. At a session of the council held March ist, 1870, the old ordinance was revised and improved. John D. T. McAllister was appointed chief engineer with authority to organize two or more companies, volunteers. Three dozen buckets, hooks and ladders ordered to be purchased, and at the same time, "plans and the cost of constructing a fire engine (the one already partially built) was submitted. About this time the insurance agents and a few prominent business men organized a fire company, and ordered from the Silsbqry manufacturing company of New York, a steam fire engine. Wisely concluding that this ap- Sp6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. paratus would be more efficient under the control of the city council than in pri- vate hands, arrangements were made with the city fathers, and the engine turned over to them upon its arrival in the city. A hose cart with hose, 500 feet, and a hook and ladder truck, with the necessary hooks and ladders ; also a covering built. A hand engine was also purchased. February 15/A, 187 1. — The engine house enlarged by order of the council, and the ordinance regulating the fire department passed. March 2-]ih, 1871. — A fire ordinance for the prevention of fires passed, and Pioneer No. i, and Eagle Hook and Ladder No. i, two fire companies ordered lo be organized, as volunteer firemen, consisting of fifty and thirty men respectively. On the 20th of December, 1871, Alert Hose Company No. i was organized. On the 8th day of February, 1872, Wasatch Engine Company No. 2 was organized. March, 1873, Vigilant Engine Company No. 3, was organized. This com- pany never went into service. December ist, 1876, Alert Hose Company No. i, changed to Engine Com- pany No. 3. January 19th, 1881, Vigilant Company No. 4 was organized. July 4th, 1883, Mutual Company No. 5 was organized. At the sessions held by the city council in September, 1883, the volunteer fire department was disbanded and a paid department organized, consisting of paid permanent and paid call men, forty-seven in all. A horse was purchased for the hose cart, attached to Engine Company No. i, and the companies reduced from six to four, viz : Engine Companies Nos. i, 2 and 3, Hook and Ladder No. i. An alarm of fire at 5:15 p. m., September 30th, 1S83. This was the last alarm responded to by the old volunteer fire department after twelve years of good, faithful and vigilant service, and to their last call there was a unanimous and general turnout, the boys responding to the alarm with a vim determined to make their last work a fitting wind-up to their years of good service. OFFICERS OF THE DEPARTMENT FROM 1856 TO 1886. Chief engineers.— ]tsst C. Little, 1856 to 187 1. John D. T. McAllister, 187 1 to 1876. Charles M. Donelson, 1876, May to October. Geo. M. Ottinger, 1876, appointed November 14th. Assistafit engineers. — Andrew Burt, 1871 to 1875. Ivar Isaachson, 1871 to 1872. Geo. M. Ottinger, 1871 to 1876. Henry Dinwoodey, 1872 to 1884. John Reading, 1876 to 1885. Wm. J. Hooper, 1884. Samuel R. Skidmore, 1885. FIRES AND LOSS BY FIRES FROM 1871 TO 1885, 1871 Fires, 1 Loss by fire, $ 1,000 1872 •• 7 " 5.750 1873 " 13 " 75,000 1874 " 15 " 4 525 1875 " 15 " 29I,.500 1876 "21 '■ 22,745 Insumnce, $ 6.000 1877 " 21 " 14,845 ' 4.600 1878 •••... . " 20 " 21.645 " 9,133 1879 " 18 " 15,340 " 13,500 1880 " 25 " 21,9G0 " 745 1881 " 22 " 6,090 ■• 1,400 1882 " 26 " 19,960 " 1,000 1883 " 42 " 139.275 " 42,700 1884 " 51 " 11,930 " 3,100 1885 " 33 '• 19,965 " 11,500 330 $671,530 ?93,408 HISTORY OF SILT LSKE CITY BIOGRAPHIES. LIFE OF BRIGHAM YOUNG. Brigham Young was born in Whitingham, Windham County, Vermont, June 1st, 1801. His parents were devoted to the Methodist rehgion, to which, in his maturity, he also in- clined. He was married October 8th, 1824, in Aurelius, Cayuga County, New York, where for twelve years he followed the occupations of carpenter, joiner, painter and glazier. In the sprino- of 1829 he removed to Mendon, Monroe County, where his father resided, and here the next spring, he first saw the Book of Mormon, which was left with his brother Phineas Young, by Sam- uel H. Smith, brother of the Prophet. In January, 1832, in company with Phineas Young and Heber C. Kimball, he visited a branch of the Church at Columbia, Pennsylvania, and returned deeply impressed with the principles of Mormonism. In this state of mind he went to Canada for his brother Joseph, who was there on a mission, preaching the Methodist faith. This prompt action, after he had resolved on his own course, is quite typical of the man. Joseph Young "received and rejoiced in the testimony," and returned home with his brother; and both immediately united themselves with the Saints. Brigham was baptized April 14th, 1832, by Elder Eleazur Miller, who confirmed him at the water's edge, and ordained him to the office of an elder that same night. About three weeks afterwards his wife was also baptized, but in the following autumn she died, leaving him two little children (girls). After her death he made his home at Heber C. Kimball's. In the same month, with his brother Joseph and Heber C. Kimball, he started for Kirtland, to see the Prophet. Arriving at Kirtland, they found him, with several of his brothers, in the woods chopping and hauling wood. " Here my joy was full," says Brigham, "at the privilege of shaking the hand of the Prophet of God, and receiving the sure testimony by the spirit of prophesy that he was all any man could believe him to be, as a true prophet. He was happy to see us, and bid us welcome. In the evening a few of the brethren came in, and we conversed together upon the things of the kingdom. He called upon ine to pray. In my prayer I spoke in tongues. As soon as we arose from our knees, the brethren flocked around him, and asked his opinion con- cerning the gift of tongues that was upon me. He told them it was the pure Adamic language. Some said to him they expected he would condemn the gift, but he said ' no i I is of God ; and the time will come when Brother Brigham Young will preside over this Church.' The latter part of this conversation was in my absence. After staying about a week in Kirtland they returned home, and then, with his brother Joseph, he started on a mission to Upper Canada, on foot, in the month of December, and returned home in February, 1833, before the ice broke up. For a little while he made his home at Heber C. Kimball's, preaching in the neighborhood but on the first of April he started on foot for Canada again, where he raised up branches of the Church, He then "gathered up " several families, and started with them to Kirtland about the first of July, where he tarried awhile "enjoying the society of the Prophet," and then returned to Mendon. 2 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Taking his two children, in the month of September, he "githered" to Kirtland with Heber C. Kimball. Here he commenced working at his former trade. When the elders "went up to redeem Zion," in Jackson County, a missionary expedition famous in Mormon history, the Prophet was particularly anxious that Brigham should go with him. Meeting the Prophet one day, in company with Joseph Young, Brigham told him his brother was doubtful as to his duty about going, to which the Prophet replied, " Brother Brigham and Brother Joseph, if you will go with me in the camp to Missouri, and keep my counsel, I promise you in the name of the Almighty, that I will lead you there and back again, and not a hair of your head shall be harmed ; " at which each presented his hand to the Prophet and the covenant was confirmed. The organization of " Zion's Camp" being completed, they started for Missouri, where they arrived at Rush Creek, Clary County, on the 23d of June, when the camp was struck with the plague. Here they remained one week, attending to the sick and burying their dead. About seventy of the brethren were attacked with the cholera, of whom eighteen died. The Prophet assembled the " Camp of Zion," and told the brethren that " if they would humble themselves before the Lord, and covenant that they would, from that time forth, obey his counsel, the plague should be stayed from that very hour;" whereupon the brethren, with uplifted hands, covenanted, "and the plague was stayed according to the words of the Lord through His servant. " The journey to Missouri and back was performed in a little over three months, being a distance of about 2,000 miles, averaging forty miles per day, on foot, while traveling. On the return the brethren were scattered. Brigham and his brother Joseph arrived home safe, July 4, fulfilling the covenant made with them. He tarried in Kirtland during that Fall and Winter, quarrying rock, working on the Temple, and finishing the printing office and schoolroom. On the 14th of February, 1835, the Prophet called a council of Elders, at which the quorum of the Twelve Apostles were selected in the following order : Lyman E. Johnson, Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, Orson Hyde, Luke Johnson, David W. Patten, William E. M'Lellin, John F. Boyington, William Smith, Orson Pratt, Thomas B. Marsh and Parley P. Pratt. In May, Brigham Young was called to go and preach to the Indians. " This, " said the Prophet, "will open the doors to all the seed of Joseph. '•' He started on his mission in company with the Twelve, returning to Kirtland in September, where he spent the Fall and Winter preach- ing, attending a Hebrew school, and superintending the painting and finishing of the Temple. In March, 1836, the Temple, being nearly finished, was dedicated. • " It was a day of God's power, " says the record ; " the glory of the Lord filled the house. " It is known in the church as the Latter-day Pentacost, on which the Elders were specially " endowed with power from on high. " The Twelve held the " solemn assembly," and-received their "washings and anointings." The "washing of feet" was administered to Brigham by Joseph himself. Soon after this, in company with his brother Joseph Young, he started on a mission to the Eastern States, traveling through New York, Vermont and Massachusetts. In the Fall and Winter of 1836, he was at home again with the Prophet, sustaining him through the darkest hour which the Church had yet seen. It was at this time that a "spirit of apostacy" manifested itself among the Twelve, and ran through all the quorums of the Church. It prevailed so extensively that it was difficult for many to see clearly the path to pursue. On one occasion several of the Twelve, the " witnesses" to the Book of Mormon, and others of the authorities of the Church, held a council in the upper room of the Temple. 'I he question before them was to ascertain how the Prephet could be deposed, and David Whitmer, who was one of the " witnesses, " appointed President of the Church. " I rose up," says President Young, " and told them in a plain and forcible manner that Joseph was a Prophet, and I knew it ; and that they might rail at and slander him as much as they pleased, they could not destroy the appointment of the Prophet of God ; they could only destroy their own authority, cut the thread which bound them to the Prophet and to God, and sink themselves to hell. Many were highly enraged at my decided opposition to their measures, and Jacob Bump (an old pugilist;, was so exasperated that he could not be still. Some of the brethren near him put their hands on him and requested him to be quiet; but he writhed and twisted his arms and. body, say- ing, ' how can I keep my hands off that man? ' I told him if he thought it would give him any relief he might lay them on. The meeting was broken up without the apostates being able to unite on any decided measures of opposition. This was a crisis when earth and hell seemed leagued to over- BRIGHAM YOUNG 3 t'.irow the Prophet and Church of God. The knees of many of the strongest men in the Church faltered. " During this siege of darkness I stood close by Joseph, and with all the wisdom and power God bestowed upon me, put forth my utmost energies to sustain the servant of God. and unite the quorums of the Church. "Ascertaining that a plot was laid to way-lay Joseph for the purpose of taking his life, on his return from Monroe, Michigan, to Kirtland, I procured a horse and buggy, and took Brother Wm. Smith along to meet Joseph, whom we met returning in the stage coach. Joseph requested William to take his seat in the stage, and he rode with me in the buggy. We arrived in Kirtland in safety. " ' The strength of Brigham Young's character broke the tide of apostacy arising among the very leaders of the Church. There were in if no less than four ol the Twelve Apostles, several of the " witnesses of the Book of Mormon," and many influential Elders. To this day it has been a won- der among "Gentile" writers that the Prophet dared to excommunicate so many of his first Elders at one grand sweep. It means that Joseph and Brigham, " with the Lord on their side, " were equal to anything. The part that Brigham Young acted then made him the sticcessor of Joseph Smith. About this time Brigham's cousins, Levi and Willard Richards, arrived in Kirtland. Willard, having read the Book of Mormon, came to enquire further concerning the book. His cousin invited him to make his home at his house during his investigation, which he did, and was baptized on the last day of the year 1836, in the presence of Heber C. Kirrtball and others, who had spent the after- noon cutting the ice to prepare for the ceremony. Willard Richards became one of the greatest men of the church. On the first of June, 1837, Brigham's birthday, there were a few missionaries appointed to Eng- land, under the direction of Heber C. Kimball and Orson Hyde of the Twelve. Heber was very anxious that President Young should also go, but Joseph said he should keep Brigham at home with him. This was a sacrifice to the man who had so well earned the right " to unlock the dispensation " to foreign nations ; but the moment was two critical for him to be spared. Before the mission to England started, Willard Richards was added to the number appointed. It is scarcely necessary to say that the opening of the mission to Great Britain has proved to be one of the most important events in the history of the Mormon church. The policy of keeping Brigham home was soon apparent. " On the morning of December 22d," he says, " I left Kirtland in consequence of the fury of " the mob, and the spirit that prevailed in the apostates, who threatened to destroy me because I would proclaim, pulicly and privately, that I knew by the power of the Holy Ghost, that Joseph Smith was a prophet of the Most High God, and had not transgressed and fallen as apostates declared." The prophet and Sidney Rigdon also fled and joined Brigham at Dublin, Indiana, where Joseph made enquiry concerning a job at cutting and sawing wood, after which he came and said; " Bro- ther Brigham, I am destitute of means to pursue my journey, and as you are one of the Twelve Apostles, who hold the keys of the kingdom in all the world, I believe I shall throw myself upon you, and look to you for counsel in this case." " At first," says Brigham, " I could hardly believe Joseph was in earnest, but on his assuring me he was, I said, ' If you will take my counsel, it will be that you rest yourself, and be assured. Bro- ther Joseph, you shall have plenty of'money to pursue your journey.'" A providential sale of a tavern, owned by a Brother Tomlinson, brought the Prophet a gift of three hundred dollars, and he proceeded on his journey. After a variety of incidents, Joseph and Brigham found themselves together in the Far West, but the Missourians soon commenced again to stir up the mob spirit, riding from neighborhood to neighborhood, making flaming speeches, priests taking lead in the crusade. This brought the exter- minating army of Governor Boggs, under Generals Lucas and Clark, to drive the Mormons en masse out of Missouri. Some of the mob were painted like Indians. Gillum, their leader, was painted in a similar man- ner. He styled himself the " Delaware chief." Afterwards he, and the rest of the mob, claimed and obtained pay, as militia, from the State. Many of the Mormons were wounded and murdered by the army, and several women were rav- ished to death. " I saw," says Brigham, " Brother Joseph Smith, Sidney Rigdon, Parley P. Pratt, Lyman Wight and George W. Robinson delivered up by Colonel H inkle to General Lucas, but ex- pected they would have returned to the city that evening or the next morning, according to agree- ment, and the pledge of the sacred honor of the officers that they should be allowed to do so, but 4 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. they did not so return. The next morning General Lucas demanded and took away the amis of the mJHtia of Caldwell County (Brigham refused to give up his arms), assuring them that they should be protected ; but as soon as they obtained possession of the arms, they commenced their ravages by p>lundering the citizens of their bedding, clothing, money, wearing apparel, and every thing of value they could lay their hands upon, and also attempted to violate the chastity of the women in the pres- ence of their husbands and friends. The soldiers shot down our oxen, cows, hogs and fowls at our own doors, taking part away and leaving the rest to rot in the street. They also turned their horses into oiu- fields of com." .\\. this time General Clark delivered his noted speech. He s.iid: •' Gentlemen : You whose names are not attached to this list of names, will now have the priv- ilege of going to your fields and of providing com, wood, etc., for your families. Those that are now taken will go from this to prison, be tried, and receive the due demerit of their crimes; but you except such as charges may hereafter be preferred against, are at liberty, as soon as the troops are removed that now guard the place, which I shall cause to be done immediately. " It now devolves upon you to fulfill the treaty that you have entered into, the leading items of which I shall now lay before you. The first requires that your leading men be given up to be tried according to law ; this you have complied with. The second is, that you deliver up your arms ; this has also been attended to. The third is, that you sign over your properties to defray the expenses that has been incurred on your account ; this you have also done. Another article remains for you to comply with, and that is that you leave the State forthwith. And whatever may be your feelings concerning this, or whatever you innocence is, it is nothing to me. General Lucas, whose military rank is equal with mine, has made this treaty with you ; I approve of it. I should have done the same had I been here, and am, therefore, determined to see it executed. "The character of this State has suffered almost beyond redemption, from the character, con- duct and influence you have exerted ; and we deem it an act of justice to restore her character by e\'ery proper means. "The order of the Governor to me was, that you should be exterminated, and not allowed to remain in the State. And had not your leaders been given up, and the terms of the treaty complied with, before this time your families would have been destroyed and your houses in ashes. "There is a discretionary power vested in my hands, which, considering your circumstances, I shall exercise for a season. You are indebted to me for this clemency. I do not say that you shall go now, but you must not think of staying here another season, or of putting in crops; for the mo- ment you do this the citizens will be upon you, and if I am called here again in case of your non- compliance with the treaty made, do not think that I shall act as I have done now. You need not expect any mercy, but extermhiation, for I am determined that the Governor's order shall be ex- ecuted. "As for your leaders, do not think, do not imagine for a moment, do not let it enter into your minds that they will be delivered and restored to you again, for their fate is fixed, the die is cast, their doom is sealed. " I am sorry, gentlemen, to see so many apparently intelligent men found in the situajjon that you are; and oh! if I could but invoke that great spirit of the unknown God to rest upon and de- liver you from that awful chain of superstition, and liberate you from those fetters of fanaticism with which you are bound — that you might no longer do homage to man ! " I would advise you to scatter abroad, and never again organize yourselves with bishops, priests, etc., least you excite the jealousies of the people and subject yourselves to the same calamities that have now come upon you. " You have always been the aggressors. You have brought upon yourselves these difficulties, by being disaffected, and not being subject to rule. And my advice is, that you become as other citi- zens, lest by a recurrence of these events, you bring upon yourselves inevitable ruin." " I was present," says Brigham, "when that speech was delivered, and when fifty-seven of our bpethren were betrayed into the hands of our enemies as prisoners. " General Clark said that we must not be seen as many as five together; ' if you are,' said he, the citizens will be upon you and destroy you ; you should flee immediately out of the State. There is no alternative for you but to flee; you need not expect any redress; there is none for you.' " "With respect to the treaty mentioned by Gen. Clark, I have to say that there never was any treaty proposed or entered into on the part of the Mormons, or any one called a Mormon, except by Col. Hinkle. And with respect to the trial of Joseph and the brethren at Richmond, I did not BRIGHAM YOUNG. j consider that tribunal a legal court but an inquisition. Tiie brethren were compelled to give away their property at the point of the bayonet. " In February, 1839, I left Missouri with my family, leaving my landed property and also my household goods, and went to Illinois, to a little town called Atlas, Pike County, where I tarried a few weeks ; then moved to Quincy. " I held a meeting with the bretbren of the Twelve and the members of the Church in Quincy, on the 17th of March, when a letter was read to the people from the committee, on behalf of the Saints at Far West, who were left destitute of the means to move. Though the brethren were poor and stripped of almost everything, yet they manifested a spirit of willingness to do their utmost, offering to sell their hats, coats and shoes to accomplish the object. We broke bread and partook of the sacrament. At the close of the meeting $50 was collected in money, and several teams were subscribed to go and bring the brethren. Among the subscribers was the widow of Warren Smith, whose husband and two sons had their brains blown out at the massacre at Haun's Mill. She sent her only teatn on this charitable mission." It was Brigham Young who superintended the removal and settling of the Mormons in Illinois, for the Prophet was now in prison with Parley P. Pratt and others. A revelation had been given the previous year, July 8th, 1836, in answer to a petition : " Show us thy will O Lord, concerning the Twelve." The answer came thus: "Verily thus saith the Lord, let a conference be held immediately. Let the Twelve be organized, and let men be appointed to supply the places of those who are fallen. Let my servant Thomas remain for a season in the Land of Zion to publish my word. Let the residue continue to preach from that hour, and if they will do this in all lowliness of heart, in meekness and humility, and long- suffering, I the Lord, give unto them a promise that I will provide for their families, and an effectual door shall be open for them from henceforth ; and ne.xt spring let them depart to go over the great waters, and there promulgate my gospel, the fulness thereof, and bear record of my name. Let them take leave of my Saints in the city of Far West, on the 26th day of April next, on the building spot of my house, saith the Lord. "Let my servant, John Taylor, and also my servant, John E. Page, and also my servant. Wilford Woodruff, and also my servant, Willard Richards, be appointed to fill the place of those who have fallen, and be officially notified of their appointment." But the Saints were now in banishment, and the Twelve could only return to Far West at the imminent risk of their lives. Many of the authorities urged that the Lord would not require the Twelve to fulfill this revelation to the letter, but would take the word for the deed. " But I felt differently," said Brigham, "and so did those of the quorum who were with me, I asked them, individually, what their feelings were upon the subject. They all expressed their desire to fufill the revelation. I told them the Lord had spoken and it was our duty to obey, and leave the event in his hands, and he would protect us." There was a world of wisdom in this decision. The revelation was a special one concerning the Twelve Apostles themselves, and the success of their mission " across the great waters." Brigham was the master spirit of the Twelve. It would not do for that revelation to fail, now that the Church was resting on the shoulders of the Twelve ; and Brigham Young was not the man to let it fail ! The Twelve started. Far West was reached in safety. They hid themselves in a grove. The mob came into Far West to tantalize the committee, boasting that this was one of Joe Smith's rev- elations which could not be fulfilled, and threatened the committee themselves if they were found in Far West the next day. Early on the morning of the elect day, April 26th, the Twelve held their conference, "cut off" 31 persons from the Church, and proceeded to the building spot of the " Lord's House," where El- der Cutter, the master workman of the house, recommenced laying the foundation by rolling up a large stone near the southeast corner. There were present of the Twelve, Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, Orson Pratt, John E, Page, and John Taylor, who proceeded to ordain Wilford Wood- ruff and George A. Smith to the office of the Twelve, in place of those who had fallen. The quorum then offered up vocal prayer, each in their order, beginning with President Young, after which they sang "Adam-on-di-ahman," and took leave of the Saints according to the revelation. "Thus," says the President, "was this revelation fulfilled, concerning which our enemies said, if all the other revelations of Joseph Smith came to pass, that one should not be fulfilled, as it had date and place to it." After being in prison in Missouri about six months, the Prophet, with Parley P. Pratt and others, made their escape. 6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. " It was one of the most joyful scenes of my life," says Brigham, " to once more strike hands with the Prophet, and behold him and his companions free from the hands of their enemies; Joseph conversed with us like a man who had just escaped from a thousand oppressions, and was now free in the midst of his children." The Prophet was highly pleased with Brigham and the Twelve for what they had done ; and at a conference which he immediately held at Quincy, resolutions were passed expressing the approval of the whole church. Joseph and the Twelve next founded Nauvoo at a place th°n called Commerce, in Hancock County, Illinois, and soon again the Mormons gathered together as a people. But the unhealthy labor of breaking new land on the banks of the Mississippi, for the founding of their city, invited pestilence. Nearly every one "was down" with fever and ague. The Prophet had the sick borne into his house and door-yard, until his place was like a hospital. At length, even he succumbed to the deadly contagion, and for several days was as helpless as his diciples. He was a man of mighty faith, however, and "the spirit came upon him to arise and stay the pestilence." "Joseph arose from his bed," narrated the President, "and the power of God rested upon him. He commenced in his own house and door-yard, commanding the sick in the name of Jesus Christ to arise and be made whole; and they were healed according to his word. He then continued to travel from house to house, and from tent to tent, upon the bank of the river, healing the sick as he went, until he arrived at the upper stone house, where he crossed the river in a boat, accompanied by several of the quorum of the Twelve, and landed in Montrose. He walked into the cabin where I was lying sick, and commanded me, in the name of Jesus Christ, to arise and be made whole. I arose and was healed, and followed him and the brethren of the Twelve into the house of Elijah Fordham, who was supposed, by his family and friends to be dying. Joseph stepped to his bed-side, took him by the hand and commanded him, in the name of Jesus Christ, to arise from his bed and be made whole. His voice was as the voice of God. Brother Fordham instantly leaped from his bed, called for his clothing and followed us into the street. We then went into the house of Joseph S. Nobles, who lay very sick, and he was healed in the same manner! And when, by the power of God granted unto him, Joseph had healed all the sick, he recrossed the river, and returned to his home. This was a day never to be forgotten." While yet emaciated from their recent sickness, the Twelve started on their mission to England. President Young started from his home in Montrose on the 14th of September, 1839. Being still feeble, he was carried to the house of Heber C. Kimball, where he remained till the 18th. Kimball was in a similar condition; but these two chief apostles, nevertheless, resolutely set out for England, visiting Kirtland by the way. On the 19th of March, 1840, Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, George A. Smith, Parley P. Pratt, Orson Pratt and Reuben Hedlock, sailed from New York on board the Patrick Henry, a packet of the Black Ball line. A large number of the Saints came down to the wharf to bid them farewell. When the elders got into the small boat to go out to the ship, the Saints on shore sa g " The gallant ship is under way," in which song the elders joined until the voices were separated by the distance. Liverpool was reached by these apostles on the 6th of April. It was the anniversary of the organization of the church, ju;t ten years bifore. Brigham left the ship in a boat, with Heber C. Kimball and Parley P. Pratt, and when he landed he gave a loud shout of Hosanna! They pro- cured a room at No. 8 Union Street, and here they partook of the sacrament, and returned thanks to God for his protecting care while on the waters, and prayed that their way might be opened to the successful accomplishment of their mission. Next day they found Elder Taylor and John Moon, with about thirty Saints who had just re- ceived the work in that place. On the following day they went to Preston by railroad (which was built just at the period that the Mormon mission was introduced to that country). In Preston, the cradle of the British mission, the apostles were met by a multitude of Saints, who rejoiced exceedingly at the great event of the arrival of the Twelve in that land. Willard Richards immediately hastened to Preston and gave an account of the churches in the British Isles, over which he had been presiding during the interval from the return of Heber C. Kimball and Orson Hyde to America, The President of the Twelve was so emaciated from his long journey and sickness, that Willard did not at first recognize him ; yet he at once commenced to grapple with the work in foreign lands, convened a conference, and wrote to Woodruff to attend. Apostles Woodruff and Taylor had arrived in England on the first of the year, since which time Taylor had founded a church in Liverpool; and Woodruff, in Herefordshire, had built up a BRIGHAM YOUNG. 7 conference, consisting of many branches, numbering nearly a thousand souls The President, there- fore, had come at the very moment when he was most needed to give organic form to that great mission, out of which Utah itself has largely grown. It was on the 14th of April, 1840, that the first council of the Twelve Apostles, in a foreign land, was held at Preston. There were present, Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, Parley P. Pratt, Orson Pratt, John Taylor, Wilford Woodruff and George A. Smith. These proceeded to ordain Willard Richards to their quorum, and then Brigham Young was chosen, by a unanimous vote, the standing President of the Twelve. Then followed during the next two days, "a general conference of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints," held in Temperance Hall, Preston, with Heber C. Kimball presiding and William Clayton clerk. There were represented at that time, 1,671 members, 34 elders, 52 priests, 38 teachers, and 8 deacons. During this conference the Apostles resolved to publish a monthly periodical — The Millennial Star — to be edited by Parley P. Pratt, assisted by Brigham Young, and to compile a new Hymn Book. Brigham Young, Parley P. Pratt and John Taylor were appointed a committee to select the hymns suitable for the service of the Saints ; and Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball and Parley P. Pratt, a committtee for the publication of the Book of Mormon. Upon this Brigham wrote the following characteristic letter to the Prophet : " To President Joseph Smith and Counselors : " Dear Brethren : — You no doubt vi'ill have the perusal of this letter and minutes of our con- ferences ; they will give you an idea of what we are doing in this country. " If you see anything in or about the whole affair that is not right, I ask in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ, that you would make known unto us the mind of the Lord and his will concerning us. " I believe that I am as willing to do the will of the Lord, and take counsel of my brethren, and be a servant of the Church, as ever I was in my life; but I can tell you, I would like to be with my old friends; I like my new ones, but I cannot part with my old ones for them, " Concerning the Hymn Book: when we arrived here, we found the brethren had laid by their old hymn books, and they wanted new ones ; for the Bible, religion and all, is new to them. * * * " I trust that I will remain your friend throvjgh life and in eternity. " As ever "BRIGHAM YOUNG." From the conference the President accompanied Willard Woodruff into Herefordshire, which was the most important field of labor in the British mission. Here he obtained most of the money for the publication of the Book of Mormon and the Hymn Book; Brother John Benbow furnishing 250 pounds and Brother Kington 100 pounds sterling. On the 6th of June, President Young sent off the first company of the Saints, numbering 41 souls, in the ship Britannia. They were bound for the " Land of Zion." He then, with his quorum held the second general conference, July 1st, in Manchester, at which were represented 41 branches, 2,513 members, 56 elders, 12G priests, 61 teachers, and 13 deacons, being an increase in three months of 842 members, 22 elders, 74 priests, 23 teachers and 5 deacons. At this conference twenty of the native elders volunteered to devote themselves exclusively to the ministry. Soon after this conference, Parley P. Pratt, leaving for America to bring his family to England, Brigham took more immediate charge of The Millennial Star, assisted by Willard Richards. In September he organized the second company of emigrants — 200 souls — on board the North America, which sailed on the 8th. On the 6th of October the third general conference was held at Manchester, at which 3,626 mem- bers were represented, with 81 elders, 222 priests, 74 teachers, and 26 deacons, showing an increase in the three months of 1,113 members, 25 elders, 96 priests, 15 teachers, and 13 deacons. By this time the work had penetrated into Wales and Scotland ; yet with great difficulty into the latter country. The work in London was also opened about this time by Heber C. Kimball, George A. Smith, and Wilford Woodruff; and, notwithstanding that it afterwards became the stronghold of Mormon- ism in England, the elders found the metropolis hard to penetrate. While he was in England, President Young visited London several times. On one occasion, as he passed the chapel in which John Wesley preached, he paused and respectfully uncovered his head. It was the instinctive reverence of one great man paid to another. On the 20th of April, 1841. Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, Orson Pratt, Wilford Wood- ruff, John Taylor, George A. Smith, and Willard Richards, with a company of 130 saints, went on 8 HISTOR\ OF SALT LAKE CITY. bDard the ship Rochester, bound for New York. The following passage from the President's journal will give a view of what was done by the Twelve during the mission to England : " It was with a heart full of thanksgiving and gratitude to God, my heavenly father, that I re- flected upon his dealings with me and my brethren of the Twelve during the past year of my life which was spent in England. It truly seems a miracle to look upon the contrast between our land- ing and departing from Liverpool. We landed in the Spring of 1840, as strangers in a strange land, and penniless, but through the mercy of God we have gained many friends, established churches in almost every noted town and city of Great Britain, baptized between seven and eight thousand souls, printed 5,000 Books of Mormon, 3,000 hymn books, 2,500 volumes of the Millettnial Star, and 50,003 tracts; emigrated to Zion 1,000 souls, establishing a permanent shipping agency, which will be a great blessing to the Saints, and have left sown in the hearts of many thousands the seeds of eternal life, which shall bring forth fruit to the honor and glory of God ; and yet we have lacked nothino- to eat, drink or wear; in all these things I acknowledge the hand of God." A multitude of the Saints stood on the dock to see these successful apostles start for their native land, among whom was P. P. Pratt, who was left in charge of the British mission, and Apostle Orson Hyde, bound on a mission to Jerusalem. On the 1st of July President Young, with Heber C. Kimball and John Taylor, arrived in Nauvoo. They were cordially welcomed by the Prophet, who several days after received the fol- lowing revelation : "Dear and well beloved brother Brigham Young, verily thus saith the Lord unto you. my ser- vant Brigham, it is no more required at your hand to leave your family as in times past, for your offering is acceptable to me; I have seen your labor and toil in journeying for my name I there- fore, command you to send my word abroad, and take special care of your family from this time henceforth and for ever, amen." The Prophet also wrote in his history concerning the Twelve : "All the quorum of the Twelve Apostles who were e.xpected here this season, with the excep- tion of Williard Richards and Wilford Woodruff, have arrived. We have listened to the accounts which they give of their success, and the prosperity of the work of the Lord in Great Britain, with pleasure. " They certainly have been instruments in the hands of God of accomplishing much, and must have the satisfaction of knowing that they have done their duty. Perhaps no men ever undertook such an important mission under such peculiarly distressing, forbidding and unpropituous circum- stances. Most of them, when they left this place, nearly two years ago, were worn down with sick- ness and disease, or were taken sick on the road. Several of their families were also afflicted, and needed their aid and support. But knowtng that they had been called by the God of heaven to preach the gospel to other nations, they conferred not with flesh and blood, but, obedient to the heavenly mandate, without purse or sciip, commenced a journey of five thousand miles entirely de- pendent on the providence of that God who had called them to such a holy calling. "While journeying to the sea board, they were brought into many trying circumstances; after a short recovery from severe sickness, they would be taken with a relapse, and have to stop among strangers, without money and without friends. Their lives were several times despaired of, and thev have taken each other by the hand, expecting it was the last time they should behold one another in the flesh. " Notwithstanding their afflictions and tria's, the Lord always interposed in their behalf, and did not suffer them to sink into the arms of death. Some way or other was made for their escape; friends rose up when they most needed them, and relieved their necessities, and thus they were en- abled to pursue their journey and rejoice in the holy one of Israel. They truly went forth weeping, bearin<5- precious seed, but have returned rejoicing, bearing their sheaves with them." The Prophet had now nearly reached the zenith of his power. His marvelous career was draw- ing to a close. But he had lived long enough to see his mission planted firmly in the United States and Europe. He had seen, too, the very man rise by his side who, perhaps, above all men in the world was the one most fitted in every respect to succeed him and carry the new dispensation to a successful issue. Every move which Joseph made from that moment to his death manifested his instinctive appreciation of that fact. At the next conference the Prophet called upon the Twelve to stand in their place and "bear off the Kingdom of God" victorious among all nations. From that time, too, the burden of his sayings was that he was "rolling off the kingdom from his own shoulders on to the shoulders of the Twelve." The mantle of Joseph was falling upon Brigham. B RICH AM YOUNG. p He lived barely long enough to mike this appreciated, and to prepare the church for his m:irtyrdom. A thousand times did the Prophet forshadovv his death. Every day he told his people in some form of the coming event. They blinded their understanding; yet, to-day, they remember but too well the prophetic significance which indicated the close of his mortal career. If any man could have averted the stroke of fate, that man was Brigham Young. Had he been in Nauvoo he would have probably prevented the martyrdom. But strange to say, in spite of the foregoing revelation, and Joseph's evident feelingof safety with Brigham by his side, he sent him again on a mission, dur- ing which period the tragedy occurred. But during the last two years preceding his martyrdom, the star of the Prophet burst forth in its lull brilliancy. Nauvoo rose as a beautiful monument of a new dispensation. The city numbered twenty thousand souls. In its legion were mustered several thousand militia soldiers. They were the flower of Israel, and in the prime of manhood. Joseph was their lieutenant-general. With the thousands that were now e.xpected to flock to Zion from the British mission, had his triumphant career continued, a hundred thousand of his disciples would, in a lew years, have been gathered to Illinois and adjacent States. Their united votes would have controlled those States. Success would have multiplied the opportunities for success. Long ere this, following up such a prospect, the Prophet would have held half a miUion votes at his command among his disciples. Even some of his wisest elders were carried away by this view, while brilliant politicians and aspiring spirits out- side the Church pointed the Prophet out to the nation as the " coming man," and sought to unite their destiny with his. In short, Joseph Smith became a canditate for the presidency of the United States. The first contest would of course have been lost ; the second and third perhaps lost also : but ere this, the Mormon elders would have swept over the States in a political mission like an ava- lanche down the mountain. There was one man, whose clear strong judgment was not glamored by this delusive view. It is scircely necessary to say that that man was Brigham Young. His genius would have led him just where his destiny led him — namely, to the Rocky Mountains. In the very certainty that the Mor- mons, by their united vote, would soon rule the elections in several States consisted the Prophet's greatest danger. This people never have been guilty of crimes, but they have been guilty of unitv, and have been damned by the prospect of a great destiny. The only course that could have saved the Prophet, would have been an earlier removal to the Rocky Mountains. An expedition to explore this country had not only been planned, but was in process of organization, when the electioneering campaign, for Joseph Smith as President of the United States, came uppermost, and absorbed every other interest. Events have since proved that had Joseph led a band of pioneers in the spring of 1844, to the Rocky Mountains, Brigham was quite equal to master an exodus and remove the entire Church. When the mob force threatened Nauvoo, and the Governor with an army, prepared to march against the devoted city, under the excuse of forestaUing civil war, making the demand on the person of the Prophet for high treason, Joseph essayed to flee to the mountains. He had even started, crossing the river to the Iowa side, where he waited the enrollment of a chosen band of pioneers ; but a mes- senger from his wife and certain of his disciples, reproaching him as a shepherd who had deserted his flock, recalled him to Nauvoo. Such a reproach was, beyond all others, the last that the lion heart of Joseph could be ir and he returned and give himself up to the authorities of Illinois. But had Brigham Young been home he never would have permitted that return. He would have thun- dered indignation upon the craven heads of those who thus devoted their Prophet to almost certain death. Rather would he have sent a thousand elders to guard him to the mountains, for none loved Joseph better than did Brigham Young. It was one of those cases in which Providence overrules for the accomplishment of its wiser purposes. A triumphant career leading to empire was most in accordance with human desires but from the hour of his death, the Church realized that a martyr's blood was necessary to consecrate a new dispensation of the gospel. Christ was a greater success than Mohammed ; Joseph was more immortal in his martyr's gore than he had been in the seat at Washington. The Church mourns the event to this day — ever will look upon it as one of the darkest of earth's tragedies, but all ac- knowledge the hand of God in it. Brigham was away with the majority of the Twelve when the martyrdom took place. Two only were in Nauvoo ; they were Willard Richards and John Taylor. Both of these were in prison with the Prophet when the assassins, with painted faces, broke into Carthage jail, overpowered the guards, and martvred the brothers Joseph and Hyrum. No pen can describe the universal 2 10 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE C/Tl. shock felt among the Saints, when the news burst upon them, and sped throughout the United States and Europe. Brigham Young and Orson Pratt were together at Peterboro, N. H., at the house of Brother Bemet, when a letter from Nauvoo came to a Mr. Joseph Powers, giving particulars of the assas- sination. The rumor met them first at Salem. Awful as it was to him, the President too well real- ized that unless the Twelve were equal to the occasion, the Church was in danger of dissolution or a great schism. At best, the .Saints must feel for a moment as sheep without a shepherd. Those who have followed him in his eventful career, know that Brigham was always greatest on great occasions. He never failed in a trying hour. The disciples of Christ, with Peter at their head, went sorrowfully to their fishing nets after the crucifixion ; but not so with these modern apostles. " The first thing that I thought of," said the President, " was whether Joseph had taken the keys of the kingdom with him from the earth. Brother Orson Pratt sat on my left ; we were both leaning back in our chairs. Bringing my hand down on my knee, I said, the keys of the kingdom are right here %vith the Church," The President immediately started for Boston, where he held council with Heber C. Kimball, Orson Pratt and Wilford Woodruff, relative to their return to Nauvoo. Heber and Brigham re- mained there a week awaiting the arrival of Apostle Lyman Wight. Duringtheir stay they ordained, at one evening meeting, thirty-two elders. This act was conclusive evidence that these apostles did not intend to let the Church die. As soon as Lyman Wight arrived the three set out for Nauvoo, and at Albany they were joined by Orson Hyde, Orson Pratt and Wilford Woodruff. A stupendous burden rested upon the shoulders of the Twelve. The Church had not only to be comforted in its great affliction, and made to realize by a sufficient manifestation of apostolic pjwer, that the keys were " right here with the Church," but to establish an authorized succession. Sidney Rigdon was already at Nauvoo. He had been the second counsellor to the Prophet, and Hvrum the first counsellor, was a martyr with his brother. Sidney was now a claimant for the lead- ership. The Twelve knew that they should have first to grapple with this brilliant but unfit man, and knew that Sidney would, if possible, wreck the Church in his vain-glorious ambitions. Granting that the keys of the kingdom remained on earth, who held them? This was the all- important question before the Saints, when Brigham Young and the Twelve arrived at -Nauvoo on the 6th of August, 1844. Sidney Rigdon, the second counsellor of the martyred Prophet, arrived at Nauvoo before the President of the Twelve. He had for some time been as an unstable staff to his chief, and the Saints were not in a frame of mind to look upon him as " the man whom God had called " to sustain the Church in that awful hour. But the vain-glorious Rigdon had come to claim the guardianship of the Church, in the absence of the majority of the Twelve. There were enough, however, of that quorum in Nauvoo to prevent Sidney from begtiiling the people into an untimely action. When Rigdon appeared before the congregation, he related a vision which he said the Lord had shown him concerning the situation of the Church, and declared that there must be a guardian chosen " to build up the kingdom to Joseph." He was the identical man, he said, that the prop"hets had sung about, wrote about and rejoiced over ; he was to do the icknuical work that had been the theme of all the prophets in every preceding generation. Elder Parley P. Pratt remarked " I am the identical man the prophets never sung nor wrote a word about." Marks, the president of the stake, appointed a day for a special conference, for the purpose of choosing a guardian. Willard Richards proposed waiting till the Twelve Apostles returned, and advised the people to " ask the w^isdom of God." Elder Grover proposed waiting to examine the revelation. , And thus the elders were variously moved. Rigdon sought to evade coming in council with such men as Willard Richards, Parley P. Pratt, John Taylor and George A. Smith, but at length he was forced to a meeting with them. Entering, he paced the room and said : " Gentlemen, you are used up; gentlemen, you are divided; the anti-Mormons have got you; the brethren are voting every way, some for James, some for Deniing, some for Coulson and some for Bedell. The anti-Mormons have got you ; you can't stay in the country ; everything is in con- fusion ; vou can do nothing. You lack a great leader ; you want a head ; aid unless you unite BRIG HAM YOUNG. jj upon that head, you're blown to the four winds. 1 he anti-Mormons will carry the cleciion ; a guar- dian must be appointed," " Brethren," said George A. Smith, " Elder Rigdon is entirely mistaken. There is no division ; the brethren are united ; the election will be unanimous, and the friends of law and order will be elected by a thousand majority. There is no occasion to be alarmed. Brother Rigdon is inspiring fears there are no grounds for." With the return of President Young and the remainder of the Twelve vanished Rigdon's last chance of being elected Guardian of the Church ; " but," says Apostle Woodruff, in his journal, " when we landed in the city a deep gloom seemed to rest over Nauvoo which we never experienced before. The_ minds of the Saints were agitated; their hearts sorrowful, and darkness seemed to cloud their path. They felt like sheep without a shepherd. Their beloved Prophet having been taken away." President Young immediately called a special conference, to give Sidney Rigdon the opportu- nity to lay before the Church his claims for the leadership. It was August 8th, 1844. That dav- it was practically to be decided who was to ' ' lead Israel." At the hour appointed, Sidney took his position in a wagon, about two rods in front of the stand, where sat the Twelve. For nearly two hours he harangued the Saints upon the subject of choosing a guardian for the Church. But his words fell upon the congregation iike an untimelv shower. " The Lord hath not chosen you!" Thus felt the Mormon Israel as his words died upon the ear. At two P. M. the second meeting was convened. "Attention all !" The voice rang over that vast congregation; it was the voice of Brighani Young. " This congregation," he said, " makes me think of the days of King Benjamin, the multi- tude being so great that all could not hear. For the first time in my life, for the first time in your hves, for the first time in the Kingdom of God, in the nineteenth century, without a prophet at our head, do I step forth to act in my calling in connection with the quorum of the Twelve as Apostles of Jesus Christ unto this generation — Apostles whom God has called by revelation throuo-h the Prophet Joseph Smith, who are ordained and anointed to bear off the keys of the Kino-doni of God in all the world. This people have hitherto walked by sight and not by faith. You have had a prophet as the mouth of the Lord to speak to you, but he has sealed his testimony with his blood, and now for the first time are you called to walk by faith — not by sight. •' The first position I take in behalf of the Twelve and the people is to ask a icw questions. I ask the Latter day Saints, do you, as individuals, at this time, want to choose a prophet or a guar- dian ? Inasmuch as our Prophet and Patriarch are taken from our midst, do you want some one to guard, to guide and lead you through this world into the Kingdom of God or not ? All who want some person to be a guardian, or a prophet, a spokesman, or something else, signifv it by raising the right hand. (No votes). " When I came to this stand I had peculiar feelings and impressions. The faces of this people seem to say, we want a shepherd to guide and lead us through this world. All who want to draw away a party from the Church after them, let them do it if they can, but they will not prosper. ■ '' If any man thinks he has influence among this people, to lead away a party, let him try it and he will find out that there is power with the Apostles which will carry them off victorious throut^h all the world, and build up and defend the Church and Kingdom of God. ' ' What do the people want ? I feel as though I wanted the privilege to weep and mourn for thirty days at least, then rise up, shake myself, and tell the people what the Lord wants of them. Although my heart is too full of mourning to launch forth into business transactions and the organi- zation of the Church, I feel compelled this day to step forth in discharge of those duties God has placed upon me. " There has been much said about Brother Rigdon being President of the Church, and leading- people, being the head, etc. Brother Rigdon has come 1,600 miles to tell you what he wants to do for you. If the people want Brother Rigdon to lead them, they may have him ; but, I sav unto you the Twelve have the keys of the Kingdom of God in all the world. " The Twelve are pointed out by the finger of God. Here is Brigham, have his knees ever fal- tered? Have his lips ever quivered? Here is Heber and the rest of the Twelve; an independent body, who have the keys of the priesthood, the keys of the Kingdom of God to deliver to all the world ; this is true, so help me God ! They stand next to Joseph, and are as the first presidency of the Church. J 2 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. •' I do not know whether my enemies will take my life or net, and I do not care, fur I wait to be with the man I love. " You cannot till the office of a prophet, seer and revelator : God must do this. You are like children without a father and sheep without a shepherd. You must not appoint any man at your head ; if you should the Twelve must ordain him. You cannot appoint a man at your head; but if you do want any other man or men to lead you, take them, and we will go our way to build up the kingdom in all the world. " I tell you there is an over anxiety to hurry matters here. You cannot take any man and put him at the head ; you would scatter the Saints to the four winds ; you would sever the priesthood. So long as we remain as we are, the heavenly head is in constant co-operation with us ; and if you go out of that course God will have nothing to do v«th you. " Again, perhaps some think that our beloved Brother Rigdon would not be honored, would not be looked to as a friend ; but if he does right, and remains faithful, he will not act against our CDunsel nor we against his, but act together, and we shall be as one. " I again repeat, no man can stand at our head except God reveals it from the heavens. " I have spared no pains to learn my lesson of the kingdom in this world, and in the eternal worlds. If it were not so I could go and live in peace ; but for the gospel and your sakes, I shall stand in my place. We are liable to be killed all the day long. You never lived by faith. " Brother Joseph, the Prophet, has laid the foundation of a great work, and we will build upon it. You have never seen the quorums built one upon another. There is an Almighty foundation laid. And we can build a kingdom such as there never was in the world ; we can build a kingdom faster than Satan can kill the Saints off. " Elder Rigdon claims to be a spokesman to the Prophet. Very well, he was; but can he now act in office ? If he wants now to be a spokesman to the Prophet, he must go to the other side of the veil, for the Prophet is there; but Elder Rigdon is here. Why will Elder Rigdon be a fool? I am plain. " I will ask, who has stood next to Joseph and Hyrum ? I have, and I will stand ne..-— The review of the Nauvoo Legion will take place this day at 12 M., at which time the Commander-in-chief, with his staff, is respectfuUy solicited to accept an escort from the Legion, and be present at the review. "Brigham Young, '^ Lieut. -Gen. Nauvoo Legion," The Lieutenant-General reviewed the Legion, the Governor, General J. J. Harden and staff present. Salutes were fired, and the Legion made a soldier-like appearance ; several of its staff officers, however, came in uniform but without arms, which the Governor regarded as a hint to re- mind him of his having disarmed the Legion previous to the massacre of Joseph Smith. Soon afterwards the Governor issued the following very suggestive order, accompanied with instructions: "St.\te of Illinois, Executive Department, "Springfield, Oct. 9th, 1844. " To Lieut.-General Brigham Young, of the Nauvoo Legion. " Sir : — It may be probable that there may be further disturbances in Hancock County by those opposed to the prosecutions against the murderers of Joseph and Hyrum Smith. They may com- bine together in arms to subvert justice and prevent those prosecutions from going on. They may also attack or resist the civil authorities of the State in that county, and they may attack some of the sattlements or people there with violence. " The sheriff of the county may want a military' force to guard the court and protect it, or its officers or the jurors thereof, or the witnesses attending court, from the violence of a mob. " In all these cases you are hereby ordered and directed to hold in readiness a sufficient force, under your command, of the Nauvoo Legion, to act under the direction of the said sheriff, for the purpose aforesaid; and also to suppress mobs which may be collected in said county to injure the persons or property of any of the citizens. " In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed the seal of the State, the day and year first herein above written "Thomas Ford, '' Governor and Commander-in-chief." " The inclosed order is one of great delicacy to execute. I have conveised with Mr. Back- enstos and others, and my opinion is the same as theirs, that employing the Legion, even legally, may call down the vengeance of the people against your city. If it should be the means of get- ting up a civil war in Hancock, I do not know how much force I could bring to the aid of the Gor- ernment. A force to be efficient would have to be called out as volunteers ; a draft would bring 14 HIS TOR Y OF SAL T LAKE CI TV. friends and ei.emies alike. I called for twenty-five hundred before ; and, by ordering out indepen- dent companies, got four hundred and seventy-five. Tliree of those companies, the most efficient, have been broken up, and would refuse to go again. I should anticipate but a small force could be raised by volunteers. I would not undertake to march a drafted militia there. Two-thirds of them would join the enemy. The enclosed order is more intended as a permission to use the Legion, in the manner indicated, if upon consideration of the whole matter it is thought advisable, than a compulsory command. '' Your most wise and discreet counsellors and tlie county officers will have to act according to. their best judgment. "THOMAS FORD," This order, with the private instructions, is very significant, in connection with the history of the Mormons in Missouri and Illinois. Constitutionally they were right. The murder of the Prophet and his brother had brought them into the service of the State. Thus employed, Brigham Youn^and the Legion could have taken care of their people, and, if necessary, could have main- tained the Governor through the issue of a civil war; This would, however, have given Illinois to the dominance of the Mormons. Hence the " delicacy " of his Excellency in calling the Legion into service ; doing substantially what Joseph Smith had done, which in him had been con.strued as high treason against the State. The anti-Mormons were keen to perceive the advantage which the people of Nauvoo had gained not only from the intrinsic righteousness of their cause, but in their patient bearing of intolerable wrongs. It became their policy from that moment to repeal the charter of Nauvoo and the char- ter of the Legion. This the legislature of Illinois did in the month of January, 1815. The Mor- mon people were now virtually outlawed, and all constitutional powers for th^ir preservation taken away from them. The members of the legislature were but too ready to execute any plan proposed for the ex- tinction of the Mormon community. One of the members of the senate, Jacob C. Davis, was un- der indictment tor the murder of the Prophet and his brother. In relation to this action of the legislature, the attorney-general of the State, Josiali Lamborn, wrote to President Young thus : " I have always considered that your enemies have been prompted by religious and political prejtidices, and by a desire for plunder and blood, more than for the common good. By the repeal of vour charter, and by refusing all amendments and modifications, our legislature has given a kind of sanction to the barbarous manner in which you have been treated. Yoiu- two representatives ex- erted themselves to the extent of their ability in your behalf, but the tide of popular passion and frenzy was too strong to be resisted. It is truly a melancholy spectacle to witness the law-makers of a sovereign State condescending to pander to the vices, ignorance and malevolence of a class of peo- ple who are at all times ready for riot, murder and rebellion." Of Jacob C. Davis, he said . •■ Your senator, Jacob C. Davis, has done much to poison the minds of members against any- thing in your favor. He walks at large, in defiance of law, an indicted murderer. If a Mormon was in his position, the senate would afford no protection, but he would be dragged forth to the jail or to the gallows, or to be shot down by a cowardly and brutal mob." On the I9th of May, the trial of the men indicted by the grand jury for the murder of Joseph and Hyrum Smith, was begun at Carthage, Hon. Richard M. Young of Quincy on the bench. The men on trial were : Col. Levi Williams, a Baptist preacher ; Thomas C. Sharjj, editor of the War- saw Signal ; Jacob C. Davis, senator ; Mark Aldrich and William N. Grover. They were outrage- ously held to bail, upon their persona/ recognizances, \n the unprecedentedly insignificant sum of one thousand dollars each, to make their appearance in the court each day of the term. They made two affidavits, asking for the array of jurors to be quashed, obtained the discharge of the county commissioners, the sheriff and his deputies, and the appointment by the court of two special officers to select jurors. Ninely-six were summoned, out of whom the defence chose a suitable panel. One of the lawyers for the accused, Calvin A. Warren, in his defence of them, said : " If the prisoners were guilty of murder, then he himself was guilty. It was the public opinion that the Smiths ousrbt to be killed, and the public opinion made the laws ; consequently it was not murder to kill them ! " This was strange doctrine to be affirmed in a great murder case, in which the State was a partv, not in an ordinary but an extraordinary sense ; affirmed too and sustained in open court. It is scarcely necessary to add that the assassins were "honorably acquitted !" B RICH AM YOUNG. 15 But the tragedy of those days was not witliout an occasional relief. One of the richest practical jokes ever perpetrated is thus related by one of the actors : " By the time we were at work in the Nauvoo Temple," says President Young, "officiating in the ordinances, the mob had learned that 'Monnonism' was not dead, as they had supposed. We had completed the walls of the temple, and the attic story from about half-way up of the first win- dows, in about fifteen months. It went up like magic, and then we commenced officiating in the ordinances. Then the mob commenced to hunt for other victims ; they had already killed the Prophet Joseph and his brother Hyrum in Carthage jail, while under the pledge of the State for their safety, and now they wanted Brigham, the President of the Twelve Apostles, who were then acting as the presidency of the Church. I was in my room in the temple ; it was the southeast corner of the upper story, I learned that a posse was lurking around the temple, and that the United States Marshal was waiting for me to come down, whereupon I knelt down and asked my Father in heaven, in the name of Jesus, to guide and protect me, that I might live to prove advan- tageous to the Saints ; I arose from my knees, and sat down in my chair. There came a rap at my door. Come in, I said : and Bi other George D. Grant; who was then engaged driving my carriage and doing chores for me, entered the room. Said he, 'Brother Brigham, do you know that a posse and the United States Marshal are here?' I told him I had heard so. On entering the room. Brother Grant left the door open. Nothing came into my mind what to do until looking across the hall, I saw Brother William Miller leaning against the wall. As I stepped towards the door I beck- oned to him; he came. Brother William, I said, the marshal is here for me ; will you go and do just as I tell you? If you will I will serve them a trick. I knew that Brother Miller was an excellent man, perfectly reliable, capable of carrying out my project, Here take my cloak, said I ; but it happened to be Brother Heber C. Kimball's; our cloaks were alike in color, fashion and size. I threw it around his shoulders, and told him to wear my hat and accompany Brother George D. Grant. He did so. George, you step into the carriage, said I to Brother Grant, and look towards Brother Miller, and say to him, as though you were addressing me, are you ready to ride? You can do this, and they will suppose Brother Miller to be me, and proceed accordingly ; which they did. Just as Brother Miller was entering the carriage, the Marshal stepped up to him, and, placing his hand upon his shoulder, said. 'You are my prisoner.' Brother William entered the carriage, and said to the marshal, ' I am going to the Mansion House, won't you ride with me?' They both went to the Mansion House. There were my sons Joseph A,, Brigham jr., and Brother Heber C. Kim- ball's boys and others, who were looking on, and all seemed at once to understand and participate in the joke. They followed the carriage to the Mansion House, and gathered around Brother Miller with tears in their eyes, saying, father, or President Young, where are you going ? Brother Miller looked at them kindly, but made no reply ; and the marshal really thought he had got ' Brother Brigham." " Lawyer Edmonds, who was then staying at the Mansion House, appreciating the joke, volun- teered to Brother Miller to go to Carthage with him and see him safe through. •' When they arrived within two or three miles of Carthage, the marshal, with his posse, stopped. They arose in their carriages, buggies and wagons, and, like a tribe of Indians going to battle, or as if they were a pack of demons, yelling and shouting, exclaimed: ' We've got him ; we've got him ; we've got him !' " When they reached Carthage, the marshal took the supposed Brigham into an upper room of the hotel, and placed a guard over him, at the same time telling those around that he had got him. Brother Miller remained in the room until they bid him come to supper. While there, parties came in, one after the other, and asked for Brigham. Brother Miller was pointed out to them. So it con- tinued, until an apostate Mormon, by the name of Thatcher, who had lived in Nauvoo, came in, sat down and asked the landlord where Brigham was, " ' That is Mr. Young,' said the landlord, pointing across the table to Brother Miller. " ' Where? I can't see any one that looks like Brigham,' Thatcher replied. " The landlord told him it was that fleshy man, eating. '■ ' Oh, H — 1!' exclaimed Thatcher, ' that's not Brigham ; that's William Miller, one of my old neighbors.' " llpon hearing this the landlord went, and, tapping the sheriff on the shoulder, took him a few steps to one side, and said : " ' You have made a mistake. That is not Brigham Young. It is William Miller, of Nauvoo.' " The marshal, very much astonished, exclaimed : ' Good heavens ! and he passed for Brigham.' j6 history of salt lake ciiy. He then took Brother Miller into a room, and turning to him, said: ' What in h — ^1 is the reason you did not teH me your name ?' " ' You have not asked me my name,' Brother Miller replied. " ' Well, what is your name?' said the sheriff, with another oath. " ' My name is William Miller." " ' I thought your name was Brigham Young. Do you siy this for a fact ?' "'Certainly I do,' returned Brother Miller. •' ' Then." said the marshal, 'Why did you not tell me that before ?' " ' I was under no obligatiort to tell you,' rephed Miller. " The marshal, in a rage, walked out of the room, followed by Brother Miller, who walked off in company with Lawyer Edmonds, Sheriff Backenstos and others, who took him across lots to a place of safety ; and this is the real birth of the story of ' Bogus Brigham,' as far as I can recollect." The energy, referred to by the President in the completion of the temple, signifies that the au- thorities were an.xious for the Saints to receive their endowments before their removal, which was every day becoming more matured and pressing in their minds. They did not wish to make their flight in haste, and it v,-as pretty evident that ihey had not a moment to spare for a well-planned exodus. It may seem strange to some, who do not appreciate the earnest, genuine faith of these singular people, that thev should thus finish their temple merely, as it would seem, to leave it as a monument for a triumphant mob. But the Saints had been commanded by revelation to build that temple ; and the administration of their ordinances was of more than earthly importance to them. From their retreats, where they had secreted themselves to avoid arrest, President Young and the apostles came forth on the morning of Saturday, the 24th of May, 1845, to lay the cap-stone on the southeast CDrner of the temple. "The singers sang their sweetes notes," writes one of the apostles; "their voices thrilled the hearts of the assemblage, and the music of the band, which played on the occasion, never sounded more charming ; and when President Young placed the stone in its position and said : " The last stone is now laid upon the temple and I pray the Almighty, in the name of Jesus, to defend us in this place and sustain us until the temple is finished, and we have all got our endowments.' And the whole congregation shouted, ' Hosanna! Hosanna! Hosanna, to God and the Lamb, amen, amen, and amen;' and repeated these words the second and third time. Th^ Spirit of God descended upon the people; gladness filled every heart, and tears of joy coursed down many cheeks. The words of praise were uttered with earnestness and fervor; it was a relief to many to be able to give expression to the feelings with which their hearts were overcharged. Altogether the scene was a very impressive one, and we doubt not that angels looked upon it and rejoiced." "So let it be," said President Young, concluding the ceremonies; "this is the seventh day of the week, or the Jewish Sabbath. It is the day on which the Almighty finished his work and rested from his labors. We have finished the walls of the temple, and may rest to-day from our labors." The workmen were dismissed for the day, the congregation dispersed, and the Twelve Apostles returned to their places of retreat. Governor Ford, in a letter to President Young, under date of April 8th, 1845, urging the migra- tion of the Mormons to California, said: " If you can get off by yourselves you may enjoy peace; but, surrounded by such neighbors, I confess that I do not see the time when you will be permitted to enjoy quiet. I was informed by General Joseph Smith last summer that he contemplated a removal west; and from what I learned from him and others at that time, I think, if he had lived, he would have begun to move in the mat- ter before this time. I would be willing to exert all my feeble abilities and influence to further your views in this respect if it was the wish of your peop'e. " I would suggest a matter in confidence. California now offers a field for the prettiest enter- prise that has been undertaken in modern times. It is but sparsely inhabited, and by nonebut the In- dian or imbecile Mexican Spaniards. I have not enquired enough to know how strong it is in men and means. But this we know, that if conquered from Mexico, that country is so physically weak and morally distracted that she could never send a force there to reconquer it. Why should it not be a pretty operation for your people to go out there, take possession of and conquer a portion of the vacant country, and establish an independent government of your own, subject only to the laws of n:itions? You would remain there a long time before you would be disturbed by the proximity of HEBER C. KIMBALL. jj other settlements. If you conclude to do this your design ought not to be known, or otherwise it would become tha duty of the United States to prevent your emigration. If once you cross the line of the United States Territories, you would be in no danger of being interfered with." Knowing the intention of Joseph Smith to remove the Mormon people, Senator Douglass and others had given similiar advice to him; and the very fact that such men looked upon the Mormons as quite equal to an establishment of an independent nationality, is most convincing proof that not their wrong-doing, but their empire-founding genius has been, and still is, the cause of the "irre- pressible conflict" between them and the Gentiles. The advice of Governor Ford, however, was neither sought nor required. Brigham had nearly matured every part of the movement, shaping also the emigration from the British mission ; but the Rocky Mountains not California proper, was the place chosen for his people's retreat — Tullidge s Life of Brigham Young . From this point the history of Brigham Young will be found in the body of the work. HEBER C. KIMBALL. Heber Chase Kimball was born June 14th, 1801, in the town of Sheldon, Franklin County, Vermont. His father (Solomon Farnham Kimbali) and his mother (Anna Spaulding Kimball) were American born, although of English extraction. Up to the age of nineteen his life was about the same as that of the other lads of his day and situation ; a few months of attendance at the common school, and ordinary labor with his father, making up the sum of his opportunities and experiences. At about the age mentioned, however, a change occurred in his father's circumstances which resulted in throwing young Kimball upon his own resources. Being extremely diffident in disposition, and inexperienced in the ways of the world, he suffered many hardships — two or three times nearly per- ishing from hunger. His condition being finally brought to the attention of an older brother, he was offered by him an opportunity to learn the potter's trade, which offer he gladly accepted, remaining in apprenticeship until he was twenty-one years of age, and afterward working for his brother as a journeyman. While with his brother they removed to Mendon, Monroe County, New York, where the latter established another pottery. Although this incident was commonplace in itself, it never- theless brought young Kimball within the circle of those influences that afterward outwrought for him a most wonderlul career. In the Fall of 1823, he was married to Miss Vilate Murray, of Victor, Ontario County, New York, and shortly thereafter purchased his brother's business, and settled down to the quiet prosecu- tion of the same. While thus employed, it must not be forgotten, he often brought his mind to the consideration of the subject of religion, and was finally persuaded to an expression of faith which led him to join the Baptist Church. Only a few weeks elapsed thereafter, however, when the fame of certain elders of the Church of Latter-day Saints reached his ears, and, being prompted by curiosity, he went to see them at the house of Phineas H. Young, in Victor, when he, to use his own words, " for the first time heard the fulness of the everlasting gospel." Speaking of his subsequent confirmation, he said, "under the ordinances of baptism and laying on of hand , 1 received the Holy Ghost, as the disciples did in ancient days, which was like a consuming fire ; and I was clothed in my right mind, although the people called me crazy. I continued in this way for many months, and it seemed as though my flesh would consume away ; at the same time the Scriptures were unfolded to my mind in such a wonderful manner that it appeared to me at times as if I had formerly been familiar with them." Being ordained an elder by Joseph Young, he, in company with him and Brigham Young, labored in Genesee, Avon and Lyonstown, where many were baptized and church organizations 3 i8 HISTORY OF SAL! LAKE Cl'lY. effected. About this time these three went to Kirtland, Ohio, where for tlie first time they saw the Prophet, Joseph Smith. In the Fall of 1833, he removeti to Kirtlanil, beinsj accompanied on the journey by Brigham Young. Passing over the less noteworthy events which followed, we come at once to the incident which was the determining point in his marked career. Of that event his journal says : On or about the first day of June, 1837, the Prophet Joseph came to me, while I was seated in the front stand, above the sacrament table, on the Melchisedec side of the Temple, in Kirtland, and whispering to me, said: " Brother Heber, the Spirit of the Lord has whispered to me, let my servant Heber go to England and proclaim my gospel, and open the door of salvation to that nation." I was then set apart, along with Elder Hyde, who was likewise appointed to that mission, by the laying on of the hands of the Presidency, who agreed that Elders Goodson, Russell, Richards, Fielding and Snider should accompany us. After spending a few days in arrangmg my affairs and settling my business, on the thirteenth day of June, A. D. 1837, I bade adieu t") my family and friends, and the town of Kirtland, where tlie hou'e of the Lord stood, in which I had received my annointine, and had seen such wonderful displays of the power and glory of God. Having obtained as much money as would pay our passage across the Atlantic, we laid in a stock of provisions, and on the first day of July went on board the ship Garrirk, bound for Liverpool, and weighed anchor about 10 o'clock, a. m., and about 4 o'clock, p. m., of the same day, lost sight of my native land. When we first got sight of Liverpool, I went to the side of the vessel and poured out my soul in praise and thanksgiving to God for the prosperous voyage, and for all the mercies which he had vouchsa.'ed to me, and while thus engaged, and while contemplating the scenery which then presented itself, and the circumstances which had brought me thus far, the Spirit of the Lord rested upon me in a powerful manner ; my soul was filled with love and gratitude, and was humbled within me, while I covenanted to dedicate myself to God and to love and serve Him with all my heart. Immediately after we anchored, a small boat came alongside, and several of the passengers, with Brothers Hyde, Richards, Goodson and myself got in and went on shore. When we were within six or seven feet from the pier, I leaped on shore, and for the first time m my life stood on British ground, among strangers whose manners and customs were different from my own. My feel- ings at that time were peculiar, particularly when I realized the object, importance and extent of my mission, and the work to which I had been appointed and in which I was shortly to be engaged. Having no means, poor and penniless we wandered in the streets of that great city, where wealth and luxury, penury and want abound. The time we were in Liverpool was spent in council and in calling on the Lord for direction, so that we might be led to places where we should be most useful in proclaiming the gospel and in establishing and spreading His kmgdom. While thus en- gaged, the Spirit of the Lord, the mighty power of God, was with us, and we felt greatly strength- ened, and a determination to go forward, come life or death, honor or reproach, was manifested by U5 all. Our trust was in God, who we believed could make us as useful in bringing down the king- dim of Sat.an as He did the rams' horns in bringing down the walls of Jericho, and ingathering out a number of precious souls who were buried amidst the rubbish of tradition, and who had none to show them the way of truth. Feeling led by the Spirit of the Lord to go to Preston, a large manufacturing town in Lancashire, we started for that place Ihree days after our arrival in Liverpool. We went by coach and arrived on Saturday afternoon about 4 o'clock. After unloading our trunks. Brother Goodson went in search of a place of lodging, and Brother Fielding went to seek a brother of his, who was a minister, re- siding in that place. It being the day on which their representatives were chosen, the streets presented a very busy scene ; indeed I never witnessed anything like it before in my life. On one of the flags, which was just unrolled before us the moment the coach reached its desti- nation, was the following motto: "Truth Will Prevail," which was painted in large gilt letters. It being so very seasonable and the sentiment being so appropriate to us in our situatio 1, we were in- voluntarily led to exclaim, "Amen ! So let it be." Brother Goodson having found a room where we could be accommodated, which belonged to a widow woman situated in Wilford Street, we moved our baggage there. Shortly after, Brother Fielding returned, having found his brother, who requested to have an interview with some of us that evening. Accordingly, Elders Hyde, Goodson and I went and were kindly received by him and Mr. Watson, his brother-in-law, who was present at the time. HEBER C. KIMBALL. ig We gave them a short account of the object of our mission and the great work which the Lord had commenced, and conversed upon those subjects until a late hour. The next morning we were presented with half a crown, which Mr. Fielding's sister had sent us. It being Sunday, we went to hear Mr. Fielding preach. After he had finished his discourse, and without being requested by us, he gave out an aiipointment for some one of us to preach in the afternoon. It being noised abroad that some elders from America were in town and were going to preach in the afternoon, a large concourse of people assembled to hear us. It falling to my lot to speak, I c died their attention to the first principles of the gospel, and told them something of the nature of the work which the Lord had commenced on the earth. Brother Hyde afterwards bore testimony to the same, which I believe was received by many with whom I afterwards conversed Another appointment was given out for us in the evening, at which time Brother Goodson preached and Brother Fielding bore testimony. An appointment was then made for us on Wed- nesday evening at the same place, at which time Elder Hyde preached. A number now being con- vinced of the truth, believed the testimony and began to praise God and rejoice exceedingly that the [-ord had again visited His people, and sent His servants to lay before them the doctrine of the gos- pel "and the truth as it is in Jesus." The Rev. Mr. Fielding, who had kindly invited us to preach in his chapel, knowing that quite a number of his members believed our testimony and that some were wishful to be baptized, shut his doors against us and would suffer us to preach no more in his chape'. For an excuse, he said that we had preached the doctrine of baptism for the remission of sins, contrary to our arrangement with him. I need scarcely assure my friends that nothing was said to him from which any inference could be drawn that we should suppress the doctrine of baptism. No ! we deemed it too important a doc- to lay aside for any privilege we could receive from mortals. Mr. Fielding understood our doctrines even before we came there, having received several communications from his brother Joseph, who wrote to him from Canada, explaining the doctrines of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. We likewise had conversed with him on the subject at our former interview. However, he having been traditioned to believe in infant baptism, and having preached and practiced the same for a number of years, he saw the situation he would be placed in if he obeyed the gospel. Notwith- standing his talents and standing in society, he would have to come into the sheepfold by the door ; and after all his preaching to others, have to baptized himself for the remission of sins by those who were ordained to that power. These considerations undoubtedly had their weight upon his mind, and caused him to act as he did, and notwithstanding his former kindness he soon became one of our most violent opposers. An observation which escaped his lips shortly after this circumstance, I shall here mention. Speaking one day respecting the three first sermons which were preached in that place, he said that " Kimball bored the holes, Goodson drove the nails and Hyde clinched them." However, his congregation did not follow his example; they had for some time been praying for our coming, and had been assured by Mr. Fielding that he could not place more confidence in an angel than he did in the statements ot his brother respecting this people. Consequently, they were in a great measure prepared for the reception of the gospel, probably as much so as Cornelius was anciently. Having now no public place to preach in, we began to preach in private houses, which were opened in every direction, while numbers believed the gospel. After we had been in that place eight days, we began to baptize in the name of the Lord Jesus for the remission of sins. One "reverend" gentleman came and forbid us baptizing any of his members; but we told him that all who were of age and requested baptism we should undoubtedly administer that ordinance to. One Saturday evening I was appointed by the brethren to baptize a number the next morning in the river Ribble, which runs through that place. By this time, the adversary of souls began to rage, and he felt a determination to destroy us before we had fully established the gospel in that land ; and the next morning I witnessed such a scene of satanic power and influence as I shall never forget while memory lasts. About day-break, Brother Russell (who was appointed to preach in the market-place that day), who slept in the second story of the house in which we were entertained, came up to the room where Elder Hyde and I were sleeping and called upon us to arise and pray for him, for he was so afflicted with evil spirits that he could not live long unless he should obtain relief. We immediately arose, laid hands upon him and prayed that the Lord would have mercy on His servant and rebuke the devil. While thus engaged, I was struck with great force by some in- 20 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. visible power and fell senseless on the floor as if I had been shot ; and the first thing that I recol- lected was, that I was supported by Brothers Hyde and Russell, who were beseeching a throne of grace in my behalf. They then laid me on the bed, but my agony was so great that I could not en- dure, and I was obliged to get out, and fell on my knees and began to pray. I then sat on the bed and could distinctly see the evil spirits, who foamed and gnashed their teeth upon us. We gazed upon them about an hour and half, and I shall never forget the horror and malignity depicted on the countenances of those foul spirits, and any attempt to paint the scene which then presented itself, or portray the malice and enmity depicted in their countenances would be vain. I perspired exceedingly, and my clothes were as wet as if I had been taken out of the river. I felt exquisite pain, and was in the greatest distress for some time. However, I learned by it the power of the adversary, his enmity against the servants of God and got some understanding of the invisible world. The Lord delivered us from the wrath ot our spiritual enemies and blessed us exceedingly that day, and I had the pleasure (notwithstanding my weakness of body from the shock I had exper- ienced) of baptizing nine individuals and hailing them brethren in the kingdom of God A circumstance took place while at the water side which I cannot refrain from mentioning, which will show the eagerness and anxiety of some in that land to obey the gospel. Two of the can- didates who were changing their clothes and preparing for baptism at the distance of several rods from the place where I was standing in the water, were so anxious to obey the gospel, that they ran with all their might to the water, each wishing to be baptized first. The younger — George D. Watt — being quicker on foot than the elder, out-ran him, and came first into the water. The circumstance reminded me of Peter and another disciple, who went to see the sepulchre where the Savior was laid: their anxiety was so great to find out whether He was yet there or not that they had a race for it. The ceremony of baptizing being somewhat novel, a large concourse of people assembled on the banks of the river to witness the ceremony. In the afternoon Elder Russell preached in the market place, standing on a pedestal, to a very large congregation, numbers of whom were pricked to the heart Thus the work of the Lord commenced in that land (notwithstanding the rage of the adversary and his attempt to destroy us) — a work which shall roll forth, not only in that land but upon all the face of the earth, even "in lands and isles unknown." The next morning we held a council, at which Elders Goodson and Richards were appointed to go to the city of Bedford, there being a good prospect, from the information received, of a church being built up in that city. Elders Russell and Snider were appointed to go to Alston, in Cumber- land, near the borders of Scotland, and Elders Hyde, Fielding and the writer were to remain in Preston and the regions round about. The next day, the brethren took their departure for the different fields of labor assigned them. As an illustration of his wonderful mission we give the following page from his autobiography : "There being something interesting in the establishing of the gospel in Downham and Chat- burn, I will relate the circumstances of my visit to those places, and the prospect we had of success prior to our proclaiming the truth to them. " Having been preaching in the neighborhood of these villages, I felt it my duty to pay them a visit and tell them my mission. I mentioned my desires to several of the brethren, but they endeav- ored to dissuade me from going, informing me that there could be no prospect of success, as several ministers of different denominations had endeavored to raise churches in these places, and had fre- quently preached to them, but to no effect. They had resisted all the efforts and withstood the at- tempts of all sects and parties for thirty years, and the preachers had given them up to the hardness of their hearts. I was also informed that they were very wicked places and the inhabitants were hardened against the gospel. " However, this did not discourage me in the least, believing that the gospel of Jesus Christ could reach the heart when the gospels of men were found abortive. I consequently told those who tried to dissuade me from going that these were the places I wanted to go to, and that it was my business ' not to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance." "Accordingly I went in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ, and I soon procured a large barn to preach in, which was crowded to excess. Having taking my stand in the middle of the congre- gation so that all might be able to hear, I commenced my discourse, spoke with great simplicity on the subject of the gospel of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, the conditions of pardon for a fallen world, and the privileges and blessings of all those who embraced the truth. I likewise said a little on the subject of the resurrection. HEBER C. KIMBALL. 21 '* My remarks were accompanied by the spirit of the Lord and were received with joy, and those people who were represented as being so hard and obdurate, were melted with tenderness and love, and such a feeling was produced as I never saw before ; and the effect seemed to be general. " I then told them that, being a servant of the Lord Jesus Christ, I stood ready at all times to administer the ordinances of the gospel. After I had concluded I felt some one pulling at my coat. ■I turned around and asked the pers )n what it was he desired. The answer was, ' Please sir, will you baptize me?' 'and me !' 'and me !' exclaimed more than a dozen voices. " We accordingly went down into the water, and before I left, I baptized twenty-five for the remission of sins — and was thus engaged until four o'clock the next morning. "Another evening the congregation was so numerous that I had to preach in the open air, and took my stand on a stone wall, and afterwards baptized a number. " These towns seemed to be affected from one end to the other ; parents called their children together, spoke to them of the subjects upon which I had preached, and warned them against swearing and all other evil practices, and instructed them in their duty, etc. Such a scene I pre- sume was never witnessed in this place before; the hearts of the people appeared to be broken, and the next morning they were all in tears, thinking they should see my face no more. When I left them my feelings were such as I cannot describe. As I walked down the street, followed by num- bers, the doors were crowded by the inmates of the houses, waiting to bid us a last farewell, who cc uld only give vent to their grief in sobs and broken accents. " While contemplating this scene we were induced to take off our hats, for we felt as if the place was holy ground. The Spirit of the Lord rested down upon us, Hnd I was constrained to bless that whole region of country. *' I cannot refrain from relating a circumstance which took place, while Brother Fielding and I • were passing through the village of Chatburn ; having been observed drawing nigh to the town, the mews ran from house to house, and immediately on our arrrival, the noise of their looms was hushed, the people flocked to the doors to welcome us, and see us pass. The youth of the place ran to meet us, and took hold of our mantles and then of each other's hands. Several, having hold of hands, went before us, singing the songs of Zion, while their parents gazed upon the scene with delight, poured out their blessings upon our heads, and praised the God of heaven for sending us to ■unfold the principles of truth and the plan of salvation to them. " Such a scene, and such gratitude, I never witnessed before. ' Surely,' my heart exclaimed, 'out of the mouths of babes and sucklings, thou has perfected praise!' *' What could have been more pleasing and delightful than such a manifestation of gratitude to Almighty God from those whose hearts were deemed too hard to be penetrated by the gospel, and who had been considered the most wicked and hardened people in that region of country ! "In comparison with the joy I then experienced, the grandeur, pomp and glory of the kingdoms of this world shrank into insignificance and appeared as dross, and all the honor of man, aside from the gospel, to be vain." In 1840 he took a second mission to England with President Brigham Young, and the majority of his quorum, nine in number, when was performed one of the greatest missionary works since the •days of Christ's discipks. After his return from the British Mission, Heber labored in his apostolic calling chiefly, being but little with his family. At the time of the martyrdom of Joseph and Hyrum Smith, he was out, with nearly every member of his quorum, on a mission to the Eastern States. He was the right hand man of Brigham Young in the exodus, and was one of the 143 pioneers. He returned with his chief to Winter Quarters to gather up the body of the Saints, and while there was chosen first counselor of Brigham in the re-organization of the first presidency of the Church. To the end of his eventful life he continued the faithful counselor and friend of his chief, between whom and him- self there had existed for forty-three years, one of those remarkable friendships which authors love to immortalize. The friendship of Damon and Pythias wis not of a stranger type than that of Brigham Young and Heber C. Kimball, and Heber was as jealous of the love of Brigham as a woman is of the love of her husband. Heber was a very singular, very genuine, and an extraordi- narily earnest man, with a character of so much strength and rugged honesty as to make him one of the most noticeable men in the world. Though born among the humble, it was both physically and metaphysically impossible for him to make other than a strong mark in the world. His personal appearance was powerful and uncommon ; his structure as of iron ; and no one could well forget 4he man who had seen him once. He was just such a character as one would imagine as a bosom 22 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. friend of Oliver Crcmwell. Heler C. Kimball, alter Joseph Smith and Brighr.m Young, was de- cidedly the greatest character the Mormon Church has brought forth. They are indeed the Mor- mon trinity. He died on the 22d of June, 1868. The universal esteem in which he was held may be inferred from the following notice of his funeral, by the Daily Telegraphy in its issue of the day succeeding that event: "Yesterday the last sad offices of affection and friendship were rendered to the mortal remains of our beloved President, Heber Chase Kimball. " Throughout the city, stores and business houses were closed and ordinary business was sus- pended, out of respect to the memory of the deceased. Draped flags swung to the breeze on the tops of public buildings, stores and private residences. The streets were e.xceedingly quiet, the few people passing being apparently imbued with the solemnity of the occasion. "The day also was in perfect harmony. 'I he oppressive sultriness ot the few preceding days gave way to a cooler atmosphere. Black clouds draped the skies, heaven's artillery roared, the wind moaned and swept along in fitful gusts, and as the appointed hour for the obsequies drew nigh, the rain, like tear drops from heaven, fell heavily, mingling with the tears of the mourners, and contin- uing almost without intervals of cessation during the ceremonies, although relieved toward evening by brief snatches of sunshme, to show the silver lining to a cloudy day, and to indicate the smiling Providence that rules and overrules all things for good. * -■■" ••• * " While the masses congregated in the Tabernacle, Presidents Brigham Young and Daniel H. Wells, the Twelve Apostles, the First Presidents of the Seventies, the Presidents of the High Priests' quorum, the Presiding Bishop and his counselors, the President of this Stake of Zion, the High Council and Captain CroxaH's band, with the pall-bearers and relatives, repaired to the late residence of President Kimball. Here was beheld the Chieftain of Zion, with whom the illustrious departed, for a full third of a century and more, had stood shoulder to shoulder when men's souls were tried, with more than fraternal interest personally overseeing even the minutest item of ar- rangement in those last solemn offices. ■•■■ * * " To the ' Dead March in Saul,' by Croxall's band, the procession moved from the residence down North Temple Street,, turned south on West Temple Street, passed through the west gate of Temple Block, entered the Tabernacle at door No. 32. north side, and occupied the seats reserved for the purpose in front of the stand, the band slill playing as the procession entered. When the band ceased, the powerful tones of the organ swelled forth in a selection from Beethoven. "The remains were deposited upon a draped bier, raised from the middle aisle, so as to be plainly observable by all the vast audience. Seven elegant vases of roses and other beautiful flowers were placed upon the coffin. " In consonance with the solemnity of the scene, the interior of the Tabernacle was also draped in mourning. •■■ •■■ * "The vast assemblege was called to order by President Young, and the choir sang a hymn composed by Miss E. R. Snow, after which Apostle Cannon offered up a prayer, and the choir sang ' Farewell all earthly honors.' The assembly was then addressed by Elders John Taylor; Geo. A. Smith, Geo. Q. Cannon, ['residents Daniel H. Wells, and Brigham Young, who said: " Brother Kimball was a man of as much integrity, I presume, as any man who ever lived on the earth I have been personally ac- quainted with him forty-three years, and I can testify that he has been a man of truth, a man of be- nevolence, a man that was to be trusted." At the close of President Young s remarks, the choir sang " O my father, thou that dwellest," after which the procession reformed in its previous order, the band playing the Belgian dead march, and the remains of the deceased were escorted to a spot in his private burying ground, previously selected by himself, where they were laid by the side of Vilate, the partner and companion of his youth. He was mourned by the whole Church, and principal men fro:T> all p.irts of the Tetritory honored by their presence the memory of the dead. JOHN TA YL OR. 23 JOHN TAYLOR President John Taylor was born in Wintlirop, Westmoreland County, England, N'ovcmber ist, 1808. He received a common school education, and remained in his native country until about the year 1832, when he rejoined his father's family in Canada, to which province they had emigrated two years previously. Before leaving England he joined the Methodist Church, and was made a local preacher in that body. Shortly after arriving in Canada, he made the acquaintance of, and married, Miss Leonora Cannon, who had left England for Canada as a companion to the wife of the Secretary of the Colony, but with the intention of returning. She was a God-fearing woman, a daughter of Captain Cannon of the Isle of Man, and sister of the father of George Q. Cannon. They settled in the city of Toronto and there they first heard the preaching of the Gospel of the Latter-day Church under the inspired ministry of Parley P. Pratt. At this point,— illustrative of his history and character, — it is worthy of note that John Taylor had already made a distinguishing mark in the Methodist Church of Toronto as a religious reformer. He and another of the local ministers having boldly preached some apostolic doctrines very conso- nant with his subsequent Mormon faith, but which were deemed innovative and heretical by the regular Methodist ministry, John Taylor and his compeer were brought to trial before a ministerial body ; but they refused to recant their Gospel truths. This incident. throws considerable light upon the transformation of President Taylor from a Methodist local minister to a Mormon Apostle. Parley P. Pratt in his autobiography speaks of a little congregation of Gospel truth-seekers in Toronto, among whom he found Mr. Taylor and his wife; and Mr. Taylor is brought into the Mormon Apostle's narrative as one of the ministerial leaders of this little congregation of Methodist reformers. Soon after his entrance into the Mormon Church, John '['aylor was called to the apostleship. Several of the Twelve had apostatized, and David Patten, one of the stanchest members of that quorum had fallen in battle against the anti-Mormon mob : this David is styled the first martyr of the Church. In a revelation given July 8th, 1836, is found the following passage : " Let my servant John Taylor, and also my servant John E. Page, and also my servant Wil- ford Woodruff, and also my servant Willard Richards, be appointed to fill the place of those who have fallen, and be officially notified of their appointment." John Taylor was duly notified of his call to the quorum of the Twelve, which brought him over from Canada into Missouri. On the 19th of December, 1838, the High Council of Zion met in Far West, on which occasion John Taylor and John E. Page were installed in the apostleship. Subse- quently, Wilford Woodruff and George A.Smith were ordained to the quorum of the Twelve ; and, in 1840, when nine ot that quorum were on missions to Englarid, Willard Richards was or- dained, he having gone to England with Heber C. Kimball and Orson Hyde in 1837. John Taylor was now a pillar of the Church, and he took his position as one born to it. His whole career since has fully justified his call. Never has he shown weakness of purpose, nor has he stumbled in the faith. Being naturally of a self-reliant and independent character, with much natural courage, he has sustained his quorum and the whole community in the most trying circumstances. Next to Brigham Young, he is, perhaps, not only the most astute, but the most self-sustained man that ever came into the Mormon Church. He has never been in any place or circumstances that he has not shown the power to fall back upon himself, and take the whole weight of responsibility of acting when it properly rested with him. This is the true test of the leader, and it undoubtedly at length made him President of the Mormon Church ; for after all, it is the law of fitness which brings man around to., his destiny ; and it is this same trait of character which will make John Taylor equal to the needs of the present hour as th? leader of the Mormon people. After the removal of the Latter-day Saints from Missouri to Illinois, the Twelve were called on a mission to Great Britain. Apostles Taylor and Wilford Woodruff started together from Nauvoo in the fall of 1839 They were both sick with fever and ague, and Elder Taylor came near to death on the way, the companions having to separate in consequence thereof; but they met again at New 24 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. York, and together embarked for Liverpool. The following interesting sketch of his mission he wrote for the Millennial Star before his return to America : "We arrived in Liverpool, after a pleasant voyage, on the nth of January, 1840, from which place we proceeded to Preston, where we met with many Saints, who rejoiced to see us— re- joicing before God that we had been thus far enabled to brave the storms and bpposition, and that we had arrived in safety at the place of our destination "After resting a few days, and visiting with our brethren, we held a council, at which I was ap- pointed to go to Liverpool, and Elders Woodruff and Turley to go into (he Potteries, and from thence as their way might open. Elder Fielding accompanied me to Liverpool, and we commenced our labors in this place. We visited a chapel belonging to Mr. Aiken the first Sunday, and also a body of Baptists that met in the Music Hall, Bold Street. After a young man in the Hope Street Chapel had done preaching, having advanced many correct principles in his sermon, I arose after the meet- ing was concluded and stated that I was much interested in many things that I had heard, that I was a stranger, and should be pleased to make a few remarks, with their permission. I was im- mediately asked by one what society I belonged to, and another said that they would hear me in the vestry after the congregation was dismissed. Accordingly we repaired to the vestry, where I met with about twenty leaders and teachers, to whom I delivered my testimony, and while I was unfold- ing what God had done, and the message I had come on, some wept, and others e.vclaimed 'glory be to God ; ' others of them were hardened, and raged against us, stating that they had heard a very bad report of us from their pastor, Mr. Matthews. " We took a room the next Sunday, and while I preached to the people and told them of the things that God had done, I asked them if it was not good news ? They answered yes. Elder Fielding bore testimony to what I had said. Many came to me after the meeting and shook me by the hand, and many wept and rejoiced; ten gave me their names to be baptized. We visited many of the leading ministers in Liverpool. I delivered our testimony to them, but we found them gen- erally so bigoted and wrapped up in sectarianism that there was very little room for the truth in their hearts ; the work, however, continued to roll on till the present. Prejudice is fast giving way, and upwards of two hundred Saints are now rejoicing in the truth ; while those people that I visited and delivered my testimony among, (many of whose preachers rejected and wickedly opposed it,) although there was at that time, as I have been informed, upwards of 1,200 members, they are all scattered, and not one left, and their chapel is turned into a church of England. " I also visited Ireland on the 27th of July, 1840, in company with Elder M'Guffie, one that had been ordained in Liverpool, and a priest from Manchester by the name of Blake. We landed at Warren Point, and went from thence to Nevvry, where I preached in the Session House, it being the first time that ever this Gospel was declared in that land. From thence I went to a part of the country called the Four Towns of Bellinacrat, and preached, and baptized a farmer by the name of Taite, who was the first baptized in Ireland. From thence I proceeded to Lisburn, where I preached several times in the market place. From thence to Belfast, when I had an opportunity of preach- ing if I had time to stay, but as I had engagements in Scotland, I was prevented. Elder Curtis has since been laboring there, and there is now about thirty members in the Church. From thence I went to the City of Glasgow, in Scotland, where I preached, and also in Paisley, and then returned to Liverpool. Soon after I started to the Isle of Man, when I delivered my testimony for the first time in that island. I met with much opposition. I held a debate with one minister, published three pamphlets in reply to another, and replied in the papers to certain falshoods and misrepresen- tations made in them, and answered another minister who lectured against me. I had much oppo- sition, but the truth has come off triumphant, and there is now in that place about one hundred members, two elders, four priests and two teachers ; and the work of God is rolling on. I feel to rejoice before God that He has blessed my humble endeavors to promote His cause and Kingdom, and for all the blessings that I have received from this island ; for although I have traveled 5,000 miles without purse or scrip, besides traveling so far in this country on railroads, coaches, steam- boats, wagons, on horseback, and almost every way, and have been amongst strangers in strange lands, I have never for once been at a loss for either money or friends, or a home from that day until now ; neither have I ever asked any one for a farthing. Thus I have proved the Lord and found Him according to His word. And now, as I am going away, I bear testimony that this work is of God — that he has spoken from the heavens— that Joseph Smith is a prophet of the Lord— that the Book of Mormon is true; and I know that this work will roll on until ' the kingdoms of this world will become the Kingdoms of our God and His Christ.' Even so, Amen." JOHN TAYLOR. 25 Afler his return to Nauvoo, Apostle Taylor was editor of the Tifnes and Seasons, a chief man in the city council, and a right-hand man to the Prophet, scarcely less than Brigham Young himself. But the great circumstance of that day, which has left him so strongly marked in the history of the Church, was the scene of the martyrdom, for he was in prison with the Prophet and his brother, and was himself wounded. It is not necessary to give the full chapter of those times, but the nar- rative of the tragedy itself, though often republished, is an historical link which could not well be left out of the sketch of President Taylor's life. The following is extracted from President John Taylor's own minutes: "June 26th. 9:57 A, M. The Governor, in company with Colonel Geddes arrived at the jail, when a lengthy conversation was entered into in relation to the existing difficulties. " The Governor left [at 10:30 A. M.] after saying that the prisoners were under his protection, and again pledging himself that they should be protected from violence, and telling them that if the troops marched the ne.xt morning to Nauvoo, as he then expected, they should probably be taken along in order to insure their personal safety. -■■" * "'■•" ■■•• '■ While Joseph was writing at the jailor's desk, William Wall stepped up, wanting to deliver a verbal message to him from his uncle John Smith. He turned around to speak to Wall but the guard refused to allow them any communication. •■-" ••■ "Joseph remarked, ' I have had a good deal of anxiety about my safety since I left Nauvoo, which I never had before when I was under arrest. I could not help those feelings, and they have depressed me. * * " The Prophet, Patriarch and their friends took turns preaching to the guards, several of whom were relieved before their time was out because they admitted they were convinced of the innocence of the prisoners. They frequently admitted that they had been imposed upon, and more than once it was heard, ' Let us go home, boys, for I will not fieht any longer against these men.' "During the day Hyrum encouraged Joseph to think that the Lord, for His Church's sake, would release him from'prison. Joseph replied, 'Could my brother Hyrum but be liberated, it would not matter so much about me.' *" * " 2:30. Constable Bettisworth came with Alexander Simpson and wanted to come in with an order to the jailor demanding the prisoners, but as Mr. Stigall the jailor, could find no law author- izing a justice of the peace to demand prisoners committed to his charge, he refused to give them up until discharged from his custody by due course of law. ® * "20 minutes to 4. Upon the refusal of the jailor to give up the prisoners, the constable, with the company of Carthage Greys, under the command of Frank Worrell, marched to the jail and by intimidation and threats compelled the jailor, against his will and conviction of duty, to deliver Joseph and Hyrum to the constable, who forthwith and contrary to their wishes, compulsorily took them. " Joseph, seeing the mob gathering and assuming a threatening aspect, concluded it best to go with them, and putting on his hat, walked boldly into the midst of a hollow square of the Carthage Greys, yet evidently expecting to be massacred in the streets before arriving at the court house, politely locked arms with the worst mobacrat he could see, and Hyrum locked arms with Joseph, followed by Dr. Richards, and escorted by a guard. Elders Taylor, Jones, Markham and Fullmer followed outside the hollow square, and accompanied them to the court room. « * " On motion of counsel for the prisoners, examination was postponed till to-morrow, at 12 o'clock, noon, and subpoenas were granted to get witnesses from Nauvoo, twenty miles distant, whereupon the prisoners were remanded to prison. * * "5:30. Returned to jail, and Joseph and Hyrum were thrust into close confinement. * * " 8 P. M. Counselors Woods and Reid called with Elder J. P. Greene, and said that the Gov- ernor and military officers had held a council which had been called by the Governor, and they de- cided that the Governor and all the troops should march to Nauvoo at 8 o'clock to-morrow, except one company of about fifty men, in order to gratify the troops, and return next day, the com- pany of fifty men to be selected by the Governor from those of the troops whose fidelity he could most rely on to guard the prisoners, who should be left in Carthage jail, and that their trial be de- ferred until Saturday, the 29th. * * '' They retired to rest late. ••■ * 5:30 A. M., arose. Joseph requested Daniel Jones to descend and inquire of the guard the catise of the intrusion in the night. Frank Worrell, the officer of the guard, in a very bitter spirit said : 'We have had too much trouble to bring old Joe here to ever let him escape alive, and unless you want to die with him, you had better leave before 4 26 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. sundown ; and you are not a d — d bit better than liim for taking his part ; and you'll see that I can prophesy better than old Joe, for neither he nor his brother, nor anyone who will remain with them, will see the sun set to-day.' ® ''■■ ■' 1:30. Governor Ford went to Nauvoo sometime this afternoon, escorted by a portion of his troops, the most friendly to the prisoners, and leaving the known enemies to the Prophet (the Car- thage Greys), ostensibly to guard the jail, having previously disbanded the remainder. * * "3:15 p. M. The guard began to be more severe in their operations, threatening among them- selves, and telling what they would do when the excitement was over. * * "4 P. M. The guard was again changed, only eight men being stationed at the jail, while the main body of the Carthage Greys were in camp about a quarter of a mile distant, on the public square. * "4:20 P. M, Jailor Stigall returned to the jail and said that Stejahen Markham had been sur- rounded by a mob, who had driven him out of Carthage, and he had gone to Nauvoo. * * " Before the jailor came in, his boy brought in some water, and said the guard wanted some wine. Joseph gave Dr. Richards two dollars to give to the guard, but the guard said one was enough, and would take no moie. "The guard immediately sent for a bottle of wine, pipes, and two small papers of tobacco, and one of the guard brought them into the jail soon after the jailor went out. Dr. Richards uncorked the bottle and presented a glass to Joseph, who tasted, as also Brother Taylor and the Doctor, and the bottle was given to the guard, who turned to go out. When at the top of the stairs some one below called him two or three times and he went down. " Immediately there was a little rustling at the outer door of the jail, and a cry of surrender, and also a discharge of three or four firearms followed instantly. The Doctor glanced an eye by the curtain of the window, and saw about a hundred armed men about the door." The following statement by Willard Richards, one of the survivors of the tragedy that fol- lowed the events last stated, is probably the most trustworthy record of the matter e.\tant. It is entitled "Two Minutes in Jail," and is as follows : " ('arthage, June 27th, 1844. "A shower of musket balls were thrown up the stairway against the door of the prison in the second story, followed by many rapid footsteps, " While Generals Joseph and Hyrum Smith, Mr. Taylor and myself, who were in the front •chamber, closed the door of our room against the entry at the head of the stairs, and placed our- selves against it, there being no lock on the door, and no catch that was unsealable, " The door is a common panel, and as soon as we heard the feet at the stairhead a ball was sent through the door, which passed between us, and showed that our enemies were desperadoes, and we must change our position. " General Joseph Smith, Mr. Taylor and myself sprang back to the front part of the room, and General Hyrum Smith retreated two-thirds across the chamber, directly in front of and facing the door. " A ball was sent through the door which hit Hyrum on the side of the nose, when he fell backwards, extended at length, without moving his feet. " From the holes in his vest (the day was warm and no one had their coats on but myself), pantaloons, drawers and shirt, it appeared evident that a ball must have been thrown from without through the window, which entered his back on the right side, and passed through, lodging against his watch, which was in his right vest pocket, completely pulverizing the crystal and face, tearing off the hands and mashing the whole body of the watch. At the same instant the ball from the dODr entered his nose. '"As he struck the floor he exclaimed emphatically, ' I am a dead man.' Joseph looked toward him and responded, ' Oh dear! Brother Hyrum,' and opened the door two or three inches with his left hand, discharged one harrel of a six-shooter (pistol) at random in the entry, from whence a ball grazed Hyrum's breast, and entering his throat passed into his head, while other muskets were aimed at him and some balls hit him. " Joseph continued snapping his revolver around the casing of the door into the space as be- fore, three barrels of which missed fire, while Mr. Taylor, with a walking stick, stood by his side and knocked down the bayonets and muskets which were constantly discharging through the door- way, while I stood by him, ready to lend any assistance, with another stick, but could not come with striking distance without going directly before the muzzles of the guns. JO[JN TAYLOR. 27 " When the revolver failed we had no more firearms, and expected an immediate rush of the mob. and the doorway full of muskets, half-way in the room, and no hope but instant death from within. " Mr. Taylor rushed into the window, which is some fifteen or twenty feet from the ground. When his body was nearly on a balance, a ball from the door within entered his leg, and a ball from without struck his watch, patent lever, in his vest pocket near the left breast and smashed it into " pi," leaving the hands standing at 5 o'clock, 16 minutes and 26 seconds, the force of which ball threw him back on the floor, and he rolled under the bed, which stood by his side, where he lay motionless, the mob from the door continuing to fire upon him, cutting away a piece of flesh Irom his left hip as large as a man's hand, and were hindered only by my knocking down their muzzles with a stick, while they continued to reach their guns into the room, probably left-handed, and aimed their discharge so far round as almost to reach us in the corner of the room to where we retreated and dodged, and then I recommenced the attack with my stick. " Joseph attempted, as the last resort, to leap the same window from which Mr. Taylor fell, when two bullets pierced him from the door, and one entered his breast from without, and he fell outward, exclaiming, * O, Lord, my God !' As his feet went out of the window my head went in, the balls whistling all around. He fell on his left side, a dead man. "At this instant, the cry was raised, 'He's leaped the window !' and the mob on the stairs and in the entry ran out. " I withdrew from the window, thinking it of no use to leap out on a hundred bayonets, then around General Smith's body. ' ' Not satisfied with this, I again reached my head out of the window and watched some seconds to see if there were any signs of life, regardless of my own, determined to see the end of him I loved. Being fully satisfied that he svas dead, with a hundred men near the body, and more coming round the corner of the jail, and expecting a return to our room, I rushed towards the prison door at the head of the stairs, and through the entry from whence the firing had proceeded, to learn if the doors into the prison were open. "When near the entry, Mr. Taylor cried out, -take me.' I pressed my way until I found all doors unbarred, and returning instantly, caught Mr. Taylor under my arm and rushed by the stairs into the dungeon, or inner prison, stretched hmi on the floor and covered him with a bed in such manner as not likely to be perceived, expecting an immediate return of the mob. " I said to Mr. Taylor, ' This is a hard case to lay you on the floor, but if your wounds are not fatal, I want you to live to tell the story.' 1 expected to be shot the next moment, and stood be- fore the door awaiting the onset. Willard Richards." " Upon the tide of grief that swept over Nauvoo, and the consternation that filled the hearts of the mob when the awful deed became known, we will not dwell. Neither will we attempt to depict that scene of woe which occurred when the bodies of the slain were delivered into the hands of their families. "A whole people had been cruelly, fiendishly betrayed and bereaved. Awful, beyond the power of words to picture was the lament." Apostle Taylor was with the Saints in the exodus, but the condition of the British Mission ren- dered it necessary for the Twelve to send three of their quorum to England to set the Church in order. John Taylor, Parley P. Pratt and Orson Hyde were the ones chosen. They returned to Winter Quarters just at the moment the Pioneers were about to start for the Rocky Mountains, so that they were not in the Pioneer band, but Apostles Taylor and P. P. Pratt followed quickly in the first companies. Elder Taylor's next important mission was to France, and while on that mission he published the Book of Mormon in the French and German languages. He was afterwards sent to preside at New York over the churches in the States, and also to ask for the admission of the "State, of Deseret." While on this mission he published TAe Mormon, in New York City, which, during its existence, was the most vigorously edited paper that the Church had issued. At the time of the Utah expedition, his bold, manly speeches stirred the heart of the whole community. During such times the native courage of John Taylor has always been most conspicuous. In this respect he has perhaps stood next to the Prophet Joseph himself, who, for lion-like courage w-as a marvel, even to his enemies For this trait of character in his life, John Taylor has long been styled in the Church, "Champion of the Truth." At no period of his life has he shown himself more sufiicient for the times than at the death of Brigham Young. Those outside the Church believed it certain that at the death of this most remarkable man who had led the Moimons for thirty-three years, the Church would experience a terrible convulsion and very likely split into fragments under rival leaders. But 2S HIS TORY OF SALT LA KE CITY. it was soon seen that the man of the times had verily risen in John Taylor ; and if any of his com- peers ever doubted concerning the "coming man," they quickly discovered who was there leader after Brigham Young. At the burial of him who had been as a Moses to them, while his body was laying before the congregation in state, Apostle Taylor spoke over the dead a becoming eulogy, but plainly told assembled "Israel" that Brigham Young's mission was fully accomplished, and that he was no longer needed for the safety of the Chnrch. The work would continue triumphant as be- fore. It was not the work of man. One greater than Brigham Young was at their head. The King of Zion was their leader. For the first few weeks thereafter it was the talk even among the Gentiles that no revolutionary shock had come to the Mormon Church, but all went on as before. For several years the Twelve ruled the Church as a quorum, and then at the October Conference of 1880, the First Presidency was restored with John Taylor, President of the Church in all the world, and George Q. Cannon and Joseph F. Smith as his counselors. President Taylor is the third man who has risen to lead the Mormon People; and during his presidency there has come a crisis scarcely less in its historical issues than that of the exodus of the Church from Nauvoo to the Rocky Mountains. The question of the day concerning the Mormon Church is, will it survive, or will it be swept away by the present action of a mighty nation risen, as it were, in arms against it? And this question involves the most vital question of all, which, in fact, gives pertinency to every other — Will the Church give up its institution of patriarchal mar- riage, commonly known as polygamy? President Taylor, in all the manifestoes and epistles to the Saints bearing his name, has answered with no uncertain voice, " Never! the Kingdom of God or nothing." It is the motto of this apostle's life. GEORGE Q. CANNON. George Q. Cannon was born in Liverpool, England, on the nth of January, 1827. His par- ents joined the Mormons when he was 12 years of age. Previously, however, his father's sister left England, for Canada, as a companion to the wife of the Secretary of the Colony, but with the in- tention of returning. While in Canada, however, she met Elder John Taylor, then a Methodist minister, whose wife she afterwards became. At this time Elder Parley P. Pratt was on a mission to Canada, preaching the doctrines of Mormonism, to which Mr. Taylor and wife were soon converted. Mr. Taylor having been chosen one of the Twelve Apostles of the Mormon Church, visited England in 1839, as a Mormon mis- sionary, where he first made the acquaintance of his brother-in-law, Mr. Cannon's father, whom, with his wife and family he succeeded in baptizing into the Mormon Church. Mr. Cannon states that " as soon as my mother saw Mr. Taylor, and before she knew he was a religious man, she said, ' he is a man of God.' " The headquarters of the Mormon Church was then at Nauvoo, to which place the new con- verts were very desirous to emigrate, but active operations in that direction were for some time de- layed on account of Mrs. Cannon having strong premonitions that she would not reach " Zion." These were supported by certain analogous dreams by Mr. Cannon, all of which were literally ful- filled in the death of Mrs. Cannon while crossing the Atlantic Ocean. The rest of the family reached Nauvoo in safety. Two months after the massacre of Joseph and Hyrum Smith, Mr. Cannon's fltther left Nauvoo on a business tour to St. Louis, and, while there, died, leaving seven orphan children. After reaching Nauvoo, George Q., then but a lad, went to work in the office cf the Nauvoo Neighbor and Times and Seasons, where he learned the printing business. In 1847 young Cannon crossed the plains with the emigrants, and, during the winter following. JOSEPH F. SMITH. 2g and up to the fall ot 1849, he was engaged in house building, farming operations, canyon work, adobe making, and other labor incident to the settlement of a new country. In the fall of 1849, he accompanied Apostle Charles C. Rich to California, where he worked in the gold mines until the summer of 1850, when he, with five others, was called to go a mission to the Sandwich Islands. They sailed from San Francisco, and after a three weeks' voyage, landed at Honolulu, on the 12th of December of that year. Mr. Cannon acquired the Hawaiian language very rapidly, and, after being there six weeks, he started out to travel among, and preach to, the natives. In a few months he succeeded in organizing branches of the Church in various places. While there he translated the Book of Mormon into the Hawaiian language, and with the other missionaries made arrangements for the purchase of a press and printing materials nec- essary for its publication. He returned to Salt Lake Valley in the winter of 1854. I" 1^55 ^^ went on a mission to Cali- fornii, and established a printing ofifice and a newspaper, the Western Standard, of which he was editor. The news of what is known as the "Utah War" reached California in in 1857, and Mr. Cannon soon after returned to Salt Lake to take part in the defence. In April. 1858, the abandonment of Salt Lake commenced, and Mr. Cannon was appointed to take the press and printing materials belonging to the Deseret Aews to Fillmore City, where he pub- lished that paper from April to September of that year. He was then sent on a mission to the Eastern States, which duty he performed until he received an official notification that he had been elected on the 23d of October, 1859, ^^ one of the Twelve Apostles, to act in the place made vacant by the death of Parley P. Pratt, In the fall of i860 he returned to Salt Lake City, where he remained si.x weeks, during which time he was called to fill a mission to England. He was appointed to take charge of the emigration in Europe, and of the Millennial Star office ; and to act as president of the European Mission. In May, 1862, he received a dispatch to the effect that he had been elected United States Sen- ator by the legislature of the inchoate State of Deseret, and was requested to join Mr. Hooper in Washington eaily in June, which he did. Both Senators-elect labored diligently in Washington to get Utah admitted into the Union as a State during the remainder of that session of Congress. Upon the the adjournment of Congress, Mr. Cannon returned to England, where he labored with marked success until August, 1864, when he returned home, having, while in England, shipped upwards of 13,000 souls, as Latter-day Saints, for Utah. For three years after his return to Salt Lake he acted as private secretary to President Brigham Young, having been elected in the meantime a member of the Legislative council. In the fall of 1867 he took charge of the Deseret AVt^j,— then published semi-weekly, — as its editor and pub- lisher. He immediately commenced the publication of the Deseret Evening News (daily), and his connection with that paper continued until the Fall of 1872, when he was elected Delegate to Con- gress, and served his constiuency to their entire satisfaction until he was retired by the Edmunds law, [See Congressional history in foregoing chapters,] JOSEPH F. SMITH. Joseph F. Smith was born November 13th, 1838, at Far West, Caldwell County, Missouri. He is the son of Hyrum Smith, who with his brother, the Prophet Joseph, was assassinated in Car- thage jail. He was born at the time of the expulsion of the Mormons from Missouri. The follow- mg is a passage from " The Women of Mormondom," relative to Joseph F. Smith's mother and his own birth : "On the first day of November, 1838, her husband and his brother, the Prophet, with others, JO HISTORY OF SAL 7 LAKE CITY. were betraved bv the Mormon Colonel Hinkle into the hands of the armed nrob under General Clark, in the execution of Governor Boggs' exterminating order. On the following day Hyrum was marched at the point of the bayonet, to his house, by a strong guard, who with hideous oaths and threats commanded Mary to take her last farewell of her husband, for ' his die was cast, and his doom was sealed,' and she need never think she would see him again ; allowing her only a moment, as it were, for that terrible parting, and to provide a change of clothes for the final separation. In the then critical condition of her health this heartrending scene came nigh ending her life; but the natural vigor of her mind sustained her in this terrible trial. Twelve days afterward she gave birth to her first-born a son ; but she remained prostrate on a bed of affliction and suffering for several months. In January, 1839, she was taken in a wagon, with her infant, on her sick bed, to Liberty, Clay County, Missouri, where she was granted the privilege of visiting her husband in jail, where he was confined by the mob, without trial or conviction, because, forsooth, he was a ' Mormon.' " Joseph F. Smith's youth was spent amid the scenes and vicissitudes incident upon the martyr- dom of his father and uncle, and in the journeying of the Church from Nauvoo and the eariy set- tlement of Utah. He came to the mountains with his widowed mother and brother John, in the migration of the body of the Church from Winter Quarters in 1848. In 1852 his mother died. His youth and early manhood were fraught with struggles, but the Church at an early period saw that Joseph F. would make a strong mark, and for many years now past, the Saints have been pro- phetic that he is destined some day to be their leader. In 1854 he went on a mission to the Sandwich Islands, where he labored with very encouraging success. He was at that time but sixteen years af age. "According to promise," he says, "and by the blessings of the Almighty, I acquired the language of the islanders and commenced my labors, preaching, baptizing, etc . amjng the natives, in one hundred d lys after my arrival at Honolulu." He returned at the time of Johnston's expedition. In i860 he went on a mission to England, re- turning in 1863, and in 1864, again went to the Sandwich Islands, in company with Elders E. T. Benson. Lorenzo Snow, W. W. Cluff and A. L. Smith, remaining about one year. In 1865 he was elected a member of the House of Representatives of the Utah Legislature, and was returned in i866-7-8-9-'70 and "72. In 1866, he was ordained an Apostle, and in 1867 was called to fill a vacancy in the Quorum of the Twelve. He has served a number of terms in the council of S.ilt Lake City. He also served once in the same capacity in the City of Provo, where he resided a portion of the year 1868. During 1874 ^nd a part of 1875 he presided over the British Mission, and had charge of the Church emigration. He went again in the Spring of 1877, and was called home by the death of Brigham Young. During his charge of the European emigration, he was instrumental in breaking the conference combination which had been formed by the great shipping companies of Liverpool. For years the Saints had come to America on the Guion & Co's line. The fare had risen to six guineas per passenger. A Philadelphia company sought the Mormon emigration. Guion & Co, sought to recover it and the shipping combination, being in contention with itself, broke up, and Joseph F. succeeded in making contracts for three seasons for the taking of passen-r gers at three pounds per head, saving to each of the Mormon passengers three pounds, ten shillings. On the reorganization of the First Presidency of the Church, Joseph F. Smith was chosen one of the presidency. In 1879 he was elected to the Council of the Legislature, and re-elected in 1881 ; and in the organization of the next Legislature he was chosen President of the Council. He was retired from the Legislature and city council by the Edmunds law. Joseph F. Smith holds the hearts of the entire Mormon people. The whole community trust in him. He is a man of strong idiosyncrasies, but he is withal a just and thoroughly honest man. Of his uncle Joseph he testifies, " I am as confident of the divine mission of Joseph Smith as I am of mv own existence." WILFORD WOODRUFF. ji WILFORD WOODRUFF. Wilford Woodruff, third son of Aphek Woodruff and Beulah Thompson Woodruff, was born March ist, 1807, in that part of Farmington now called Avon, Hartford County, Conn. His an- cestors for several generations were also residents of that district. Up to his 21st year he remained at home, assisting his father in attending to the Farmington mills. At a very early age his mind was considerably exercised upon religious subjects, although in a somewhat different view from the orthodo.x teachings of those days. A notable point of difference was his firm conviction that the gifts and graces that belonged to the ancient apostles ought still to obtain among the the true disciples of Jesns, although the ministers of his acquaintance taught that such things had been done away. This difference in belief caused him to hold aloof from any es- pousal of particular doctrine until 1833, when he, in company with his brother Azmon (being at that time in Oswego County, New York), chanced to hear two Mormon elders preach. A single sermon convinced both him and his brother, and they thereupon presented themselves for baptism. Young Woodruff was an enthusiastic convert, and 'oon gravitated to Kirtland, where he was kindly received by and temporarily domiciled with the Prophet Joseph. Surrounded by influences so congenial to his natural cast of mind, his spiritual nature developed rapidly, and in a few months' time he had reached the point of joyfully accepting an ordination as an elder, and a commission to go on a mission. He had in the meantime removed to Clay County, Missouri. He straightway, in company with an elder by the name of Brown, started out on a tour in which which was traversed a most desolate and perilous section of country, viz: southern Missouri, northern Arkansas, and western Tennessee. It is worthy of note that this journey (on foot) was made to embrace the traversing of the Mississippi Swamp, a distance of 175 miles, most of the way in mud and water up to their knees. Young Woodruff being stricken with rheumatism in the midst of the swamp, his companion abandoned him. But, kneeling in the water, he cried to God for succor, and was immediately healed. He thereupon continued his journey and in due time re- turned to his brethren. His life thereafter was made up almost entirely of mission work. In January, 1837, he was set apart to be a member of the first quorum of Seventies, and remained for a while in Kirtland. Here, oi the 13th of April of that year, he was married to Miss Phoebe W. Carter, at the house of Joseph Smith. Shortly thereafter he went on a mission again, and continued in that work until appointed a member of the quorum of the Twelve. In the following fall, 1839, he started on the mission to England. His ministry in that country "wae very successful. During the seven months of their labors in Herefordshire, Gloucestershire and Worcestershire, he and his confreres of that mission baptized over eighteen hundred persons, including over two hundred preachers of various denomi- nations ; their success so greatly alarming the orthodox ministers of those localities, that it was made the subject of a petition to Parliament. Returning in 1841, he was shipwrecked on Lake Michigan, but escaped with his life, and reached Nauvoo in October of that year. It is not the design of this sketch to give more than a general view of this faithful apostle ; suf- fice it to say, therefore, that he was on a mission in the Eastern Statss at the time of Joseph and Hyrum's martyrdom ; that he thereupon returned and prominently participated in the events suc- ceeding that monstrous wrong; that he was a member of the famous mission to England in 1844, remaining there a year, and returning to join the exodus ; that he was one of the 143 pioneers ; that he again went on a mission to the Eastern States in 1848, returning to Salt Lake in 1850; and in December of that year was elected a member of the Senate of the Provisional State of Deseret. Since that time Apostle Woodruff has been one the very foremost in all the affairs at home. The Church history is mostly compiled from his journals, and the success of his mission to England is to this day a marvel in the Church. He is emphatically one of the founders of Utah, and as an apostle well deserves the name of '' Wilford, the Faithful." At the present time Wilford Woodruff is President of the Twelve Apostles and the principal historian of the Church, his assistant being Apostle Franklin D, Richards His portrait, in the .12 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. body of ihis HISTORY, which contains many items of interest from his life, will illustrate to the eye of a judge of character, the type of this Apostle. It is a most remarkable likeness of a New Eng- land Puritan of the days of the nation's purity and moral might. A century hence, that likeness will preach a sermon to a coming generation of the Mormons, as a grand type of a God-fearing people and of Wilford Woodruff as an honest man and an apostle in character as in name. ORSON PRATT. We have named Orson Pratt the St. Paul of the Mormon Church. He was also one of the Pioneers of Utah, Of his family descent in America he wrote : ''The genealogy runs thus: Our father, Jared Pratt, was the son of Obadiah, who was the son of Christopher, who was the son of William Pratt, who was the son of Joseph Pratt, who was the son of Lieutenant William and Elizabeth Pratt, who is supposed to have come with his brother. John Pratt, from Essex County, England, about 1633, who were found among the first settlers of Hartford, Connecticut, in the year 1639. They are supposed to have accompanied the Rev. Thomas Hooker and his congregation, about one hundred in number, from Newtown, now called Cambridge, Massachusetts, through a dense wilderness, inhabited only by savages and wild beasts, and became the first founders of the colony at Hartford, Connecticut, in June, 1636, and thence to Saybrook about the year 1645." Apostle Orson Pratt, was the last surviving member of the first quorum of the Twelve. He was born September 19th, 1811, in Hartford, Washington County, New York, and may justly lay claim to be of semi-apostolic stock, — being descended from the Puritan founders of New England. The first quorum of the Twelve Apostles, which included Parley P. and Orson Pratt, was or- ganized in 1835, when the Prophet Joseph gave to them the commission to preach the gospel to all the nations of the earth. In 1840, Orson, with nine of that quorum, were in England, and it fell to his lot to open a mission in Scotland. After much labor and great privation he succeeded in build- ing up the Edinburgh Conference. Subsequently he has served several times as president of the European mission. He and Erastus Snow were the two first Mormons who entered the Valley of the Great Salt Lake. During Orson Pratt's second mission to Engiand, beginning in 1849, in about two years, there were nearly 18,000 souls brought into the Church under his ministry and presidency, and their con- versions were mainly through his own writings, and the impulse which those writings gave to the splendid corps of elders under his direction. It was the period when the great Mormon preachers flourished — men who almost worshipped Orson, and in whom he delighted, because of their mag- nificent ability as oratois and logicians. Indeed, he may have been said to have been their theo- logical father. Not in all England among any of the denominations were there greater pulpit orators and disputants than several of those elders. The most famous were John Banks and James Mars- den. Perhaps England never produced a man of the pulpit who possessed more of the natural genius of oratory than John Banks. We doubt if either Spurgeon or Beecher was his equal in spontaneous gift. Native eloquence flowed from his mouth as a river. Marsden on his part beat the most famous sectarian champions in England in public discussion on Mormonism — beat the very men who became themselves famous in discussion with George Jacob Holyoak, Joseph Barker and Charles Bradlaugh, the great ' Iconoclast' of England. Holyoak and his class greatly admired Orson Pratt and these splendid disputants and logicians whom Orson Pratt created. During those periods of Orson's presidency over the British Isles, he wrote numerous tracts, and published in all, several millions, scattering thcni broadcast over the whole British realm. At ^^t^c^ti; ERASTUS SNOW. JJ that time the organized tract societies of the British Mormon Mission were, we beheve, not equalled in all Christendom for their thorough working and missionary results. These, united with the active ministry, comprising (we should estimate) 5,000 elders, constituted the vast missionary machinery by which Orson Pratt brought into the Church, in two years, nearly 18,000 souls. Orson Pratt was truly a great apostle in every sense of the term. As for his life, no man ever lived a purer one. From his birth he never drank scarcely as much as a glass of ale, nor used a bit of tobacco : his beverage was pure water. He also possessed real apostolic courage. We may give an anecdote of this: Orson Pratt with Ezra T. Benson, Edward L. Sloan, and John Kay, went on a visit to the Isle of Man. Much e.xcitement was produced by this visit and the preaching of these elders. On the return by steamer to liverpool, the crowd of passengers became quite as a mob arrayed against these Mormon apostles. E. T. Benson escaped below, while this mob on shipboard surrounded Orson Pratt and clamored to cast him into the sea as a Jonah who troubled the ship. They seized him to cast him into the sea. Orson calmly stood in their midst, and placing his hand on tlie side of the ship, "Sirs," he said, "do with me according to your threatenings. If it be God's will, I am ready." ■l"his genuine apostolic courage conquered. The mob was awed ; the captain interposed, and there was peace in the ship the remainder of the passage. Scarcely need we enlarge on his famous discussion on polygamy with Dr. Newman, before ten to fifteen thousand people in the great Tabernacle of Salt Lake City. Daily were those discussions published in the New York Herald, and reproduced entire or in part in nearly every paper in America ; while almost the universal decision throughout the land was that Orson Pratt was victor. The Paul of the Mormon Church is verily his fitting name. Orson Pratt will live throughout a dispensation. ERASTUS SNOW. The Hon. Erastus Snow, who so long and ably represented Southern Utah in the Legisla- ture, was, with Orson Pratt, the first of the Mormon Pioneers who set foot jn the Valley of the Great Salt Lake. He is very properly also classed in oui: history as the founder of Southern Utah — that is of those settlements and counties comprised in what at the outset was styled our Utah " Dixie." Briefly touching his origin : Erastus Snow was born at St. Johnsbury, Caledonia County; Vermont, November 9th, 1818. His father's name was Levi Snow ; and his family were among the early settlers of the Massachusetts colony. His grandmother on his mother's side was of the Mason family. When the subject of this sketch was fourteen years of age, Morrrtonism came into his part of the country. His elder brothers, William and Zerubbabel, were the first of the family to embrace it ; shortly after Orson Pratt and Lyman E. Johnson, in 1832, visited his father's house. While listening to Orson Pratt conversing on the Scriptures and reading and reciting the revelations given to the Prophet Joseph Smith, he says: "The Holy Ghost descended upon me, bearing witness that it was the truth, and that these men were the messengers of God. This testimony has never de- parted from me, but has often been renewed and confirmed in the experience of my life." In the following February, 1833, young Erastus Snow went to Charleston, where he was bap- tized by his brother William, February sd, 1833. His mother had seven sons and two daughters. All the family came into the Church excepting two of the sons and his father. His brother Zerub- babel was afterwards, in the early history of Utah, an United States judge of this Territory and Willard Snow was a famous missionary who died while on his way to his ministry in Scandinavia, and was buried in the sea. Erastus was a preacher at the age of fifteen, being ordained as an elder under the hands of Luke Johnson, one of the first Twelve apostles. We here pass over the interval of his life up to the time of the removal of the Saints to the Rocky Mountains, continuing the nar- rative from our notes of his own words. He said : '■ On the 6th of April, 1847, 1 took my departure from Winter Quarters with the Pioneers, headed S j4 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. by President Brigham Young, to search out the location for the Saints. For the details of thfs journey I must refer the reader to my private journal, or the works already published. " Many interesting episodes occurred both going and returning, but among the trying and af- fecting ones was the appearance of the mountain fever among us, first attacking E. T. Benson, at our encampment at the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains on the 21st of June. From one-third to one-half of our entire company were attacked with this malady before we reached the valley of the Great Salt Lake and among the number was President Brigham Young. I, myself, had a severe attack, from which, however, I recovered in about a week. This affliction detained us so, that with the labor on the roads through the Wasatch Mountains we were unable to reach the Salt Lake Val- ley until the 21st of July, when Orson Pratt and myself, of the working parties, who were explor- ing, first emerged into the Valley and viewed the site of the future city of Salt Lake; and when we ascended Red Butte, near the mouth of Emigration Canyon, which gave us the first glimpse of the blue waters of the Great Salt Lake, we simultaneously swung our hats and shouted, Hosannah ? for the Spirit told us that here the Saints should find rest. Alter about six weeks" labor here, laying out the City and Fort, plowing and planting fields, and building cabins around the Fort block, 1 started with the rear camp of the Pioneers on the return trip, early in August, and, on the last day of October, reached Winter Quarters, on the Missouri River, where I had left my family, having been about six weeks witho it tasting bread. The sweet joy of this meeting was mingled with deep grief, at the loss of a dear little daughter, Mary Minerva, who had died during my absence. " Soon after our return to Winter Quarters there was a general stir and bustle of getting ready for starting with our families to Salt Lake Valley, and gathering our year's supply of seeds and pro- visions. Most of my oxen had perished during the winter, or had been eaten up by the Indians, aud I was under the necessity of yoking up my cows and all my young stock to work \vith the few oxen I had left, to haul the wagons for the journey. I traveled in company with Presidents Young and Kimball and had a very pleasant and agreeable journey, my teams holding out well and my family enjoying good health. We reached our destination with much joy. " In the month of September, soon after our arrival in Salt Lake, I was appointed one of the presidency of the stake; and during the following winter I was called and ordained into the quorum of the Twelve Apostles, together with C. C. Rich, Lorenzo Snow and F. D. Richards, these all filling vacancies caused by the apostacy of Lyman Wight and the organization of the quorum of the First Presidency out of the quorum of the Twelve. « "This year the Perf>etual Emigration Fund Company was organized, and the system of emigra- tion inaugurated, which has so largely contributed to the gathering of our people and the building up of Utah Territory. I was appointed one of the committee of three in gathering funds to put into the hands of Bishop Hunter to send back to our poor brethren, left on the Missouri River. At that time our settlements extended only to Provo on the south and Ogden on the north. We gathered about ^2,000. About this time also, I participated in the organizing of the Provisional Government of the State of Deseret ; and at the semi-annual conference in October, I was ap- pointed on a mission to Denmark, to open the door of the gospel to the Scandinavian people. At the same time Elder John Taylor was appointed to France. Lorenzo Snow to Italy, F. D. Rich- ards to England, with several elders accompanying each of us. We all took our departure from Salt Lake on the 19th of October. Our little party numbered about thirty elders and Mr. Kinkade, of Livingston & Kinkade, merchants, bound for St. Louis for goods. "Most of the missionaries journeyed together till we reached St. Louis, whence we expected to take different directions through the States to visit the remnants of the Saints, remaining in the States and gathering means for crossing the water. "I sailed from Boston on the 3d of April, on a Cunard steamer, for Liveipool, where I landed on the 15th ; and the following day Lorenzo Snow arrived in a sailing vessel from New York. We vis- ited many of the churches in England, Scotland and Wales. During the next four weeks I re- ceived many contributions in aid of our missions. On the ist of June, 1850, I landed in Copen- hagen, the capital of Denmark, in company with G. P. Dikes and John Forsgreen — the former an .American and the latter a native of Sweden. We were met at the wharf by P. O. Hansen, a native of that city, who had embraced the gospel in America, and had left Salt Lake with us, but had made his way in advance of us to his native land." We pass over the detail of Apostle Erastus Snow's ministry among the Scandinavians, sufl^cing to say that he established that great misson which has done so much to people Utah. He returned to Salt Lake City and afterwards was sent by his quorum to preside over a stake of the Church GEORGE A. SMITH. 35 which was organized at St Louis, and to superintend the emigration to Utah from the western point. Since that day his great work has been in founding and developing the counties of Southern Utah, «ver which he has presided spiritually, and which for many yeafs he represented in the Council branch of the Legislature, GEORGE A. SMITH. George Albert Smith was born in the tow^n of Potsdam, St, Lawrence County, New York, on the 26th day of June, 1817, It may be claimed for him that he was of purely American descent, for his American-born ancestry date back to 1666. On the maternal side he was descended from the Lymans, a family of patriotic revolutionary record ; and on the paternal side he was cousin to Joseph Smith the Prophet. His cousin Joseph's seership w\as first brought to his attention in 1828, by a letter written to his grandfather by Joseph Smith, sen., in which was recounted several visions that the writer's son had received; and also in which letter was the remark: '' I always knew that God was going to raise up some branch of my family to be a great benefit to mankind." A subsequent letter from Joseph himself, in which he declared that the sword of the Almighty hung over that generation, and could only be averted by repentance and works of righteousness, made a profound impression upon the mind of George A., and elicited from his father the declaration that "Joseph wrote like a prophet." An investigation of the Book of Mormon resulted in the conver' sion of his parents, and the consequent bigoted opposition of their neighbors. One ol these, an influ- ential and wealthy man offered young Smith,— if he would leave his parents and promise never to become a Mormon, — a seven years' education, without expense, and a choice of profession when his education should be complete. His answer was worthy an everlasting record: "The commandment of God requires me to honor my father and mother." He did so honor them as to fully embrace their f-iith, and was baptized in their presence, September loth, 1832. Concerning events immediately following, his journal states: " My father sold his farm in Potsdam, and on the 1st of May, 1833, we started for Kirtland, Ohio, the second gathering place of the Saints, where we arrived on the asth, having traveled 500 miles. We were heartily welcomed by cousin Joseph. This was the first time I had ever seen him ; he conducted us to his father's house. " I was engaged during the summer and fall in quarrying and hauling rock for the Kirtland temple, attending masons, and performing other duties about its walls. The first two loads of rock taken to the temple ground were hauled from Standard's quarry by Harvey Stanley and myself. " In consequence of the persecution which raged against Joseph, and the constant threats to do him violence, it was found necessary to keep continued guard, to prevent :his being assassinated. During the fall and winter I took part in this service, going two miles and a half to guard." Although but seventeen years of age, he was a member of the company that went up to " re- deem Zion" in Jackson County, Mo. He started with ''Zion's Camp," May 5th, 1834, and re- turned on the 4th of August, of the same year, having traveled about 2,000 miles in three months, mostly on foot. On the 1st of March, 1835, he was ordained a member of the first quorum of seventies, and on the 5th day of May, following, in company with Lyman Smith, started on a mission through Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York. They returned in November, having traveled 1,850 miles on foot, without purse or scrip, holding numerous meetings, and making several converts. From this time forward his life was a series of missions, and adventures incident thereto, up to April, 1839, when he was ordained one of the Twelve apostles, on the corner-stone of the temple, at Far West. He was a member of the quorum of the Twelve who went on a mission to England in 1839-40, jf6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. traveling and preaching in the counties of Lancaster, Chester, Stafford, Hereford, Worcester, and Gloucester, and preaching the first Mormon sermon in London. Soon after his return, in 1841, he was married to Miss Bethsheba W. Bigler, and after a tem- porary settlement in Zarahemla, Iowa, became a resident of Nauvoo. He was thereafter engaged in mission work in various States until recalled, in 1844, by the martyrdom ot the Prophet. He was with the Twelve in their exodus from Nauvoo, and with the Pioneers in their journey from Winter Quarters to the Rocky Mountains. He planted the first potato that was put into the ground in Salt Lake Valley, and to the day ot his death was permanently identified with the various projects for settling and redeeming the valleys of Deseret When the Provisional government of the State of Deseret was erected, he was chosen a mem- l)er of the State Senate, and at that early date presented a bill concerning the construction of a national railroad across the continent. In sp>eaking of his mission to Jerusalem, which, in company with Lorenzo Snow, Albert Car- rin^ton, Feramorz Little, and others, he accomplished in 1873, it will be necessary to explain that one of the most peculiar and characteristic phases of the Mormon religion is the linking of the des- tiny of this modern Israel, raised up by Joseph Smith, with the destiny of ancient Israel. The Jews of course are the proper representatives of the former, the Mormons of the latter. As observed elsewhere, the Mormons themselves are supposed to be the literal seed of Abraham "mixed with the Gentiles," but now " in these last days" gathered by the mysterious providence of the House of Isael into the " new and everlasting covenant." In 1840, Apostle Orson Hyde performed the first mission to Jerusalem, and thirty-two years later this second mission was appointed. Here is the commission : "Salt Lake City, U. T., October 15, 1872. •• Prest. G. a. Smith: " Dear Bto: — As you are about to start on an extensive tour through Europe and Asia Minor, where you will doubtless be brought in contact with men of position and influence in society, we desire that you observe closely what openings now exist, or where they may be effected, for the in- troduction of the gospel into the various countries you shall visit. "When you go to the land of Pale tine, we wish you to dedicate and consecrate that land to the Lord, that it may be blessed with fruitfulness preparatory to the return of the Jews in fulfillment of prophecy and the accomplishment of the purposes of our Heavenly Father. " We pray that you may be preserved to travel in peace and safety ; that you may be abun- dantly blessed with words of wisdom and free utterance in all your conversations pertaining to the holy gospel, dispelling prejudice and sowing seeds of righteousness among the people. "Brigham Young, " Daniel H. Wells." These missionaries from the modern to the ancient Zion, visiting the President of the United States and President Thiers of France on their way, reached Palestine in March, 1873. They vis- ited the most famous places of Bible mention, and also the places made famous by the exploits of the crusaders. The Jerusalem missionaries returned to Utah in July, 1873. Upon the death of Heber C. Kimball, the elevation of George A. Smith to the second place in the Mormon Church, thus made vacant, was pronounced by the people of his faith an honor wor- thily bestowed. The construction of the temple at St. George furnished the occasion for this apostle to unite with Brigham Young in the administration of ordinances in -'high places," thus fitly crowning the labors of his life. On his tablet might thereafter be written, " It is finished." Shortly after his return from St. George he was prostrated with a sickness which finally resulted in his death, September ist, 1875. Although, mortally considered, he has passed away, in the hearts of the Mormon people Ge:>rge .\. Smith will never die. l^ILLARD RICHARDS. j^ PARLEY P. PRATT. Parley Parker Pratt was born in Rurlington, Otsego County, New York, April 12th 1807 He was a distinguished member of the first quorum of the Twelve, and, for his marked n'ebraicchar acter and tone, was counted the Isaiah of his people. He was one of the first missionaries of the Mormon faith, and some of his earliest writings were pronounced by the Prophet Joseph standard works of the Church. One of the marked circumstances of his life was the bringing of President John Taylor into the Church while on his mission to Canada and between these two distinguished apostles there existed a lifelong friendship. He was on a mission to England with a majority of his quorum m 1840, and was the first editor of the Latter-day Saints Millennial Star. He was also left m charge of the British Mission when President Young and the majority of the Twelve returned to Nauvoo. During the period of the exodus while the Saints were at Winter Quarters Parley P Pratt. Orson Hyde and John Taylor were selected by their quorum to go speedily to Great Britain to set the churches in order and bring to a sharp account the "Joint Stock Company " which cer tarn pres.dmg elders in that mission had formed professedly for the emigration of the Saints to America, but which resulted in the misuse of the people's funds. Having dissolved the Joint Stock Company, and settled the people's accounts as equitably as the case permitted, and restored the British churches to their wonted stability, these apostles returned to America, expecting to journey to the mountains in the spring of 1847 with the pioneer company, which, however, had just started at the moment of their arrival. Presidents Taylor and Pratt quickly followed with the companies that settled the valleys in 1847, and upon their shoulders principally rested the responsibility of the colony until the return of the First Presidency with the body of the Church from Winter Quarters in September, 1848. During the winter of 1847, Pariey and others explored Utah Lake and Valley' Cedar Valley and Tooele Valley. In March, 1851, he left Great Salt Lake City for the Pacific on a mission to its islands and coasts, and returned from San Francisco in May, 1853. He took a sec- ond mission to the Pacific in May, 1854, and made his headquarters at San Francisco Geor-e Q Cannon was his principal assistant on these missions, from which he returned to Salt Lake cTty in August, 1855. In September. 1856, he started on a mission to the Eastern States to labor in unison with Apostle John Taylor, who was at that time presiding over the Eastern churches, and publishing the Mormon. " In the fifty-first year of his age, while traveling in Arkansas, he was assassinated. An autobi- ography of this distinguished apostle, edited by his son, assisted by President John Taylor has been published, from which may be gathered those matters of interest concerning his life and labors • we have already culled numerous pages in Chapter LXXXVII. on our authors and poets, gi'vin- the first niche of fame to Pariey P. Pratt. ' ° WILLARD RICHARDS. On the first of December, 1836, Doctor Willard Richards was baptized at Kirtland, under the hands of President Brigham Young, in the presence of Heber C. Kimball and others', who had spent the afternoon in cutting the ice to prepare for the baptism, He was born at Ho'pkintown, Middlesex County, Mass., June 24, 1804. At the age of ten years he removed with his father's family to Richmond, in the same State, where he witnessed several sectarian revivals and offered himself to the Congregational church in that place, at the age of seventeen, having previouslv passed through the painful ordeal of conviction and conversion according to that order. In the summer of 1835, while in the practice of medicine, near Boston, the Book of Mormon which had been left with a relative at Southborough. accidently fell m his way. which was the first he j8 HIS TORY OF SAL 7 LAKE _ CIl Y. had seen or heard of the Latter-day Saints, except the scurrilous reports of the public prints, which amounted to nothing more than that "a boy named Jo Smith, somewhere out West, had found a Gold Bible." He opened the book without regard to place, and totally ignorant of its design or contents, and before reading half a page, declared that God or the devil has had a hand in that book, for man never wrote it;" read it twice through in about ten days, and so firm was his conviction of the truth, that he immediately commenced settling his accounts, selling his medicine, and freeine him- self from every incumbrance, that he might go to Kirtland, seven hundred miles west, the nearest point he could hear of a Saint, and give the work a thorough investigation ; firmly believing that if the doctrine was true, God had some greater work for him to do than peddling pills. In October, 1836, he arrived at Kirtland, where he gave the work an untiring and unceasing investigation, until the day of his baptism. He was an intimate friend and close companion of Joseph. He was in the same prison, side by side with the two martyred prophets, when they fell under a shower of bullets ; and a bare drop of his own blood mingled with theirs on that memorable occasion. The blood of his brethren that flowed copiously around him, and the mangled body of his fellow survivor. Elder John Taylor, and the hideous spectacle of painted and armed murderers, found in Dr. Willard Richards, on that occasion, an embodiment of presence of mind, of quickness of conception, and boldness of execu- tion, that will never be forgotten. During that catastrophe and the emergency into which the church was suddenly thrown. Dr. Richards felt the burthen of giving direction to the affairs of the church in Hancock County, in consequence of the absence of the Twelve Apostles. Though standing in the midst of the murderous mob at Carthage, with the mangled bodies of his martyred friends, and that of Elder Taylor, under his charge, his letters and counsels at that time indicated great self- command and judgment. His ability was happily commensurate with such an occasion. In the Spring of 1848, he was unanimously elected, by the voice of the whole church, as sec- ond councilor to the first President; eleven years previously he was chosen by revelation, through the Prophet Joseph, to be one of the Twelve Apostles, and ordained accordingly, at Preston, Eng- land, while on a mission to that country. In the Spring of 1847, he was enrolled in the memorable band of pioneers, under President Young, that first marked out a highway for the emigrating Saints to the Great Salt Lake. He sub- mitted to the hardships and privations of that rugged enterprise, in common with his associates. As a civil officer, he served as secretary to the government of the State of Deseret, and did the greatest share of the business of the secretary of the Territory of Utah after its organization, and presided over the council of the Legislative Assembly for about the same period. He was also postmaster for Salt Lake City up to the day of his death (which occurred on the nth of March, 1854), an efficient member of the emigrating fund company, general historian of the Church and founder of the Deseret A'ews. Much of the action of his life's history, with letters and official documents from his pen, is contained in the body of our book. NEWEL K. WHITNEY. The first presiding bishop of the Church in Utah was Newel Kimball Whitney, and though he died in the early days of our city, his name is too historical to be omitted in these sketches. Newel K.Whitney was born February 5th, 1795, in Marlborough, Windham County, Ver- mont. At the time when the Prophet Joseph Smith established Zion in Kirtland Whitney was a Kirtland merchant, of the firm of Gilbert & Whitney. He and his wife, so familiarly known in Mor- mon history as "Mother Whitney," belonged to that branch of the Campbellites of which Sidney Rig- don was the local head. Parley P. Pratt and other elders visited Kirtland in the fall of 1830, and converted Rigdon and his church, to which Parley himself had formerly belonged. Bishop O. F. Whitney has given a very complete sketch of his grandfather's life in the Con- tributor. We cannot follow it in full, but will quote the closing pages for their peVtinency to polyg- amy, which is the supreme Utah subject of to-day. He says ; NEWEL K. WHITNEY. jg "We have befo:e spoken of the friendship and intimacy existing between the Prophet and Bishop Whitney. This bond of affection was strengthened and intensified by the giving in marriage to the former of the Bishop's eldest daughter, Sarah, in obedience to a revelation from God, This girl was but seventeen years of age, but she had implicit faith that the doctrine of plural marriage, as revealed to and practiced by the Prophet, was of celestial origin. She was the first woman, in this dispensation, who was given in plural marriage by and with the consent of both parents. Her father himself officiated in the ceremony. The revelation commanding and consecrating this un- ion is in existence, though it has never been published. It bears the date of July 27, 1842, and was given through the Prophet to the writer's grandfather. Newel K. Whitney, whose daughter Sarah, on that day, became the wedded wife of Joseph Smith for time and all eternity. " The ceremony preceded by nearly a year the written document of the revelation on celestial marriage, which was first committed to paper on July 12, 1843. But the principle itself was made known to Joseph several years earlier. Among the secrets confided by him to Bishop Whitney while they were in Kirtland, was a knowledge of this self-same principle, which he declared would yet have to be received and practiced as a doctrine of the Church ; a doctrine so far in advance then of the ideas and traditions of the Saints themselves, to say nothing of the Gentile world, that he was obliged to use the utmost caution lest some of his best and dearest friends should impute to him improper motives. No wonder he should smite himself upon the breast which treasured up his mighty secrets, and e.xclaim, as we are told he often did : "Would to God, brethren, I could tell you who I am, and what I know! " "The original manuscript of the revelation on plural marriage, as taken down by William Clayton, the Prophet's scribe, was given by Joseph to Bishop Whitney for safe keeping. He re- tained possession of it until the Prophet's wife Emma, having persuaded her husband to let her see it, on receiving it from his hands, in a fit of jealous rage threw it into the fire and destroyed it. She triumphed in the wicked thought that she had thus put an end to the doctrine she so feared and hated— as though the parchment upon which it was written, the ink with which it was inscribed was all that made it valid or binding. But she was doubly deceived. She had not even destroyed the words of the revelation. Bishop Whitney, foreseeing the probable fate of the manuscript, had taken the precaution before dehvering it up, to have it copied by his clerk, Joseph C. Kingsbury, who is a living witness that he executed the task under the Bishop's personal supervision. It was this same copy of the original that Bishop Whitney surrendered to President Brigham Young at Winter Quar- ters in 1846-7, and from which "polygamy " was published to the world in the year 1852. " Passing by the horrible tragedy which deprived the Church of its Prophet and its Patriarch, and the almost incessant storm of persecution which raged until it culminated in the exodus of the' Saints from Nauvoo across the frozen Mississippi, in the winter of 1846, we next find the subject of our memoir at Winter Quarters, officiating as presiding bishop and Trustee-in-trust for the Church To the latter of these offices, he. in conjunction with Bishop George Miller, succeeded at the death of President Joseph Smith. Bishop Miller apostatizing, the office continued with Bishop Whitney until his death. From Winter Quarters in the spring of 1847, two of his sons, Horace K. and Orson K., went west with the Pioneers. He himself remained where his services were most needed, until the year following, when he led a company of Saints across the plains to Salt Lake Valley, ar- riving on the eighth of October. As his wagons rolled into the settlement, the General Conference of the Church was just closing. " But one more incident remains untold. It was the morning of Monday. September 23, 1850. An anxious group was gathered about the doorway of an unpretentious abode on City Creek, in what is known as the Eighteenth Ward. There are women and children weeping, and strong men struggling to control their own feelings, while administering consolation to the weaker ones and urging them to calm their fears and hope for the best. Presidents Brigham Young, Heber C. Kim- ball and others are there, e.xerting all their faith that God will spare the life of on'^e' who lies 'within stretched upon a bed of pain and suffering. Two days before he had returned home from the Temple Block, where the labors of the bishopric occupied much of his attention, complaining of a severe pain in his left side, of a character different to any he had ever felt before. It was pro- nounced billions pleurisy. He never recovered, but grew rapidly worse through the remaininding in the State of Penn- sylvania, holding the office of justice of the peace in Delaware County for forty years. On the mother's side was Robert Owen, of North Wales, who, on the restoration of Charles II., refused to take the oath of allegiance, for which he was imprisoned. He subsequently came to America, and purchased property near Philadelphia. His son Gee rge was early in life called to the public service, being elected to the Legislature of his native State, and during his lifetime holding many posts ot trust, among which was that of sheriff of Chester and Delaware Counties. The Owen family were Quakers, and from them the Mormon Bishop inherited many of his religious and character traits. He was brought up as a regular farmer, and given a thorough faimer's education. His fiither was in the habit of causmg him to read, as a constant lesson in his education, the Declaration of Independence, which so impressed his imagination that in his ardent enthusiasm he would affirm to his father that it was surely written by the inspiration of God, and his father would reply, with something of prophetic solemnity, " Edward it is too good for a wicked world." Among his father's constant instructions to him were the admonitions that he should sustain the principles of worship- ping God according to the dictates of conscience, that men should rise in life by merit only, that he must never fail in business to the putting of himself within the power of wicked men ; and, as a comprehensive rule in life, to ''be invited up but never ordered down ; " all of which he aimed to regard most religiously. Edward Hunter, sen., was, for many years, a justice of the peace, and in his native State was known as a man of marked character and integrity ; and on his death his son, though only twenty- two years of age, was proffered his father's office, but would not accept it on account of his youth. He was also offered the certain election as representative in the Legislature of Pennsylvania on the popular side — the old Federal — but refused, he being a Democrat, which political preference he faithfully maintained till his death. When about thirty years of age he removed to Chester County, where he purchased over five hundred acres of farming land, about thirty miles from Philadelphia, which he brought under the highest cultivation, and became noted as one of the best graziers in that country. Here, in 1839, he was visited by three Mormon ciders, but though they made their home in his house, he did not come into the Mormon Church until the succeeding year. Both himself and his father before him had maintained a conscientious independence of the sectarian churches. Going, however, one evening, a distance from the neighborhood to a place called Locust Grove, to affirm in behalf of a certain Mormon elder the sacred right of liberty of conscience, he made a decided stand in defence of the new faith. The trustee of the school having first challenged the elder for his views on the gospel, and then essaying to crowd him from the stand by his local influence, the honest farmer in- WILLIAM B. PRESTON. 41 dignantly arose and maintained the elders' right to preach the gospel uninterruplcd. As it was known that Hunter employed a good lawyer, and had the best character and most money of any man in the country around, he carried the day for the Mormon preacher. At night, however, sleep was interrupted by the question uppermost in his mind, "Are these men the servants of God?" Addressing the question to heaven, immediately a light appeared in his room, from the overpower- ing glory of which he hid his face. This was his first testimony to the Mormon work. Soon after this, the Mormon Prophet, — having visited Washington to invoke President Van Buren's protection of the Mormons who had just been driven out of Missouii, — returned by way of Pennsylvania, and stopped at Mr. Hunter's house. While there his host, who had been for many years interested in Swedenborgianism, asked the Prophet if he was acquainted with that doc- trine, and what was his opinion of its founder, to which he replied : " I verily believe Emanuel Swedenborg had a view of the world to come, but for daily food he perished." This visit was in 1839, but Mr. Hunter was not baptized into the Mormon Church until October of the following year, when the ordinances were administered to him by Apostle Orson Plyde, who was then on his way to Jerusalem, The summer after his baptism he "gathered" to Nauvoo, and purchased a farm of the Prophet. His wealth did much to endow the Church, for he donated thousands to the " Trustee-in-Trust," and for the assistance of the poor. He assisted the Church to the amount of fifteen thousand dol- lars during the first year. Bishop Hunter was with his people in Iheir exodus from Nauvoo, and entered the Valley with the first companies after the Pioneers. Soon afterwards, on the death of Newel K. Whitney, he became presiding bishop of the Church. Bishop Hunter died October i6th, 1883, at the age of over ninety years, beloved and respected by all. WILLIAM B. PRESTON, The present presiding bishop of the Church was born in Franklin County, Virginia, November 24, 1830. His family branch belongs to that stock of Prestons who have figured with distinction in Congress for Virginia and North Carolina. William Ballard Preston of Virginia and W. C. Preston of North Carolina were cousins of his father. When he was a boy, hearing of the gold fields in California and of the rush of men of all nations to the " Golden State," he was prompted with a great desire to see this wonderful gathering and fusion of many peoples and races. As he grew older his enthusiasm increased with the comprehension of the national importance of this marvelous migration to California; and at the age of 21, in the year 1852, he also migrated to that State, which had already become famous in the growth of our nation. After his arrival, his early enthusiasm still predominating, he took more satisfaction in beholding the geople of many nations gathered together in the founding of the new Pacific State than he did in the exciting pursuit of gold hunting ; so he turned his attention to the more healthy and legitimate life of a farmer and stock- raiser, settling in Yolo County, California. Father Thatcher's family located also in Yolo and were his adjoining neighbors. Father Thatcher was in one of the first companies of the Mormon Pioneers. He was not, how- ever, of the special pioneer band, but was in the company of pioneers under P. P. Pratt. With his family, he went from Utah to California, where he formed the acquaintance of Wm. B. Preston, who subsequently married his daughter, Harriet A. Thatcher. Having become acquainted with the Mormons, through his association with neighbor Thatcher. Wm. B. Preston was baptized by Henry G. Boyle, in the year 1857. As soon as baptized, he was called to the office of an elder and sent on a mission by George Q. Cannon, who was then presiding over the Pacific Coast mission. He was sent to labor in Upper California. Here he continued in his ministry until President Young called home all the elders and Saints in consequence of the Utah war. This was in the fall of 1857. It being too late to cross the plains that season, they traveled ^2 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. from Sacramento down the coast, by way of Los Angeles and San Barnardino, into Southern Utah, and thence to Salt Lake, at which place they arrived January ist, 1858. The company consisted of Wm. B. Preston, John B. Thatcher, A. D. Thatcher, Moses Thatcher, H, G. Boyle, Wm. H. Shearman, F. W. and C. C. Hurst, Marion Shelton, David Cannon, Mrs. Elizabeth H, Cannon (wife of George Q.) and her infant son, John Q. Cannon. There were also several families from Aus- tralia and a few families from Upper California. H . G. Boyle, who was one of the Mormon bat- talion and knew the road, was the leader of this company. Wm. B. Preston married Miss Harriet A. Thatcher, on the 24th of February, 1858, He was in the Utah exodus and went south as far as Pay son. Early in the Spring of 1858, as soon as they could travel, President Young called a company of 23 of the " boys," among whom was Wm. B. Preston, to go to Platte Bridge and bring on the goods and merchandise which had been cached there. These goods, freighted by the " Y. X. Com- pany," belonged principally to Nicholas Groesbeck. Some of the goods also had been consigned to a mountaineer to be commercially disposed of, and in the settlement with the trader a fair and honorable account was rendered of them. One of the reasons why President Young called this company was to give assurance to General Johnston and his army, that the Mormons intended to keep the treaty which h^d been made with the Peace Commissioners, which President Buchanan had sent to conclude the Utah war. But the army and its officers were suspicious, which was itself proof of the wisdom of Brigham's policy in sending out this company thus early after the conclusion of the treaty. This fact, however, was the cause of the expedition running considerable personal risk; but after some narrow escapes from the soldiers at Bridger, the company which was under Captain Groesbeck, with his efficient assist- ant, Abram Hatch, succeeded in effecting a passage to the Platte; and on their return the advance of Johnston's army had gone in, and they met no further difficulty. After his return, during thq summer of 1858, Wm. B. Preston built himself a house in Payson, making the adobes and shingles with his own hands. In consequence of the war, the people of Utah were still short of clothing and merchant goods generally, so Wm. B. Preston, with a company of others, went into California in the winter of 1858-9, and he brought in two wagons of goods for Father Thatcher. In this necessary mercantile trip into California, Wm. B. Preston had quite an eventful winter's work in crossing and recrossing the desert. He got back in the spring of 1859. Finding they had not sufficient land to cultivate of their own in Payson, the Preston and That- cher families resolved to remove into Cache Valley. In 1860-61, there was a new apportionment made by the Utah Legislature, by which Cache County was entitled to two representatives and a councilor. At the next election Bishop Preston was elected one of the representatives, Peter Maughan the other, and Ezra T. Benson councilor. The winter of 1862-63 was spent in the Legislature. In the spring of 1863, President Young called for 500 ox teams to go to the Missouri River to bring the poor across the plains. Cache Valley was called on for fifty of those teams, and Bishop Preston' was appointed their captain. This emigrational business filed up the Bishop's labors dur- ing the principal part of the remainder of that year. In 1864 Bishop Preston made another emigra- tional trip to the Missouri River, he being appointed to take charge of the teams from Cache, Box Elder and Weber Counties. In the winters of 1863-4-5 he was in the Legislature. At the April conference of 1865, Wm. B. Preston's name was among the forty-six missionaries called on missions to Europe. He was appointed by President Young to take charge of this com- pany of missionaries as far as New York. They started from Salt Lake City on the 20th of May to cross the plains in the usual manner, there being as yet no railroad any portion of the way this side of Omaha. On arriving at New York he decided to go into Virginia to visit his father and mother, whom he had not seen for thirteen years, and of whom he had heard nothing during the civil war. He found them, with hundreds of other families, broken up in their property by the devastations ol war, scarcely knowing where to get their bread. After making a short but pleasant visit with his relatives, he proceeded on his mission to England. He arrived in Liverpool Wednesday, August 23d, 1865, and was appointed to preside over the Newcastle and Durham conferences. At a conference held at Birmingham, in January, 1866, he was called to the business department of the Liverpool Office, under the direction of Presidents Brigham Young, jun. and Franklin D. Richards. President Young, by letter, had instructed his son to place the business management of the mission in the hands of Bishop Preston. For three years he labored in the office. In the fulfilment of his duties, he did the correspondence and the general FERAMORZ LITTLE. 43 business of the European mission, including that of the emigration. During his stay in England, in company with Elder Charles W. Penrose, of the Millennial Star department, and A. Miner, missionary, he visited the Paris Exposition, in August, 1867. After being on a three and a half years' mission abroad, he returned home. He left Liverpool [uly 14th, 1868, and arrived in Salt Lake City in September, bringing with him a company of 650 Saints. As soon as he came home he went out into Echo Canyon to assist in building the U. P. R. R , as one of the contractors under President Young, during that winter. On his return, he resumed his labors as bishop of Logan, and at the next election was again sent by his county to the Legislative Assembly. In 1872, John W. Young and William B Preston organized the company for the building of the Utah Northern Railroad. John W. Young was president, and Bishop Preston vice-president and assistant superintendent. (See chapter on Railroads.) In the organization of the Cache Valley Stake by President Young, in May, 1877, ('^ being the last stake the President organized) Wm. B. Preston was appointed first counsellor to President Moses Thatcher. This position he occupied until Mose'; was called into the quorum of the Twelve, when he was appointed in his stead. He was ordained President of the Stake under the hands of Apostle John Taylor and others of the Twelve. After the death of Bishop Hunter he was chosen and ordained Presiding Bishop of the Church. FERAMORZ LITTLE. Feramorz Little, fourth mayor cf Salt Lake City, was born in Aurelius, Cayuga Co., New York, June 14th, 1820. On his father's side he is of Irish descent ; on his mother's, American, she being the sister of Brigham Young. James Little emigrated Irom Ireland when he was about sixteen years of age, and settled in Cayuga County, New York State. About the year 1815 he married Susan Young, who bore him four children, namely — Edwin, Eliza, Feramorz, and James A. Little, He was killed in the fall of 1824, by his wagon going ever a sand bank as he was coming home in the darkness of the night on a narrow road, the sand bank having caved in since he last saw it. After the death of her husband, the widow Little, with her children moved to Mendon, Mon- roe County, where grandfather Young and several of his sons lived. At this time, however, her brother Brigham Young was living in Aurelius, Cayuga County, where for twelve years he followed the occupations of carpenter, joiner, painter and glazier. John Yc ung, Phineas Young and Lorenzo Young followed other branches of trade, working with their hands, while Joseph Young, who was after- wards president of all the quorums of the Seventies of the Mormon church, was a Methodist preacher. After a time widow Little was married again to William B. Stilson, and in the year 1828, her family moved from Mendon to Springwater Valley, Livingston County. In the spring of 1829, Feramorz, at his own option, went to live with a Mr. Chamberlain, while Mr. Stilson, his mother, and a portion of her children returned to Mendon. In the spring of 1829 Brigham Young removed from Aurelius to Mendon, where his father re- sided, and in the spring of 1830 he first saw the Book of Mormon, which was left with his brother Phineas Young by Samuel H. Smith, brother of the Prophet. Thus began the connection with the Mormon church of the Young family, of which Feramorz Little, on his mother's side, is its most prominent living representative. In Januarj', 1832, in company with Phineas Young and Heber C. Kimball, Brigham visited a branch of the Church at Columbia, Pennsylvania, and returned with his mind deeply impressed with the principles of Mormonism. In this state of mind he went to Canada for his brother Joseph, who was there on a mission preaching the Methodist faith. The brothers returned to Mendon and the Young family, in the spring of 1832, joined the Church of Latter-day Saints, inclidiuCT Feramorz Little's mother and his elder brother Edwin. In the fall of 1833 Brigham and his father, brothers and sisters gathered to Kirtland to the 44 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. body of the Church, but previous to their removal west Mr. Stilson visited his step-son at Spring- water to offer him the privilege of going to Kirtland, Ohio, with the rest of the family ; whereupon Mrs. Chamberlain harnessed up and drove the boy to Mendon to see his mother. The result of the visit and consultation was that his family gave him the option of going with them or returning with Mrs. Chamberlain, and he chose the latter. Thus was Feramorz Little separated from his family for twelve years, until he himself came west to Illinois in the Spring of 1842. His younger brother, James A. Little was also separated from them, he like Feramorz being left in service to another mas- ter in the State of New York ; and before James A, joined his family in Utah he had served as a subordinate officer in the regular army under General Taylor in the Me.xican war. Feramorz Little remained in Springwater and its vicmity till the spring of 1842, when, with thre e companious he started west to seek his fortunes, St. Louis being his objective point. At this time he thour'ht nothing of joining the Mormon Church, although liis uncle Brigham was President of the Twelve Apostles ; his motive was simply to go west to work out his business career in life. The companions journeyed on foot, seventy miles, to Olian Point, on the Alleghany river ; there they bought a skiff and went down the river to Pittsburgh, and from there by steamboat to Cincin- nati. At this point the travelers separated, Feramorz and a companion by the name of T. J. Irish continuing the journey together. They stopped at Shoney Town, and ne.xt went out twelve miles to the town of Equality, the county seat of Gallatin County, Illinois. There they both tarried and taught school till the fall of 1843, when they struck across the country — then uninhabited — on horseback to St. Louis. Having reached the city for which he started the year before, Feramorz Little pushed into bus- iness with that pluck and energy which has so markedly characterized his life, commencing with his stall at a convenient corner of one of the business streets of St. Louis, where he sold such articles as butter, eggs, etc. His industry, push and economy attracted the attention of a wealthy customer, who owned at that time much of the real estate of the city, numerous stores, and employed many hands. This patron offered the enterprising young man one of his stores and a fair stock of mer- chandise ; so our ex-mayor became a small merchant in the fast-growing city of St. Louis, where, undoubtedly had he remained to this day he would have become one of its principal business men, and perhaps served that city in similar capacities in its municipality as those which he has filled in our own, for Feramorz Little is eminently a self-made man. In the spring of 1844, his brother, Edwm Little, and Charlie Decker came down from Nauvoo to St. Louis to hunt up Feramorz, whom they found ; and in the fall of the same year he went up with them to Navuoo, and met his mother and his uncles whom he had not seen for twelve years. He staid with them a week and then returned to St. Louis. Soon after this his mother, his brother Edwin and wife, Harriet Decker, who was afterwards the wife of Ephraim Hanks, well known in Utah history, and her sister, Fannie M. Decker, came to live at St. Louis, where they remained a year and then returned to Nauvoo ; for their people were about to make their exodus to the Rocky Mountains. During this visit of the family to St. Louis, Feramorz Litde and Fannie M. Decker became en- gaged ; and in February, 1846, he again went from St. Louis to Nauvoo where he arrived on the I2th, and on the same day he was married by his uncle Brigham, at his house, to Fannie M. Decker. Three days later, Sunday, February 15th, Brigham Young with his family, accompanied by Willard Richards and George A. Smith and their families, crossed the Mississippi from Nauvoo and proceeded to the '' camps of Israel," which waited on the west side of the river, a few miles on the way, for the coming of their leader. Feramorz Little crossed on the same boat with his uncle Brigham, and with his wife returned to St. Louis, where they remained until the spring of 1850. It is here worthy of note that Clara Decker, wife of Brigham Young and sister of Feramorz Little's wife, and Harriet Decker, their mother (married to Lorenzo D. Young), were two of the three women who accompanied the pioneers on their famous journey to the valley of the Great Salt Lake. In the spring of 1850, Mr. Little with his wife left St. Louis for the Pacific slope, designing, however, to pass through Utah on to California there to make his home, after sojourning awhile with his family in the valley. He brought across the plains, for Livingston and Kinkade their sec- ond train of goods, which they opened in the Old Constitution building, which the Church had built to rent to that firm. He was induced to remain in Utah but he did not join the Church until 1853. His mother died in Salt Lake City, May 5th, 1852. His first business ventures in Utah, were in connection with the U. S. mail service across the plains, which he had more or less to do with for several years, to the period of the Buchanan expedition when the post office department set aside its contract with Mr. Kimball, upon which the Y. X. Company was projected. FERAMORZ LITTLE, 45 Feramorz Little was engaged in carrying the mails across the plains nearly from the onset. In 1850, Samuel W, Woodson of Independence, Missouri, contracted with the U. S. I'ost Office Depart- ment, to carry a monthly mail between that place and Salt Lake City for four years, commencing the first of July of that year. This was the first mail service performed between Salt Lake City and any point east of the Rocky Mountains, under the auspices of the Government. Afterwards Mr. Feramorz Little contracted with Mr. Woodson to carry the mail between Salt Lake City and Fort Laramie on the Platte River, for two years and eleven months, the balance of the term of the four years for which Mr. Woodson had contracted Mr. Little was to put on service August ist, 1851. In this business he associated with him Messrs. Ephraim K. Hanks and Charles F. Decker. The carriers from each end of the line were expected to meet at Laramie on the fifteenth of each month. There was at that timeno settlement between Salt Lake City and Laramie, and the only trad- ing post was Fort Bndger, no miles east of Salt Lake City. The four hundred miles between Fort Bridger and Laramie was at first run without any station or change of animals. There was afterwards a trading post established at Devil's Gate which afforded the mail carriers further facilities, Messrs. Little and Hanks, as per contract, leit Salt Lake City on the first of August with the eastern mail and extra animals with which to stock the road. We cannot follow in detail Mr. Little's eventful and romantic experience as a contractor and carrier of the mails in those early days amid dangers among the Indians and the storms of winter; suffice it to say that in the mail servicR he won a name for grit, energy and expedition second to that of none of the mail carriers of those days who ran between the Missouri River and the Pacific Coast. In December, 1856, when the mail contractor Magraw failed to bring in the mails, the post- master of Great Salt Lake City made a special contract with Mr. Little to take the mail east to the terminal point, Independence, Missouri ; and while on this service the Y. X. Company for carrying the mails having been started he was chosen by the company to take charge of their returning mails. It was while on his trip to Washington at this time, relative to the postal service, that the Drummond charges burst upon the country, resulting in the Buchanan expedition ; whereupon Mr. Little, hav- ing with Mr. Hanks carried the last mail from Salt Lake City to the States, made a statement to the public, through the New York Herald, on Utah affairs. [See chapter XVI, on tlie mail service and the Utah war.] In 1854-S, Mr. Little superintended the construction of the Big Cottonwood Canyon wagon road, and the erection of five saw mills on the canyon stream. The company that constructed that road were Brigham Young, D. H. Wells, A. O. Smoot, Frederick Kesler, Charles F. Decker and F. Little. The company afterwards divided up, and Little went into the lumber business on his own, account, which he finally sold to Armstrong & Bagley. During the period of the building of this road he also built the Territorial penitentiary ; and in 1858, he superintended the building of the first passable wagon road in Provo Canyon. In 1863, he went to Florence as emigration agent for the Church, where he spent the whole summer superintending the outfitting of 500 hundred wagons and 4,000 Latter-day Saint emigrants for Utah. In February, 1864, in connection with Brigham Young, he purchased the Salt Lake City House, himself becoming its proprietor for the succeeding seven years. In 1868-Q, he was engaged in railroad work on the Union Pacific, and afterward became promi- nentlv identified with the Utah Central and Utah Southern, of which latter line for a number of years he was superintendent. His name repeatedly occurs in our local railroad history. He was one of the founders and directors of the Deseret National Bank, and is now its vice-president. The most unique episode of Mr. Little's life was his visit to Jerusalem among the Jerusalem missionaries which started from Salt Lake City in October, 1872. Of his connection with our municipal government it may be briefly summarized that in 1874 Feramorz Little was elected a councilor; in 1876 the mayor of Salt Lake City. He served the city as its mavor three terms, and, as observed in the body of this history, his administration of munic- ipal affairs was acceptable to all classes of the citizens. Many improvements were made in public works, and the financial business of the municipality was well conducted. He retired ftom office at the election of 1882. 46 HIS TOR Y OF SAL T LAKE CITY. JAMES SHARP Ex-mayor of Salt Lake City was born at Falkirk, Stirlingshire, Scotland. He is tue son of Bishop John Sharp, the railroad king of Utah, whose assistant superintendent he is. The family left Scotland and came to America in 1848, stayed in St. Lxjuis till the spring of 1850, when they took up their line of march for Salt Lake City, where they arrived in August of the same year. James Sharp is the second son ; his brother John is the elder. They have both been to England on missions. James went in 1867 and came home in the fall of 1869, He labored in Scotland and was president of the Edinburgh Conference. He went again in 1875, labored in the Liverpool office, and, during this mission he traveled over the Continent of Europe. 'l"o send a sound-headed young man like James Sharp (who came into these mountains at the age of seven), on a tour through Europe, was equivalent to giving him a revolution of ideas. He says that he discovered that there was something outside of Utah, and also something even outside of the United States; and, as to himself he learned the very salutary lesson that he knew nothing in comparison to the knowledge of the greai world. Some of our young elders, in whom the love of home is a pardon- able weakness, have gone abroad and have returned discovering nothing outside our mountain Zion ; but these practical men, who build railroads and travel over them, get their veneration and self- esteem sadly disciplined down to the common time and measure. But they are the better class of men to grapple with our issues of the future. James Sharp was elected to the Legislature from Salt Lake County in 1878. He has served a number of terms as a member of the House, and in the session of 1884 was elected Speaker. On his retiring from the office of Mayor of Salt Lake City, the Salt Lake Herald said : " The people of Salt Lake part reluctantly with their late Mayor, Hon James Sharp, who re- tired from office last evening. When Mr. Sharp accepted the place two years ago the Herald predicted a successful administration. We knew the man. and could safely put forth the prediction. The record of the city government for two years has more than verified our words, for Mr. Sharp has proven himself a most capable, energetic and progressive head of the municipality. Being familiar with the city, its needs and capabilities, he knew what could be done for its advancement and good, and was ever in the lead of movements having for their object the best interest of Salt Lake. His thorough business knowledge and training, and his excellent practical ideas of men, measures and things, have proven of incalculable value to the corporation. As illustrating this in one particular, it may be mentioned that notwithstanding the many and costly street improvements that have been made during the year, which include many miles of grading, and though there have been heavy public expenditures in other directions, as for City Creek Canyon, for the increase of the water supply, and so on, water bonds to the amount of ^50,000 have been redeemed, and the floating debt of the corporation been reduced fully ^50,000, Wise economy as distinguished from parsimony, has been a characteristic of Mayor Sharp's administration, and the result has been that while the city government has been carried on in a manner not at all suggestive ot stinginess, but rather of progressiveness, the corporation has saved money. The Mayor's idea has evidently been that it was better to expend less and get the full value of the money, than to indulge in extravagance and the people not obtain all they paid for. The Mayor's close attention to the details of the cor- poration's affairs involving the outlay of means, is what has told so well in Mr. Sharp's financial administration. " It is not the Herald's purpose to enumerate the public improvements that have been made during Mayor Sharp's term, nor to tell of what has been accomplished under his successful administra- tion ; but there are two things which we think should be mentioned here. One of them is the bringing of water on to the north bench from Dry Canyon, and the consequent practical relief of the distressed people of that section. We have reason to know that a grateful feeling towards Mr. Sharp and the late council is entertained by many of the " Dry Benchers." If nothing more had been accomplished by the retiring city government than securing to the city of the ownership of City Creek Canyon, that alone would have placed the present and future generations under great obligations to Mayor Sharp and associates. The value of the purchase cannot be estimated in dol- ^\^ J/U^y^yU^AJ r .77/^1^, FRANCIS ARMSTRONG. 47 lars, as it insures to the city for all time and with none to dispute, tlio absolute control of the cor- poration's only pure water supply. ■' James Sharp was the Herald's candidate for Mayor two years ago, and his record lias been such that this paper is proud that it advocated his election and stood by his administration. The gentleman may also retire with the perfect assurance that he enjoys the gratitude, the esteem and the confidence of the public he has served so faithfully, and with so much ability, intelligence and in- tegrity. It is ever a pleasant thing to be able to conscientiously approve the course of a public offi- cer when he retires, and in Mr. Sharp's case it is doubly enjoyable." FRANCIS ARMSTRONG. One of the most prominent of the business men of Salt Lake City is its present Mayor, Francis Armstrong. He is emphatically a self-made man, and his present position as the chief magistrate of our city is a substantial mark of the estimation of the general public of his probity and executive ability. Francis Armstrong is by birth an Englishman. He was born at Plainmiller, county of North- umberland, England, October 3d, 1839, being the son of William Armstrong and Mary Kirk. For seven generations his family were natives of Northumberland. His father was a machinist, and he worked in the Stevenson & Harthorn machine shop in Newcastle-on-Tyne, building the first loco- motives made in England — namely, the Rabbit and Comet. In the year 1851, the Armstrong family left England for Canada, and settled near Hamilton, Wentworth County, where his father and mother still live. Their family consisted of the parents and twelve children. Our Mayor left his home in Canada and came to the United States in 1858, and made his way to Richmond, Missouri, where he engaged in a saw mill for a man by the name of Dr. Davis, and continued in the lumber business with him until the spring of 1 861, when he started west for Utah. During his residence at Richmond he formed a familiar acquaintance with David Whitmer, one of the witnesses of the Book of Mormon, and from Whitmer and his family, he received their per- sonal testimony of the coming forth of that book and its divine origin. Mr. Armstrong crossed the Plains in one of the independent companies, under the command of Captain Duncan. There were three teams which started from Richmond for Utah, two ox teams and a mule team. The company consisted of widow Russell from Canada, wife of Isaac Russell, one of the first missionaries to England, with her four daughters and a son, William Wanless and wife, now of Lehi, three young men, Andrew Grey, William Jemmerson, and Francis Armstrong. These journeyed together up to Florence and started from that place immediately after Captain Dun- can's train, with which they quickly united and traveled with him across the Plains, and arrived in Salt Lake City about the middle of September, i86i. Not long since the three families which started from Richmond, numbering eleven persons, had a reunion, and found that they number to- day seventy-eight souls living and ten dead. This example will illustrate what Mormon emigration does in peopling these valleys, and how impossible it would be to root up such a community. On his arrival in Utah Mr. Armstrong commenced hauling wood from Mill Creek Canyon for a gentleman by the name of Mousley. He next engaged to work in President Young's flouring mill, at the mouth of Parley's Canyon. In the spring of 1862 he commenced in the lumber busi- ness for Mr. Feramorz Little in his mill in Big Cottonwood Canyon. He worked for him seven years, at the expiration of which time Armstrong purchased Little's mill, paying him ^21,000 for his claim, and started in business for hipself in partnership with Mr. Bagley, under the firm name of Armstrong & Bagley. He also entered into partnership with Latimer, Taylor and Romney. This firm was originally started by Thomas Latimer, George H. Taylor, Charles F. Decker and Zenos Evans, in the lumber business and the manufacturing of doors and sash. In 1869, a new partnership was formed, consisting of Latimer, Tavlor, Folsom and Romney. The two latter gentle- 4^ HISTORY OF SAL7 LAKE CITY. men, under the firm name of Folsem & Roniney, had been the leading contractors and builders of the city. After a successful business of several years, during which this company built a number of orrr principal stores and dwellings, Mr. Folsom sold his interest to Mr. Francis Armstrong. The company then jjurchased the grounds where they now are, put up a large saw mill and continued to run under the name of Latimer, Taylor & Co., until the death of the senior partner, Mr. Latimer, Fn October, 1881, when the remaining partners purchased the interest of their former partner and changed the firm to Taylor, Romney & Armstrong. Mr. Armstrong has engaged in numerous lines of trade and btKiness and has beconne known as one of the most enterprising meii of our Territory, as well as being one of the most substantial in his financial rating. In 1872, he purchased the old KinTball flour mill, which he ran for a num- ber of years until the incorporation of the Pioneer Rolling Mill, when he became one of i's incor- porators. He has taken pride in introducing thorough bred horses and cattle. Mountain DelJ Farm is said to be the best stock farm in the country, and he has stocked it with thoroughbreds. Of horses and cattle of this grade he owns 80 head. Several of his race horses are quite famous. The record of Mr. Armstrong in public affairs is recognized by our citizens with general ap- proval, both for its integrity and capacity. He has served both Salt Lake City and Salt Lake County. In 1878 he was elected a member of the city council, and he was again elected in 1880. In August, 1881 he was elected one of the selectmen of the county court and served a term of three years, and in 1885 he was again elected a selectman. Towards the close of the year 1885. when it became known that Mr. James Sharp was about to retire from office, the public eye looked around for a strong practical man suitable to take the helm of our city government in these trouble- some times, and very quickly it was decided that Francis Armstrong was the " coming man," and thus it proved to beat the election in February, 1B86, Of the event, the Salt I>ake Herald SMd: " The election of Mr. Armstrong to the office of Mayor of Salt Lake City not only does that gentleman honor, but it is a tribute to that class of our community, of which the People's party is so largely composed, men of brawn and muscle, who have made their own fortunes by the persistent energy with which they have fought obstacles and beaten down barriers to their progress. Frapk Armstrong was an obscure boy, raised in the family of Hon. Feramorz Little, and engaged in the mountains lumbering for that gentleman. A few years ago he was a driver of " bull " teams, but his never tiring industry has won for him substantial wealth in pretentious, real estate, flouring and lumbering mills, stock farms, railroad and other stocks and bonds, etc. In the accumulation of his property, he has acquired that practical experience which has qualified him to execute public trusts imposed upon him in the most creditable manner. As a city councilor, and a county selectman his record is among the best ever made in this city and county. From his past record, we may, there- fore, confidenUy expect the future to add to his popularity, and that his ariministration as chief ex- ecutive of Salt Lake City will he crowned with that signal success which has thus far followed him through life." ALEXANDER C. PYPER. With the general approbation of all classes of citizens, in 1874, Alderman .'Mexander C. Pyper was appointed Judge ot the Police Court of Salt Lake City. The appointment of Judge Pyper to this important position was very acceptable to the Gentiles and seceders, for he bore a character of unswerving impartiality. True, he was a Mormon, but, in his own words, the stamp of his admin- istration had been given. He said : "My education and religion have taught me to deal fairly and justly towards all men, under the /aw, irrespective of their conditions or opinions, and regardless of offenses." It was also peculiarly satifactory to the " authorities " that Judge Pyper was so acceptable to the general public on the retirement of Judge Clinton, for there was at that moment a fast growing de- sire among all classes to see the city under a management suitable to the changed times, and espec- ALEXANDER C. PYPER. 4^ ially to have an unsectarian adminstratlon of the law. 'I'he Third United States Judicial Court had become quite an ecclesiastical inquisition, where the constant questions put by the United States Pros- ecuting Attorney, and allowed by the Chief Justice, and indeed often put by him, especially in "McKean's reign," were : " Are you a Mormon ? Have you been through the Mormon Endow- ment House? Do you i}f//>i'< that polygamy is a divine revelation?" etc. This became so finely drawn between the Chief Justice and the Prosecuting Attorney that it had no practical limit to the person guilty of polygamy, but was extended to those merely guilty of the condition o{ faith in Mormonism. And these questions were also constantly put not only to jurors, but to applicants for United States citizenrhip. It was this condition of thmgs that rendered Judge Pyper's words jusf quoted so pertinent ; and in all his administration he made good those words. Juig3 Pypsr was a native of Ayreshire, Scotland. He emigrated to the United States when a boy and subsequently graduated at Jones' Commercial College of St, Louis, Mo. From 1853 to 1858 he conducted a very successful mercantile business at Council Bluffs, Icwa, and at Florence, Nebraska, being one of the principal founders of the last named place — and assisted in the Church emigration matters at that point, under the direction of H. S. Eldredge, for a period of four years. He moved to Utah in 1859, and in i860 built a chemical manufacturing laboratory, producing, in large quantities, a number of useful articles, used principally in heme manufactures. In August, 1874, he was elected police justice of the Fifth Precinct of this city, a position which' he held to the time of his death. It is in this capacity, probably, that he is most widely known in this vicinity. As a rule the duties of this position are anything but satisfactory, and it is one which is open to much abuse, and one which can be greatly abused. But Judge Pyper combined those rare characteristics which enabled him always to acquit himself with dignity and to maintain his self-re- spect. So fair and impartial had been been his course, so great a friend had he been to right, and' so an.vious to be just to all, that, despite the disagreeable character of the office he won for himself in its administration, the respect of every person, and was admired and feared alike by those of his own faith and those whose religious views were diametrically opposed to his own. While many may occupy the position he has left vacant, very, very few can fill it. For sixteen years he had been a member of the city council of Salt Lake, and in this, as in all other sphtres. distinguished himself for his good, sound judgment, his zeal in the public welfare, and his integrity to the trusts reposed in him. In June, 1877, he was appointed bishop of the Twelfth Ward of this city, and won for himself the affection and love of those over whom he presided. Of late years he took a great deal of inter- est in the production of silk, and has probably contributed more towards the establishment of the silk industry than any other individual. His life has been one of unceasing activity, not only in personal pursuits but in the interest of the public. In the latter he has displayed especial assiduity. Possessed of a clear and far-reaching mind, his judgment was necessarily sound, and was highly valued by all who knew him. He was free, fair and liberal, and his mind was so constituted that his perceptions of right and wrong were always clear. He had also a faculty of being on the right side, and of being a fearless and con- sistent defender of what he believed to be just : hence he made the office of police justice — usually degraded — an office clothed with dignity which commanded respect. He was homely in his manner, good-natured and generous; and in his death an unmistakable loss will be felt which can only be made up with great difficulty. On the evening of his death the city council met to draft resolutions of respect to, the memory of the deceased. Mayor Jennings and the members of the council generally spoke with great feeling. The mayor stated that the object of the meeting was to afford the council an opportunity to express their respect and esteem for their fellow-laborer. Judge Pyper's position in our municipality is at present occupied by h"s son, George D. Pyper. ja HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CJTY. HENRY W. LAWRENCE Was born July i8tb. 1835, near Toronto, Canada. When Joseph Smith, the Mormon Prophet, took his mission to Canada, he, with John Taylor, who had joined the Church in the British province, visited Toronto, and among their converts were Edward Lawrence und Margaret his wife, the parents of the subject of this sketch. In 1838 the Lawrences moved to Illinois to join the body of the Saints, hut in 1840, the father died at Lima, from which place the family removed to Kauvoo. In 1850 the mother and children crossed the plains to Salt Lake City. After having served as a clerk for several of the pioneer firms, Mr. Lawrence, in the spring of 1859, went into business with his brother-in-law, John B. Kimball, a Gentile, who was known as a prominent merchant of Salt Lake City befoie the period of the Utah war. Soon the firm of Kim- ball & Lawrence became famous both at " home and abroad," for its commercial integrity, solidity and prudence. John Kimball, though a gentile merchant, had always been on the most friendly terms with the Mormon people, to whom he was so nearly related, and was as faithful as any brother in paying his tithing to the Church, and as hberal as a prince in his donations to the poor. Undoubt- edly, however, it was Lawrence who gave to the firm its substantial influence with the community, for the strict moral life and uprightness of character of the young merchant, coupled with his e.\cel- lent commercial ability, established him at once in the public regard and in the confidence of Presi- dent Young. The record of Mr. Lawrence in connection with the Godbeite movement has been given in the general history, but this gentleman has since figured considerably in the political action of the Gen- tiie " Liberal party," being in this particular the exception from his compeers. Nevertheless, Henry W. Lawrence stands high in the public mind for his integrity, and is still respected by the Mormon people, who, however, regret his subsequent anti-Mormon course, while they do not so much con- demn his record as a Mormon reformer. But the course of Mr. Lawrence is altogether and pre-eminently acceptable to the Gentile portion of the community. He prides himself in being represented purely as an American citizen rather than by his early connection with the Mormon people. Mr. Lawrence was among the eailiest and ablest of our citv fathers, and lie was also Territorial marshal. WILLIAM S. GODBE. William's. Godbe, who was a member of our city council coteinporary with Mr. Lawrence, was born in London, England, June 26th, 1833. Endowed with much natural daring and that ele- ment of selfhood which so eminently characterizes all self-made men, these qualities manifested themselves in his early youth in leading him to choose the adventurous life of a sailor. His consti- tutional daring and natural love of enterprise, coupled with his organic sympathy for the grand and expansive, owned the charms of the inighty waters ; but it was chiefly the desire of travel to see the classical wonders of the great world that induced the boy to go to sea. Thus, early in youth, he read with the passion of a poetic nature of the classic lands, and longed to visit them himself. He had absorbed books on Egypt, Greece, Turkey and Russia and other places of historic interest, and was specially captivated with the question between the Creek and the Turk. He sailed up tl.e Mediterrancxn, visitjd Ejypt and the Grecian Isles, and was for awhile in Constantinople, Southern Russia and the Danube. He also went to the co^st of Africa, to Brazil and Northern Europe. When the ship which bore him ncared some famous place, he was full of enthusiasm, and felt repaid for the toils and monotony of the sea if permitted to land r.nd revel in the historic scenes WILLIAM S. GO DBF. 51 familiar to the dreams of his youth. He spent some time in France, Germany and Denmark and (luring his sea hfe njjre tlian onre experience! the disaster of shipwreck. Rut, apirt from this ar- dent desire to sec the world, a nautical life was most unsuited to William S Godbe, who is a man of eminent aspirations and rare idealities. He would have soon reached the rank of captain, and, doubtless sailed his own ship, but in manhood's aspiring days, he never ccu!d have been satisfied with an unhunianizcd and unpeopled ocean. It was fortunate, therefore, for the general usefulness of his life, that at an early period his instinct for adventure was corrected and his constitutional am- lition directed to broader life purposes. His apprenticeship to the sea not having quite expired, \ oung Godbe had to render service for a limited period to a shipchandler — which his captain had become— at Hull. There his life was one of severe drudgery and stingy fare. From day to day he dragged his truck, laden with ship stores, to the docks ; and it was while thus engaged that he was first attracted by the preaching of a Mormon elder. The pre-ichcr possessed considerable talent, and his themes were at once bold and new. Young Godbe was immediately captivated, and he com- menced a course of Mormon reading with the same avidity that he had before read books on travel. Parley P. Pratt's writings charmed him greatly, as they have charmed tens of thousands of ardent minds. The poetic fire of Parley's pen, dealing with the most glorious themes of prophecy, wrought up this youth's mind to a high pitch of inspiration and enthusiasm. A grand life of prophetic ro- mance opened before him in this wonderful Mormonism, as he pulled his cart through the streets of Hull, lost in glorious dreams. At the Mormon meetings the youth "bore his testimonv, " ofttimes with such a passionate fervor and inspiration as to astonish strangers present. Mormonism was al- most a miracle to them in that lad. After a time, young Godbe left Hull in a vessel to visit his mother in London. On the passage he got into conversation with a man of intelligence on the subject of religion, to whom he began in glowing phrases to tell the story of the restored gospel in all its former power and purity. " Stop," said his fellow passenger, interrupting him. " Is your name William ?" "Yes," was the answer. And then the man told the youth that a short time before, in response to much prayer and fasting, an angel had appeared to him in a vision and said that he would meet a boy by the name of Wiiliapi who would tell him what to do, and that he was to give heed to his words. On their arrival in Lon- don, the man was baptized into the Mormon Church. The history of Mormonism in England is full of such incidents. These episodes are told of the boy's life to illustrate that William S. Godbe in his youth was deeply captivated with Mormonism ; for the fact also explains something of the part he has since played in Utah as the leader of a spiritual movement with his compeer. Elder Elias Harrison. Thus viewed, his commercial career expresses the direction of his life rather than his essential character and mission in society. William S. Godbe soon emigrated to America to join the body of his people in the performance of their wonderful work of fjunding Utah. Lantling in New York from Liverpool with but little means — the earnings of the passage — the stripling boldly set out on foot to walk the entire distance to Salt Lake City. E.xcepting the journey from Buffalo to Chicago, which was performed on the lakes, he measured every step of the road to the frontiers, from which point he worked his way across the Plains in a merchant train. After his arrival in Salt Lake City in 1851, he engaged with Thomas S. Williams, a first class merchant, and in a few years, the youth whose energy and uncommon " grit " had made on foot a journey of thousands of miles, had himself grown to be one of the most substantial men in the Mor- mon community. In the early days of Utah, an agent to go east and purchase goods for the people was a necessity and W. S. Godbe was the man of their choice, for already his public spirit was recognized and ap- preciated by the community, even in a commercial career, where a public spirit is truly uncommon. Yearly, he went east on the people's commercial business as well as his own. The day of starting was advertised in season, and then men and women from all parts of the Territory thronged his ofiftce with their commissions. Thus, Mr. Godbe purchased hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of goods for the people of Utah, and the arrival of his trains give periodical sensa'ions to the city, so many being personally interested. Prior to the completion of the Union Pacific Railroad, Godbe made no less than twenty-four trips across the Plains to the Missouri River, besides several passages to California by the Northern, Central and Southern routes, aggregating a distance of nearly 50,000 miles— performed for the most part on horseback and with his own c( nveyance. In some instances, only one man would accompany 52 HISTORY OF SAL! LAKE CITY. ^\\m, owing to the hostility of the Inchans, he deeming it safer to go that way tlian to attract atten- tion by a large party. He has also crossed the Atlantic seventeen times. This popular merchant was also the first who brought down prices. When there were any com- mercial aims to specially benefit tlie people, Mr. Godbe took the lead \n working them out. In the ;Case in question, he purchased a large stock of goods to be sold off immediately at cost and freight. .thus bringing down prices to a figure never before known in Utah. The result of this venture bene- fitted the community more than it did the public-spirited merchant; but benevolence was the policy of his life, not only in his private but also in his commercial character. ', Mr. Godbe, having by this time accumulated a substantial fortune, erected the ''Godbe Ex- change Buildings," which, with Jennings' " Eagle Emporium," first gave an important commercial appearance to Salt Lake City ; and the Walker Brothers soon af.erwards followed the example in (erecting their fine stores and palatial residences. But William Godbe's crowning mArk in our Rocky Mountain civilization was in his becoming t,he patron of literature. It is true, from first to last, his civilizing mission has cost him a fortune — not less than two hundred thousand dollars — but it is just which will give him an enduring name, not only in Utah, but among America's representative men ; for the patrons of literature live for generations classed in the same genus with the architects and fjunders of civilizatioi. WALKER BROTHERS. The career o/ the Walker brothers has constituted no inconsiderable part of the commercial history of Utah. In their sphere they are pre-eminently among her founders ; and without their rec- ord as a family and a firm, the social and commercial history of our city would be very incoinplete ; ivhile each of the brothers has a strong individual line of p>ersonal subject for biography that dis- tinguishes them to-day apart from the firm name. • The native place of the Walkers is the town of Yeadon, Yorkshire, England. Tlieir father's hnme was Matthew Walker ; their mother's maiden name was Mercy Lone. They had si.x children — four sons and two daughters. Samuel Sharpe Walker, the eldest of the sons, was born September 22d, 1834; ]oseph Robinson Walker, born August 29th, 1836; David Frederick Walker, born April tgth, 1838, and Matthew Henry Walker, born January i6th, 1845, all of the town of Yeadon, York- shire, England. ; The elder Walker had amassed a competency in his extensive business transactions and he re- hired from business in 1845; but in 1847 he went into railroad speculations under Hudson, the Eng- lish railroad king of those times, and lost his fortune. It was during his days of adversity that the family became connected with the Mormon ]x;ople, which was the direct cause of their emigration from their native land. In the spring of 1830, the mother with her four sons and two daughters embarked at Liverpool in a s.ailing vessel bound for New Orleans, being nine weeks on the ocean ; and thence by steamboat they cantinued their journey to St. Louis. Mr. Walker himself came to America by way of New York. On his arrival at St. Louis he commenced to purchase merchant goods by auction. In fol- lowing this line of business he became acquainted with Mr. William Nixon, a gentleman quite fa- mous in the early cominercial history of Utah. Mr. Walker sold goods to Mr. Nixon, with whom he placed his son David F. Walker as a clerk in "Nixon's Store," No. 13, Broadway, St. Louis. At this period Mr. John Clark and Mr. Dan Clift had graduated as clerks under Mr. Nixon, but they left for Utah at this date. In St. Louis, J. R. Walker and S. S. Walker obtained positions under Mr. Hill a merchant of that city ; thus the three elder of the Walker Brothers commenced their commercial training at St. Louis. But Mr. Walker, the father, did not survive long in America. He died in St. Louis at the age of thirty-four, and within six weeks after his death his two daughters were carried off by the cholcr.\ yvhich was then raging in that city. WALKER BROTHERS. jj Shortly after this family bereavement. Mrs. Walker with her four sons concluded to go to Utah. They ardved in Salt Lake City, in September, 1852. Immediately upon dieir arrival Mr. William Nixon commenced his career as a Utah n^erchant and the youth David F. Walker began with him as a clerk ; J. R. Walker also soon engaged with Mr. Nixon while the eldest brother, Samuel Sharpe Walker, went into farming life. It was at this period that the foundation of Utah's commerce was laid, William Nixon being decidely one of its founders and the commercial teacher of nearly all our first principal merchants : the Walker Brothers, Henry W. Lawrence, John Clark, John Chislett, Din Clift, and others. In 1826, Mr. Nixon was called with other colonists to go to Carson, Nevada, to settle and build up that country. Joseph R. Walker was engaged by Ni.xon to go through in charge of his merchant train and also to take general charge of his business. After the breaking up of the Nixon store in Salt Lake City and the departure of his brother "Rob," "Fred" went into farming, in which pursuit the elder brother, " Sharpe," was still engaged. While at Carson Joseph R. Walker frequently went to California to purchase goods for Nixon which he packed over the mountains on mules, there being no other way of transporting goods over the Sierra Nevada Mountains. While at Carson, just below where Carson City is now located, he took a small stock of goods and started a store in Gold Canyon, which lies near the present Corn- stock Lode at Johnstown, where a few miners were at work taking out placer gold. During the winter of 1856, while he resided there, the two Gouche brothers were at Gold Canyon workhig a placer claim, and having had some experience in silver mines in Mexico, they prospected the hills around Gold Canyon and brought in some silver ore; no doubt to them belongs the honor of beinederick 44, and Matthew Henry 38. They have been able for some time to draw checks with seven figures, and their commercial standing is such, that if another were added their paper would be honored. Their growth has been steady, and their interests have been and are attached to Utah with hooks of steel. There is nothing ephemeral, nothing flighty or even specula- tive in their record. Sound business principles have been their helm, and sound business honor, 1 as been their guiding star. No one has a rightful claim upon them wliich will not be jiromptly met and adjusted upon JOSEPH R. WALKER. 55 presentation. No one can show a flaw in llie armor of tliese financial giants, whose four heads are practically one, whose interests are thoroughly identified with this region, and whose success is in- dicative of the growth of the surrounding country. To have achieved such a position, to have ac- complished such results, it is clear that vast executive aVjility has been utilized. To attempt to ex- plain the cause of such unqualified success by attributing it to fortuitous circumstances, is puerile to a degree, only appreciated by those who, like the writer, are cognizant of the untoward environ- ment. The determination manifested, the hard labor expended, the privations endured by these men can never be known, unless they choose to detail their experience in these paiticulars. The tenacity displayed by many of our self-made men, and the trying circumstances attendant upon their progress through life, have been delineated by histriographers fqr the instruction of the youthful mind the world over, but in many respects the history of the men of whom we speak, is vastly different from all others. It is unnecessary to rehearse the many vicissitudes which form a part of the checkered history of the Territory of Utah. It is to be regretted that these vicissitudes have afforded scope for sensa- tion-mongers, who have been, and are, the great stumbling-block in the path of progress; but it is stating the fact to say that the history of the Walker Brothers has been so intimately interwoven with the Territorial existence as to render them a very important factor. Their influence has ever been on the side of progress. Their growth has been the harbinger of success to all. Their exem- plary commercial rectitude has given character to Utah enterprises everywhere. So much of this is due to Joseph R. Walker, so much of his personality has been stamped upon the current result of his consistent adherence to well-tried commercial principles, that he stands in the minds of the people as the very head and front of Utah's representative men, far above the reach or understanding of a few petty demagogues, whose inherent insolence inspires them to attain to honors as inappropriate as they are to them unattainable. The crises through which our Territory has passed are numerous, and the sound judgment of this genUeman has always maintained its equilibrium, at critical junctures which have turned the heads of many prominent men of our times. His interests have for a long time been very extended. and his views have always been comprehensive ani entirely free from that unprincipled radicalism, which has been the curse of this Territory. His mind was always clear. His ideas were always based on practical experience and keen insight into human nature. He never faltered, never failed to stand true to his colors, and never viewed .anything from one standpoint alone. He was quite reticent, very thoughtful and observant, ever on the alert to convince himself of the truth of his position, or to undo the falsity he may have accepted. A close and intelligent contact with the various interests of our Territory, has given him a thorough knowledge of everything pertaining to its material welfare, and has developed his exper- ience to a point of perfection, which always leads to rational and conservative observation. Totally unlike many superficial observers, he has had at all times great faith in humanity, and human c.i- pacity to right itself under atl circumstances. He has never seen the necessity of radical me.isures, and consequently has failed to gain the admiration of a small circle of irresponsibles, whose respect he however, holds against their will. The influence of petty cliques is fortunately growing "smaller by degrees and beautifully less," for which let us rejoice. No man has had greater cause to appreciate the importance of cool demeanor and constant vigilance, as they have served him faithfully in many trying situations, and kept him from extremes which good judgment thus always warned him against. If Mr. Rob, Walker, as the head of the influential firm of Walker Brothers, had but listened to the various schemes proposed by the different cliques which have held ephemerally the destinies of Utah in their hands, and had countenanced any one of the many schemes which the authors thereof would now blush to name, our thriving commonwealth would have been in a fir less desirable condition. Men wlio, from the standpoint of intellectual strength alone would have been accounted his equal in every respect, have been compelled to differ with h'.m as to what was his duty in this or that crisis, and it would have been as difficult to change their base at that time as it would be now to persuade them to admit that they were the progenitors of schemes long since dead of unfitness. What was it, then, which gave this man such breadth of comparison, such impartial and cosmopol- itan comprehension ? What was it which always caused him to move slowly when others advised dashing impetuosity ? Simply, common sense— that quality of which the average agitator knows nothing— thast cautious foresight which bids you "look beTore you leap," ^6 HIS70RY OF SALT LAKE CITY. When men at tlie foot of fortune's ladder, and who are too often at the bottom of everythinpf through the force of gravitation, become desperate and recklessly advocate ''anything for a change," it is well that others, who occupy a more elevated position, should be allowed to say a word in moderation, and in such instances calm judgment seems to be given only to those entrusted with vast interests, the care of whicli has developed qualities unknown to the blatant advocate of revo- lution. When the countenance of solid men is witliheld from certain schemes, and the fi^ct becomes apparent that whatever endorsement is given is inider protest, such schemes lose force, and either recoil upon their creators or die of vacuity. Such men as Walker Brothers are as much of a necessity in the political weal of Utah, as the free air and pure water j^re to physical life. Their influence has naturally been toward conservatism. Radical and revengeful projects could never be- endorsed by men whose interests were as extended as those controlled by the subject of our sketch, and it should never be forgotten that the wise utter- ances of a few clear-headed ones, chief among whom was Mr. Joseph R. Walker, have quietly averted dangers unknown of and unheard of by many of the plodding citizens of this mountain region. Always independent, never vacillating, this gentleman his walked steadily to a line of con- duct which does him honor,. and which as surely as the rising of the sun will continue until the few self-sufficient ones who " strut their brief hour upon the stage " awaiting admiration, are lost in the vastness of their own appreciation. The great public well kncws the character of Mr. Walker; the better elements of our community know his worth, and his influence is far beyond what he him- self comprehends, so that the near future must demand his services in positions to which his am- bition would never lead him. We congratulate Utah on the possession of such men as Mr. f. R. Walker, and we feel proud that our representatives come from such stock. We have asked the attention of the chief magistrate to his peculiar fitness for gubernatorial honors, and we have never swerved in our faith that fitting recognition-will be made of the eminent services of this gentleman. When the proper times comes, we believe we shall have the pleasure of greeting Utah's most eminent citizen, GOVERNOR JOSEPH R. Walker. " For ever ihe right comes uppermost, .'\nn ever is justice done." DAVID F. vv.-\lkp:r. In the establishing of the firm of the Walker }5rothers David Frederick Walker was, as we have .seen for many years shoulder to shoulder with his brothers in all the activities and business aspira- tions of their house ; but the time came when a revolution was wrought in his life which has led him apart from his' brothers into another sphere and retyped his character end purposes. The cause was his earnest and fearless investigation of the subject of another life, resulting in an extraordinary exper- ience that has brought to him a knowledge of immortality, to his mind beyond all doubt and given him a familiar association with beings of another world. This experience was prob.ably superinduced by the death of his wife, about ten years ago, and her often visitation to him since. With such ex- periences as these, Mr. Walker was not the man to shrink from the responsibility of declaring the truth to his friends or hesitating to take up the mission of his intellectual and spiritual new birth. He was still the business man, but business for the mere accumulation of money had lost it charms; and the aspiration daily grew in his soul to devote the future of his life to help the human family in their spiritual and social welfare. The recent dissolution of the Walker Brothers' original union has given him the lair opportunity to design and perfect his plans, and Utah will be the place of his operations. With his vast wealth, and his great persistency in carrying out his purposes, Mr. D. F. Walker has the opportunity and power to taKe his place in our local history as the social bene- factor of Utah. Several years ago he sent a fragment of his writing, but not his name to a lady in D. /'. WALKER. 57 Brooklyn, who gave wliat is styled psychometric readings of character. He further liid himself by Jiaving the reply addressed to the P. O. box of a friend. The reply duly came ; and it is so true a description of his character, and so like D. F. Walker's literal biograph of the last few years that it may be embodied in Uiis sketch as a suggestive personal page : "417 SUMMER AVE.. Brooklyn, X. Y., Aug. loth, 1883. "PKOrilETIC AND PSYCHOMETRIC READING OE THE PERSON TO WHOM THIS IS ADDRESSED. "Brought en rapport, or pyschotnetricsj'inpathy with this gentleman through the subtle emanations of his writing, I find a nervous, smguine temperament, with great decision of character and will pawer, and a person of marked individuality, in many respects. One who acts, speaks and thinks for himself and never stands still but by nature is intuitive and progressive. In religious and emo- tional sentiment, is enthusiastic and zealous, and whatever he enters into he puts his whole energy and soul into it, and is very persistent in all he undertakes. Naturally very active and susceptible, he has made his w.iy through life thus far in a sort of independent way, carrying out his own plans and method of doing things. Being very susceptible and receptive through his emotional and sympa- thetic nature, he is easily approached through that avenue. He is in some respects self made and individualized and has had a varied experience. J t appears to me that early in manhood he began to assume his individuality and was attracted to conditions and surroundings, out of curiosity and zealous enthusiasm, which did not meet with the entire approval and encouragement of his personal friends and kin, yet there was an experience before him and he must have his own way, so he mapped out his own wav. He seems to be one who is destined to a charmed life and he has been very successful in business and financial opera- tions, where many others would have failed. He has a certain amount of confidence in himself, to- gether with a certain amount of executive ability and good judgment, which enables him to succeed in whatever he undertakes. He is by nature conscientious and actuated by his highest and best impulses Experience has been a great teacher to him , and his practical observation and intuition has enabled him to make many discoveries in human nature of practical benefit. He seems to have labored in a certain fixed line of purpose and association for a period of years and met with many valuable experiences ; but in the course of his mental and moral discipline, he became unfolded and devel- oped in the higher attributes of his spiritual nature, to change his views and system of things, and I discover a marked change and a departure from his previous course and experience, and that which seemed agreeable and pleasant to him in his former life became distasteful and repugnant, and a conflict of moral and religious sentiment and feeling ensued, and I am forciblv impressed that he took a decided position and remained firm to his highest convictions, " Means and influence, however, helped to sustain him in his new relations, whereas without both, he would have met with greater opposition and trouble. His present surroundings, as far as business and finances are concerned, seem to be very successful and auspicious of every result de- sired, and there is an atmosphere of more or less independence, yet in a physical and mental sense I seem to be conscious of a feeling of disquietude and restlessness, avoid unsatisfied and a longing for a change of some nature more agreeable and satisfactory. There is a much needed change of scene and surroundings for this person, and a desire on his part to accomplish a purpose or plan which present demands upon his time and attention precludes the possibility of doin"- there seems to be a certain restraint and restriction upon his movements and inclinations altogether distasteful to him, and he environed with circumstances and conditions over which he has no seemin'^ control at piesent, but changes are in store for him by which he will exercise more freedom and enjoy more real personal liberty. I can see him approached by a proposition and inducement to retire from his present business position and left to make his own conditions in keeping with his inclination and aspirations. " I see before him a trip across the ocean and a visit to foreign lands, and his interest enlisted in a new enterprise, which will occupy his attention and time in a very agreeable manner. He will travel for a while extensively, and cover a great deal of ground in this country as well as abroad. He will be interested in some humanitarian work and system which will give him notoriety and popularity in a certain degree. There are many novel experiences in store for him, and he will lead truly a charmed life; but he will be obliged to get rid of certain old conditions and influences iri Older to feel free and happy. It is impressed upon me that he is greatly interested in some par- ticular work or book upon some subject he is quite familiar with," but his views and habits have been 7 SS HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. changed in connection with it. I may be mistaken, yet I feel to write as I am impressed to do. S see a very active and useful future before him, and I would advise him to act upon his highest con- victions under all circumstances, and heed his own personal impressions. Many novel experiences are in store for him, and this Fall and Winter will disclose to him many changes. He should look well to his health, and seek a change of climate occasionally. I see disturbances of a conflicting nature around him, and he does not feel at ease; but there will be a change for the better, and he will be glad to entertain the proposition which will be made him. He will never want for worldly means and comforts and he will suffer more Irom a social sense and through affliction in his family and among his friends than from any business disparagements or disappointments. The coming year will be eventful of many important changes for him and those associated with him. Here the veil or curtain of the future falls, and no more is given me to disclose. I therefore submit the reading to his criticism and investigation, and with every wish for his welfare and happiness, I am, " Very respectfully, " Mrs. M. a. Gridley." Mr. D. F. Walker is among the most prominent of the art patrons of our city. At his home in this city are a number of pictures, an accumulation of years of careful and kindly purchase, yet chosen with a distinct view of promoting the development of art at home, while beautifyiug at the same tin>e his own walls. True, not a few of the works have been painted away from here by artists r>ot at all identified with the West, but these are specimens of the best work of America's lx;st artists and also some from the eminent painters of Europe. In getting together the works that adorn his home, Mr. Walker has thoug^htfully directed his purchases to the encouragement of originality and individual talent among our local painters ; in so doing, he has shown a purpose uncommon among picture buyers here or elsewhere ; yet it is this course that alone will foster worthy attainments in art. Mr. Walker has shown in his labor of col- lection an appreciation of local talent and originality, and he has been ever ready with an open hand to reward the legitimate pursuit of excellence. There is scarcely a Utah artist — high or low — who has not received encouragement from him. Mr. D. F. Walker's art gatherings began with the pur- chase, many years ago, of an autumn-river subject by a painter named Boyde, and his art collection has increased until he now p>ossessess about one hundred pictures, many of them from live hands of our local artists, but crowned with a choice selection from master painters of Europe and America. As intirrKited at the opening of this sketch, in the remaining periods of David F. Walker's life — and his age is scarcely beyond its prime — we n>ay expect to see plans and purposes in their fruition which are already in a state of incubation, for the endowment of some institution, to foster and make blessed the closing days of our poor but worthy citizens ; such a consummation to his life- work would be a lasting monument to the name and memory o.f David Frederick Walker. BENJAMIN G. RAYBOULD. Benjamin G. Raybould, whose name for so many years has been so closely associated with the Walker Brothers, as their confidential aid, was born in Birmingham, England, October 29th, 1839. He is the son of Charles and Caroline Grundy Raybould. The family emigrated to America in 1^59, landing in Boston. Here young Raybould worked for a while at his trade — an engraver — and subsequently at New York. Two years after his landing in America, he started west for Utah, which was the place of his original destination. In 1861 there were four very large trains sent from Utah to bring on the emigrants. Those trains consisted each of from 50 to 100 wagons, under the command of Captain Ira Eldredge, Captain Joseph Horn, Captain John R. Murdock and Captain Rollins. Eldredge's train led the van, and in his company was young Raybould and his affianced lady, (Elizabeth T.imc) to whom he was married November 30, 1863. BENJAMIN G. RAYBOULD. jp His first experience in Salt Lake City was the necessity of worlc. At that date no branch of art had been established, and there were no patrons to encourage it in all Utah sufficient to give half a dozen artists of every class their daily bread. The house and decorative painter was the only worker, that approached the art class, who could find employment to provide for the wants of home. It is true Professor Ballo had taught band music, and the day was approaching when an orchestral conductor — C. J. Thomas — was to be employed in the Salt Lake Theatre ; but, when Mr. Raybould arrived in Salt Lake City, there was no more a sphere for him as an engraver than there was for this writer — as an author— who crossed the plains with him, in Captain Horn's com- pany, which followed Eldredge's train and nightly camped near it. Engraver and author alike found no congenial sphere, nor even the barest employment in their professions, twenty-five years ago. But the native pluck and self-reliance of Benjamin Raybould stood by him in good earnest, the several succeeding years ; while, from time to time, he reconstructed and reconsidered his life work and purposes, at each step decdidely advancing his social grade. At the time of his arrival m the city, Brigham Young, by the management of Clawson and Caine, was building the Salt Lake Theatre. On this building Mr. Raybould sought employ ; and, having had no training or exper- ience in either branch of the builders' trade, the skilled engraver became, for awhile, the common laborer. He carried the hod in building the theatre and, though at first the labor punished him se- verely, he stuck to it until finished. After this, in the spring of 1862, he dug ditches, hauled wood, and performed other like work. In May of this year he went to the frontiers, in Captain Horn's train, to bring on the poor, returning to the city early in October of that year. After he came back from the frontiers, Mr. Raybould apprenticed himself to the carpenter's trade for a year, to William Salisbury, at that time a well known Salt Lake builder. This was an advance a step beyond the laborer towards his former social grade ; but his native ambition pushed him above the mere trade level and another step was made in the summer of 1864. Mr. Raybould at this date was engaged by T. B. H. Stenhouse as his assistant postmaster. At a later period he went into the Daily Teleg>aph office, in the same employ, to assist Thomas G. Webber as a bookkeeper. Webber is a first class business manager and accountant, and under him Raybould obtained an insight into the science and practice of bookkeeping, and to it he de- voted his surplus time in study and practice, to render himself efficient for a clerical position in a first class mercantile establishment. At the very juncture when Mr. Raybould felt himself tully qualified to take such a position, to- wards the close of the year 1365, the Walker Brothers advertised for just such a man. Mr. Ray- bould answered them and obtained the situation, and engaged in their employ on the ist of Jan- uary, i865. His first balance sheets were highly satisfactory to the firm, and he at once became es- tablished in their favor as an efficient business aid. From that day to the present (over twenty years) he has risen by his merit, ability, untiring industry and trustworthiness, until the name of Benjamin G. Raybould is known, as chief assistant of the Walker Brothers, in all the principal cities of .America and Europe, where the name of Walkers is as familiar as that of any bankers in the West. He has been their business manager, cashier and credit man, and is now the cashier and one of the directors of the Union National Bank. Ever since the incorporation of the Alice Gold and Silver Mining Company, Mr. Raybould has been its secretary, and he is also one of its directors. Besides these his miscellaneous positions and trusts in the settlement of estates and business may be mentioned. On the failure of Nounnan, Orr & Co., in 1870, he was assignee in the settlement of that business, and he has been administrator and e.xecutor of numerous estates of deceased persons. He was president of the Salt Lake Tribune Publishing Company, when Godbe, Lawrence and ('hislett were chief directors, and it was he who transferred that paper over into the hands of the Prescott & Company's management. He is now a director, and the secretary and treasurer of Ogden Citv Electric Light Company ; director and treasurer of the Salt Lake Power, Light and Heating Com- pany ; director and treasurer of the Walker Brothers Company ; vice-president and director of the Kentucky Liquor Company, and vice-president of the Conklin Sampling works. The foregoino^ is properly mentioned to show the extensive and numerous enterprises and concerns of the Walkers, over which J. R Walker has presided, with Benjamin G. Raybould as the chief and trusted servant of his house. Among our citizens Mr. Raybould is esteemed an influential and a prominent man ; and, though not classed among the capitalists of the country, his close and extensive association and management, for the last twenty years, in connection with Walker Brothers, of some of the largest enterprises and financial transactions of our Territory and adjacent Territories, have made him a 6o fllSTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. power in the estimation of the financiers and business men of the Wes". He is a gentleman of ir- reproachable moral character and integrity; he is liberal in his ideas yet decidedly a conservative so- ciety man ; he is of an intellectuil and artistic turn of mind and is altogether a man of culture. "Self-made" is a mark of distinction to which Benjamin G. Raybould is eminently entitled. CWLEB W. WEST Caleb Walton West, the present Governor of Utah, was born on the 25th, day of May, 1844, at Cynthina, Harrison County, Kentucky. His father's name was Andrew Jackson West, which name signifies that grandfather West was a Jackson Democrat; his mother's name was Catharine Murphy. They were both natives of Harrison County, Kentucky. His father's fimily were Ameri- can born for several generations. His grandfather Murphy came from Ireland to America, where he married Milinda Remington, of old Virginian stock. Father West was a hotel keeper ; in politics he was a Henry Clay Whig, but his grandfather was a Democrat, as is his grandson, our Governor. After attending primary schools in his native town, Caleb W. West, at the age of fourteen, went to Millersburg, Bourbon County, Kentucky, to finish his education at the Collegiate Institute of that town, conducted by Dr. George L. Savage. The war between the North and the South broke out when he was in the seventeenth year of his age ; and at the very onset he entered into the action, taking part in the raising of the first com- p.my organized in his county for the Confederate service. He was elected orderly sergeant of this company, which with other companies were the first troops to leave the State. At the onset they went to Nashville, thence to Lynchburg, and from there to Harpar's Ferry, where Col. Thomas J. Jackson, afterwards known as the famous Lieut. -General Stonewall Jackson, was in commind. Young West served over a year in the Army of Northern Virginia. He was next in Gsn. Jos. Iv Johnson's army, and with that General started from Winchester to join General Beauregard at the battle of Manassas. His regiment had embarked on the train when an order was made for the Fourth Alabama Regiment to take its place ; and West's regiment w.as lelt at Piedmont, and did not taKcpartin the batde. He was with Gen. Jos. E. Johnson's army at Fairfax Court House and Cen- treville, and his company was part of the force that marched from Centreville and was engaged in the battle of Drainesville under the command of the celebrated cavalry general, J. E. B. Stewart. West's company suffered a loss of seventeen killed and wounded. They went into Winter Quar- ters with Johnson's army ; next marched from Winter Quarters to Orange Court House and thence to the Peninsula to meet the advance of McClellan's army on Richinond. Early in the summer of 1863, the time of his company having expired, the men were discharged at Richmond; but young West, with enthusiasm, desired to continue in the service. He went south, and, meeting General Morgan at Montgomery, Alabama, joined his command and proceeded to Chattanooga, where he was mustered in as a private in Company E of the regiment that was com- manded by General Basil W. Duke. When General Morgan organized his brigade. West w.is detached from his company and became a member of the advance guard and served with it until the invasion of Kentucky by Kirby Smith's army, when West was appointed a Lieutenant by Gen Mor- gan and assigned to Company I, in Duke's regiment. He served with this command until they in- vaded Indiana and Ohio, and until he was surrendered, with the command, by Gen. Morgan, near Salienville, Ohio, in July, 1863. He was carried to Campchase military prison, where he remained until October, 1863, when he was transferred, with a number of other officers, to Johnson Island military prison, set apart exclusively for officers. There he remained a prisoner until the nth day of June, 1865. On his release, the war being over, he returned to his native State, and in September, 1865, he became deputy circuit court clerk and resumed his study of law, which had been interrupted by his entering the army. He continued in that position until the latter part of December, 1866, when having obtained his law license, he began the pn/ctice of the law early in 1867. In June, 1867, Caleb W. West married Na inie Fra/.er, eldest datighterof D.-. Hubbard Frazer, ARTHUR L. THOMAS. 6i a native of his county. F',y lier lie Iv.is a son, Caleb iM-azer West, l)orn July 31st, 1871. His wif.- died in May. 1882. Returning to his public life we note that he was appointed county attorney to fill a vacancy, and was re-elected to the same office, and at the expiration of liis term was elected judge of his county, which position he afterwards resigned to confine his attention to the practice of the law. He wasa candidate before his party convention for the nomination as chancellor of his district, in 1880. His friends claimed that he was fairly entitled to the nomination but he yielded and was not a can- didate. His name was placed before the State convention as a candidate for Lieut.-Governor of his native State in the last convention, in 1884 ; and though he had not been before the people until his name was brought before the convention, and while there were six or seven other candidates he was the contending one for the election. Caleb W. West was appointed Governor of Utah by President Cleveland, in April, 1886, and was confirmed by the Senaie on the 29th of .^prif. Speaker Carlisle was his sponser, and the whole delegation of his State supported his appointment. He arrived in Utah on the 5th of May and took the oath of office before Chief Justice Zane on the following day. ARTHUR L. THOM.\S. Arthur Lloyd Thomas, Secretary of Ut.ih Territory, was born in Chicago, Illinois, August 22d, 1851. He is of Welsh descent on both sides. His father Henry ]. Thomas, was born near Swansea, Glamorganshire, South Wales. The mother's name is Ellinor Lloyd. She was born at Beulah, Cambria County, Peansylvania. and is of Welsh pirents. Soon after his birth, Sec- retary Thomas was t.aken by his parents to Pitsburg and there he was educated at the public schools of that place. In April. 1869, when Secretary Thomas was between the seventeenth and eighteenth vears of his age he was appointed by Hon. Edward McPherson to aposition as clerk in the House of Representatives, Washington, D. C. He remained an employee at the Capitol building until his appointment May ist, 1S79, as Secretary of lUah. Secretary Thomas arrived in Salt Lake City, May 12th, 1879; George W. Kmery was Governor of Utah at the time. In the Spring of 18S0, he was appointed supervisor of census for Utah, and the same year was appointed special agent to collect the school statistics of the Territory ; also the statistics of the different church denominations, especially the Mormon Church. The manner in which he conducted this census work has been commended by the press and the people of Utah Territory and the supervisor of census. In March, 1882, he was appointed by the Utah Legislature one of a committee of four to compile and revise the laws of Utah ; and was also, by the Legislature of 1886, appointed one of the commissioners to compile laws, but the measure was vetoed by Governor Murray. During tne session the first Legislature after he came to Utah, he was acting Governor, all but five days of the session, and fully one-half of the session of 1882. In 1883 he was re-appointed Secretary of the Territory for four years. At various times during his terms of office he has been the acting Governor. Probably the most exciting and trying time in his exercise of the functions of the e.xecutive office was in his connec- tion with the celebrated Hopt case. This man had three times been convicted and sentenced to death for the crime of murder, but on appeal to the U. S. Supreme Court he was enabled to secure a new trial. After this third conviction and sentence Judge Hunter, and afterwards the Territorial Supreme Cour refused to grant a stay of execution and the Marshal made all arrangements for the execution. Hopt's attorneys made application to acting Governor Thomas for a respite pending an appeal to the U. S. Supreme Court, This was denied on the ground that there was nothing in the record indi- cating that complete justice was not done by the verdict and sentence. The only thing to consder was did the appeal work a stay of the execution, and Mr. Thomas said this v.'as a judicial matter for the Executive to decide. The refusal to grant the respite was considered by the public as sealing the docm of Hopt ; but, 62 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. the day before the morning set for the execution, public feeling ran so high that the leading mem- bers of the bar appeared before the supreme court of the Territory, then in session, and submitted that it was a monstrous proposition that a man should be executed pending liis appeal to the higher court; and, thus urged, at a special session held that evening, the court unanimously recommended the actin'^-Governor to grant a respite. When the action of the court became known there was an intense excitement throughout the city, people gathering in crowds to discuss the action of the court. Next morning a citizens' mass meeting was held at the Walker Opera House and a committee appointed to wait on the acting-Governor to protest against the respite being granted ; during which time the principal streets were thronged with people ; but Mr. Thomas de- cided that as the law granted to Hopt an appeal he was entitled to live until the appeal was heard, and granted the respite. His course was at first condemned but a reaction in public feeling imme- diately followed, and his action was approved and commended by the entire press and people of the Territory. • Another notable instance was his connection with the celebrated Cannon-Campbell election case. Gov. Murray issued the certificate to Campbell. Immediately afterwards acting-Governor Thomas was served with a writ of mandamus from the Third District Court to issue a certificate to Mr. Cannon; but Mr. Thomas declined on the ground that that function of the Executive office in con- nection with the last delelegate election, had been performed by Governor Murray. As acting-Governor he has approved of many important statutes. One of great interest to Salt Lake was the amendment to the City Charter empowering the city authorities to license and regulate the liquor traffic, which is the first amendment of the City Charier with re erence to the regulation of the liquor traffic not broken by the courts. By the Edmunds act Secretary Thomas was made ex-officio Secretary of the Utah Commission, created by this act; and subsequently by an appointment of the Secretary of the Treasury he was made its disbursing agent. Of his immediate family it may be noted that .Arthur L. Thomas, was on the 6th of I'ebruary, 1872, married to Miss Helena H. Reinburg, of Washington, D. C, daughter of Eouis and Anora Rein- burg, by whom he has a family of five children now living. Of the results of his official course durr ing his two terms as Secretary of the Territory, including the superadded functions of the com- mission, it may be observed that he has won the good will and respect of the general public and of the most intimately concerned with him in the exercise of his official duties. JOHN T. CAINE. John T. Caine, our Delegate to Congress, was born January 8th, 1829, in the parish of Kirk Patrick, near the town of Peel, Isle of Man. All his family were natives of that island, being con- nected with its old families. He received in his youth a fair common school education ; but he can scarcely be said to have commenced life until he came to America. Being early impressed with a desire to emigrate to the New World, feeling the limits of the old romantic island which had given him birth, and learning of the vast advantages which America afforded to the laudable ambition of men starting life, he resolved to cast his destiny among the people of this grand Republic. Not as a Mormon, but simply as an emigrant to America, at the age of seventeen, he started, it may be almost said alone, being accompanied only by a cousin, two years his junior, whose life has had very little connection with his' own. He arrived in New York early in the spring of 1846, where he remained till the fall of 1848. It will be remembered, by those familiar with the history of the emigrations from Great Britain to this country, that about the year 1846 that tidal wave of emigration from England to this country rose, which qas since done so much to develop American industries, and indeed the American civi- lization itself. It brought over a class who are to-day known as the self-made men in every great citv of the United States, and who, though not of native birth, rank among the best representatives JOHN T. CAINE. 63 of this nation. Mr. John T. Caine was early among that class who felt this great emigrational im- pulse of the age; and, as already observed, it came to him before his connection with the Mormon people. "Six Caine. however, had not been long in .America before he was brought to a thoughtful and very thorough investigation of the Mormon religion and movement. In the Isle of Man he had heard Apostle John Taylor preach, but it was the stirring events of the great Mormon exodus from Nauvoo that so strongly arrested his attention to a study of this strange people. At this time also, though young, he was investigating the complex subject of the religions and sects of the day generally; and, being of a self-reliant turn of mind and marked individuality of character, he chose to identify himself with the Mormon people in the very crisis of their destiny. Rejoined the Church in the spring of 1847, just about the time when Brigham Young and the Pioneers started from old Council Bluffs on their first journey to the Rocky Mountains. Joining the Mormons changed the whole course of Mr. Caine's life. It first led him to St. Louis, in October of 1848. There he became thoroughly identified with the Mormon work, and among other official duties, acted as secretary of the conference. While at St. Louis he married Margaret Nightingale a distant kinswoman of the illustrious Florence Nightingale, the Crimean heroine. This is the only wife our present delegate to Congress has ever had ; she is still living, has a large family, and several of her eldest sons are young men of mark. Mr. Caine and his wife remained in St. Louis till the spring of 1852, when he left and came direct to Salt Lake City, arriving here in September of the same year. That fall and winter he taught school on Big Cottonwood. It was during that winter he first became connected with the old Deseret Dramatic Association, which was then giving performances in the Social Hall. After awhile he was employed in the Trustee-in-Trusfs office, where commenced his association with President Brigham Young, which ultimately brought Mr. Caine into first class society prominence, he being for years known as one of the President's most reliable and confidential men. At the April Conference of 1854, he was called to go on a mission to the Sandwich Islands. He was gone from home two years and a half, during which time he labored on the Islands and in California, returning to Salt Lake City in the winter of of 1856-7. Immediately on his return from the Sandwich Islands his connection with the Utah Legislature commenced, he being elected assistant secretary of the Legislative Council for the session of 1856-7 and re-elected to the same position for the session of 1857-8. For the session of 1859-60, he was elected Secretary of the Legislative Council, and re-elected to the same position for the session of 1860-61. His position as secretary of the Council brought Mr. Caine into intimate relations with Gover- nor Cumming and other Federal officers ; and being a man of bram, not given to extreme views, and withal a natural leader in society, he exercised considerable influence with the Governor and his class. Indeed, it may be said that, down to the present time, few men in Utah representing the Mormon people have exercised so much influence over the best part of our Gentile population as John T. Caine. It was just after Utah began to revive from the social "break-up," consequent of the " Utah war," that the S.alt Lake Theatre rose, under the management of Clawson and Caine. Those ac- quainted with the history of our Territory will remember that, in the earlier periods, its dramatic pages were quite marked— indeed, in the second decade, really magnificent. [See Chapters LXXXIV. and LXXXV.] During his professional visit to the States, Mr. Caine assisted in the immi.gration of that year. After his return he resumed his place in the management of the Theatre, and in 1867-8-9 Clawson & Caine were its lessees. In 1870, the "more important duties of the State " called Mr. Caine into its service, and new spheres opened to him of legislator and journalist, culminating at length in his election as delegate to Congress. . Early in the spring of 1870, when the Cullom Bill excitement was at its height, Mr. Caine was was sent to Washington with the people's remonstrance and petition to Congress against that bill. At the request of Delegate Hooper, he remained with him from March till the latter part of July, the end of the session. Hooper frankly acknowledged the help, and from that time the present delegate's career was forecast in Congress. On his return, Mr. Caine found the Salt Lake Herald had just been started by Dunbar and Sloan. He became associated with them in this journalistic enterprise, assuming control both of the editorial andbusine-s departments. The combination and the paper both soon became a marked 64 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. success; and, to this day, the Herald his h:id a most inipDrtant journalistic career in the history of modern Utah, which began witli the advent of our railroads, the opening of our mines, the rise of our local political parties, and the almost simultineous birth of the Silt Lake Iribum and the Salt Lake Herald. Mr. Caine was a member of the justly famous State Constitutional Convention of Utah, in 1872, ( 5ee Chapters LV. and LVL) In the whole of the action of this convention, John T. Caine voted for the advanced measures, on the side of political reform, and social adjustment, and the Salt Lake Herald daily supported the work. In 1874 our delegate was elected a member of the Council branch of the Utah Legislature. The following year he made a flying trip to Europe to recover his health. He was again in t!ie Council in the session of 1876, and was re-elected for the sessions of 1880 and 1882. He was elected Recorder of Salt Lake City in 1876, and was serving his fourth term in that office when he was elect2d dslegite to Congress. He was in the State convention of 1882, and was one of the delegates sent to Washington to present the constitution to Congress and ask for the admission. Of his election as the regular delegate to Congress from this Territory, we have fully treated in the history of our recent political campaigns. Years ago we forecast him for service in Congress, when Utah should need her strongest avail- able man for the times. The veterun Hooper, than wliom no more sagacious politician ever went to Washington, decided that Caine was the man for Utah in the crisis then pending, and an eigh- teen thousand majority of the p3ople of this Territory so decided. During the entire time that Hon. John T. Ciine has been in Congress efforts have been m.ade by the minority party of Utah to secure legislation which would deprive the majority party of the political control of the Territory and to procure more stringent measures against the practice of ]io- lygamy. The most important of these anti-Mormon measures is the new Edmunds' Bill, which is now pending in the House of Representatives. Mr. Caine has been indefatigable in his efforts to defeat the enactment of these unconstitutional and oppressive laws. He has several times appeared before the committees of Congress and made able arguments in defense of his constituents and to correct the misrepresentations of their enemies. During the present session of Congress, Mr. R. X. Baskin (who was sent to Washington by the anti-Mormons of Utah), assisted by Miss Kate Field and others, appeared before the Judiciary Committee of the House and made lengthy argu- ments in favor of the pending bill ; Delega'e Came on his side replied in an effective speech and conducted an able defense of his people. Mr. Caine is himself a monogamist, as his present po- sition as Utah's Delegate in Congress would show ; but he understands the faith and religious in- tegrity of his people. To him, as to them, the marriage system of the Mormon Church is essen- tially a religious institution, and, therefore, though himself a monogamist, he consistently maintains the religious rights of the Mormons as American citizens. In fine it may be truthfully said, that in the Hon. JohnT. Caine, the people of Utah has an efficient and courageous representative who has •dared to defend an unpooularcame and justify the conscientious lives of his people. /> Cf^/-^^^£^^ HORACE S. ELDREDGE. 65 HORACE S. ELDREDGE. AUTOBIOGRAPHY. SKETCHES FROM HIS LOG BOOK AND REMINISCENCES OF EARLY DAYS. From the records of our old family Bible, — wliich in those days was more frequently used than of late, — I learned that I was born on the 6th day of F'ebruary, 1816, in the town of Brutus, Cay- uga County, State of New York, where I was tenderly nurtured by kind and indulgent parents, until I was eight years old, when death called my mother to another sphere. From early influences and moral training, both by precept and example, I began, at an early age, to reflect much and con- sider the necessity of preparing for a future state in order to again meet a pious mother who had gone before. The watchful care of my eldest sister and a pious aunt who, at this time was one of our household— I well remember her frequently leading me to Sabbath school and church— still cul- tivated in me the principles of morality and a desire to be associated with good and honorable peo- ple ; and at the age of sixteen, to the great satisfaction of my friends, I united myself with the Bap- tist Church. But after study and reflection, I found I could not subscribe fully to the Calvanstic doctrines of effectual calling, total depravity, the final perseverance of the Saints, etc. However, I continued my connection with them until the Spring of 1836, when, for the first time, I heard a ser- mon from an Elder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, which prompted me tcj a further investigation, and I became convinced that it was the only tttte order of rehgion that ex- isted ; Vr it was the exact pattern of the Apostohc Church. In taking this step it is needless lor me to say tm! . I was much opposed by real friends and persecuted by pretended ones ; but, disregard- ing both, I resolved to take that course that would best satisfy my own conscience — "Choosing rather to suffer affliction with the children of God than to enjoy the pleasures of sin for a season." During the summer of 1836 I married and settled on a farm near Indianapolis, in the State of Indiana, with every prospect before me of the enjoyment of a quiet and happy life. But feeling desirous of associating myself with the people with whom I had thus become identified. I sold my farm and in the fall of 1838, started, with the most of my effects, for the State of Missouri. I wended my way towards the northwestern portion of the State, aiVd stopped at Far West, then the county seat of Caldwell County, where I purchased two hundred and thirty acres of land and a comfortable house and lot in town, trusting, by prudence, industry and economy, to secure a com- fortable living and a permanent home. But it appears that my anticipations were not to be real- ized ; for difficulties and jealousies, both in political and religious questions, soon arose between some of our people and other settlers; and the Mormons, in some settlements in upper Missouri. were forbidden to vote or to come to the polls to exercise their franchise. This finally resulted in a very serious quarrel on an election day in an adjoining county. Thus started, the difficulty was not easily quelled, as the feud was encouraged and the spark thus ignited fanned by hireling priests and political demagoges until it became very serious, and finally culminated in the exterminating order of L. W. Hoggs, then Governor of the State of Missouri. Scores of our people were then ruth- lessly murdered, women ravished, and helpless women and children turned out of doors in the bleakness of a severe winter, and added to all, our prophet and several other leading men were in- carcerated in prison. But these atrocities have been published to the world ; and it is not a pleas- ant theme for me to write about ; but I would mention that about twelve thousand of our people were banished from the State to seek refuge in a more congenial clime. I had purchased my land, secured my title and placed the same on record, having traced the title to a legitimate entry from the Government of the United States. I felt that I had a right to pro- tection in life and property, never having violated any law that would deprive me of the same ; but as it was frequently stated by some of the Missourians, there was no law for Mormons in that State, and no one that professed to be a Mormon was allowed to remain unless he would renounce his re- ligion. I therefore left in the month of December and returned to my friends in the State of In- diana. I will here state thit I still hold the tides to my land in Missouri, having never received the first dollar for them. The most of our peop'e moved into the State of Illinois, where they found a 9 66 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. temporary asylum, while our Prophet, Joseph Smith, and several of liis friends and brethren, were held in prisons in the State of Missouri. After his escape from prison, and during the summer of 1839, he purchased a townsite and a quantity of land on the Mississippi River, at a point formerly called Commerce afterwards Nauvoo— where our people commenced to gather, and in the fall of 1840 proceeded to build a temple. During the fall I, with my little family, moved to Nauvoo, to a^ain unite my destiny with this persecuted people. I was present when the first ground was broken for the erection of the temple in Nauvoo, and assisted in, its erection until it was completed, in the spring of 1846. I was in our exodus from Nauvoo in the spring and summer of 1846, and remained at " Winter Quarters" during that year, where we commenced building log cabins and rude huts to winter in; and on the 20th day of November I got my little family under the first and only roof that had sheltered them since the early spring. Much hardship, privation and suffering were also endured by our people during the two winters we remained at Winter Quarters. There I buried two of my children, and many others were called to mourn the loss of friends who fell victims to privation and want, for in that new and uncultivated country but few of the comforts of life could be obtained for either love or money. In the spring of 1848, I joined the company of President Brigham Young who, with about five hundred teams, and Heber C. Kimball with another company of about the same number, started on their second Pioneer trip for our new home in the mountains, hoping to enjoy a season of rest, at least for a short time, far from our persecutors. We arrived in Salt Lake Valley on the 22d day of September, having been over four months on our way, living in tents and wagons. Many of the families that came in this season were compelled to live in their tents and wagons during the long and tedious winter that followed; for the season being far advanced when they arrived, they were fiot able to build. The timber and lumber for building had to be obtained from the mountains, which were early filled with snow, rendering it impossible, with our worn out teams, to penetrate them and obtain building material. Notwithstanding the various difficulties and disadvantages labored under, however, and trying circumstances that we were called to pass through, during the first season, in which the crickets came and destroyed our crops, we felt to take courage, relying upon the Lord, and believing that he would sustain us as he had hitherto done. Being nearly on a level as to worldly goods, we could sympathize with each other and were willing to extend a helping hand to the weak ; and as we di- vided with the destitute, none could perish with hunger; but if that selfishness which characterizes many communities had been indulged in and encouraged, the suffering would have been great. During the summer of 1849, our agricultural prospects were more encouraging, and on the 24th of July — the anniversary of the entrance of the Pioneers into the valley^-we had a grand celebra- tion and a general harvest feast at which all were invited to participate. Long tables being set in the Bowery and loaded wfth the rich products of the valley, all were made welcome, and there being many strangers present who were on their way to the gold mines of California, it was a day to be remembered by those present. Being myself one of the committee of arrangements and marshal of the day, I had plenty to do ; but it gave me pleasure to see so happy an assemblage of peooi' after all we had passed through. In speaking of myself, the first winter after I arrived in this valley I was apoointed marshal of the Territory, and assessor and collector of taxes; and as it was necessary for us to effect and keep up a military organization for our protection, I was appointed to take charge of the ist brigade of in- fantry and received there a commission of brigadier-general of the militia. Being desirous to encourage agriculture and taking great pleasure in that pursuit, I commenced a small farm in the country, which has since been a source of great pleasure as well as small profits, enabling me to better provide for the wants of a family. I also built a comfortable residence in the city, and moved into it in the spring of 1852, this being the first comfortable house we had enjoyed since we left Navvoo in the spring of 1846. In the fall of 1852, I was called upon and appointed by the general conference of the Church to take mission to St. Louis, Mo., to preside over the St. Louis Conference, to act as general Church agent for the immigration and as purchasing agent for the Church. In the spring of 1853, our immigration from Europe amounted to about three thousautl souls and required over three hundred wagons and a thousand head of cattle to transport them. These, together with what was termed the American emigration, swelled the number to over four hundred wagons and nearly two thousand head of cattle. It required an immense ■amount of labor to deliver these at the overland starting point, besides purchasing the provi- HORACE S. ELDREDGE 67 sions, outfits and all the necessaries for a three or more months' camp life. After seeing the last company started, I returned to St. Louis to enjoy the short season of rest which very much needed ; but about this time I received an extremely kind letter from President Brigham Young, suggesiing that, as the heated and perhaps sickly season was coming on I had better not remain in St. Louis but take a trip north. This suggestion I accepted and went to New York State where I spent a few pleasant weeks with my relatives and friends in the place of my birth and early child- hood. On my return to St. Louis, I had to look to some Church matters, and, after visiting several branches and giving them the necessary counsel, I began, by contracting for wagons, etc., to lay my plans and arrange for the coming season's immigration. Having formed many agreeable ac- quaintances, I spent the winter much pleasanfer than I had the previous one. The following spring brought its cares and responsibilities, as a large emigration from Europe as well as many from St. Louis and vicinity and different parts of the States were preparing to migrate to our mountain home, and all were more or less looking to me as agent to provide for them their outfit by the way of teams, provisions, and the various necessities for a trip across the plains. I also received orders from Salt Lake City to purchase a large quantity of merchandise, machinery, agricultural imple- ments, and to provide wagons, teams, teamsters, etc., for their transportation. Having but little or no help that I could rely upon, nearly this whole labor devolved upon me, and I was compelled to give it my personal attention. Several of our brethren organized what they called the " Mormon Social Club," and spent their leisure evenings in meeting together and enjoying themselves with singing, recitations, instrumental music, etc. They kindly proposed to give me a complimentary benefit, and accordingly they rented a theatre, and got up a very respectable programme. The entertainment was quite a success, and was liberally patronized, as the house was filled. This was highly appreciated by me, more from the kind spirit manifested by my friends than the pecuniary aid it gave me, yet both were acceptable un- der the circumstances. Near the close of the performance one of the committee requested me to step behind the scene and when the curtain dropped to announce a short recess while thev were pre- paring for the closing farce. The curtain was immediately lifted and I stepped forward to the foot- lights and was met by one of the committee who presented me with a letter, and as I extended my hand to receive it, he replied I will read it for you, to which I bowed assent. This took me by sur- prise as I had not the least idea of what the letter was or what they meant in placing me in that seemingly awkward position. I stood motionless while he read, as one listening to his death war- rant. Having the original letter before me, I here give it verbatim, as well as my answer, which I have preserved with great care. "St. Louis, January 30th, 1854. "H. S. Eldredge, President of the St. Louis Conference. " We, the ' Mormon Social Club,' having viewed with entire satisfaction, your labors in the re- sponsible situation which you occupy, and having seen with what anxious care you have discharged arduous duties, and with what impartiality you have ministered to the Saints. We approbate the same with pleasure, and therefore we voluntarily give to you this complimentary benefit, and also herewith present to you this gold ring as an abiding testimony of the same. "That we, the 'Mormon Social Club' have not alone been the interested observers of your conduct is manifest by this crowded hall of Saints and friends, who have assembled with us to contribute their meed of praise, and by their presence to express approbation of this testimony of our esteem. "Our wishes are for you in the future that your course may continue prosperous, and always found in the path of goodness. "Signed on behalf of the St. Louis M. S. Club. "S. J. Lees, Andrew Sprowl, J. Seal, "Committee of Management." At the close of his reading the foregoing letter the other two committee stood at my left with a beautiful gold ring, suspended on a ribbon ornamented with twa beautiful rosettes, and stepped for- ward, placed the ring on my finger, and then stepped back again. I replied : '* It is with a heart full of gratitude to my brethren of the ' Mormon Social Club," that I accept of this token of their love and esteem for me. As well do they have my heartfelt thanks for their perseverance and untiring zeal which they have manifested in preparing and presenting this com- plimentary benefit. " I also tender my thanks to this assembly for the liberal patronage which they have favored us with on the present occasion. And as my past course has been viewed with entire satisfaction by 68 HISTORY OF SALI^LAKE CITY. you, my brethren of the club, as well as the good feeling that seems to be manifest upon the present occasion, so may I ever live and conduct myself that I miy secure the confidence, esteem and kind feelings of all good people, both in time and in eternity." During the winter of 1854-5, I remained home with my family, having been elected a member of the Legislative Assembly. Forty days of the time was employed in assisting to enact laws for our young and growing Territory. In the fall of 1856, I entered into an arrangement with W. H. Hooper to take a stock of goods to Utah County, and on the 23rd of October, started a train well loaded with merchandise, amount- ing to $15,000. I proceeded to Provo, rented our store and opened our goods. Our adventure was tolerably successful, as I sold quite a quantity of goods and bought several hundred head of cattle. It was my first mercantile transaction with W. H. Hooper. In the month of February, I was notified that I was requested to return to St. Louis and to be ready to start the ist of March to again resume the Presidency of the St. Louis Conference, and to act as a general Church and emigration agent. I therefore commenced arranging my business, turned over my goods and cattle to W. H. Hooper, effected a satisfactory settlement and was ready to start at the appointed time. During this season, great excitement prevailed throughout the United States regarding the " Mormon War" — or President Buchanan's war upon the Mormons, — in which General Johnston was placed in command of two thousand, five hundred men, who were called the ''Flower of the American Army," and with all the necessary supplies, arrangements, arms, ammunition and imple- ments of war, to march against and, as many supposed, to put to the sword and annihilate the Mormons. It was frequently remarked to me, while attending to busine s in St. Louis, that they would " use up" the Mormons and not even leave a "grease spot." One prominent business gen- tleman expressed himself, in the kindest feeling, I bejieve: " If I were you, I would immediately fetch my family away from Utah, for they are bound to use up your people." I remarked that I considered my family safer in Utah than I would if they were in St. Louis. He seemed surprised and almost ridiculed the idea ; but during the late war between the North and the South — if my memory serves me it was in 1864— I stood in St. Louis in company with the same gentleman, viewing a regiment of soldiers marching down to a steamer that was waiting to bear them to the battle-field. He said to me: '' I would to God that my family and effects were in Utah." Circumstances had somewhat changed his feelings in the intervening six years. I continued my labors as usual until July 31st, when I started for the Eastern cities, having business in Washington, Philadelphia and New York. On my way, I called at Indianapolis, where I had formerly resided, and called on several of my old acquaintances. On the 4th of August, I arrived in Washington, and as is very difficult to hurry business in Washington, soiuetimes difficult to accomplish it at all, I was detained longer than I anticipated. Having business with the auditor of the U. S. Post Office Department, and also with the Treasury Department, Mr. Suter, of the firm of Suter, Lee & Co,, rendered me what assistance he could, and closing my business on the 8th, I left for Philadelphia, where I remained until the loth, and I then proceeded to New York. On the nth, I took the steamer Isaac Neiut r>, for Albany, and landing there on the morning of the I2lh, took the cars for the west and arrived in St. Louis on the i6th. Before reaching St. Louis I overtook the previous train, a perfect wreck, — several persons killed and many injured. I was expecting to have been on this train, but had been persuaded by some of my friends to remain over one train, otherwise I might have been one of the unfortunates. My business now required me to do a great amount of traveling. I received several remittances from Washington, in compliance with arrangements made while there. On September 17th I left St. Louis for Florence and other places up the Missouri River, took the cars to yefferson City, steamed /rom there to St. Joseph, and staged to Florence. While m Florence I enjoyed the hospitality of Brother Alexander C. Pyper, who always wel- comed me to his house, for which I always felt grateful, as my business called me there frequently ; and the kindness that I received from him and his fimily will evei be remembered with feelings of gratitude. Having been absent over a year. General Eldredge felt anxious to return to his mountain home. On his arrival in Silt Inke City he found that the community had removed South at the approach of [ohnston's army. The autobiography continues : HORACE S. ELDREDGE. 6g Myself and animals were very much fotigued with the long and tedious journey, and after rest- ing a day I started for Provo to find my family, who, like the re;;t, had forsaken their home and taken to almost a camp life. My animals being so worn down, it t.;ok me nearly two days and a night to reach there. About this time it was considered safe and advisable to return to our homes; and as the exodus had been general, there was now a general moving north, the roads being thronged with teams and stock. After getting my family and effects moved back to our home, I began to make preparations for another trip to the States ; and on the 14th of September, I took leave of my family and friends and started, being joined by several other parties that were going east. Our company included G. Q. Cannon, J. W. Young, H. D. Haight, and F. Kesler, my wife and child forming a part of the company. My trip to the States this time was for the purpose of purchasing merchandise and machinery and freightmg the same the coming spring. I arrived in St. Louis November ist, and on tlie morning of the 2nd, I made my deposit in the bank of J J. Anderson & Co , having brought with me ;^26,ooo in gold, and it being rather bulky and heavy to handle I was very glad to get it off my hands in a safe deposit; and in the evening I removed to private boarding. I left on the 9th for Chicago, where I arrived on the loth and put up at the " Brigs House " I called on Mr. P. Schuttler and settled with him for wagons that bad been previously bought of him, and contracted with him to furnish me nearly two hundred wagons for the next season, advan- cing him^3,ooo on the contract, and on the 12th, started on the return to St. Louis, arriving on the 13th. Having a large amount of machinery and merchandise to purchase, I concluded to visit the Eastern cities and manufacturing districts, and accordingly left St. Louis per steamer Hhenango, for Cincinnati, arriving on Decernber 3d. After spending several days in Cincinnati, examining ma- chinery, we proceeded to New York and other Eastern cities. From New York I visited several manufacturing districts in the New England States, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and spent several days in Washington. While in New York I made purchases of merchandise and settled consider- able business for W. H. Hooper. I soon left for the West and arrived in St. Louis February 23d. April 2d, I again left St. Louis for Chicago to purchase more wagons, finding that I needed more than I had engaged. After settling with Mr. Schuttler for the wagons already engaged, I con- tracted for seventeen more for my own individual use, and returned to St. Louis. On April 23d I left St. Louis for Parkville, Mo., to purchase more cattle. While on board the steamer yci/iw D. Parry, on our way up the river, we came into collision with the steamer Michigan, in which the latter and her freight were much damaged. I purchased seventy-five yoke of oxen and eight mules of Mr. Thomson, sent them on to Florence in charge of James Brown and James Lemmon, and returned to St. Louis on May 3d. Having completed purchases for my first train, I shipped the balance of my freight for this train, and a number of passengers on the steamer Isabella for Florence, leaving St. Louis on the i8th of May. On the 19th, I closed my business up to that time, and having negotiated a loan from J. J. An- derson & Co. for ^4,000 on my own account, I proceeded to Florence, where I loaded my own wagons, and moved out into camp. It was the handsomest train that 1 ever saw on the plains. It consisted of seventy-two wagms, all of uniform style, each drawn by three yoke of oxen, and rolled out under the charge of Capt. Horton D. Haight, provided with all the necessary outfit. It reached Salt Lake in seventy-two days, all in good trim, about the quickest trip that a freight train of that size ever made. On June 12th, I visited James Brown's camp, a few miles from Florence, consisting of about fifty wagons of emigrants. Having organized them, on the 13th they also moved out and proceeded on their journey. After attending to the loading and starting of my own train, under the charge ol Jas. Lemmon, with seventeen wagons, loaded with my own merchandise, I returned to St. Louis, accompanied by F. Little and his son, James, to make further purchases and to load several mule teams that had been sent from the Valley by Prest. B. Young, H. C. Kimball and others. July 5th, we closed the most of our purchases, and settling our bills, shipped the goods and prepared to leave. On July 6th, I left for Florence and arrived on the loth. I there commenced preparations for a start as soon as the steamer Emigrant a-rfwed with our goods. Leaving the mule train in charge of F. Little, I left Florence with a light carriage and mules, taking with me f. W. yo HISTORY OF SAL! LAKE CITY. Cow-ard, accompanied by Joseph \V. Young and a few others with light vehicles for making good time, intending to overtake the trains that had started. We arrived in Salt Lake City, August 15th, with tired teams and ourselves pretty well worn out On the arrival cf my train, in charge of James Lemmon, I sold to W. H. Hooper an interest in the goods, and we opened them in a part of the building since occupied by the Salt Lake Herald. We were ver>- successful in our business during the winter, George Cronyn and myself managing the business, for Hon. \\'. H. Hooper ha\"ing been elected Delegate to Congress, proceeded to Washington. In the spring of i860, President Brigham Young desired me to go E^st again and purchase machinen,- for a paper mill, and other machinerj- and merchandise. We made preparations to re- plenish our stock, and I left my home again on the 2nd day of April, engaging H. D. Haight to accompany me to take charge of our train on the return. I arrived in Florence, May 9th. and leaving H. D. Haight in charge of the mules and wagon, proceeded to Washington and called on W. H. Hooper. I spent a day and a half looking around, visitinc' the Capitol and WHiite House, had an introduction to President Buchanan, and on the 23rd of May left Washington, in company with W. H. Hooper, for New York, to make our purchases. After accomplishing these, I returned to Philadelphia and purchased and shipped the machinery for the paper mill, after which I left for the West. Having purchased wagons from P. Schuttler, of Chicago, our arrangements were pretty well completed, and I proceeded on to Florence. On the arrival of our goods, we commenced loading the wagons, and started our ox train in charge of Capt. H. D. Haight, and a mule train in charge of John Y. Green. In the meantime, Capt. Hooper had arrived, to return with me to Utah, and hav- in<^ arranged for a baggage wagon, and driver and night watch, together with a comfortable phaston drawn by good mules for ourselves, we again set out for our mountain home. On the arrival of the train, we opened our goods in a store then owned by W. H Hooper, which has since been torn awav to give place to the Deseret National Bank, and commenced a suc- cessful business under the firm name of Hooper. Eldredge & Co. — George Cronyn being the silent partner, with a small interest in the firm. During the fall and winter our business was as successful as we could have expected, and I remained in Utali during the spring and summer of 1861. There seemed to exist, for some unknown cause, a degree of prejudice against merchants, par- ticulariy Mormon merchants, to that extent that we concluded to retire for a season at least. Hence we wound up our business in the fall and divided our goods on hand, 1 concluding to store mine for the present. In the spring of 1862, after the close of the session of the Legislature, of which he had been elected a member. General Horace S. Eldredge was again requested by Brigham Young to go to New Y'ork to superintend the emigration, and to purchase machinen,- and merchandise. This year's mission was performed with the fidelity and executive ability which has ever characterized Horace S. Eldredpe's missions and business journeys to the Slates. In the spring of 1863, he was again appointed to the same work for the Church, and at this point we reach another link of our commer- cial history. He says : Ha\-ingbeen called upon to go again to New York to superintend the emigration, I left by overiand stage in company with F. Little and L. S. Hills— the two latter to remain at Florence, on the frontiers, to attend to the outfitting, and I proceeded to New York to attend to fonvarding the immigrants from that point to Florence. Having some means of my own, I invested between $8,000 and $10,000 in machinery for a cotton factor}-, which was got up under contract by Messrs. Dan- forth & Co., of Patterson, New Jersey, with the understanding that Prest. Brigham Young would have the same freighted to Salt Lake City and erect buildings for them. While in New York, I was induced to purchase some small lots of staple goods which I con- sidered would meet a ready sale on their arrival. I therefore invested a few thousand dollars, and on arriving home found that my friend Hooper had been doing the same as a similar venture. On comparing invoices, we found we had a very fair assortment and including what I had in store of niv original stock would justify us in opening a retail store which would give us employment during the approaching winter. Having a ver\- fair line of staple goods, we had a successful trade and realized fair returns for our investment. In the meantime. W. H. Hooper had invested between $12,000 and $15,000 in woolen machiner>- for the sake of encouraging home manufacture, and President Brigham Young proposed purchasing our interests in the cotton and wco'.en machinerj', and to pay us in freighting HORACE S. ELDREDGE. jt raercliandise from thi Missouri River the coming season. This arr.ingemint wis entered inro. and in the spring of 186+ vre proceeded to New York and odier Eastern cities and purchased our goods, amounting to over §150, 000 first cost, the freight- on the iim » amounting to over 580,000. Our goods arrived in due time in the &11, and we opened them in the store then known as the Livingston & Bell building, since known as the * Old Coostiniiion Building." We had a very suc- cessful trade during the winter, and in the spring of 1865 W. H. Hooper sold out his interest to H. B. Clawson, and the firm was changed from Hooper & Eldredge to Elldredge 4 Clawson. In the spring of 1865 H. B. Oawson went to New York to purchase goods for the firm and con- tracted with parties known at the time as the Buuerfield Co. to freight our goods from the Missouri River to Salt Lake City. This company having inexperienced managers, and knowing bur little about freighting over the plains, were late in starting, and the consequence was that the fell storms overtook them and mtich of their stock perished. Their trains were snowed in in the mountains and never reached here tmtil the next spring. But our goods had to be paid for and were not received until twelve months after they were purchased; rhi-; very much embarrassed us, and the loss that we sus- tained by this delay could hardly be estimated. However, we were not discouraged, for in the spring of 1866 Mr. Clawson went east and purchased a fine stock of goods anH effected a setdsnent with the Butterfield Co. for our fiieight the previous year. During this season, we were more successfiil in getting ottr goods frei^ted, being fortunate enough to find responsible parties for freighters ; but the following year, in 1867, we m t with another misibrttme. Mr. Clawson purchased a fine stock of goods and shipped the same to the care of the L'. P. R. R. at Omaha to be forwarded to Julesburg, or the terminus of die U. P. R. R. A train with about twenty thousand dollars worth of our goods was attacked by Indians near PItnn Creek on the Platte River, and burned, and the goods destroyed. On learning of this, Mr. Clawson re- turned to New York and duplicated the purchases. The loss of these goods, and die delay in getting the second ptirchase were great drawbacks to us. The managers of the U. P. road at that time refused to settle for our loss, and we were compeEed to comm^ence a suit against them and obtained a judgment for about $19,500. They took an appeal and seemed disposed to keep us out of our money for an indefinite time, but we fi.ially settled with them for ^16,500, and got otir money in iS/i — after waiting about four years. Our second purchases arrived safe, but quite late in the seasotL During the season of 1868, we were more fortunate, and by a strict application to business succeeded in satisfying all otir cretfit- ors. Notwithstanding our various reverses, no one ever lost a dollar by them except ourselves, we always paying principal and interest, anrl never asking a discount. Considerable business in mer- chandise was done here by men having no local interest, and liberal profits were made, and while they made their money here they wotild go elsewhere to spend it and do little or notiiiiig to «n- courage or build up the Territory. It was therefore thought best to adopt a plan by which the profits of at least a portion of the business would be retained here and give the real settlers and consumers some of the benefits. Hence "Zion's Co-operative Mercantile Institution" was organ- ized in October, i363, and in the spring of 1869 commenced business, and an opportunity was given for all who wished, to take stock in the Institution. Between tour and five hundred persons availed themselves of this opportunity and thus became partners, as it were, and could purchase their own goods and share La the profits. ELldredgs and Clawson sold out tiieir stock of goods to the Institution, and I took twenty-five thousand dollars stock in the same to start on. I afterwards bought in and increased my stock to over sixxy thotisand dollars. I was elected one of the di- rectors in the first organization, and have held the position ever suine, except six months in 1372. during which time I was president of the Institution. In June, 1869, \V. H. Hooper, H. S. Eldredge and L. S. Hills opened a bank in a small adobe building imder the name of Hooper, Elldredge & Co., with L. S. HiUs, cashier, with a paid- up capital of $50,000. In 1S7C, we increased our capital and organized under the name of the "Bank of Deseret," and in 1872 we increased our capital to S2Qc,aoo, and organized as the "Deseret National Bank," deposited the necessary bonds and issued 5i3o,aoo National Currencv, with W. H. Hooper, President, myseif \Tce-President. and L. S. HiUs, cashier. Ln the fell of 1S69, I made a trip to San Francisco, California, for btuaness and pleasure com- bined. I spent a few weeks very pleasantiy and profitably, and returned in December. On the morning of January 27th, 1870, I received notice that I was wanted to start for New York on the the 29th in the interest of Z. C. M. I. Having accomplished my btrsiness in New York, I left on the evening of Fefaruarv 24th for the J 2 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. West, and stopping over one d;iy in Chicago, I arrived liome on March 3d, having had a very pleasant and prosperous trip. Our fortieth annual conference met on the 6th of April and adjourned until the 6th of May to meet in the new Tabernacle, which was being completed. At this conference I was called and set apart to take a mission to England to preside over the European mission. Accordingly I made preparations and started on the 13th of May, accompanied by my wife Chloe, There were about twenty-five missionaries accompanying us. We arrived in New York on the 21st and stopped at the St. Nicholas hotel. We engaged pas- sage on the steamer Idaho, which was to start on the 2Sth ; this gave us little time to spend in New York. Mr. Costes, a<'ent of the Williams & Guion line, presented me with a complimentary ticket for my- self and wife, and according to appointment we left pier 36, North River, at 3 p. m. on the 25th. The first few davs we experienced some sea-sickness, but it soon wore off and we had a pleasant and prosperous trip. We arrived in Liverpool on the 6th of June, 1870. We repaired to the Mor- mon office at 42 Islington. Brother Albert Carrington was absent at Bristol, but returned the ne.xt day. On our arrival, however, we found Elders John Jaques and A. W. Carlson, who received us very kindly. After looking around and resting a little, I was prepared to enter upon the duties as- sit'ned me, and in a few davs Elder Carrington sailed for America, and left the responsibility of the office and mission upon me. But with the faithful labors of Elders Jaques and Carlson I got along very well. The former was assistant editor of the Millenial Star, and the latter was book-keeper and assistant in the emigration, both of which required a large amount of labor and attention. At intervals between the sailing of the vessels, I spent much time in visiting the principal cides in Eng- land, Scotland and Wales. I enjoyed myself very well during the summer season, but when ihe fall storms commenced, with the heavy fogs, I took a severe cold and it settled on my lungs. 1 suf- fered constantly with a cough that seemed to rack my whole system. I could get no relief, but it seemed to increase with every little exposure I was subjected to. After enduring it until about thi; middle of February, 1871, I resolved to try the Continent and the mild climate of Italy, and get relief if possible. Accordingly I left Liverpool February 21, 1871, accompanied by my wife. We stopped over night in London, and were joined for the trip by Elder Lorin Farr. On the 22d we crossed from Dover to Ostend, and from thence to Brussels in Belgium. We stopped at the Hotel de Europe. This being about the close of the Franco- Prussian war, we deemed it more prudent to postpone our visit to Paris until our return, when we anticipated that matters would be settled, peace restored, and that we could enjoy our visit better then than at this time, hence we concluded to go by the way of Brussels, Cologne and up the Valley of the Rhine. Having escaped the fogs and smoke of old England, we concluded to remain a few days and look around, as we found Brussels to be a very interesting place, and General A. L. Chetland and his kind lady took great pains in showing us around and visiting with us the places of interest. On the 25th we proceeded to Cologne and were much interested with the immense Cathedral, said to be the lart^est in the world and has been two hundred years in the course of erection and not com- pleted yet. From thence we traveled by rail up the valley of the Rhine, as the river at this season of the vear was not upen to navigation. The scenery was beautiful and the old towers and castles and fortifications were very interesting, as we could catch a hasty glimpse of them as the train was hastily moving along. I have no doubt that views and scenery were much pleasanter as viewed from a steamer. We arrived at Basle and stopped for the night. From thence to Berne, on the 27th. We were met at the depot by Brothers G. H. Snell and Edward Schoenfeld, at 2 P. M. We remained one night in Berne, and left an appointment to meet with them in their confer- ence on April 2d. G. H. Snell joined our company for a trip into Italy, and at 1:45 P. M., February 28th, we took the cars for Lucerne and stopped at hotel Du Lac. On the morning of the first of March we were aroused by the porter at 4 o'clock, to take the steamer up the Lake Lucerne to Fluellen, where we were to commence to ascend the Alps via the St. Gothard Pass. We had a verv pleasant ride up the lake, but our ascent and descent over the Alps might be considered ro- mantic, but not so pleasant to me as some other rides I have taken. However, by making several changes from diligences to sleighs, and from sleighs to one horse pungs and back again to diligences we dined at Andernort, a small hamlet in a litde valley ; here we commenced a more rapid ascent with one horse sleds and an Italian driver ; at 3:30 we passed the summit of the Gothard Pass the snow-capped mountains still towering high on either side, and a fierce, cutting wind blowing ihrou'^h the gap. Here we changed horses and drivers, the latter being equally as anxious for gra- HORACE S. ELDREDGE. yj tuities as those we ieft, but we found we had only commenced to realize the annoyance of Italian beggars. Our descent was rapid and sometimes perilous, as a misstep of a horse under full head- way would have sent us down thousands of feet. There were fourteen sleds in the company, and the sled that carried our baggage was drawn by a refractory horse and upset several times, at one time rolling over horse, sled and all four or five times, but fortunately the road curved around and when the horse stopped rolling he was within a short distance of the track below him, hence we were only detained a short time. At 5:30 we arrived at Irolo, a small, filthy, Italian village, and dismissed our sleds and took diligence and arrived at Bellizona at 11 P. M. tired and hungry, and with but a poor prospect of satisfying our hunger except with Italian hard bread and wine, but hav- ing been traveling nearly twenty hours, rest and sleep were equally as desirable as the rough fare set before us, and we soon retired. On March 2d, we proceeded to Milan, a beautiful city in northern Italy. We visited the great cathedral and ascended to the top, which gave us a fine view of the city and surrounding country. This cathedral has over six thousand beautifully carved mar- ble statuaries, besides a large amount of other beautifully carved marble ornaments, but time and space here will not allow me to follow the particulars of my diary, so we will pass on to Berona and from thence to Venice, where we spent several days very pleasantly. The Piazza, St. Mark's Ca- thedral, the Tower, the Palace of Days, the Prison, the Bridge of Sighs, etc., would all offer inter- esting items to write upon, as well as tl e romantic rides in the gondolas on the grand canal and bay, but we must hasten on, leaving the description of the gallery of fine arts and many other items of interest for others to contemplate. We will pass on through a beautiful level country to Bologna, from thence through a more romantic and mountainous country to Florence, visiting the galleries of fine art, the King's palace, the park, Zcfological Gardens, etc. We then pass on to Rome through a mountainous and romantic country, many old towers, castles and ruins of former days, and arrive in Rome on the 9th of March at 8:10 P. M. and take rooms at Hotel Da LMineve. We spent eight days and nights in Rome, and went from thence to Naples, and also to the ruins of Pompeii ; there had been a very severe storm which prevented us from ascending Mt. Vesuvius. After spending a day amid the ruins of Pompeii, we returned to Naples. While going through the museum at Na- ples, we met General Tom Thumb and wife and Minnie Warren, they having passed through Salt Lake City a few months previous to our leaving, traveling west on a tour around the world. We concluded to ascend Mt. Canaldoli, where we had a beautiful view of the Bay of Naples and the surrounding country from an old monastery. An old monk was very courteous to us. The only way to reach it was by narrow paths and defiles only wide enough for a footman and a donkey. Our little donkey took us safe to the summit and back, a distance of six miles. Among many other things that I noticed in Naples, was the peculiarity of the milk dealers. A man with ten or fifteen goats and a dog to assist him to drive, would pass from house to house and the man would clap his fingers to his mouth and give a shrill whistle; the dog would round the goats to, the servant girl would come to the door and hand the man a cup or measure, and he would step up to a goat and milk it full, receive his change and pass on to the next, and so on. It occurred to me that if a similar custom was adopted in our country with milk venders, peoDie would know better what they were getting and could water it to suit themselves. At i P. M. March 21st, we left Naples and arrived in Rome that evening and remained until the next day, from thence to Leghorn and from Leghorn to Pisa, where we made another halt. Pisa is said to be one of the oldest cities in Italy, has about 50,000 inhabitants, has beautiful surroundings and many places of interest. We visited the cathedral, the baptismo, the Leaning Tower and Carpo Santo or burial ground. There were fifty-three shiploads of earth brought from Mt. Calvary, in order that the dead might repose in holy ground. From Pisa we proceeded to Genoa via La Spezia, crossing the mountains by dili- gence. On our arrival in Genoa, we learned more particulars about the breaking out of the Com- munists in France; and callin on the U. S. Consul, Mr. Spencer, he advised us to return through Germany instead of France, as we had anticipated, as there seemed so be no safety in France. Consequently after spending a few days very pleasantly in Genoa, we turned our course and pro- ceeded to Verona and spent a short time there very pleasantly ; from Verona we went through Austria and Bavaria to Munich in Germany, then from Munich to Zuriet, and Berne in Switzer- land, where we arrived at 5 P. M. March 29th. On the 31st we went to Geneva and spent one day and night and returned to Berne to fill the appointment that I had made to meet with them in conference on April 2d. Accordingly we at- tended conference on Sunday the 2d of April, at 10 A. M., and at 2 and 6 p. M., and on Monday, the 3d, we took our leave of G. H. Snell, E. Schoenfeld and C. W, West, and started for Copenha- gen in Denmark, stopping one day and night at Frankfort-oq-the-Main ; from there to Hamburg, 10 •J 4 HISTORY OF SAL! LAKE C/IY. and on the morning of the 7th we left Keil by steamer for Corsor, and were met on landing by W. W. Ciuff, who accompanied us to Copenhagen On the 9th, according to appointment, we attended conference, commencing at 10 A. M. and 2 and 8 P. M. Monday loth, attended meeting at 10:30. and at 2. P. M. attended the Sunday school examination, which was very interesting and gratifying to see the improvement made by the chil- dren under the superintendence and instruction of Elder W. W. Cluff. On the nth we visited the Rosenberg Palace, the deposit of the relics of the Kings of Den- mark, The wealth of the wardrobes and various articles and ornaments and armory was astonishing, as well as the paintings and tapestry. We were shown a saddle which belonged to Christian IV. of the i6th Century, which, with the ornaments, cost ^^30,000. April 15th went to Malma in Sweden, and on the i6th attended meeting ; on the lyih returned to Copenhagen. The weather was cold and I suffered much with a cough ; having enjoyed a very pleasant time in Copenhagen, we left on the 20th, and stopped a day or two at Hamburg, and a gen- *tleman by the name of Bolin, paid us much attention and added much to the pleasure of our visit. On the 23d we left Hamburg for Liverpool, via Cologne, Ostend. Dover, and London; airived in Liverpool on the 25th, having been absent two months and five days. I remained in Liverpool until the 5th of May, making arrangements for the emigration for the season. Succeeded in making sat- isfactory arrangements with Mr, Ramsden, to take our continental passengers from Copenhagen and other ports to New York via Hull and Liverpool. May 5th went to Port Maddock in North Wales, to inspect the narrow gauge railroad and roll- ing stock of the same. May 6th took a ride from Port Maddock up into the mountains about 13 miles on the narrow gauge road, it being 23^ inches wide. Was pleased with the working of the road; it was said to be one of the best paying roads in the British Isles. On my return to Liverpool called at Carmarthen and took a walk around the Castle of Carmarthen where the first Prince of Wales was born. May 13th left Liverpool for Glasgow to attend Conference. Held three meetings on the 14th, a number of American Elders being present. May 15th went to Loch Lomond for a pleasure trip, called at the Castle of Dunfermline and ascended to the top, had a pleasant ride on the lake and returned to Glasgow. May i6th left Glasgow for Edinburgh, visited many places of interest, among which was the Old Castle, Holyrood Palace, Scott's Monument, etc., and returned to Liverpool. May 2Dth I went to Newcastle-upon-Tyne to attend a conference, was met at thestation by sev- eral American Elders and they accompanied me to Shields, where the conference was to be held. Sunday, 21st, held three meetings ; 22d, called a counsel to settle some business or difficulties that seemed to exist, which was amicably arranged and I returned to Liverpool. Elder Albert Car- rington and several other Elders having arrived during my absence, we proceeded to assign them to their fields of labor. May 27th, I went to Bradford to attend a conference. Sunday 28th, attended three meetings. Monday 29th, returned to Liverpool. June 3d, went to London to attend conference, and on the 4th held three meetings. June 5th, visited Hampton Court. Tuesday 7th, returned to Liverpool. As Elder Carrington had been sent to release me, I commenced preparing to return to my mountain home. On Sunday, June iitb, I attended meeting in Liverpool for the last time. Elder George Reynolds occupying part of the time and myself the balance. On Wednesday 14th, we took passage on the steamship Nevada for New York. Mr. G. Ramsden, the agent of the Williams & Guion line, welcomed my wife and I on board, giving us the first choice of staterooms. We had a very pleasant and prosperous trip, our genial Captain Green taking great pains to make things pleasant and agreeable; myself and wife were not seasick after we left Queenstown, but some of the passengers were not so fortunate for the sea was quite rough much of the way; had no severe storm, but headwinds. We arrived in New York the 27th, and remained for several days, then proceeded on our way home to Utah, where we arrived on the 6th of July, 1871, having been absent about fourteen months. We were much pleased to again enjoy our mountain home and the society of friends. In June, 1872, I made another trip to San Francisco. In Januar)-, 1873, I was called upon to go to New York in the interest of Z. C. M. I. I left home in company with Hon. W. H. Hooper and Alexander Majors, Esq., the former gentleman returning to Washington as Delegate, and the latter on business of his own. I returned in the early part of March, having been detained some time on account of the block- ade of snow on the Union Pacific Railroad. HORACE S. ELDREDGE. 7j- In April, 1872, I was elected President of Z. C. M. I., and resigned the following October, at which time W. H. Hooper was elected superintendent and took charge of the Institution November ist. During the Summer and Fall of 1873, a general panic seemed to sweep over the land and af- fect more or less the commercial interests of the whole nation. Our Territory was not exempt from the effect of the same, and in November I was called upon to go again to the Eastern Cities in the interest of Z. C. M. I., visiting St. Louis, Chicago, Philadelphia, New York and Boston, and re- turned December 25th. My health being very poor, and suffering from a severe cold that seized upon me while travel- ing, I was under the necessity of remaining very quiet at home for some time. In the early part of February, W. H. Hooper, Supt., requested me to go East and assist in purchasing goods for the Spring trade. Consequently, I left on the loth for New York accompanied by O. S. Clawson. We were quite successful in making our purchases, and on the arrival of Joseph F. Smith and Wm. Sadler in New York, I concluded to visit Hon. Geo. Q. Cannon at Washington, and left with them on the 6th of March for the Capitol. After having a very pleasant visit with Mr. Cannon, we returned to New York, and after laboring with O. S. Clawson very attentively for sev- eral days, purchasing and filling orders received from Supt. Hooper, we went to Philadelphia and purchased several bills of shoes and obtained samples, etc., and returned to New York. On April loth, I received a telegram from W. H. Hooper intimating for me to return home, and I immedi- ately closed my business and at 8 p. in., left for the West and arrived on the 17th, glad to once more enjoy a rest at my own home. I now anticipated a little rest from the cares and responsibilities of public business, and had re- solved not to take upon myself any further cares than those of one of the Directors of the institu- tion and Vice-President of the Deseret National Bank. I remained in this quiet way until October, 1876, when I was solicited to take charge of the Institution and was elected Superintendent; and on the ist of Nov. entered upon the duties thereof. Although at the time, I had no idea that I should continue over twelve months, I remained in charge of the Institution four years and three months, or until February ist, 1881, when I retired, my resignation being accepted and Hon. Wm. Jennings succeeded me as Supt. During this time I made some improvements. In the Spring of 1879, the Directors authorized me to build an addition to the store in Salt Lake City, which was completed I believe to the satisfaction of all concerned — the addition being fifty by one hundred and fifty feet. In the Spring of 1880, the Directors authorized me to build a suitable building at Ogden for our busi- ness which was also satisfactorily completed. It is one hundred by one hundred and fifteen feet, three stories high exclusive of the basement, and contains a respectable banking house and office. I felt that the cares and responsibilities of the position were wearing upon me, and the duty that I owed to myself and family prompting me to tender my resignation, January 20, 1881, I retired with kind feelings towards all, leaving the Institution in a prosperous and healthy condition. I hope it may continue in the same, and be a source of increased prosperity and profit to the Stock- holders and a blessing to all the sons and daughters of Zion. Since the above was written. Gen. H. S. Eldredge was again appointed superintendent of the Institution, namely on June 2d, 1883, which responsible office he holds to the present time, and in January, 1886, after the demise of Hon. W. Jennings, he was elected vice-president, which honor- able position he continues to fill with satisfaction to the stockholders, the institution's patrons, and public at large. The General is a'so one of, if not the oldest director of Z. C. M. I. now living. l6 HISTORY OF SAL7 LAKE CITY. WILLIAM JENNLNGS. In the personal illustration of the commercial history of Utah, we will now biographically sketch the Hon. William Jennings, in whose F^agle Emporium Z. C. M. I. opened its career. Certainly one of the most marked of the commercial men of Utah was William Jennings. He was the son of Isaac Jennings and Jane Thornton, and was born at Yardley, near Birmingham, Wor- cestershire, England, September 13th, 1823. His father was a wealthy butcher of Yardley, and he is also of good family stock. Some years ago, the elder Jennings was one of the claimants in the famous Jennings chancery suit for the immense sum of several million pounds sterling; he proved himself a lawful claimant to the estate — hence connected with numerous aristocratic families who were also claimants ; but the great Jennings property was never allowed to pass out of chancery ; so William Jennings comes not from an impecunious family but one in which money inheres. As the son of the thrifty opulent butcher of Yardley, it can bs also readily comprehended that the Utah merchant prince was familiar with the uses and advantages of money in his early youth. At the same time, he was strictly trained to the necessary economy and industry of successful business ; and this early training stood him in good service in his after life when he became possessed with the resources of a millionaire. At the age of seven, a disaster befell young Jennings, which was the cause of scholastic defici- ency, and he believes it indirectly led to his leaving home in his early manhood for America. At the age named, he broke his thigh bone and for fifteen months thereafter he was on crutches. He was also naturally ot a fine temperament and a delicate constitution, so that it was difficult for his parents to rear him. He was treated as a tender branch of the family tree, and allowed to have his own way, and it was his pleasure to leave school when he was eleven years of age, up to which time his accident and delicate health unfitted him for scholastic studies. The rest of his father's children — five brothers and five sisters — went to boarding-school and received a solid English education. This scholastic deficiency Mr. Jennings has keenly felt, and he has sought to compensate for it in his patronage to artists and art, in his cultivation of the beautiful around his grounds and home, and in giving substantial education to his sons and accomplishments to his daughters. But his disinclination of youth for the hard dry studies of the school-room found an earlier com- pensation in his love for business. In the healthy exercises of a country life, and in the purchase of stock for his father in the cattle markets and of the farmers around, he both improved his constitu- tion and acquired the sagacious habits of trade for which Nature had so abundantly fitted him. The following characteristic story of William Jennings' boyhood will illustrate this natural capacity as well as his father's confidence in his excellent business judgment. On this occasion, when he was fourteen years old, his father sent him to Coalsell market to buy cattle. Having carefully looked around, the boy selected a prime lot of about half a dozen head, and in the true off-hand style of trade, asked the owner what he would take for his cattle, I he farmer, amused with the boy, in a spirit of banter set a very low market price upon them. " I will take them," said the boy ; and the farmer, to keep up the joke, he confessed when too late, con- cluded the sale, whereupon young Jennings slipped out Ins scissors, quickly cut the Jennings' mark on each of the beasts and paid down the purchase money. By this time, the joking farmer discov- ered that he had also sold himself; and with considerable bluster he sought to retreat from his bar- gain, but young Jennings appealed to the circle of farmers around who had witnessed the sale and they maintained him in the fairness of the purchase. Reluctantly the farmer gave up the discussion and the youth drove the cattle into " Jennings' herd." Every one who knows our successful Utah merchant, will at once recognize the man in that plucky, sagacious boy trader of Yardley. In the year 1847. William Jennings emigrated to America. As he was not a Mormon at the time, we may reasonably seek the inspirmg cause. The accident of his youth as already noticed, had indirectly led to this event, which gave thereafter the whole shaping of his life. Having been permitted by his parents and elder brother to have so much of his own way in his youth, his self- reliance and great natural ambition inclined him, in early manhood, to seek a broader field than his native place afforded for his energies and enterprises. In fact, at the age of twenty-lour, he WILLIAM JENNINGS. 77 felt capable of miking his mark in the world in his own line— which was that of commerce — and his subsequent career has shown that he did possess the genuine impulse which inspires all self- made men at about that age. It will be remembered by those familiar with the emigrational history between England and America, that from about 1837 to 1850, throughout all the towns and cities of Great Britain, there was an agitation and a talk among such youths as William Jennings — bold self-reliant spirits — relative to the subject of emigration to America. The migratory impulse was, and still is, the very impulse of the age. It has peopled the New World and has given to it fresh vitality in our own times. This impulse of the age possessed William Jennings in his young man- hood without his having any connection with the Mormon people or there being any ordinary necessity for him to leave home to seek his fortunes. His desire was to come to America. His parents and brothers gave to his purpose no cordial approbation ; but with the true spirit which we all recognize as belonging to your self-made men, he set out for the New World without his *' family portion" and landed in New York early in October of 1847. On his arrival in America, young Jennings had but little means; yet he was courageous with his primitive resolution to make his mark in the world. The non-approbation of his family con- cerning his emigration to this country, at once piqued his personal esteem and his self-reliance ; and he made up his mind to prove to his family that he could succeed in life by his own native energies. At the onset of his career in America, he set the space of seven years before he would again see the face of his parents. It was nineteen years, however, before their meeting came; and •when at length they met, though all his family in England had risen to social independence, the successful merchant prince of Utah had overtopped them all in wealth. But we must return to the early part of his career. On his arrival in New York, after looking around a few weeks, he engaged for the winter with a Mr. Taylor of Manchester, England, a pork packer, at a wage of six dollars per week. The ne.Kt year he crossed the A'leghany mountains, by the way of Cumberland and Wheeling, to Cin- cinnati, thence to Chillicothe, Ohio. During that year he was robbed of between four and five hundred dollars, leaving him absolutely destitute. Being in this reduced condition, he next en- gaged as a journeyman butcher at a small salary. Leaving Ohio in March, 1849, he went to St. Louis, but finding that place unsuited to his pur- pose he left in April for St. Joseph, where he engaged to work for one Carby, to trim bacon ; but afterwards went to the butchering again. In the fall of the sarrrs year he was seized with cholera, which prostrated him four weeks, at the expiration of which time he found himself penniless, and two hundred dollars in debt. .\Uhough broken down by sickness and robbed of his money, his grit, backed by strong com- mercial ambitions, was unconquerable, and he set to work again to renew his fortunes. This native courage and industry, coupled with his general good conduct, brought to his assistance a benevo- lent Roman Catholic Priest whose name was Scanlan. Prompted by his sympathies for the young emigrant just convalescent and re-engaging in the struggle ot life, and having faith in his strict bus- iness honesty, the worthy Priest loaned William Jennings ^50. With this money he made his really successful start in life ; for hitherto, as we have seen, it had been for him hard work at low wages varied by the losses of his savings by robbery and sickness. But his business career had now com- menced. With this little capital he set to work, sagaciously turned every dollar to good account and relieved himself of all his liabilities. Thus with the lucky fifty dollar loan of a benevolent priest, William Jennings laid the foundation upon which he has since amassed an immense fortune, ranking him to day among the millionaires of America. To his honor be it said that he ever re- members, in the reminiscences of his life, to speak with gratitude of " Father Scanlan," ascribing to him the beginning of his fortune and success. In the year 1851, and while in St. Joseph, William Jennings married Miss Jane Walker, a Mormon emigrant girl This was the beginning of his relations with the Mormon people whom he did not, however, join in church membership at that date; but this marriage, and the providence of his life, soon thereafter led him to Utah, where he was destined to become one of the chief founders of the commerce of the West. In the spring of 1852 they left St. Joseph en route for Utah and arrived in Salt Lake City early in the fall. Having an eye to commercial business before he left St. Joseph, Mr. Jennings invested all his means in a stock of groceries and brought across the plains three wagons loaded with this class of merchandise from which he realized a handsome profit in Salt Lake City. Shortly after his arrival, he joined the Mormon Church and became fairly iden- tified with the social and religious interests of the community. At that datp, Utah stood in great need of such men as Jennings, Hooper, Eldredge, the Walkers, Godbe and Lawrence; and, as ob- jg HIS TORY OF SALT LAKE CIl Y. served in the opening chapter, it was at this time that such a class of men began the work out of which has grown the business and commerce of our Territory. But the earher activities of Mr. Jennings were engaged in tlie Butchery business, and in the establishment of several branches of manufacture naturally connected therewith. In the spring of 1855, he added to his butchery business,— which he established on his arrival in Salt Lake,— a tan- nery, which in turn gave him supplies for saddle and harness making and his boot and shoe manu- factory. This line of business was as grand a success for the country as it was remunerative to himself. In 1856, William Jennings was called on a mission to Carson Valley. It was the policy of the Church at about this period to send out men of his class to found new Territories which, however, at that time meant the extension of Utah. Thus Nevada was founded by the Mormons, and Car- son was the point for the mission of these business and commercial men. William Ni.xon was also sent to Carson Valley, and with him went Mr. " Rob" Walker as his wagon master, carrying with him a small train of merchandise. On his part, Mr. Jennings started butchery in connection with his mission, supplying the mining camps in that region with meat. He p.lso cut logs from the sur- rounding mountains, with which he built a substantial house. Having remained sixteen months in Carson Valley, in the spring of '57 he returned to Salt Lake. This was the period of the "Utah war." When he arrived home he found the people much excited over the Buchanan expedition. But in spite of the fact that Johnson's army was marching on Utah, for the avowed purpose of "wiping out" the Mormons, he set to work and built a large butcher shop, at a cost of ^1,000, on the site where the Eagle Emporium now stands. Perhaps no example more striking in his career could be noted to show William Jennings' sagacity and foresight. Evidently he did not believe in Utah being turned into a desolation either by a United States army or the command of Brigham Youno-. Indeed, in building up the commercial corner on which he has since raised his colossal Emporium, he was very much forecasting the policy of Brigham Young and the real direction of coming events. In the Spring of '58, however, he joined in the general exodus of the Saints, and took his family and household effects to Provo ; but continued his business in Salt Lake City. After the return of the Saints to their homes, Mr. Jennings purchased in i860, some <(40,ooo worth of dry goods of Mr. Solomon Young, and started in the mercantile business. From this date he became the leading Utah merchant ; and his example and gigantic enterprize did much to inaugurate a new era in our Utah commerce. In fact, the mercantile ambition of William Jennings became now well defined. He was aiming to make himself one of the gi-eat merchants of the West. Tlie following year he was engaged in supplying telegraph poles for the line between Salt Lake and Ruby Valley. The same year he went to San Francisco to purchase merchandise, traveling to Sacramento, a distance of 800 miles, by stage. In the year 1863, in conjunction with his merchandising, he carried on a banking and broker's business. In fact, he was the first of Salt Lake's merchants to buy and ship Montana gold dust. He was also owner of the first steam flouring mill in Utah. In 1864 he built the Eigle Emporium, a large and substantial stone building, in which he done a business amounting to $2,000,000 per annum,— thus making himself the leading merchant of the western country. Durino- the year 1869, he assisted in organizing the Utah Central Railroad Company, himself becoming its Vice-President, and remaining as such until the time of his death. He also took part in organizing the Utah Southern Railroad, and succeeded President Brigham Young as its President. M a later period he became one of the founders and directors of the Deseret National Bank. He was elected a member of the Territorial Legislature under Governor Doty's administration, who also gave him his commission as lieutenant-colonel of the Nauvoo Legion of the militia of Utah. Mr. Jennings being a strong believer in the principle of self-insurance, adopted this method of protecting himself against losses at an eariy period after his business transactions in Utah warranted such prorection, using cattle as a basis. The amount he would have to pay insurance companies as a premium, he invested annually in cattle, until the income from this source netted him ^10,000 per annum; this he invested in railroad stock until his insurance amounted to the enormous sum of $100,000, and his herd to neariy 3,000 head. He was an owner in Utah railroads to the amount of about $400,000, and was a bona fide millionaire. William Jennings' commercial career was marked with as many salient points as that of the Walkers and he has been quite as prominent a figure in history. On the Church side, he occupied WILLI A M JENNINGS. yg a corresponding position to that of the Walker Brothers on the Gentile side. In their relations to Utah, among its founders, they are equally from the Mormon people; but, while the latter threw all their weight into a commercial warfare against the church and its co-operative movements, the former directed all his money, potency and enterprise toward'- its commercial supremacy, Jennings was in business long before the Walker Brothers, but chiefly in the home-manufac- turing line, in connection with his extensive stock dealing and butchering. As the great hoiie-manu- facturer of Utah, he filled a sphere of usefulness to the community, not only in starting several branches of home industry, upon which the very life and prosperity of the communities depend, and also thus emphasizing the home policy of the Mormon leaders. In this, Jennings has been the exception to all the other merchants, both Mormon and Gentile, particularly when speaking of the earlier times. Until the opening of the mines, he alone was the merchant-apostle of home-indus- tries, and even then, true to his precedents, he became a railroad builder with Brigham Young, and moved with sagacity towards the development of the solider resources and capacities of the Ter- ritory. 1 hus William Jennings rose above the mere home-manufacturer to the merchant, the ban- ker and the railroad director. His great hit as a merchant was in 1864, the year in which he built his " Eagle Emporium; " he bought early in that year a large amount of goods in San Francisco, :g5oo,ooo in Ntw York and St. Louis, besides $100,000 of Farr & Co., and several smaller lots of goods in Salt Lake City in the same year. Major Bairows had brought to Salt Lake City a mam- moth train of goods, worth a quarter of a million dollars, at a wholesale bargain, which he desired to sell to one house. Jennings was the only one who could dare the venture at that period, and this he did against the earnest protest of his business managers, who feared so great a risk. He pur- chased the quarter of a million's worth, and " came to time" handsomely. It was the luckiest hit of his life, for, independent of large profits, it raised him at once among the great merchants of America, and enhanced the commercial standing of Utah herself. He said this was his chief object in purchasing that train of goods, rather than the temptation of a bargain. From that time Jennings ■was the merchant prince of Utah, and he held the sceptre until he resigned it to Brigham Young, as president of " Zion's Co-operative Mercantile Institution." Undoubtedly Mr. Jennings' greatest service to the Mormon people, and especially his value to President Young, was in the establishment of that famous institution. This is more apparent from the fact that the President had to force it in the face of a commercial rebellion. The great merchant was of more service to him at that moment than a quorum of Elders. Mr. Jennings was a lover of home magnificence. To his examples Salt Lake City owes greatly its fine solid appearance of to-day. With his Eagle Emporium he commenced the colossal im- provements on Main Street, in which he was followed by William S. Godbe and the Walker Bro- thers. His home is quite palatial, and, during the last five years, many of our most distinguished visitors, including General Grant, have partaken of his hospitality. The following is culled from our article on the " Beautiful Homes of our City." Tlie first mansion reared in Utah that could fairly claim the initial place under the classification of the '* beautiful homes of our city " was, undoubtedly, that of William C. Staines, Esq., which has since been transformed into the princely residence of the Hon. William Jennings. The grounds originally consisted of two very fine garden lots, of an acre and a quarter each, so that the ample grounds with their delightful cottage, made quite a mark in the growth of the city. Mr. Staines was an English gentleman of considerable natural refinement, and love of culture. Home, to his chaste and artistic mind, was a thing of beauty ; and horticulture being his profession his gardens were soon distinguished as the ornament of the locality near Temple block. The first flowers for the mar- ket were grown in his garden ; and his orchard was a rare one and under high culture. Deviating somewhat from the strict plan of the c'ty, which was that every house should be erected in the centre of the lot, but only twenty feet fro n the front, Mr. Staines built his neat mansion near the centre of the grounds, on the spot where now stands the Devereux house, and set out in front the finest part of his orchard, consisting of the choicest fruit tre-^s of every kind. About- the year 1865, Mr. Staines sold his home to the late Joseph A. Young, eldest son of President Young, for $20,000 ; Mr. Young also purchased the corner lot of the block, thus enlarging the grounds to three lots. In 1867, Mr. Jennings purchased the home and gardens of Joseph A. for 1130,000. He aftenvards bought out the Cooper property for $3,000; the Tripp property for $3,000 ; another part of the block of Brigham Young for $3,000 ; and Omar Duncan's lot for $6,000. The grounds now aggregated over five full city lots, being more than half the block and the entire frontage of the block on South Temple Street. After the purchase of the property by Mr. Jennings, 8o HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. it changed from its distinctive character of gardens to ornamental grounds of a palatial residence ; while by the addition of the adjacent lots it lost nothing of its former garden importance. The area in front of the mansion was cleared of the fruit trees and transformed into ornamental grounds with iron gates at the entrance and broad carriage ways sweeping up to the mansion, eiving to the place quite an aristocratic appearance. The magnificent piece of property now consists of the man- sion, ornamental grounds, the finest kitchen garden in the Territory, besides grapery, hothouses, thoroughly appointed stable, and carriage house as seen in the picture of Devereux House. Here, after this property came into the possession of Mr. Jennings, a meeting was brought about by the tact of the merchant citizen between President Young and a personage of far greater national importance than Governor Gumming. That personage was Secretary Seward. The visit of this famous statesman to our city, after surviving the tragedy which put our nation in mourning will doubtless be remembered by many of our citizens, as also the very favorable impression which was made upon the Secretary's mind by the opportune visit. Not unlikely, that visit for a period counteracted some of the pernicious effects of the Colfax visit at an earlier date ; and something of the pleasurable tone of Seward's experience in the " City of the Saints " was due to the sagacious management of Mr. Jennings. The Secretary dined at the house cf the munificent merchant. Brigham, at the time, was away from home on a visit to the settlements ; but Seward expressing a desire to meet the founder of Utah, Mr, Jennings invited the statesman to dinner again on Saturday, this being Thursday, promising the presence of Brigham Young. Seward was pleased with the arrangement, and the appointment was made for a private dinner and a cosy interview between the two great men. Mr. Jennings thereupon telegraphed to President Young and was answered by him that he accepted the appointment to dine with Mr. Seward at Jennings' house. The Saturday came ; the famous personages met and dined and drank wine together. Mr. Jennings, on all notable occasions, cultivated the style of the Eng- lish table, especially that prolonged intercourse of guests, so pleasing both to the genial nature of the gentleman of society and to the luscious self-love of the epicure; so that the founder of Utah and the illustrious American statesman could have met nowhere to better advantage for rehearsal of national reminiscences and the exchange of personal courtesies than at the epicurean table of William Jennings, Brigham Young, too, had infinite tact in conversation. He was not the man to play the august priest and oracle to a Seward. He was simply an historical American, meeting one not more historical than himself; and Seward was quite conscious that Brigham Young was his equal. National affairs rather than the " Mormon problem " formed the topic of conversation. Brigham sustained the conversation of several hours with his marvellous natural sagacity, ever and anon put- tincr in his wise appreciative views of national policy, which at length he climaxed with a fine com- pliment to Seward. Drawing back from the table, he enquired, admiringly : " Mr. Seward, how is it possible that you can carry the multitudinous affairs of this vast republic so perfectly and connectedly in your head? " " Mr. Young," replied the statesman, "' my life training has made me as much at home in the complex affairs of the nation as you are as the religious leader of a people 1 " Secretary Seward afterwards visited President Young at his office ; but the interview at the house of Mr. Jennings w^as the marked historical meeting between these two famous personages. A few years afterwards, General Phil. Sheridan and staff come to Utah to plant another mili- tary post in our Territory. At the time, it was apprehended by the Government that the Mormons would resist the rigorous measures which were then contemplated. President Grant, prompted by Vice-President Colfax, had resolved to end forever the dominance of the Mormon authorities over this Territory. Probably President Grant, himself, at the time, desired to place our Territory under a semi- military rule ; it is certain that Governor Shaffer directed all his movements to that end. But Phil. .Sheridan was not insensible to the social influence of the Mormon people. Like General Sherman afterwards, he stole away from the anti-Mormon circle, which fain had captured him, to enjoy an hour's social intercourse in the elegant home of Mr. Jennings. Here, though our merchant citizen had been a polygamist, the General met nothing suggestive of the necessity of harsh measures to be applied to Mormon society Here was a home of refinement and wealth, with an estimable lady presiding over it who had united two branches of her husband's family together as her own. General Sheridan was susceptible to this home influence. Mormon society, after all, was not bar- baric. The people had made the wilderness blossom as the rose; but this was not the whole, nor the most promising to the eye of an intelligent visitor. Here, in a Jennings and a Hooper, the one a native American, the otlier Enghsh, Sheridan saw growing up, representative of the Mormons, WILLIAM JENNINGS. Si wealthy society men who belonged naturally to the commercial progressive class rather than to the hierarchal orders ; and it is a social axiom, held by practical men of the world as well as by States- men, that the class who represent wealth and social independence are the best hostages of civiliza- tion. President Grant had positively instructed Sheridan to take counsel with Mr. Godbe and his friends, so the General himself stated, and now, when reconnoitering on our social basework, he saw other strong independent men. who, while remaining inside the pale of the Church, were, in their social potency, outside of all priestly dominance. With such a view, General Sheridan hon- ored William Jennings, and it is a similar appreciation which has led so many illustrious personages in latter years to visit the homes of Hooper and Jennings, even when they have not so condescend- ed to the President of the Church ; nor is it too much to say that those visits have brought Mormon society into better repute both in America and Europe. On the visit of President Grant to our city, Devereux House was again honored. The Presi- dential party remained in Salt Lake City but a day and a half. The president and his wife gave audience at the Walker House to ladies and gentlemen of the city, but excepting a call upon a rela- tive, the only home he visited in this city was that of William Jennings. On their way to the train, the President and his party drove up to Devereux House and alighted Here they tarried for nearly an hour. The President drank wine with the wealthy Mormon mer- chant and encouraged a cordial social spirit which he could not have done in the home of a Mormon apostle— at least he would not have done so, which was significantly exemplified in the meeting be- tween him and President Young. Mr. Jennings and his daughters, Jane and Priscilla, when in Washington, returned the visit and were received with particular consideration by the President and his wife. When they were leaving, Mrs. Grant sent a bouquet down to the coach to the young ladies. Their father got the bouquet pre- served at Philadelphia, and it is still treasured in Devereux House as a souvenir of the exchange of visits between President Grant and wife and the Jennings familv. Mr. William S. Godbe was at an earlier date received in like manner by President Grant. Such examples afford proof of the fact that though anti-Mormon delegations sent to Washington may be encouragingly patted on the back by members of Congress, yet after all these representative society- men, who have come up from the Mormon people, are esteemed as the best gtiarantee that Utah and the United States will by and by come into family harmony. A similar view may be taken of a more recent visit of General Sherman in the Hayes party. It will be remembered that two committees offered to do the honors to President Hayes on his visit to our city. The one was that of the City Council; the other that headed by Governor Murray. 'I'he latter was accepted ; but Presdent Taylor, with a select party, also went to Ogden by special train to receive President Hayes. On their way to the city General Sherman enquired for his "friend Jennings," whom he presently met with much warmth of manner, and soon the two were in cosy conversation. During the journey, some disparaging remarks were made about the Mormons bv the Governor's party, which General Sherman rebuked. "You must not attempt to tell me anything against this people," he said, "I know all about them." And then the General expatiated upon what the Mormons had done in the West, and of their great service to the nation. Their religion aside, this is the proper view of the people ; and no man could speak with better point on the question than General Sherman, one of the founders of Cali- fornia. The Presidential party were scarcely two hours in the city when General Sherman with ladies s'ole away to visit the home of his " friend Jennings." Mrs. Hayes atterwards expressed her regrets to Mrs. Jennings that she was not one of the party ; for the ladies had spoken to her enthusiastically of their visit io Devereux House Many distinguished persons from abroad have also honored Devereux House with their pres- ence. The Japanese Embassy came down and crank wine with the merchant prince. The wife of Sir John Franklin was several times entertained by Mrs Jennings. Lady Franklin expressed great delight m finding a home in Utah so like the elegant homes of her native England. She was charmed with the English style of the family and especially interested in Mrs. Jennings and her dau<^hters. During her stay, the merchant citizen took Lady Franklin to the Lake and other places of local note. Among the many distinguished visitors may be named Lord Dufferin, Governor of Canada and his Countess; but enough has been said of the historical memories of Devereux House, illustrating the rare social influence which these beautiful homes of our city exercise over the minds of visitors 82 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. who are equally conscious as our own people that not long since this spot where now is found the Zion of the Mormons was marked on the map as a part of the American Desert ! William Jennings was elected Mayor of Salt Lake City in 1882, and his administration gave general satisfaction. Undoubtedly he would have been returned a second term as Mayor, but for the constrained interpretation put upon the Edmunds' Bill, for he was legally eligible to the oflfice. The general record of his public hfe and of his connections with the commerce of the entire Terri- tory, the building and management of our local railroads will be found interspersed in the foregoing chapters of this history. He died January 15, 1886, and his memory was honored by the citizens generally. T. G. Webber and J. R. Winder, a committee appointed by the directors of Zion's Co-opera- tive Mercantile Institution at their meeting on January 16th, 1886, to draft resolutions of respect to the late Hon. William Jennings, Vice-President of the Institution, made their report, which was accepted and adopted, as follows: Preamble and Resolutions of respect to the late Honorable William Jennings, Vice-President 0/ . Z. C. M. I. Wheteas : On Friday, the 15th day of January, 1886, it pleased the Almighty Creator and Father of all to remove from our midst, by the hand of death, Hon. William Jennings, Vice- President of this Institution ; and Whereas. He was closely connected with this Institution from its inception, having been appointed a director in the winter of 1868, holding that position continuously till November, 1873, when he was elected Vice-President, an office he retained until his demise ; he also held the office of Superintendent from 1881 till 1883 ; and. Whereas, In all these important positions he has manifested a deep interest in the welfare of Zion's Co-operative Mercantile Institution, which is largely indebted for success and prosperity to his capable efforts, his judgment in all commercial matters being necessarily— owing to his unusual experience and ability — of great value ; and Whereas, While bowing submissively to the decree of an Allwise Providence, we have a keen sense of the loss that Zion's Co-operative Mercantile Institution has sustained by the death of so energetic and able a supporter as Hon. William Jennings. It was not alone in a business capacity that we prized him. but also in the closer bond of personal friendship, as he was endeared to us by his many noble traits of charactei, general kindness of heart and lavish hospitality being among the amiable qualities of his nature ; nor are we alone in placing a high estimate upon the value of our late departed friend and brother, the community having lost the presence in their midst of one who has acquitted himself honorably and efficiently in the public service, as a member of the Territorial Legislature, as Mayor of Salt Lake City and in many other prominent positions ; therefore be it Resolved, As the sense of the officers and directors of Zion's Co-operative Mercantile Institu- tion, that in the death of Hon. William Jennings we have not only been deprived of the services of an honorable, energetic and capable business man, but association with a loved and esteemed brother, and properly considering ourselves as among his intimate, personal friends, and viewing his many excellent qualities of head and heart with admiration, we net only hold his memory in the highest degree of respect, but accord to him a foremost place in our affections ; also Resolved, That our heartfelt sympathy be tendered to the bereaved family who, in the depar- ture from this life uf a loving husband and affectionate father, have suffered an irreparable loss ; also Resolved, That the above preamble and resolutions be spread upon the minutes of this board meeting in full, and that a copy thereof be engrossed and presented to the family of our late esteemed associate and friend. WILLIAM H. HOOFER. 83 WILLIAM H. HOOPER. The late Honorable William Henry Hooper was the son of Henry Hooper and Mary Xoel Price. He was born at the old homestead known as Warwick Manor, Dorchester County, Eastern Shore of Marylaud, December 25th, 1813. His father, who died when the subject of our sketch was but three years of age, was of English descent ; while his mother, as her name would indicate, was of Scotch extraction. He attended country school for about a year and a half, this being all the schooling he ever received in his youth. At the age of fourteen he went into a store as a clerk with a man named Brambei, up to which time he had lived at home with his widowed mother, helping on the farm as best he could. Two years later he entered the employ of a Mr. Parrott, a merchant at Newmarket, E. S., with whom he remained twelve months, until his employer removed to the West. Being again out of a situation, he went to Baltimore, where he engaged in his former business ; but his health failing him, he returned to his native place. Eastern Shore, with a small stock of goods —furnished him by his employer. On arriving at home, he took charge of his mother and two sfs- ters, the younger of whom is still alive. In connection with his business thus established, he, at the age of nineteen succeeded in build- ing a coasting schooner which he christened the Benjamin D. Jackson. About this time much inter- est was being manifested in the West, Illinois being the extreme western frontier; and in 1832, W. H. Hooper, selling his vessel and other effects, paid a visit to St. Louis, intending to go to the lead mines, at Galena, Illinois. The prevalence there of cholera, however, prevented him from carrying out his project and he wintered in St. Louis, then a city of but 6,000 inhabitants. Early in the spring of 1833, he returned to Maryland, and again took a clerkship in Baltimore. During the same season he made a trip up the Potomac to Washington, being a guest of Thomas H. Hicks, who subsequently became governor and died a senator. While in Washington he, in company with Mr. Hicks, attended the exciting discussions then going on at the Capitol on the currency question during President Jackson's administration. He . was in the Senate gallery when Jackson sent his memorable message to that honorable body pro- testing against their action looking to his impeachment. In 1835 his eldest sister and her husband died, leaving two daughters , aged respectively two and four years, who came under his charge. In the fall of the same year he, in company with George Wann, took a stock of goods to Ga- lena, Illinois, where they started business under the firm name of Hooper & Wann. In 1836 Mr. Wann returned to his native State, selling out his interest to Charles Peck and Samuel H. Scales, the house now becoming Hooper, Peck & Scales, afterwards well known upon the frontiers as mer- chants, miners and smelters, as well as being considerably concerned in the steamboat interest. It was during the year 1836 that Hooper married his first wife, Miss Electa Jane Harris, by whom he had two daughters, both of whom are now dead, as also is their mother, who died in 1844. His youngest daughter. May Dacre, died in 1855, near Galena; the eldest, Wiihelmina, died in 1866, at Platteville, Wisconsin. She was the wife of Mr. John McArthur. The firm of Hooper, Peck & Scales went down in the panic of 1838, which suspended the mer- cantile and banking interests of the whole country. After giving some two or three years' attention to winding up the business, it was turned over to Mr. Peck, a man of private means and without family, who also received incidental aid from Mr. Hooper, he having to seek his living in other di- rections. After several years of hard struggle, the firm debt, amounting in the aggregate to about ^200,000, was paid. During this period, his mother and family, with the two daughters of his sister, emigrated to Galena, where they remained in his charge until the death of his mother, in 1855, and the marriage of his two nieces, whom he had educated, and who graduated at the Cooper Institution, Dayton, Ohio. The family owned three slaves, ' Old Charley" and his wife and child. Charley had been the playmate of Mr. Hooper's father. They were taken from Maryland to Illinois, where they became free, but they never left the family. ''Old Charley " died recently at a very advanced age. For the last ten years he was bed-ridden. He was not forgotten, however, nor forsaken, by him to whose 84 HISTORY OF SAL7 LAKE C12Y. rearing lie had contributed in earlier times. He was cared fur to tiie last, receiving a liberal stipu- lation regularly from Mr. Hooper. In 1843 the latter engaged in steamboating, being clerk on board the little steamer Otter, then plying between Galena and St. Paul, near Fort Snerling. The Otter was owned and commanded by his brothers-in-law, the Captains Harris, who were the pioneers of steamboating on the Upper Mississippi. One building only — a Catholic missionary chapel — then marked the spot where now stands the large and flourishing city of St. Paul, Minn , and from which the city derived its name. At that time there were but few white settlers above Dubuque and Prairie Duchein. The country was then a wilderness, which is now embraced in the flourishing States of Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. In 1844 he built for the American Fur Company the steamer Lynx. During the memorable high water of that season she was grounded by her pilot, however, on her first trip, near or upon the point of land where the City of Winona now stands. He remained on the river, building and commanding several boats. The last, built in 1847, was known as the A/exa?ider Hamilton, and owned principally by Messrs. Corwiths,' of Galena, and Messrs. C. H. Rodgers, of New York, This boat w.is burned, with twenty-two others, at St. Lruis, in May, 1849, the disaster again leaving him penniless in the world. Being thus reduced, he took charge of the books of the then well known house of the West, the Planter's House, St. Louis. In the spring of 1850, he emigrated to Salt Lake City, under an engagement with Holliday & Warner, merchants. This event, insignificant as it may appear, changed the tenor of his future life. .-\.t the time he made the engagement with Mr. Holliday, Captain Harris of Galena and himself were arranging with a Pittsburg company for the construction of an iron steamer, which they pro- posed to ship around the Horn in pieces, with the view of putting her on the Sacramento River. The money for the carrying out of this design was to be furnished by Capt. Harris, and had this project been carried out, in all probability they would have owned the first steamer ever put on that river. It was on account of extreme ill health that Mr. Hooper preferred to make a trip to Salt Lake, where he arrived in the month of June, 1850, but remained with Holliday & Warner till 1853, In December of 1852, he married Mary Ann Knowlton, by whom he had nine children, three sons and six daughters, the first two being sons, who are now dead. In 1853, ^'^^ while in com- pany with Holliday and Warner, he went to California with a large adventure of cattle, horses, flour, etc., which latter he disposed of to a large company of emigrants on the road. While in California, he sold his interest in the profits to Holliday & Warner, clearing ^10,000 by the transaction, and in company with four other men, including his old friend, John Reese, returned to Salt Lake in the fall, reaching the city in the month of December. This jounley was attended with considerable danger, the country being infested with hostile Indians, and without a house, from where Virginia City, Nevada, now stands, to the settlements of Utah, a distance of about 700 miles. In 1854, he embarked in mercantile pursuits, and in 1855 was elected a member of the State convention to frame a Constitution for the State of Deseret. In 1857, he was .appointed by Gov. Brigham Young, Secretary firo tern of the Territory, to fill the place made vacant by the death of Almon W. Babbitt. This position he held undl 1858, when he was relieved by .Secretary John Hartnet of St. Louis, who came out with Johnston's army. Mr. Hooper's appointment as Secre- tary pro tern was recognized by the Federal Government. His coming to Utah changed the course of Mr. Hooper's life, and turned the fates in his favor; for in 1859, he was elected Delegate from Utah to the Thirty-sixth Congress of the United States. This gave him an opportunity of witnessing the culmination of matters at the Capitol, which re- sulted in the rebellion ot the Southern States. Kkkamble and Resolutions of Respect to the late Hon. William H. Hooper, President of Z. C. M. I. Whereas, On Saturday, December 30th, 1882, it pleased the Allwise Creator to remove from our midst, by the hand of death, the Hon. Wm. H. Hooper, President of this Institution; and Whereas, He was intimately associated with this Institution, as a Director, from the date of its first organization, in the winter of 1868, undl October, 1877 ; as Superintendent from 1873 until 1875, 3"d ^s President from 1877 until death called him hence ; and Whereas, During the whole time he was associated with us, in the several important positions enumerated, his energy in the interest of the Institution was unflagging, and his capacity and judg- ment unsurpassed ; its success being greatly due to his intelligent efforts ; and THOMAS G. WEBBER. 85 Whereas., While bowing in humble submission to the Divine will, we deeply realize the fact that Z. C. M. I. has, in the departure to the other life of Brother Wm. H. Hooper, lost an able, active and indefatigable supporter, and in considering his beneficial relations with us in a business capacity, in which he shone pre-eminently, we cannot refrain from also referring to his many estimable qualities manifested in other important spheres. As the Representative of the people of Utah, in the Congress of the United States, for a long series of years, he exhibited statesmanlike ability, associated with unflinching fidelity to his constituents. As a husband and father he was tender and affectionate in the highest degree; and as a friend, he was steadfast and true as the ever- Listing hills. Nor were his sympathies confined within a limited circle, being as comprehensive as the family of man ; therefore, be it Resolved, That it is the sense of the officers and directors of Z. C. M. I. that we have not only suffered, by the death of Brother Wm. H. Hooper, the loss of a gifted, quick-sighted, sagacious and upright man of business, but are thus compelled to part from one whose tenderness of heart, and kindly and genial nature, caused him to be beloved wherever known, and numbering ourselves as we do among his most ardent admirers and sincere friends, we not only hold his memory in the highest respect and esteem, but accord to him a foremost place in our affections ; and Resolved, That our heartfelt sympathy be tendered to the bereaved family, who have suffered, by the death of their head and protector, an irreparable loss ; and further be it Resolved., That the above preamble and resolutions be spread upon the minutes of this Board meeting in full, and a copy thereof presented to the family of our late lamented associate and friend. THOMAS G. WEBBER. Thomas G. Webber, secretary, treasurer, and assistant superintendent of Z. C, M. I., was born at Exeter, England, September 17th, 1836, the eldest son of Thomas B, Webber, by Charlotte, his wife, who died at Exeter December 12th, 1852. He comes from an old and well known Devon- shire family, who for generations have lived at and in the vicinity of Exeter, the celebrated old cathedral town on the Exe, Webber's father, a man of scientific attainments, an engineer, inventor and electrician, took a prominent part in introducing the electric telegraph at an early day in England. For upwards of forty years past he has been connected with the telegraphic systems of England as engineer and superintendent. A scientific man himself, and realizing the importance of educational training, Mr, Webber gave to his boy, the subject of this sketch, a good English education. An apt scholar, the boy made good progress; mathematics and drawing were his especial likings, in both of which he became proficient. But, with his mother's death, horn 3 seemed to lose its charm, and at length his father was in- duced to place him in a civil engineers' office. Here his mathematics and drawing served him well, and with a natural liking for the profession he made good progress. One of his companions and a fellow student of engineering having about completed his studies, accepted a position on one of the railways then under construction by the Brazilian government and lelt England for America. Young Webber determined to follow at an early day to the New World, which appeared to offer abroad and promising field. Accordingly in the Fall of 1855, having formed the acquaintance of a German named Kraus, who was soon to start for America, he left Eng- land and sailed with Mr. and Mrs. Kraus for New York. Here Kraus and himself opened an engineer's and surveyor's office under the firm name of Kraus & Webber, and by dint of hard work and perseverance they managed to make a living. But the partnership did not last a great while. It was dissolved by mutual consent and in 1857 Webber entered the army. He 86 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. served in Arizona and California, and in the Fall of 1861, was, with a squadron of his regiment, or- dered to proceed, by way of the Isthmus of Panama and New York, to Washington. Early in 1862, he went to Fortress Monroe with McClellan's army of the Potomac ; shared in the Peninsular and other campai"Tis of that army ; was present at Yorktown, Williamsburg, Gaines Mill, White Oak Swamp, Malvern, Fredericksburg, Kelly's Ford, Chancellorsville, UpperviUe, Gettysburg, Williams- port and Fallin" Waters. He was for a while Commissary and Quartermaster of the First Cavalry ; Quartermaster of the Cavalry Brigade and subsequently Adjutant of his regiment. A good draughts- man and topographer, a fearless and accomplished horseman, he was frequently engaged while serv- ing under McClellan in reconnoissances, undertaken for the pur]X)se of gaining information and sketchin"' the country, as the Virginia Peninsula was practical'y terra incognita for military pur- poses, when the army landed at Fort Monroe. The maps at hand were inaccurate and misleading, and the onlv trustworthy information obtainable was that procured by reconnoissance, frequent'y made under fire and at considerable loss of life. In the winter of 1863 he resigned to join his friend Mr. E. Miller, who some years before had presented the principles of Mormonism to him, and who was then at Florence on his way to Utah. At St. Joseph he learned that Miller would proceed no further west that winter, so he started alone to Atchison and crossed the plains by stage to Salt Lake. Here he early made the acquaintance of business and commercial men, and he now numbers among his most intimate and valued friends very many, the date of whose acquaintance goes back to the early days of his arrival here. In the following spring, with T. B. H. Stenhouse, he was busy preparing for the publication of the first daily newspaper in Utah, and on the morning of July 4th, 1864, the Salt Lake Daily Tele- graph was issued. In 1865, he was commissioned by Governor Doty a colonel of the militia of Utah Territory, and appointed on the staff of the second brigade, then commanded by Gen. Franklin D. Richards. On May 25th, 1867, he married Mary Ellen Fox Richards, eldest daughter of Gen. F. D. Rich- ards, by Charlotte Fox, his wife. In May, 1869, with his friend Stenhouse, and his old-time asso- ciate, John ]aques, he went to Ogden to publish a daily paper, and on the morning after the last rail, connecting the Union and Central Pacific Railroads, was laid on the promontory, they published the Ogden Telegrat>/i. Thus Colonel Webber took an active part in giving to Utah her first daily papers: the Telegraphs of Salt Lake City and Ogden. In [une, 1869, he left Ogden and the newspaper business, and entered the service of Z. C. M. I., and in October, 1870, was elected secretary of that Institution. His old friend, Thomas Williams, was elected treasurer at the same time. Subsequently the secretary and treasurerships were merged in one, and he was elected to the dual office. In October, 1876, he resigned to go on a mission to Germany, and was succeeded as secretary and treasuier by David O. Calder, Esq. Early in the following November, with his friend. Gen. H. B. Clawson, he went east to Chicago, the Centennial exhibition and New York, whence he sailed in the Dakota for Liverpool. After visiting in Devonshire, he again returned to Liverpool, where he met F. S. Richards and H. B. Clawson, Jr., Esqrs., and the three friends traveled through England, France and Switzer- hnd together. From Bern, Switzerland, Webber went to Baden and Bavaria, remaining in the Rhine country until the winter of 1877, when he was telegraphed to come home. Returning to Devon to say good-bye to relatives and friends, he crossed the Atlantic in Novem- ber, meeting his wife, who under the kindly escort of Hon. John Sharp, reached New York City soon after he landed. After visiting friends in Eastern cities, he and his wife returned by way of Niagara, reaching home in January, 1878. During the greater portion of 1878, he was engaged in the settlement of the estate of the late President Young, and at the annual meeting of the stockholders, in Octolxir of that yeir, he was again elected secretary and treasurer of Z. C. M. I. On the second Monday of February, 1884, he was elected a city councilor, and at the last muni- cipal election, February 8th, 1886, alderman, from the second municipal ward. A warmer or more devoted Iriendship is rarely seen than that which, for near a quarter of a cen- tury, has characterized the intimacy of Jennings, Hooper, Eldredge and Webber. The two first named have now passed away, but each in his last will and testament, as a further mark of friend- ship and confidence, named Webber as one of his executors, without bonds or sureties, notwith- standing the estate of each will aggregate near a million dollars in value. From the above brief sketch, it will be seen that Col. Webber has been identified with the great Institution of which he is secretary, treasurer and assistant superintendent almost from the very beginning. Possessing executive abilities of a high order ; with a quick, almost intuitive perception. H. n: NAISB17T. 87 and a worker in the broadest acceptation of the term, he has labored diHgcntly and well in the great cause of co-operation. Long association with Z. C. M. I. having familiariz.ed him with every detail of its business, he is thus enabled to handle its complicated and vast transactions with readiness and ability, and the Institution is not a little indebted to him for its complete organization, perfect busi- ness systems and success. He is eminently a self-made man, having risen altogether by superior ability, coupled with in- tegrity, and to these traits he owes his present important and responsible position. He came to Utah an entire stranger, yet at once became a representative man of the country, a joint founder of the first daily paper in Utah, and for fifteen years he has held his present position in the executive depart- ment of one of the greatest mercantile institutions in America, H. W. NAISBITT. Among the common people of Utah — that is the non-official class — few names are more gener- ally known than that of our subject. For over thirty years a resident of Salt Lake City and en- gaged in public business and duty, it is easy to account in quite a measure for this. An Englishman by birth, yet of Scotch origin, and belonging to the Naisby's or Naseby's of the Covenanters, it is seen that characteristics are not unseldom hereditary, and marked in this, as in hosts of life histories by the influence of " blood." The grandfather was in the British service, and was paymaster in the navy when drowned at New Orleans in the war of 1812. The immediate father and uncle were linen manufacturers in the North Riding of Yorkshire, England, but the introduction of cotton fabrics paralyzed that industry, and made the busy northern villages of that County the habitat of idle weavers, whose craft and memory are now obsolete and near forgotten When our boy was but nine years of age, and partly as a consequence of this trade crisis, the lov- ing father passed away, leaving his widow and five children alone in the battle of life ; no, not alone, for the religious sentiment of the household was voiced, by the dying husband when he said, " mother don't cry, ' I never yet saw the righteous forsaken nor his seed begging bread.' " At the age of thirteen, it was necessary that labor should claim the powers of the oldest of the family, and so it came to pass that school was abandoned, and that taste was indulged in the attempt to acquire a knowledge of the hat business, of tinning, of cabinet work, of gardening, and of the grocery and tea business, all of which had an influence felt even unto now. The death of one or two employers broke up apprenticeship, and a drift was made to Bolton, I^ancashire, then after a year or two to Liverpool, thence to Shrewsbury, all in the grocery busi- ness ; from the latter place, the inclination to visit America was established, Salt Lake City being the objective point. From this period, life seemed to branch into three separate and distinct, yet intermingled lines, business, literature and religion. A career in the former was commenced in the old firm of J. M. Horner & Co., who occupied in 1854, the now Deseret News Office. Fresh from the system and order of the old world, it was amusing how much of an attraction there was in the manipulation of goods and packages; President Young, Captain Hooper and many others were struck by the defl and ready method of handling and tying up. But this position only lasted for a time, and with the grasshopper war, with thirteen weeks, ex- perience in Echo Canyon, with trying to build a home and supply furniture to the public, the move south found a financial cripple, though probably not more so than in many other cases. A few weeks in the south, then a return, and renewal of the furniture business, the completion of the first job and receipt of the much needed pay for a little family, when the night cry of fire sounded, and the home, books, furniture, tools and general effects went up in smoke — four years' labor in forty minutes fire. Then came clerkship with Gilbert & Gerrish, then with Wm. Nixon, then with Wm. Jennings, a brother-in-law; for the latter, business trips were made to California, then to New York, via 88 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Panama, afterwards to St. Louis and Chicago, finally, loading all purchases in wagons on the Miss- issippi River, then leaving for home. This was repeated for years, and as showing the business of those times, $175,000 was pur- chased one season of one dry goods house in New York, besides the necessary proportion of all other goods, incluHing plows, threshing machines, wagons, cattle, etc., and facing the Indian difficulties enroute to Utah or eastward, such as were not uncommon. After this enfTngement closed, a partnership was entered into, goods were bought on commis- sion, this merged into an established business when the little spot of co-operation appeared on the business horizon of our Territory. These things had been of a local character, but in " the School of the Prophets " our now broadened business man made the first elaborate and systematic discourse, indicating the possibility and advisability of general co-operation, really as a measure of defense a<^ainst extortionate trade, and, as a preliminary to the final supremacy of home manufacture as de- veloped and encouraged under and sustained by one gigantic importing establishment. A full meeting realized that the key note had been struck, and at subsequent meetings in the City Hall, with President Young presiding, further elucidation was made, and the organization of some company or firm determined upon for the purpose of dealing in and supplying with merchandise the people of Utah Territory. The next appointment was as one of three to prepare a constitution and by-laws for the creation and control of such an institution. Z. C. M. I. was determined upon, when subscriptions for stock were solicited ; several of the leading merchants were being bought out entirely, others were re- lieved of surplus merchandise which they placed in stock; quite a number of outsiders were panic- stricken and sold out, and finally, in the stores of \Vm. Jennings and Eldredge & Clawson, the business was commenced. Mr. Naisbitt was active in buying and receiving goods on stock or pur- chase from W. Jennings, Eldredge & Clawson, Ransohoff & Co., Godbe & Mitchell, Needham & Sears, David Day, H. W. Lawrence, Liddell and others; he then was selected as purchasing agent in the east, on account of prior experience and knowledge of the markets. In this capacity he visited Chicago, New York, Boston and other cities, reaching there, as he expressed it, when Z. C. M. I. was void of credit, prestige or means, when everything like co-oper- ation was an object of suspicion, when far off Utah was as great a mystery as the Sphynx, and when commercial standing was to be secured through darkness as impenetrable as that of Egypt. By patience, by the influence of old busines friends, and by msans used cautiously and wisely for eight long months, on returning he presented the report that "had it been desirable, he could on leaving the east have bought half New York." Long after this the position of buyer was filled, until President Brigham Young gave a special mission to preach co-operation all through the Territory, which mission was repeated some years later, and once again under the instruction of President Taylor, who, like President Young, was President of the Institution. For some years after this first mission, charge was had of the wagon and machinery depart- ments,and then came a separation, and after two years spent in England, a situation was again pre- sented, and in one capacity or another the now oldest or longest employed, still finds interest and business in the Institution so well understood and so often defended in years gone by. It is no discredit to others to say that no more indefatigable speaker, writer or worker has been in connection with the Institution, and during its early history and dark financial days, no official doc- uments or reports were more graphic and telling than those emanating from his pen. Much of business experience, acquired during a long series of years, is now seen in the pages of Z. C, M. I. Advocate, published by the Institution. The series of " Talks," in the first volume of that periodical are invaluable to new beginners, as well as many older ones now engaged in bus- iness. The new series of "Talks" in Volume II. promises to be even more attractive, dealing, as they do, with public questions and topics of general interest to the growing people. Arriving at this point in the biography naturally brings in the intellectual or mental aspect of the man ; and, while it is not claimed that anything profound or scientific has been produced, those who are familiar with the potency of the press will not hesitate in saying that in the infancy, material, mental and spiritual, of a community, those who understand the every-day life of a people, whose sympathies are in unison with the majority, and whose interests are indissoluble with theirs, must have even more influence than when elevated too far above the people by education, by association, or by wealth. Yet, not to all is given such tastes as lead or determine a drift in this direction, natural aptitude H. W. NAl'^BITT. 8g makes easy that which, when souj^ht without it, is irksome, distasteful and apparently undesirable, however, in our subject. An early tendency toward literature, was established by somewhat of a liberal education, and fistered afterward by an insatiable appetite for cosmopolitan reading; originally circumscribed by religious books and the opportunities of a country town, these were expanded by the broader _ opportunities of Liverpool, England, in institutes, lyceums, etc., supplemented by the proximity of ability on the platform, the pulpit and the stage. Here first attempts at composition began, and before the "teens" were o'er a drift was created which remains to the present day. On arriving in Utah, the early pages of the Deseret News received bis contributions, and when the Polysophical institution was in its glory, our subject never failed by poem or essay to give his proportion to the entertainment. From thence as a lecturer before kindred associations, somewhat ot local appreciation was created, and in that field, then trodden by but few, there was steady progress in an intellectual direction. The training of the ministry, which falls to the lot of most of the Elders of the Church, was not without its influence in the same direction, and many discourses delivered in this city, after publication in the News were republished in the Church Journal cf Discourses, while essays, lectures and fugitive poems, lound place in every form of local literary publication. Hence the pages of the Utah Magazine, the Juvenile Instructor, Snell's Advocate, the Utah Farmer, the Contributor, Tullidge s Magazine, and Parry s Journal, have all had more or less of the productions of this writer. As a welcome contributor to the general columns of the Deseret Ncios, and as a contributor to ihe Mountaineer, ^he Telegraph a.nd ihe. Herald m s\xccess\on, \i camQ to pass in 1876, that selection was made of the now somewhat experienced writer, for the position of assistant editor of the Millennial Star, in Liverpool; on arriving there the full responsibility of that publication fell to his lot, and included the issuance of the Journal 0/ Discourses, a large edition of the Hymn Book and some sixty thousand small tracts for the use of the elders ; the original intent of President Young was that he should also superintend the publication of a new edition of the Doctrine and Covenants, with marginal references by Apostle Orson Pratt ; the death of President Young interfered with this arrangement, and after two years faithful labor the elder was released. Since his return in 1878, literature has more than ever engaged his attention, as all the local papers will testify, sometimes as editor, then under a noni de plume. The desire of the author is yet to embody in a permanent condition, a now large accumulation of manuscript and matter in varied forms and on a vaj^ty of topics, in the hope that such publication will become part of the perma- nent literature of Utah, or more particularly of the "Mormon" people. Several of the author's hymns are now in the standard Hymn Book of the Church; the one most used of these, is the touching refrain of " Rest for the weary soul. Rest for the aching head," which has been sung at most of the prominent funerals of late years, in connection with special music written by Prof. Careless. Many others have been published as Sabbath School songs, and are used in all gatherings of that kind, in this and adjoining Territories. These literary recreations have been independent of the claims of a busy mercantile, social and ministerial life ; and now in the former capacity, as the oldest employee of Z. C. M. I., and with a varied business experience, he is called to the editorial labor of its Advocate and Comtncrcial Register, which after asuccessful year's issue, is now running upon its second, with prospect of laro-er circulation and appreciation than before. As a criterion of poetic style and taste, seme illustrations will be found in the literary section of the History of Salt Lake City, page 801. These may not be brilliant, but for sentiment they claim a measure of consideration, and being varied in mood, are evidence of more than usual versatilitv, and indicate at least, the impress of the divine afflatus. H, \V. Xaisbitt was early brought into religious ways, Methodists, Primitives, Calvinists, Con- gregational ists and Episcopalians Vk'ere in his native town, but all were working to a common end, and the stormy polemics of larger towns and schools had never disturbed the serenitv of this dead sea level of religious theory and thought. An apparent accident drew to another town, a now studious boy, and an unknown church (the Baptist) was presenting its claims on the strength of Bible teaching ; to hear was to believe, to believe was to be baptized, and then came greater consciousness of religious diversity and finally of religi- ous strife. The pulpit now loomed up as the objective point in life, to stand as his fathers had done before him was a worthy ambition, and moving to a large manufacturing town gave our youth increased 11 go HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. oppDrtunities of hearing and rending. Swedenborgianism with its revelations and mysterious inner sense ; Catholicism with its sensuous ceremony and priestly assumption ; Unitarianism, with its cold yet learned disquisition and lauded intellectuality ; each had jn their turn such mental consid- eration as youthful training claimed for real religion. Further drift encountered Joseph Barker, G. J. Holyoake, Gerald Massey, Thomas Cooper, Robert Cooper. Henry Vincent, Fergus O'Connor and Daniel O, Connell, all iconoclasts in their way, hewing down the dagons of superstition, whether of religion or crowns. Secularism became the ism, not, however, without grave thoughts, and with some compunctions at the rejection of the life work of fathers and mothers, and keen personal feeling at the app irent overthrow of authority and the enjoyments of a loved and happy home. At this timely juncture, "Mormonism" was presented, and the dubiety felt in regard to religion in general seemed to attach this to itself in particular, for some time suspected, yet earnestly observed, its harmonies began to dawn upon the soul, the defects experienced, the inconsistencies heretofore realized in others, began to assume "form and feature" in it, and not long ere enough was under- stood to give assurance that trial only could once more be realized as it had been before. Years sped by, gathering to a new— a strange land, the testing crucible of circumstances, the loss of many precious things of life, founding a home in the desert, far from books, institutions, so- ciety was much of a trial, losses by fire, in trade, from friends; probable misunderstanding, misappre- ciation, jealousy, etc.; the cares of life, the crowding demands of family, the acceptance and prac- tice of the patriarchal order, these have all been tests of strength, of faith, of endurance and nerve; the strain of " a busy life," its business, its mental labor, its ecjiesi istical d^m.ind as evinced in mis- .sionary and other work, these all try the stamina of the man ; the prospect of prosecution, of con- finement among felons and violaters of fundamental law, the penalties of integrity to covenant and contract, these all loomed up m the life of this earnest man. Haifa century of probably not always intelligent endeavor, has fled away; its lights and shadows, its clouds and sunshine, are among the memories of the pnst, and no deliberate choice of evil, spectre-like looms up to darken the horizon of the coming years. Twelve lively boys, and as many girls, besides the care and raising of four adopted ones, and many wives beside, are not likely to leave much leisure in a common life; the few who gone have with their mothers to the other side are the present inexpensive adjuncts and appendages of the patriarchal order; if those who think this is child's play, and that it calls for "bonds and imprisonment," would but assume for one short year, the responsibility, thought, ambition and labor, rather would they not feel that the multiplica- tion of good', honest, honorable citizenship, should enjoy the recognition of the?authorittes of the land, and that these should rpthcr be the recipients of its largesse and laurels than the subjects of its prosecution, -its contumely and penalty. Time will vindicate the right, truth will triumph, man will indeed be free, and the relations of life, social and religious, will be as between a man and his Maker; so fong as universal right and liberty is unmenaced and uninfringed. FRANKLIN D. RICHARDS. A scholarly divine of New England some years ago compiled a genealogical register of the de- scendants of several ancient Puritans. Among them is the family of Richards. In the introduc- tion to this genealogy, the conscientious author and collator says : "In Europe the name of Rich- ards has long been illustrious. * ••■■ * But it is no part of my design to import and regild the faded honors of the name. * •■• '•■■ I offer a fresher and nobler lineage, one emblazoned with the brilliant ensigns of sacrifices and sufferings, of victories and triumphs, for truth and conscience." Grand words, breathing something of prophecy destinetl to find a great measure of its fulfillment in the lives of Apostle Franklin and his close kindred. Puritan .sturdiness, coupled with constantly increasing intellectual force, characterized the dc- ^ (/) . Ul yor>/i^a^i^c>LJ FRANKLIN D. RICHARDS. p/ scendants of the founders of this family upon Massachusetts shores. If ihey did not reach the high- est point of worldly exaltrtion, they were always held in honorable consideration; and from their number were drawn more than a jirof onion of divines, cloclois, lawyeis, legislators, scholars, and patriot soldiers. In the year when American Independence was declared, we find among many others of the name, one particular scion of this house marching to the wars. Joseph Richards enlisted with the Continental forces when he was but fourteen years of age ; and, despite his youth, he fought gal- lantly at the siege of Boston at Crown Point, Kennington, Tioga, West Point and Cowpens. Five years of the wars doubtless "brought bronze and beard upon his face;" for at nineteen he married Rhoda Howe, a descendant of John Howe, who was a coadjutor of Eliot the preacher to the Indians. The younger sister of Rhoda Howe became the mother of President Brigham Young. The second son of Joseph and Rhoda Richards was Phinehas ; the fourth and fifth sons were Levi and Willard — all three with a record for devoted adherence to conscience which does no shame to their Puritan ancestry. Phinehas learned the staunch trade of carpenter in his native State of Massachusetts. When the sound ol war again arose in the land, he enlisted in the Massachusetts militia; and, in 1813, he was serving on the colonel's .staff with the rank of sergeant major. At thirty years of age, Phinehas married Wealthy Dewey, of another old Massachusetts family. '1 hey had numerous children, of whom two — true to the inherent devotion and the fortunes of their race, have already lost their lives in a patriotic cause. The pleasant little town of Richmond, in the county of Berkshire, Old Bay Stale was the original dwelling place of Phinehas and Wealthy after their marriage. Here, on the second day of April, 1821, a son was born to them whom they called Franklin Dewey Richards. He was the fourth born and is the oldest surviving of nine children who came to bless his father's house. In the first quarter of this century. Western Massachusetts was a close neighbor to the wilderness; and in the radiant air and stirring scenes of farm and forest the boyhood of Franklin was spent. He had much of the manliness and vigorous devotion to duty of his roldier sire and grandiire; for at the close of his tenth year the chroniiler sees the boy at Pittsfield — whither he had walked frcm Richmond, a distance of about 10 miles, to accept employment which would in part relieve the cares of his father. Previous to this time his life had been the toilsome, hearty one of a thousand New England boys; performing the labor for which his years made him capable ; toiling steadily through the summer that he might be enabled to snatch a few brief hours for school in the winter. At Pittsfield the sturdy chap spent three years, working in turn for John Weller, Justin Hale and Jeremiah Stevens. This labor brought its reward— grand, indeed, to this boy of 13 vears, but most trivial as it would appear to the more favored but less worthy youths of a later generation a winter at Lenox Academy. This boy who had read every book in the Sunday school library, comprising some scores of volumes, before he was ten years old, and who had pursued such a rigid course of study throughout three succeeding ye^rs of heavy labor that he was an exemplary scholar at the county academy, was not to be overlooked by shrewd Yankee eyes. A scholarship was created by the religious women of Richmond, to be placed in one of the leading New England colleges, to fit some youth for the ministry. Little Franklin Richards was selected unanimously as the object of this valuable benefice ; but, strange to worldly sense, he the ardent student, hesitated. At last, more strange, he peremptorily declined the honor. The parents ot this boy were devout and respected Congregationalists — belonging to the church which held as members Franklin's military grandsire, Joseph, and the devout grandam, Rhoda. Phinehas and Wealthv had trained their offspring in the pious way ; earnest themselves, they wished their children to understand and obey the truth. Once, when Franklin was in early childhood he went with his mother to hear a powerful discourse from the Rev. Samuel Shepard. At the conclu- sion of the impressive services the good Wealthy whispered to her awe-struck son, " How glad mother would be if her little boy would grow up to be such a good shepherd." Prophetic wish I Many times before this momentous hour of consideration, Franklin had been oppressed by solemn views. Religious excitement prevailed in New England ; the staple of conversation was the horrors of the damned. But our destined apostle, so far from accepting the common and almost universally favored theories, searched the Scriptures and found the proffered popular creeds but Dead Sea apples. When the scholarship was solicitously tendered, the natural ambition of the pa- rents would have dictated the son's acceptance. But they knew his conscientiousness and Phinehas said to Wealthy: "We have dedicated Franklin to the Lord, and I believe he will be inclined to do the way which will be the best for us all." When Franklin rejected the 92 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. brilliant offer in orrler to remain at daily labor for the inaintenance of his father's house until the true call should come, the Gospel of Jesus Christ as proclaimed by Joseph Smith, had not been heard in the quiet county of Berkshire. If Franklin had become a " student of divinity " at the New England College, he would doubtless have been through life a sectarian preacher of the word. Who now can doubt the Providence, then so mysterious but now so manifest, which dictated his refusal'? After this period the boy student found his necessary vocation with his uncles, William and Levi Richards, who had local prestige as lumber and shingle sawyers and cider makers. Two years he labored, gaining stores of practical knowledge, and then the trump sounded for the hour of awakening. In the summer of 1836, Joseph and Brigham Young— full of the ."spirit of apostolic ministry came from Ohio to Richmond. With the family devotion of their class they desired to lift their kindred into the radiance of truth. They gave to Joseph and Rhoda, to Phinehas and Wealthy, to Levi and Willard, and the score of younger relatives the wondrous gospel of a new- prophet arisen — not the Savior but His vicegerent — to lead men back to everlasting truth and make them fit for His coming in glory. The Youngs lefi a copy of the wonderful Book of Mormon with the Richards family, and it was carefully and intelligently perused. Franklin brought all the ardor of his studious mind to bear upon it. His few spare hovirs of daylight were not sufficient for the entrancing work, so he gave his nights. In the mill where he worked a cauldron of cider was to be kept constantly boiling. He obtained the watch of darkness Candles were out of the question; so his habit was to thrust a mighty plank into the furnace and, while one end of the slab was giving heat to the simmering cider and flickering light to the still house, he would lie outstretched upon the other end, poring over the pages of this newly revealed sacred history. He studied and believed. In the autumn of that year, 1836, Willard and Levi went to Kirtland, Ohio, as delegates and leaders of the family to the truth. They accepted the gospel and remained. In the succeeding April, Phinehas with Franklin's jounger brother, George Spencer— Eged 14 \ears — also journeyed to Kirtland. They in turn received and acknowledged the truth. In the autum of 1837, Phinehas returned to Richmond. He found FraHklin awaiting baptism ; and en the 3rd day of June, 1838. Phinehas had the heavenly pleasure of immersing his son within the waters of Mill Creek in Richmond, his native town. Now the young disciple felt the quickening. He abandoned his employment; and, on the 22nd day of October, 1838, he left Richmond for Vnr West, Missouri— making his devoted pilgrimage to the altar of the Most High. It was a lonely, toilsome journey. On the 30th day of that month of October, Franklin crossed the Alleghanies ; and almost at the same hour his be- loved brother, George Spencer Richards, was slain by an assassin mob at Haun's Mill. But the news of his brother's tragic death and the hideous stories of the "Mormon War" were alike power- less to restrain his purpose and he journeyed on eventfully. After visiting Far West and gaining confirmation of his faith, the young disciple found employment along the Mississippi River. In May, 1839, he first gazed upon the face of the Prophetjoseph, and the following spring he was ordained to the calling of a Seventy and was appointed to a mission in Northern Indiana. This time of preaching was a significant hour for him ; among many great experiences which it gave to him, it made him the familiar friend of the saintly Robert Snyder— a youth filled with grace and visionary power, whose favored sister Franklin subsequently married. With the spirit of apostleship upon him, he labored mightily. Under his strenuous efforts his health declined ; but he persevered. He journeyed and preached with great success; established, by his own personal efforts, a branch of the church in Portei County; and before he was 20 years of age delivered, at Plymouth, a series of public lectures which attracted much attention. 1 he April conference for the year 1841, saw him at Nauvoo an adoring witness to the laying of the corner stone of the temple; and at this eventful gathering he was called to renew his labors in the region of Northern Indiana. Just before he was to start en this momentous journey he saw Joseph and Sidney take the lead of nearly five hundred baptisms and confirmations ; and the glorious sight made his zeal mightier than ever. In the summer of that year ht was at Laporte — sick nigh unto death, and yet determined to progress with his mission. He found consoling care under the parental roof of Isaac Snyder, the father of his friend Robert, and through several weeks he was nursed as a beloved son of the house. When the flimily of Father Snyder took up its march for Nauvoo, Franklin was carried back by them to the beautiful city; but soon after the succeeding October conference he was once more mov- ing in the m!s^iomry field — this time being the comjianion of Phinehas H. Young, in the vicinity of FRANKLIN D. RICHARDS. 93 Cincinnati. He fortunately visited Father Snyder's family as^ain in tlie summer of 1842, just as he was convalescing from an almost fatal attack of Typhoid fever ; and in December of that year he wedded the youngest daughter of the house— Jane Snyder, whose helpful love sustained him then and blesses him to-day. He dwelt with the Saints at Nauvoo until the latter part of May, 1844. ''^ the meantime being ordained a High Priest ; and then was called to depart with Apostle Brighpm and ethers upon a mission to England. He reached the Atlantic States, but before setting sail for Europe he heard the dreadful news of the Carthage tragedy, and was called back to the desolated Nauvoo. The opening months of the ne.xt year, 1845, were spent by him in traveling more than a thou- sand miles among the branches of the Church in Michigan and elsewhere to gather tithes for the temple. He returned to Nauvoo with nearly five hundred dollars for this sacred purpose ; and then was chosen by his uncle Willard to be a scribe in the office of the Church Historian. In July, 1845, President Brigham Young said to the ardent young elder, " After you are favored with the blessings of the temple, you must depart for a mission to England." This was good news to the devout young man. The mechanical work upon the holy edifice needed every available skilled hand; and Franklin labored through the spring of 1846 as carpenter and joiner in the lower main court of the temple, until the structure was completed and dedicated — having previously partici- pated iii the administration of the sacred ordinances there. When these duties were concluded and the hour for the exoius had come he sacrificed the pleasant little home, built by his own toil ; and with the meagre proceeds he purchased a wagon and cattle and such few necessaries as he could compass for the use of his family — an invalid wife and baby girl. With the heroism of the martyrs, he saw his loved ones starting on that melancholy journey into the western wilderness. He committed them to the great Creator's care and then he turned his face resolutely towards the East — without money or sufficient clothing, to make his way by faiih alone, across continent and ocean into a strange land. His younger brother Samuel was called to accompany him ; and the two missionaries crossed the river to Nauvoo and slept the first night of their arduous journey in a deserted building there. The God whom they so unselfishly served opened their way ; they pursued their journey via the Mississippi and Ohio rivers to Pittsburg, and across the mountains to the coast ; and on the 22d day of September, 1846, they sailed from New York in company with Apostle Parley P. Pratt and others. The last word which Franklin received from the Camp of Israel, before his ship put to sea, was that the noble Jane amidst all the priva- tions of the exodus was lying at the point of death — that a little son had been born to her, but the child had quietly expired upon its mother's devoted bosom. This was the comfort brought to the courageous mi-sionary to spted and solace him upon his trying voyage ! On the 14th day of October he landed in Liverpool. A few days later he was appointed to pre- side over the Church in Scotland, with Samuel as his assistant. Apostle Orson Hyde was at this epoch the president of the British mission and editor of the Millennial Star ; though he was soon to depart for America and was to be succeeded by elder Orson Spencer. But at the hour when the change was expected to be made, a false report of Elder Spencer's death reached Liverpool. The rumor was believed and Apostle Hyde appointed Franklin, then only twenty-five years old, to both of the positions which he, himself, was vacating. The public announcement of this event was made by the retiring president and editor in the second number of the Star, for the year 1847, in the fol- lowing language : "Brother Franklin Richards, a worthy young man, who has received the fulness of the priest- hood in the temple of God, will be our successor to the editorial department of this paper, and will also take the presidency of the whole Church in the British Isles, under the direction and instruc- tion of the council of the Twelve Apostles. With all confidence we resign our trust into his hands, being satisfied of his competency and ability to perform the work assigned him ; and what is still better, we know that God is with him. We leave our blessing upon him in the name of the Lord, and say to the Saints, listen to his counsel and instruction ; in doing so you shall be blessed with life and salvation." Just as Elder Richards was entering upon his high trust Elder Spencer arrived in England and Franklin at once gave place to his ecclesiastical chief; but he was selected as counselor, and during the subsequent serious illness of the President, Franklin was obliged to sustain the responsibilities and perform the duties of that calling. He was a devoted soul. His entire being was immersed in the glorious work of the ministry. He labored there until the 20th day of February, 1848, when he was appointed to take charge of a considerable company of Saints who were emigrating to the landZion, in the bosom of the Rockv Mountains. g4 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. During the time of Franklin's stay in the British Isles, the Saints there had been relieved of the treacherous "Joint Stock Company." The dishonest projectors of the despicable scheme had fled to other regions; and hope and confidence again held sway. But while all in the mission was pros- perous, and the young elder could justly feel proud and happy in the great work of proselyting, melancholy news came to him from the wilderness. His brother Joseph William Richards, a mem- ber of the glorious Mormon Battallion, had succumbed to the rigors of the march and his wearied form had been laid in a lonely grave by the banks of the troubled Arkansas, Franklin's fair little daughter Wealthy had also died, and left Jane heart-broken, childless and alone. Thus early in life did the elder and his patient wife learn all the " sweet uses of adversity," schooling them to unselfish endurance. The home journey via New Orleans and St. Louis to Winter Quarters was completed by the middle of May, 1848, and there Franklin found Jane and such of their relatives as had survived the perils and privations of the times. In June he was sent through Western Iowa negotiating for cattle with which to move the company of Willard Richards across the Plains to the Salt Lake Basin. His effort was completely successful, and on the sth day of July the train started, with Franklin acting as captain over fifty wagons. The journey was a m9st distressful one to his wife. Much of the time it seemed as though each day would be her last. But they found kind and helpful friends who ministered to their wants ; and on the 19th day of October they entered the Valley through F2migra- tion Canyon and camped in the fort, more grateful to God than words can express to find a resting place for wearied frames worn with toil and sickness. Franklin sold his cloak and every other article of clothing which he could spare, and with the proceeds purchased building material. Before the violence of the winter was felt he was able to con- struct a small room of adobies without roof and without floor. Here they had a modest feast on the first day of 1849 ; and from this rude mansion on the succeeding 12th day of February, Franklin was called to receive his ordination to the holy apostleship. His time was new engrossed in the duties of his exalted calling. On the 20th of [une, 1849, gladness was again restored to the loving hearts of Franklin and Jane by the birth of a son .whom they subsequently called Franklin Snyder Ricliards and who has lived to perpetuate his father's fame and his mother's devotion. The young Apostle became immediately associated with the other leading minds of the commu- nity in the Provisional Government of the State of (Jeseret, in general legislative and ecclesiastical work, and in the labors of creating a Perpetual Emigration Fund. In October, 1849, he was once more called to leave home with its tender ties and its responsibili- ties of love, and renew his great missionary labor in the British Isles. He traveled in company with I'resident John Taylor and Apostles Lorenzo and Erastus Snow and had a most eventful journey. Hostile Indians, inclement weather and turbulent, icy streams, combined to delay and imperil their progress. But the hand of Providence protected them and the opening month of the year 1850, found them at St. Louis, visiting with dear old friends and brethren. What delight and heavenly ambition must have animated this devoted band. After years of tribulations they had seen the altar of Christ's family established in a place of peace; and now they were journeying hopefully to foreign lands to proclaim the law of gathering and lead the honest in heart to the safe and chosen home of the Saints, for a time beyond the reach of persecution. This was among the grandest missionary movements in the history of the Church, President Taylor was on his way to France, Lorenzo and Erastus were destined for Italy and Scandinavia, and Franklin, with the zeal of his young manhood and his endowment as an Apostle, was to officiate once more in the British mission. Orson Pratt had been presiding and editing at Liverpool ; but when Franklin arrived there on March 29th, 1850, he found that the elder Apostle had been called on a hurried trip to Council Bluffs! and the iYar contained a notification that during his absence Apostle Franklin D. Richards would preside over the Church affairs in Great Britain. The young president immediately began the establishment of the Perpetual Emigration Fund, and founded it upon a basis which has en- abled 'its beneficent power to endure until the present hour. Later in the season Orson returned to England and Franklin relinquished his place as chief, and became Apostle Pratt's associate for a few months ; but with the opening of the next year, 1851, Orson was called to the 'Valley, and Apostle Richards was instated as the president. Within the twelve months following; his energy and zeal, with that of his brethren, had spread the truth with irresistible sway throughout the Isles of Britain, while Franklin, with tireless hand and brain, doubled the business at the Liverpool Office; revised and enlarged the Hymn Book and printed an edition of 25,000 copies ; prepared his pamphlet, the FRANKLIN D. RICHARDS. pj Pearl of Great Price; stereotyped the Book of Mormon and arranged for stereotyping tlie Doc- trine and Covenants; issued a new edition of Parley's Voice of Warning ; and devised a plan which made the Star a weekly instead of a semi-monthly periodical and increased the number of its issue. He had also paid an interesting visit to President Taylor at Paris ; had sent to Zion the first com- pany of Saints whose passage came through the Emigration Fund ; and with Apostle Erastus Snow had made arrangements for the organization of a company to engage in the manufacture of iron in Utah. In January, 1852, pursuant to advice from the First Presidency of the Church, who contem- plated a visit from him to the Great Salt Lake Valley, he installed in the Liverpool Office, his brother Samuel, who had been formerly his associate during his ardent and successful Scottish ministry, in order to fit the younger Richards to maintain the increasing work in Franklin's temporary absence. The baptisms in the British mission durmg these two years of Franklin's stupendous labor, ex- tending from the summer of 1850 to the close of spring in 1852, aggregated about si.xteen thou- sand ; while the perfected organization of conferences, branches, pastorates, etc., was commensu- rate with this marvelous increase. Such accessions required increased emigrational facilities, especially as the long water voyage to St. Louis, by way of the tropical gulf, closely followed by a tedious overland journey, gave premonitions of fatal results to some among the pilgrims. After exhaustive investigation Franklin rejected the theory of emigrating the Saints by way of Panama to the California coast ; and instead adopted the project of sending one ship to each of the three ports, Boston, Philadelphia and New York. The latter received the di^cided preference, after the experi- ment ; and the plan of voyage between Liverpool and Castle Garden, instituted by the young but thoughtful Apostle Richards for the European Saints, a third of a century since, is still the univer- sally favored route. On the 8th day of May, 1852, he sailed from Liverpool for New York. Scanned under the bright light of his self-sacrificing life, the hour of his departure from English shores must have been a time of trial mingled with exultation. After a dreary absence he was returning to the beloved home and hearts, where suffering had been a constant and unforbidden guest for his dear sake* with the glory of the Apostleship still radient upon him he was modestly about to render up the testi- mony of his worthiness; and a thousand works of industrious goodness, with thousands of true con- verted souls left in Europe, or already journeying upon the deep, were all proclaiming for him re- ward and prayer. Yet on the other hand the mission of the man was strongly manifest upon him* he was leaving the work at the very inception of the growing destiny foretold by his prophetic in- tuition and made possible by his holy constancy ; zeal and sanctified ambition both must have prompted regret for his departure ; but though this mantle of providential weaving ran some threads of comfort; he was to see his loving family in Utah ; his brother Samuel, the latter possessing a full share of the family honor and ability, would remain in Britain to add numbers, wealth and glorv to the mission, and the absence of Franklin would be but temporary. There was with him no thout^ht that his loving duty was a painful task or an ill-paid sacrifice. On the 28th day of the succeeding August he was attending the special conference in Salt Lake City at which was promulgated to the world the famous revelation, which Franklin had long before heard and received, upon the subject of the eternity and plurality of the marriage covenant. On the 13th day of December, 1852, in the Territorial Legislative Assembly he renewed his labors as a law maker. The truth of theology and the power of discriminating legislation has seemed instinctive in the family of Richards. In the opening of the year 1853 he participated in the dedication of the Temple grounds at Salt Lake, and in laying the corner stones of the superb structure which now shines in chaste ma"-- nificence. In the succeeding month of July, he journeyed with Jane and their two little ones to Iron County to proceed with the establishing of the iron works ; and on the trip encountered, but with- out any immediate disaster, several parties of hostile Indians. At Cedar City military orders were received from Governor Young and Lieut. -General Wells, in view of Indian disturbances: and Franklin engaged immediately in the work of bringing in the outposts, changing the site of Cedar C'ity, and fitting the people for the resistance of savage aggressions. He returned to his home in Salt Lake in time to soothe the closing hours of his mother's life- but was again on the march for the iron region on the 22d day of October. His mission there ac- complished, he came to Salt Lake to take part through the winter in the legislative councils ; and while thus engaged he was requested by President Young to prepare for another mission to Europe. On the nth day of March, 1854, Willard Richards, one of the leaders of the Mormon people, g6. H J STORY OF SAL7 LAKE CI7Y. as he was the eminent leader of his family, departed this life. Franklin, notwithstanding the fact thai he was a young man, was at once looked to by his kindred as being their chief. Just before departing for England, he held a family gaiheirng, at which he set the example of dedi- cating his home and all he possessed to the Lord. He reached Liverpool in safety on the 4th day of June, 1854. Hisletter of appointment from the First Presidency, published in the MilUiuiial ^/ar, authorized him to preside over all the conferences and all affairs of the Church in the British Islands and adjacent countries." This was the signal for the closer amalgamation of all the European missions under one head — the presidency of the zealous Apostle Franklin D. Richards. He traveled on the Continent promoting peace and harmony as well as increase to the branches there. Emigration facilities were perfected and enlarged. In 1855 he engaged for the better acccmmodation of the growing business in Liverpool, the con- venient premises known now as 42 Islington, which have been occupied as the chief offices of the Church in Europe from that day until the present time. In October of this year, the Saxon mission was originally established in Dresden under his personal direction — a mission which has yielded intel- ligence and numerical strength to the cause. His travels were constant and extended to nearly every part of Western Europe — until he was probably better informed than any other man regarding the work in foreign lands. He gathered around him a most devoted band of American and foreign elders; and the cause progressed amaz- ingly. It was also within his province to direct the branches of the Church in the East Indies, Africa, Australia, New Zealand and other parts— making altogether a sphere which no man could fill unless every ambition were centered in the cause. On the 26th day of July, 1856, President Richards, accompanied by Elder C. H. Wheelock. sailed from Liverpool, homeward bound, on the steamer Asia. The Mi//enniu/ S/ar, now p\aced under the editorial charge of Apostle Orson Pratt, in announcing this fact, used the follo.ving language : " In noucing the departure of these our brethren from the field of their labors, it is difficult to expre^ those warm feelings of approval and blessing towards them which fill our bosom and which, we are confident, will meet with a cordial response in the hearts of thousands of faithful Saints to whom, through the rich blessings of the Lord, they have so abundantly administered the principles of present and eternal salvation. ■' For nearly ten years Presidents Richards and Wheelock have spent most of their time in labor- ing in the ministry in Britain ; and, from the beginning, a constant and abundant increase of strength and fwwer in the priesthood has been manifested, in the growth and efficiency of their labors. " During the past two years, in which Elder Richards has presided over the churches in Europe, some 8,000 Saints have left its shores for the land of Ephraim. When the circumstances under which this great work of gathering has been accomplished are taken into consideration, in addition to the many other complicated duties that have devolved upon him, it is evident that he has sought diligently after, and has had the revelations of heaven to guide him in the plans and devices of his heart ; and that the Lord has had great regard for him in making him an instrument in accomplish- ing His mighty purposes in the earth. " Brother Franklin has not only had the revelations of the Sr-irit to guide him, but he has sought after the counsels of the Prophet Brigham, and when he has received them he has also had the light of the same Spirit in which they were given, to direct him in carrying them out; hence, constant success has attended his labors, and they have been crowned with blessings to himself as an Apostle of Jesus, to the Saints under his immediate charge, and to the general interests of the Kingdom of God on the earth. "A rapid extension of the work of the gathering has been a prominent feature of his administra- tion, the last great act of which— the introduction of practicing the law of tithing among the Saints in Europe — is a fitting close to his extensive and important labors. " We receive the work from the hands of President Richards with great satisfaction and pleas- ure, on account of the healthy and flourishing condition in which we find it. During much of his mission he has labored under great bodily debility and weakness, and we trust that the thousands of Saints in Europe will unite their faith and j^raycrs with ours, that he may experience a great re- newal of the spirit and power of life, health and strength, upon him during his journey home, and ever after; and that he may not lack in any good thing to cheer his heart, and enable him to fulfill the duties of his holy calling." At a meeting of the presidents of conferences, held in London previous to the departure of FRANKLIN D. RICHARDS. gj President Richards, an affectionate and glowing tribute of esteem was unanimously dedicated to him. On the 4th day of October, 1856, he arrived once more in his mountain home; and in Decem- ber became again a member of the Utah Legislature. January Sth, 1857, he was again elected a Regent of the University of Deseret. He soon became immersed in the settlement of the estate of his deceased and revered uncle Willard. He was, on Monday, April 20th, 1857, elected and com- missioned Brigadier-General of the second brigade of Infantry of the Nauvoo Legion. Soon after- ward, ha paid a visit of observation, with other dignitaries, to Fort Limhi on Snake River. When the coming of Johnston's army was announced, Brigadier-General Richards was called into council upon measures for public safety and defense ; and later, was engaged with four hun- dred men of his brigade in giving support to Lieu.-General Wells in Echo Canyon. He, with other de- voted citizens, left his valuable property under the charge of a trusty friend, who was to apply the torch and offer it all as a burning sacrifice before it should be seized or desecrated by the boastful inva- ders. And, after the tragic folly of the invasion was brought to its proper clo'e, he, with others, re ceived a somewhat unnecessary pardon from James Buchanan, President of the United States. July 2ist, 1859, he began a political tour through Southern Utah, to advise and arrange for the election of delegate ii Congress ; and immediately upon his return to Salt Lake he departed with President John Tavlor, to meet two companies of emigrants — many of whom were endeared by old and affectionate association with Apostles Taylor and Richards. During the years from 1859 to 1866, his labors were multifarious ; he was engaged in ecclesias- tical, political legislative, military and educational works— besides having a large family responsi- bility and such growing private interests of agriculture and mill building as -his public duties would permit him to inaugurate. He was upon three occasions very ill, but each time he recuperated and renewed his labor with increased energy. On the 29th day of July, 1866, he was once more appointed to England, and in a fortnight was on his journey. Arriving in Liverpool on the nth day of the September following, he began the welcome and grateful labor of visiting the principal conferences of the European mission ; including the Scandinavian and other continental branches. If he rejoiced to be back among his children of religious love, how joyous must the patient, toiling Saints have felt to greet once more their tender father in the gospel. In July, 1867, this ■' tried warrior in the cause of truth" was again instated as president over the European missions. His predecessor. Apostle Brigham Young, Jr., prophesied that under Franklin, fiesh impetus would be given to the work in those lands. These words met with a won- drous fulfillment. He gathered once more a staff of enthusiastic elders to his support; and in the year loUowing, in Great Britain alone, there were baptized into the glory of this new gospel, three thousand four hundred and fifty-seven souls ; and in the same length of time, from the same country there were emigrated to the land of Zion more than three thousand two hundred Saints. Always projecting his thoughts into the future to find means for advancing the work of God, he at this time decided that emigration by sailing vessels was inadequate for the needs of the renewed proselyting work in Europe. He, therefore, made all the necessary changes— at that early day not inconsiderable — and two large companies of Saints were sent out from Liverpool by the steamships Miniiessia and Colorado bound for New York. This change from sailing vessels to steamships has continued till the present time. If there had been any fear in the minds of the leaders in Utah that the European countries had already given up to the Church all their truth-seekers, this superb result must have dealt the fear a lasting blow. It was again the triumph of the zeal which knew no other object than the progress of the new dispensation. When Franklin returned to his treasured home in Zion, on the first day of October, 1868, President Brigham Young met him with these very significant words : " Brother Franklin, welcome home ! I am glad to see you. I congratulate you upon your revival of the work in the British mission." This was the last foreign mission of Apostle Richards ; and his active work in the field had a fitting close. Eight times he had crossed the mighty deep and four eventful periods he had spent in the ministry abroad. His last effort had demons'.rated tlut the soil of humanity in Europe would still produce rich fruits. Although his ardor as a missionary had not waned, his value as a home counselor had in- creased ; and wjfh the opening of the following year a new epoch was commenced in his career. On ihe 19th day of February, 1869, he was elected Probate Judge of Weber County ; and from that event Ogden and Weber County may date no small share of the worthy progress which has made them respsctivelv, in importance, the second city and county of Utah. 13 pS HJS70RY OF SAL7 LAKE CITY. This was a critical hour in the history of that region. The locomotive whistle had sounded the advance ; and the people, so long isolated, must be prepared for the contest of the world. Culti- vated intelligence and cultured experience were needed. And the man whose earnestness and ability had made him the instrumt^nt for the resuscitation of the British mission was deemed the fit- ting regenerator. Accordingly in May, iSSg, Franklin D. Richards established his residence in Ogden. In all the intervening years he has been the presiding ecclesiastical authority of the Weber Stake of Zion. Many of his assistant laborers possessed a measure of his own paramount quality of generous loy- alty to the cau^e ; and these men came readily to his support in the revival work of the home min- istry. But every reader who has so far followed this .sketch will readily understand the self abnegation and the zeal of Apostle Franklin in his religious calling in Weber County. We pass to a brief summary of his social and political labors. When he reached Ogden to at- tend his first term of court the town had no newspaper ; before a year had passed, he established, and for a time edited, the Ogden y unction, ovei which he long e.\ercised a guardian care and which practically exists to-day under the name of the Daily Herald. Schools had been all that the people felt they could support, but they were still not up to a high grade ; he wrote, preached, and labored personally — and with his accustomed success, to advance the educational interests of the people. The young people, in many cases, lacked cultured associations and ambition for education and re- finement ; he organized societies which were the heralds, if not the direct progenitors, of the later Mutual Improvement .Associations which permeate the Territory — and he originated a plan by which the youth of Weber County might hear, without cost, lectures by the best scientists and most tal- ented orators of Utah. With the advent of the railway came an influx of worldly persons and sen- timent; he taught his people how to preserve from this rude .aggression, their political and moral integrity, and he showed them by precept and example how to make home beautiful and home pleas- ures attractive for the youth. When he came first to examine the records and the condition of public and private business in the county offices, he found almost a chaos. This state of affairs was due more to community care- lessness than to incapacity of officials. But reform was absolutely necessary ; for public lands were coming into market ; the probate court had general, civil and criminal jurisdiction ; the county was rapidly increasing in wealth and varied population ; and legal ends must be accomplished by legal means which would bear careful scrutiny. He gathered the best help available and proceeded with the good work. He was Probate and County Judge of Weber County continuously from the ist day of March, 1869, until the 25th day of September, 1883. During this period of more than 14 years, hundreds of suits for divorces and cases of estates for settlement were brought before him. In no single instance has his decision in these matters been reversed by a higher tribunal. He adjudicated all the land titles in the important city of Ogden and the populous towns of Huntsville, North Ogden, and Plain City. No one of these adjudications has ever been set aside by any court. For the first five years follow- ing his induction into office, his court had original and appellate jurisdiction in all common law and chancery cases; before him were tried a multitude of civil suits, habeas corpits cases and trials of offenders charged with all crimes from misdemeanor to murder. Not one single judgment or de- cree rendered by him in all this lengthy general judicial service was reversed on appeal. His justice and humanity, united with keen legal sense, made his name proverbial. In his admistration of county financial affairs he was no less successful, aided by associates of shrewdness and integrity. During his regime the finest Court House in Utah was erected in Ogden ; roads and bridges innumerable were built ; the only toll road in the county— extending through the magnificent Ogden canyon, was purchased and made free; taxes were kept low but were collected promptly; the county was maintained clear of debt ; and during all this period his position carried with it no salary. But even with such a m iss of business at home, he found time to travel and observe throughout the Territory. He had previously been, when in Utah, a member of the successive Legislative As- semblies and Constitttioual Conventions — in which his scholarship, legal lore, and patriotism made him conspicuous. He traveled with President Young to organize nearly all the Stakes of Zion ; and attended the dedication of Temple sites and Temple buildings. After the death of the great Brig- ham, and especially since his own retirement from political life, Franklin has been entirely immersed in the councils and labors of the Church. At the present trying hour, his dictation and advice are in more than usual demand by the entire body of his people. The passage of the notorious '• Edmunds Act " found Franklin D. Richards still the judicial FRANKLIN D. RICHARDS. 99 head of Weber County. And as his situation at that hour, coupled with subsequent events of histori- cal value brought him into most prominent individual contact with the political provisions of this law and its amendments, the biographer deems this the proper place in which to review the most re- doubtable effort ever mnde by the minority to gain political ascendancy in Utah Territory. The object asserted to be attained by the Edmunds Act was three-fold : The punishment of polygamy and bigamy ; the ostensible punishment of unlawful cohabitation, and the disfranchise- ment and disqualification from office of all polygamists, bigamists, and persons practicing unlawful co- habitation. It is to the third branch of this trifoliate object that we now refer. This was the most important feature in the law, in the estimation of the chief workers in the Liberal party of Utah, and they began very early the effort to secure the supposed vast political ad- vantages of its enforcement. When the President of the United States failed to appoint the com- missioners in time to enable them to prepare for the general election of August, 1882, it became apparent that the then incumbents — almost universally belonging to the People's Party — would find it legally requisite to hold over, at least until the August of 1883, and until their successors could be elected and qualified. In this emergency, the arch-schemers prevailed upon the thr^e Jus- tices of the Supreme Court of the Territory to address a letter to Congress, requesting immediate intervention to prevent anarchy. This supererogatory document was extremely adroit, and it was explained and amplified in personjl communications with influential men at Washington. It is given herewith: " The undersigned Judges of the Supreme Court of the Territory of Utah, respectfully repre- sent: That the Edmunds bill, so called, vacates all registration and election offices in Utah ; that by reason of this, no registration of voters has been made in this Territory this year, wnich the local law requires to be done in May and revised the first week in June, and none but registered voters can vote ; that by reason of such failure of registration and lack of election officers, the election fixed for the first Monday in August, 1882, cannot be held; that at such election there would have been chosen successors to all the present county officers, and also to the Territorial Auditor and Treasurer as directed by Territorial statutes ; that those successors cannot now be chosen for the reasons given ; that this failure to elect is liable to cause general disturbance and trouble, and es- pecially in view of the well-known fact that many of the present incumbents are understood to be polygamists, and so disqualified under the law above referred to, to hold office. We therefore ask that Congress shall take such measures as will provide for legal successors to all the present incum- bents of office whose successors would have been chosen at the August election, and thereby se- cure the continuance of good order and the regular and undisputed support of organized govern- ment, which otherwise would be seriously jeopardized. " We have delayed this representation as long as possible, hoping for the advent of the election commissioners, but they have not yet come. •'Dated July 20th, 1882. " JOII.N A. HUNTER, Chief Justice; " Philip H. Emerson, Associate Justice; "Stephen P. Twist, Associate Justice; '^Supreme Court of Utah." The dire effects which might have flowed from the hints contained in the letter and the insidi- ous suggestions made personally by the projectors, were measurably obviated by the earnest effort of Utah's friends ; and the following comparatively mild, but thoroughly useless enactment, since known as the ''Hoar Amendment," was passed as a rider to an appropriation bill : ■' The Governor of the Territory of Utah is hereby authorized to appoint officers of the said Territory, to fill vacancies which may be caused by a failure to elect on the first Monday in August, 1882, in consequence of the provisions of an act entitled 'An Act to amend section 5,352 of the re- vised statutes of the United States, in reference to bigamy, and for other purposes,' approved March 22d, 1882, to hold their offic s until their successors are elected and qualified under the provisions of s;iid Act. Provided, that the term of office of any of said officers shall not exceed eight months " The difference between the request and the grant mj^t be apparent to every thoughtful reader. The effort was to obtain an enactment, dispossessing the vast majority of officials holding place un- der the expressed will of the people of Utah, and instate in their stead, by executive appointment or other undemocratic method, some hundreds of persons repugnant to the majority of citizens : while the result was to secure for the Governor merely the right to fill vacancies occasioned by the failure to elect in August, 1882 — a most significant difference. But in pursuance of the original plan, which had not contemplated ;ind could not brook defeat, 100 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. this Hoar amendment was assumed as full authority for the project of arbitrary political conf7Scation ; and the Governor and his advisers appointed persons of their affiliation to neirly all of the Terri- torial, county pnd precinct offices — aggregating some hundreds, Among the early and important appointments made was that of James N. Kimball to be Pro- l)ate Judge of Weber County; and on the 2d day of October. 1882, he demanded the office from Franklin D. Richards. Being refused, he made application to one of the judges, whose name is at- tached to the letter quoted above, for a writ of mandate compelling the relinquishment of the office and its records, powers and emoluments in his behalf. This was the first movement of the kind on the part of the Governor's appointees; and it placed Franklin D. Richards at once in the breach to maintain a defense for himself and all his coadjutors. It had been the desire of many of the ap- pointees and their backers, to organize a general plan of attack all along the line ; but Mr. Kimball desired the honor of leading the van against a fortress which he thought would surely be easily won and might possibly be surrendered without a struggle. The usual method of testing a question ot this character, where each party claims to be the legal officer, is by proceeding in quo warranto, un- der which the legal title to the office is first carefully and judicially determined, without the haste characterizing mandamus. When the plaintiff sought the latter remedy, he was reaching lor what seemed a conclusive advantage. With courts already committed in his behalf, he assumed that the title was not even in dispute and that the court, under its strangely unnecessary and partisan prejudg- ment, could not fail to grant him a peremptory writ. All the parties interested on either side in the Territory now prepared to await the issue of this particular contest. judge Richards had not held the office for personal or family pleasure and profit ; he had been intending to withdraw at the next election ; and there was considerable financial risk and personal annoyance and jeopardy in an attempt to defeat before the courts of Utah, in that excited, ambitious hour, this project to seize his office. If he failed the pecuniary loss would be his own, but the dis- aster would affect the whole Territory ; if he won, the gain would be for the people and for the man whom they would next .select for the office. These considerations decided his unselfish mind. His son Franklin S. Richards was engaged as leading counsel for the defense with able associates ; and a vigorous fight began in the First District Court and continued through the Supreme Court of the Territory. The points raised by the plaintiff were that the term of office of the defendant Franklin D. Richards as Probate Judge, expired on or about the first iMonday in August, 1882 ; that he was at that time and during the progress of the suit, a polygamist, and therefore not e:5titled to hold office ; that plaintiff had been appointed and commissioned to this office by Eli H. Murray, Governor of Utah Territory ; that plaintiff had vainly demanded said office with its records from defendant ; and that plaintiff had no plain, speedy, or adequate remedy at law for the wrongs alleged to be suffered by him; wherefore plaintiff prayed for a writ of mandamus compelling the defendant to deliver to him the office of Probate Judge and the records thereof. In demurrer, subsequent answer, and later on appeal, the principal points made by the defense were briefly these : Proceedings for writ of mandate could not be maintained to test the disputed title to an office. Plaintiff had filed no bond for the faithful performance ot his official duties. The Hoar amendment only authorized the Governor to appoint officers to fill vacancies; but there wa.s not and could not be any vacancy in this case, and therefore the Governor's appointment and com- mission were absolutely worthless, for Franklin D. Richards had been elected under the law and commissioned by the same governor to hold this office "for the term of two years [from the first Monday in August, 1880] and until his successor should be elected and qualified." This latter provision, in case of a failure to elect a successor at the regular period, has been universally held to extend the term of the then incumbent until such time as the legal election could be htld — be that space long or short, and such time of "holding over" becomes a part of the legal term itself; this Hoar amendment did not create vacancies^ the language of the enactment having been evidently chosen to prevent that result. If the defendant was a polygamist he could not for that reason be ousted from his office until his status had been judicially determined ; and this had never been done. Notwithstanding the strong .showing made by the defense, every point was ruled against Judge Richards by the District and Supreme Courts of the Territory. Even then the case was not yielded, but was appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States. Judge Richards held the office, maintained the rights of the people, and defended the position of his hundreds of coadjutors in Utah '' until his successor was elected and qualified." After the term for which Mr. Kimball was appoin'.ed had expired, as no further public good could be achieved by a maintenance of the suit, and as Mr. Richards had no private interests at stake, a FRANKLIN D. RICHARDS. loi satisfactory compromise was eflcctcd and tlie matter was forever settled witliout having been passed up3n by the Supreme Tribunal of the land. PVanklin's devotion to duty was ably seconded by the skillful manner in which delay was ob- tained and the advantage possessed by his opponent before the courts was neutralized. In the s'irewd management and laborious work connected with this case he had two constant assistants in t'le persons of two of his sons, Franklin S. and Charles C. Richards, lawyers of understanding and probity, who are now defending the religious rights of the people, with the same vigor exhibited in the political contest of their father. Thus the offices were retained in the hands of the people, and soon the humiliating discovery was made by the ambitions Liberal politicians that their project of disfranchisement had also failed of its object. It was only after this discovery that the Edmunds .Act held no political comfort for the minority here, that the " raid " against the practicers of plural marriage was begun. The historical continuation of this Congressional and Judicial attack upon the people of Utah, is comprised in other articles succeeding this biographical sketch. The exigencies of printing this volume have made the biography but the tame chronological narration of events in the life of Franklin D. Richards. But at the hour of publication the reviewer seizes a moment in which to give a vi'armth of truthful coloring to this panorama of a human career. Franklin Dewey Richards had inherently the qualities fitting him to become an unselfish dis- ciple of a sainted but unpopular prophet. Viewing all his early surroundings and the devotion and steadfastness of his fiist years, the apostolic destiny of the man is clearly manifest to the eye of tJie historian. Mark the almost miraculous manner in which he was preserved from becoming a tram- meled student of divinity in a theological seminary, and graduating as an orthodo.x preacher of a sec- tarian gospel ; observe the glorious, lonely pilgrimage of the boy from a comfortable home across an unknown land into the cruel wilderness already gory with martyr blood ; see him in all the trying hours of those first years of want and wandering, of toil and sickness, marvelously preserved from physical death or religious decay — knowing no other courage than faith in Christ, and seeking no higher reward than to be accounted His most humble instrument. The flint of truth struck fire to his soul ; and his first ministry showed an enthralling desire to kindle the sacred flame in other hearts. Throughout his entire life this wondrous unselfish earnestness in the gospel cause has irra- diated his conduct ; it has impressed thousands of truth-seekers with reverential love; and it has en- abled him to reach converts and gather helpers where a man of less exalted devotion would have failed. All the boasted but shallow learning of a New England theological university might have been vainly expended in an effort to win to the gospel such a ripe scholar and cultured gentleman as Karl G. Maeser, the German professor, and his relatives and associates ; but the fiery zeal and un- taught eloquence of the young Franklin were irresistible. It was so with the aids whom he obtained; for in England the native elders who rallied to the support of his presidency were such men as George Teasdale, Thomas Wallace, William Budge, Joseph Stanford, James Linforth, Thomas Williams, John Jaques, Charles W. Penrose, Edward W. Tullidge, and a score of others who were then or have since become eminent. The Richards family is noted for the precocity of its members; and Franklin was of too pure a strain to lack this hereditary trait. There is a popular opinion that early bloom of the intellectual powers is followed by early decay; but this Apostle proves that the theory is not universally true, for he was worthily famous at twenty-five years of age, and he has steadily progressed for more than a third of a century. This is no less true of his physical strength than of his mental qualities ; at fif- teen he was delicate, at sixty-flve he is robust. The Richards's are also noted for their family pride and family devotion ; the greatness of one is the greatness of all ; the misfortune of one is the mis- fortune of all. They like to have their chief; and when Willard died, they chose, regardless of age, the most eminent among them for his successor. As an Aposde, Franklin merges into his exalted calling all the ardor of his youthful ministry ; upon the open pages of his apostleship are written the words; "To follow Thee steadfastly and humbly, my Savior." As a student of law he sought its majesty and avoided its chicanery. This principle he main- tained in expounding the law in his court and to his sons. As a legislator he was discriminating and sagacious — drawing from a well of thought and knowl- edge, wisdom and equity. As a Judge, he carried ''in the one hand chastisement — in the other, mercy." 102 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. As a soldier, in his brief experience, lie evinced the courageous and patriotic characteristics of his ancestors. As a scholar, he has outstripped the majority of collegians. Wherever his lot has been cast, books have been his constant companions ; and he has compared their lessons with his own clear ob- servation of men and things ; until to-day, for general information, he is probably the peer of any man in the church. .\s a humane and courteous gentleman, he is the delight of his acquaintenances. His polite- ness is not a mask; it springs from tenderness of soul. His kindness shows best and greatest when most needed by the recipient. His is the simple greatness which has to place no cruel guard upon its own dignity, but can stretch down from its shining height to lift into his pure air the unfortunates of earth. He has never felt the fear that he would sully his own grandeur in the public gaze by giv- ing sympathy and aid to those who are struggling against adversity— no matter whether their fate has been wrought by their own follies or by innocent misfortune. There may be among this people, men who are more distinguished, men who are more exalted — more self concentrated, men who are greater politicians and orators; but this biographer ventures the assertion that there is not the man who has in his heart more real goodness than has Franklin D. Richards. But the man has one conspicuous weakness. He is not what the word calls a financier ; for with his opportunities he might have been almost a money king, and yet he is a poor man. He has been lacKing in selfishness and in personal aggressiveness; he has been deficient in a desire for per- sonal or family financial aggrandizement, which desire, though very estimable, is somewhat likely to detract from successful labor as a simple, modest proilaimer of the word. Franklin has always been able to mariage with ability and integrity such financial affairs of the Church as have cume within his purview; but he has not schemed for himself. Wealth is great and useful. We all ac- knowledge its power, and most of us kneel before it. But, after all, it is refreshing occasionally to encounter a man who would never allow money getting to stand for an instant between him and his whole soul's devotion to the everlasting gospel. W'ith this view, Franklin's great weakness may be deemed to be a monumental virtue Here we leave the subject of this sketch. He is more fall of industry and vigor than he was thirty years ago, if that be possible ; and before his marked destiny shall have completed its course, he may well expect to see the next century past its infancy and his people sailing in less troubled waters. LORENZO SNOW. 'riie distinguished Apostle of the Mormon Church, Lorenzo Snow, was bcrn April 3d, 1814, in Mantua, Portage County, Ohio. His father and mother were New England born, being descended from the genuine Puritan stock, In childhood Lorenzo exhibited a decision of character which has been conspicuously apparent in subsequent life. After improving the best advantages afforded in common schools, he went to "Oberlin College " to complete his education. Two of his sisters being residents of Kirtland, Ohio, where the Latter-day Saints were then lo- cated, on leaving college he went there on a visit, but without the most distant thought of ever uni- ting' his interests with that people. However, on acquaintance, he became convinced of the truth of the doctrines they professed, was baptized, and soon ordained an elder, and sent forth "withou- purse or scrip," to preach the gospel, like the disciples of old. Like a veteran soldier constantly at his post, from that time to this, Lorenzo Snow has been an active missionary in the cause he espoused — either at home or abroad, wherever his labors were re- quired — having performed several missions in this as well as in foreign countries. In 1837, with his father's family, he moved to Daviess County, Missouri, and in the next spring, when he was filling a mission in the South, his people were driven from Missouri into Illinois, where f^'«!5E=._f-,-5,^ --.-■ir--J]=- tlj^r/y^yt^ Cy-^un^6/- LORENZO SNOW. 103 he joined them, and, after performing a mission to the Eastern States in 1840, he was sent on his first mission to Europe. In England he succeeded his predecessors in the presidency of the Lon- don conference, and after the Twelve had left England, he acted as counsellor to Parley P. Pratt, who presided over the European mission. A pamphlet entitled "The only Way to be Saved," which Elder Snow published while on this mission, has been translated into every language, where the fulness of the gospel has been preached under the Mormon dispensation. At the close of this mission of nearly three years, he took charge of a large company of Saints, with whom he safely landed in Nauvoo, via New Orleans and the Mississippi River. Before leaving England, President Brigham Young, who had succeeded in raising means to publish the Book of Mormon, gave directions for copies to be specially prepared and richly bound for presentation to her Majesty and the Prince Consort. The honor of. this devolved upon Lorenzo Snow, who was at that time president of the London conference. The presentation was made in 1842, through the politeness ot Sir Henry Wheatly ; and it is said her Majesty conde- scended to be pleased with the gift. Whether she ever read the Book of Mormon is not known, although if the presentation has not altogether faded from her memory, Mormonism has been since that date sensational enough to provoke even a monarch to read the book, if for nothing better than curiosity ; so, not unlikely Queen Victoria has read some portions, at least, of the Book of Mormon. The unique circumstance called forth from the pen of Eliza R. Snow a poem, entitled "Queen Victoria." In the winter ot 1845-6, he, with his family, crossed the Mississippi River, and joined the mass of pilgrims from their beautiful city, in that strange and eventful e.xodus of the nineteenth century, •From the Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave" (!) ; stayed in Pisgah until the spring of 1847, when, taking charge of a train of one hundred wagons, he arrived in Salt Lake City in the autumn following. The ne.xt winter he was ordained into the quorum of the Twelve, and in the en- suing autumn called to go to Italy to introduce and establish the gospel in that land; his mission also extended to other nations and countries wherever opportunity should present. After an absence of nearly three years he returned home via Malta, Gibraltar, Liverpool and New York, and in the following autumn was elected a member of the Utah Legislature. The next mission of importance was to locate fifty families in Box Elder County, sixty miles north of Salt Lake City, where a small settlement had been formed, which, for want of the right master-spirit, had lost every vestige of enterprise, and was minus all aim in the direction of advance- ment. To diffuse active ewrgies into this stereotyped condition of things, was not unlike raising the dead, and a man of less strengh of purpose would have faltered. Not so the one in question. He went to work, laid out a city, naming it "Brigham," in honor of the President of the Church, moved his family to the new city, and thus laid the foundation for the great financial co-operative enterprise that he there built up. When the county was organized, by the authority of the Legislature, he took the presidency, as a stake of Zion, which position he still holds. He was elected member of the Legislative Council to represent the district composed of the counties of Box Elder and Weber, and served for a long while in that capacity. A number of years ago, with Elders E. T. Benson and J. F. Smith, he visited the Sandwich Islands on important matters relative to the interests of the Saints on those Islands. In 1872 he accompanied President George A. Smith on a tour through Europe, Egypt, Greece and Palestine. While in Vienna, on .his return, he received information of his appointment as assistant counselor to President Young. As a missionary he has traveled over one hundred and fifty thousand miles. Probably none of his compeers have been longer in the field, or traveled more, in preaching the gospel among the nations of the earth. The foregoing brief passages of his life are given, not as an adequate sketch, but to introduce that noble scene in his life when he, as an apostle of his church, stood in the court of an earthly judge to receive sentence for his religious faith. On Saturday, January i6th, Apostle Snow's case came up in the First District Court at Ogden. His attorney, F. S. Richards, made a few remarks setting forth the general good character of defen- dant, and requested that Apostle Snow's age and the fact that he had been convicted on three separ- ate indictments be taken into consideration. Judge Powers then said : Mr. Snow, you may stand up. In indictment No. 743, Mr. Snow, you were indicted by the grand jury of this district and charged with the crime of unlawful cohab- 104 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. itation during the year 1884. In indictment No. 742, you were charged with the crime of cohabi- itation during the year 1885, and in indictment No. 741 you were charged with cohabitation during the year 1883. You have been tried by a jury in each of these cases, and in each c.ise a verdict of guilty has been found. Have you anything to say now why the sentcace of the law should not now be passed in each case ? Mr. Snow— I will say, your honor, that I will not detain the court more thin five or ten min- utes, and will be as brief as possible. "Your Honor, I wish to address this Court kindly, respectfully and especially without giving of- fense. During my trials under three indictments, the Court has manifested courtesy and patience, and I trust your honor has still a liberal supply, from which your prisoner at the bar indulges the hope that further e.\ercise o Mhose happy qualities may be anticipated. In the first place, the Court will please allow me to express my thanks and gratitude to my learned attorneys for their able and zealous efforts in conducting my defense. ''In reference to the prosecuting attorney, Mr. Bierbower, I pardon him for his ungenerous e.\- pressions, his apparent false coloring and seeming abuse. The entire lack of evidence in the case against me on which to argue, made that line of speech the only alternative in which to display his eloquence ; yet, in all his endeavors, he failed to cist more obliquy on me than was heaped upon our Savior. "I stand in the presence of this Court a loyal, free-born American citizen; now, as ever, a true advocate of justice and liberty. 'The land of the free, the home of the brave,' has been the pride of my youth and the boast of my riper years. When abroad in foreign lands, laboring in the inter- est of humanity, I have pointed proudly to the land of my birth as an asylum for the oppressed. "I have ever felt to honor the laws and institutions of my country, and, during the progress of m/ trials, whatever evidence has been introduced, has shown my innocence. But, like ancient Apostles when arrainged in Pagan courts, and in the presence of apostate Hebrew judges, though innocent, they were pronounced guilty. So myself, an Apostle who bears witness by virtue of his calling and the revelations of God, that Jesus lives — that he is the son of God ; though guiltless of crime, here in a Christian court I have been convicted through the prejudice and popular sentiment of a so- called Christian nation. "In ancient times the Jewish nation and Roman empire stood versus the Apostles. Now under an apostate Christianity, the United States of America stands i/^rj/zj jostle Lorenzo Snow. "Inasmuch as frequent reference has been made to my Apostleship, by the prosecution, it be- comes proper for me to explain some essential qualifications of an Apostle. "First, an Apostle must possess a Divine knowledge, by revelation from God, that Jesus lives — that He is the Son of the living God. "SecDndly, he must be divinely authorized to promise tlie Holy Ghost; a Divine principle that reveals the things of God, making known His will and purposes, leading into all truth, and showing things to come, as declared by the Savior. "Thirdly, he is commissioned by the power of God to administer the sacred ordinances of the gospel, which are confirmed to each individual by a Divine testimony. Thousands of people now dwelling in these mountain vales, who received these ordinances through my administrations, are living witnesses of the truth of this statement. "As an Apostle, I have visited many nations and kingdoms, bearing this testimony to all classes of people — to men in the highest official stations, among whom may be mentioned a president of the French Republic. I have also presented works embracing our faith and doctrine to Queen Vic- toria and the late Prince Albert, of England. "Respecting the doctrine of pluraLor celestial marriage to which the prosecution, so often re- ferred, it was revealed to me, and afterwards in 1843, fully explained to me by Joseph Smith, the Prophet. yl married my wives because God commanded it. The ceremony, which united us for time and eternity, was performed by a servant of God, having authority. God being my helper, I would pre- fer to die a thousand deaths than renounce my wives and vie late these sacred obligations. "The Prosecuting Attorney was quite mistaken in saying " the defendant Mr. Snow was the most scholarly and brightest light of the Apostles; ' and equally wrong when pleading with the jury to assist him and the ' United States of America," in convicting Apostle Snow, and he ' would jiredict that a new revelation would soon follow changing the Divine law of celestial marriage." Whatever fame Mr. Bierbower may have secured as a lawyer, he certainly will {mX as a prophet. The severest LORENZO SNOW. 103 prosecutions have never been followed by revelations ch.mging a Divine law, obedience to which brought imprisonment or martyrdom. "Though I go to prison, God will not change His law of celestial marriage. But the man, the people, the nation, that oppose and fight against this doctrine and the Church of God will be over- thrown. " Though tlie Presidency of the Church and the Twelve Apostles should suffer martyrdom, there will remain over 4,000 Seventies, all Apostles of the Son of God, and were these to be slain, there would still remain many thousands of High Priests, and as many or more Elders, all possess- nig the same authority to administer gospel ordinances. '■ In conclusion, I solem(i!y testify, in the name of Jesus, the so-called Mormon Church is the Church of the living God ; established on the rock of revelation, against which ' the gates of hell cannot prevail.' " Thanking your Honor for your indulgence, I am now ready to receive my sentence." At the close of the reading the Court said : " Mr. Snow, the Court desires to ask you, for its own information, what course you propose to pursue in the future concerning the laws of your country ?" Mr. Snow. — "Your Honor, in regard to that question ; I came into this court — the prosecuting attorney had, perhaps, sixteen witnesses. By the evidence of those witnesses I was proved guiltless of the charge contained in the indictments. I had three witnesses. Only two of them were able to testify anything in relation to my case. There was not, your Honor, one scintilla of evidence show- ing that I had cohabited during the last three years, or since the passage of the Edmunds law, with more than one woman. This, your Honor, I believe, would readily concede. Well, I have obeyed that law. I have obeyed the Edmunds law. Your Honor, I am guiltless, I am innocent. Well, now, your Honor asked me what I am going to do in reference to the futuie. Having been con- demned here and found guilty after having obeyed that law, I am sorry — I regret that your Honor should ask me that question, and, if your Honor please, I should prefer not to answer it." Court. — "The Court, Mr. Snow, from its own knowledge of you and from your reputation, which came to the Court before you ever were arraigned here, became and is aware that you are a man of more than ordinary ability. The Court is aware that you are schrlar. The Court is aware that you are naturally a leader of men; that you have a mind well adapted to controlling others, and for influenc- ing and swaying others, and for guiding others. No matter in what land you might have lived, or in what position you might have been placed, you have those attributes which would naturally have caused people to turn towards you for advice and for counsel. You are a man well advanced in years, and you have been favored by time, because it seems to have touched you but lightly with its finger. " The Court feels that, in view of your past life, of the teachings that yon have given to this people, of the advice and counsel that you desire to stand as an example of one who advocates, and the jury has found, also, practices in violation of the law, the Court must pass sentence in these cases in a way and manner that will indicate to this people that the laws of the land cannot be vio- lated with impunity, even by one as aged, as learned and as influential as yourself. " The sentence of the court, therefore, is : That in indictment No. 741 you will be confined in the penitentiary for the period of six months; that you pay a fine of ^^300 and the costs of prosecu- tion, and that you stand committed until the fine and costs are paid ; and that at the expiration of your sentence in that case, that to you must be given— believing as you state to me you do believe concerning the laws of your country ; and recognizing, further, that you are among the very leaders — a leader of leaders among those who advocate that it is right that the law of the land should be violated, it cannot exercise the leniency and the mercy that it would be glad to extend to a man of your age, if it were not for your great influence and your great power for good or for evil. I sin- cerely believe that Lorenzo Snow could cause this people to obey the laws of the Union, and put an end to the trouble and discord in this Territory, if he chose so to do. Believing that, and beincr fully aware that you will not do that — aware of indictment No. 742 — you will be confined in the peni- tentiary of Utah for the period of six months and pay a fine of 3300 and the costs of prosecution, and that you stand committed until the fine and costs are paid; and that at the expiration of your sentence in that case, that in indictment No. 743 you will be confined in the penitentiary for the period of six months, and that you pay a fine of $300 and the costs of prosecution, and that you stand committed until the fine and costs are paid. "You will be remanded into the custody of the United States Marshal." The case of Lorenzo Snow was carried up to the Supreme Court of the United States [see 14 zo6 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. sketch on his attorney F. S. Richirds] ; and after its deoision, the new Governor, Caleb W. West, visited the Penitentiary, accompanied by Marshal Ireland, Secretary Thomas, Mr. Adam Patterson (the court reporter) Mr. \V. C. Hall and Mr. Webb. Apostle Snow having been brought into the room where the Governor awaited him, his E.\cellency informed him that he had come to submit to him a proposition consented to by Judge Zane and Mr. Dickson, as follows: " I have come to say to you and your people here that we would unite in a petition to the E.e- ciuse of thy diligence in keeping the commandments of the Lord ; and thou shalt be blessed and thy posterity after thes ; and thou shalt go foith and thy tongue shall be loosed and thy mouth shall be op;ned and thou shalt be an instrument in bringing many to a knowelgde of the truth ; and thou shall have power with God and thy heart shall expand like Enoch's of old ; and thou shalt stand upDn Mjunt Zim when the Lord comes. These blessings I pronounce and seal upon thy head in the name of Jesus Christ, Amen." On the 6ih day of July, 1835, [oseph C. Kingsbury left Kirtland on his first mission to preach the Gospel. He went to the State of New York, starling in company with John and Lorenzo D. Young. He was absent about three month'^, during which time he baptized four. On his return he was again employed by Bishop Whitney ; and on the Sunday after his arrival he was called upon ths Stan 1 by the Prophet to preach to the people of Zion. In November (13th), 1835, he was or- dained a high councilor in Kirtland and in the winter of 1836, he received his washings and anoint- ings with his quorum of high councilors, in the house of the Lord. In noting Joseph C. Kingsbury's family links, it is to be named that on the 3d of Feb., 1836. he married Miss Caroline Whitney, a relative of Bishop Whitney. Their first child was born on the 13th of February, 1837. He was named Joseph W., but he died August 13th, on their journey into Missouri. On t'ae 23d of May, 1838, in company of Thomas Burdock, Kingsbury and fomily started for Missouri, and arrived at Far West on thfi 13th of September, being four months on the nad. There he remained through all the wars and mobbings. until the Saints were expelled from the St.ite. In the winter of 1838 9 he started for Illinois, to which State the refugees were bound, but in con- sequence of the sickness of his wife he stopped on the way, twenty-five miles from Quincy, with a rpan by the name of Gardner, with whom he remained nearly a year. In the fall of 1839 they had sufifijiently recovered to pursue their journey to Quincy, where they were warmly welcomed by Bishop Whitney and the Saints at that place, with whom they remained two days and went on to Nauvoo in company of Lyman Whitney, brother of the bishop. Mr. Kingsbury did not remain, however, at Nauvoo, but crossed the river to Montrose, where they occupied some rooms of the fort remaining from the Black Hawk war For two seasons he was engaged working on the river; in 1841 he moved across to Nauvoo. Bishop Whitney w.\s agent at this time for the Prophet Joseph, ta'jin^ care of h s store, and he called upon King.sbury to assist him, which the latter did till the fall of 1842, On the i6th of October, his wife, Caroline, died in childbed On the 25th of July, 1843, Elder Kingsbury left Nauvoo on a mission to the Eastern States Hi labored amongst some of his relatives and the peop'e generally in that region, and during this m ssion he baptized some into the Church. After being absent about a year he started for home in J me, 1844. He was in company with Horace K. Whitney, eldest son of the bishop. On tlieir way, in Ohio, they heard of thj murder of the Prophet and his brother Hyruni. They arrived in N luvoo on the 28th of July, and m )urned with the Saints the loss of their beloved leaders. On the 22d of November, 1844, Elder Kingsbury was employed by Bishop Whitney, who was then Trustee-in Trust of the Church ; and who received the tithings and donations for the Temple. On the 4th of March, 1845, Joseph C Kingsbury married Dorcas A. Moor. The ceremony was performed by President Heber C, Kimball. Joseph C. Kingsbury had the historical lionor of being with his people on their exodus from Nauvoo to the Rocky Mountains. On February 28th 1846, he started on the journey with the leaders of the Church, and traveled up to Winter Quarters with Bishop Whitney and family in the company of Brigham Young and Heber C. Kimball. In the spring the Pioneer band set out for the Rocky Mountain valleys, Iciving general orders for larger companies, composed of fam- ilies of the colonists, to follow quickly on their track, under the organization of resolute and exper- ienced captains. They were organized into grand divisions of hundreds and fifties, that is to say, one hundred wagons laden with the families of the Saints ; each of the fifties under a captain, and a grand captain over the whole hundred. Kingsbury and his fltmily was organized in A. O. Smoot's hundred and George B. Wallace's fifty. The company was organized on the rendezvous on Horn River, and though called by the regular organic name of " hundred" it consisted of one hundred JOSEPH B ULL . 123 and twenty wagons. It started in June and arrived in the valley on the 26th of September, 1847. Is was the largest company on the road that season, and was the second company that arrived in the valley after the pioneers — Daniel Spencer's being the first ; though Josejih K.ingsbury was not one of the one hundred and forty-three men of the Pioneer band, he is properly considered one of the pioneers of 1847 and one of the founders of Salt Lake City. He was one of those who built the "Old For'," and he remained in the fort for a year and a half and then with his family he moved on to his city lot in the Second Ward. John Lowry was Bishop of the Second Ward and Joseph Kingsbury was chosen one of his counsellors; he also soon succeeded Lowry as bishop of the Ward. He was ordained to the office of a bishop July 13th, .1851. He occupied this position and remained in Salt Lake City until October i6th, 1852, when he moved to Ogden, and in the following summer he moved over to what was then called E)st Weber, on Weber River. There he remained till the people moved south in the Spring of 1858, when Johnston's army entered the valley. He located at Provo and there remained till September of that year when he moved to Salt Lake City to make it his permanent home. From this period dates Joseph Kingsbury's long connection with the General Tithing Store of the Church in Utah. He went to work in this office in September, i860. In 1867, he was appointed superintendent of the Tithing Office under the direction of the late presiding bishop, Edward Hun- ter. He holds the office of superintendent to present date. It is a position of great trust, requiring much patience, care and impartiality in dealing wtth the people and public hands that they might be satisfied. He has more direct contact with the people than any other officer in the presiding bishop's department. Of his various ordinations and callings it may be recapitulated in the summary. In Kirtland Joseph Kingsbury was ordained one of the elders to lay the foundation stone of the temple. Next he was ordained one of the high council of the Kirtland Stake, which signifies that he was one of the first high council in the Church. In Nauvoo he was in the Tithing Office under Bishop Whit- ney, as his assistant. In Salt Lake City he was counsellor to Bishop Lowry and afterwards bishop of the Second Ward, which entitles him to the rank and name of bishop, and historically to the note as one of th^ original bishops of Salt Lake City. January 25th, 1883, he was ordained a patriarch under the hands of Apostles Wilford Woodruff and Franklin D. Richards. Joseph Kingsbury was a great favorite of Edward Hunter, as he is indeed with the authorities and people generally. He may properly be considered as one of the representative men of the Mormon Church. JOSEPH BULL. Joseph Bull, the oldest attache of the Deseret News, was born at Leicester, England, January 25th, 1832. He is the son of Daniel and Elizabeth Burdett Bull. His mother died in his infancy. He received a common school education, and was apprenticed to printing at the age of fourteen : but his master failing in business before his time was out, he went to Birmingham for improvement, and having first class credentials he obtained a situation in a leading book and job printing establish- ment. He remained in this situation until 1850, graduating to a journeyman's position. In 1846, he for the first time heard an elder of the Church preach ; from that time he occasion- ally visited the Saints' meetings and in Febeuary, 1848, he joined the Church, being the only mem- bers of his father's family who ever embraced the Mormon faith. On the 6th of January, 1851, he sailed from Liverpool in the ship Ellen for New Orleans, with a company of Saints under the presi- dency of James W. Cummings, Crandall Dunn and Wm. Moss. He was assistant steward. He arrived at New Orleans March 14th and on the 19th proceeded by steamer to St Louis, and thence by another steamer to Council Bluffs, where he worked a short time at the office of the Fronlic- Guardian. An opportunity was offered him to go to the valley to drive a herd of loose stock for Mr. David Wilkin for his board and the hauling of seventy-five pounds of luggage. Wilkin's out- fit left Council Bluffs on the loth of May and was organized in Luman A. ShurtlifF's fifty of Eli B. Kelsey's hundred. Arriving at the Elk Horn the company found the river swollen to about four 124 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. miles wide, it being a very wet season. It was deemed advisible to take an entire new route and re.ich the head waters of that stream, then strike the old pioneer road on the north side above Chim- ney Rock. After traveling over a hundred miles a messenger overtook them and ordered them back to the Missouri River to travel in larger companies in consequence of Indian hostilities ; whereupon they returned, and took the old pioneer road near Fort Kearney, having traveled nearly five hun- dred miles, but only gaining about two hundred and fifty. Mr. Wilkin having ten wagons of mer- chandise and nearly two hundred head of loose horned stock, decided to leave the company and travel alone, which they did and arrived in Salt Lake City on the 15th of September, two weeks ahead of the main company, Mr. Bull having driven the loose stock the entire journey on foot. Durinc the fall of 1851, Mr. Bull worked tending masons, going to the canyons, etc., until earlv in January, 1852, when Dr. Richards engaged him on the primitive staff of the Dcseret News printing office. In February he printed the first ball ticket in colored inks, for the first typographi- cal ball held in this city. On the 28th of October, 1854, Joseph Bull married Miss Emma Green, formerly of Birming- ham, Ening that, I was doing something in this life that in the life to come would be for my ben- efit. I have endeavored through this life, up to the present time, to hve a life that would justify that belief. When I married these, my wives, they were young and I was young. They believed the same thing that I did. We made the most solemn covenants that men or women can make in regard to this marriage, and I and they have endeavored up to the present time to live those cove- nants. Now they are along in years; streaks of grey show in their hair; they have families of chil- dren that have grown up and mariied and have children ; and now at this time, at my age and at their age, to ask me to renounce those ties and cast these women off and leave them and my chil- dren, and say that I will have nothing more to do with them — your honor, is a thing that seems im- possible for me to say. When I believe as I have believed, and I say now that what I believed thirty years ago and over, I believe to-day just as I did then; and I believe, that were I to say that I will cast them off, that all I have done in all these years has gone for nothing. It is better, your honor, far better for me to go to prison, if that is the decision of your honor. Again, let that be one reason why I plead guilty to this indictment, and why I am now standing before this court. " Another reason is : How is this thing? How is it looked at? What is there in it ? Iflmake any promises so far as regards the future, I am ostracised ; I am looked down upon ; I am dishon- ored in this community among my brethren — those that I respect and honor; and among all honor- able men. There is not a man, I believe, in this court room, who has occupied the position I have, but what, were he to stand in my place, to-day, would do just as I say that I would feel to do to-day. Can I bear the scorn, and the indignation, and the feelings that these my wives would cast upon me, after all these years, if I can say that I will turn them away and have no more to do with them ; and can I bear what my children would say, and how my children would feel in regard tu this matter? I say no. It is only a few years that I have to live, and I had better do something else than go back on what I have said I believe is true. "To me there are only two courses. One is a prison and honor, the other is liberty and dis- honor. Your Honor I bave done."* The speaker was calm and earnest in his demeanor, betraying no sign of fear or anger, his words and action manifesting the sincerity of bis belief in the righteousness of the course he was pursu- ing. His speech was listened to with rapt attention, and at its close, after a short pause, the Court . proceeded to pronounce judgment, in the course of which he said : "As a man, I have nothing to say whatever against you. I regret that you have not the courage and the manhood to stand up in defiance of a sect and say that you will obey the laws of your coun- try, and that you will advise other men to abide by them. This timidity and cowardice is not be- coming to an American citizen. You seem to acknowledge that in your second reason, because vou say that you would be ostracised and would become an outcast if you were to obey the laws of your country — if you were to promise to obey them ; though many men have died — not become ostra- cised — but died in its defense ; that reason constitutes no justification In view of the fact that you propose, as I understand, to continue your polygamic relations ; to continue your adulterous con- nections with women who are not your legal wives; however much I may respect you as an indi- vidual, my duty, representing as I do, a great and glorious government, will not allow me to indulge in any personal feelings ; but the discretion which I possess must be so used as to strike down these crimes of polygamy and unlawful cohabitation. " When men will not agree to obey the law, my du'y as the Ju.lje of this Court, requires that the e.xtreme penalty be imposed upon them. rj> HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. •'You will be SL'Titencecl, therefore, to imprisonment in tlie penitcnti.iry fur the term of six ■months, and to piy a fine of $300 and costs, and be confined until the term of your imprisonment has expired and the fine and costs are paid." Bisho|) Clawson was then placed in charge of a deputy, and was allowed to visit his family and friends. He was in the best of spirits and left for the penitentiary on the day of sentence, being ac- companied on the way by members of his family. FRANKLIN S. RICHARDS. To this able young constitutional lawyer of Utah have been intrusted thecauses of the Mormon p?Dple in the very crisis of their affairs; which, having been carried to the Supreme Comt of the United Stales, have brought him into close association with some of the most distinguished jurists of the age. This sustained intercourse has been important in its bearings upon our local issues ; anri, in the sequel, may greatly tend to promote a happy solution of the delicate relations which have so long existed between Utah and the nation. The value of Mr. Richards' service as the legal expo- nent of the Mormon question, not only to the judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, but also to the apostolic councils of his own Church, was quickly appreciated by that eminent jurist and statesman, Jere S. Black. Thus viewed, a biography of F. S. Richards, the present city attorney of Salt Lake, is pertinent to the City History. Franklin Snyder Richards is to-day one of the very foremost representatives of "Young Utah." As a constitutional lawyer and statesmanlike legislator he has already made a record, to whinh everv succeeding year of his life must add new lustre. He is among Utah's first-born, having first opened his eyes to the light of day at Salt Lake City, on the 20th of June, 1849 less than two years after the entrance of the Pioneers, and before the organization of the Territorial government here. He is the oldest living son of the eminent Apostle Franklin D. Richards, and Mrs. Jane Snyder Richards, who Tanks PS one of the most distinguished women of the Mormon church — of whif^h ciiurch the subject of this biography has been from his childhood a consistent, intelligent and fearless member. He was early placed at the best schools, and as he advanced in years he received such special instruciion as was afforded in this region. Immediately following the completion of his seventeenth year, he re- ceived from Governor Charles Diirkec a commission as second aide-de-camp on the staff of the Second Brigade of the First Division of the Militia of Utah, with the rank of Captain of cavalry. About this same time. Apostle Richards departed for Europe to continue there his very successful work of proselyting and emigrating; and the young Franklin at once relinquished the pleasant life of the pupil to take up the sterner duties of the master. Ashe share(>by inheritance his mother's intellec- tual force and perseverance ; so at this trying time he volunteered to share her responsibilities. He obtained an honorable and lucrative position as the teaclTtr of a large and somewhat select school in his native city; and devoted his income to the maintenance of his fither's family I'or three years he followed this calling successfully ; but did not neglect to pursue his own higher stu lies under pri- vate masters. Apostle Rich.nrds returned from Europe in i868 ; and on the iStii dav of Di-ceniber, of that year, Franklin S. Richards was united in marriage with Emily S. Tanner, at Silt Lake City. In the scientific researches of his student life, the young Franklin's atieniion had been most at- tracted by anatomy, physiology and kindred branches of knowledge; and for a time— s'nce he was personally determined to fit himself for one of the learned professions, his friends advised him to jjursue the study of medicine and surgery. Fortunately, before this choice was irrevocably made, though not until he had gained such general and technical knowledge of medical science as to be of material value in criminal law cases, his talents were directed into their most fiiting ch innel. In May, 1869, he removed with his father to Ogden, in Weber County. Here he was soon appointed Clerk of the Probate Court, and subsequently was elected County Recorder. There was at this time no lawyer resident in Ogden ; there were few established legal forms; the public lands were just coming into market; and a prodigious responsibility at once rested upon the young man. With such dili- gence and acuteness did he apply himself to the task of formulating methods and devising systems for keeping the public records that he soon achieved more than a local fame. It was remarked bv FRANKLIN S. RICHARDS. ^33 President Brigham Young that the records of tlie office of Franklin S. Richards were without equal in the Territory. At the conclusion of his eighth year of service as recorder and his ninth year of service as clerk he retired from these offices, positively declining re-election. F'rom the moment when Providence brought him into close communion with the law he felt, what others were quick to observe, that he had come to his destined calling. He marked out a course of reading of the most severe and comprehensive character, and this he followed with a persistent ardor which loneliness in the study could not abate, and which mental or physical weariness could not discourage. He did not attend a law lecture nor read a page with any law firm. But on the i6th of June, 1874, l^c was admitted to the bar of the Third District Court at Salt Lake City. On that same afternoon the veteran Frank Tilford, famous as a brilliant orator and as a sagacious and well-read lawyer — without any solicitation — moved in the Supreme Court for the admission of Mr. Richards to practice. Chief Justice McKean, remarking that the young lawyer had but that morn- ing made his entr.mce into the District Court, said that he thouglit this rather rapid promotion. Tilford replied: "Very true, yonr honor, but the gentleman deserves "One promotion; he would do honor to the bar of any court." The Chief Justice at such an emphatic endorsement from such an eminent source, changed his judicial severity into graciousncss and said, in good-natured prophecy, which has been more than fulfilled: " Mr. Richards, we take pleasure in admitting you to the bar of this court, and we trust that your progress in the profession may be as rapid ns vour promotion has been to day." Far removed from the usual surroundings of the law student, Mr. Richards had developed habits of self-concentration and continuous study. His isolation had strengthened his independence of thought, made him a purer rcasoncr, and fitted him' to become an able defender of constitutional rights and the inherent liberty ot man. His first defense was that of a man charged with murder. The prosecution was conducted by W. C. Gaston, a very able and eloquent California lawyer. Young Franklin was alone for the pris- oner. Fully conscious of the gravity of the case, but with no weak hesitation or timidity, he fought for the prisoner with a skill and vigor which astonished even his familiar friends. His argument is still remembered for its analytical power and touching eloquence. His client was discharged. The talents of this young man were needed in the public service; and duririgmany years he was chosen to act as attorney for Weber County and Ogden Cily In the spring of 1877, Mr. Richards attended conference and the dedication of the Temple at St. George. He was called to go to Europe as a missionary; and his parting from President Young was marked with great solicitude upon the part of the President, who blessed him and charged him to return home should the climate of England prove injurious to his health. The eye of the President had been upon Franklin from his youth, for he was not only born in the Zion of the Rocky Moun- tains which that great colonist founded, but he was also his kinsman. They parted never to meet again in mortal life ; for, before Franklin's return our great statefounder slept with the fathers. The lawyer-missionary crossed the Atlantic with Apostle Joseph F. Smith, arriving in Liverpool on the 27th day of May, 1877. The rigors of the climate of England just at that season affected him so seriously that he was accorded leave for a period of continental travel. Sometimes with such congenial companions as Col. T. G. Webber and H. B. Clawson, Jr., but usually alone, he wandered over Europe ; gaining needed recreation and health, visiting historic and classic lands, and gathering new stores of knowledge for his highly intellectual and observant mind. With these objects in view he did not pass post-haste over the Continent ; but remained for a time in various parts of France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany and other countries. After a considerable time spent in these glorious ramblings he returned to England. There he dwelt in London for a period, but subsequently wt^nt t ) the South Coast between Hastings and Southampton. Here he was again seriously affected by the humid atmosphere ; and pursuant to instructions he returned home in the autumn of 1877 in company with .Apostles Orson Pratt and Joseph F. Smith. Before he had fairly recupjrated his usuil vigor in his native air, a multiplicity of legal business was thrust upon him. In the spring of 1878, the litigation commenced over President Young's estate, and Mr. Rich- ards was employed with Sheeks & Rawlins, as attorney for the executors. This difficulty was set- tled by wise and judicious managenient, but the following year the main litigationnvas begun, which brought Mr. Richards into great prominence in all the legal business of the Church. Mr. Richards, in the .summer of 1878, formed a partnership with Judge Rufus K. Williams, formerly Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the State of Kentucky, the firm name being Richards & Williams. Ne.xt commenced the great suits, involving over a million of dollars, instituted by se\'eral of ij^ HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. President Brigham Youngs lieirs against the executors and trustees of his estate, which assumed such consequence that Geo. Q Cannon, Albert Carrington, and Brigham Young, Jr., were held as prisoners, and the Trustee-in-trust of the Church was placed under heavy bonds. In this great suit the firm of Richards & Williams was retained as the leading counsel for the Church. The case required not only the finest legal subtlety, with perfect conscientiousness, but an almost apostolic concern for the honor and reputation of the dead and living. The case was conducted with such skill for the Church and the executors, that satisfactory compromises were effected and the suits forever settled. In the fail of 1880, a mandamus suit was commenced in the Supreme Court of this Territory a-^ainst Robert T. Burton, Assessor of Salt Lake County, by which it was sought to compel him to strike from the registration list the names of all the female voters, which was in effect, an attempt to disfranchise the women of Utah. Richards & Williams appeared, with other counsel, for the de- fense. The case was dismissed and the right of suftrage preserved to the women. In the spring of 1881 Mr. Richards was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of Cali- fornia. In the succeeding autumn the partnership of Richards & Williams was dissolved. The firm had taken a high professional rank, but Mr. Richards had found the general business too great a task upon him when coupled with his duties as church counsel and his continuous researches into constitutional law. When he withdrew from this connection he practically abandoned the most lu- crative branch of legal work; in order to pursue studies and analyses of national powers and the in- alienable rights of individuals. A call was made for a Constitutional Convention, in 1882, to seek the admission of Utah into the Union. With this event the greater period of Mr. Richards" life opened, for it called him to Washington as one of the delegation to present the constitution, brought him into association with the renowned legist, Jere S. Black, and drew him to the front as a political leader in the People's party. He was elected a delegate to that convention from Weber County, was chairman of the commit- tee on executive department and was a member of the commjttee on revision and consoli- dation, which reported the constitution to the convention, he taking an active part in its con- struction and in all the business of the convention. He was also elected as one of the delegates to present. _the constitution to Congress. In company with Hons. John T. Caine and D. H. Peery, he started for Washington, June 12th, and labored with the delegation to the com- pletion of all that could be accomplished that season. Durin? his sojourn in Washington, he made the aquaintance of many of the senators and representatives and while there met Judge Black, who came to the capital to see him on legal business in behall of the people of Utah. Several days were spent with the judge in consultation. Our young advocate evidently made a favorable impression upon the venerable chief among American constitutional lawyers. With his nice sagacity of long experience. Judge Black discerned in a moment that he could read and study the peculiar case of the Mormon people with exactness from the ingenious mind of the young Mormon advocate. He realized that he was consulting with one who understood all the inner views of his people and all the relations of their case, and at the same time had a legal mind, and a knowledge of rights and reme- dies which enabled him to thoroughly comprehend the principles of constitutional law. The judge returned to his home at York, Pennsylvania ; and in a few days Mr. Richards fol- lowed him in acceptance of an invitation. On his arrival at York he was met by the judge and taken to his home— a beautiful country scat about two miles from the central part of the town. There he remained for several days with the judge's family, treated with marked consideration, spending the time from an early hour till late in the evening in coiisultation upon the great constitutional question of the rights and remedies of the people ot Utah. Their conference embraced the whole situation, including congressional legislation and the relation of this Territory and its people to the General Government. There were three great questions for them to determine : First, the situation, involving a knowledge of the history of the people and of the local statutes ; second, to determine therefrom and froin the laws of Congress what were the constitutional rights of the people ; next, the legal remedies, or how to maintain those constitutional rights. ^The study of the case accomplished, the judge journeyed homeward with Mr. Richards as fiir as Chicago. The parting between the illustrious jurist and the young Utah lawyer was almost like that of compeers and old acquaintances, so warmly had the former become attached to the latter With the passing of the Edmunds Bill, Utah was deprived of her right to be represented in Congress by the delegate of her choice— George Q. Cannon ; and in the autumn of 1882, a con- vention of the People's party was held to nominate a successor. To fill the place of a keen diplo- mat like William H. Hooper or George Q. Cannon, a man of unusual strength and intelligence was FRANKLIN D. RICHARDS. T35 required. For years Utah had enjoyed the fame of being more ably represented in Congress than any other Territory, and equally as well as any State in the Union ; and it was a point of honor as well as a necessity that this high reputation should not be lost Volumes could not say more of the personal and professional prestige of this young lawyer, Franklin S. Richards, than that he was con- fidently mentioned by many prominent and observant persons as the man for the occasion. The convention met with Mr. Richards as a delegate. He was placed in nomination for Con- gress, and it was evident that his friends and admirers were determmed to overlook his protest and secure his nomination, if possible. John T. Caine, a gentleman of long legislative experience, had also been frequently and vigorously advocated for the place. But before there was any opportunity to test the strength of the candidates in the convention, Mr. Richards restored complete harmony. He thanked his friends for the mark of their confidence, but positively declined, in a very neat and modest speech, the honor which they tendered him ; then he nominated the Hon. John T, Caine, and requested all his friends to give their support to this gentleman. The speech and conduct called forth murmurs of admiring surprise from the Utah Commissioners, who were present, and who thought it most uncommon for a young mnn of his talent and fitness to throw away so rare an opportunity, fr.^nkly preferring another man for so distinguished a mark of public favor. But in reality this was only a seeming sacrifice ; for Mr. Richards showed his good sense and indomitable purpose when he again chose the course of severe study and labor in his profession. It must be ap- parent to all who are acquainted with the legal history of the Mormon question during the past f jur years, that no political success possible of achievement by one of his people, could have com- pensated Franklin S. Richards for the loss of the experience and reputation which he has gained as the advocate of the Mormons in their struggle before the highest judicial tribunal on earth. At this convention a new departure was made by the People's party, in the adoption of its first political platform. Mr. Richards was a member of the committee which drafted it, and in the cam- paign which followed, was one of its ablest exponents. In the autumn of 1882, the now noted mandamus suit was planted against Judge Franklin D. Richards by James N. Kimball— a suit of supreme importance to the people of Utah as it directly involved almost every important office in the Territory. Franklin S was chief counsel for his fa- ther in this matter and with his associates succeeded in carrying the case to a satisfactory conclusion. The latter part of November in the same year, with his colleagues, Hons. John T. Caine and D. H. Peery, he again went to Washington to present to Congress the constitution of the proposed State of Utah, and to ask the admission of the Territory into the Union. George Q. Cannon, whose politcal influence in Mormon affairs had not declined at Itie capital, accompanied the delega- tion. There was no real expectation that statehood would be granted at that time ; but the ap- plication gave to the Utah question a fresh interest. It also afforded to Judge Black an opportunity to deliver before the Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives his great constitutional argument upon "Federal Jurisdiction in the Territories." This splendid effort is a virtual arraign- ment of the Edmunds Bill ; and in its pure democratic genius is a grand reminder of the golden age of the American Republic. Our young lawyer was with fudge Black constantly during the month that the argument was under preparation ; and it is not difficult to trace his ardent, loyal thought for his people in its pages, nor to realize that the profound legist must have taKen great delight in the in- spiration afforded by such an interested representative. The friendship between the great [ere S. Black and Mr. Richards was most sincere. The ven- erable jurist suggested the introduction of young Franklin to the bar of the Supreme Court of the United States ; and he made the motion upon which the order was entered on the 30th day of Jan- uary, 1883, admitting our Utah lawyer to practice before that august tribunal. Before the close of February, 1883, the labors of M"-. Richards at Washington were completed for the time being ; and he journeyed homeward, traveling from New York to Utah with Serjeant William Ballantine, the famous English barrister, and Mr. Phil. Robinson. These gentlemen were making a visit of observation to the Zion of the Rocky Mountains; and the Serjeant eagerly seized the opportunity of conversing with the Mormon advocate. Before they parted the eminent Eng- lishman promised that the enlightenment which he had received should be used to illuminate the Mormon question in high circles of the mother country. On the 19th day of August, 1883, at his home in York, Pennsylvania, Jere S. Black died, and the people of Utah were deprived of one of their bravest, truest friends, and this Nation lost a pure patriot and one of its greatest constitutional lawyers. Through the attempted arbitrary disfranchisement of thousands of citizens by the Utah Com- mission, political complications arose; and as Judge Black was dead it became now desirable to ijS HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. secure the services of some other eminent and ab'.e lawyer; and in October, 1S83, Mr. Richards, with George Q. Cannon and John T. Caine, journeyed to Washington. Senator Vest was retained as counsel for the cause of the people of Utah before the courts. During this visit to the East, Mr. Richards renewed his acquaintance with General Thomas L. Kane, >vhcsc death in that same year filled thousands of hearts in Utah with sorrow. Mr. Richards returned to his home in the latter part of November, and about the ist of }an- ary, 1884, he again took his departure for Washington with Hon. Moses Thatcher, to labor in be- half of the people of Utah. He w'as obliged to leave the national capital in less than a month to take part in the legislative proceedings at Salt Lake, he having been elected to the council from Weber and Box Elder Counties at the August electon preceding. He was not able to reach Salt Lake until after the opening of the session ; but he had been appointed chairman of the judiciary committee, and immediately upon taking his .seat he assumed a prominent and active part in the labors of the Legislature. On the i8th day of March, 1884, he was appointed city attorney for Salt Lake. He has held the position ever since, having been re-appointed by the new municipal government which came into office in February, 1886. When he accepted this position he removed from Ogden to Salt Lake ; thus after fifteen years of absence, he became once more a resident of his native city. In October, 1884, Mr. Richards appeared as one ol the counsel for Rudger Clawson, charged before the Third District Court with polygamy and unlawful cohabitation. The defendant was con- victed ; but a certificate of probable cause was obtained from the judge who presided at the trial and the case was appealed to the Supreme Court of the Territory. Bail was applied for, pending appeal, but was refused ; and a writ of habeas corf>vs was sued out and the question was appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States. In December, Mr. Richards went to Washington and with Wayne MacVeagh, ex-Attorney General of the United States, pre- ented the matter before that tribunal. This case possesses a great and growing historical value, and an epitome of some of the points raised by the Utah advocate are not inappropriate here : Under the statute the certificate of probable cause stayed the execution of the judgment The punishment prescribed by the sentence could not possibly proceed against the defendant pending his appeal without a most flagrant violation of the law. The only place of imprisonment over which the U. S. Marshal had any jurisdiction was the penitentiary; and when biil was refused, awaiting the result of the appeal and Rudger Clawson was incarcerated there, he was subjected to the same punishment as would have been suffered by him in actual fulfillment of the sentence. Thus the right of appeal, instead of being a boon \«is made a burden ; for if the judgment should not be reversed, on the theory of the prosecution he was not to be credited upon the judgment with the time of such imprisonment. It would, therefore, speaking merely in a personal sense, have been better for Rudger Clawson to submit to the judginent of the court, however illegal and unjust it might be; than to stay the execution and prosecute his appeal in what might prove to. be an illusory hope of gaining redress. Under such a manifestly unjust ruling, if a defendant were sentenced to death, and pending his appeal upon a certificate of probable cause, were to be subjected to the identical punishment prescribed in the sentence, he might be executed at the very hour when a superior tri- bunal was reversing the judgment of the trial court. A judicial murder would be perpetrated. It is true that in Utah the law accords to judges discretionary power in allowing bail after con- viction ; but for more than a third of a century it had been the uniform practice in Utah courts to life that discretion- mercifully, and to allow the defendant his freedom under bonds until his case had been finally decided. Further than this, in face of the statutory declaration that the granting of a certificate of probable cause shall stay the execution, the refusal of the court to admit to bail was illegal and inhuman. The Supreme Court of the United States avoided the issue and declined to review the exercise of discretionary power by the trial judge. Fiom this opinion Justices Miller and Field, the two oldest and ablest judges on the bench, dissented and stated that the refusal to admit Rudger Claw- son to bail was the arbitrary refusal to grant him what was expressly accorded to him by statute. Mr. Richards next appeared in the Supreme Court with the "Commissioners Cases," in which Senator Vest had already been retained and in which Wayne MacVeagh also appeared. Franklin did not address the court orally in this case ; but he took his usual active part in the preparation of the brief and arguments. The most important points raised in these famous causes were as follows : Under section viii. of the Edmunds Bill, and by an autocratic wholesale disfranchisement, the Utah Commission excluded from political privileges about twelve thousand citizens of this Territory. Among these were thousands who were no longer living in polygamy or unlawful cohabitation ; and FRANKLIN S. RICHARDS. 137 the names of these as well as of all others disfranchised were stricken from the registration lists be- cause they failed to take the test oath formulated by the Commission. Certain citizens thus arbi- trarily deprived of political rights brought suit against the commissioners and their appointees. The lower courts ruled adversely to the citizens and the cases, now known under the abbreviated title of '■Murphy and others vs. Ramsey and others, " were carried to the Supreme Court of the United States. It was argued for the appellants that the law was made to operate as a bill of attainder and therefore as an unconstitutional measure; for it punished people without trial. Further, the act was interpreted as an ex post facto law, also under constitutional prohibition ; for people were ex- cluded from office and denied the ballot, who for thirty years had not lived in polygamy nor unlaw- ful cohabitation. NotwithstandiHg the fact that in a former case the Supreme Court had held that the deprivation of a political right for past conduct was punishment ; it was declared in these "Commissioners Cases" that the disfranchisement was not punishment, and the eighth section of the act was not a bill of attainder, for the only punitive provisions of the statute were in the first and third sections, and the eighth section merely defined a proscribed status. But the court held that the law was operated as an ex post facto measure wherein it was made to disfrsnchise people who were not living in actual violation of the statute at the time when they applied for registration. If the entire theory of the counsel for the appellants had been accepted by the Supreme Court, no per- son could have been deprived of his political rights under this bill until he had been judicially proven to be a polygamist, or bigamist, or to be living in the practice of unlawful cohabitation. As it was, doubtless some thousands of people were restored to their political privileges. In April, 1885, Mr. Richards was again at Washington with Wayne MacVeagh arguing the case of Rudger Clawson on its merits before the Supreme Court. The important questions involved were whether the grand jury which found the indictment and the petit jury which sat in the case were legal juries. The grand jury was made up, by careful selection, of the avowed social oppo- nents and political enemies of the defendant. Every Mormon had been excluded from the jury; al- though many Mormons when called had declared that, while they might have personal faith in the righteousness of polygamy, they would not hesitate to find indictment wherever the evidence showed a violation of law. It was maintained that this exclusion was illegal; for the rejected men pos- sessed all the statutory qualifications, 1 he only law quoted m justification of their exclusion was section v, of the Edmunds Bill, providing that believers in polygamy, etc., could not serve in prose- cutions for those offenses. But the impaneling of the grand jury was not a " prosecution for po- lygamy." It was a proceeding had prior to the beginningof a prosecution; and was not under anv statute of the United States, for the impaneling of grand juries is governed entirely by Territorial law. Further, this grand jury was impaneled to inquire — not alone into violations of the Edmunds act, but into all offences against the commonwealth ; and yet the entire representation upon the jury was given to a class possessing less than one-fifth of the population. Objection was made to the manner of obtaining the trial jury, which was by open venire, when the statute provided another method for selecting and drawing jurors. The open venire system is an outrage in any land ainiint^ at purity in its judicial tribunals. Armed with the open venire, the marshal may become almost the absolute autocrat of verdicts. From whim or venal purpose he may summon either the friends or enemies of the accused in a criminal case, or the friends or enemies of either party in a civil contest. The Supreme Court affirmed the decision of the lower court; and Rudger Clawson is now serving the sentence imposed upon him. With the exception of the sporadic prosecutions against Rudger Clawson, the earlier efforts of Federal officials seemed centered upon making the Edmunds law an effective political weapon. The first general application of any portion of the bill was of section viii. with the wholesale polit- ical proscriptions attempted thereunder. It was not until the people of Utah had demonstrated that the public offices of the Territory could not be wrested from them by persons arbitrarily and un- necessarily appointed, and that the disfranchisement of twelve thousand of their number could not give the Territory over to "Liberal" rule, that a vigorous and systematic plan was projected for crim- inal prosecutions against Mormons for infractions of the first and third sections of the act. These prosecutions were doubtless all the more unrelenting because of political failure. And early in 1885, what is commonly known as tne "raid" was emphatically begun. The extent to which the people could be assailed by political proscriptions, under section viii. had been defined by the Supreme Court ; but there had been no such authoritative declaration of how far the people might be assailed by criminal prosecutions. A definition was wanted for the word " cohabit " As it originally stood in the bill it seemed simple enough ; but when the Utah IS /je confusion worse confounded. Under these circumstances an authoritative construction be- came necessary ; and in September, Mr. Richards went to Washington to secure a writ of error in the case of Angus M. Cannon and to have that cause advanced in the Supreme Court. Although it was believed by the bar very generally that the case was not appealable, and the writ had been refused by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Territory, Mr. Richards succeeded in ob- 'aining the writ from justice Miller, and in securing the advancement of the cause. In November. J885, the case came on for hearing, and Mr. Richards made a long and very powerful argument. Some of the salient points were these : Angus M. Cannon, during the time charged in the indictment, had lived in the same house with two of his wives, but had ceased to occupy the bed of one of them. Indeed, his counsel on the trial offered to prove that no sexual intercourse had taken place between the defendant and his plural wife; but such proffered proof was rejected by the court. Mr. Richards maintained that a precedent could not be found where anything less than sexual intercourse had been held to be criminal co- habitation. He challenged the Government to quote any such case ; but it was conceded that none existed. The Utah advocate reminded the court that this bill was vaunted as a moral measure for the sexual purification of the Nation. The language of the act was general and had an ostensible claim to fairness. And yet, under the partial construciion given by the lower courts- to the plain words" cohabit with more than one woman," a man might live openly and notoriously with two or a dozen women and call them mistresses; he might eat and sleep with them: might ac- knowledge their children to be his own; mieht fiaunt his lasciviousness in the faces of judges, prose- cutors and grand jurors, and their wives, mothers and daughters — and this boasted law to protect the sanctity of American homes could not touch him : but if he dwelt under the .same roof with two wo- men and called them his wives — though he should never have .sexual intercourse with either of them ; though he should never intrude his family affairs upon the sensitive morality of the public ; though he should merely retain the passive status of the polygamist, which status tliis Supreme Court has said he need not tern-jinate — he would be brought before the courts, and, regardless of age or cir- cumstances, would be thrust into a vile corral, disgracing the name of government prison, to be the companion of degraded and desperate felons. Thus arises the pertinent inquiry : "Is it actions or words which the law declares against?" Two men live in a similar manner— each cohabiting with three women. One says, " mistresses," and he is a free voter ; the other says, ' wives " and he is a disfranchised convict. Mr. Richards, in the most moving terms, besought the Supreme Court to give to the term cohabitation a clear, fixed and humane definition, that people honestly seeking to understand the law might have some interpretation to rely upon which would be more trustworthy than the shifting, evasive, treacherous meanings given to the word by the lower courts. This latter point the Supreme Court utterly ignored. The decision affirmed the judgment of the lower court; but justices Field and Miller dissented upon the ground stated in the argument of Mr. Richards, that— accoiding to all precedent, criminal crhabitation implied sexual intercourse. In April, 1886, Mr. Richards was once more at Wathington presenting to the Supreme Court the three cases of Lorenzo Snow for unlawful cohabitation. Some of the notable features of these causes and their trial in the lower courts were raised as follows: One alleged offence covering one continuous space of time was segregated into three charges, each coveting an arbitrary period — thus making three punishments where at most but one could have been legally and justly inflicted. Also, the defendant was proved not to have lived with more than one woman during the time charged in any of the indictments. It was admitted by the defendant that he recognized and "held out" the women named in the indictments as his wives ; but at the same time it was proved by incontrover tible evidence that the parties had not lived together. And, as the definition of cohabitation promul- gated from the Supreme Court is "the living together as husband and wife," it was maintained that under the evidence no legal conviction could be secured. In the defense of these cau.ses the people's advocate entered with an especial devotion. From Franklin's childhood Apostle Snow had been the close friend of the Richards family. Now he was in the sunset of life ; his apostolic career had been one of marked vigor and brilliancy; and there was some reason to fear that, despite the lack of evi- dence against him, an effort was being made to punish him for all the other leaders of the Church whom officers were unable to find. The c.ises were fought step by step, but all the time the grim, heedless determination to convict became more apparent. Knowing the legal innocence, and yet realizing the jeopardy of his friend and client, Mr. Richards made some of his most forcible and touching arguments. In addressing the juries, he showed them how Lorenzo Snow was being wil- FRANKLIN S. RICHARDS. ijg fully offered as a sacrifice to the insensate clamor of tlie multitude. He implored them to exert the (orce of their position to stay the wave of reckless, partisan condemnation which was sweeping over the Territory; and to hold the zeal of the self-avowed reformers within the bounds of law and jus- tice. These appeals to courts and partisan juries were ineffectual; and the cases went up to the Su- preme Court, where they were heard in the latter part of April, r83!3. In the presentation of these causes to the Supreme Court, Mr, Richards became associated with George Ticknor Curtis, a man whose legal and literary fame is of the brightest. The exposition of the cause of the Mormon people, as involved in these cases against Lorenzo Snow, was fully, fear- lessly and patriotically made. Mr, Curtis, with his eminent ability as an expounder of the Constitu- tion engaged his heart and intellect in the work. He was tireless in obtaining information upon the ■subject from Mr. Richards; and the arguments of the two advocates — the famous Washington legist and the eloquent Utah lawyer, together constitute a masterpiece of law and logic. The well known result of the hearing of these causes is not uncomplimentary to the illustrious jurist and his associate. When they had completed their work, there seemed no possibility that the Supreme Court could fail to give the desired relief. And when, after the long hearing which was accorded, the court took the novel position that it lacked jurisdiction; the feeling was generally en- tertained that the arguments for the plaintiff in error had been found unanswerable. It is clear that Mr. Richards has full faith in the righteousness of the Mormon cause. He de- •clares that the sime principles of law and ruks of evidence obtaining in other cases should be applied in these questions. For this common justice, he has constantly appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States ; at the same time expressing an absolute certainty that, if fiiir treatment were ac- corded, many of the useless persecuting proceedings would be checked. But it seems the flite of the Mormons as a class or as individuals to find religious bigotry and political hate always thrown into the scales against them. And when Mr, Richards has seen his appeals for impartial treatment ignored ; as the advocate of a people already suffering martyrdom, he has not hesitated to sound the warning note even to the highest tribunal in the land. Mr. Rich- ards claims that the history of jurisprudence upon the Mormon question shows a steady descent, each final decision marking a downward step. He says that continued progress in this direction must ingulf all the inherent rights and guaranteed privileges of the citizen in the abyss of unconsti- tutional laws and decisions ; and when that dread day shall come, though his clients may lead the van of the sufferers, they will not be the only martyrs nor their religion the only one proscribed, Mr. Richards has had a considerable measure of professional success. As a counselor-at-law ■he has declined cases not manifestly meritorious ; and when he has taken a case, he has gone to his labor conscientiously and honefuUy, His nature is charged with a lofty enthusiasm, which in his speaking to a jury or to a public audience is highly contagious, affecting the sensibilities, while his argument aims to appeal to men's better judgment and their love of right. There is one especial <]uality in his arguments before the Supreme Court which has commanded both attention and re- spect — namely, his earnestness. The causes of his people are also the causes of the advocate, and old lawers of national fame, attracted by his ardor, have rested awhile the study of their own briefs. The personal qualities of Mr. Richards are strongly marked. He possesses great moral cour- ered will and simple grandeur of the backwoods l.incoln. Now that conventional legisla- tors, jurists and legists — forgetting that there is an eternal divinity in our charter of liberty, are join- ing in the new fashion of universal unbelief and are casting away the Constitution as a worn out garment ; may we not hopefully look for exponents and defenders of that sacred instrument to arise like Lincoln, the emancipator? Here let us leave the subject of this brief sketch— just as his people and himself are entering the shadow of those commg events which include the salvation or the destructiou of a church at\d ;» commonwealth. CHARLES VV. PENROSE Cliarles William Penrose, one of the foremost citizens of Utah, and one whose name is a syn- onym for rapid thought and untiring activity, was born at Camberwell, London, England, on the 4th of February, 1832, and is a scion of well known Cornish families, who were stockholders of tin mines. Being naturally of a studious and inquiring turn of mind, with quick perception and re- markable memory, he speedily n->astered at school the common rudiments of education. He read the Scriptures when only four yers old, and was well versed in the doctrines of the Bible, the won- derful sayings and predictions of the Savior, and the ancient Prophets and Apostles. This paved the way for his acquaintance with, and his subsequent acceptance of, Mormonisni, which, from its Scriptural cliaracter, its reasonable and substantial doctrines, feasible theories, and sound practical results, attracted his attention while a mere lad, and, in due time, after be had thoroughly investi- gated and compared its teachings with the Bible, numbered him among its converts. He joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in London, May 14, 1850, and is the only member of his father's family who has ever embraced the faith. His scriptural attainments and spiritual inclinations soon brought him under notice of the presiding authorities of the London Conference, and in January, 1851, when not yet nineteen years old, he was ordained an Elder, and two months later was sent on a mission to Maldon, in Essex, to preach the Gospel, "break new ground," and build up branches of the church. This movement was much in opposition to the wishes of his friends, and to his own pecuniary interests, as he had been oflered, on condition of his remaining home, a life situation at in a government office. Shutting his eyes to the gilded bait of temptation, he took up the cross of the master, and literally " without purse or scrip," taking not not a penny in his pocket, nor even a change of dress, started out afoot upon his mission as a ser- vant of the Lord. With bleeding feet but undaunted heart, he reached the town of Maldon, having slept out of doors for the first time in his life the chilly night previous. He was an utter stranger in the place. and the first " Mormon" Elder to visit that region of the country. He met with much opposition, but steadily worked his way in the town of Maldon and the country round about, and succeeded in raising up branches of the Church in Maldon, Danbury, Chelmsford, Colchester and other places, baptizing a great number of persons of both sexes, many of whom are now in Utah, and being in- strumental, by the laying on of hands, in the restoration to health of many persons afflicted with disease. He possessed the gift of healing to a remarkable degree, and several of the cures per- formed were of a miraculous order. He labored for seven years in poor agricultural districts, open- CHARLES IV. PENROSE. 141 ing new missionary fields, building up branches, suffering many hardships and trudging on foot be- tween three and four thousand miles every year. It was during this period, on'the 21st of January, 1885, that he married Miss Lucetta Stratford, of Maldon, sister of Bishop Edward Stratford of Og- den, who with all the family he had brought into the Church, Elder Penrose was next called to pre- side over the London Conference, and subsequently over the Cheltenliam Pastorate, consisting of the Cheltenham, Worcestershire and Herefordshire Conferences; and later over the Birmingham Pastorate, consisting of the Birmingham, Warwickshire, Staffordshire and Shropshire Conferences. His pen, ever brilliant and keen, at this time was almost as busy as his ready tongue. He wrote many theological articles for the Millennial Star, principal Church organ of the European mission, and out of the silken and golden threads of his poetical thoughts and emotions, wove the fabric of those beautiful songs of Zion which have cheered the hearts and fired with patriotism and holy zeal the drooping souls of thousands. In the vear 1861, after over ten years of gratuitous and successful service in the ministry, he was released from his labors and emigrated to America. He crossed the sea in the sailing ship Un- derwriter, assisting in the charge of 620 passengers, and living with them in the steerage during the thirty days passage from Liverpool to New York. He also helped to care for them during the jour- ney through the States and up the Missouri river. He crossed the plains, driving his own ox team, with his family and his wife's relatives, and was eleven weeks on the toilsome way. Arriving in Utah he settled in Farmington, Davis County, and for the first time in his life went to work in the fields, climbing the mountains for firewood, and laboring at the hardest kind of phys- ical work, for^which he was naturally unfit, and teaching school in the winter. He made headway, however, and acquired a small home. Durmg his three years residence there, he was ordained one of the presidents of the 56th quorum of Seventies. In the fall of 1864, at the solicitation of Apos- tle E. T. Benson, he removed to Cache Valley and again labored for a home, teaching school in the winter. He had scarcely more than secured some land, a log cabin and lot, when he was called, in April, 1865, to go to England on a mission, and was notified to be in Salt Lake City by the first of May, prepared with means to carry him on his journey. In company with forty other missionaries, in charge of Captain Wm. B. Preston, Elder Pen- rose set out upon his second journey across the plains, with mule teams, but walking most of the way. They were thirty-six days in reaching Omaha. The Indians were very hostile at the time, and people were killeJ before and behind the little band of missionaries, but they got through in safety, despite many fears and predictions to the contrary, and reaching New York, sailed for Liver- pool. Elder Penrose arrived in England, labored first among the colliers in Lancashire, with suc- cess, and on the first of February, 1866, was sent to preside over the Essex Conference, which he had built up several years before. On the 6th of June following he was appointed to preside over the London Conference. He traveled all over the British Isles and visited Paris during the great exposition. The last two years of his mission he assisted to edit the Miltenial Star, under President F. D. Richards; also preaching on Sundays indifferent places, baptizing many in Liverpool, and helping to ship many companies of emigrating Saints. At the close of the emigration season of 1868, he was released from his mission and sailed for home ; taking rail from New York to Point of Rocks, and thence by stage line to Salt Lake City, arriving in Utah after an absence of three and a half years. He next engaged in mercantile pursuits, with W. H. Shearman, in Logan, under the firm name of Shearm m & Penrose, and did a fine business until the co-operative movement was instituted, when the whole stock was turned over to the new institution. On the first of May, 1869, Mr. Pen- rose became secretary and treasurer of the Logan Co-operative Institution, and bookkeeper for the store. He acted as a home missionary, traveling and preaching on Sundays, often in company with Apostle Benson ; was a member of the high council, and took an active part in all Church move- ments in the county. In January, 1870, he resigned his position in the Co-operative Institution, bade adieu to Lo^an and took up his residence in Ogden, having been invited by Apostle F. D. Richards to take editorial charge, under his supervision, of the Ogden Junctioti, which had just been started as a semi-weeklv, This was an occupation for which he was peculiarly well fitted, not only by nature— which un- doubtedly designed him for a journalist — but by education and experience ; and the paper which he did so much to build up and render popular, and which lived and prospered as long as he was con- nected with it, will be long remembered for the interest and pointed vigor, the "snap and gingpr.'' of his pungent writings. He was assistant editor one year, and was then irr?ide editor-in><:hief. and afterwards business manager as well. He started the Daily Junclion/wi September, 1872, and 142 HIS7 OR Y OF SAL T LAKE CITY. much of fhe time was its editor, local, business manager, and traveling agent, and — to use liis own terse expression — was "worked half to death." Having previously become naturalized, he was elected, February 13, 1871, a member of the Ogden City Council. He took active part in all the affairs and improvements of the municipality as long as he remained in Ogden, and he was re-elected to the council every term; his name was found on both tickets whenever there were two parties in the field. He served, in all, four terms, and before the expiration of the last one had removed to Salt Lake City. At the organization of the Weber Stake of Zion he was ordained a High Priest and made a member of the High Council, and remained so for a long time alter his removal from Ogden. He also acted as a home missionary both in aS take and Territorial capacity. His political record in the municipality having won him influence and the confidence of his as- sociates and the people generally, he was chosen delegate from Weber County to the Constilution.il Convention of 1872, being elected by the popular vote on February 5ih, of that year. He helpe 1 to frame the Constitution of the Stale of Deseret and the memorial to Congress, being on the com- mittees having that work in hand. The same year he represented Weber County in the Demo- cratic Territorial Convention, which was composed of both Mormons and Gentiles, and nominated for his wing of the party, Hon. George Q. Cannon as delegate to Congress, making a pointed speech in the convention. He was a member and secretary of the People's County Central Com- mittee, and a live worker in all political movements, making speeches and using his influence in every way for the success of the People's party. During the same period, he was busily engaged in ecclesiastical affairs under President Richards. In August, 1874, he was elected a member of the Legislature, representing Weber County in the Territorial Assembly. He took an active part in all general measures, introduced a number of bills, drafted public documents, and rendered other valuable service for which his literary ability and native legal acumen well qualified him. At the same time he wrote all the editorials and reports of the Legislature for the Ogden June/io/i. In 1875 he found himself so overworked that he resigned the busmess management of the Junction, but continued as editor, and did all the literary work, local and telegraph included, for both the daily and semi-weekly issues. He also continued ac- tive in municipal and Church affairs. In the fall of 1876, Mr. i'enrose went to California to represent Thomas and Esther Duce. mother and son, in the adjustment of a pecuniary issue. In September of that year the Duces had been shot by a Wells, Fargo & Co 's guard who dropped his gun, a double-barrelled weapon loaded with blugs; the whole contents being fired into them. Thomas was literally riddled, and his mother wus shot through the windpipe. Mr. Penrose, assisted the doctor to dress the wounds; both pa- tients recovered. The company disclaimed responsibility for the accident, but Mr. Penrose met with the managers in San Francisco, prevailed on them and obtained five thousand dollars com- pensation for the Duces. In June, 1877, by request of President Brigham Young, he came to Salt Lake City and be- •came connected with the Descrcl Nezus, under the general editorial management of Hons. George Q. Cannon and Brigham Young, Jr. The yunclion Company keenly felt his loss, and offered to give him the paper entirely. On the organization of the Deseret A'etus Company, at the first meet- ofthe Board of Directors held September 3d, 1880, C. W. Penrose was made editor-in-chief of that veteran journal, and still remains so. He became a home missionary of the Salt Lake Stake, and traveled and preached in many places. At a special election in 1879. held for ihc purpose of filling the vacancy caused by the death of Hon. A. P. Rockwood, member elect of the Legislature for Salt Lake t'ounty, Hon. C. VV. Pen- rose w.is the people's choice for that office, which he filled with credit to himself and to the satisfac- tion of his constituents. He served during the session of 1880 on various important committees, including the judiciary, and introduced many bills, among them a bill t* take away all political disa- bilities from women. The bill created no end of discussion, comment and debate, its author making able and pithy speeches in its favor, and finally it passed both houses but was vetoed by the Gover- nor. Following is one of his speeches on this question which will serve to show his style: " Utah is the home of liberty for all, and pejuliarly the sanctuary for women ; here all her rights are popularly acknowledged and accorded Here she is protected and defended. Here the conven- tionalities which have kept her m bondage for ages arc thrown aside by the force of an enlightened estimate of her capabilities and an enl irged view of her claims is an integral part of the body politic. The right'-tP \9i^ ha=aM'eady been conferred upon her. The laws of the nation declare her a citizen equal with man; the law^ of this Territory give her equal rights with man at the polls. This has CHARLES IV. PENROSE. 14J worked no injury to any, but will necessarily result in good. For the power of the suffrage will de- velop thought, and its responsibilities give occasion for reflection, and the enlarged capacities of women which will be the natural consequence, will be transmitted to her offspring, and benefits will thus accrue to the State in the coming generation. " None of the disasters predicted by the opponents of woman suffrage liave occurred in this Territory. Tlie women have exercised their power in wisdom, and have shown their fitness tor the trust reposed in them. They have not been degraded nor polluted in the waters of politics, and are just as good wives, mothers, sisters, cousins and aunts, as before reccivmg the elective franchise. Re- cently they have had some voice in our caucuses and conventions and nominating committees, and who can say truthfully that this has been in any way inimical to the community. Giving them the right to vote without the right to a voice in the arrangement of a ticket or platform on which to vote, would be partial and inconsistent. " Having done so much for woman's cause, why halt in timid hesitation before the last barrier to her politicial freedom? The word 'male' in our statutes, defining the qualifications of citizens for holding offices, is a relic of the old system of woman's vassalage. It is a standing reflec- tion upon her sex. It is a plain assertion of her inferiority. It says, virtually, no matter how wise, intellectual, honest, thrifty, able and gilted a woman may be, she is not fit to be entrusted with the responsibilities of the smallest office in the gift of the people. If this is not its meaning, then it is a selfish declaration that all the honors and emoluments of every office shall be reserved to the stronger sex, because man has the power to elbow woman out in'o the cold and keep her there. There are some offices for which women are not adapted. But are there not also some offices for which inany men are not adapted? Yet no man, however inefficent, is debarred by statutory provisions from such positions. But woman is shut out from all and this purely and solely because she is woman. " The good sense of the great body of electors of both sexes inust determine what those offices may be, and as in the case of men, which persons are the most competent to fill them. The bill will not secure a single office to a single woman — or a married one, either. But it will break down in Utah a wall which is in the way of the march of progress, and every stone and brick of which will yet he entirely removed in eveiy nation that is really civilized. " Massachusetts and other States have commenced the work. Women there can not only vote on school matters, but hold official positions on school boards and other State educational organ- izations. They have the same privileges in Kansas, In Utah, where the elevation of woman as man's companion, not his slave, is the prevailing social theory, she cannot, under the law, hold anv office of any kind whatever. Cache County would have elected a lady to the office of Countv Super- intendent of Schools, one who has proven to the people her ample qualifications for the post. But the law forbade it. Salt Lake County contemplated nominating a talented lady for the office of County Treasurer, but the disability which this bill seeks to remove stood grimly in the way. "It is not asked that certain offices be set apart for either sex. We are simply requested to remove this ugly and staring brand of woman's politicial inferiority from our statute book. To render it possible for women to fill such offices as they maybe fitted to occupy with honor to them- selves and profit to the people. " Now, I do not cite these as sample offices to which women should be elected, but merely to refer to these facts in illustration of the subject and to show reasons why the discriminating and egotistical word 'male' should be expunged from the statutes relating to qualifications for office. Used in this light, it is a slur on our wives and sisters and mothers. It is a vestige of the barbaric estimate of the gentler sex. Away with it! Blot it out with the pen of a progressive age and the ink of advanced ideas I Let it go with its companion that once stood in the way of woman suffrage, but was swept into the limbo of antiquated measures by the besom of the act of 1870. Give to the women of Utah — there are no better in the world — full, perfect and complete political liberty." Mr. Penrose was re-elected and served in the Legislative session of 1882 ; he was chairman of the committee on claims, and did a great deal of work on various committees; being particularly useful in drafting public documents and correcting errors in the framing of bills. He was elected to the constitutional convention and helped to frame the Constitution of the State of Utah, which was making another effort — under a change of name from ' Deseret ' — for its long withheld right of admission into the Union. He also assisted to prepare the memorial to Congress, All this time he was performing editorial work for the Deseret News. The death of David O. Calder, in the summer of 1884 causetl a vacancy in the Presidency of the Salt Lake Stake of Zion, which was filled .August 2d, 1884, Elder Penrose being then appointed. 144 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. at the quarterly stake conference, second counselor to President Angus M. Cannon. His voice was often heard in the Tabernacle and in other congregations of the Saints; he was an ever ready and apparently unfailing fountain of instruction. As one of the Presidency ol the Salt Lake Stake of Zion it was also a part of his duty and labors to sit in the High Council in judgment upon all matters before that tribunal. In the fall of 1883, in order to recuperate his energies, which were sorely ta.xed by overwork, he took a trip, in company with C. R. Savage, Esq., over the D. and R. G. Railway to Denver, thence through Colorado, south to New Mexico, Arizona and California, returning to Utah via the Central Pacific route. He now resumed his manifold duties. He had previously written a valuable work entitled " Mormon Doctrine." In the fall of 1884, he delivered several Sunday evening lec- tures in the Twelfth Ward Assembly Hall, answering anti-Mormon objections and charges against the faith and practice of the Latter-day S.iints. Chief of these lectures were those on " Blood Atone- ment" and the '' Mountain Meadows Massacre," completely refuting the common stories in relation thereto Both lectures were published at the Juvenile Instructor office. He continued to defend the '• Mormon " cause politically and religiously, by press discussions as well as public speeches and private interviews with strangers. These vigorous labors excited the hostility of the anti- Mormon ring, and he was singled out, in the crusade under the Edmunds law, as a conspicuous target for their animosity. In the beginning of January, 1885, he was sent on a brief mission to the State';, and during his absence his legal wife and family, down to a boy eight years old, were compelled to go before the grand jury. The wife refused to testify against her husband, but the evidence desired was extorted from the children. While in the States Elder Penrose was appointed on a mission to England, and forthwith bade farewell, by letter, to those he held most dear this side of the water, and once more crossed the bosom of the mighty deep. After a rough passage and safe landing at Liverpool, he was appointed i)V President D. H. Wells to preside over the London Conference, and assist editorially on the Mil- lennial Star." He revived the work in London, his old field of labor, was gladly hailed by former acquaintances, wrote several articles for London papers, helped to ship emigrants of every company from Liverpool, and attended conferences with President Wells all over England, Scotland and Wales. He also visited Ireland and preached in the open air in the city of Bslfist to three thou- sand people. A great uproar ensued, followed by a spirited discussion in the Belfast papers. He visited Dublin and the Isle of Man, and from there went to the Lake District of England. He accom- panied President Wells on his continental tour through Denmark, Sweden. Norway, Germany and Switzerland, preaching in Copenhagen, Christiania, Stockholm, Berlin and Berne, returning to Eng- land by way of Paris. He made a stir in several English towns and brought many persons into the Church, besides writing articles for the Star and also for the Descret News to the interest of which he is devoted though in " exile." He is still engaged in laboring and writing for the cause to which he has consecrated his time and talents for so many years. He has a firm and thorough belief in the truth and triumph of Mor- monism, and is kept from the society of a loving family and a wide circle of cordial friends by the same merciless persecution which has thrust so many good men behind prison doors. At the age of fifty-four he retains apparently all his original activity of mind and physical en- ergies. Time and toil have made but moderate inroads upon his extraordinary vitality. This is all the more remarkable from his not being of a robust constitution — though of healthy physique and strictly temperate habits— and his persistent and almost incessant mental activity. It exemplifies anew the truth of the proverb that it is better to wear out than to rust away. Mr. Penrcse is of a highly sensitive and nervous organization ; quick to think, speak and act. His talents are so versa- tile it is almost a question as to "wherein kind nature meant him to excel." He is poeticil, mu- sical, has fine spiritual perceptions, and also leans to science and law. His f jrte is generally thought to be journalism, in which he shines with lustre, while as a preacher and polemical writer and debater he has but few equals. His talents and energy fit him eminently for a missioniry, in which impor- tant calling he meets invariably with success. His practical experience in various walks of life gives him an insight into the thoughts and workings of all classes of society ; his advice is sought in diffi- culty and doubt, and he wins his way easily to the hearts of his fellow-men. Charles W. Penrose is a remarkable man. Nature stamped him as such, and his life work, thus far, confirms the truth of her decree. GEORGE REYNOLDS. 145 GEORGE REYNOLDS. To Mr. George Reynolds must be given the honors of being the first among the polygamous martyrs. The narrative is thus given in the Conitibulor under the caption of "A Living Martyr:" " In the summer and fall of 1874, while James B. McKean was Chief Justice of the Territorial Supreme Court and Judge of the Third District Court, and William Carey was United States Pros- ecuting Attorney for Utah, efforts were made to find indictments, under the Congressional law of 1862, against polygamy and bigamy, and the arrest and trial of several of the leading authorities was threatened. As those whom the prosecuting attorney had set upon, were known not to have violated that law, their so-called offenses, having been committed previous to its passage, it was ap- parent that any effort to convict them would be futile and their trials would simply amount to an- noyance and persecution. It was therefore agreed by the prosecuting attorney, and others, that if a suitable person were provided, the contemplated prosecutions would be abandoned, a fair trial would be given him, as a test case, and the constitutionality of the law would be tested. Our peo- ple believing that the act of 1862 would be annulled on appeal to the Supreme Court. "After this arrangement had been made, the selection of some one to stand the trial was considered and Elder George Reynolds, who had not been thought of by the officers, was approached on the subject, and consented to be the victim. He furnished the witnesses and testimony to the grand jury, and his case was accepted by the attorney as a fair test case. Accordingly on Friday, October 23d, 1874, the grand jury, John Chislett, foreman, reported a true bill against him, and on the fol- lowing Monday he presented himself in court and plead not guilty to the felony alleged in the in- dictment. He was admitted to bail in the sum of twenty-five hundred dollars. On March 31st, 1875, the trial commenced and lasted two days. The jury returned a verdict of guilty, and on the loth of April, the prisoner was sentenced to one years' imprisonment, and to pay a fine of three hundred dollars An appeal to the Territorial Supreme Court was immediately taken, and Brother Reynolds was liberated on a five thousand dollar bond. " The most intense feeling of emnity and persecution, was manifest during and immediately after this trial, by the prosecuting officers, William Carey and R. N. Baskin. Ihey even went so far as to demand the imprisonment of the defendant, pending the appeal to the higher court. This was, however, overruled by the judge. On the 19th of June, the Supreme Court, comprised of Chief Justice Lowe and Associates Emerson and Boreman, reversed the decison of the lower court, set the indictment aside on the ground of the illegality of the grand jury which found it, (that bodv being composed of twenty-three instead of fifteen men, which the law requires,) and Elder Reynolds was released from his bonds. t " On the 30th of the following October, however, the new grand jury, Horace Bliss, foreman, found another indictment against him, and he was again arrested November ist, 1875, plead not guilty and was admitted to bail. On December 9th his second trial commenced, before Chief Jus- tice White, Lowe having removed, and the following jury : Henry Simons, foreman, Emanuel Kahn, Eli Ransohoff, B. F. Dewey, Charles Read, George Hogan, Ed. L. Butterfield, Frank Cis- ler, Samuel Woodard, Nathan J. Lang, John S. Barnes, Lucien Livingston, " During this trial the unfair efforts of the prosecuting attorney, aided by the arbitrary rulings of the court against the prisoner, showed that Carey had departed from his agreement to try the case as a test on the constitutionality of the law, and that he was doing his utmost to fasten crimi- nality upon the prisoner and to secure his punishment. When this treachery was discovered, the defendant, of course, did his utmost to thwart the prosecution and to save himself. An incident of the trial will indicate to what extreme measures the zeal of the court and prosecuting attorney carried them, Mrs, Amelia Reynolds, Brother Reynolds' second wife, could not be found when the second trial came, and the vicious efforts of the court to punish her husband, instead of to pro- ceed as agreed upon before, were manifest. In consequence of the failure of the prosecution to produce this witness, the court permitted the attorney to call the lawyers and others in attendance on the first trial, and accepted their testimony of what Mrs. Reynolds said at that trial as pertinent evidence ; a most unheard of proceeding in any court. The jury returned a verdict of guilty, and on December 21st, Brother Reynolds was sentenced to two years at hard labor in the Detroit House of Correction, and to pay a fine of five hundred dollars, .^n appeal was taken to the Territorial 19 146 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CTIY. Supreme Court, pending which he was liberated under bonds often thousand dollars, W. H. Hooper and H. B. Clawson sureties. •'The case came up on appeal fune 13, 1876, and was argued before the three judges, Judge Shaffer being now chief justice, the associates the same as before. They listened to the argument, and on July 6th, unanimously confirmed the decision of the District Court. An appeal was at once taken, as contemplated from the first, to the Supreme Court of the United States, the court of last resort. Over two vears passed before the case came in its order before that august body, when, on the 14th of November, 1878, it was called up. The attorneys for the appellant were G. W. liiddlc, of Philadelphia, and Ben Sheeks, of Salt Lake City. Solicitor General Phillips appeared for the United States. The arguments occupied two days, and the case was taken under advisement. On the 6th of January, 1879, Chief Justice Waite delivered the decision of the court, confirming the pre- vious decisions of the lower courts. It was unanimous but that Justice Field non-concurred on a minor point. " As soon as this decision became known efforts were made for a re-opening of the case, on tl.e ground that the sentence rendered included " hard labor," which exceeded the law in this case and the authority of the judge to pronounce. When this matter came before the United States Supreme Court, instead of setting aside the verdict and ordering the proceedings to be quashed, that body issued the following order, dated May 5, 1879: "And that this cause be, and the same is hereby re- manded to the said Supreme Court \i.c. of the Territory,] with instructions to cause the sentence of the District Court to be set aside, and a new one entered on the verdict in all respects like that be- fore imposed, except so far as it requires the imprisonment to be at hard labor." " During the time occupied in remanding from the higher courts to the Third District Court, where the case was tried and the sentence pronounced, a monster petition to the Executive at Wash- ington was prepared, setting forth that the prisoner's was a test case, and asking for his pardon. The petition was signed by over thirty-two thousand names but was unheeded by the President. " On June 14, 1876, the corrected sentence of two years imprisonment and five hundred dollars fine was pronounced by Judge Emerson, and on the morning of the i6di, Brother Reynolds started in custody of Deputy Marshals Geo. A. Black and Wm. T. Shaughnessy for Nebraska State Prison at Lincoln, where he had been ordered by the Department of Justice. He arrived on the 19th, and was subjected to the usual indignities, which prisoners there must submit to : his beard being shaved, hair cut and clothes exchanged for the prison garb ; he was assigned the duties of bookkeeper in one of the industrial departments of the prison. He remained in Lincoln but twenty-five days, when he was ordered back to Utah. Arriving on the 17th of July, he was conveyed directly to the Penitentiary where he remained until the 20th of January, 1881, when with the remission of one hundred and forty-four days, provided by the good conduct act of 1880, his term of imprisonment expired. " On Brother Reynolds' return to Utah he was permitted, as are all of the prisoners here, to occupy his time as he chose. This liberty together with the privilege of seeing his family and friends, when they wished to call upon him, did much to mitigate the distress of his confinement. He being . a student and writer spent much time in study and writing for the press, contributions from his pen being published in the Contributor, Juvenile Instructor, Millennial Star, A-eivs, and other papijrs. periodically, during the whole time of his imprisonment. During the last five months he has been engaged in preparing a concordance of the Book of Mormon, on the general plan of Cruden's con- cordance of the Bible. He has already compiled over twenty-five thousand references. It is to be lioped that we shall soon see this important work completed and published, as it will be of the great- est assistance to missionaries and all students or readers of the Book of Mormon. " In the Utah Penitentiary there are an average of about fifty prisoners. Many of them, be- coming interested in the good advice and example of Elder Reynolds, were enrolled as pupils in a school, which he volunteered to teach, and in which he was quite successful for several months. The influence he exercised over the prisoners was most salutary. It was said that from the time of his advent among them until his departure, there was less difficulty or disturbance among them than would formerly be met with in a single week. General Butler, the warden remarked that ' Reynolds w-as worth more than all his guards in preserving good order among the prisoners.' Even among the wildest and most wicked it was noticed that they would not indulge in their evil pro- pensities, when he was around, as other times; thus showing the respect in which he was held. In consequence of this assistance to the officers and in appreciation of his deportment and bearing as a man, Marshal Shaughnessy and Warden Butler did all in their power, without depart- ing from the line of duty, to make him comfortable and help him in his writing. He had many GEORGE REYNOLDS. 147 difTiculties to contend with in the winter time, having no shelter for his paper, or stand on which to write. We would think it a particular hardship to be obliged to nail our copy on the prison wall and, as we sat on a small stool facing it, write on a lap-board. In this manner Brother Reynolds has spent many a day in the preparation of matter for publication ; the cold often benumbing his fingers, the dust blinding his eyes, and gusts of wind flurrying his paper all over the prison yard. For the last few months, the warden permitted him to occupy the guards' dining room, during the day, which very greatly profcioted his comfort and enabled him to do much more work. " His health was good all the time, and but for the nervousness, which nearly always acc( m- panies confinement, no change can be detected in him ; from that a few days of liberty among f5 if his proceeding; were all legal. I arrived at the conclusion that they were, and that my duly was to hold courts as required by this act. These proceedings, and my judgment thereon, were re- ported by Governor Young and myself to Daniel Webster, Secretary of State. Governor Young's proceedings and my proceedings were approved by the Department of State. The action of the two judges and the Secretary who left the Territory were disapproved. The first session of the court under this act was held in Salt Lake City. [For a full account of the judicial history of the Territory under Judge Snow see chapters X. and XVI.] Two cases occurred in the courts, which in my judgment ought to be noticed. The first was the United States against Howard Egan. Egan was indicted for the murder of James Monroe in this Territory after the Organic law took effect and befoje any law had been passed authorizing the courts to punish for acts done or omitted. The alleged cause of the murder was an alleged adultery by Monroe with Egan's wife. There was no law of the United States applicable to the case. In this case I held that no act done or omitted by a person could be punished by the courts except such act or omissions had first been prescribed by statute. In other words, there was no common law offenses in this ['erritory. Egan was acquitted. The second was the case of a boy about thirteen years old who, after the act of this Territory on the subject of crimes took effect, killed another boy about his own age. He was indicted in my first court held in Iron County, in June, 1852. On his being arraigned I found there was not im- partial jurors enough in that district to obtain an impartial jury to try him so I changed the place of trial from that district to this. On the trial there was no suitable person th attend to his defense ; but still I appointed the best person I could get. A trial was held and the boy convicted. I, after a minute examination of the indictment and the testimony given in the trial, called on Governor Young privately and informed him that in my judgment the indictment was insufficient in law to justify a sentence of death, and farther, that the boy was so young and the counsel indiffer- ent, that every reasonable effort should be made in his behalf. In this conference it was agreed between us that I should sentence the boy to be put to death and set the time of execution off about six months. That he should be detained in confinement till a day or two before the time set for ex- ecution, when Governor Young was to grant him a pardon of his crime. This was done. I men- tion this in justice to myself. Governor Young and the people here, for the reason that when John- ston's army was sent here there was among other evil charges against Governor Young that he par- doned murderers. It is within my knowledge that this was the only case to which such a charge could apply. There was then no penitentiary or other prison in the Territory in which to confine him if a conditional pardon had been granted. What was done in this case was the only thing which could have been done except the execution of this boy. In September, 1854. my term of office expired, and Mr. George Stiles was appointed to fill my place. Here we must end the autobiographic form of Judge Snow's sketch, and briefly summarise the subsequent periods of his life. At the expiration of his judgeship he went into the mercantile business for about two years, when he was sent by the Church on a mission to Australia. He was gone two years and a half, and returned late in December, 1858. In January, 1859, he was elected probate judge of Cedar County which office he occupied for three years, In 1862 he was elected by the Legislative .-\s- sembly probate judge of Utah County, which position he filled for three years. In the spring of 1865 he was appointed prosecuting attorney of Salt Lake County by Judge Elias Smith ; and in the August election of 1876 he was elected by the people to tlie same office, and was continued by by re-elections until the August election of 1884. He has also been attorney-general of the Terri- tory. Having previously been assistant of Attorney-General Albert Carrington, in 1869 Judge Snow was elected attorney-general by the Legislature, and in 1874 lis was re-elected to that office, which he occupied until the passage of the Poland Bill abolished the office. During the time be- tween 1865 and 1876 he also acted as city attorney, by appointment of the city council. While occupying the office of attorney to the city, a conflict grew up between the city and the liquor dealers. This was produced by the internal revenue act of Congress, under which liquor dealers were required to take out license, not as now, to pay a special tax. This act did not specially name Territories but did name States. The Liquor dealers took out license under the act of Congress, claiming that they had a right to deal in liquors in a Territory without complying with Territorial laws or city ordinances. The question was brought before Chief Justice Titus. Judge Snow argued and won the case : Titus decided for the city. This was one of the most im- portant cases to the city on the liquor question. The famous Englebrecht case, in 1871, was another i66 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. of a similar kind. Judge Snow also managed that. It was sent to the Supreme Court of the United States, and the decision, which was given in April, 1872, broke down the indictments of about seventy cases of the McKean regime, including those of Brigham Young and Daniel H. Wells. In 1869 the Legislature verbally requested Judge Snow to assist it in getting up a law author- izing private corporations to incorporate in certain cases ; this he did, and r>t their next session he .aided in getting up the civil practice act. In 1876 he aided in the revision of the criminal code and presented the present act of criminal procedure, which was passed in 1878. In the same session he aided in revising the law on the subject of wills and of succession; also the act of procedure in the probate courts; and during this time he aided in gitting up the liw of conveyancing of real estate In fine it may be said that from the beginning, in the judicial procedure ol the Territory, of the county and the city, Judge Z. Snow's legal work is everywhere to be found; and it is worthy of note that he is one of the original U. S. judges appointed at the organization of the Territory. His name, as connected with Utah, is decidedly historical. DANIEL SPENCER. In the history of S-ilt Like City no name better deserves honor and perpstuition thin that o-f Daniel Spencer, an upright " Judge in Israel," and a man of exceeding purity of life. It was un- der his administration, as " president of the Stake," that Salt Lake City grew up previous to its in- corporation under the Territorial government. The following is a brief sketch of himself and family. Daniel Spencer, the son of Daniel Spencer and Chloe Wilson, was born at the town of West Stockbridge, Berkshire County, Massachusetts, July 20th, 1794. Orson Spencer,, a learned and dis- tint^uished Baptist mininister, afterwards an elder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the first chancellor of the University of Deseret, and one of the early presidents of the British mission, was a brother of President Daniel Spencer. The American branch of the Spencers came from a good English stock and was identified with the Puritan emigration to this country at an early period. The Hon. John C. Spencer, of New York, Secretary of the Treasury of the United States in 1843-4, was connected with the family of Daniel Spencer. Orson Spencer was on visiting terms with the Secretary, and during his presi- dency of the Church in Great Britain he assisted his distinguished relative in searching the Her- aldry office to trace the family in their connections. Tracing the immediate line of the Spencers, who have made a distinguished mark in the Church and among the Representative men of Utah, we find them in character noted for their love of independence and justice. The father of the subject of this memoir took up arms at the com- mencement of the Revolutionary war for the inahenable rights of man and the independence of the American nation. He volunteered at the age of sixteen and remained through the entire .<;truggle; he was in General Washington's body guard and witnessed the surrender of Lord Corn- wallis at Yorktown. There were cf the branch of the family of this veteran of the Revolution, whose name was 5>lso Daniel, seven sons besides daughters. The second son was Daniel, the subject of this sketch, and Orson and Hyrum were two of his younger brothers, who came into the Church of Latter- day Saints, following their natural leader and elder. Hyrum was a good and true man, well known for his integrity among the Nauvoo Saints. He was in effect a martyr to the cause he had espoused. About the time of the exodus from Nauvoo he and his nephew (Claudius) drove away a herd of cattle from their pursuers, the mob. They rode on in their flight through the night un- til Hyrum fell exhausted, and in the morning he was beyond all mortal pursuit. Orson Spen- cer, the other brother, has a first class historical name in the Church, as distinguished as that of its apostles. Daniel, before he reached the age of twenty-one, bought his time out from liis fither, and made a manly and true .Vmcrican push into the grc.it world to establish his character and social pos- DANIEL SPENCER. i6j ition ill life. At that period a new commercial intercourse was opening between New England and,the Southern States. The sagacious and enterprising youth, who afterwards so distinguished himself for a quarter of a century as the chicl justice of the Mormons, even then weighed in the balances of his mind the commercial situations of his country, and started into the Southern States. There he opened the way for five of his brothers, in the State of Georgia and also m North and South Carolina. For himself he established a flourishing mercantile house at Savannah, which he followed for thirteen years. As an example of the extent of his mercantile transactions in the South, his son has informed the writer that the business of his father while at Savannah, some days reached the magnitude of a hundred thousand dollars. Daniel not only opened the way in the Southern States for five of his brothers, but with them gave to his brother Orson a collegiate training, bearing chiefly the expenses of that classical edu- cation for which Orson is so celebrated in our Church as a theologian and a highly accomplished author. It is well known that Orson was lame and his elder brother educated him for the pulpit instead of the counting house, and while his brothers were pursuing the calling of merchants in the South, he was rising to the sphere of an influential clergyman in the Baptist Church in Massa- chusetts. At the close of his commercial career in the South Daniel Spencer returned to his native place West Stockbridge, Massachusetts. • He was then about thirty-five years of age, in the very prime of manhood. After his return he married Sophronia, daughter of General Pomeroy. The family of his bride was of the old Puritan stock, high in social rank and respected by all for their moral worth and representative character. Some of the branches of her family are to-day figuring largely in the affairs of the nation, and are in high repute in the best circles of the land. Of this union came Claudius Spencer, and he was their only issue. On his return to his native place, Daniel established a large mercantile house. He also be- came the proprietor of a first class hotel, and engaged largely in farming operations. His business was very prosperous and all his commercial relationship at that period most happy. Besides his more personal and extensive business concerns, he also became connected with a mercantile house in partnership with the Messrs. Boyingtons, celebrated marble dealers. So much trusted by the firm was he that the whole supervision of the firm fell upon his shoulders. Among his townsmen he was universally respected, and he enjoyed the unbounded confidence of the people in all the region around, just as he ever did after he became a member of the Church of Latter-day Saints, by all who knew him, whether followers of his profession or disbelievers in the Mormon mission. At least every one who knew him believed in Daniel Spencer. We now come to the period when Daniel Spencer became connected with the Mormon Church, cf which he has been acknowledged by all — and by none more cordially than by Brigham Young — to be one of the leaders of its representative men. It was in January, 1840. Until this date no elder of the Mormon Church had preached in his native town. Our late esteemed citizen, John Van Cott, however, belonged to the same region, and already his relatives, the Pratts, had been laboring to impress Van Cott with the Mormon faith. But Daniel Spencer, up to this date, had no relation- ship whatever with the people with whom himself and his brother Orson afterwards became so prominently identified, in all their destiny, establishing for themselves among that people historical names. At this time Daniel Spencer belonged to no sect of religionists, but sustained in the community the name of a man marked for character and moral worth. It was, however, his custom to give f.ee quarters to preachers of all denominations. The Mormon elder came ; his coming created an epoch in Daniel Spencer's life. Through his influence the Presbyterian meeting house was ob- tained for the Mormon elder to preach his gospel, and the meeting was attended by the elite of the town. At the close of the service the elder asked the assembly if there was any one present who would give him " a night's lodging and a meal of victuals in the name of Jesus." For several min- utes a dead silence reigned in the congregation. None present seemed desirous to peril their char- acter or taint their respectability by taking home a Mormon elder. At length Daniel Spencer, in the old Puritan spirit and the proud independence so characteristic of the true American gentle- man, rose up, stepped into the aisle, and broke the silence: ''/ will entertain ycu, sir. for human- ity't sake," said our noble, departed brother, in answer to the appeal of the brother to be taken into some benevolent house for Jesus' sake. Daniel took the poor elder, not to his public hotel, as was his wont with the preachers gener- ally who needed hospitality, but he took him to his own house, a fine family mansion, and the next i6B HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. morning he clotheii him from head to foot with a good suit of broad cloth from the shelves of his store. But how stood he at that time regarding the mission of the Prophet of this new dispensation opened in America ? He stood a firm, conscientious unbeliever, and would not hear anything from the preacher concerning Mormonism. He was prejudiced ngainst his doctrines. He did not for a moment believe that jesus had anything to do with the matter, and he took no merit to him- self for winning his title to that blessed plaudit from the Lord, promised to such as he : " When I was ahun^ered ye fed me; naked, and ye clothed me; a stranger and ye took me in." He merely felt his duty to his fellows, and manifested that spirit of kindness and gentleness which so abundantly marked his life. Daniel Spencer loved his fellow man. The elder continued to preach the new and strange gospel, and brought upon himself much persecution. This produced upon the mind of Daniel Spencer an extraordinary effect. Seeing the bitter malevolence from the preachers and the best of professing Christians, and being nat- urally a philosopher and a Judge, he resolved to investigate the cause of this enmity and imchris- tianlike manifestation. The result came. It was as strongly marked as his conduct during the investigation. For two weeks he closed his establishment, refused to do business with any one, and shut himself up to study ; and there alone with his God he weighed in the balances of his clear head and conscientious heart the divine message, and found it not wanting. One day, when his son was with him in his study, he suddenly burst into a flood of tears, and exclaimed : " My God, the thing is true, and as an honest man I must embrace it ; but it will cost me all I have got on earth!" He had weighed the consequences, but his conscientious mind com- pelled him to assume the responsibility and take up the cross. He saw that he must, in the eyes of friends and townsmen, fall from the social pinnacle on which he then stood to that of a despised people. But he stepped out like a man — like himself. At mid-day, about three months after the poor Mormon elder came into the town of West Stockbridge, Daniel Spencer having issued a public notice to his townsmen that he should be bap- tized at noon on a certain day, took him by the arm and, not ashamed, w.alked through the town taking the route of the main street to the waters of baptism, followed by hundreds of his towns- men to the river's bank. It was quite a procession to witness the wonderful event, for thus it seemed in the eyes of his friends and fellow-townsmen. The profoundest respect and quiet were mani- fested by the vast concourse of witnesses, but also the profoundest astonishment. It was nothing wonderful that a despised Mormon elder should believe in Joseph Smith, but it was a matter of astonishment that a man of Daniel Spencer's social standing and character should receive the mission of the Prophet and the divinity of the Book of Mormon. On the same day of his baptism, which was in April, 1840, he was confirmed into the Church bv James Burnham, who officiated in the two initiatory ordinances; and, in the same month, he was ordained to the office of a priest. The conversion and conduct of Daniel Spencer carried a deep and weighty conviction among many r(^A/ was issued on June 5th, 1870. Its size was four pages, 14x20, in five columns. E. L. Sloan may editorially be considered the founder; Mr. William C. Dunbar was its business manager, and in this respect he was a joint founder, both of these gentlemen going into the enterprise together. The times were propitious for its start, for the Salt Lake Daily Telegraph had just been discontinued, leaving a field open for a new paper. During the latter part of its career, Sloan was the editor and Dunbar the business manager of the Telegraph. Notwithstanding the Telegraph had been moved to Ogden by counsel, these gen- tlemen sagaciously saw that a secular newspaper, conservative of the Mormon cit- izen's rights as well as supportive of the just claims of the Gentile^ who had now become an influential factor in our mixed society, was needed most in Salt Lake City. This was the basic idea of Edward Sloan as a journalist. But there was also another view that made this paper a necessity. The Tribune had started and it was, it must be confessed, an anti-Church paper. The Herald h^di, therefore, the chance of a more purely journalistic mission before it, and those who six months before might have discountenanced its starting saw the then present need of the times and the surroundings ; thus the ^TifraA/ started with a decidedly win- ning advantage. On September 2d, 1S70, the Semi-Weekly Herald was issued; October 2d, 1870, the daily was enlarged to seven columns ; March it, 1871, it was again en- larged to eight columns ; and on September 26;h, 1871, it was enlarged to nine 10 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY columns, being then just twice the size of the first issue. On March 4th, iSSo, the weekly was issued. In 1S74, in the month of July, the Herald Printing and Publishing Com- pany was incorporated, and the shares distributed somewhat, though the three original proprietors still retained a large portion of the stock. John T. Caine has been president of the company from the first, and up to 1876, when he was elected city recorder, was actively connected with the management of the paper. The editors have been, first — Edward L. Sloan. In 1S74, in the month of August, death took from the paper this man of rare journalistic genius who had founded it. He was succeeded by Mr. E. N. Fuller, the brother of the Hon. Frank Fuller, who was principal editor from August, 1S74, to November, 1S77. During 1S71, Mr. Fuller had assisted Mr. Sloan. During a portion of 1S72 and 1873, ^ • ^- Harrington was news and telegraphic editor. Byron Groo was the first local editor on the paper, commencing with the beginning of 1873 5 ^"<^' <^" ''^'^ the departure of Mr. Fuller for the east, Mr. Groo took the place of managing editor, which he still occupies. He is the son of Isaac Groo, a well known rep- resentative citizen, who for years served in our city^council. The editor was born in Sullivan County, New York, and came with his parents to Utah in 1S54. He was trained in journalism under Sloan, who took a great interest in him, for which the present editor reverences the memory of the founder of the paper. Mr. Groo possesses many good points, both as an American citizen and a journalist. He is decidedly of the secular cast, and is a staunch Democrat in his political principles. The Woman s Exponent was established June ist, 1S72. Eliza R. Snow was its projector, and Mrs. Levi Richards, jun., its first editor. This lady, however, soon retired and Mrs. Emiline B. Wells succeeded her, and under her editorial management the Woman s Exponent has becorne quite popular with the Mormon people. It is published by the women of the Mormon Church, having a company organization, of which Eliza R. Snow is president. It is the official organ of the societies of Mormon women, which exist in every city and settlement of Utah, and which with the e-xercise of female storage have held the balance of political power in Utah since 1870. This fact has given much of a political character and mission to the Exponent and Mrs. Wells has several times been to the Eastern States to meet in conference with the leaders of the woman's rights movement of America, in fact forthe last fifteen years a constant fellowship has been fostered between the "Women of America" and the "Women of Mormondom," the former fre- quently championing the cause of their Mormon female suffrage compeers. Of the Exponent itself they have said, " the Mormon women have a press." Few of the church organizations of the country can boast a woman's journal. There are but few in the world and they are mostly edited and supported by the hetero- dox rather than the orthodox element. The Woman s Exponent, in a general sense, may be considered heterodox, seeing it is an advocate of woman's rights on the mart-iage question and female suffrage, but is also apostolic and devoted to the Mormon mission. It represents the opinions and sentiments of the Mormon women. All of their organizations are represented in its columns, and it is thus a means of intercommunication be- APPENDIX. II iween branches, bringing the remotest into close connection with the more cer- , tral ones, and keeping all advised of the various society movements. In 1 866, January i, the first number of the Juvenile Instructor \\d.% issued ; George Q. Cannon, editor. The special design of this magazine was to educate the rising generation of the Mormon people, and to secure select readings for the homes, adapted to both parents and children. In this special mission, the Juven- ile Instructor has been a power in every city and hamlet throug'uout Utah. Its class of literature for variety, instruction and entertainment, and also in the quality of its subjects, entitles i\\e Juvenile Instructor to a first rank among church magazines. In many respects it resembles the once famous " Casself s Paper, " started in London nearly forty years ago, for the special purpose of educating the English homes, and whose mission was of a semi-religious order. The volumes of Xh^ Juvenile Instructer are not only copiously illustrated with wood-cuts to ac- company their subjects, but it frequently publishes original music from Utah com- posers. Indeed, though others of our home magazines have appeared with a few sheets of music type setting, to the Juvenile office belongs the honor of sustain- ing a semi-musical magazine. Mr. George C. Lambert, nephew of George Q. Cannon, was for many years the assistant of his uncle in all the publishing enter- prises of \\\& Juvenile Instructor establishment. The Contributor, a monthly magazine, was established in October, 1S79, by Junius F. Wells. It is the representative organ of the young men's and young ladies' mutual improvement associations of the Latter-day Saints, and is an out- growth of those associations, drawing its support of matter and means, very largely, from them. It is regirded as the leading exponent of the feelings and faith of what is sometimes called "Young Mormondom." Its columns are filled with matter from the pens ot the young and progressive men and women of the Church, whose sentiment as regards literature, as well as religion, is expressed in the motto of the magazine: " The glory of God is intelligence." The prosperity and growth of the Contributor has been phenomenal. It started out to represent the young men and women of Utah, depending upon them fur matter to make it a magazine of original home literature, and has so far succeeded that above a hundred and fifty names are already added to its list of con- tributors, mostly names of young men and ladies who never before wrote for pub- lication. The Contributor was at first a small octavo of twenty-four pages, issued monthly ; but, at the commencement of the second volume, was enlarged by an addition to its size and an increase to thirty-two pages. The third volume intro- duced steel engraving portraits, which have been a notable feature of the succeed- ing volumes. Early in the present year— January nth, iS36, the Contributor Company was incorporated under the laws of Utah. The incorporators are among the leading men of the community, whose connection with the magazine insures its future prosperity. They are: Joseph F. Smith, Moses Thatcher, F, M. Lyman, John Henry Smith, Heber J. Grant, Orson F. Whitney, Richard W. Young, B. H. Roberts and Junius F. Wells. The officers of the company are Junius F. 12 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Wells, preiident ; Moses Thatcher, vice-president; B. H. Roberts, secretary and treasurer; H. J. Grant, O. F. Whitney, directors. Junius F. Wells continues to occupy the editor's chair and to manage the publishing department. In closing the history of Salt Lake journalism, we return to the Descrei News and the Tribune. The Salt Lake Tribune is a culmination of other papers which accomplished a mission and passed away. Its original, undoubtedly, was the Valley Tan, whose offspring was the Vedette. The Mormon Tribune was but its parent in name. After the political coalition of 1870, which brought forward Henry W. Lawrence, as candidate for the office of mayor of Salt Lake City, on the ticket of the Lib- eral party, the common sense of the party quickly appreciated that the name " Mormon " Tribune must be resigned or another paper started' in its stead. The transition to the Salt Lake Tribune was comparatively easy, yet scarcely was the change of name effected ere the new policy required that the editorial control should also change. This forced the retirement of Mr. E. L. T. Harrison, who was succeeded by Mr. Oscar G. Sawyer, who was brought on from the New York Herald staff to take the editorial charge. The first issue of the Salt Lake Daily Tribune was on the 15th of April, 1871. I'he names of W. S. Godbe and E. L. T. Harrison still stood at the head of the paper; William H. Shearman, business manager; Oscar G. Sawyer was intro- duced as the managing editor. The following is the prospectus of the Salt Lake Daily Tribune, under the caption " Our Programme :" " The Daily Tribune will be a purely secular journal devoted entirely to the presentation of news and to the development of the mineral and commercial in- terests of the Territory. It will have no sectarian bias and will be the organ of no religious body whatever. The aim of the publishers will be to make it a news- paper in every sense of the word. " The weekly Tribune having been the pioneer of the present mineral devel- opments of the Territory, it will continue to lead in this direction. Mineral mat- ters will, therefore, be one of its chief specialties. Correspondence has been se- cured in every mining camp, and arrangements entered into for obtaining perfect reports of the progress of mining operations throughout the lerritory. The Tri- bune will be a complete record of mineral facts and statistics, the determination of the publishers being to make it the great mineral paper of the Territory. "• On political and social questions the policy of the paper will be to sustain the governmental institutions of the country. It will oppose all ecclesiastical in- terference in civil or legislative matters and advocate the exercise of a free ballot by the abolition of ' numbered tickets.' 'Tn municipal matters the Tribune -wWX msist on uniformity and fixed rate;; of charges for licenses, such as permit of no discrimination between parties. It will also demand regular and full accounts of income and expenditures from all city, county, or other ofificers entrusted with public funds. " Commercially, it will advocate the development of the mineral wealth of APPENDIX ij Utah as its chief specialty. It will labor for the breaking down of the present sectarian boundaries whicli have surrounded matters of trade in this Territory ; and work for the extension of its commercial relations with the rest of the world. " As a journal the Tribunr \s\\\ know no such distinctions as ' Mormon ' or ' Gentile, ' and where sectional feelings exist it will aim for their abolishment by the encouragement of charitable feelings and the promotion of a better ac- (juaintance. " Correspondence is invited on all public questions of general interest from all who have anything to say and know how to say it with due regard for the opinions of others. We shall lay our columns open to the public for the freest criticism on public questions, provided disparaging personalities are avoided, and principles are handled rather than men." The Salt Lake Tribune ran for awhile under the editorial direction of Mr. Sawyer ; with him were associated George W. Crouch and E. W. Tullidge, ex- Mormon elders, and a Mr. Slocum, a leading Spiritualist from California. That :such a strange combination could not possibly give unity of purpose or consis- tency of tone to the paper was soon evident, especially as a similar, inharmony existed among the board of directors. The Tribune, in fine, changed its char- acter, or rather mixed its characters with every issue. This "incompatibility of ournalism," as Mr. Sawyer explained to the public in his valedictory, which ex- isted between him and the directors forced him also to retire from his position as editor-in-chief, after which Mr. Fred. T. Perris became manager both in the edi- torial and business departments. The Salt Lake Tribune next passed into the hands of another management. Three experienced journalists from Kansas took the paper on trial, relieving the original Tribune Publishing Company of the heavy burden of their subsidies, which had hitherto sustained it, and soon afterwards that company itself became obsolete. Mr. George F. Presscott, Mr. Hamilton and Mr. Fred. Lockley were each very able men in their several spheres. Prescott as manager of the paper saga- ciously retained in his department George Reed, who had been assistant business manager both of the Utah Magazine and the Tribune from the beginning, thus retaining the local business acquaintance. It was Mr. Fred. Lockley, however, that gave the marked and pungent anti-Mormon character to the Salt Lake Trib- une, for which it has become famous in the Gentile mind, infamous in ihe Mormon mind. But the Tribune is read at home and abroad — read by Mormon and Gen- tile. To accomplish this object was the primal aim of Mr. Prescott and his com- peers, and though they much offended the Mormon community, they won golden opinions from the anti-Mormons. Undoubtedly the 6"^// Za/Cv Tribune represents •' the irrepressible conflict." In this conflict towards the Mormon Church its po- tency has resided ; but the Salt Lake Tribune is also a great newspaper, apart from any anti-Mormon mission ; and this is the salient point for notice in a re- view of Salt Lake journalism. September 9th, 1SS3, the Salt Lake Daily Tribune passed into the hands of Mr. P. H. Lannan, and Judge C. C. Goodwin as business manager and principal editor. The paper is owned at present by Lannan, Goodwin and Mrs. O. T. r4 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. Hollister. Under this new management the Tribifnc has culminated both in \to- tency and editorial ability. Numerous other papers have started, meantinve, since the issue of the Alonnon Tribune, January ist, 1S70; and the whole class have chosen as a mission to an- tagonize the Mormon Church. The latest of these is the Salt Lake Evening Democrat, March 2d, 1885. Its editor for one week was a Mr. Cl.uk. He .was succeeded by Alfales Young under whose editorial impulse the Democrat obtained considerable influence among a certain class of our citizens. The Dcseret Ne7vs, which we left at an early date to continue the various lines of our journals, is to-day, as at the beginning, the apostolic exponent of the Mormon community. Its editors have been, first, Willard Richards, one of the Presidency of the Mormon Church, he having been chosen as the second coun- .selor of Brigham Young on the re-organization of the Church after the assassina- tion of Joseph Smith, the founder. Willard Richards was a man of very marked character and an accomplished mind. He possessed considerable education be- fore he joined the Mormon people, and was also' naturally a man of intellectual parts. Dr. Richards was the style by which he was known from the origin, nor did even the superior style of President Richards supersede his professional name. Undoubtedly Dr. Willard Richards gave much intellectual toning to the Mormon community; and he may be considered as the proper man to have been the founder of the official organ of the Church, for such the Deseret News undoubtedly must rank. The paper from the onset was stamped with Willard's character and influence, and the position he had held first as Joseph Smith's secretary, and afterwards as the sec- ond counselor to his dominant cousin, President Brigham Young, gave the News the voice of the Church. Willard Richard's death, in 1854, gave the paper into the editorial hands of Albert Carrington, under whom it was continued. Judge Elias Smith succeeded Carrington. Under Smith's control the News manifested much character and in- dependence. His retirement was caused by the publication of an editorial in 1863, which seemed to breathe the tone of the Southern cause, and, though the the article was written by a subordinate. Judge Elias Smith was too much like his cousin Joseph, the Prophet, to shift the responsibility from his own shoulders. Judge Elias Smith was succeeded by Albert Carrington, who continued the paper till 1867, when the Deseret News passed into the hands of George Q. Can- non, Under Cannon the Ne^vs culminated its potency and was made a success as a newspaper as well as a Church organ. Previous to his time the paper had to be sustained greatly by the Church, but Cannon, in 186S, started Joseph Bull to the Eastern States to obtain advertisements from the merchants who held the Utah trade, or desired so to do. Bull carried with him an autograph letter from President Young, and the Eastern merchants saw the commercial wisdom of sus- taining the Salt Lake Deseret News. The " mission " of Bull to the States was a marked financial result, and thus by a business coup de main, Cannon made a bus- iness success of the Deseret News. On October 8th, 1865, the Semi-weekly Deseret News ambert and James H. Anderson. HISTORY OF FREE MASONRY IN UTAH. HY CURISTOPHER DIEHL. Among the command of A. S. Johnston, who arrived in Utah in 1857, were a few Free Masons, who were desirous to practice in their solitude the teachings 1 6 HIS TOR 1 OF SALT LAKE CJ TV. of the fraternity, and for that purpose resolved to organize a Lodge. They peti- tioned the Grand Lodge of Missouri for a Dispensation, which was granted and under which they opened a Lodge at Camp Ployd, on March 6th, 1859. Under this Dispensation the Lodge worked until the first day of June, 1S60, when it received a charter from the Grand Lodge of Missouri under the name of the Rocky Mountain Lodge No. 205. In 1S61, the command of Col. Johnston was ordered to New Mexico, and thereby the Lodge was forced to close its labors. It surrendered its charter to the Grand Lodge of Missouri, also all its records, jewels, etc. Every thing was found in perfect order and so much so that the Grand Secretary said of it : " The relationship between this Grand Lodge and her daughter in the then ' Far West ' was of a very affectionate character and the same spirit has ever prevailed between her and the former members of the Rocky Mountain Lodge No. 205." Thus ended the first attempt to plant Masonry on Utah soil. In 1863, Gen. P. E. Connor arrived with two regiments of California volun- teers in this city and established Camp Douglas. This attracted the attention of disappointed miners and business men in our neighboring Territory Nevada, who immigrated hither. Some of these were Masons. They considered the advisa- bility of establishing a Lodge in this city, and for the purpose of organizing, as- sembled on the nth day of November/1865, at the Odd Fellows' Hall. Among the assembled Brethren we find the names of James M. Ellis, William G. Higley, Louis Cohn, William L. Halsey, Theodore F. Auerbach, Oliver Durant, Charles Popper and James Thurmond. A resolution was passed to organize a Lodge, and to petition the Most Wor- shipful Grand Master of Nevada, for a Dispensation. James M. Ellis was nomi- nated as the first Master, William G. Higley as Senior Warden, and William L. Halsey as Junior Warden. Lander Lodge, No. 8, at Austin, Nevada, recom- mended the petition. The then Grand Master of Masons in Nevada, Most Worshipful Joseph DuBell, responded immediately to the request and issued his letter of Dispensation for Mount Moriah Lodge, to be located at Salt Lake City, Utah. But to this Dispensation was an edict attached, requiring the Lodge to be careful, and "exclude all who were of the Mormon faith." The first meeting of Mount Moriah Lodge was held February 5th, 1S66. The thousand volunteers in Camp Douglas and the discovery of gold mines in Montana made Salt Lake City lively and business improving; and with this the Lodge. prospered. Master Masons gathered around her altar and "good men and true" from the profane world petitioned for the degrees. For a while perfect peace and harmony prevailed, but the above cited edict disturbed the waters from underneath and with it the rolling waves soon showed on the surface. For three consecutive meetipgs of the Grand Lodge of Nevada the Mount Moriah Lodge petitioned for a charter, which, however, was refused, and in Sep- tember, 1877, even the dispensation was recalled. The Mormon question was the cause ; some of the members of Mount Moriah wanted to be their own judges and say for themselves whom to admit and whom not ; the Grand Lodge of Nev- ada took a different view of the matter and closed the Lodge entirely. But the members did not lose their courage, they were still united, and on APPENDIX. . 17 petitioning the Grand Master of Kansas for a Dispensation, they received it, and under which they worked for nearly a year. At the meeting of the Grand Lc^dge of Kansas a charter was granted to Mount Moriah Lodge No. 70, bearing date October 21st, 1S6S. Among the early members of this Lodge the following well known men in Salt Lake City should be named : Louis Cohn, Sul. Siegel, S. J. Nathan, Henry Wagener, Christo[)her Diehl, Jos. Y. Nounnan, Charles Popper and R. N. Baskin. They are all members of the Lodge this very day and work for its interest and growth. \\\ 1S66 Wasatch Lodge was organized under a dispensation granted by the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Montana. The late R. H. Robertson was its first Worshipful Master, and the Lodge prospered under his leadership. In October, 1S67, Wasatch Lodge No. 8 was chartered by the Grand Lodge of Mon- tana. Since then this Lodge has done its Masonic work faithfully and well. U[) to the spring of 1867 Mount Moriah and Wasatch Lodges and Utah Lodge No I, L O. O. F. , met jointly in the upper part of a building on East Temple Street, known as Odd Fellow's Hall. (At present the building is occu- lted by the mercantile firm of Barnes & Davis.) The hall was anything but in- viting ; it was small and the ceiling not over nine feet high. It was not suitable for the purposes, and arrangements were inaugurated for new and more elegant epartmenis, which were found in a stone building on the east side of East Tem- ple Street, on the same lot where the Masonic Hall now stands. The three Lodges moved into their new hall in the summer of 1867. In this hall they remained till February 5th, 1872, when the Masons separated from the Odd Fellows and rented a hall by themselves in Trowbridge's building, where they met till November, 1876, The present Masonic Hall, on the third floor of the First National Bank building, was dedicated for IMasonic purposes by M.*. W. •. Edmund P. Johnson, assisted by the Grand Lodge of Utah, November 14th, 1876. The third Lodge in Salt Lake City received a Dispensation from Grand Mas- ter Henry M. Teller, of Colorado, and a charter from that Grand Lodge on the 2ist day of September, under the name of Argenta Lodge No. 21. In 1872, these three Lodges concluded to form a Grand Lodge, to w'hich, under the laws of Masonry, they had a right to. A roeetirg was called for the purpose, and on the 17th day of January, 1872, the Grand Lodge of Utah. was organized, O. F. Strickland being its first Grand Master and J. F. Nounnan its first Grand Secretary. At the organization of the Grand Ledge of Utah, Wasatch Lodge No I had forty-eight members on its roll ; Mount Moriah No. 2, fifty-two; and Argenta No. 3, twenty-four; total, 124. None of the Lodges were over-burdened with funds and a large increase of members was, under the circumstances, not probable. Let no one think that the founders of the Grand Lodge considered its maintenance an easy woik :*rd light task; on the contrary, every Brother knew the importance of the step that had been taken and a close observer could read in every eye that the grave responsi- bilities resting upon them were deeply felt. At this moment of despondency Brother Robertson arose and delivered, before the final adjournment, a short ad- dress to the assembled Brethren, closing with : " Now we launch our little craft upon the great Masonic sea. We doubt not but in the future, as in the past, i8 HISTOR\ OF SALT LAKE CITY. storms will arise, the wind will howl, and whistle above, and the troubled waters roll beneath us, but with a» steady hand at the helm, with the Bible as our Polar Star, the compass as our guide, and ' Brotherly Love, Relief and Truth,' as our motto, we can wrestle with the contending waves and ride upon their billows. We need never cast anchor for repairs." During the delivery of the address, which was wholly without preparation, not a breath could be heard in the Hall, but at the conclusion, all went to their feet, joy beamed in every eye, one grasped the other's hand, and with a firm reso- lution to succeed in the undertaking, parted in peace and harmony. The Grand Lodge having been firmly established, soon received recognition from all Grand Lodges in the United Stntes, and from many beyond the seas, as the supreme Masonic authority in Utah, and it has up to this day maintained its position as such, and although small in Lodges and membership, is looked upon as one of the best Grand Lodges on the face of the globe. Since its organization the Grand Lodge has chartered five more Lodges in the Territory of Utah, viz: Story Lodge No. 4, at Provo, October 8th, 1872; Corinne Lodge No. 5, at Corinne, November nth, 1S73; Weber Lodge No. 5, at Ogden, November 12th, 1874; Uintah Lodge No. 7, at Park City, November 24th, 18S0; and St. John's Lodge No. 8, at Frisco, January i8th, 1882. These eight Lodges had at the close of the year 1S85, a membership of 4S2, and their cash in the treasuries and value of properties amounted to ^20,607. For charitable purposes the Grand Lodge since its organization and the eight Ledges have expended ^22,159.50, which shows that the Masons of L^tah practice what they teach. The following is a list of the Grand Masters of the Grand Lodge of Utah since its organization : O. F. Strickland, R. H. Robertson, Louis Cohn, C. W. Bennett. E. P. Johnson, J. M. Orr, John S- Scott, Thomas E. Clohecy, Frank Tilford, P. H. Emerson, William F. James, James Lowe, Parley L. Williams. On the 7th day of October, 1872, Christopher Diehl was elected Grand Secretary, who has held the office ever since. MASONIC LIBRARY. Soon after the election of Christopher Diehl as Grand Secretary, he formed the idea of establishing a Masonic Library, and devoted himself to collecting books upon Masonic subjects and upon the history of Utah and Mormonism. The Grand Lodge assisted him liberally with funds, so that in November, 1874, there were on the shelves 179 volumes. But this alone did not suit his taste. A general library was needed in Salt Lake City, and in this opinion he found a companion in Grand Master C. W. Bennett, wlio, in his annual address in 1875, ^''^•^ • " At present most of our books treat of Masonic subjects, and it would be hard to find a moje complete collection. An extension of the plan will soon make tlie library embrace books of science and general literature, with history, biography and the like. If you will take the scheme to your good Masonic hearts, and fasten it, I can foresee that the time will speedily come when Brethren who may be among us, far from the sacred infiuenccs of happy homes, seeking APPENDIX. 19 fortunes in our Rocky Mountain treasure vaults, and our own young men who are liable to the thousand temptations of the frontier life, may be shielded from evil by the kindly influences which our library of tlie future may offer them. But should you think this, my vision, too highly tinted with the rosy hue, you will agree that evtry Mason should industriously store his mind with useful knowledge, and that so far as we can, we should encourage all to do so, and render all the aid in our power to that end." These sentiments of Brother Bennett were the opinion of the Grand Libra- nan at the founding of the library, and their echo produced the greatest happiness in his heart and mind. But owing to the limited room at the Masonic Hall the suggestion of Brother Bennett, though well received and approved by the Grand Lodge, could not be carried into effect. The five Masonic Bodies at Salt Lake City, in renting their present hall, secured with it a large room on the second floor of the building, designing it for a library and reading room. . With this addition the library project received a new impetus. The former Ladies' Library Association donated, under certain conditions, for our use over nine hundred volumes, and a committee appointed by the Grand Lodge, consist^ ing ot Brothers Charles W. Bennett, Frank Tilford and Samuel Kahn, collected in aid of the librory from citizens of this city the large sum of twenty-five hun- dred dollars. New books were immediately purchased, and on the first of Sep- tember, 1877, the library was open for the use and benefit of the Craft and gen- eral public, and kept open two hours every day. At that time the library con- tained seventeen hundred and sixty-eight books of a general character, and three hundred and sixty of a Masonic character. The library soon became the pride qf every Utah Mason, and to the honor of the Wasatch, Mount Moriah and Ar,- genta I-odges and Utah Chapter and Commandery be it here recorded, that eac|,i contributed nobly towards its maintenance. Since its first opening the library has constantly increased. It has added an- nually from 500 to 700 books, so that it has at the close of the present year, 6,740 volumes of a general character and 772 volumes on purely Masonic subjects, The library loans out for home reading an average of 1,500 books per month, and is visited by about 100 persons daily. The character of the books on the shelves is far superior to many older libraries; the greatest care is taken that none but the productions of the best authors get there. The collection of books on Mormon- ism, pro and con, and eaily Utah publications, such as newspapers, magazines, etc., cannot be surpassed by any library on this continent or in Europe. Another specialty is made of books on chemistry and mining for the use of the mining population in Utah. He also claims that it has an excellent collection of books on the early settlement of the continent and histories of America and biographies of its great patriots. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS. The first Lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows instituted in the Territory, was Utah No. i, which received its dispensation from the Grand Lodge of the United States (now the Sovereign Grand Lodge) on the 4th day of May, 1865, the charter members being R.T. Westbrook, Past Grand ; J. M. Ellis, Past 20 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CirV. Grand ; Willard Kittredge, Past Grand ; Max Wohlgemuth, Fred. Auerbach, L. J, Whitney, Charles Popper and Joseph E. Merrill. This Lodge struggled along alone for years, and at one time it was thought the members would have to aban- don it entirely. In the early part of 1S72, however, an ap[)lication was made for a dispensation to organize Salt Lake Lodge No. 2, with the following charter mem- bers : William Haydon, Past Grand Master, W. A. Perkins, A. Leebes, Past Grand, E. M. Barnum, Past Grand Master, and H. A. Reid. This Lodge was duly insti- tuted on the twenty-eighth day of March, 1872, under and by authority of the Grand Lodge of the United States. \\\ the following year Jordan Lodge, No. 3, was brought to life with the fcjllowing charter members : William Samson, Julius Jordan, Fred. G. Willis, Alexander Czoniser, George Arbogast and A. J. Kent, Past Grand. This Lodge was duly instituted on the seventeenth day of Novem- ber, 1873, by the same authority's the preceding Lodges. The order now having been firmly planted, the advisability of forming a Grand Lodge was taken into consideration — the three lodges above mentioned being attached to the Grand Lodge of Nevada for working purposes made it somewhat inconvenient. The fol- lowing year, 1874, brought Corinne Lodge, No 4, into existence, which was in- stituted on the 27th of February, when the Past Grands petitioned the Grand Lodge of the United States for a charter to establish a Grand Lodge in this Ter- ritory. The petition was received and a dispensation granted, and the Grand Lodge of Utah was duly instituted on the twenty-ninth day of June, 1874, by special Deputy Grand Secretary J. C. Hemingray, Fred. H Auerbach being the first Grand Master, William Sampson, Grand Secretary, and J. C. Hemingray the Representative to the Grand Lodge of the United States. Since the institution of t'ne Grand Lodge of the Territory, the order has been steadily increasing. At the close of the year 1885, there were eight subordinate or working lodges, namely: Utah No. I, Salt Lake City; Salt Lake No. 2, Salt Lake City; Jordan No. 3, Salt Lake City; Union No. 6. Oyden ; Park City No. 7, Park City; Olive Branch No. 8, Park City ; Ridgely Lodge No. 9, Salt Lake City, and Bingham Lodge No. 10, Bingham. These lodges have an aegregate membership of nearly five hundred. They are under the jurisdiction of the Grand Lod^e of Utah, which meets annually on the third Tuesday in April. It is formed of representatives from the subordinate lodges, at present numbering forty-two. This grand body has control of the order here directmg its affairs. KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS. On the 15th day of February, 1864, a numbef* of gentlemen assembled for the purpose of organizing or founding a society to be of a secret character, its ul- timate object being friendshiji, charity and benevolence, and on the 16th of Feb- ruary, 1864, the first member of the order took the obligation and oath of brother- hood. The first Lodge and Order was instituted February 19th, 1S64, at Wash- ington, D. C; the first Grand Lodge on April 8th, 1865. The Supreme Lodge of the Knights was organiz d and established as the head of the order, the nth day of August, 1868. During the years 1867 and 186S, Lodges were instituted in several States, and it has continued to spread until it has obtained a looting in every civilized quarter of the globe. In August, 1877, at the session of the Su- APPENDIX. 2T preme Lodge, held at Cleveland, Ohio, an Endowment Rank was adoptid. The object of this rank is to secure to families of deceased members of the rank a sufficient sum to keep them from immediate wanr. The Endowment fund has paid to families of deceased Knights in five years, ending March 3d, 1SS4, $2,135,936. The number of policy holders March, 1S84, was 26,947. The Uniform Rank shows a membership of 4,319 Sir Knights. The total membership of the order is 139,230, and they have a surplus in the exchequer of $1,427,624.06. There are 43 Grand Lodges, 1,866 subordinate Lodges and 82 subordinate Lodges under control of the Supreme Lodge, with a total Membership of 139,230. The last report shows that the subordinate Lodges in the Grand jurisdiction have a surplus of $408 904.25, and those under the supervision of the Supreme Lodge, $18,719.81; cash held in the exchequer's hands of the subordinate and Grand Lodges is $1,235,591.61, making a total of $1,427,624.06. THE DESERET UNIVERSITY. In 1850, on the 2Sth of February, the Legislature of the provisional State passed an ordinance incorporating the University of the State of Deseret. The charter designated Salt Lake City as the location of the institution, and vested its powers in a chancellor and a board of twelve regents, to be elected annually by the joint vote of both houses of the general assembly. A treasurer was also pro- vided in the same way, while the board was empowered to elect its own secretary. The chancellor was made the chief executive officer of the board. During the same session of the Legislature, the first chancellor, board of re- gents and treasurer were elec':ed. They were Orson Spencer, as chancellor ; Dan- iel Spencer, Orson Pratt, John M. Bernhisel, Samuel W. Richards, W, W. Phelps, Albert Carrington, Wm. P. Appleby, Daniel H. Wells, Robert L. Campbell, Hosea Stout, Elias Smith and Zerubbabel Snow, as regents, and David Fullmer, as treasurer. 1 The first meeting of the board of regents was held ALirch 13th, 1S50. At this meeting James Lewis was elected secretary, and three members were appointed as a committee to select, in connection with the Governor, a site for the university building, and also locations for primary school buildings. By an act of the Legislature approved October 4th, 1851, the chancellor and board of regents were authorized to appoint a superintendent of primary schools to be under their supervision and discretionary control, and to award him such salary for his services, at the expense of the Territory, as they might deem expe- dient ; provided, such salary should not exceed one thousand dollars per annum. On the second Monday of November following its incorporation, the Uni- versity was for the first time opened for the reception of students under the name of the ''Parent School." Doctor Cyrus Collins, A. M., a sojourner in the Ter- ritory on his way to California, was employed under the supervision of the chan- cellors to take immediate charge of the school. The Parent School commenced on Monday, November nth, at Mrs. Pack's house, Seventh Ward, under the direction and supervision of Professor Orson Spencer. The second term of the Parent School was advertised to begin on Monday, 22 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CnV. the 17th of February, i Will my claims above bear a fire assay? From the slag of earth and the baser stains Will the cupel of Death show of precious grains Enough to ensure me a welcome above, In the temples of Peace, in the mansions of Love ? j(5 HISTORY OF SALT LAKE CITY. The history of this poem will be seen in the following correspondence, be- tween editorial gentlemen : ''a literary gem." ' ' To the editor of the Examiner: "Sir. — I found the enclosed fragment some years ago at Kanagawa, Japan. It had evidently been copied in a California paper that had wandered over to the far East, and was handed to me by an Englishman, who asked me if I had ever read it complete. 1 think it is a lyric gem and should be saved from oblivion. With the hope that some of your numerous readers may have and will publish a full copy of the original, I ask that you print it in the Examiner. "Jeremiah Lynch." — SaJi Francisco Examiner, June 20th. "the prospector. ' ' ' ' To the editor of the Examiner ■' " Sir. — Through the columns of your paper, with your permission, I will in- form your correspondent, Jeremiah Lynch, that the ' literary gem ' of a poem entitled 'The Prospector,' which first saw the light of print in the In/and Em- pire, published at Hamilton, White Pine County, Nevada, is the production of C. C. Goodwin, now editor of the Salt Lake Tribune. I remember the poem well, having given out the manuscript to compositors myself, I being one of the publishers of the Inland Evrpire at that time. The poem first appeared some time in the latter part of 1869 or caily in 1870. I am sorry that I have no copy of this poem to furnish your correspondent, but doubtless he can obtain one by addressing the author at Salt Lake City. "C. A. V. PUTMAN. "Virginia, (Nev.,) June 23." — Examiner, June 26. * r