J^ V*i^\/ %^^>^ v^^^\/ %.^* '<^'^^^** ^ V*^^Vv^ ^.- -€ / **^-i^\/ %*^-*/ *<>'^^\»*'^ %• 1 4 '^ # ♦tH e. ••f^?*' .0* ^.''^K^V ^^'^***V^ \^^*\<' \/^ **'% ^x. % r- -b/^ :^^- >*o< i'-^a- %/^ .*^^* ^^o« -4 ^V^ \^^^\/ ^^^-^Z ^<>.*^^\/ %' ■^^ ^'^SK^.* y^-^^ •<>^^*' /\ - ^ ^o .4'*' ♦•-B/f2^v %,.<>' /^s&i^. ^ ^<* y • <^* ^ ♦To- aO-' '<^ ♦•t^* 4** <5«. •i7^» aO' '^P^^ i^^'^^. 5^°'*' *^^** ./%. \.^* '^"^s. '/\ 0°/^^.^ y-^^'^. '<-^Si>- y. •1 'by •ee.0^ ^^<^^ %^^ ^^'\ .-i^^^io^.^^^ .r.!^-.X .4?*.iiiL%^^^ y.tk:A:.%, VERMONT: ITS Resources and Industries. EMBRACING HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE SKETCHES OF THE GREEN MOUNTAIN STATE, AND THE PRIN- CIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS THEREIN. ILLUSTRATED. 1889. C. H. POSSONS, Publisher, GLENS FALLS, N. Y. "May this volume continue in inotion, And its pages each day be unfurled, Till an ant to the dregs drink the ocean, Or a tortoise has crawled round the world." INDEX TO TOWNS. BARRE 222 Bellows Falls 211 Bennington 163 Brandon 259 Brattleboro 193 Burlington 71 Castleton 159 Danby and Mt. Tabor 207 Fair Haven 257 Manchester 255 Middlebury 247 Montpelier 54 Newport -_-- 256 North Bennington 260 Proctor 187 Randolph 220 Rutland '- i39 South Wallingford 258 St. Albans 123 St. Johnsbury 232 SwANTON 135 Vergennes 249 Waterbury 250 West Randolph 253 West Rutland 156 Erratuvi.— On page 75, the capacity of the Burhngton water-works res- ervohs should be given at 7,000,000 gallons, instead of the capacity printed. GENERAL INDEX. American House, S. I. Stroud. Proprietor, St. Albans -. 128 At wood Manufacturing Co. , Suspenders and Buckles, Swanton 136 Bailey, A. L. , Musical Instruments, St. Johnsbury .... 246 Bailey's Music Rooms, H. W. Hall, Manager, Burlington 108 Barn(>y ]\Iarble Co. , Swanton 138 Bardillo Marble Co., Rutland 153 Bates House, A. H. Tuttle & Son. Proprietors, Rutland 143 Berry, Hall & Co., "Vermont Coffee and Spice Mills," Wholesale deal- ers in Teas, Cigars, etc. , Burlington 1 04 Bishop Hopkins Hall, Rev. L. M. Hardy, Principal, Burlington 116 Blodgett, G. S. & Co. , Portable Ovens, etc. , Burlington 114 Booth, J. R., Lumber, U. A. Woodbury, Manager, Burlington.. Ill Bowers Granite Co., R. C, Montpelier 65 Bradford, H. E. & Qo. , Knit Goods, Bennington 178 Burlington Beef Co.. Western Beef, etc., Burlington 109 Burlington and Colchester Mills, W^oolens, F. C. Kennedy, Agent, Burlington i — 93 Burlington Mfg. Co. . Marble. Burlington 104 Bronsons, Dunham & Weston, Lumber, Burlington 110 Brooks House, Brattleboro 203 Capital Granite Co., Thos. W. Eagan, Manager, Montpelier 69 Carrick Brothers Granite Co. , St. Johnsbury 242 Chandler, W. D. , Photographer, St. Albans 133 (^hamplain Transportation Co. , Burlington 110 Colby Wringer Co. , Montpelier 64 Cooper, Charles, Knitting Machines and Spring Needles, Bennington. . . 173 Cooper Manufacturing Co., Knit Goods, Bennington. 175 Crosby, E. & Co. , Wholesale Flour, Brattleboro 206 Cross C. H. & Son, Bakers, Montpelier 63 CrossG. H. & Co., Bakers, St. Johnsbury 245 Drew, L. S. , Stock-breeder, Burlington 120 Dr. Sparhawk's Sanitarium, G. E. E. Sparhawk, Proprietor, Burlington 105 Dr. Willard's •' Rest Cure," Dr. A. J. Willard, Proprietor, Burlington.. 107 Dunn & Cramton, Stoves, Ranges, Tin Plate, Pipe and Fittings, etc.. Junk, Rutland 149 Dutcher, Frederick, Druggist and Manufacturer of Fly-Killer, St. Albans 133 Ely Hoe and Tool Co., St. Johnsbury 243 Estey Organ Co., Brattleboro 204 Excelsior Granite Co. , Staples & Copeland, Proprietors, Montpelier 68 Fairbanks Scale Works, E. & T. Fairbanks & Co., St. Johnsbury 239 Fall Mountain Paper Co. , Bellows Falls 216 First National Bank, Montpelier 62 viii Generai, Index. First National Bank, St. Johnsbuiy 242 Flint, Wyman & Sons, Paper, Bellows Falls, 217 Fi-ee Press Association, Burlington 98 Granite Savings Banks and Trust Co. , Barre . . 224 Green Mountain Stock Farm, West Randolph 253 Green Mountain Summer Home Co., Bennington . ... 185 Griffith, S. L. , Lumber and Chai'coal, Danby 208 Harris Manufacturing Co., Chairs, Lumber, Machinery and Castings, Rutland 147 Henry, Johnson & Lord, Proprietary Medicines, Burlington 112 Holmes, J. H. & Co., Boilers, Rutland 155 Howard National Bank, Burlington 100 Howe Scale Company, Rutland 151 Jones Brothers, Granite, Barre 225 Johnson & Colton, Harness-maker's supplies, Montpelier 68 Lake View Retreat, Dr. John M. Clark, Proprietor, Burlington 91 Lane's Bookstore, A. F. Lane, Proprietor, St. Albans .. 134 Lane Manufacturing Co., Machinists and Manufacturers of Saw-mill Machinery, etc. , Montpelier 61 Lang, W. H., Goodhue & Co., Machinists and Hydraulic Engineers, Burlington 97 Lincoln Iron Works, Stone and Wood-working Machinery, Rutland 145 Long's Bookstore, D. F. Long, Proprietor, Montpelier 67 Lyman & Allen, Dry Goods, Burlington 1 03 Mansfield & Stimson, Machinery and Castings, Rutland 1 50 Marr & Gordon, Granite, Barre, 2-^7 Moore, John T. & Son, Paper, Bellows Falls 216 " Montpelier Crackers," C. H. Cross & Son, Montpelier 63 Moore, Arms & Thompson, Paper, Bellows Falls 217 Moseley & Stoddard Co. , Dairy Implements, Rutland 1 54 National Bank of Barre, Barre.. 223 National Life Insurance Co. , Montpelier 58 Nelson, Henry J. , Furniture, Burlington . . 109 New England Fire Insurance Co. , Rutland 144 Osgood & Barker, Machinists, Bellows Falls 218 Parmenter's Insurance Agency, Rutland 1 53 Peck. T. S. , Insui-ance, Burlington 101 Peterson, C. G., Crockery, Lamps, etc., Burlington. .. 113 Prolific Poultry Food, L. B. Lord, Manufacturer, Burlington 121 Robertson, John & Son, Paper, Bellows Falls 217 ' ' Rocks and Romance," Burlington 119 Rutland Foundry and Machine Shop Co. , Rutland . _ 148 Sheldon Marble Co. , West Rutland 157 Shepard & Morse Lumber Co. , Burlington 96 Smith & Hunt, Children's Carriages, Brattleboro 206 Smith, Whitcomb & Cook, Machinists and Manufacturers of Plows, Water-wheels, etc, Barre - 230 State Normal School, Edw. Conant, Principal, Randolph 220 General Index. ix Stafford & Holden Mfg. Co. , Forks, Rakes, etc. , Barre 230 Union Card Co. , Pi'inters, Montpelier 68 U. S. Clothespin Co.. Montpelier . 65 Valentine Knitting Co. , Bennington 171 Van Ness House, Burlington 90 Vermont Construction Co. , Bridges, St. Albans 131 Vermont Episcopal Institute, Prof. H. H. Ross, Principal, Burlington. 118 Vermont Farm Machine Co., Dairy Implements, Bellows Falls 218 Vermont Granite Co. , Barre 228 Vermont Life Insurance Co. , Burlington 89 Vermont Marble Co. , Proctor 187 Vermont Methodist Seminary, Montpelier 67 Vermont Mutual Fire Insurance Co. , Montpelier _ 60 Scott, Olin, Powder Machinery, Pulp Machinery, etc., Bennington 176 Steam Stone Cutter Co., Quarry Machinery, Rutland 150 St. Albans Foundry, Machinists, Threshing Machines, Horse Powers, Saw Mills, St. Albans .. 129 Skillings, "VVhitneys & Barnes Lumber Co. , Burlington 99 St. Johnbury Academy, St. Johnsbury _.... 214 Swauton Suspender Co. , Manufacturers of Atwood Suspenders, Swanton 137 Tewksbury , A. W. & Son, West Randolph 253 Tiffany Bx"os., Knit Goods, Bennington .. 171 Tiffany, E. & Son, Knitting Machinery, Bennington 167 Twitciiell, F. F. & Co., Dry Goods and Carpets, St. Albans 132 True Blue Marble Co., Rutland 150 Vermont State Normal School, Abel E. Leavenworth, A. M., Principal, Castleton.. ._ 160 Wells, Lamson & Co., Granite, Barre 226 Wells & Richardson Co. , Wholesale Druggists, Burlington 94 Willard Manufacturing Co., Overalls, Hose Supporters, etc., St. Albans 129 Willard Russell & Co. , Paper, Bellows Falls 216 Wing, H. R. & Son, Last Manufacturers, Burlington 106 Yucca Co. , Hair Preparation, Burlington 111 ©IHe ©yreen Mountain ^tate. I HE STATE OF VERMONT bears the distinction of being the first State added to the original thirteen which formed the American Confederac}-. It was long claimed both by New Hampshire and New York, the territory being known in colonial times as the " New Hampshire Grants." At the breaking out of the Rev- olution the inhabitants assumed the powers of government and adopted the present name, the word Vermont being obtained from the French Verd Monts, or Green Mountains, an appella- tion used by the first civilized people who visited this part of the world to designate the mountain range for which the State is now celebrated, LOCATION AND BOUNDARIES. Vermont is situated in the northwestern comer of New England, and lies between the parallels of 42° 44' and 45° of north latitude, and between 3° 35' and 5° 29' of east longitude from Washington. It is bounded on the north by the Province of Canada, on the east by New Hampshire (the west bank of the Connecticut River forming the boundary line), on the south by Massachusetts, and on the west by New York and Lake Champlain. The length of the State, from north to south, is 157/^ miles, and the average width, from east to west, 57^^ miles. The length of the north line is 90 miles and of the south line 41 miles. The State has an area of 9,056^ square miles, or 5,795,960 acres. ETHAN ALLEN MONUMENT, BURLINGTON , 31 Vermont: Its Resotirces a7id Industries. The surface of Vermont is generally uneven. A few townships along the margin of Lake Champlain may be called level, but with these exceptions the entire State consists of hills and valleys, alluvial flats and gentle acclivities, elevated plains and lofty mountains. The Green Mountains extend quite through the State from south to north and divide it into two nearly equal parts. These form the only natural division, with the exception of Lake Champlain, the waters of which divide the county of Grand Isle from the counties of Franklin and Chittenden, and the several islands which compose that count}^ from each other and the main land. COUNTY DIVISIONS. Vermont is divided into fourteen counties, which are sub- divided into two hundred and forty-three townships and several small gores of land which are not annexed to or formed into town- ships. The names of the counties, with the capitals of each are given below, the capitals appearing in parenthesis : Addison (Middlebury), Bennington (Bennington), Caledonia (St. Johns- bury), Chittenden (Burlington), Essex (Guildhall), Franklin (St. Albans), Grand Isle (North Hero), Lamoille (Hydepark), Orange (Chelsea), Orleans (Irasburgh), Rutland (Rutland), Washington (Montpelier), Windham (Newfane), Windsor (Woodstock). DISCOVERY. For more than one hundred years after the discovery of the American Continent by Columbus, in 1492, the State of Vermont lay hidden from the civilized peoples of the earth. In 1534 James Cartier, in the service of France, discovered the Gulf and River to which he afterwards gave the name of St. Lawrence. In the following year he ascended the River to the Indian town or Hoch- elega, to which he gave the name of Mont- Real (Mount Royal), the opulent and interesting Montreal of modern times. Two days later (October 4, 1535) he departed. In 1540 Cartier visited Can- ada for the third time and attempted to found a colony. In 1603 Samuel de Champlain, a nobleman of France, visited the places Cartier had described and returned to his country filled with the burning zeal of an explorer. In 1608 the French court fitted out a fleet and placed it under his command. He arrived in Quebec in the early part of July, where he remained until the spring of 1809. Learning from the Indians, the Algonquins, who inhabited Vermont : lis Resources and Industries. 32 the territory north of the St. Lawrence, that there was a large bod}' of water to the south, between them and a powerful tribe of Indians, the Iroquois, who were their enemies, he determined to explore it. Accordingl^^ April 10, 1609, he set out on his explor- ing expedition, and on the morning of July 4th entered the lake to which he afterwards gave his own name, and viewed, for the first time, what is now embraced in the State of Vermont. STATE CAPITOL BUILDING, MONTPELIER. Thus, before the Dutch had commenced their settlements upon the Island of Manhattan, or Hendrick Hudson had discovered the noble river which bears his name, before the Mayflower with her cargo of Puritans had landed at Plymouth Rock, or John Smith had explored the coast of Massachusetts, had the State of Vermont been discovered and the waters of Lake Champlain been explored b}-^ Samuel de Champlain. In 1664, M. de Tracy, then Governor of New France (the French possessions in America), entered upon the work of erecting a line of fortifications on Lake Champlain. In 1690 a fort was built at Chimney Point, Addison County, and a thriving settlement sprang up, but it was not until 1724, at Fort Dummer, that the first permanent settlement was commenced, the garrison of this fort being for several vears the onlv white inhabitants in Vennont. 33 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. COLONIAL WARS. While the French were founding their colony at Quebec, explor- ing the regions of Canada, and rapidly extending their settlements along the St. Lawrence, the other nations of Europe were not inactive. The English, after several unsuccessful attempts, suc- ceeded, in 1607, in making a permanent settlement upon the banks of the James River, in Virginia, and about the same time planted a small colony in the present State of Maine. In 1614, Captain John Smith explored the sea coast from the Penobscot River to Cape Cod, drew a map of the same and denominated the country- New England. In 1609 Captain Hendrick Hudson, at that time in the service of Holland, discovered and gave his name to Hud- son River, and in 16 14 the Dutch began a settlement on the Island of Manhattan, where the City of New York now stands. In 1620, a band of English subjects, who, to avoid persecution, had twenty years before taken refuge in Holland, and who were called Puritans, from their scrupulous religious conduct, arrived at Plymouth, Mass. In 1623 the English had begun a settle- ment at Portsmouth and Dover, N. H., and ten years later they had penetrated the wilderness to the Connecticut River. Thus early were the French on the north, the Dutch on the south, and the English on the east, advancing their settlements towards Vermont. The French laid claim to nearly the whole country, confining the English to a narrow strip of land along the Atlantic coast. The English resisted, and thus the jealousies and rivalries which had long made France and England enemies in the Old World was transplanted to the New Continent. The French sought the alliance of the Indian tribes and years of warfare followed, in which the English at last succeeded in gaining a large amount of land. The first hostilities between them originated on Wil- liam's accession to the throne of England, in 1689. It terminated in the peace of Ryswick, in 1697. Queen Anne's war, so called, commenced in 1702 and continued to the peace of Utrecht, in 1 7 13. In 1745 George II. declared the third war, which con- tinued until articles of peace were signed at Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748. The last conflict between these powers anterior to the Revolution was formally declared by Great Britain in 1756, being reciprocated the same year on the part of France. It finally ter- minated by the capture of Montreal, in September, 1760, when the Province of Canada was surrendered to Great Britain. Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. 34 During the period of the French wars the territory now included within the State of Vermont was the chief point of rendezvous for the French and their Indian allies in their hostile excursions against the English settlements in the va,lley of the Connecticut. It was through here they generally led their captives and carried their plunder, their usual route both in going and returning being along Missisquoi Bay and Winooski River, crossing the short carrying place between the River and Mallett's Bay. SETTLEMENT AND LAND TITLE CONTROVERSY. As before stated, the first civilized establishment within the present limits of Vermont was made in 1724 by the erection of Fort Dummer, in the southeastern comer of Brattleboro'. No permanent settlement was effected on the west side of the Green Mountains until after the conquest of Canada by the English. When the English commenced their establishment at Fort Dummer that fort was supposed to lie within the limits of Mas- sachusetts, and settlements were made in that vicinity under grants from that provincial government. But after a long controversy between Massachusetts and New Hampshire, respecting the divid- ing line, King George II. finally decreed "that the northern boundary of Massachusetts be a similar curve line, pursuing the course of the Merrimac River, at three miles distance, on the north side thereof, beginning at the Atlantic Ocean and ending at a point due north of Pawtucket Falls ; and a straight line drawn from thence, due west, until it meets wuth his Majestj^'s other govenmients. " This line was run in 17 14, and has ever since been admitted as the boundary line between Massachusetts and New Hampshire. By this decision, and the establishment of this line, the govern- ment of New Hampshire concluded that their jurisdiction ex- tended as far west as Massachusetts had claimed and exercised, that is, within twenty miles of Hudson River. It was also well known, both in Great Britain and America, that the King had repeatedly recommended to the assembly of New Hampshire, to make provision for the support of Fort Dummer ; and Fort Dummer was located upon the west side of the river, thus proving that the jurisdiction of New Hampshire extended west of the Con- necticut ; but how far w^est had not been particularly inquired into ; the twenty mile line from the Hudson being taken for granted, and silently acquiesced in by the King. r |. ,:!Mmer?ih|! ,»-ifc-gg-s.i.f?^' '.^'A Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. 36 The land Ij'iiig between the Connecticut and New York was the most fertile and productive in the State, and it soon began to attract the attention of pioneers. Applications for grants were rapidly made to Gov. Wentworth, the royal governor of New Hamp- shire, so that in the j'ear 1761 not less than sixty charters were issued, granting as many townships of six miles square, and in two years more the number amounted to one hundred and thirty-eight. The territory began to be known by the name of the New Hampshire Grants, and the number of settlers grew to be quite large. The work of clearing the forest was pushed, larger fields were planted and all gave token of a prosperous future. As earl}- as 1749 a correspondence was opened between the Governor of New Hampshire and the Governor of New York regarding the lands embraced in the New Hampshire Grants, each claiming titles to the lands on the west side of the Connecticut River ; j^et without regard to these interfering claims, Wentworth continued to make further grants. By the fees and other emoluments which Wentworth received in return for these grants, and by reserving five hundred acres in each township for himself, he was evidently accumulating a large fortune. The government of New York, wishing to have the profits of these lands, became alarmed at the proceedings of the Governor of New Hampshire, and determined to check them. The claim of New York to the territory was based upon an old charter issued by Charles II., in 1664, making an extraordinary grant to his brother, the Duke of York, containing, among other parts of America, "all the lands from the west of the Connect- icut River to the east side of Delaware Bay. ' ' In December, 1763, Governor Colden, of New York, issued a proclamation in which he recited the grants made by Charles II., stating that ' ' the western bank of the Connecticut should there- after be regarded as the eastern boundary- of New York," and notifying his Majesty's subjects to govern themselves accordingly. The Settlers of the grants were displeased at this change, but they supposed their titles to lands would be perfectly secure, and con- sidered the change only that of jurisdiction. But ere long new grantees began to appear, with charters issued by the authorit}- of New York, who ousted, or attempted to oust, the original grantees. The settlers of Vermont were a bold, hardy people, law abiding, but possessing a peculiarly acute sense of justice, and sturdy in defending their rights. Their allegiance to King George III. 37 Vermont : lis Resources and Industries. soon became merely nominal, and they obeyed only the mandates of their own conventions. The New York claimants would come on, present their claims and oust those already occupying the land, if possible, while they in their turn would be driven off by the settlers, leading to much violence and outrage on both sides. One part}^ was called "land pirates" and " land thieves," while the people of the grants were in turn stigmatized as ' ' rebels ' ' and ' ' outlaws. ' ' In these scenes of violence and opposition, Ethan Allen placed himself at the head of the settlers of the grants. Bold, enter- prising and ambitious, wielding the pen and the sword with almost equal facility, though rash and indiscreet, withal, he soon made himself and his " Green Mountain Boys" a foe whom New Yorkers learn to respect, in point of arms at least. Associated with Allen were Seth Warner and Remember Baker, in courage and bravery not a whit behind their leader. Baker was one of the first settlers in Chittenden Countj^ His life was unfortunately brought to a sad end during the early part of the Revolution. Warner was cool, firm, steady, resolute and fully determined that the laws of New York respecting the settlers never should be carried into execution. At the beginning of the trouble, when an officer came to take him as a rioter, he considered it as an afiair of open hostility, and defended himself, attacked, wounded and dis- armed the ofl&cer, but, with the spirit of a soldier, spared his life. ' ' Beech sealing ' ' was a favorite mode of punishment awarded the obnoxious New York officials. This consisted of tjdng the victim to a tree and administering a certain number of lashes with a beech gad. The people of the Grants struggled on until the breaking out of the Revolution, when the greater and common trouble consumed the lesser. On the 24th and 25th of September, 1776, one of the conventions of the Green Mountain Boys was held in Dorset, at which it was resolved ' ' to take suitable measures as soon as may be, to declare the New Hampshire Grants a separate district. " This was the germ which soon expanded and grew into the free and independent State of Vermont, the only State in the Union, except Texas, which was admitted by petition of her people. The close of the war found Vermont an independent State to which New York relinquished all right and title upon payment of $30,000. Vermont : Its Resources and hidustries. 38 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. The long struggle between England and France had barely ended when Great Britain determined to get back from her American possessions what she had expended in defending them. Accordingly we find the history of twelve years, from the treaty of peace in 1763 to 1775, a continuous narrative of unwise, ungenerous attempts on the part of the mother country' to increase her revenues at the expense of her colonies, and on the part of the colonies, of spirited and united resistance to these attempts. The colonies would willingly have borne part of the load, had they been allowed a voice in laying the duties or taxes to be imposed. But they insisted that taxation without representation was an infringement on the rights of freemen ; that the power to tax them should be vested in their own colonial assemblies, or that, if Parliament were to exercise it, they should be represented in Parliament. To the folly of George III. , strengthened by the tyranny of the British Parliament, who would do nothing for his people in America without being exhorbitantly paid ; by the passage of the notorious Stamp Act, in 1 765 ; and the Boston Port Bill, in 1774, is owing the estrangement and revolt in 1775 and the long war which followed. The people of the New Hampshire Grants entered with hearty zeal into the contest for American Independence. Their schooling had been such as to render them an undesirable foe to meet. A large portion of them had served in the French and Indian wars, and during the twelve or fifteen years that intervened had been almost continually at strife with New York, leading to a feeling of deadly hatred against King George and the British Parliament. The military posts on Lake Champlain were at this time garrisoned by British soldiers, and the British government had been pursuing measures by which the}^ might, if necessarj-, avail themselves of the strength and resources of Canada, for the pur- pose of subjugating their other colonies, in case of a revolt. The importance of securing these posts was at once perceived by the Americans and the design of efiecting this object engaged at the same time the attention of several adventurers, both in Massa- chusetts and Connecticut, who were utterly ignorant of the others' views. The first active measures for accomplishing the purpose were taken by Connecticut. The success of the enterprise depended upon its being managed with secrecy and dispatch. The fearless spirit and powerful influence of Ethan Allen was Vermont : Its Resources and hidustries. 40 enlisted in the enterprise and an intrepid band of two hundred and seventy volunteers, all of whom, except forty, belonged to the Green Mountains, were collected at Castleton on the 7th of May. At this moment Benedict Arnold, commissioned colonel by the Massachusetts committee of safety, appeared on the scene and claimed the command of the expedition. A contest ensued which threatened to defeat the whole design, but was terminated by the troops refusing to proceed except under leadership of Allen. The garrison of Ticonderoga was slumbering in profound security. Allen and his party arrived at Shoreham, opposite Ticonderoga, the night of Maj- 9th, 1775. Facilities for crossing the lake were meagre, and but eighty- three men had made the trip when morning dawned. Allen, knowing how much delay would imperil the issue, decided to advance at once to the assault. The sentry at the outer post snapped his fusee at Allen and retreated through the covered waj', closely followed by the Americans, who were im- mediately drawn up on the parade in front of the fort. With such great expedition and silence was the entrance accomplished that the garrison, excepting the sentries, were not awakened from their slumbers, until aroused by the cheers of the Green Mountain Boys. Captain DeLaplace, the commandant, without waiting to dress himself, appeared at the door of his barrack, when Allen commanded him to surrender, or he would put the whole garrison to the sword. DeLaplace inquired b)- what right he demanded it. " I demand it," said Allen, " in the name of the G^-eat Jehovah and the Continental Congress.'" The British captain, seeing that resistance was in vain, surrendered the garrison prisoners of war without knowing b}^ what authority Allen was acting or that hostilities had commenced between Great Britain and her colonies. Warner, who had been left in command on the eastern shore, ar- rived with the balance of the force soon after the surrender, and immediately set oflf with a party for the reduction of Crown Point, which was garrisoned by a sergeant and twelve men. They sur- rendered upon the first summons and Warner took possession of the fort. Skeenesboro' (Whitehall) was also taken the same day by another party. By these enterprises the Americans captured a British major, a captain, a lieutenant and forty-four privates. In the forts they found more than two hundred pieces of cannon, some howitzers and nlortars, and large quantities of military stores Allen and Arnold started soon after for St. Johns, where an armed sloop was lying, Arnold in command of a schooner, and 41 ]/ermo7it : Its Resources and Industries. Allen in command of a bateaux. They both set out together upon the expedition, but a strong south wind springing up, the schooner outsailed the bateaux, and Arnold soon arrived at St. Johns, where he surprised and captured the sloop. The wind immedi- ately shifting to the north, Arnold set sail with his prize, and met Allen some distance from St. Johns. Thus, in the course of a few days, and by a few daring individuals, was Lake Champlain and its important fortresses secured to the Americans. The American Congress, having received intelligence that the Governor of Canada had been planning an attack upon the fron- tier of the colonies, determined to send a body of American troops into that province in the hope that the Canadians would join the other colonies in opposition to Great Britain. The troops raised for the purpose were to be placed under command of Generals Schuyler and Montgomery. Montgomery set out from Crown Point August 2ist, meeting with triumph until he reached Que- bec, where one-half the American force was slain, among them the gallant officer himself, December 31, 1775. The Americans re- treated and the apprehended advance of Carleton spread universal panic and consternation among the settlers in the environs of the lake. After their retreat from Canada the American army evacuated and destroyed Crown Point, and gathered at Ticonderoga. A large British army concentrated at St. Johns, where they remained until the summer of 1776, fitting out a fleet with which they hoped to gain preponderance upon Lake Champlain. October ist a fleet of thirty-one vessels, carrying from one to eighteen guns, was ready for service. This fleet was navigated by seven hundred veteran seamen, and was armed by a heavy corps of artillery. Congress was not insensible to the preparations and in the mean- time had equipped a flotilla, at Ticonderoga, under Arnold, of fif- teen vessels with an aggregate battery of fifty-five guns, and manned by three hundred and fifty gallant and resolute men, nearly all of whom, however, were totally inexperienced in naval expeditions. Notwithstanding the disparity in every element of strength, Arnold fearlessly threw his little armament across the path of the invaders. The fleets met on the nth of October in a narrow strait between Valcour Island and the main land. During four hours the conflict waged with terrific fury. Arnold leveled almost every gun in his own vessel, and conducted the battle with the most determined courage until night closed the engagement. Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. 42 One of the British gondolas was sunk, and another, with all its crew of sixty men, was blown up. An American schooner was sunk, and a gondola, the "Royal Savage," was burnt, while the entire fleet was shattered and disabled. Arnold was satisfied that he could not resist the superior force with which the English were prepared to attack him the following morning, and he therefore at- tempted to effect an escape to Crown Point by boldly passing through the British fleet under cover of a dark and foggy night. His retreat was revealed to the enemy by the earliest dawn, and a prompt pursuit ensued. A solitary rock which stands in the broad lake, was mistaken by the British for an American vessel, and a cannonade was opened upon it. It is still called " Carleton's Prize. ' ' Arnold was overtaken near Otter Creek and sustained a running fire for five hours, giving a part of his fleet opportunity to escape to Ticonderoga. He was finall)-- driven into a small creek in the town of Pan ton, where he set fire to that part of the fleet which was left him, with all colors flying, and led his party through the woods to Ticonderoga. The charred wrecks of Ar- nold's vessels remained upon the beach for many years, memorials of the bravery- of the gallant deeds of him whose name was after- wards consigned to infamj-, and whose wretched life was closed by death in the garret of a London tenement. Next came the invasion of Burgoyne, the evacuation of Ticon- deroga, in 1777, followed by the subsequent battle of Hubbardton, and the severe check to the triumphant march of Burgoyne, at Bennington (an account of which will be found in that part of this work referring to Bennington), and the final surrender of Cornwallis, at Yorktown, October 19, 1781, virtually ending the war. WAR OF 1812. After the close of the Revolution, Vermont expanded into a free and independent State, and was finally admitted into the Union March 4. 1791. England, seeming to forget that her offspring had arrived at maturity, and was able to protect its own institu- tions, continued her acts of tyranny. Looking upon herself as mistress of the ocean, she utterly disregarded the rights of the United States. Her cruisers would stop and search American vessels, and seize such able-bodied seamen as were needed, on the pretext that they were British subjects. The President issued a proclamation ordering all British ships-of-war to quit the waters of 43 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. the United States, and Congress passed a non-intercourse act, pro- hibiting trade with Great Britain. England persisted in her offen- sive course, and war was formally declared by the United States, June i8, 1812. War being declared, Burlington became the es- tablished seat of operations in Vermont. Troops were stationed here, and the public stores were removed from Plattsburgh, and a battery planted on a commanding position, now known as Battery Park, as the enemy threatened Plattsburgh. In the summer of 1 8 14 the British concentrated 14,000 men at the foot of Lake Champlain and undertook an invasion of the States, somewhat on the plan of Burgoyne in 1777. The invasion terminated in the notable battle of Plattsburgh, September nth. The British com- mander, who had boasted that with his flag-ship alone he could whip the whole Yankee fleet, was killed, and his entire squadron struck two hours after the battle began. Peace came December 24th, 18 15, the articles being signed at Ghent, in Belgium. WAR FOR THE UNION. When the tocsin of rebellion against the Union sounded in 1861, Vermont's sons proved their " lineal descent from warlike men," and ' ' The Green Mountain Boys ' ' became again an honored title of the present, adding lustre to the fame which already clustered about it. The causes leading to this terrible civil war need not be told here ; the results are patent to everj^ household in the broad land. To some, however, the word " results " has a pecu- liar significance. It recalls to the memory of the wife, the hus- band's face, so kind and true ; to the son and daughter, the loved lineaments of their sire ; and to the parents the noble form of their bright and promising son, all of whom are now resting in the quiet churchyard, or, mayhap, whose bones are bleaching in the sand that drained their blood at the fearful carnage of Gettys- burg, Antietam, Fredericksburg, or other fields, where perished so many of our noble dead. Of this band, 34,238 were sent out to fight the battles of their country, and $9,087,352.40 of Ver- mont's treasure were expended in the cause. But her greatest treasure was the 5,128 noble souls she sacrificed upon the altar of Freedom, while 5,022 loyal ones were returned to their homes with shattered constitutions or maimed in body. Surely a bounti- ful contribution towards the preservation of our "Grand Re- public." Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. THE GREEN MOUNTAINS. 44 The celebrated Green Mountain range, which gives name to Vermont, extends quite through the State from south to north, keeping nearly a middle course between the Connecticut River on the east and Lake Champlain on the west. From the Massachu- setts line to the southern part of Washington County this range continues lofty, dividing the counties of Windham, Windsor and Orange, from the counties of Bennington, Rutland and Addison. In the southern part of Washington County the Green Mountains separate into two ranges. The highest of these bears a little east of north and continues along the eastern boundaries of Chittenden TWIN BRIDGES, WINOOSKI RIYER, NEAR BURLINGTON. and Franklin, and through the county of Lamoille to the Canada line. The other range strikes off more to the east, through the southern and eastern parts of Washington County, the western part of Caledonia County and the northwestern part of Essex County to Canada. This last range divides the waters which fall into the Connecticut River from those which flow into Lake Cham- plain and Lake Memphremagog. The western range is cut into several sections by the Winooski, Lamoille and Missisquoi Rivers, 45 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. and presents the most lofty summits of the State, notably Mt. Mansfield and Camel's Hump. The heights of the principal mountain peaks of the State are as follows: The Chin, or north peak of Mansfield Mountain, 4,389 feet; the Nose, or south peak, 4,056 feet ; Camel's Hump, 4,088 feet ; Shrewsbury Mountain, 4,000 feet ; Killington Peak, 4,221 feet ; Pico, 3,935 feet ; Equi- nox Mountain, Manchester, 3,706 feet ; Ascutney Mountain, 3,165 feet. The sides, and, in most cases, the summits of the mountains of Vermont are covered with evergreens, and on this account are called " Green Mountains." RIVERS AND STREAMS. Vermont is prolific of rivers and streams, but most of them are small. Nearly all originate in the Green Mountains and their courses are short and rapid. The entire eastern border of the State is washed by the Connecticut River. This stream belongs wholly to New Hampshire, its western shore being the boundary of Vermont. The Connecticut receives the water from about 3,700 square miles of territory in Vermont. In addition to many small streams it receives the waters of Passumpsic River, 34 miles long ; Wells River, 11 miles long ; White River, 55 miles long ; Otta- queechee River, 35 miles long ; and several other considerable streams. Clyde River, Barton River and Black River, empty into Lake Memphremagog. The largest streams of the State : — Otter Creek, Winooski River, Lamoille River and Missisquoi River, empty into Lake Champlain. Otter Creek is the longest stream in Vermont. It originates in Mt. Tabor, Peru and Dorset, and takes a northwesterly course, passing through Rutland, Proctor, Pittsford, Middlebury and Vergennes to Lake Champlain, 90 miles from its source. It has many tributaries and waters about 900 square miles of territory. Along the stream are several mill privileges, utilized by some of the finest manufacturing establishments in the State. From Vergennes to the mouth, a distance of eight miles. Otter Creek is navigable for the largest vessels on Lake Champlain, The flats along the stream are very extensive and fertile. Otter Creek was named by the French la Riviere aux Loutres^ the River of Otters. Missisquoi River, the second longest stream in the State, has its source in Lowell, flows northeasterly into Canada, where it receives a large stream from the northeast. After running several miles Vermont : Ifs Resojirces and Industries. 46 into Canada it returns into Vermont, and taking a serpentine course, falls into Missisquoi Bay near Canada line. There are several falls and mill sites on this stream, all of which are utilized. Missisquoi River is about 75 miles long. It is navigable for ves- sels of fifty tons burden, six miles, to Swanton Falls. The Winooski, 70 miles long, is the third stream in size in the State. This river is formed in the township of Cabot by the union of several small streams, and taking a southerly course, enters Marshfield, where it receives a large tributary from the east. Through Marshfield the River continues a southerly course into Plainfield, where it bends to the southwest and flows through Montpelier. From Montpelier the River takes a northwesterly course, which it continues until it falls into Lake Champlain near Burlington. Its largest tributaries are Dog River and Stevens Branch in Berlin, Worcester Branch, in Montpelier, Mad River in Moreton, Waterbury River in Waterbur)', Huntington River in Richmond and Muddy Brook between Williston and Burlington. MIDDLESEX NARROWS. WINOOSKI RIVER The Winooski River is also known as the Onion. Winooski is an Indian name, composed of two words in the Algonquin ton e, 4^7 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. Winoos, onions or leeks, and ki, land, so that the literal significa- tion is land of onions. During the colonial wars it was called French River. The alluvial flats along the Winooski are narrow until the River has passed through the western range of the Green Mountains, where they become broad and fertile. Nature, circumstance and historical lore have combined to render the Winooski a stream of peculiar interest. The channels which have been worn in the rocks by this River are a great curiosity. One of these, called Middlesex Narrows, between Middlesex and More- ton, is about eighty rods in length, sixty feet in width and thirty feet deep. The rock on each side appears like a wall. Another of these channels is about four miles below Waterbury village. Its depth is about loo feet and the rocks on the south side are perpendicular. The rocks which have here fallen into the chasm form a natural bridge which is crossed by footmen at low water. Holes of cylindrical form are here worn into the solid rock several feet in depth. A third channel is located about three-quarters of a mile above Winooski Village. Here the channel, which is about seventy feet in width, for a distance of forty rods, has worn its course through the surface to a depth of sixcy-five feet, leaving a perpendicular wall of solid rock on either side, over which has been built a bridge, called High Bridge, a view from which is well worth a visit. Lamoille River is formed by the union of several streams in Greensboro', and after running southwesterly into Hardwick, pur- sues a northwesterly course until it falls into Lake Champlain, in the northwest comer of Colchester, Along the Lamoille are some very beautiful tracts of farming lands. The Lamoille is not as large as the Winooski or Missisquoi. It was discovered by Champlain in 1609 and called by him La Mouette, the French for mew or gull, a species of water fowl which were numerous about the mouth of the stream. Through a mistake in not crossing his t's the engraver made the name la mouelle in Charlevoix's map of North America, published in 1744, which soon changed to the present appellation. The Passumpsic River has its source in a pond on the easterl}'- line of Wetmore, runs southeastly through Newark to the west corner of East Haven, thence south through Burke, Lyndon, St. Johnsbur^^ Waterford and Bamet, and empties into the Connecti- cut. The Passumpsic receives the waters of several large streams. Vermont .■ Its Resources and Industries. 48 LAKES. Small lakes and ponds are found in all parts of Vermont, but there are no large bodies of water lying wholly within the State. No less than sixty-six small lakes and ponds, varying in length from half a mile to eight miles, and in width from one-fourth mile to two and a half miles, are in Vermont. Lake Bomoseen is the largest bod}- of water lying wholly within the State. It is situated principally in the town.of Castleton, in a basin of rocks, which in some parts is of great depth. Lake Bomo- seen is eight miles long and two and one-half miles wide at its broadest part. An island containing ten acres is situated near the centre ol the lake. Lake Dunsmore, four miles long \>y three-fourths of a mile wide, is situated partly in Salisbury and partly in Leicester, discharging into Otter Creek. This lake is famous for its fish. Lake Meraphremagog is situated on the north line of the State, about midway between the Connecticut River and Lake Champlain. It extends north and south, and is thirty miles in length, about one-third (the south end) being in Vermont. Lake Mem- phremagog has an average width of two and one-fourch miles. It discharges through Magog outlet into the St. Francis River. Lake Champlain lies between Vermont and the State of New York, more than half of it being within the limits of Vermont. Grand Isle County is formed of the islands in the lake belonging to Vermont. These include South Hero, 13 miles long. North Hero, 1 1 miles long, and Isle La Motte. Grand Isle County has a population of about 4,000. South Hero is connected with the mainland by a sand-bar bridge. From Whitehall to Fort Mont- gomery, at the Canada line, according to United States coast sur- vey. Lake Champlain measures 107J2 miles ; its greatest width is 12^^ miles, its uiean width 4)!' miles, and its greatest depth 399 feet- Measuring down into Missisquoi Baj', on the Vermont side, ex- tending into Canada, and separated from the outlet by Alburgh Tongue, the extreme length of the lake is 118 miles. Its eleva- tion above tide is 93 feet. Lake Champlain is connected with the Hudson River by a canal sixty-four miles long, so that the towns lying on the shores of the lake have direct communication by wa- ter with the cities of Tro3% Albany and New York, and, by means of the Erie Canal, with the great Western lakes. Direct water communication is also had with Montreal on the north. The shores of Lake Champlain are indented by numerous bays, most 49 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. of which are small. Missisquoi Bay is the largest. It belongs, principally, to Vermont. No part of the United States is more interesting from its historic associations, than Ivake Champlain. Every bay and island, and nearly every foot of its shores, has been the scene of some warlike movement, the midnight foray of the predator>^ savage, the bloody scout of the frontier settlers, the ren- dezvous of armed bands, or the conflict of contending armies. These stirring incidents extend in tradition far beyond the first discovery of the lake, and are brought down by scattered and unconnected history, in an almost uninterrupted series of strifes and contentions, to the close of the war of 1812. Previous to the settlement of the country by the Europeans, Lake Champlain had long been the thoroughfare between hostile and powerful Indian tribes, and after the settlement it continued the same in reference to the French and English colonies, and subsequently in reference to the English in Canada and the United States. In consequence of the peculiarity of its location, the name of Lake Champlain stands connected with some of the most interesting events in the annals of our country, and the transactions associated with the names of Ticonderoga, and Crown Point, and Plattsburgh, and many other places, united with the variety and beauty of the scenery, the neatness and accommodations of its steamboats, ren- der a tour thi'ough this lake one of the most interesting and agree- able to the enlightened traveler. Commercial business on Lake Champlain was begun as early as 1770, when Major Skeene, of Whitehall, launched a sloop and made regular trips through the lake to Canada, thus opening a communication with the settlements on the borders of the lake. THE FIRST STEAMER ON LAKE CHAMPLAIN AND THE SECOND STEAMBOAT EVER BUILT. Vermo7ii : Its Resources and Industries. 50 The Revolution put a stop to commercial business, however, but it was immediately resumed on the declaration of peace, and the white wings of the trading sloops, and the rafts of heavy timber, dotted the whole length of the lake. The great stride in progress was in 1808, one 3'ear after Robert Fulton made the memorable trial trip of his steamboat on the Hudson. Burlington parties were the first to take practical ad- vantage of the new field opened by the event. During this year they launched the second practical steamboat ever made and the next year, 1809, it commenced navigating the lake, just two hundred years after Champlain had entered upon its waters in his bark canoe. The owners and builders of this boat were two brothers, John and James Winans. The boat was called the "Vermont." It was similar in appearance to a large-class canal boat, except being about forty feet longer and six feet wider. The decks were clear, having no pilot-house, the steering being done by a tiller, and the engine, an horizontal one, being all un- der deck, only the smoke-stack appearing above. She was fitted with second-hand machinery, very poor at that, had a cylinder twenty inches by three feet. " side level bell crank," with a larger balance wheel ten feet in diameter. The boat was constantly sub- ject to " break-downs," which were a part of her programme, and could be relied upon to make a trip from Whitehall to St. Johns and back in about a week. In October, 18 15, on her trip from St. Johns, the connecting rod became detached from the crank, and before the engine could be stopped, it was forced through the bottom of the boat and she sunk, a wreck, near Ash Island, a few miles south of Isle Aux Noix. Improvements in steamboat build- ing at once began, and in 1815 the " ist Phoenix" was built on the lake, her speed being double that of its predecessor. This boat was destroyed by fire in September, 1819, causing the death CUAMl'LAl.N TKAN.SFuKiA 1 1^.;> <_.,.. .-^ .lu.-.i' STEAMER. 51 Vermont : Its Resources and Indtistries. of six passengers. From this time forward boats were rapidly put out, increasing in power and size, until the present ' ' floating palaces ' ' have attained almost perfection. Navigation companies were established, and steamboat property came to be the most profitable in which one could invest money. The advent of the locomotive checked navigation business largely, but there is still a large business done on the lake. The Champlain Transporta- tion Co. is the oldest company existing on the lake, and to its energy and enterprise is owing, in a great degree, the past and present prosperity of the transportation business. Its charter was granted as early as 1826, and its first steamer was the THE PALATIAL "VERMONT," NOW RUNNING. Franklin. This compan}^ operate three steamers, viz.: The Vermont, 262 feet long, 36-foot beath and nine-foot hold ; capacity, 11 25 tons. The Vermont has fifty-six state rooms. It runs daily (Sundaj^s excepted) during the season of summer travel, between Plattsburgh and Fort Ticonderoga via Burlington, forming train connections for Saratoga, Albany and New York, and also connecting with steamers on Lake George, (owned by the same compan}^). The Chateangay, of the Champlain Transporta- tion Co., is a new steamer, its first season being 1888. It runs between Port Henry and Plattsburgh via Burlington every week day. The Chateatigay is 203 feet long, 30-foot beam, 9-foot hold. It has all the conveniences of modern steamboats and is the fastest steamer on the lake. The A. Williams is a third boat belonging to this company. It is 122 feet long and has a capacity of 240 Verinont : Us Resources and Industries. 52 tons. It is used chiefly for excursions. The Maqiiam is the property of the St. Johnsbur}^ & Lake Champlain Railroad Co., and plies between Maquam, Grand Isle, Plattsburgh and Burling- ton every week day. The Reindeer belongs to the Grand Isle Steamboat Co. It is used exclusively for excursion purposes. POPULATION AND VALUATION. At the time of taking the last U. S. Census, in 1880, Vermont had a population of 332,286. This has increased somewhat and the population of the State is estimated to-day at about 335,000. The assessed valuation of the real and personal property in the State on the first daj' of June last was $160,000,000. THE MOUNTAINS' WEALTH. A writer in Harpef s Magazine says : "Of the Green Mount- ains one might probably say, they are more generally admired than visited. Poets sing without seeing them. They have furnished ready and familiar figures to orators who could hardly point them out on the map. That they stimulate the virtues of the patriot is one of those axioms which one meets over and over again in the pages of writers who have never felt their rugged breezes. Nor is this ser^'ice which the State furnishes to rhetoric shared in anything like an equal degree by other states which also have mountains loftier, perhaps, and grander than its own. Even the White Mountains seem to be less frequently used, while the Alleghanies, the Rocky Mountains, and other noble chains throughout the country, are almost unknown in literature and oratory. Only one thing, therefore, is wanting to complete the singular pre-eminence of Vermont. If her mountains and valleys were more often traversed and better known the phrases of enthusiasm and admiration would not, perhaps, be subdued, but they would be well informed, just, rational, more serviceable to the authors, and not less complimentary to their objects." But the mountains of Vermont are not onlj- beautiful : they are of great practical benefit, yielding from their generous breasts treas- ures of marble and granite that give the State fame in all parts of the civilized world. Indeed, Vermont quarries one-half the marble quarried in the entire country, while the production of granite at the quarries at Barre, West Dummerston and Ryegate is of vast importance, and yearly increasing. Vermont granite is shipped to all sections ; the rock is even in texture and larger blocks can be secured here than elsewhere. A third treasure 53 Vermont : lis Resoiirces and Industries. yielded by the hills of Vermont is slate stone. This is found in various parts of the State and is largely quarried for roofing, pur- poses, architectural work, furniture and interior decoration. STOCK RAISING. Vermont's fame as a stock-raising State is pre-eminent ; and its product in this direction, both in sheep, cattle and horses, is a great source of wealth. Interest in stock-raising is great, and vari- ous organizations are in existence in the State for the promulga- tion of ideas and the general furtherance of stock-breeding. DAIRYING. The dairying interests of Vermont are greater than any State (compared with population) in the Union. Vermont butter is sought in all markets. The extent of this interest is illustrated by the fact that there are over 4,000 farmers in Vermont who keep twelve or more cows each. The thousands of rivulets and streams, united with superior grazing, and the establishment of creameries, all tend to make and strengthen this reputation. MONTfELIEl^. ONTPELIER, the Capital of the State, and the metrop- olis and shire- town of Washington County, is a dimple among the hills, and is regarded by its inhabitants with pride and aflfection, while it is equally attractive to the visitor. Montpelier is situated ten miles from the geo- graphical center of the State, and contains about 4,000 inhabi- tants. The Winooski River flows through the Village, receiving the waters of Worcester Branch within the Village proper, and of Dog River but a short distance below. The River valleys which here converge, with ^ s!,^ ,^ ,"^^~^^^' ^"-^w^— railroads from four -3."^ "V-^^s^^_ directions tend to make the Vil- lage an im- i07it Chronicle and the A^ew Hampshire Journal, both Congregational papers, are published weekly by the Watchman Co. The Argus and Patriot , one of the leading Democratic papers of the State, is published weekly. THE CAPITOL BUILDING. Vermont's State House greets the visitor to Montpelier the moment he debarks from the tram at the Central \'ermont depot. The builjiing and grounds are both handsome and attractive. The Capitol building is a fine specimen of Grecian architecture. It occupies a commanding site, and, with its towering walls, huge dome, and massive Doric columns, of white Barre granite, presents an imposing appearance. It is set in a beautiful park with slop- ing lawns and rounded terraces reaching to the street. A wide iliglit of granite steps lead to a loft}- portico where a heroic-sized 58 Vermont : Its Resotirces and Industries. marble statue of Ethan Allen stands, a silent guardian at the portal of the main corridor. The State House has a frontage of 177 feet and is surmounted by a dome and cupola fiftj'-six feet high, making the statue of Agriculture, which crowns the edifice, 120 feet above the ground. Representatives' Hall contains seats for 243 members, and the Senate Chamber seats thirty Senators. An annex to the State House is occupied b}- the State Librar>% the Supreme Court and Historical 'Society. It is of granite, sevent>^-four feet long, forty-eight feet wide, and two stories in height. The Capitol contains a fine cabinet of mineralogy and natural history, a valuable library of 26,000 volumes without duplicates, and the usual offices for State officials. The battle- flags of the Vermont troops in the war for the Union are carefully preserved in cases in the corridors, and in the executive chamber hangs a splendid painting, " Battle of Cedar Creek," executed by Julian Scott, of the Fourth Vermont Volunteers. A Federal building, to be devoted to the uses of the United States Court and for the Postoffice, is now in process of erection in Montpelier. The basement story is already complete and the superstructure well started. The site is on State Street, adjoining the County Court House. The section of country adjacent to Montpelier is prolific of lovely drives and enjoyable excursions. The surrounding coun- try affords some of the finest ,views in the State of the Green Mountain range and its spurs, and the drives furnish a succession of beautiful views. NATIONAI, LIFE INSURANCE CO. The National Life Insurance Co. of Montpelier, has been in business over thirty -nine years, and ranks among the first of this character of institutions in the country for soundness, economy of management, and upright and liberal dealing with claimants and policy-holders, and in all that is creditable, reliable and popular. The company was chartered in November, 1848, and began busi- ness in 1850. Its formation was largely due to the efforts of Dr. Julius Y. Dewey, who early became its president and manager, and continued to direct its affairs up to the time of his death, in 1877. The growth of this company has been a healthy one. It is careful in the selection of its risks ; favorable among many other companies in its rates ; prompt in adjusting claims, and it merits the confidence of the people. On January i, 1889, the Montpelier. 59 number of policies in force was 16,850, with amount of insurance, $32,244,735 00. The assets of the National lyife are over $5,000,- 000. The premiums and interest received during the year 1888 were $1,531,887.78, and the amount paid policy-holders during the same j'car was $609,847.06. The present management of the company is made up of the following well-known Vermonters : Charles Dewey, President ; Edward Dewey, Vice-President ; George W. Reed, Secretary- ; J. C. Houghton, Treasurer ; Os- man D. Clark, Assistant Secretary; A. B. Bisbee, M. D.. Med- ical Director. The directory consists of Paul Dillingham, Charles Dewey, W. H. H. Bingham, George \V. Reed, Dudley C. Denison, Frederick Billings, Edward Dewej^ James C. Houghton, Fred. E. Smith, Perley P. Pitkin, James T. Phelps, Wheelock G. Veazey ai^d George Briggs. Ex-Gov. Paul Dillingham has been in the directory since the organization of the company. President Charles Dewey has been a director since 1851 ; Secretary George WASHINGTON COUNTY COURT HOUSE. 6o Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. W Reed has held his oflEice since the formation of the company. The National I,ife issues all forms of policies. The "install- ment bond ' ' plan of this company commends itself to the favor of the public, and this form of insurance has become an important feature of its business. The National Life insures only first-class lives in the Northern States, as people in this section are generally longer-lived and freer from epidemics and scourge This feature of its business is highlj' appreciated by patrons of the company, as it is by no means equitable to insure people of the North and South on the same basis. The National Life has well established agencies in nearly all the prominent cities in the Northern States. VERMONT MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE CO. This company was organized March 28th, 1828, and has, there- fore, completed its three score years of active business, and it is safe to say that no public institution of Vermont has served a more useful purpose, or had a more successful career. From a small beginning, it has grown upon the original foundation principle of mutual insurance ; that is, insurance upon all classes of property in the State at actual cost to the insured. Having no capital stock it simply pays its losses and expenses and assesses its mem- bers to meet this amount. During its existence it has paid the VERMONT FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY'S BUILDING. Montpelier. 6 1 people of Vermont more than $4,000,000 for losses, and has a premium note capital at this writing of more than $3,000,000. It can, therefore, furnish the safest, the cheapest, and best insurance on all classes of property in Vermont that can be obtained. Its membership has now attained a number equalling two-thirds of the voting population of the State, while more than half of all the insurance carried in Vermont is upon its books. The Vermont Mutual Fire Insurance Co. has issued more than two hundred and twenty thousand policies, insuring property to the amount of over $300,000,000, at an average cost of fifteen cents for each one hundred dollars of farm property per j^ear. Its plan of insurance is without question the plan par excellence of all others for Ver- monters, as to its cost, safety, satisfactory settlements, and the prompt payment of all losses. The compan)- owns a substantial brick building, costing $47,000, and from which it derives a hand- some income. An illustration of this building is presented else- where. The officers of the Vermont Mutual Fire Insurance Co. are of State reputation, all standing high in the community for business capacity and their fidelity- to trusts. They are as follows : Fred. E. Smith, President ; H. N. Taplin, Vice-President ; James T. Sabin, Secretary and Treasurer. LANE MANUFACTURING CO. More than twenty-five years ago Dennis Lane began, in a small way, the manufacture of machinery in Montpelier. In 1865 Gen. P. P. Pitkin became a partner in the industry-, and a little later James W. Brock was admitted, the firm becoming Lane, Pitkin & Brock. The industry soon reached considerable proportions, and in 1873 it was incorporated as the Lane Manufacturing Company, with a capital of $120,000. The company conduct a general bus- iness as machinists and founders, besides manufacturing several specialties. The company's plant covers five acres of land, and is located on the Winooski River, which affords the motive power. Employment is given to about one hundred hands, and the skill of the workmen is evinced by the fact that the pay roll averages over $1,100 per week. The works are equipped with the most, approved machinery and every facility to lessen the cost of manu- facturing. The leading specialty of the companj- is Lane's patent lever-set saw-mills, in seven sizes — almost universally acknowl- edged by lumbermen to be the best device of its kind ever intro- duced. This apparatus is designed on new and advanced princi- 62 Vermont : Its Resou7'ces and Industries. pies, and is rapid, effective and durable. Other products are saw- mill set works, clapboard machiner>^ shingle machines, lath ma- chines, planing and matching machines, saw-mill and lumber- dressing machinery in general, pulleys, hangers, shafting, etc., and the famous "Monitor" turbine water wheel. The advan- tages of its manufactures are set forth in a catalogue issued by the company which will be sent free on application. The officers of the L,ane Manufacturing Co. are : P. P. Pitkin, President ; Chas. Dewey, Vice-President ; C. P. Pitkin, Secretary and Treas- urer. THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK. The First National Bank of Montpelier is one of the most suc- cessful and reliable of Vermont's fiduciary institutions. It was organized in 1865, and was re-chartered in 1885. Its capital is $250,000 ; and, at this writing, its deposits are $200,000 ; its loans and discounts, $425,000 ; and its surplus and undivif!ed profits, $70,000. During its existence this bank has paid $665,000 in div- idends, and its total profits, less expenses, losses, etc., are over $717,000. The bank does all kinds of legitimate banking busi- ness, and its deposits come from all parts of the State. It is ably ofiicered, its managers being men of more than usual prominence CENTRAL VERMONT RAILROAD DEPOT. Montpelier. 63 in their various vocations. The officers are : J. A. Page, Presi- dent ; Charles Dewey, Vice-President ; F. L. Eaton, Cashier ; H. M. Cutler, Assistant Cashier. The director}^ consists of J. A. Page, Charles Dewej', J. W. Ellis, P. P. Pitkin, Fred. E. Smith. The First National has been manged virtually by the same board of directors since its organization. Hons. John A. Page and Charles Dewey were on the first board, and J. W. Ellis was elected a director in 1865. Gen. P. P. Pitkin and Col. Fred. E. Smith were also early elected directors. Hon. John A. Page, who was State Treasurer for twenty years, has been president of the bank since its formation. Hon. Chas. Dewey, President of the National I^ife Insurance Co., has been Vice-President of the bank for eleven years. F. L. Eaton, Cashier, began his services as teller of this bank in 1877. Four j'-ears later he accepted the cashiership of the National Bank of Barre, continuing in that position until 1885, when he returned to Montpelier to accept his present position. Opportunity for investment in choice western securities is af- forded at the First National Bank of Montpelier. The debenture bonds of the Union Loan and Trust Co., of Sioux City, Iowa, are for sale here, and many Vermonters are investing in them. The Union I^oan and Trust Co. has a capital (paid in) of $500,000, and among its stock-holders are many of Vermont's leading finan- ciers. These debenture bonds are first-class securities, bearing six per cent, interest semi-annually, and are the choicest invest- ment offered. Pamphlets explaining the bonds and the methods adopted by the Union Loan and Trust Co. , will be sent on appli- cation to the cashier of the First National Bank, Montpelier. "MONTPELIER CRACKERS." The sole manufacturers of "Montpelier Crackers," so famous in all parts of Vermont, are C. H. Cross & Son, of this village. These crackers are made by the most advanced processes, and for delicac}^, flavor, crispness, nutritiousness and palatableness take the front rank. The demand for "Montpelier Crackers" is so large that the firm manufacture 50,000 crackers per day. C. H. Cross & Son are also manufacturers of a full line of confectionery, bread and cakes, and they are extensive jobbers of cigars and peanuts. Their trade is principallj^ in Vermont, and two travel- ing salesmen are kept constantly on the road selling from samples. This establishment was founded more than sixty years ago by 64 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. Timothy Cross & Co.. and Mr. C. H. Cross, the senior partner of the present firm was one of the original members. In 1840 he succeeded to full control of the business, and it so remained until 1863, when L. Bart Cross was admitted as a member and the present firm name was adopted. An illustration of the favor in which Cross & Son's productions are held by the trade is shown by the fact that the firm's books include the names of merchants who have purchased their crackers for over fifty years. THE COLBY WRINGER CO. The business conducted by this company was established at Waterbury, Vt., about thirty years ago. The company was re- organized and incorporated with factory and general ofiice in Montpelier and Berlin in 1887. The ofiicers of the company are : Fred. E. Smith, President ; L. P. Gleason, Secretary ; W. H. Cowell, Treasurer. The clothes wringers manufactured by the company are shipped to all parts of the United States and Canada, and are also exported in considerable quantities. The aim of the manufactur- ers has always been to make the wringer ' ' The Best in the World," and their con- stantly increasing business is evidence of the fact that their goods give thorough satisfaction. The Colby Wringer Co. controls the automatic fastening and ad- justing improvement that has made their wringer so popular. Only the very best materials are used in its construction and every machine is warranted. The greater part of the company's busi- ness is conducted through their branch stores established in vari- ous important cities. In other places they assign to other parties sole agencies, for the sale of their wringers. Local dealers will find it to their advantage to write for prices and terms, upon which they can secure the agency for these justly celebrated wringers in their localities. Montpelier. 65 U. S. CLOTHESPIN CO. One of the live concerns of Montpelier is the United States Clothespin Co. The company has reached the acme of invention in the clothespin line and from the rapid increase in their business it is quite evident that the public have [found out this fact. This is the only pin ever manufactured that will absolutely hold the clothes on a rope or wire line in a high wind. The pin consists of two pieces of well seasoned hard wood, specially shaped, and a galvanized wire spring. The pin will not break, split, smut or rust the clothes and will not tear the most delicate fabric in crowding on or taking off, like the old split pin, as it opens and closes over the clothes. It will not freeze or lock on the line by snow or ice as it can be spread at the top and let the ice out. An examination of the U. S. clothespin will demonstrate its superiority over all other devises for holding clothes on a line. This company was organized in August, 1887, and began business by manufacturing about fifteen gross of pins daily. Business has rapidl)^ increased and the company is now turning out one hundred and fift}^ gross per day — ten times the capacity at the start. The trade is in all parts of the United States, through jobbing houses and traveling salesman. The officers of the company are : Gen. Stephen Thomas, President ; Stephen T. Newcomb, Vice- President ; W. K. Sanderson, Secretary and Treasurer. R. C. BOWERS GRANITE CO. One of the most enterprising concerns in Montpelier is the R. C. Bowers Granite Co., importers and wholesale dealers in gran- ite, marble and statuary. This company was organized in Janu- ary, 1888, succeeding the firm of R. C. Bowers & Co. Its officers are : R. C. Bowers, President ; Fred. E. Smith, Vice-President ; F. L. Eaton, Treasurer ; H. A. Bowers, Secretar3\ The business of the R. C. Bowers Granite Co. extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific and is daily growing. The company' deals in sawed Ital- ian and Tennessee marble, statuan*', Scotch and American granite monuments, turned and pumice-finished work, galvanized ceme- 66 Verni07tt : Its Resotirces a7id Industries. tery enclosures, etc. ; and has buyers at Aberdeen, Scotland, and Carrara, Italy. The company handle all the famous American granites — Barre, Quincy and Concord, and execute monumental work and statues in the most artistic style. Special sculptors and draftsmen are constantly employed making new designs for patrons, and the work of the company shows that they take front rank in the business. That the methods of the company are appreciated by patrons is best illustrated by the fact that the rec- ord of 1888 shows double the volume anticipated. The company is progressive and keeps pace with the times. Its illustrated cat- alogue is valuable, and will be sent free on application. VERMONT METHODIST SEMINARY. The Vermont Methodist Seminary is charmingly situated on a broad plateau overlooking the Capital and Winooski Valley. The Seminary ranks high among New England educational institu- tions and, in 1884, celebrated its semi-centennial. The Newbury and Springfield Seminaries have been merged in the Montpelier VERMONT METHODIST SEMINARY. institution, which now has an endowment fund of nearly $50,000, and is in a most flourishing condition. The seminary edifice, built in 1872, is one of the best in the State. During the past winter the entire institution has been fitted for lighting by Montpelier. 67 electricit)^ This seminary is one of the most popular schools in Vermont. The attendance at the last fall term was 215, and the winter term, 205. During seven j^ears the .increase in attendance at the Vermont Methodist Seminary, has been over one hun- dred per cent. The Seminary has for its president, Rev. J. D. Beeman, through whose efforts much financial aid has been se- cured and many students entered on the rolls of the institution. Prof. E. A. Bishop is the Principal, and the high standing of the school is largely due to his efforts. Prof. D. S. Blanpied, a thoroughly competent person, is teacher of vocal and instrumental music, and pupils in this branch have an unusual advantage of- fered them for instruction and practice on a pipe organ which runs by water power. Among some of the advantages offered students attending the Vermont Methodist Seminar^^ may be enumerated : A location unsurpassed for healthfulness and natural beauty, large and pleasant buildings, a full corps of competent teachers, seven courses of study, the best Conservatory of Music outside of Bos- ton, a first-class art department, an excellent school of elocution, ten pianos and organs, including a pipe organ costing $2,500, and one of the best regulated and most thorough Christian schools in New England. While the scholarship is designed to be thorough, the moral and religious welfare of the students is a prominent feature of this school. LONG'S BOOKSTORE.— DAN' L F. LONG, Prop. This prominent and popular house was established many years ago, and the valuable stock carried embraces everything naturally demanded in Vermont's capital town. The store attracts trade from all the countr>' round about Montpelier, patrons finding here as fine and varied a stock as can be found in the State. The pro- prietor is Capt. Daniel F. Long, an authority on all matters per- taining to the book business. In the stock displayed will be found the latest works of popular authors, as well as all standard publications, magazines, periodicals, school books and school sup- plies, stationery and stationer's articles, all the cheaper editions of novels and scientific books, etc. Art and fanc}^ goods, pictures and frames, views of Montpelier and surroundings, the White Mountains and New England summer resorts are carried in large variety. A leading feature of Mr. Long's business is the manu- facture to order of fine blank books for insurance men, banks, offices, manufacturers, etc., and a large business is transacted in 68 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. this direction. Regular blank books, legal blanks, etc., are car- ried in stock, the assortment being probably the largest in the State. EXCELSIOR GRANITE CO. The works of this company are located near the Pioneer mills on Winooski River, alongside the Barre branch of the Central Vermont Railroad. The proprietors are Messrs. S. I. Staples and M. A. Copeland, who removed from North Adams here early in 1888. Supplies of rock are secured from the Barre quarries, and the firm manufacture everything in the line of cemetery and archi- tectural work. Beginning with but five men a little over a year ago, the business of this establishmenr rapidly increased, until to-day thirty-eight men are employed by the firm and a lack of room compels the concern to send much work to Barre for execu- tion. The trade of the firm is in Vermont and Massachusetts. Mr. Copeland, of the firm, is the selling man, and is almost con- stantly on the road, while Mr. Staples attends to ofiice business and the manufacturing. JOHNSON & COIvTON. This concern is among the largest manufacturers and jobbers of saddlery hardware in the State. The firm keeps in stock a full line of harness and harness-maker's supplies, and among their customers are the leading harness-makers in New England, New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore. Johnson & Colton make a speciality of gold, silver, brass and nickel plating. They possess facilities for doing all kinds of plating and employ a large number of skilled workmen in their business. There are but two estab- lishments ni the United States that do a larger nickel-plating bus- iness than Johnson & Colton. The firm do a large amount of plating lor New England harness-makers, and their trade extends from Maine to California. UNION CARD CO. Among the various industries of Montpelier whose products have a wide distribution stands the Union Card Co. , whose place of business is at No. 30 Main Street. This concern has been established about half a dozen years, and has built up a fine repu- tation. The company is owned and managed b}^ Charles F. Bus- well and transacts a large business, both at wholesale and retail, in fancy cards, embossed scrap-book pictures, salin novelties, etc. Montpelier. 69 The stock embraces everything in lithographic, steel plate, chromo and embossed cards in all the latest designs and shapes suitable for programme, gift or advertising purposes, and the trade of the company in this direction extends to all parts of the United States and Canada. The Union Card Co. also conduct an extensive printing establishment, and the products of this department reach a high degree of art. Indeed their facilities for commercial work, catalogues, pamphlets, etc. are the best ; the material is the latest, and the work sent out is of a superior character, both as regards originality and artistic effects. CAPITAL GRANITE CO. Montpelier is becoming quite a granite cutting town, and bids fair to greatly increase in this direction. Among the prominent establishments in the business here, is the Capital Granite Co., which was organized in September, 1887. The works are located on Barre street, and have the advantage of both lines of railroad running from Montpelier to Barre. in securing stock and in ship- ing finished products. The company use nothing but the best selected granite, and manufacture everything in the line of monu- mental work. Kmployment is given at present to about twenty hands, and the trade of the concern is in all sections. Mr. Thomas W. Eagan, a practical man at the business, is the man- ager of the company. S. W. CORSE— PHOTOGRAPHER. Mr. S. W. Corse has won considerable distinction in Montpelier and surrounding country as a landscape and portrait photographer. He has views in stock of all points of interest about Montpelier and his collection of negatives for this work is valuable. Mr. Corse is provided with all the latest apparatus and carries on every branch of photography, paying special attention to children's pictures. ®Ul^LIH©TONl- )URIvINGTON is the metropolis of Vermont, and the cap- ital of Chittenden Co.unty. The City derived its name from a Burling family, who were large grantees and own- ers of land hereabouts nearly a century and a quarter ago. Burlington stands first in population in the State, and is situated at the only point (with one or two unimportant excep- tions) where the railroad system of the State touches Lake Champlain, being the outlet of the rich valleys of the Winooski and Lamoille Rivers and the fertile counties of western Vermont. No city or village in New England States surpasses Burlington in beauty of location. The hills, upon whose gentle slope it is situated, rises gradually back from the lake front until its highest point is reached one mile from- the shore. The principal streets extend east and west, and are intersected by numerous others ex- tending north and south, cutting nearly the whole cit^'^ into regu- lar squares. Upon the highest point. College Hill, is situated the University'' of Vermont. From the northern part of the shore, a narrow neck of land extends into Lake Champlain, terminating in Appletree Point, south of which, extending to Rock Point, is Apple tree Bay. Rock Point, especially, is noted for its wild, picturesque aspect. It rises almost abruptly from the water, a bold, beetling, craggy, rock promontor>% nearly a hundred feet in height. In the course of time, the elements have wrenched huge crags and large bodies of rock from its sides, which have come crashing down to its base, where they now lie in a confused, pict- uresque pile, not unlike the ruins of some giant castle. About twenty feet from this mass, with a deep channel of water between them, rises Lone Rock, a solid mass of stone some forty feet in di- ameter, conical shaped, lifting its head to a height of twenty-five or thirty feet. South of this, extending to Red Rocks Point, is the broad, crescent-shaped Burlington Bay, with its long stretch of silvery-white sand beach, the finest harbor on the lake. About a mile south of Red Rocks Point, is Pettier' s Point, with the Vermo7it : Its Resources arid hidustries. 73 entrance to Shelburne Bay Ij'ing between them, extending south into Shelburne, and which may almost be termed an arm of Bur- lington Baj^ as it opens directly from it. The Winooski River forms the northern boundarj^ of Burlington. This river is a source of wealth to Burlington, furnishing, as it does, ample water power. Burlington was incorporated as a City in 1864. Previous to the incorporation the City was looked upon as a very prosperous vil- lage ; 5^et it had no village charter, although several attempts were made to procure one. The City has a population of about 16,000 inhabitants, and its population is rapidh^ increasing. This growth is legitimate, and comes through the natural advantages of location, beauty of situation, excellent rail and water communi- cation, the public spirit and intelligent enterprise of its citizens, and the excellence of its literarj^ and charitable institutions, and the fostering care they receive from a generous public, together with the harmonious relations between employers and emplo3'es. CITY HALL. Few cities of the size of Burlington have as many public im- provements and institutions. The citizens are proud of them and the good work they are doing ; and they are sure guarantees of the City's future advancement. Among these institutions, with 74 Buflington. a conservative estimate of their cost and fund, are the following ; University of Vermont, $500,000 ; Medical College, $50,000 ; Billings Library Building, $150,000 ; Vermont Episcopal Insti- tute, $90,000 ; St. Joseph's College, $25,000 ; Park Gallery of Art, $25,000 ; Fletcher Free Library', $50,000 ; Mary Fletcher Hospital, $450,000 ; Howard Relief Association, $60,000 ; Home for Destitute Children, $200,000 ; Young Men's Christian Associ- ation, $50,000 ; Howard Opera House, $100,000 ; Custom House, $40,000 ; City Hall, $30,000 ; Court House, $75,000 ; Providence Orphan Asylum, $100,000 ; Girl's School of Vermont Episcopal Institute, $80,000; Eake View Retreat, $30,000 ; Burlington Can- cer Relief, $20,000 ; Burlington Yacht Club House, $5,000 ; ten churches, $475,000 ; nine school buildings, $130,000. Burlington has public sewers, gas lights, electric lights, water service, fire hydrants, electric fire alarm, telephone system, free delivery of mail, street railway. The streets are regularly laid out and are beautifully shaded. Burlington has an energetic board of trade which is putting forth efforts to advance the interests of the City. Through the efforts of the Burlington board the Vermont State board of trade has located in this City. POST OFFICE AND COURT HOUSE. Vermont : lis Resources and Industries. 75 WATER WORKS. The water supph' of the City is ample and pure, the supply be- ing secured by. pumping. Substantial mains lead from two reser- voirs, with a capacity of 2,336,000 gallons, through all the streets. There are about thirty miles of mains and thirteen miles of service pipes. Throughout the City hydrants are located, the great force of the water precluding the necessity of fire engines, as hose has only to be attached to the hydrant when a powerful stream is thrown. TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES. Access to Burlington is- easy. The Central Vermont Railroad runs north and south, furiiishing a great through line from Boston and New England points to Montreal. The Central Vermont company operate about 800 miles of road, their system extending from Ogdensburgh, X. Y., Sherbroke and the St. Lawrence River in Canada, to Long Island Sound, and embracing in its ramifica- tions four States. The Burlington & Lamoille Railroad runs east to Cambridge Junction — thirty-five miles — from which point trains run over the St. Johnsbury & Lake Champlain Railroad to the White Mountains. The Champlain Transportation Co. has its headquarters in Burlington. This company operate the regular steamers on Lake Champlain and Lake George, and their boats furnish the popular and direct route to Saratoga, Troy, Albany and New York during the summer season, as well as a cross route between the White Mountains and the Adirondacks via Burling- ton. COMMERCE. As a commercial point, Burlington possesses many advantages. It is the natural distributing point for a large area, and, as a con- sequence, several large wholesale houses are located here. The many advantages possessed for business are summed up b}^ a writer as follows : " Its favorable position, midwa}' between the north and south ends of I^ake Champlain, and the communication with ever}' place of importance on its shores by means of daily lines of steamers, taken in connection with the fact that Burling- ton has no formidable competitor for the lake trade, tends to make the whole region of the Champlain valley tributar}^ to her in the way of business. Then, her connection by river and canal with Montreal, the Ottawa River, and the great West on the one hand, and with New York, Albany, etc., on the other, and the lines of 76 Burlington. railway which centre here from all these points, as well as from Boston and other eastern cities, afford unusual facilities for the transaction of an extended business." The wholesale business of Burlington aggregates $7,445,000 yearly. Of this amount, ^3,970,000 is general merchandise. The amount of capital in- vested in wholesale business here is $3,076,060, and the number of hands employed is 1,350, to whom $41,825 are paid in wages monthly. The retail trade of Burlington aggregates $2,630,000 yearly, and the capital invested is $682,000. There are 471 persons em- ployed. The dry goods interest leads in retail business, with cap- ital invested, $335,000, and annual sales, $1,360,300. MANUFACTURBS. The manufacturing interests of Burlington are extensive and based upon them is the City's chief source of prosperity. The amount of capital invested in manufacturing here is $1,667,000, and the value of annual products $3,237,500. The number of employes is 1700 to whom about $53,000 are paid in monthly wages. HOME FOK DESTITUTE CHILDREN. 78 Burlington. FINANCIAI,. Burlington has two National Banks with an aggregate capital of $800,000; and two savings banks and trust companies with de- posits amounting to $2,250,000. LUMBER. The lumber interests are the most extensive of any in Burling- ton. Indeed, Burlington stands the fourth city in the distribution of lumber in the nation. At the present time there are six large firms engaged in the lumber business in Burlington with an aggregate capital of $4,000,000. The amount of lumber handled by these firms exceeds 150,000,000 feet annually, and the number of men employed is about 1000, to which must be added 400 more, if we consider the box-making, door, sash and blind manufac- tories and other industries so closely allied to the lumber business as to be almost a part of it. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. The public buildings of Burlington are all substantial, well- built structures. The County Court House is located on Main Street. It is an elegant building, two stories high, with a man- sard roof, built of cut and hammered stone. The City Hall is located at the southeastern corner of the Public Square. It is 80x80 feet, v/ith a basement, which is built of stone, the other two stories being brick with stone trimmings. The basement is used for a police ofiice, shops and stores, the first story for the City of- fices, and the upper floor for the hall. The U. S. Custom House and Post Ofl&ce stands at the southeast corner of Main and Church Streets. It is of brick, iron and stone, and is fire-proof ; only the doors, base-boards, and the floors of the upper story are made of wood. CHURCHES. ■ Burlington is liberally supplied with churches, erected at an aggregate outlay of some $475,000. The following denominations are represented here by organized congregations, with church ed- ifices, stationed pastors, established Sunday Schools and other agencies for evangelical and missionary work : Two Congrega- tional churches, Unitarian, Methodist, and two Baptist churches, Episcopal, and in the Catholic denomination, St. Mary's Cathe- dral and St. Joseph's (French). The stone edifice belonging to the latter society has just been completed, and is said to be the Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. 79 largest church building in the State. Besides these mentioned, the Baptists have a French mission chapel, and there is a Jewish synagogue. SCHOOLS. The educational facilities afforded to the people of Burlington are of the highest standard and they help to make it a most attractive and desirable place of residence. Here are located the buildings of the University of Vermont, with its academical, agricultural and medical departments. The standard of the institution is of the highest classical order and the medical depart- ment is one of the very few colleges of the kind in this country whose diploma is recognized in Kurope. There are usually nearly 500 students in attendance and the catalogue shows a most com- HKiH SCHOOL r.lIIJJiXO. prehensive- course of study. The Vermont Episcopal Institute, charmingly situated about two miles from the City Hall, on a point of land overlooking the city and bay, is controlled by the diocese of Vermont. Instruction is given in all the elementary branches of study and the military training is of great help in the thorough discipline of the mind and body for which thc^'^chool has lone been noted. 8o Burlington. Bishop Hopkins' Hall, a school for girls under charge of the diocese, was opened in the Autumn of 1888, a description of which will be found elsewhere in this work. The public schools are thoroughly graded, the work systematized and in the hands of a corps of experienced and efl&cient teachers, graduates of some of the best training schools and colleges. Nearly all the buildings are good, substantial structures, well warmed, lighted and ventilated, and the rooms are well supplied with profitable helps to efficient instruction. Burlington claims that its public schools are unsurpassed by those of any city of its size. The schools, free to all, attract the children of wealthy citizens as well as of the poorer and less favored. St. Joseph's College, belonging to the Catholic denomination, has a large number of young men in attendance and has obtained a high reputation for the thoroughness of its course of study. St. Mary's Academy furnishes higher education for young ladies. The Roman Catholic denominational schools of the city are free schools, but the money for their support is supplied by the Catholic church. PARKS. Burlington is well favored with public parks, and possesses in Public Square, around which are the hotels and public buildings, one of the best parks in New England. In the north part of the City is Battery Park, on a bluff", overlooking I^ake Champlain. During the war of 1812, when the English menanced Plattsburgh, the public stores were removed to Burlington, and a battery was placed upon the site of Battery Park, hence the name. THE PRESS. The influence of a vigorous, able and elevated press would be readily inferred in connection with such a public-spirited City as Burlington. The facts fully bear out the inference. Nor is the press influence limited to the immediate City, but extends to all parts of the State. The Burlington Free Press and Tif)ies is the leading daily paper of the State, and is Republican in politics. The weekly /v-^^ Press is issued by the same company — the Free Press Association. The Association spares no expense or pains to make its papers the most newsy and reliable, and they con- sequently possess great influence. The Burlington Clipper, week- ly, is a Republican clipper-rigged paper and sails to the heart of all new gftid topics of interest. The Burlington Independent is a Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. 8 1 Democratic weekly, and a good exponent of the principles of its party. The University Cynic is a college paper, issued monthly, UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT. College Hill is the highest point of land in the City, and is 300 feet above the lake. Upon it is situated the University of V' er- mont, from whose observatory a view may be obtained of the beautiful surrounding scenery. On the east rise the Green Mountains, Mansfield and Camel's Hump, in full view from base to summit, with a fine sweep of open countr>^ between. On the north is the valley of the Winooski, and of Lake Champlain stretching north to St. Albans Bay, while on the south the hill sinks away and leaves in sight Shelburne Bay, with its pict- uresque shores. On the west, the sweep of the eye takes in the gentle slope of the City to the lake shore, the bay, Pottier's, Red Rocks, Rock and Appletree Points, and between the City and the opposite shore, ten miles distant, one of the broadest parts of Lake Champlain, reflecting the mountains and flecked with the shadows of clouds, gemmed with the green isles. Juniper and Four Broth- ers, while the Adirondacks sink into the horizon beyond, stretch- ing north and .south for nearly a hundred miles, Old Whiteface "heaving high his forehead bare" behind the frontier of peaks right opposite, and Mount Marcy and his tall companion on the southwest, with the tracks of land-slides marked in white on their blue sides. Immediately below, from the front of the college green, extend the broad, well-kept streets, leading to the lake front, where acres upon acres of land have been made by filling in along the shore, and the whole is now covered by immense lumber yards, large mills and extensive wharfing. . No University in the United States can boast of a finer site than belongs to this venerable institution, which was chartered in 1791. The original college building was erected in 1801, instruction in the president's house having been given for a few years previous. In the course of the war of 181 2- 15 the college edifice was taken by the government, to be used first as an arsenal, and finally for barracks. This compelled a suspension of the institution until September, 181 5. In 1824 this building was burned with the library and apparatus, and on the 29th of June, 1825, the corner- stone of the present edifice was laid by General LaFayette. The medical department of the college was organized in 1821. Much benefit was bestowed upon the medical college by the gen- erous deed of Miss Marj^ Fletcher in foimding and endowing, at Vermont : lis Resources and Industries. 83 an expense of a quarter of a million, a free hospital which bears her name, and which is located just back of the University build- ings. A new medical college, the gift of the late John P. Howard, accommodating 300 students, was completed in 1885, and a mag- nificent lib rary building — Billings Library— costing $125,000, and BILLIEGS LIBRARY BUILDING. . built in the Romanesque style of architecture, the gift of Hon. Frederick Billings, of Woodstock, Vt. , was completed during the same year. The library contains over 20,000 volumes and is ac- cessible to the public, under certain restrictions, as is also the Park Gallery of Art, in which is a choice collection of paintings, statuarj^ etc., and the Museum, which contains over 80,000 speci- mens. On the spacious park in front of the University has been erected, by the munificence of the late J. P. Howard, a bronze statute of LaFayette (who laid the corner-stone of the main University building in 1825) the work of the sculptor, J. Q. A. Ward, at a cost of $25,000. FLETCHER FREE LIBRARY. In 1873, Mrs. Mary L. Fletcher, with her daughter. Miss Mary Fletcher, gave to the Citj' of Burlington, $20,000 for the founding of a City Library. The City government accepted the gift and assumed the charge of the library, and have ever since shown a 84 Burlington. wise care of, and made generous appropriations for it, as an im- portant means to public education and a credit to the City. The .library contains 15,000 volumes and is accessible to everj'body under slight restrictions. HOME FOR DESTITUTE CHILDREN To the south of the City is located the Home for Destitute Children, founded in 1865 through the efforts of Miss Lucia T. Wheeler. A nucleus of the building was erected by the United States government as a Marine Hospital, and was finished in 1858. It was occupied during the' late civil war as a military hospital. MEDICAL COLLEGK. Vermont : lis Resources and Industries. 85 Ten acres of ground surround the Home. The property was se- cured from the government in 1866, and fitted up at a cost of 530,000. The institution is maintained hy a permanent fund of $50,000, and the magnificent Howard Opera House and block which cost over $100,000. ST. JOSEPH'S ORPHAN ASYLUM. St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum, a Roman Catholic institution, was established in 1854 and incorporated in 1865. The asylum receives destitute orphans, educates them, and as soon as possible furnishes them with suitable homes. ETHAN AELEN MONUMENT. Green Mount Cemeter>' attracts thousands of visitors every year, not particularly on account of its beaut}-, though a beautiful spot it is, and not to obtain a glance at the magnificent view it affords, but to gaze upon a magnificent monument, which marks the spot where rest the re- mains of one of Vermont's greatest patriots and heroes, Ethan Allen. The monument was completed in 1873, the exercises attend- ing its unveiling occuriang July 4th of that year. The monument is of Barre granite, the base of the pedestal being eight feet square on the ground, and consists of two steps of granite, on which rests a die of solid granite six feet square, in the four faces of which are set panels of white mar- ble bearing the inscriptions. Above the pedestal rises a tuscan shaft of granite four and one-half feet in diameter and forty- two feet high. Upon its capital, on a base bear- ing the word " Ticonderoga," stands a he- roic statue of Allen, eight feet four inches high, modeled by Peter Stephenson, sculp- tor, of Boston, and cut in Italy, intending to represent Allen as he appeared on that eventful moment when he demanded the surrender of the fort "in the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress." The monument is protected by a fence of original design, the corner posts of which are iron cannon, and MONUMENT. 86 Burlington. the pales are muskets, with bayonets, resting on a base of cut granite. The inscriptions are as follows : West face. — " Vermont to Ethan Allen, born in Litchfield, Ct., loth Jan. A. D. 1737, died in Burlington, Vt., 12th Feb. A. D. 1789, and buried near the site of this monument." North face. — "The leader of the Green Mountain Boj^s in the surprise and capture of Ticonderoga which he demanded in the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress." East face. — "Taken prisoner in a daring attack on Montreal, and transported to England, he disarmed the purpose of his enemy by the respect which he inspired for the Rebellion and the Rebel. ' ' South face. — " Wielding the pen as well as the sword, he was the sagacious and intrepid defender of the New Hampshire grants and master spirit in the arduous strviggle which resulted in the sovereignty and independence of this State." YACHTING. Yachting has ' grown to be an important feature on Eake Champlain, with Burlington as its head-centre. The magnifi- cent lake, here ten miles wide, supplies conditions so favorable to this form of recreation, that yachting has become very popular, the amusement spre'ading to other parts of the lake. The Lake LAKE C'HAMPL.VIN YACHT CLUB HOUSK. Burlington. 87 Champlain Yacht Club, with headquarters at Burlington, was organized in May, 1887. The organization partakes of the nature of a stock company and its members include some of the most prominent men in Vermont as well as many in the larger cities. The aim of the club is the holding of a grand international inland yacht regatta each autumn, in which all the prominent yachtmen of America will be represented. With this end in view the ladies of Burlington have arranged for the purchase of a cup to be known as the Ladies' Challenge Cup, costing ^500, to be competed for during each regatta. The organization has erected, at the foot of College Street, near the Central Vermont Depot, an elaborate club house costing about $6,000, an illustration of which appears on opposite page. The structure is two stories high with a promenade running entirely around the building at the second story, and a roomy lookout upon the roof The club house has its reception rooms, parlors, reading rooms, etc. ROCK POINT. Rock Point is already mentioned for its wild, picturesque aspect. The propertj' belongs to the Vermont Episcopal Institute and embraces one hundred acres. The lovely view Rock Point affords of the lake, the cit}^ the Green and Adirondack Mountains sur- passes its own picturesqueness. Upon this property is the brick residence of the late Bishop Hopkins, also the large Institute building and Bishop Hopkins' Hall, the valuation of the property belonging to the corporation and the endowment funds exceeding $200,000. Both the Institute building and Bishop Hopkins' Hall were erected from specimens of marble found upon the propert5^ 'The Institute is of the collegiate Gothic style of architecture, of the same general character as prevails in the English universities of Oxford and Cambridge. The building itself, with its deeply recessed windows and doors, tall projecting tower, and walls flanked with buttresses, presents an appearance which is univer- sallj- considered grand and impressive. Bishop Hopkins' Hall is in architecture a collegiate or academ- ical Gothic, with steep roofs, gables, a cupola and central tower over the stair projection, treated in forms of massive basement stone walls, principal story, stone walls with corners laid in a whitish stone in regular bond. The side wings have the story below the roof treated in shingles, and the chapel end has its Gothic windows, projecting up into this shingle work, margined 88 Ver77io7it : Its Resozirces and Industries. around with stoue. The tower is arranged so that a very exten- sive and beautiful prospect can be viewed from it for miles in every direction, and it also performs the important oflBce of supporting and enclosing a tank for the water supply. Looking at the build- ing from either side, the drive or lawn or lake, it will ever be taken for just what it is, a church educational edifice. The site is most beautiful, a rocky promontory soon after entering the grounds on which the building sets, is some twenty feet higher than the meadow lawn, i,ooo feet wide, stretching in front and bounded by a fi-inge of trees on a brow of another descent which curtains the lake shore so that the southern prospect overlooks the beauti- ful City and bay of Burlington and the.waters of L,ake Champlain for 20 miles or more, embracing at a single glance Shelburne Point, Bay and Village, Rock Dunder, Split Rock light house, Quaker Smith's Point, Juniper Island, the Four Brothers and the Village of Essex, N. Y. In the distance, in plain view upon the right, may be seen the numerous ranges of the Adirondacks, and upon the left, the highest peaks of the Green Mountain Range, Camel's Hump and Mount Mansfield. HOWARD OPERA HOUSE, This handsome building, located at the corner of Bank and Church Streets, is of pressed brick, sixty-four feet in height, 175 feet long and 75 feet wide. The auditorium has a capacity for seating 1,165 persons, is beautifully furnished and decorated, and has a stage 74x30 feet. The building cost over $100,000, and was erected by the late John P. Howard. Mr. Howard gave the house to the Home for Destitute Children. Y. M. C. A. BUILDING. The Young Men's 'Christian Association has nearly completed an imposing structure on one of the finest sites in the City. It has a frontage of 1 14 feet on Church Street and 95 feet on College Street, the two leading business streets in town, and has its two other sides on Public Square. The building is of brick with brown sand-stone trimmings, four stories high. The ground floor contains five stores. The northeast corner of the block, 32x55 feet, is owned by Mr. S. Huntington, and is built in connection with the rest of the building. All of the room in the upper stories, except the Huntington corner, belongs to the Association. The main entrance is on College Street, where a stairway eight feet wide leads to the second story. The building is admirably Burlington. 89 ^aET: arranged for the uses of the Association, and is an ornament to the City, THE VERMONT LIFE INSURANCE CO. This company was organized in October, 1868, and on January I, 1869, began business. Its organizers were some of the best known and highly respected men in the State, and the company received at the outset the most emphatic assurances of success. It is now in the hands of the best men in Burlington, who are steadily pushing forward and taking good care of its business. In 1877 the company erected its own building for office purposes, an ,^. illustration of which is presented on this page. The Vermont Life Insurance Co. has a paid-up capital of $100,000 ; its gross assets are $360,989.12; and the number of policies in force 2,678, insuring $1,996,358. The company does business in all parts of New Eng- land, in Pennsylvania and Illinois ; and the record of its transactions for 1888 shows an increase of 100 per cent, in the gross business of the company. The stability of the Vermont Life depends more upon its age, conservatism and caution thati to any other cause. All haz- ardous risks are avoided, and unlike many other leading life companies, its aim has not been to increase its business at any risk, but rather to afford the most reliable insurance at the least expense. The officers of the company are : William H. Hart, President ; C. M. Spauldiug, Vice-President ; C. R. Turrill, Secretary; E. W. Bushnell, Supt. of Agencies. A. P. Grinnell, M. D., J. B. Wheeler, M. D., and L. M. Bingham. M. D., are medical counsel. The directory is composed of Torrey E. Wales, Samuel Hunting- ton, James A. Shedd, Russell S. Taft, Jo D. Hatch, F. C. Kennedy, Daniel Roberts, W. W. Henr3^ Wm. A. Crombie. Edward Bar- low, Joel H. Gates, J. C. Dunn, T. A. Hopkins, C. M. Spauld- ing, Elihu B. Taft, Edwin Wheelock, William H. Hart, C. W. 90 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. Carter, D. W. Robinson, George H. Morse, Robert Roberts, Walter Carpenter, while the executive committee embraces Dan- iel Roberts, Jo D. Hatch, C. M. Spaulding, James A. Shedd and Edward Barlow. The Vermont Life issues every desirable form of life and endowment policy ; and, in fact, has originated several forms which are in great favor. The installment bond and life rate endowment plans of this company may be said to combine the advantages of a deposit in a savings bank, with those of an insurance policy, and entail such trifling expense as to be within the reach of all. The company issues policies on the yearly indemnity plan ; also policies for $ioo, or more, which offer the same advantages that the larger policies contain. The company issues a variety of circulars setting forth the advantages and char- acteristics of each plan with the cost, which will be sent free on application. THE VAN NESS HOUSE. This hotel, named in honor of Gov. Cornelius Van Ness, is a large four-story brick building, located at the corner of Main and St. Paul Streets, facing the beautiful Public Square. Its rooms are large and airy, many being e7i suite, with several fine parlors. The whole is tastefully furnished, and the house is supplied with an elevator, bath rooms, electric lights,. and every modern conven- THE VAN NESS HOUSE, Burlington. 91 ience for the comfort of its guests. Fire escapes and the Grinnell automatic sprinklers insure protection to g-uests from the ravages of the fire fiend. The Van Ness is suppHed with a wealth of piazza, and aflfords fine views of the City, Lake Champlain and the surrounding mountains, from its rooms, and a promenade upon the roof. During the summer the Van Ness is generally filled with tourists doing the White Mountains, Lake Champlain, Ausa- ble Chasm and the Adirondacks, who find much of interest in the City and who can profitably spend a week or more here in sight- seeing and recreation. In the ofl5ce of the hotel are telegraph and news oifices, etc. The American House, one of the old land-marks of the town, stands on the opposite corner from the Van Ness, and is under the same management. It occupies the site of the residence of Gov. Van Ness, and man}' historical incidents and episodes are con- nected with it ; not the least of which, perhaps, is that Gen. La- Fa3-ette, during his visit to Burlington in 1825, held a levee in one of its parlors. The room is still used as a parlor, and remains to- day essentially in the same condition that it was on that eventful ' evening — the same windows, doors, wainscotting, and mahtles, nothing materially changed except the furniture. The Van Ness and American Hotels combined accommodate 500 people. They are under the proprietorship of Lieutenant-Gov- ernor Woodbury. L. S. Drew and H. N. Clark are managers. Their experience as hotel men is extensive and the general popu- larity of the hotels extends to all parts of the country. LAKE VIEW RETREAT. This is a stricth' .private institution for ner\'0us and mental diseases, and is conducted on the family plan. The inmates are members of the family and are given all the libert}^ consistent with the greatest good. The close seclusion and restraint necessary in large public asylums is largely done away with here. During the pleasant season out-door life is largely entered into by ever3'bod3^ This consists of taking the beautiful carriage drives about Burling- ton, the many delightful boat excursions on the lake, games and walks, etc. There are from eight to twelve inmates, and as far as possible undesirable ones are not taken. Care is taken to exclude people of low morals, so common in public asylums. For cases which, in the judgment of the physician, may require it, special nurses are provided, whose special work is to care for his or her pa- tient, and there is a good list of experienced nurses on hand to 92 Vermo7it : Its Resources and Industries. \^^W-^\ ^M 1 P <■ • — draw from. Dr. John M. Clark, the proprietor, has had seventeen years actual experience in the treatment of and living with the in- sane, and the per cent, of cures at the Lake View Retreat has been very large, owing to the small number, care and treatment. Lake View Retreat enjoys the finest situation and is the best adapted building for the purpose of any private institution in New England. It is situated upon a bluff, containing about ten acres, reaching to the shore of Lake Champlain, and affords an extended view of the lake and the Adirondack Mountains beyond, while on the other hand, a fine view of the Green Mountains is obtained. The location, in a sanitary point of view, cannot be excelled. The soil is sandy, and the air is always pure. Especial attention is paid to ventilation and drainage, and there is an abundant supply of city water. The building is three stories, very substantially built of stone and brick, with high walls and large sunny windows, with steam heat in every room, and containing the modern con- veniences for the care and comforts of its inmates. The grounds about the house are divided into lawn, grove and garden. Com- munications should be addressed. Dr. John M. Clark, Lake View Retreat, Burlington, Vt. Burlington. 93 , ; > ■ I ■ 'ii' • > i • 1 1 ■ rrnr i mm I'g JrT P, 1 1 1 u 1 1 Vt ra-rft-^a^^Xj^ IViiiii •■■III lii^n I Mil I ■■■■iiiiiii-Mnii "r. I ^" .a»«9»l jTO-Jnui ' i LLiiini iiiint i!iiin.ii.j:?^J ii'trri^^! 'jj^-^^^ j j p ,^^^^7. .--,-.■ ,,..,,. f..|J * , • 1^%. ,i.^^-,:^^ BURLINGTON AND COLCHESTER MILLS. The subjects of the foregoing illustration are one of the leading industries of the State. The commencement of this enterprise, in 1835, by a coterie of Burlington business men, marked an era in the industry of this part of our State in which every resident takes local pride, as it demonstrates not only great business sagacity, but unusual courage for persons to embark in an industry which was so little understood as the manufacture of fine woolens was at that time. Nevertheless, the determination and courage of the promoters was fully demonstrated by the fact that they erected a building and expended for machiners' and the development of power, a large sum of money — probably exceeding $200,000 — at that early period, and, although not eminently successful in a financial sense, yet this enterprise has largely contributed to the prosperity and development in this country in illustrating the difficulties attending manufacturers at that early date of our his- 94 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. tory. From the first structure that was erected no material addi- tions were made until this property passed into the hands of the Burlington Woolen Company, in 1861, since which time it has been materially enlarged in the woolen department, and the plant known as the Colchester Mills, operated and managed as a sepa- rate corporation ; established in 1880, which is developing products that were not previously made in this country, although a portion of its product is quite commonly produced. These mills have been under the management of the Burlington Woolen Company and Colchester Mills respectively, without interruption, except by the death of the president, which office is at present filled by Mr. Joseph Sawyer, 31 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Mass. The present agent, Mr. F. C. Kennedy, of Burlington, has filled that position since the organization of the corporation,' and is now general manager and financial agent of both corporations. Mr. Thomas F. Patterson, the treasurer of these mills, succeeded Mr. Sawyer, at the time he was made president. The specialties of these mills are known throughout the country as fabrics of a high class, and include fabrics for fine uniform cloths which are extensively used by municipalities, palace car lines, railroad corporations, etc. The company also manufacture fine kerseys, cassimeres, ladies' dress goods, cloak- ings and fine billiard cloths ; while in the Colchester Mills, which are devoted to the manufacture of yarns for underwear and hosiery, the finest combed cotton and finest combed wool or merino yarns are produced, which are sold to knitters in all parts of the country. These mills are managed under a policy that is broad and comprehensive, both as to their own particular pros- perity, and of all legitimate accompanying enterprises. They have never curtailed production but twice during the management of the present company, and then only for a brief period. In view of this fact the surrounding enterprises look upon these corpora- tions as among the most reliable of any in the State. THE WELIvS & RICHARDSON CO. Burlington's most widelj^ known business house, the Wells & Richardson Co., manufacturing pharmacists and wholesale drug- gists, began business in this City as successors to the old house of Henry & Co., in 1872, Edward Wells, A. E. Richardson and W. J. Van Patten forming the partnership. The present name was adopted in 1883, when the company was incorporated. The firm advertise extensively, and has undoubtedly done more than Burlington. 95 any other house to spread the name and fame of Burlington for the specialties they manufacture — " Diamond Dyes." " Paine's Celery Compound," "Lactated Food," " Improved Butter Color," and ' ' Kidney Wort, ' ' have become standard articles in all parts of the world. Their branch houses in Canada, England and Australia, are doing a constantly increasing business, showing most conclusively that goods manufactured by a Burlington firm can compete successfully with the manufactures of either pro- tection or free trade countries. Probably there are but lew of the readers of this work who have not used one or more of Wells & Richardson Co.'s specialties. 96 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. SHKPARD & MORSE I.UMBER CO. This concern, one of the foremost in Burlington, owns extensive timber lands in Michigan and Canada, yards and wharfage at the great distributing points of the country, and mills at Saganaw, Tonawanda and Burlington. The company was established in 1878, its officers being Otis Shepard, of Boston, President and General Manager'; H. S. Shepard, of Boston, Treasurer ; George H. Morse and W. A. Crombie, Resident Managers, Burlington. SHEPARD & MORSE LUMBER CO. S PLANING MILLS. The directory of the company embraces all of the above named gentlemen and James MacLaren, Buckingham, P. Q., and H. B. Shepard, Boston. The company's facilities, both for reception and shipment of stock, are extensive. Adjacent to its mills here, it owns twenty-five acres of yards with a total capacity of 30,000,- 000 of feet and a dock frontage on I^ake Champlain of 4,000 feet, Burlington. 97 at which, from thirty to thirty-five vessels can discharge at one time. The company's planing mills allow the dressing of 40,000,- 000 feet of lumber 3'early, and the annual transactions involve the handling of 120,000,000 feet. The aggregate sales of the Shepard & Morse Lumber Co'., at its various points, reach $3,000,000 yearly, and its employes number between 500 and 600. The offices of the company are located at the foot of College Street, Burlington ; at i Liberty Square, Boston, and 82 Wall Street, New York. W. H. LANG, GOODHUE & CO. This firm, located at 160 Lake Street, is one of the leading establishments of its kind in the country. The firm are hydraulic engineers and contractors for complete systems of water works for cities and towns, and manufacture hydraulic elevators and presses, steam fire engines, pulp machinery, horse nail machinery' ; and are dealers in stationary and portable engines and boilers, water wheels and motors and all mill and machine supplies. The estab- lishment has been in existence about a third of a century, the present firm succeeding the house of B. S. Nichols & Co. three years ago. As hydraulic engineers and contractors for the erection of water works, \V. H. Lang, Goodhue & Co. take a leading position, and the importance of this house makes it one of the first manufactur- ing industries of Burlington, as its line of operation requires ex- tensive capital, perfect facilities, and a mechanical executive ability, possessed by few firms. Tribute to the firm's skill was paid bj' the City of Burlington in 1888, when W. H. Lang, Good- hue & Co. built a new reservoir for the City water works, with a capacity of 4,000,000 gallons, and the}- are now rebuilding the old reservoir belonging to the City, increasing its capacity to 3,000,000 gallons, thus giving the Burlington water works a storage capacity of 7,000,000 gallons. W. H. Lang, Goodhue & Co have erected water works in all parts of the country. Those in operation at Lebanon, N. H., Swanton, Vt., Saranac Lake, N. Y., as well as in many other places in New Hampshire, New York and the West, were built hy this firm. The pumping engines and hydraulic machinerj' of W. H. Lang, Goodhue & Co.'s manufacture, go to all parts of the country-, and this fact speaks volumes in favor of its efficacy. The facilities of the firm are as perfect as ample capital and a thorough knowledge of the business can afford, and they are able to construct all machinery Vermont : lis Resources and Industries. within their line most advantageously. The extent of the busi- ness frequently calls for the employment of 150 men. THE BURLINGTON FREK PRESS. The Burlington Free Press is one of the "most famous provincial newspapers in America. Its . growth during the past few years, considering the size of its place of publication and its surroundings, was unprecedented. It is clearly the best and most progressive newspaper printed in the United States in any city as small as Burlington. It has become widely known as a represen- t a t i V e newspaper, and was placed in the list of the ' ' one hun- dred best newspapers in America, ' ' recently compiled by the New York Sim, the only paper in the list which is printed in so small a city. The news columns of the Free Press furnish a daily record of all the important events of the world. Its connection with the Associated Press brings it into imme- diate communication with every place to A'hich telegraph lines and ocean cables ex- tend. It is the aim of the management to make its columns a faithful record of all the news worth printing and to keep up its standard as a high-toned family newspaper. The Free Press has recently made Burlington. 99 an important addition to its mechanical equipment, which gives it appliances equal in completeness to those of the daily papers of the large cities. This addition consists of a Scott web-perfecting press, with stereot^'ping outfit and folding attachment. This press prints from a continuous roll of paper and is capable of com- pleting 12,000 papers an hour. With these new appliances in its newspaper department, its well-equipped job department, and its entire office lighted by its own electric light plant with duplicate dynamos, and heated by a hot air system with a blower, using exhaust steam from the boiler of its own engine, the Free Press is undoubtedly warranted in claiming "to have the most complete and best equipped establishment of its kind in Vermont." As a newspaper the Free Press is high-minded, clean in its tone, pro- gressively Republican in its politics, and on the right side of all the public questions of the day. In short, the Free Press aims to be a live, nineteenth century newspaper, w^orthy the patronage of intelligent and progressive people. SKILLINGS, WHITNEYS & BARNES LUMBER CO. This business was started by Lawrence Barnes in 1856. He soon associated with him, D. N. Skillings, of Boston, Mass., and Charles and David Whitney, Jr., of Lowell, -and the concern was known as Lawrence Barnes & Co., at Burlington, Vt., Montreal, P. O., and Whitehall, N. Y., D. N. SkilHngs & Co., Boston! Mass., C. & D. Whit- ney, Jr., & Co., at Albany and Ogdens- burg, N. Y.. Detroit. Michigan, and Lowell, Mass. It was later known at all of the different places as Skillings, Whitney Bros. & Barnes. The present company was organized in 1S78, and the present officers are : David Whitney, President, Detroit, - Mich.; H.L.Tibbetts, Treasurer, Boston, Mass.; D. N. Skillings, Secretary, Boston, Mass.; W. L. Proctor, lOo Vertnont : Its Resources and Industries. Manager at Ogdensburg, N. Y.; D. W. Robinson, Manager at Burlington. The above gentlemen also form the board of direct- ors of the company. They, and the large corps of men associated with them, are live, active business men, and, with their large capital and connections, are able to carry and contract large blocks of lumber of every description for their domestic and export trade. Their principal oflBce is at 45 Kilby Street, Boston, with yards and large planing mills at Ogdensburg, N. Y., and Burlington. They also ship from their stocks of lumber direct from Canada, Michigan and the South. HOWARD NATIONAlv BANK. No financial corporation in Vermont can point to a more satis- factory record of usefulness, conservative growth and stability than the Howard National Bank of Burlington. Its career has been a prosperous one and its careful yet liberal management has placed it in the front rank in the commercial world. The bank is located at the corner of Church and College Streets, in its own building. The Howard National Bank was incorporated in 1870, and has a capital of $300,000. At this writing its deposits are $400,000 ; its loans and 'discounts, $600,000 ; and its surplus and undivided profits, $80,000, while its total resources amount to $825,000. The Bank is ably ofiicered, as follows : F. M. Van Sicklen, President ; C. M. Spaulding, Vice-President ; F. H. Fisher, Cashier ; F. M. Kendall, Assistant Cashier. Directors — F. M. Van Sicklen, C. M. Spaulding, Joel H. Gates, Edward Wells and D. W. Robin-, son. The board of directors embrace citizens of the highest busi- ness and social standing in Vermont, who take an active part in the management of the affairs of the institution. To this fact may be attributed its remarkable growth and success. Mr. F. M. Van Sicklen, the president, and Mr. C. M. Spaulding, the vice-presi- dent are retired merchants, Mr. Joel H. Gates is president of the Burlington Cotton Mills ; Mr. Edward Wells is president of the Wells & Richardson Co. ; and Mr. D. W. Robinson is manager of the Skillings, Whitneys & Barnes Lumber Co. The cashier, Mr. F. H. Fisher, is a courteous gentleman, who imderstands every detail of banking business. The Howard National trans- acts a legitimate banking business, and is a recognized exponent of those great cardinal principles which underlie the fabric of the business world, and a thorough representative of the best and most conservative banking methods in existence. Burlington. lOI T. S. PECK— INSURANCE AGENT. The insurance agencj' of Gen. T. S. Peck, of Burlington, is very widelj^ known. It transacts a large amount of insurance throughout Vermont, Northern New York and Canada, and deserv'edly holds a front rank among New England agencies. The agency represents all the leading classes of insurance, fire, life and accident, also steam boiler, plate glass and surety insur- ance, representing upwards of $300,000,000. In all of these classes the high character and perfect reliability of the agency have won it a multitude of friends. In adjusting losses by fire the agency has always been remarkably prompt, and has never had zxiy but the most satisfactory^ relations with its patrons. In life insurance Gen. Peck places a large amount with the popular and reliable National Life at Montpelier and the Vermont Life of this City. peck's block, college street. Burlington. 103 In accident insurance he represents the well-known Travelers Accident Co., of Hartford, Conn. He carries a large amount of steam boiler insurance, and insures against the breakage of plate- glass ; and is the agent of the American Suretj' Co., of New York, having over $1,300,000 assets. He sells this company's bonds to officers of banks, treasurers of corporations, etc. This agency has one especial feature — that of insuring ladies and gentlemen in any part of the country by correspondence. By sending name and age, blanks are sent, the patron's own physician makes the medical examination, and the polic}' is forwarded, the entire transaction being done by letter. LYMAN & ALLEN— DRY GOODS. This firm possess the distinctive features of the largest trade in its line, the largest and most comprehensive stock, and the finest store in Vermont. It was established in 1848, when Mr. Edward Lj^man, the head of the house, entered into partnership with Mr. Elias Lyman under the firm name of E. & E. Lyman. At the end of three years Edward Lyman purchased his partner's interest and continued business alone until August, 1868, at the same stand, the Lyman Block, corner of Church and College Streets. In 1868, Mr. Lyman admitted to an interest in the firm, Mr. Heman W. Allen, a clerk, whose wide acquaintance, high char- acter and business qualities had made him of great ser^dce. The firm now became Lyman & Allen, and under this name, its repu- tation has extended through all avenues of trade in this State, Northern New York, the Champlain Valley, and wherever Bur- lington is at all known. In 1879, the firm moved to its present spacious and elegant quarters in the Howard Opera House Block, occupying a large double store. In 1885, Mr. F. D. Abernethy was admitted to an interest in the firm. He had previously' been six years a clerk in the employ of Lyman & Allen. The store of this firm is a pleasant one to visit. It is spacious and air}-, and the tasteful display of choice goods makes the handsomest of decorations. The clerks are ladies and gentlemen and have the appearance of being in the service of considerate employers, and of enjoying their work. The business of Lyman & Allen is both wholesale and retail. As jobbers they sell all over Vermont and Northern New York, and keep two traveling salesmen on the road. I04 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. BURLINGTON MANUFACTURING CO. This is a stock company, largely engaged in the manufacture and sale of marble. The company was organized and buildings erected in 1865 for the manufacture of nails, and as a rolling-mill, which business was continued until 1872, when the factory was fitted up for the present manufacture of marble. The company has control of several quarries of very popular marble, and handle Verona, Lapanto, French gray. Empire shell, Florentine, Italian and black marble. A very heavy business is transacted, the trade extending to all parts of New England and the Middle and Western States. The company does, probably, the largest busi- ness in the country in floor tiling, wainscoting, building trim- mings, etc. BURLINGTON MANUFACTURING COMPANY'S SHOPS. BERRY, HALL & CO. Among Burlington's wholesale houses, there are few, if any, commanding greater attention from extent of trade and mercantile standing than Berry, Hall & Co. This house was established in 1866,. and ranks among the foremost wholesale dealers in teas. Burlington. 105 coffees, spices, tobaccos and cigars, in New England. The firm occupy commodious quarters at 115 and 1 1 7 College Street, where they carry at all seasons, a large and comprehensive stock of all goods handled by them. The firm is widely known as proprietors of the "Vermont Coffee and Spice Mills," and the purity and superior quality of the goods thus marked, has secured for them a national reputation. The firm's facilities for handling teas, coffees and spices are unsurpassed, and its premises are equipped through- out with every adjunct for facilitating business. Every year the business increases, and the quality of the firm's goods insures an ever-widening market. The house has developed a large trade through Vermont, Northern New York and New Hampshire. The individual members of the firm are M. C. Berry and \V. E. Hall. Dr. SPARHAWK'S SANITARIUM. This establishment is located at No. 150 Bank Street, in the attractive building illustrated above. Dr. Sparhawk opened h^s sanitarium in Burlington in 1883, and in June, 1887, moved into his present quarters, which were especially erected for the pur- pose. Adjoining the sanitarium is an electro vapor bath estabr lishment, the only one in the State of Vermont. Dr. Sparhawk gives special attention to the treatment and cure of fistula, fissure, piles and rectal ulcer, without the use of the knife or detention io6 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. from business. The operation is very simple, and yet it is abso- lutely certain in its results. In over 6,000 operations made by the doctor, a cure has been effected in every case. In cases of long standing ulcers and fistula with numerous openings, cures are effected without the use of the knife, but more time is required than for the cure of piles, as the system is usually impaired by the long continued drain, caused by the ulcerative process. Dr. Sparhawk has a complete apparatus for the Ox3^gen treat- ment, which he administers to sufferers from consumption, bron- chitis, asthma, hay fever, catarrh, dyspepsia, scrofula, nervous debility, headache, etc. This is nature's remedy and many truly wonderful results have attended its use. At Dr. Sparhawk' s electro vapor bath establishment, Turkish, Russian and combined baths are given, besides the electro vapor bath, to suit the neerls of both sick and well. These baths cleanse the skin, open the pores, purify the blood, equalize the circulation of vital fluids, remove the cause of disease, tone and quiet the nervous system, promote digestion. In brief, they renovate the entire system. The sanitarium is roomy, and patients for medical or surgical treatment are admitted on reasonable terms. Consultation is always free and correspondence is promptly attended to. In ad- dressing the institution, write G. E. E. Sparhawk, M. D., Bur- lington, Vermont, H. R. WING & SON. This concern is one of the most Drominent last manufactories in the country. It was established in 1840, and the consequent long experience in the business is ample assurance of the practical knowledge of last manufacturing by the firm. The factory of the firm here in Burlington is fully supplied with all the latest im- proved machinery and appliances for the manufacture of a superior product. Nothing but the choicest air-seasoned rock maple tim- ber, which is unrivalled for durability, is used in the manufacture of the lasts turned out by Wing & Son. The firm makes its own models for regular work, and also gives special attention to models furnished by patrons. Messrs. Wing & Son are constantly pro- gressing with the times and keep well up to the latest fashions and styles. Their list of products embrace everything in men's and boys' lasts, ladies', misses' and children's lasts, boot trees and gaiter trees, as well as dressers, pasting blocks, plain and- lever clamps, etc. The firm's trade extends throughout all sections of Burlington. 107 the United States and Canada, to Australia, New Zealand, Cuba and all over South America. Messrs. H. R. Wing & Son conduct a store and salesroom at 21 Spruce Street, New York City. The business of the firm is steadily increasing, owing to the superiority and reliability of its product. Dr. WILI^ARD'S "REST CURE." Prospect Street, on College Hill, is appropriately so named, for the scenery on that street is exceedingly varied, extensive and grand. This street runs about parallel with the lake shore, a mile distant, north and south. On it are several buildings worthy of mention. These are the College buildings, academical and medi- cal, and Billings' Library ; also the residences of Col. LeGrand Cannon, Horace Brooks and Mr. Brown, of New York, and \V. A. Crombie, Prof. G. H. Perkins, Mr. Morse and Dr. Willard's Sanitarium and "Rest Cure." We subjoin an illustration of this last, since it has been but re- centl}' erected and is of suf- ^k*-^!!-^_ I ficient public importance to warrant a brief notice. The point chosen for the site of this building is admirable, both on account of the excel- lent view there obtained of Lake Champlain and the Adirondack Mountains on the west, and the Green Mountains on the east, as well as for its adaptiveness for the special purpose for which the building was erected. This purpose is to furnish a retreat for nervous invalids, where they can find quiet, rest and health. Beautiful for situation, this home for the wear>' and sick nerves is removed from all the noise and confusion of the City, and is furnished with everything needful for the comfort and recovery of the nervous. Tb.e architecture, which is of the Queen Anne style, is of striking beauty and attracts the attention of the passers-by. Its internal arrange- ments are quite in keeping with the external appearance. Enter- ing the building, the visitor finds himself in a spacious reception room from which open the doctor's private ofiice, the parlor, patients' room and dining room, while a broad stairway leads to the roo'iis above. The interior of the building is finished in white wood, io8 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. shellaced and varnished. The walls are tastefully tinted, and each room on the first two floors contain fire-places laid with im- ported embossed and enamelled Minton tiles. The second and third floors are occupied for patient's rooms, a laboratory, elec- trical room and bath rooms and water closets. The rooms are so skillfully planned that not a single unpleasant nook can be found in the whole building. Dr. A. J. Willard, who was for six years superintendent and resident physician of the Mary Fletcher Hospital, conceived the idea of this institution while at the hospital, as he observed how inadequate were the provisions in a general hospital for the needs of the nervous. On leaving the hospital he entered upon this specialty, and has met great success. He makes use of any and all the most recent methods of treatment for nervous disease, but makes a specialty of the rest treatment, and hence the name " Rest Cure," which Burlington people have given to it. BAILEY'S MUSIC ROOMS. At No. 151 Main Street, Burlington, fronting the Public Square, is the music warerooms of Mr. A. L. Bailey. This house was established in Burlington about ten years ago, and now does the largest business in its line in the State. The affairs of the house are managed by Mr. H. W. Hall. The proprietor, Mr. Bailey, has a like establishment in St. Johnsbury. This house has the agency for over twenty different piano and organ manu- facturers, including the leading companies in America, and upon its floors, at all times, are to be seen instruments that have been endorsed by the most noted singers and musicians in the world, Btirlington. 109 and excel in point of durability, power and brilliancy of tone, and sweet harmonic qualities. Mr. Bailey's trade extends throughout all parts of Vermont, Western New Hampshire, and along the New York shore of Lake Champlain. The warerooms of this house are well stocked with various styles of pianos and organs, and the public have the advantage of a variety to select from, all bought for cash, which thus insures the lowest prices. BURLINGTON BEEF CO. The introduction of refrigerator cars on the various lines of rail- road has wrought a complete revolution in the wholesale meat trade of the eastern section of the country. By the adoption of these cars animals are now slaughtered in the great stock-yards of the West, and the carcasses shipped in the cars to all points in the East, where they arrive as fresh and wholesome as on the day they were slaughtered, while the thorough inspection by the State ofiicials at Chicago, renders this beef the most healthy to be pro- cured. The Burlington Beef Co. are receivers and commission merchants in this City in Swift's Chicago dressed beef, mutton and pork, pure kettle-rendered lard, premium tripe, beef tongues, excelsior dried beef, Manchester hams, lambs' tongues and pigs' feet ; and are wholesale dealers in all kinds of salt and smoked meats. This enterprise was founded five years ago, and it has been attended by the most marked success. The roomy premises of the company are located at the corner of Battery and Maple Streets, and are fully equipped with all the latest improved refrig- erators and cold storage for the successful prosecution of the busi- ness. The company has a large and growing distributing trade. The manager for the company is Mr. F. J. Burdick. HENRY J. NELSON— FURNITURE. The furniture house of Henry J. Nelson is one of the oldest establishments of that nature in the State, having been established in 1835. The location is at 48 and 50 Church Street, where Mr. Nelson has the largest stock and greatest variety of any furniture house in Vermont. So firmly has his reputation become estab- lished for good judgment and reliability, that many of the most prominent citizens who have built new residences in Burlington, have left the matter of furnishing entirelj^ with Mr. Nelson. The evidences of his taste can be seen in every direction, for he has furnished most of the fine residences in this City. It will repay anyone to visit his extensive store and inspect the many elegant no Vermont : Its Resotirces atid Indtistries. things in his large stock. There may be seen the finest draperies, the richest lace curtains, and a great variety of window shades of elegant designs. Nothing in the way of furniture can be named that Mr. Nelson cannot produce, meeting the wants of every class. He keeps the most skilled workmen, and every job that he undertakes is done in a manner perfectly satisfactory' to the most refined and most fastidious taste. CHAMPLAIN TRANSPORTATION CO. Lake Champlain and Lake George are acknowledged by all traveled persons, as the two loveliest sheets of water on the con- tinent. Formed by two water-sheds, the Adirondack Mountains on the west and the Green Mountains on the east, they are sit- uated in one of the most romantic, beautiful and historically inter- esting regions in the Union. The Champlain Transportation Co. has four elegant and staunch passenger steamers, two of which ply Lake George and two Lake Champlain. The former are Horicon, commanded by Capt. J. H. Manville, and Ticonderoga, Capt. Richard Arbuckle, while the latter are Vermont, commanded by Capt. George Rushlow, and the Chateaugay, Capt. E. J. Bald- win. These steamers are fast, commodious, finely appointed and equipped, and provide first-class meals at reasonable prices. They touch at every point of interest on both lakes, and make con- venient connections with railroads to all great centers. Tourists will find this a line that renders of easy access, at low rates, such famous resorts as Saratoga, the Adirondack Mountains, Ausable Chasm, White Mountains, Thousand Islands and River St. Law- rence. The general offices of the company are located in Bur- lington, the general superintendent being Mr. P. W. Barney. BRONSONS, DUNHAM & WESTON. This concern was established in 1872, and is located at the south or lower end of the lumber district, where the firm has six- teen acres of piling ground, 2,000 feet of dockage, and extensive steam-mills for dressing and re-sawing lumber. This firm is con- nected with Bronsons & Weston, lumber manufacturers, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and with J. W. Dunham & Co., lumber mer- chants, Albany, N. Y. A Boston office is conducted at No. 75 State Street. Diu-lington. Ill J. R. BOOTH— LUMBER. Mr. J. R. Booth is one of the pioneer lumbermen of Ottawa, Canada, where he has been engaged in business for about thirty years. He is one of the largest owners of timber limits in the Dominion of Canada, owning over 4,000 acres, and his mills at Ottawa are not exceeded in size by any on the American Conti- nent. In 1876, Hon. U. A. Woodbury established the J. R. Booth concern in Burlington, and has since acted as its manager. The location is at the Pio- neer Shops, where ex- tensive mills are con- ducted for dressing lumber, and for the manufacture of boxes, doors, sash, blinds, builders' house finish, etc. In addition to handling largely the pine lumber of Mr. Booth's manufacture, this concern deals in Quebec spruce and Michigan lumber; and a feature of the busi- ness conducted is in fitting out builders •'■ ^- booths office. with every article in wood for house building. The works are provided with the most approved machiner>', and skilled artisans are emploj'cd, the facilities being such as to insure prompt execu- tion of the largest orders. The business of this establishment is chiefly wholesale, the trade extending to all parts of New England and New York. Offices are maintained at 71 Kilby Street, Boston, and also at 82 Wall Street, New York City. J. R. Booth's business is rapidly increasing, and this establishment is rated one of the most pros- perous in Burlington. YUCCA CO. Burlington is one of the prominent proprietar>' medicine depots of the country, and many articles sent out from here have a national reputation. Yucca, the great Mexican preparation for 112 Vermont : Its Resources and hidustries. the hair, -is no exception to this rule, and, although it has been upon the market but a short time, it has attained a great sale. The Yucca plant, from which it is manufactured, is a native of Mexico and the southwestern portion of the United States, and has long been used by the natives as a substitute for soap, and in the preparation of a cleansing fluid for the hair. Yucca, as pre- pared by the Yucca Co., Burlington, is a preventive of baldness, and cures dandruff, itching and other diseases of the scalp. HENRY, JOHNSON & LORD. This firm was organized in the year 1874, and was successor to the firm of Henry & Co. in the proprietary medicine part of that firm's business. The firm of Henry, Johnson & Lord are among the large proprietary medicine manufacturers of the United States and Canada, being the proprietors of a large number of ' ' Trade Marks," notable among which are N. H. Downs' Vegetable Balsamic Elixir, Dr. Baxter's Mandrake Bitters, Henry & John- son's Arnica and Oil Liniment, and others. These medicines are sold over the whole countrj^ the firm numbering their customers by the thousands. This firm have departed, in some measure, from the usual course pursued by medicine manufacturers of putting a new article on the market every two or three years, and by dint of advertising for a season, create a spasmodic demand and then let it die, hoping to reap a harvest while it is dying. Articles of this class, are, as a rule, of little value as a medicine, and many times do positive harm. Henry, Johnson & Lord have never introduced an article until convinced beyond question that the article had positive merit, and, having once decided to push it, nave not allowed it to die. They have, therefore, taken hold of very few new medicines, but have rather put their energies into extending the sale of their old and tried preparations. Among the remedies that have been long before the public, their N. H. Downs' Vegetable Balsamic Elixir easily stands at the head. Probably every reader knows that it is a remedy for coughs, colds and consumption, and has been in general use for over sixty years. It was first made by Rev. N. H. Downs, whose name it still bears. After curing himself of consumption with it, as well as numbers of others, he sold the recipe and sole right to make and sell to J. M. Henry & Sons, of Waterbury, Vt., and by succession and legal transfer it came to the present proprietors. Since then the sale of Downs' Elixir, as it is familiarly called, has increased very largely, and at present stands without an equal among remedies Burlingto7t. 113 for that class of diseases. The reason of this large sale is not diflScult to find. "It always gives satisfaction to the user," is the universal testimony regarding it. Of the other preparations man- ufactured by this firm, the length of this article will not permit us to speak in detail. They are all articles of great merit and large sale, in fact the name of Henry, Johnson & Lord on any label is a guarantee of the pure quality of the goods. The business is carried on in their large brick store on College Street. This building, erected by them in 1874, for this especial business, is four stories high with basement, and is fitted up with every con- venience and appliance necessary for a large business of this kind. The Canada branch of this business is located in Montreal, at 67 St. James Street, where the preparations are put up for the Canadian trade, which is large and steadily increasing. The success of this house has been steady and permanent. They have gained a reputation that will last. Their sales for the year 1888 were larger than in any previous j-ear. The members of the firm are Gen. W. W. Henry, E. B. Johnson and ly. B. Lord, who are all well known in their town and State as gentlemen of benevo- lence and public spirit, and fully alive to the welfare of humanity. C. G. PETERSON. Prominent among the crockery and glassware stores in Ver- mont, is that of C. G. Peterson, 44 Church Street, Burlington. While making a specialty of first-class goods, he also carries all varieties at all prices. The tables of this store, decked out with fancy glassware and ornaments, form a spectacle well worth see- ing. Here are to be seen all the novelties in bisque china, brass, bronze, Japanese and silverware, and a fine line of colored glass- ware, also the cheaper grades. His assortment of lamps is very complete, containing everything from the cheapest hand-lamp to the most expensive parlor lamp, and includes hanging and bracket lamps, piano lamps, banquet lamps, and those for newel posts. He also has in stock a fine assortment of cutler}-, both steel, silver and nickle-plated. In plated-ware the stock includes ever>'thing in combination sets, salts, peppers, cake baskets, castors, tilting water pitchers, receivers and tea sets. He also has a complete line of statuary, including some very elegant pieces ; and a fine line of art goods. Mr. Peterson does an extensive business in wall papers and decorations, and takes contracts for papering in all parts of the State, sending his own workmen to execute the work. Mr. Peterson does a large wholesale business in burners, 114 Vermont : lis Resoiirces ayid Industries. wicks, chimneys, fruit jars, etc., and his trade, both wholesale and retail, extends all through the Charaplain Valley. A speci- alty is made of electric lamps for houses and stores, the devices being applicable to any system of electric lighting. Another specialty is fitting out hotels with crockery, glassware and cutlery complete, and in this direction, Mr. Peterson transacts quite a heavy business. G. S. BLODGETT & CO. This house was established in 1854 by Mr. G. S. Blodgett. It became as at present three years ago, when Mr. George H. Holden entered the concern. Mr. Holden came from Troy, N. Y., to Burlington, leaving the well-known stove manufacturing firm of Daniel E. Paris & Co., where he had been engaged for many years, and gained a thoroughly practical knowledge of every detail of stove manufacture. Messrs, Blodgett & Co. are manufacturers of patent galvanized portable ovens for bakers, hotels, steamers and private families. Burlingto7i. 115 These ovens are in daily use in every country, and are better known in the United States than any article manufactured in Ver- mont except Fairbanks' scales. These ovens have principles dis- tinctly their own, the baking being done by means of the circula- tion of hot air. By this method, results are obtained that cannot be produced in brick or any other kind of oven. Each article baked is done exactly alike, top, bottom, sides and ends. This oven is of equal value in roasting meats. Indeed, there is noth- ing superior to it, as no other device permits the roasting of all kinds of meats and pastry at one time, in the same oven, without each article being impregnated with the gases of the other. Iji this oven each retains its own flavor. This oven is in great favor ii6 Vermont : Its Resources and hidust^'ies. among bakers, confectioners, hotels, and other places where a large amount of work is needed, as it is not only perfect in its working, but economical. These ovens are also extensively used for japaning, blueing, hardening rubber goods, bronzing, etc., and give universal satis- faction. Having an air space all around the Blodgett oven retains the heat, cooking with less fuel than any other oven, range or stove made, while for perfection, durability and simplicity, they are un- equalled. They are made of galvanized iron, and, consequently, neither rust nor crack, but remain as good as new for years. With this oven the contents of a barrel of .flour can be baked into two hundred loaves of bread, and every loaf baked evenly in all its parts, and every loaf like every other loaf. Blodgett & Co. are wholesale dealers in galvanized and black sheet iron, tin, zinc, copper, wrought and galvanized iron pipe and fittings, brass and plumbers' goods. The firm conduct a general business as plumbers, steam and gas fitters, dealers in stoves of all kinds, steam and hot water apparatus for heating, furnaces, etc. Some of the finest buildings in Vermont have been plumbed and heated by Blodgett & Co. The firm's location is at 191 College Street. BISHOP HOPKINS' HALI.. This is a school for girls, located at Rock Point, about a mile and a half from the postoffice in Burlington. It is on the south side of a rocky promontory, about fifty rods from I^ake Cham- plain, and about two. hundred feet above it. The Hall is sur- rounded by about ten acres of land devoted to its sole use, Some of this is in woods, in which walks and arbors have been built ; the rest is graded and arranged in terraces and lawns, affording abundant opportunity for recreation, out-door exercises, lawn- tennis and games of all kinds. In the arrangement of every part of the building can be seen evidences of the most careful thought and study, and the gathered experience of all the best schools in the country. The windows for lighting the school-rooms were planned to avoid "cross lights" and "front lights," and every desk is arranged to have the light fall over the left shoulder. It is the intention of the Principal of Bishop Hopkins' Hall to make it not only a school, but a cultured Christian home. The teachers and pupils live together in one family ; and every care is taken to perfect the manners and morals of the pupils, and to fit Burling to7i. 117 them to become useful and accomplished women in society. Indeed, the school aims to train them to be all that daughters, wives and mothers should be. The foundation for this is the Christian Religion, and the school, therefore, has its daily morn- ing and evening prayers, its sacred studies daily, and its regular public worship on Sunday. The pupils, from time to time, go to church in the City, but usually the public worship is in the Hall's own chapel, the attendance upon which is required of all pupils. BISHOP HOPKINS HALL. Bishop Hopkins' Hall was opened in September, 1888, and the opening saw fulfilled one of the plans of Vermont's first Bishop. Bishop Hopkins designed this school to be second to none, and every effort is being made to carr)' out his plans. To this end, teachers of experience in their various departments, have been engaged. The course of study has been made with reference to the requirements of Wellesley and other colleges organized especi- ally for the higher education of young women, and covers six years, but each pupil entering the school is placed in the class for 1 1 8 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. which she is prepared. The course of study embraces English language and literature, mathematics, natural sciences, modern and classical languages, vocal and instrumental music, drawing and painting. The officers and teachers of Bishop Hopkins' Hall are as fol- lows : Rt. Rev. Wm. H. A. Bissell, D. D., (Ex. officio) Rector in Chief; Rev. Lucius M. Hardj^ M. A., Principal and Chaplain, teacher of Mental and Moral Philosophy, Church History, Sacred Studies ; Miss Mary E. Magrath, Lady Principal, teacher of Latin, Greek and Ancient History ; Miss H. Sibyl Swett, teacher of Mathematics, English Language and Literature ; Miss Eliza- beth F. Hume, teacher of Piano, Organ and in charge of Modem Language and Literature ; Miss Martha A. Hatch, teacher of Vocal Music, Vocal Culture and Modern History ; Miss Laura G. Chambef-Moran, teacher of Drawing, Painting, History of Art ; Mrs. Stone, teacher of Dancing. Bishop Hopkins' Hall is protected from the north wind by a range of hills covered with trees, and from the east wind by a strip of woodland ; its exposure is to the south and southwest, and is so situated that the sun shines into every room during the day. The water supply is from a spring coming from the rocks, and is entirely removed from any source of contamination. The heating, drainage and ventilation of the building are as perfect as modern science can make them. VERMONT EPISCOPAL INSTITUTE. This famous school for boys is located about two miles north of Burlington, and within twenty- five rods of the beach of Lake Champlain. The building is a substantial structure of stone, illustrated on page 102. This school was opened in i860, under the principalship of Rev. Theodore A. Hopkins, and continued under his charge until 1881. Prof. H. H. Ross, the present prin- cipal^ assumed charge eight years ago. The design of the school is expressed in the following words taken from the instrument entrusting the property to the principal, viz.: " The Academical department of the Vermont Episcopal Institute is to be a first- rate English, classical and mathematical preparatory institution ; is to surround its pupils with the kindlj^ influence of a Christian family and home worship — its aim being to bring them up as well- educated Christian men." All students, together with their in- structors, form a part of the principal's family, and particular attention is paid to the health of every boy, and instruction in Bii rliytgton . 119 manners and morals form no small part of the ever\^-day teaching. The school is carefulh- graded and the length of time required to finish its course is from three to seven 3'ears, according to the advancement of the pupil at his entrance into the school. It will prepare boys for the best colleges or for business. Daily drill in the United States Militar}^ Tactics is required of all pupils. The proportion of instructors to students is such that each "pupil can secure personal attention and progress as rapidly as he is able, not being retarded by other less advanced pupils. Lectures on vari- ous subjects are given from time to time by gentlemen not con- nected with the school. The standing of each boy in scholarship and deportment is made out each week and posted in the school- room. Occasionally a copy of such reports, in the case of each boy, is made out and mailed to parents or guardian. Boys are advanced from one grade to another only after thorough exami- nation in the several branches alread}^ pursued, and satisfactory evidence of having mastered them. Standing in scholarship is based upon a maximum of ten. Boj's who maintain an average of nine or more during the year receive the honor of public men- tion in the annual catalogue. The Institute building is thoroughl}^ heated by steam ; the water is abundant and pure ; and there are bath-rooms with hot and cold water. The location is an eminently healthful one, and a case of extreme illness is of very rare occurrence. The best opportunities exist for out-door exercise. The varied grounds form a pleasant place for boys to ramble in the woods, and a well-prepared play-ground affords opportunity for foot and base ball, tennis, etc. The shore of the lake, with a fine sandy beach, affords excellent and safe localities for bathing. Skating and coasting, near at hand, can generally be had during the winter season. "ROCKS AND ROMANCE." This is a new and interesting stor>' by a Burlington author, the principal scenes of which are located in Vermont and near Lake Champlain. It is moral in tone and pure in sentiment ; in fact, a real live New England story, well worth reading. Illustrated by the author ; published by J. S. Ogilvie & Co. , 57 Rose Street, New York, and 79 Wabash Avenue, Chicago, Ills. The illustra- tions are especially interesting to the reader. ' ' The Illicit Dis- tillery," as carried on by "Moonshiners," not only in Kentucky, but in sober New England, is well described. "The Parin' I20 Vermont: Its Resources and hidustrtes. Bee ' ' and the ' ' Quilting Party ' ' will long be remembered by the oldest inhabitant. Peter Styles' narrow escape from the bear and catamount on the mountains of Vermont is very exciting. The portraits of several of the principal characters are very natural. " I guess I kin load her in alone" shows the goodness of the old farmer's heart. "The consultation at Lawyer Hol- brooks' office" in New York City, is fine, while "Forming the Lead Mine Co." is just as natural as life itself. " Partial view of Burlington, Vt.," the home of the author, is very good. In a word, the book is illustrated from nature, and founded on facts ; intensely interesting, and should be read by all who like a good story. Price $1.25. Three hundred pages. Sold by S. Hunt- ington & Co., 88 Church Street, Burlington, Vt., and bookstores everywhere. L. S. DREW'S LAKE VIEW STOCK FARM. Vermont has long been noted as one of the foremost stock-rais- ing States in the Union, and it has many prominent breeders. One of the leaders in this direction is Mr. L. S. Drew, of the Van Ness House, Burlington, whose fine farm — "Lake View" — is located on the road to Shelburne, two miles south of the City. Mr. Drew is one of the most prominent breeders of Ayrshire cattle in the country, and his herd numbers about forty head. The herd is very evenly marked, and has been bred pure for twenty- three years. At the Madison Square Dairymen's Show, in 1887, nine prizes out of eleven entries were awarded Mr. Drew on Ayrshires, the total cash premiums amounting to $320. Mr. Drew also breeds Spanish Merino sheep, one ram in his flock shearing thirty- three pounds of wool in 1888. He also breeds Yorkshire and Berkshire pigs, of the finest strain in the country, Brahma fowls, etc. The milk from Mr. Drew's herd of Ayrshires is weighed every milking and the average for each cow in 1888, was 6,020 pounds. PROLIFIC POULTRY FOOD. Among the multifarious products of Burlington is Prolific Poultry Food. This is, comparatively, a new article, its object being to make hens lay and young fowls to grow, and keep the flock bright and healthy. The idea was conceived by Mr. L- B. Lord, a business man, who kept a few thoroughbred fowls for the pleasure of it. Having a taste for poultry culture, he was led to study the subject of producing eggs in winter, when most fowls Dtirlingion. 121 are usually barren, and also treating hens so that they would lay when confined in small yards. After many experiments and a close study of the subiect for a period of about three years, he invented Prolific Poultry Food, which, supplying the properties nature craves but cannot procure under ^ circumstances mentioned, ^^ makes the act of laying as easy and natural for "bid- ^£i^~ die ' ' in winter, or when ~ confined in small space, as when she can roam the fields in spring- time. All this time Mr. Lord had no thought of putting an article of this kind on the market, but worked only as a recrea- tion, and to ascertain what could be done, but having accom- plished so much, and having made known the results to some brother poultry fanciers, there came urgent requests that the article might be manufactured that others might procure it. To give the recipe to the ordinarj' poultry- raiser would be useless, as difficulties in the way of manufacturing in small quantities were such that few would attempt to make it. Mr. Lord then set him- self to work to concentrate it and put it in shape to become an article of general merchandise. It was at once evident that the costliness of the material that composed it would be a great hin- derance to its general use, and so steam power and machinery- were brought to aid in reducing the expense of manufacture. It also became evident that to afford it at a price at which poultr>' raisers could afford to use it, it must be made in large quantities and the sale must be correspondingly large, and the subject must be got before the people that they might know of its use. This would take time and mone5% but Mr. Lord had perfect confidence in the idea and in the merit of his discovery, and decided to place the article on the market under the name and trade mark of " Prolific Poultry Food." Having once decided to manufacture the article there was only one road to success with it and that was by making a vigorous push from the start. Mr. Lord's wide ac- quaintance with the trade and experience in advertising and selling similar classes of goods, enabled him to place this article on the market and establish a large trade in an almost incredibly short space of time. It is only about three years since it was first introduced and yet it is sold from Maine to the Rocky Mountains, the same mail frequently bringing orders from many different 122 Vermont: Its Resoiwces a7id Industries. States. All wholesale houses who handle similar goods, carry- Prolific Poultry Food in stock, and so urgent is the demand at times, that they wire their orders, as their customers cannot wait. Since the ' ' Prolific ' ' has attained such a wide reputation hun- dreds of other poultry powders, egg foods, vitalizers, egg producers, etc. , have been started, but their life has been short. Some have been sold at less than half the price of the Prolific, and all man- ner of devices have been invented to sell them, but without avail. Mr. L/Ord has always claimed that Prolific was very profitable to feed to young chicks, turkeys or goslings, and many large poultry raisers have been trying it and find it produces quite wonderful results, preventing and curing all diseases to which young poultry are subject, and making them grow at a rate never before heard of, and when we remember that there are about 350,000,000 chickens raised in the United States every year we can readily see that if each chick gets one dose a day of Prolific Poultry Food during its " chickenhood " the consumption must be enormous. Mr. Lord is a public spirited citizen with other large business interests, is interested in several benevolent enterprises in his town, but if you wish to get easily into his good graces, just talk " chicken." i)/\[N(T /\L®/\Ni). !'AINT ALBANS is the shire-town of Franklin County. It contains about 6,000 inhabitants, and is considered third in commercial importance and population in the State. The village was incorporated in November, 1859, and has an area of about two miles, admirably located on a high and fertile plateau, 375 feet above, and three miles back from, Lake Champlain. The highest point is at the residence of ex-Gov. Smith, the finest residence in the village, which is 215 feet above the depot. ST. ALBANS AND LAKE CHAMPI^VIN, FROM ALOIS HILL. The town of St. Albans was chartered by Benning Wentworth, the royal governor of the Province of New Hampshire, in 1763. Jesse Welden was the first civilized settler in St. Albans. His memory is perpetuated in a street which bears his name, and also in the Welden National Bank and the Welden House. 124 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. Along the eastern border of St. Albans rises a range of bills, the southermost and loftiest point of which, called Bellevue, affords one of the finest prospects in the country, taking in the highly cultivated valley of the Champlain, with its numerous vil- lages, the lake, with its beautiful islands; the mountains in the rear of Montreal and other Canadian mountains ; the Adirondacks on the west and the Green Mountain range on the east. There is another hill in the south part of the town, called Prospect Hill, and another, half a mile north of the village, called Aldis Hill. The latter is 500 feet in height. There is an ascent for pedes- trians, and its summit is much visited. TAYLOR PARK. This beautiful Park is fifty by twenty rods in extent, and is sit- uated in the centre of the village. It was formerly known as the "square" or "common," but on June 11, 1870, it was named Taylor Park b}^ the trustees of the village, in honor of HoUowaj^ Taylor, one of the early settlers of the town, who, September 26, 1799, deeded the land that it contains to the town for the purpose for which it has since been used. The park is surrounded by maples planted in 1838, which have attained good size for shade and ornament. Near the north end of the Park is a fine fountain, costing $3,000, presented to the village by ex-Gov. Smith. In front of Taylor Park is the principal business street of the village. North of the Park it is called North' Main Street, and south of it South Main Street. The churches, hotels and schools surround the Park. St. Albans has a number of notable buildings and creditable in- stitutions within its borders. There are seven handsome church edifices, belonging to the Congregational, Methodist, Baptist, Episcopal, Universalist and Catholic denominations, and costing nearly $150,000 ; an Academy building, costing $40,000; a Court House, erected at an expense of $75,000; a model Opera House ; the Warner Home for Little Wanderers, the St. Albans Hospital, both the gift of Mrs. Chauncey Warner, of Cambridge ; a public reading room, supported by subscription ; a railroad librarj^ and a town library ; a system of water-works costing $165,000; electric lights ; one national bank and one trust company ; two brass bands and four literary and musical clubs ; a flourishing G. A. R. post ; Masonic and Odd Fellows lodges ; a military company and various other organizations. Si. Albans. 125 SCHOOLS. The educational facilities oflfered by St. Albans are first-class, and the village possesses in the St. Albans Academy, a superior institution of learning. • The school building cost $40,000. The graded system prevails, with an academic department where scholars are fitted for college. The high standing of the academy brings in nearly one hundred outside pupils, who paj' annually nearly ^1,000 in tuition fees. The academic department has an average of one hundred scholars in attendance, many of whom are fitting for a collegiate course. Graduates from the academy have taken high rank in leading New England colleges in the past. The village expends nearly $10,000 annualh' for the support of the schools. WATER WORKS. St. Albans' water supply is brought by gravitation from North Fairfax, four miles distant, a pond, by the construction of a dam twenty-eight feet high, having been converted into a reservoir of 100,000,000 gallons capacity. This reservoir is fed by springs, small streams, and a water-shed of 2,000 acres. The average head is 335 feet. Over thirteen miles of pipe are in use, and there are fire hydrants in all parts of the village. The cost of the water works system was $165,000. COMMERCE. St. Albans is the commercial centre of a prosperous farming section. Franklin County, of which this village is the capital, is the foremost butter producing county in the State, the annual product exceeding 4,000,000 pounds. Tuesday is "market day" and the streets are then thronged with people bringing their butter to market. As many as three hundred teams are frequently seen in St. Albans on market da)-. MANUFACTURES. The manufacturing interests of St. Albans consist of the car and railroad shops of the Central Vermont Railroad Co., St. Albans Foundry, Vermont Construction Co., Willard Manufacturing Co. and several small industries. POINT HATHAWAY. Point Hathaway, Lake Champlain, five miles distant from St. Albans, is becoming quite a summer resort. The Point is owned by an association known as the St. Albans Boating and Fishing 126 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. Club, composed of ten St. Albans gentlemen. The property embraces twelve acres of land, and occupies the extreme end of the cape known as St. Albans Point. Near the Point are several small islands. Point Hathaway is finely shaded, has fine accommoda- tions, plenty of boats, and presents numerous attractions to the visitor for the da}^ or season. RAILROADS. Railroads center in St. Albans from four directions, and the village has attained disinction in the railway world as the head- quarters of the Central Vermont Railroad system. It is a notable fact that from the general ofiices of this management more miles of road are operated and a larger number of employes are directed than from the headquarters of any other railroad company in New England. In this State alone the Central Vermont disburses more than $1,500,000 along its line for material and labor annually, and more than 3,000 men are engaged in the operation of its roads. The car and locomotive shops and engine houses, located here, are large and substantial structures, and the passenger depot is probably the largest and finest which any town in the county of the same size as St. Albans can boast. The car and machine shops are each six hundred feet long and nearly seventy wide ; the two round houses are seven hundred feet long, with stalls for thirty-eight engines. The railroad interests of the town are very extensive, and the oflBcers and employes residing in St. Albans number, with their families, nearly 3,000 persons, while the yearly amount disbursed in wages to the force residing here approximate half a million dollars. The passenger depot is three hundred feet long, with a frontage of two hundred and seven feet, and has four tracks. The general office building in 120x70 feet and three stories high. The railroad buildings are of brick with stone trimmings. Freight and passenger traffic center in St. Albans from New York, New L,ondon, Springfield, Boston, Ogdensburg, Ottawa, Montreal and Chicago, through cars, (coaches and sleepers) running between most of the places named. As many as four hundred loaded cars frequently pass through St. Albans in twenty-four hours. The yard embraces sixty-seven acres and contains twelve miles of track. The number of trains of all kinds dispatched from St. Albans daily averages one hundred and forty. SL Albans. 127 THE CUSTOM HOUSE. St. Albans is a place of entry for all freight in transit from Western and Canadian points via the Grand Trunk and Central Vermont line. Here all freight trains are set out for a short time for examination, and cars containing dutiable or bonded goods are inspected by United States customs officers. The port of vSt. Albans is the most important one along the northern frontier of the United States. It is the leading port in northern New Eng- land, the duties collected here amounting to $500,000 a year. The value of goods entered here in bond and for consumption aggregates several millions of dollars yearl3^ FUOUR SHIPPING POINT. St. Albans is one of the foremost flour depots in the east. A mammoth store house six hundred feet long and forty feet wide, capable of storing 20,000 barrels of flour, has recently' been erected b)' the Central Vermont Railroad Co. Flour is sent here by the great milling firms of the West for storage and distribution. THE PRESS. St. Albans is one of three towns in Veniiont to boast its daily paper, and has in the St. Albans Daily Messenger a mirror of the events of the day." The Messenger Co. also issue a weekly edi- tion. The Vermont Sentjy is a second weekly paper. CONFEDERATE AND FENIAN RAIDS. St. Albans has been the scene of several exciting events. On the 19th of October, 1864, occurred what has since been known as the St. Albans raid. A band of twenty-two Confederate guer- rillas came from Canada and gathered at the hotels as guests and strangers to each other, and, in open daylight, at a concerted hour, robbed the banks of $208,000, killed one man and wounded several others, and made their escape into Canada on horses stolen from the liver}' stables. The robbers were arrested in Canada, examined, and discharged by the magistrates, on the ground that it was out of their jurisdiction to hold them, it being in time of war. The Canadian government, however, did not S5'mpathize with the magistrates in their decision. The governor- general recommended to the Provincial Parliament that they appro- priate $50,000 in gold to be paid to the banks as an equivalent for the money found upon the captured robbers, and which had been restored to them by the magistrates. This amount was voted by 128 Verni07ii : Its Resources and Industries. the parliament and paid to the banks, being equivalent to $88,000 in currency. In June, 1866, St. Albans was again the scene of considerable excitement by the concentration here of "the right wing of the army of Ireland," more commonly known as the Fenian organ- ization for the invasion of Canada. On the 6th of the month they gathered at Franklin, and on the next day, their commanding ofiicer Gen. Spear, ordered an advance, and they crossed the line into Canada where the ' ' headquarters of the army of Ireland ' ' was located, the force amounting to 1,200 men. The project of invading Canada, however, was given up by them a few days after, and the men returned to their homes. AMERICAN HOUSE. In a volume of this kind that treats of the resources of St. Albans, and which is designed to be read elsewhere, it is our duty, of course, to speak of an establishment where visitors repairing to this village for business or pleasure, will be enabled to find all of the comforts of home in addition to every attention and con- venience possible to a residence and sojourn in a public hotel. The American House is the most centrally located of any hotel in THE AMERICAN HOTEL. St A/da?ts. 129 St. Albans, fronts Taylor Park, and is adjacent to the principal places of interest in the village. The building is large and com- modious, with fine and suitable accommodations for the traveling public, and the sleeping rooms are well-lighted, properly venti- lated and nicely furnished. The cuisine is all that can be desired, while the attendance upon guests is prompt, courteous and intelli- gent. Especial attention is given to the commercial trade. Mr. S. I. Stroud, the proprietor, is popular, and guests find a pleasant home at the American, and everything to make them comfortable. WILLARD MANUFACTURING CO. This industry- was started in Swanton, Vt., in 1884, as R. S. Willard & Co. In 1885 the concern removed to St. Albans, and June 15, the next year, 1886, it became incorporated under the present name. It has for its officers Stephen E. Roj^ce, President ; W. B. Fonda, Vice-President ; H. P. Jones, Secretary and Treas- urer. The company manufacture the Eclipse overall, overshirts of various grades, coats for office wear, seersucker coats and vests, and water-proof sporting suits, Puritan hose supporters, shoulder brace and hose supporter combined. Lunar bandage supporter, shoulder braces and other specialties for ladies, misses and chil- dren. This company also manufactures the Dodge patent seam- less suspender, and the Willard patent tub fastener. The Willard Manufacturing Co. give employment to about one hundred per- sons, and its product is held in great favor. THE ST. AEBANS FOUNDRY. This concern was established in 1840, and is one of the oldest and most complete establishments of its kind in the New England States The works form a group of half a dozen substantial buildings, located opposite the railroad passenger depot, and are provided with everj' convenience in the way of improved ma- chinery for the work in hand. The foundry does a general busi- ness in machinery, castings and iron work, and manufactures car wheels, railroad and machinery castings, forgings, and agricul- tural implements. A leading specialty of the works is the manu- facture of railway horse-powers, threshing machines and fodder shredders, and wood-sawing machines (circular and drag) to be used with their powers, which are verj^ superior, and find a market in all sections of the countr}-. The horse-powers are made for one, two and three horses, and are equipped with speed regu- lators. The threshers have a vibrating separator and cleaner. Si. Albajis. 131 The trade in these machines has attained large proportions, many being exported. Indeed, these machines receive the highest awards wherever exhibited in competition with similar apparatus, a fact which testifies to their efficac}^ and superior construction. The St. Albans Foundry has a hjgh reputation of long standing for turning out first-class work. VERMONT CONSTRUCTION CO. This concern has been in existence about three years, and its works are located in the old St. Albans Rolling Mill, wher^ the company manufactures bridges, boilers and miscellaneous wrought iron and steel goods. The officers of the company are : R. F. Hawkins, President ; D. E. Bradley, Manager and Treasurer ; E. B. Jennings, Consulting Engineer. The works are equipped with a full complement of first-class machinery, which is driven by a powerful Harris-Corliss engine. The Vermont Construction Co. manufactures iron bridges, steel bridges, stone bridges, wooden bridges, iron building work, bolts, rods, nuts, railroad construc- tion, turn tables, iron roofs, etc. Within the past year this corn- pan}^ has built bridges in New York State, and every State in New England except Rhode Island. Some of the work of the Vermont Construction Co. is stupendous, and testifies to the ample capital and facilities of the house. The largest bridge in New England, 2,000 feet long, crossing the east channel of Lake Champlain from the Vermont shore to North Hero, was built by this company. Another large job in this vicinit)- was the build- ing of the breakwater at Rouses Point, N. Y., under government contract. Other bridges b],iilt by this company recenth- are the following : Hartford bridge. Central Vermont Railroad, 650 feet long, tested with twelve locomotives with a combined weight of 854 tons ; Clark bridge, Williston, Central \'ermont Railroad, 600 feet long ; West River railroad bridge, near Brattleboro' , one span of 223 feet and another of no feet; Highway bridge, 330 feet long, across the Mississquoi River, Sheldon, Vt.; Three span girder bridge at Dover, N. H., with a roadway forty feet wide. The business of the Vermont Construction Co. is constantly extending, and the house has come to be one of the foremost in its line in the countrv. 132 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. F. F. TWITCHELI. & CO.— THE CORNER STORE. This is the leading dry goods and carpet house in St. Albans, and it attracts trade from all the region round about. Its location is at the corner of Main and Bank Streets, an old landmark in St. Albans, the site having been occupied for commercial purposes upwards of eighty years, and during that period has been known as the "Corner Store." F. F. Twitchell & Co. began business in St. Albans in 1881, and the house soon attained prominence. Each year has added to its popularity, until to-day it occupies the leading position in its various lines, and vies with similar stores in places of several times the population of St. Albans. Increas- ing trade has rendered more room necessary, and a commodious carpet room has been fitted up on the second floor ; also stock rooms. The store is very attractive, and the display of goods is artistically arranged, while all conveniences, including the rapid cash railway system and other devices facilitates the transaction of business. In the dry goods department the visitor finds all varieties of silks, satins, velvets, fine wool goods, embroideries ; in fact, all imported and domestic goods ; and a special depart- ment devoted to fancy goods and trimmings. In the rear of the dry goods department, is a roomy apartment for the display of cloaks, jackets and wraps, the display of which is always large. Leading from the cloak room, easy stairs ascend to the carpet room, where every facility is afforded for the exhibition of the ►S/. Albans. 133 superior stock carried. Here the visitor is shown carpets of all grades, from the ingrain up to the long pile Moquette, Wilton and Axminster, with rugs, mats and oil cloths. Messrs. Twitchell & Co. also carr}^ a large line of window shades, curtains, draperies, poles, etc. Indeed, the house supplies everything to be found in a dry goods or carpet house, and enjoj'S the highest reputation for reliability. W. D. CHANDLER— PHOTOGRAPHER. To Mr. W. D. Chandler belongs the honor of conducting one of the most complete and most popular photographic studios in Ver- mont. It is located at No. 124 Main Street, and the premises are finely arranged to secure comfort for patrons and expedition in the work. All the latest appliances and devices are provided, the processes emploj-ed being such as have been approved and adopted by leading photographers throughout the country. Mr. Chandler devotes his personal attention to every branch of the art, photographs of every description being produced. Large work is finished in India ink, crayon or colored, and the very highest results are guaranteed. Mr. Chandler is provided with a mammoth camera, which enables him to make negatives 14x17 inches in size. There is but one other camera of this size in the State, and Mr. Chandler does a large business in portraits and views of the full dimensions of the apparatus. As a landscape photographer, Mr. Chandler has no superior. He has made views of all points of interest abovit St. Albans, and also has a large number of negatives of Adirondack, Green Mountain and White Mountain scenery. His views are fineh' finished and meet with extended sale. FREt)ERICK DUTCHER. At No. 109 Main Street, is an establishment that has been famous in St. Albans since 1841. We refer to Butcher's Drug Store, the most complete house of the kind in the village. This establishment was founded by L. L- Dutcher, the present propri- etor, Mr. Frederick Dutcher, entering the concern in 1843, and continuing business at the same location since. Located as the store is, it has a class of customers to serve who require the very best articles in each particular line, and such goods can always be found here. Dutcher's Fly Killer, famous in all parts of the countr5% is made bv this house. The manufacture of this Flv Killer has 134 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. reached such proportions, that a special building, 100x40 feet in dimensions, and two stories high, is devoted to this branch of business. The factory is equipped with a full complement of special machinery, with which two hundred and forty sheets can be dipped at one time, and one hundred reams of paper can be turned out in one day. There is a popular demand for Butcher's Fly Killer, and it is to be found in ever>' hamlet in the nation. LANE'S ST. ALBANS BOOKSTORK. About forty-three years have elapsed since this well-known and popular house was established by Mr. E. B. Whiting. Seven years ago the house came into possession of Mr. A. F. Lane, who has since conducted the business. Under Mr. Lane's adminis- tration the business has about trebled, and, to keep pace with the demand, was compelled to seek larger quarters. His store is now located at No. 116 Main Street. Mr. Lane carries a first-class assortment of everj^thing in the book and stationery line, the stock embracing school and text books, historical, poetical and scientific works, standard literature, fiction and modern novels, periodicals, daily and weekly papers, etc.; also blank books, artists' materials, fancy cards and novelties. A fine line of etch- ings and engravings, both framed and unframed, is always in stock, as well as fancy articles for holiday or birthday presents. Mr. Lane is the leading dealer in wall papers and decorations in Northern Vermont, 'and carries at all times a comprehensive assortment of papers of various grades. ^^A^v^ a^WAN'T^ON- -^WANTON is a lively village of about 1,200 inhabitants, I located near the northeast corner of the State, about nine I miles from the Canada line. Swanton has experienced a rj) healthy growth during the past few years, and put on municipal airs last winter, being incorporated as a village by act of legislature. Swanton is located upon the Mississquoi River, about six miles from its debouchure into Lake Champlain. The River furnishes a magnificent water power, which is partially utilized. From Swanton to the lake the Mississquoi is navigable. and canal boats and sailing vessels ply the stream. Railroads from four directions center in Swanton, viz.: From Montreal and Canada ; from Ogdensburg and the West ; from Boston, New York, Troy and Albany, via St. Albans ; and from Boston and New England points via St. Johnsbury & Lake Champlain Railroad. This latter road runs to Maquam Bay, three-fourths of a mile from the village, on Lake Champlain. Maquam forms a port of entry for Swanton. During the season of navigation, the steamer Maquam ph's daily between Maquam Bay and Burlington. Swanton is an attractive village, occupying ground upon both sides of the river. The surrounding countr>^ is level and embraces one of the finest farming sections in the State. Swanton received its name in honor of Captain William Swanton, an officer in the British service during the French and Indian wars. A beautiful park, of considerable extent, is one of the attractive features of Swanton. At one end of the park is a beautiful soldiers' monument to commemorate the names of those who gave up their lives in the war of Rebellion. Surrounding the park, and adjacent thereto, are the business houses of the village, the churches and schools. Swanton has five churches, a custom house, bank, Catholic convent, graded schools, half a dozen manufacturing concerns, and an inexhaustible water suppl^^ The souice of supply is the Mississquoi River. A powerful pumping engine forces the water through mains to all parts of the village. The village 136 Vermont : Its Resources and hidjistries. presents a tidy and go-ahead appearance ; the business buildings are modern, and an air of thrift is noticeable on all sides. Swanton has its newspaper, of course. The Swanton Cozwier is a live local and family paper. THE ATWOOD MANUFACTURING CO. This company was incorporated in 1887, and includes some of the most enterprising and best known men in this part of Ver- mont. Its officers are : G. F. Atwood, President ; C. S. Leach, Treasurer ; while the directory consists of both the above named gentlemen, and H. A. Burt, Attorne5^ Swanton ; Willard Farring-, ton, St. Albans ; O. S. Rixford, of Highgate, the proprietor of the celebrated Standard Axe and Scythe Works, the merits of whose pro- ductions are well known. The pres- ident of this company was the pioneer suspender manufacturer in Swanton, and has patented a great many devices and novelties used in the manufacture of these goods. The Atwood Manu- facturing Co. manufacture suspenders of every grade and of every style of web, but the leading specialty of the company is the Automatic Pivot Sus- pender, shown in subjoined engraving, and the automatic buckle, also shown by engraving. The automatic pivot suspender was patented January 29, 1889, and, while being a novelty, is practical and demonstrates its own utility. It allows the wearer to assume any position with ease, and is very dura- ble. The automatic buckle is used on all products of this company. It is made of one piece of metal and is remarkably easy to adjust. The Atwood Mfg. Co. operate a spe- cial plant for the manufacture of buckles, located on the west side of the Mississquoi River. Their sus- pender factory is on the east side of the river. This building is now being enlarged and facilities in- creased in every direction to keep pace with the demand for goods. Swanton. 137 vSWANTON SUSPENDER CO. This is an incorporated company, established in 1884, and is known the country over through its original and striking methods of advertising, and its advice to "Keep your pants on" has become quite familiar. The officers of the company are : E. P. Adams, President; J. S. Adams, Vice-President ; Charles C. Gil- more, Secretary and General Manager ; J. D. Beeman, Treasurer. The company has branch houses in New York, San Francisco and Chicago. Its manufactures consist of the celebrated Atwood suspenders, in almost countless grades, shoulder braces and com- mon suspenders. The premises occupied for manufacturing pur- poses are spacious and convenient, thoroughl}- equipped with all modern machinery and appliances for the work in hand. The Atwood suspender, manufactured by the Swanton Suspender com- pany, is appreciated by all who have worn them. They will not slip off the shoulders or draw in the back ; have no clumsy buckles to wear out the shirt or vest lining, and do not draw over the shoulders when sitting or stooping. Indeed, they allow the utmost freedom of motion without annoyance. The trade of this house is throughout the entire United States, the demand steadily increasing with each succeeding year and driving the factory to its utmost capacity. The gentlemen composing the Swanton Suspender Co. are among the best known men in the State. Mr. E. P. Adams, the president, is well known for his business ability and as an extensive butter buyer ; J. S. Adams, the vice-president, is a physician, living at Oakland, California ; Rev. J. D. Beeman, the treasurer, is president of the \^ermont Methodist Seminar3% at Moutpelier, is interested in the Butterfield Spring Bed Co., and Beeman Bros, buckle works, in Swanton, and in several other enterprises. Mr. Charles C. Gil- more, the general manager, was formerly engaged in the clothing business in Swanton, and aban- donded that branch of trade to ' engage in the suspender industry. 138 Vermont: Its Resources and Industries. Mr. Gilmore was tlie master spirit in the organization of this com- pany, and has been general manager since its foundation. BARNEY MARBIvE CO. This concern was established in 1840 by Mr. George Barney. It is now an incorporated company with a capital of $100,000, ojB&cered as follows: F. W. Smith, Burlington, President; R. L. Barney, Swanton, Secretary and Superintendent; J. N. Baxter, Rutland, Treasurer. The company own vast quarries of Cham- plain marble, located but a short distance from Swanton village. The mills for sawing and dressing are extensive, and are provided with the latest improved machinery and devices for marble busi- ness. The company's quarries produce eighteen distinct varieties of marble, all handsomely variegated in colors. The product of the company is flooring tile from black, white, French gray, dove, red variegated, Ivepanto, Lyonnaise and American-Italian m^arble, wainscoting, interior finish, furniture tops, etc. The variegated marbles from the Barney Marble Co.'s quarries are strikingly beautiful and are susceptible of high polish. l^UTL/\h^lS). 'T^^UTLAND is the largest village in the State, and the shire- m^ town of Rutland County. It is located at the confluence i^\ of East and Otter Creeks, in the beautiful Otter Valley, ^ amid some of the most picturesque views of mountain and valley, healthful atmosphere and beautiful surroundings of any Vermont town. The legislature of 1886 divided the then township of Rutland into three separate towns, viz.: Rutland, West Rutland and Proctor. The original township had an area of 26,000 acres, and embraced the famous Rutland marble quarries. Marble is plenty in Rutland to-day, and is to be seen in side-walks and curbing, underpinning, and in buildings. The name "Marble City" is decidedl)^ applicable to Rutland, even though the present town has no marble quarries. Rutland was incorporated as a village in 1847, and has eight wards. The opening of a railroad gave the corporation impetus and the village took on a healthy and regular growth. The section of country surrounding Rutland is prolific of valua- ble minerals, and many mines are working, the product being iron, manganese, etc. The whole county, in fact, is rich in min- eral wealth, and Rutland has a mineralogist in the person of Mr. George J. Wardwell, who possesses cabinets of minerals not only from Vermont, but from all parts of the world, which is worth going many miles to see. Rutland is the principal railroad center of the State, and its location is such as to compel an immense traflSc to pass through it. The railroads entering Rutland are : The Central Vermont, forming a through line from Boston to Montreal ; the Bennington & Rutland, a through route to Troy and New York ; and the Delaware & Hudson, running through Saratoga to Troy, Albany and the West, to Lake George, the Adirondack Mountains, etc. The Clarendon & Pittsford runs from Proctor to Center Rutland. All trains run into a union depot, located in the business part of the village. The village is divided into eight wards, and contains a population of about 12,000 inhabitants, and has churches of all denominations, .several marble mills, and other extensive manu- 140 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. facturing establishments. The streets are lighted with electric lights, and there is an Kdison incandescent electric light plant ; a telephone system ; a district messenger service ; a fine fire depart- ment ; an excellent system of water works ; free mail delivery ; a large and flourishing Y. M. C. A.; a post of G. A. R.; one of the finest military companies in the State ; two first-class bands ; three Masonic lodges ; a chapter and council ; a lodge and encamp- ment of Odd Fellows ; two Good Templars lodges ; five fire engine and hose companies, a steamer company and a hook and ladder company. WATER WORKS. Rutland has a good system of water works. The supply is taken from a tributary to East Creek, about three miles northeast of the village. For about fifty feet from the bank of the creek a cobblestone filter is constructed, from which the water flows into a canal or vat, where all sediment that may exist is precipitated, and clear water passes into an aqueduct, flowing to the village reservoir. The works have about one hundred and eighty feet head, with a uniform pressure of about seventy-five pounds to the square inch, so that by attaching hose to the fire-hydrants a powerful stream is thrown. THE MARBLE INDUSTRY. Rutland is a great marble center, its capitalists being largely interested in quarries and mills in various parts of the State. Rutland proper has two plants in operation, those of the Bardillo Marble Co. and the Columbian Marble Co. , while at Center Rut- land, a suburb, two miles west, is a branch of the great Vermont Marble Co. and the shops of Ripley Sons. The True Blue Mar- ble Co. has its office in Rutland, but its quarries and shops are at West Rutland. SCHOOI.S. The educational facilities of Rutland are held in high regard by the people. The graded system prevails. The High School Building is a handsome, commodious structure, beautifully located on a hill near the head of Center Street, commanding a fine view, and at the same time receiving the benefit of the health- ful air of the higher land. It contains a valuable library, and fine apparatus for astronomical and philosophical illustration. There are several school buildings beside the High School. Rutland. 141 BANKS. Rutland has five National banks and four Savings banks and Trust companies. These five National banks have an aggregate capital of $1,000,000, and deposits of over half a million. This is one-tenth of all the national banks, and one-eighth of the total banking capital of the State. The town has also four of the twenty-five savings banks and trust companies of the State, the total deposits therein being about two and a-half millions of dollars. INDUSTRIES. The manufactures and general business interests of Rutland are valuable and extensive. Conspicuous among the former are mar- ble mills, scale works, machine shops, foundries, chair iactorj-, boiler shop, shirt factory, etc. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. Rutland has a fine town hall, county clerk's ofiice, and court house. The court house is a fine building built of pressed brick, all but the steps, trimmings and foundation walls, which are of Chester granite. The U. S. court house and postoffice building is a fine structure, erected in 1857, ^^ ^ cost of $80,000. THE PRESS. Among the educational forces of Vermont the newspaper is a recognized vital factor, and has its due weight in Rutland. The Rutland Daily Herald is a morning paper, bright and newsy. The Rutland Evening Telegj'a^n is a second daily paper, always crisp and readable. The Herald Co. publish a weekly edition, and the Telegram Co. publish weekly and Sunday papers. THE OPERA HOUSE. One of the most conspicuous structures of Rutland is the opera house building, standing on Merchants Row. The style of arch- itecture is purely Roman. Standing on the apex of an iron ped- iment above the second story is a heroic bronze statue of the Apollo Belvidere, god of music. The interior is finely fitted, and is provided with ample scenery and stage machinery. THE MOUNTAINS. One of the characteristic features of Rutland is its trinity of mountains : Killington, Pico and Shrewsbury. Mount Killing- ton is ten miles distant from the village, over a fine road. The 142 Vermont : Its Resources and Industides. summit is entirely barren and sterile and frown down upon the surrounding landscape from an altitude of 4380 feet above •tide- water. From its summit a view of surpassing grandeur is obtained, the eye taking in twenty-six villages. Indeed the view is regarded as more attractive than that from Mount Washington, being less a scene of desolation and of greater pastoral beauty, presenting to the beholder a sea of mountains clothed in verdure, their sides dotted with nestling lakes and fertile farms. To the north of Killington, and crowding close on its base, is Pico Peak, thickly covered with dense forest nearly to its summit, 3917 feet above the sea. MEMORIAL HALL. This noble and enduring monument, dedicated to the soldier dead of Rutland, stands on West Street, and was erected at a cost of $50,000. The town contributed $25,000 for its erection, and the marble companies contributed the building material therefor. Memorial Hall is to contain the town library and relics of, the war of the Rebellion. CHURCHES. Rutland contains seven churches of as many denominations : Congregational, Baptist, Episcopal, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Second Adventist, and French Catholic, STREET RAILWAY. A street railway line runs from Rutland through Center Rut- land to West Rutland, four miles distant ; and a belt-line makes a circuit of the principal streets of the village. There is also a line from the Bates House to the Fair Ground. THE BOARD OF TRADE. Although Rutland is already quite a manufacturing center, its railroads facilities, healthfulness and general advantages are such that its importance in this direction will no doubt increase. The board of trade, organized for this purpose, are making efforts with the view of increasing the manufacturing. All new manufactur- ing enterprises locating in Rutland are exempt from taxation by a vote of the town for a period of five years. The board has recently established a market day (Tuesday) and is agitating the matter of building a canal to Whitehall twenty- five miles, and connecting with the New York State canals at that point. Rutland. 143 THE HOUSE OF CORRECTION. This institution is located on the west border of the village, and cost about $60,000. Rutland contributed $20,000 toward its erection and thereb}' gained its use as a County Jail. The disci- pline is very rigid. All conversation with fellow prisoners is pro- hibited, and in health a full day's work is required. THE BATES HOUSE. This hotel is located just opposite the depot, on Merchant's Row, and is the most centralh- located of any hotel in Rutland. It con- tains one hundred and fifty light, well ventilated rooms, several parlors, and a large dining room. The furniture throughout is black walnut. Ever^-room is heated by steam and connected with the office by .speaking tubes. The cuisine is all that the most fastidious could wish, while the geutlemanlj' proprietors, Messrs. A. H. Tuttle & Son, by their courtesy and kindness to guests, not only render the hotel a success, but popular. From the large observ^atory and room}- balconies vi.sitors can obtain a fine view of Rutland and its environs, including Pico, Killington and Shrewsbury Mountains, and the Otter Creek, as it winds its way through the \-allev, with the Green Mountains on one side and the THE BATES HOUSE. 144 Vermont : lis Resources ajid Industries. Taghconic on the other, forming a scene that is scarcely rivalled by that of any other country. The section about Rutland is rich in pleasant and interesting drives, and the Bates House is a favor- ite point for tourists to spend a few days viewing the many sights and indulging in the fine drives. The roads are excellent, and a fine livery is connected with the house, where every style of turn- out can be procured, with careful and obliging drivers to point out the various objects of interest. The Bates House is first-class in ever}^ respect ; has bath-rooms and closets on every floor, and is admirably adapted to the comfort of families and transients who will find it a homelike resort at all seasons of the year. NEW ENGLAND FIRE INSURANCE CO. This company has been in existence about eight years and has grown to be one of the foremost insurance organizations in New England. It is the onl)^ purely stock fire insurance company act- ing under charter from the State of Vermont, and while its man- agement is wide-awake and progressive, it is, at the same time, cautious and conservative in the selection of hazardous risks. Its contracts are liberal and definite, giving a certain amount of indemnity for a certain amount of premium. Its list of ofiicers and directors furnishes a sufficient guarantee of its strength and stability as well as its reliability and honorable dealing. Most of the gentlemen are men of wealth, while all are of known integrity. The list is as follows : Hon. L. W. Redington, President ; Dr. John A. Mead, Vice-President ; Henry O. Edson, Treasurer ; J. R. Hoadley, Secretary ; E. G. Bagley, General Agent. The directory consists of Hon. E. W. Redington, Dr. John A. Mead, Hon. Cyrus Jennings, Hon. Joel C. Baker, Col. John A. Sheldon, Henry O. Edson, Dr. Charles A. Gale, Judge Thomas C. Robbins, F. M. Butler, George H. Verder, Dr. J. B. Rand, J. R, Hoadley, Albert H. Tuttle, M. Quinn. The company organized with a capital of $100,000, which has since been increased to $125,000. January i, 1889, the company had policies in force amounting to $2,671,804 ; and had paid losses since its organization of $125,106.22. The company is rapidly increasing, its cash premiums for 1888 being forty per cent, in excess of those for 1886, while its ratio of losses decreased twelve per cent, during the same time, and a reduction of eight per cent, effected in expenses. The New England did more business in Vermont in 1888 than any other stock company. It possesses all the advantages of out- Rutland. 145 side companies, and its ratio of assets to liabilities is surpassed by but two or three companies, and is far above the average. It has never assumed to possess the millions of assets of the foreign com- panies, but its field of operations and its liabilit)' is correspond- ingly small. Its contracts are liberal, and all losses are equitably adjusted and promptly paid. Its rates are as low as the lowest, and its policies cover damage by lightning even if no fire ensues, and also damage by lightning to live stock in the field, without extra charge. The safest companj- is the one that is prudently managed and has a large relative surplus to its policy-holders after providing for its legal obligations. Such a company is the New England, made so by its clear-headed, prudent and reliable man- agement, and its reputation for economy, soundness and upright and liberal dealing is unquestioned. LINCOLN IRON WORKS. This is one of the prominent manufacturing industries of Rut- land, and is engaged in the manufacture of machinery for working and handling marble, stone and wood. The officers of the com- pany are : J. N. Woodfin, President ; R. Barrett, Treasurer ; W. A. Patrick, Superintendent ; C. G. Ross, Assistant Superin- tendent. The works are located on West Street, and the shipping facilities secured can be readily perceived by referring to the engraving of the works. The Lincoln Iron Works has had a large and varied experience in its especial line of work, and furnish complete plants, of the best materials and most approved and modern construction. The stock of patterns is large, and besides patterns for special machines, the list embraces a complete assortment of pulleys, boxes, hangers, gearing, etc. These works •make the Merrimac Screw Gang for sawing stone, which has full}' demonstrated its utility, and which is in use in many of the best mills in the countr5^ The Merrimac screw ripper is also made by this establishment, as well as the Clogston patent gang, punches for punching saw-blades, automatic sand-feeding devices, stone planing machines, stone jointing machines, derrick irons, hoisting powers, hand powers, rubbing beds, marble drills, polish- ing lathes, wood-working machines, dowel machines, boring machines, brass and iron castings, railroad castings, car wheels, structural castings and structural iron work. The company's illustrated catalogue sets forth the merits of its productions and can be had on application. ■iiiiiliiill'' Rutland. 147 HARRIS MANUFACTURING CO. This company conduct an extensive establishment on Furnace, Franklin, Howe and Union Streets, the works covering several acres of ground. Their shops vary from one to three stories in height. In addition to this they have several storehouses and sheds for use in the different branches of their business. This companj' conduct various branches of business — six in all— and each department is in charge of a superintendent of many years' experience. The officers of the company are : Joel B. Harris, President ; Wm. A. Harris, Vice-President ; Charles P. Harris, Treasurer. The general management of the business is vested in Joel B. Harris and Charles P. Harris, Wm. A. Harris, the Vice-President, lives at Springfield, Mass., being one of the managers of the Springfield Foundry Co. During the past five years the business of the Hyris Man- ufacturing Co. has largeh' increased, necessitating numerous additions to the plant. The company have a door, sash and blind factor3% a lumber yard and planing-mill ; and eight miles distant from Rutland thc}^ have two saw- mills and 600 acres of timber lands where they manufacture lumber and chair stock. In the factory here, the company produce doors, sash and blinds and building material, house, store, mill, school and church fine wood work, also school seats and desks, church pews and pulpits, cabinet work, store counters, shelving, etc. The lumber yard is stocked with a large stock in the lumber line, both soft and hard woods, and the company furnish every article in wood that cnters'into the construction of a building. The Harris Manufacturing Co. are also manufacturers of cane and wood seat chairs, and have agencies for these goods through- out the West and South, while they ship largely to the Pacific coast and do quite an export business. Their factory is provir'ed with all modern machinery, first-class dr>' houses, and the employes are all skilled in the business. Possessing their own 148 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. saw-mills and timber lands, the company secure the diflferent classes of chair stock and lumber at cost, and are able to produce their goods at the very lowest figures. This is a great advantage in a manufactory of this kind, and enables the company to sell their chairs as low as the lowest. Shipping facilities are unsur- passed, the company having side tracks in their yards which enable the loading of goods direct from the factory. The com- pany issue a fine illustrated catalogue describing their chairs, which should be in the hands of every interested person. Special patterns of chairs are made to order. The facilities of the com- pany are such that orders of any magnitude can be filled promptly. RUTLAND FOUNDRY & MACHINE SHOP CO. The company is under the proprietorship of the Harris Manufact- uring Co., and has the same management. The works make a specialty of stone, wood and iron working machinery, general machine work, shafting, gearing, piping, engine work, etc., and both macline and foundry departments are under the supervision of thoroughly practical men. The works were lately moved into new buildings, the machine shop being 60x40 feet in dimensions, two stories high, and the foundry 60x60 feet. These works were formerly, for twenty-five years, conducted by Mr. Joel B. Harris, who was principally engaged in the manufacture of car-wheels and railroad castings. The business of the foundry has changed to general castings, both large and small. The old shops used by Mr. Harris so many years are still used in connection with the new plant. The foundry part of the business, which was idle for some time, has lately resumed operations. ■ The company manufacture special machinery to order, and make lathes for iron working and getting out chair posts. They have lately also given attention to the manufacture of horse mowers of greatly improved pattern for Massachusetts parties. The mower makes an entirely new departure from all other grass cutting appliances in having devices for grinding the knives while the mower is in operation. DUNN & CRAMTON. This concern was established in 1858, and is one of the oldest, as well as largest mercantile establishments in Rutland. The individual members of the firm are James C. Dunn and John W. Cram ton. The firm's location is at 14 and 16 Merchants' Row, where upwards of 15,000 square feet of flooring is occupied in the display of wares, while several sheds and store-houses used by Rutland. 149 the firm swell the area several thousand feet more. Dunn & Cramton are wholesale and retail dealers in stoves, ranges and house-furnishing goods, and jobbers in tin plate, sheet iron, zinc, barbed-wire, nails, iron pipe and fittings, and agate and granite ware. The firm deal largely in prepared paints, manufacturers' supplies, sporting and blasting powder. A leading specialty of the business is in buying wool, hides and pelts, and in handling pure Vermont maple sugar, this latter business demanding much attention in its season, and shipments being made to all parts of the country. The business of this house extends to all parts of the State, and its stock and annual business is in excess of any like establishment in New England. The utmost system prevails in every department of the firm's business. The various lines of goods have their special departments, each in charge of competent salesmen. In the stove department upwards of three hundred heaters, cooking stoves, etc., are shown, while the display of house-furnishing goods is bewildering in its magnitude. Messrs. Dunn & Cramton do an extensive junk business, and keep many carts on the road. The paper-rags collected by their peddlers are sorted on the top floors of the firm's buildings and baled for market. This business employs many hands and many car-loads of rags are shipped each year. H. A. SAWYER & CO. In the Globe Building, opposite the railroad station, is the lo- cation of H. A. Sawyer & Co., a firm having a trade extending over the entire State of Vermont and reaching into adjoining States. The house was established in 1864. Its business is in wrapping papers, paper bags, stationery, books, wooden ware, etc. , at whole- sale. The stock embraces everything in the above lines, besides blank books, school books, matches, brushes of all kinds, twines and cordage, cigars and pipes, and the w^arerooms show large sup- plies of these goods at all times. Ruled and toilet paper and sta- tioners' supplies are a feature of the business also and an office can be fitted out from the stock presented. The firm makes blank books a specialty, either ruled to order or in general designs, and in this direction transact probably the largest business in the State. Sawyer & Co., are also job printers and binders and are proprietors of the Rutland Broom Factory. They deal in fishing tackle, also, and in their various lines offer special advantages in prices to the buyer. 150 Vermo?it : lis Resources and Industries. TRUE BLUE MARBLE CO. The mills and quarries of this company are at West Rutland, two miles north of the railroad station. The company was organ- ized in May, 1884. Its lands embrace 150 acres, audits mill is pro- vided with a number of gangs, and all devices for polishing and shaping stock. The company has a capital of $200,000, and is oflficered as follows : J. W. Cramton, President ; E. D. Keyes, Treasurer and Manager ; George B. Royce, Secretary. The prod- uct of the True Blue quarries presents a rich variety, being veined, mottled and shaded in beautiful blue coloring. It matches and harmonizes all sides alike in monumental work, is even grained and of fine texture, and works in all ways alike, similiar to Ital- ian marble, while it is free from flint and other uneven hard sub- stances. The product is largely shipped for wainscoting, furni- ture tops, mantles and tiling, besides cemetery work. STEAM STONE CUTTER CO. This company are sole proprietors and manufacturers of the Wardwell patent stone channeling or quarrying machine. The machines are made in three sizes — single-gang, double-gang and sand-stone machines. They are locomotive and cut moving in either direction, and are reversed without stopping, and either or both sides can be operated at pleasure. It requires two men to operate the single, and three to operate the double machine. The former uses about 300 pounds of coal per day and the latter about 400 pounds. The single machine strikes 150 blows and the double 300 blows (150 on each side) per minute, and feed forward on the track one-half inch at each stroke, or six feet per minute, and cut from half-an-inch to one inch in depth each time passing over. The single machine cuts from forty to eighty square feet of channel in marble and limestone, and eighty to one-hundred in sand -stone per day, and will do the work of twenty-five men. The double machine will do the work of fifty men. MANSFIELD & STIMSON. This firm is located on Freight street, and was established in 1 85 1. They make machinery and tools for quarries and mines, and for working and handling stone, especially marble, slate and soapstone, engines, boilers and pumps, agricultural fork machinery and tools, castings in iron and brass, gearing, shafting, hangers, and special machinery to order. The firm deal in iron and steel, pipe and fittings, power pumps, injectors, inspirators, valves. Rutland. 151 steam and water gauges, fire brick, fire clay and general supplies, and are agents for Judson's governor, Sullivan Machine Co.'s rock drills, gadders and water wheels, the Watertown Steam Engine Co.'s engines, boilers and pumps, the Wainwright feed water heaters and steam heaters, and for the Lane Manufacturing Co.'s circular saw-mills. The works of the firm are fully equipped with all machinery for facilitating business ; the employes are skilled artisans ; and the stock of patterns is very large, general and complete, comprising especially, gears and pulleys in large variet_v and of any required size. THE HOWE SCALE COMPANY. This industry is the most prominent in Rutland. The works were established in Brandon, Vt., in 1857, and removed to Rut- land in 1878. In 1888, the Howe Scale Co. was re-organized with an ample cash capital and a strong board of directors. Its general officers are as follows : John A. Mead, President ; John W. Cramton, Vice-President ; John W. Norton, Treasurer ; W. R. Page, General Agent. The plant of the company consists of a triangular piece of land containing about nine acres, situated a short distance southeast from the depot, at the junction of the Central Vermont and Bennington & Rutland Railroads, and at the terminus of the great system of the Delaware & Hudson Canal Co. The extensive buildings of the company, eighteen in number, are well arranged for doing their wcJrk systematically, thoroughl)^ and with great facility, and to the same end, they are well equipped with general and special and some ver>' novel machinery adapted to their uses. This business has been a great boon to Rutland, adding largely to a valuable class of its popula- tion, and greatly increasing all its business and the value of its real estate. The Howe scales are made with great care, from the best of materials, and are characterized by their protected bearings, durability, accuracy and simplicity. They are manu- factured in ever\' design, from the post office scale, to those for railroad use, and in every grade are unexcelled for the purposes for which they are designed. The Howe Scale Compan}^ has agencies in all the principal cities of the United States and foreign countries, and its business is constantl}^ increasing. Rutland. 153 BARDIIXO MARBLE MANUFACTURING CO. This companj^ was organized in 1882, and is one of the leading manufacturing concerns of Rutland. The officers of the company- are : William L. Strong, President ; Robert L. Darragh, Vice- President ; S. D. Hatch, Treasurer ; A. J. Dunton, General Manager. The office and steam finishing works of the company are in Rutland, alongside the Central Vermont and Delaware & Hudson Railroad ; the quarries and mills are at Brandon. The Bardillo company manufacture for the trade only, and produce everything in monumental and cemeter\' work, while a large trade is done in rough stone. The shops at Rutland are equipped with the latest improved machinery. None but first-class mechanics are employed, and the company guarantees satisfaction and prompt shipment in every instance. The Bardillo marble is unexceptionally sound, and has a ver>' fine, close grain, being susceptible of as fine a polish as can be produced on any marble in the market. The product is blue, being handsomely veined, and the color ver>' even. The Bardillo' s Italian veins resemble very closely the famous imported Bardaglio. The Bardillo Co.'s mar- ble is free from white lines commonly called threads, and the light marble is evenly mottled. Marble of this company's pro- duction can be seen in the Murray Hill and Fifth Avenue hotels, also in the new Stock Exchange, in New York City ; and in many other prominent buildings, where it is used with fine effect in fin- ishing the interior. C. PARMENTER'S INSURANCE AGENCY. This gentleman is well known to the people of Rutland County, as, for the past twenty-two years, he has been located in Rutland. He represents some of the largest and most reliable fire insurance companies, one Life Insurance Co. , known throughout the world as the peer of any life companies, namely, the Mutual Life of New York. To any who contemplate the carrying of a life policy, it is only just to Mr. Parmenter and the company he represents, to say that one would meet with good returns for their •money invested, by securing a policy of Mr. Parmenter in this, the largest financial institution in the world. His offices are located in Richardson's new block, corner of Wales and Center Streets, and are equipped with all the modem improvements which serv-e to turn off his large and growing insurance business with dispatch. By close attention to business, and a long experi- ence, Mr. Parmenter has worked himself to the front to that 154 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. degree that he not only enjoys the most elaborate and richly furnished offices, but also enjoys a liberal share of the patronage of the people, as his office represents a large portion of the fire insurance of Rutland County at the present time. That Mr. Parmenter is square and upright in all his business deal is attested by all fair-minded people who have had au}" business relations with him. For a long time he worked faithfully to build up the New England Fire Insurance Co., and succeeded in placing it where he can now look back over the past four or five years of its existence (while under his personal management) with pride and satisfaction. In January, 1888, he resigned the management of the New England Fire Ins. Co. , and accepted the appointment of special agent for the Liberty Ins. Co. , which is doing a very nice business in Vermont, and he has been so fortunate as to secure the services of very competent assistants, which, with added facilities, afford him greatly improved advantages for successfully prosecuting his local and agency business. Mr. E. M. Buck, as head clerk, and Mr. A. E. Ball, as solicitor, are the right men in the right places, and have already become valuable adjuncts to this well-regulated office. Their former experience has eminently fitted them for the important positions they have been called upon to occupy. All connected with this establishment are courteous and obliging and pleasant to meet in a business way. Mr. Parmenter is also agent for the Fidelity and Casualty Accidental Insurance Co. of New York, and takes great pains in the adjust- ment of all losses, so that none who do business with him have reason to complain. A large amount of surplus fire business is written at this office for agents in all parts of the State. MOSEEY & STODDARD CO. This concern, which had for many years been located at Poult- ney, Vt., recently removed to Rutland through the efforts of the board of trade, and is now located in the building formerly used by Gay, Kimball & Gay as a button factor>% and later as a shirt factory ,^on West Street, alongside the D. & H. and Central Ver- mont Railroads. The present company was organized March nth, and consists of the following officers: E. P. Gilson, President ; George T. Chaffee, Vice-President ; Cyrus Gates, Secretary ; M. O. Stoddard, Treasurer and Superintendent. The directory embraces all of the above named gentlemen and J. H. Tay. The company is at present employing fifty hands, but the number will soon double. The Mosely & Stoddard Co. manu- Rutland. 155 facture dairy apparatus, its chums being turned out in nine difiFer- ent sizes and its creameries in eleven patterns. In 1888, before the concern's works were burned at Poultney, the company manu- factured 3,000 chums and about 1,000 creameries. J. H. HOLMES & CO. This concern is located on West and Forest Streets, alongside the Central Vermont and D. & H. railroads. It was established in 1872, and makes a specialty of manufacturing steam boilers of all sizes and descriptions ; also stationary engines. Holmes & Co. do sheet iron work of all kinds and make a specialty of steam heating. The firm deals in builders' hardware and engine sup- plies, and has the agency for various prepared paints, kalsomine, etc. Carrying a large stock of goods and possessing ample facili- ties. Holmes & Co. are able to execute promptly any order that may be entrusted to them. WHa,T 1^UTL/\N^- yEST RUTLAND forms a township set off from Rutland' in 1886. The village of West Rutland is located about four miles west of Rutland village, and contains three churches, about a dozen stores and 2,000 inhabitants. It is at West Rutland that the marble deposit which has made the name of Rutland famous in all parts of the world, is found. At a distance of eighty rods north from the railroad depot in West Rut- land is a range of hills rising two hundred feet above the bottom lands. On the western slope of these hills, and near the base, crops out the beautiful Rutland marble. The use of marble for ornamental and artistic purposes dates from the remotest antiquity. Italy, the famous marble producing country of the world, whose wide-famed quarries of Carrara have supplied statuaries with this beautiful material since the time of Julius Caesar, was destined to find a dangerous rival nestled in the quiet hills of West Rut- land. The valley at the foot of West Mountain, half a century ago was a dreary swamp, and it was about that time that the quarrying of marble here was first begun, having a very romantic start. During the year 1838, Wm. F. Barnes began calcining the marble into quicklime. Soon the idea occurred to him that this marble might be used in the manufacture of tombstones. Accord- ingly, he struck a bargain for this barren, swampy land, includ- ing a portion of the hill, giving in exchange an old horse, worth not to exceed $75. This same barren land contained nearly all of the famous quarries of West Rutland, and which, before his death, Mr. Barnes sold for $130,000. The marbles of West Rutland, in variety of color, in fineness of texture, and in durability are not surpassed by those from any other region of the United States. Some of the Rutland marbles are fully equal to the highest grade of Italian, and for some purposes it is considered superior. There are but three marble companies operating in West Rut- land, the True Blue Co., a sketch of whose business appears in the matter pertaining to Rutland, the Sheldon Marble Co. and the Vermont Marble Co. This last concern has recently acquired the valuable property formerly operated by Gilson & Woodfin, Wes^ Rutland. 157 and conduct the large plant of that firm in connection with their works at Proctor and Center Rutland. The Valido Marble Co. has a quarry at West Rutland, and mills and finishing shops at Fairhaven, Vt. The Standard Mar- ble Co. and the Esperanza Marble Co. also have quarries at West Rutland. SHELDON MARBLE CO. This company was organized in December, 1888, and succeeded to the business of Sheldon & Sons. Its officers are : Charles Sheldon, President ; Charles H. Sheldon, Vice-President ; John A. Sheldon, Treasurer ; Wm. K. Sheldon, Secretary and Man- ager. The name of Sheldon was first connected with the marble territor}^ of West Rutland about seven tj'-seven years ago, when Meadad Sheldon, father of the president of the Sheldon Marble Co., and Wm. Dennison, came into possession of the entire prop- erty, the latter giving for his portion a black ram, and the former, property of about equal value. The actual history of this concern runs back to 1845, the elder Sheldon being, practically, the pioneer in the marble business in this locality. Ihe capital of the Sheldon Marble Co. is $1,250,000, and the property controlled by it includes the cream of the West Rutland deposit, with com- paratively inexhaustible undeveloped deposits greatly in excess of that alread)' worked, and embraces three quarries operated by the firm of Sheldon & Sons, the Sherman and the Manhattan quarries, and a mill plant at Hydeville, Vt. The quarries of the company are all located on the same deposit and include its northern and southern limits. All are well known as yielding a superior qual- ity of marble. These quarries are supplemented by five large mills with eighty gangs of saws, a steam plant, considered one of the best in the industry in this country, three engines of 450 horse-power, three air compres.sors of 250 horse-power, 53-light electro dynamos, condenser and other modern appliances. The annual capacity of the company is 4,000,000 superficial (one inch) feet of sawed marble, possessing a market value of between one- half and three-quarters of a million of dollars. The propertj' of the company at West Rutland and Hydeville embraces about 200 acres of land, and over seventy-five tenement houses. The product of the Sheldon Marble Co. is the choicest white and statuary marbles, and the deposit controlled is one of the largest in the country-. The plants of the company have special railroad tracks nnming to each department and thereby secure 158 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. the most perfect shipping facilities. The business of the company- includes both block, sawed and finished marble, which finds a market in -all parts of the United States and Canada. The use of marble as a most desirable material for buildings, both public and private, is acquiring an enormous growth, and in view of this fact the Sheldon Marble Co. has greatly increased its facilities, to meet the demand for building marble. With large deposits of all kinds of blue marble and the celebrated Philadelphia white, so largely used in that city, the company is prepared to furnish estimates, and contract for all kinds of building work. Owing to the multi- plicity of designs on the market, the Sheldon Marble Co. does not issue a price list of finished work. The company, however, furnishes work from the designs of any company at their price lists, and makes estimates on special designs at any time. ©/\a)TLETON. eASTLETON is located about eleven miles west of Rutland, at the junction of the Rutland and Washington and Whitehall and Rutland divisions of the Delaware & Hud- son Railroad. The surrounding country is diversified by hill, mountain, lake, river and rill, has a salubrious climate, pure water, beautiful scenery, and in fact, every attribute for making it one of the most delightful towns in the country. The village contains about one hundred and fifty buildings, remarkable for a uniform neatness. Castleton is situated upon the southern bank of the Castleton River, on a level plain, elevated about thirty feet above the stream. In the village are four churches, a town hall, a dozen or more stores, the Vermont State Normal School, and . several slate mills. VERMONT STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. This institution is one of three State Normal Schools. It is beautifull}^ situated at the head of Seminar}^ Street, and was estab- lished as the Rutland County Grammar School in 1787. In 1867, a State Normal School was established in connection with the Rutland County Grammar School, by the Vermont Board of Education, and since that date the institution has been known as the State Normal School. In Ma5% 1881, the property was purchased by Capt. Abel E. ■ Leavenworth, A. M., a graduate from the University of Vermont, who has had an experience of over a quarter of a century as principal of classical and normal schools. Under Mr. Leavenworth's administration the school has grown steadily in numbers, and takes front rank among the edu- cational institutions of the State. The board of instruction embraces the following persons : Principal, Abel E. Leaven- worth, A. M., Algebra, Constitutions, Ps5'chology, Pedagogy. Assistants, Abbie E. Leonard, Woodstock, Arithmetic, Physi- ology, Natural Sciences, Literature ; Luc}^ Wells, Granby, Gram- mar, Analysis of Authors, Reading, Algebra ; Eleanor L. Manly, Pittsford, Reading and Geography ; Annie F. Bell, Franklin, Arithmetic, Grammar, Drawing, Geometry ; Hattie K. Farnham, Poultnej^ Primary work and General Assistant. The manage- Castle to7i. i6i ment of the school is under Abel E. Leavenworth, with Miss Louisa M. Leavenworth as Associate. The fall term begins the third Tuesday in August ; the spring term,- th^ third Tuesday- in February. Tuition is $6.00 per quarter; board, $3.50 per week. The average attendance per quarter at this school is over one hundred and fifty. Two courses of study are adopted, as required by law. The first course embraces two years, or four terms of twenty weeks each. The second course embraces a year and a half, or three terms of twenty weeks each. To receive the State license, candidates must have attended a State Normal School for at least one school year, and be seventeen years of age. Grad- uates from the first course receive a State license to teach in any public school in the State for a term of five years ; those from the second course receive a license for ten j^ears. A preparatory department is maintained for the instruction of those not prepared by age and attainments to enter upon the first course. The instruction in each course is largely b}- topics ; and in each recita- tion the clearest method of instruction and explanation is sought. The aim of the school is, first, to secure a knowledge of the sub- ject ; then to instruct in the best methods of imparting that knowledge to others. The school building is surrounded by a beautiful park, shaded with large trees, and the building is pro- vided with ever>^ convenience for comfort. For further informa- tion, address the principal. iBHNNiNSTON- jENNINGTON, one of the most historic townships in New England, is a half-shire town of Bennington County, and is located in the southwestern part of the State. It is distant from Montpelier, the State capital, about ninety miles. The physical features of Bennington Count}^ are marked by the elevated peaks of the Taghconic Mountains, cut by fertile valleys in the west and the unbroken barrier of the Green Mountains in the east. Between these two systems of mountains are broad and fertile valle3^s capable of profitable tillage. The county is well watered bj^ numerous streams, whose sources are near the mountain tops, and which, by their rapid descent, afford mill privileges at almost any point in their several courses. Ben- nington township was formed in 1749. Its area is six square miles, and its surface is generally a moderately hilly upland, broken by the valleys of the streams. Mount Anthony rises in the southwest 3,505 feet, and Bald Mountain towering 3,121 feet high, is in the northeast. The Walloomsac River flows through the township, and upon it is situated Bennington village, embracing nearly 4,500 inhab- itants. The village was incorporated by act of General Assembly in 1848, with seven wards. It contains the Court House, Clerk's Oflfice and Jail for the southern district of the county. The village supports five churches — Baptist, Congregational, Methodist, Epis- copal, Roman Catholic and French Catholic, one Savings and two National Banks, a Free Library and various institutions, while as a manufacturing point it has become fai5ous in all parts of the country. The streets are lighted with electric lights ; and there are two excellent weekly papers, the Banner and the Reformer. Bennington is easily reached by means of various railroad lines. The Fitchburg Railroad carries the visitor from Troy, thirty miles, over a well equipped road, the route crossing the Benning- ton battle ground, famous in histor>% the line running between the entrenchments of the American and British fqrces. The Ben- nington & Rutland Railway runs from Rutland to Bennington, and in connection with the Fitchburg, and connecting lines and steamers at Troy, furnishes a through route to New York and the 164 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. West, and also a fast route to Boston and all sections of New England via the Hoosac Tunnel. The lyebanon Springs Railroad runs from Bennington through Lebanon Springs to Chatham, N. Y., connecting with the Harlem extension for New York, and the Boston & Albany. The Bennington & Glastenbury Railroad runs from Bennington eight miles up the mountains — 1,600 feet — and was chiefly built to open up a vast timber section, but now carries thousands of picnicers and devotees of Izaak Walton to the fine trout streams of the mountains. The Bennington & Rutland Railroad is the only line to Man- chester, Vt., and the famous Mt. Equinox, one of the principal summer resorts of the Green Mountains. In connection with the Fitchburg Railroad the B. & R. forms a short through line from Saratoga to Manchester. PUTNAM HOUSE. Bennington is a place of "magnificent distances," and few places of equal population cover so much territory. Business houses are located in all parts of the village, greatly interfering with its appearance to the visitor on business for the first time, but it is a charming place, nevertheless, and the facilities for reaching it makes it a favorite resort for dwellers of cities seeking health and pleasure. The country surrounding Bennington is prolific of picturesque views ; the charming drives over delightful hard roads, in every direction bring before the eye, with kaleido- scopic efi'ect, panoramas of rare beauty. Indeed, the natural beauty of the section is such, that it has become renowned, and Bennington. 165 thousands of persons yearh* view its charms and go away to praise them. The top of Mount Anthony is easily accessible, and from its summit the eye looks out upon a panorama of singular extent and beauty. Westward the Adirondacks are seen, dim with the distance of a hundred miles or more. The Helderbergs and the Catskills are at the south, while to the east are Greylock, the highest peak in Massachusetts, Saddle and Bald Mountains, and the long Green Mountain wall. To the north, sixty miles away, is Killington Peak, completing the outline of a vast amphi- theatre of hill and vale, of fertile fields and graceful forests, dotted with thrifty villages and happy homes. The steam puffs up in sight of half a dozen railwaj- lines, and there are glimpses of the Hoosac and Walloomsac, bordered with manufactories. MANUFACTURES. The manufacturing interests of Bennington are very important, about one-third of its population finding employment in the vari- ous establishments. The products embrace knit goods, knitting machinery, light hardware, knitting needles, powder mill machinery, pulp and paper-making machinery, various com- modities in wood, etc. SCHOOLS. The school system in vogue at Bennington is equal, if not superior, to any in the State. October 25, 1870, the Bennington Graded School District was chartered, and November 9th, of the same year, it was organized. A building committee was appointed, and the result of their labors is to be seen in the handsome edifice devoted to the instruction of the young, beautifully located on the Walloomsac. the grounds containing about three acres. The main building is 78x66 feet, and to this is joined an annex of 32)4x66 feet, by a section of 38x12 feet, making the extension of the building east and west, 113,^2 feet. The building is of brick, two stories high, covered with a Mansard roof. A tower i6Jj feet square projects from the west facade, and is 83/2 feet high. The school is supplied with valuable apparatus, both chemical and philosophical, and a cabinet of minerals. The pupils and teachers have access to a valuable library. The course of study is com- prehensive, and comprises a full course of mathematics, natural sciences, mental and moral sciences, French, Latin and Greek. The classical course gives thorough preparation for admission to college, and may be completed in three years. The grounds 1 66 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. about the school building are artistically laid out, and contain a beautiful fountain of considerable size. WATER WORKS. Bennington's water supply is brought three miles, by gravity, from mountain springs, which feed a large reservoir of sufficient capacity to furnish an ample supply in the dryest seasons. The source is some three hundred feet above the village. The sj^stem supplies thirty-two fire hydrants, located in various parts of the village. VIIvLAGE IMPROVEMENT SOCIETY. This society is incorporated, and is composed of wealthy and prominent citizens of Bennington. It has for its object the improvement of the village in the way of pavements, water works, etc., and under its auspices the village is increasing in importance. THE FREE LIBRARY. The Free Library of Bennington was established through the munificence of Messrs. S. B. Hunt and Trenor W. Park — honored and wealthy citizens — in 1865. These gentlemen purchased the property at the corner of Main and Silver Streets, and, having fitted up the building and placed therein about 1,300 carefully selected volumes, presented the whole to the citizens of the place at a public meeting held June 23d, 1865. The donors named five gentlemen as trustees, and the deed of conveyance provides, among other things, that the property shall be held and controlled by these trustees, and their successors in office, as long as the objects are duly carried out for which the institution was founded ; that the library shall be for the free use, without compensation, of the inhabitants of Bennington County and vicinit)^ ; that the institution shall never become sectarian in its influence ; that the rental of the stores and hall in the building shall be applied to the current expenses and increase of the library, and that the trustees may commit the actual care and management of the library, read- ing room and building to a Young Men's Association, having power to resume the charge of the same whenever, in their opin- ion, the object of the trust would be thereby promoted. Such an association, was organized Feb. 21, 1865, and up to the present date has continued to have the whole charge and control of the institution having been committed to them by the trustees at the public meeting above mentioned. Under their charge it has had Ben n ington . 167 a large success, and wide influence. The library at this time con- tains over 6,000 volumes, embracing a wide range of historic, scientific, religious, classical and philosophical works, together with many of the ordinary books of lighter character to be found in such libraries. STATE SOLDIERS' HOME. This institution occupies the elegant summer home of the late Seth B. Hunt, of New York City. The fine property, containing two hundred acres of land and fine buildings, was a donation to the State for a "Soldiers' Home " by the heirs of the late Trenor W. Park. One hundred veterans of the war of the Rebellion here find a well-deserved rest. They may be seen in their blue uni- forms, wandering about the beautiful grove upon the property, or sitting in its shade, watching a magnificent fountain, which, sup- plied with water from the springs far up the side of Bald Mount- ain, throws its stream above the surrounding elms, reaching a height of 187 feet, and standing without a rival in America. E. TIFFANY & SON. This concern was established in 1870, as Tiffany & Cooper, the present firm succeeding to the business in 1886. The firm manu- facture automatic knitting machinerj^ for the production of varie- ties of ribbed work and full-fashioned underwear, and turn out about one hundred new machines a year, besides doing a large business in repairing. A branch establishment is conducted at Amsterdam, N, Y. Mr. Eli Tiffany, the head of the firm, began learning the knitting business in Waterbur>% Conn., in 185 1, and after six years' service in the capacity of practical knitter, the imperfection of the then existing machines, stimulated him to devote his energies towards perfecting a machine for ribbed work which should preserve the best elements of the old machines, without their defects, and at the same time be operated auto- matically. In 1857 he addressed himself to the task, and, after a 3'ear's work, produced a successfully operating rib machine. After improvement, the machine was patented, in i860, and from it several remarkable inventions have emanated. Tiffau)- & Son manufacture machinery for knitting plain, striped, ribbed and full- fashioned straight work of every description, including shirt cuffs, drawer bottoms, ribbed shirts, fancj' ribbed cuffs, wristlets, gaiters, shirt borders, for ladies' and gents' wear. The firm's illustrated catalogue sets forth the merits of the various machines, Bennington. 169 and should be in the hands of all proprietors of knitting mills. TiflFany & Son's four section, flat rib machine has been in practi- cal use for the last twenty-five years, and with the constant improvements of the inventor, is in the front rank of knitting Fn^E SECTION RIB MACHINE. machiner>\ It will knit four webs at once, and will make one, two or three colors. This machine can be changed readily to a two section machine. Tiffany's five section machine makes fiv^e sections at once, suitable for cufis for shirts. The two section, rib lyo Vermo?it : lis Resources and Industries. machine is recently improved, and makes two divisions at once for drawer bottoms, while it can be narrowed down for cuffs, and can be also changed to make shirt border, or ladies' or gents' ribbed underwear. The Tiffany spring needle fashioning machine TWO SECTION RIBBED UNDERWEAR, OR SmRT BORDER MACHINE. is the result of much study. It is automatic in all its movements, produces shapes with perfect selvedges by a process of narrowing and not by widening as in many other machines. Many improvements have recently been made to these machines, among Bennington. 171 which is what is known as the " Long French Welt," this being the only machine in this country ever built to make it. Another feature is in the royal rib attachment, by which a stitch can be made either crosswise of cuff or lengthwise, and in different pat- terns. All machines are tested before shipment, and are ready to start up immediately in the mills. Tiffany & Son have a large number of testimonials from manufacturers using their machines, all of which are very complimentary. » TIFFANY BROTHERS. This firm operate a knitting mill, giving employment to about seventy-five hands, in the manufacture of full-fashioned and cut goods, from fine-combed peelor cotton, the trade name of the product being " Balbriggan." The industry was established about nine years ago, for the purpose of demonstrating the advantages of the Tiffany fashioning machines. From this experimental establishment an industr>' has grown which now turns out 60 dozens daily, the product of the first months of operation having met with such a reception as to compel an increase of facilities, which have been added to from time to time since. The trade of the firm is in all sections. VALENTINE KNITTING CO. This industry dates its histor}' 1820, when Joel B. Valentine settled in Bennington. In 1824 he bought a woolen mill, then recently erected in this village. In 1836, this mill was destroyed by fire, and another building took its place, being rebuilt in 1845. In 1865, Major A. B. Valentine, son of the former proprietor, came into possession of the propert5% and converted it into a knitting mill for the manufacture of shirts and drawers. The production had reached 20,000 dozens annually, when, early in 1883, the main structure was destroyed by fire. Upon its site now stands a splendid brick mill, built in 1885. The industry at present gives employment to about 150 hands in the production of 125 dozens shirts and drawers daily. Eight sets of machinery are operated. The specialty of the company is ladies' all-wool scarlet and merino goods. The officers of the company are : H. C. Lindloff, President; A. B. Valentine, V ice- President ; A. B. Perkins, Secretary ; Wells Valentine, Treasurer. 172 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. CHARLES COOPER. This gentleman is engaged in the manufacture of automatic knitting machinery, for the manufacture of all varieties of ribbed goods and full-fashioned shirts and drawers ; also spring knitting needles. Mr. Cooper is a native of Nottingham, England. His father was a very skillful mechanic, and made the inside work of knitting machinery a specialty. He manufactured for the trade all kinds- of needles and the various forms of the sinkers for the CHARLES COOPER S NEEDLE AND KNITTING MACHINE WORKS. knitting frames. Into this business, Charles Cooper was very early inducted, and before reaching his teens had acquired con- siderable skill. The Cooper family coming to America in 1848, Charles Cooper soort began the manufacture of needles at Thomp- sonville, Conn., his factory attaining much success. George Cooper, a brother, and a very skillful machinist, in connection with Eli Tiffany, invented a machine for knitting flat ribs for shirts and drawers. Charles Cooper purchased his brother's interest in this invention, and in 1868, came to Bennington and put one of the machines to work in the mills of H. E. Bradford. Subsequently, he leased a part of Olin Scott's establishment and added more machines, manufacturing ribs for the various knitting mills. In 1869 Mr. Cooper removed his whole needle plant to Bennington, and began here his extensive business in that line. He manufactures needles for all kinds of machines, also the sinkers for the same, and produces from 8,000,000 to 10,000.000 needles per year. While manufacturing ribs for the manu- facturers here, Mr. Cooper took in as a partner Mr. Eli Tiffany, Bennington. 173 and in 1870, the firm of Tiffany & Cooper began the manufacture of their patent flat rib knitting machine, the sales of which went as high as $75,000 per year. In 1886 the firm was dissolved, and Charles Cooper began the manufacture of the same machine in a shop of his own, and the output of the new shop equals the num- ber of machines made in the old. COOPERS IMPROVED FOUR SECTION RIB KNITTING MACHINES. Mr. Cooper manufactures four section rib knitting machines of great utility. One workman can run four of these machines, and on each machine produce forty dozen shirt cuffs per day. A change from one pattern to another is readily made by the operator, and by a simple mechanical contrivance, the different colors are taken up and used without stopping the machine. The spring needle fashioning machine made by Mr. Cooper was patented in 1878, and has been greatly improved. It is automatic in all its movements, and produces shapes with perfect 174 Vermont : Its Resotirces ajid Industries. selvedges by the process of narrowing. This machine knits and fashions ladies' vests and pants and men's drawers and shirt sleeves. The spring needle shirt bodj^ machine made by Mr. Cooper is extremely simple. It knits a straight selvedged edge and con- tinuous web for bodies of men's shirts, and may be run three days without doffing. cooper's automatic attachment to circular knitting machines. Cooper's automatic attachment to circular knitting machines, illustrated above, was patented February 5, 1889. It makes French embroidery for neck trimming, and tucked work of vari- ous patterns. It makes a slack course to facilitate putting same on the goods, with looping machine, and another as a guide to cut the work. In Mr. Cooper's needle factory a large stock of wire and needles of all guages is always kept on hand, and any order, however exceptional in its character, is promptly filled. Every Bennington. 175 needle is carefully inspected by an experienced workman before shipment. The knitting machine factory is supplied with all the most improved machinery and tools, and is under the superintendency of Mr. George Cooper, who is constantly evolving new improve- ments to knitting machines. COOPER MANUFACTURING CO. This company are proprietors of the Bennington Full Fashioned Knitting Mill. The industry was started in 1882 as Charles Cooper & Son, becoming as at present in 1886. The officers of the company are : Charles Cooper, President ; A. J. Cooper, Treasurer; Benj. F. Ball, Secretar}- and Superintendent. The company manufacture ladies' and gents' fine knit unden\-ear in white and fancy colors, both full fashioned and cut, and produce various grades. The capital of the Cooper Manufacturing Co. is 176 Vermont: Its Resources and Industries. COOPER MANUFACTURING CO.'S WORKS. $100,000. It operates eight sets of machinery, employs about 200 persons, and produces 125 dozens of all-wool goods, and seventy- five dozens of balbriggan goods daily. The company utilize the building shown at the right in the engraving, in carding, spinning and producing yarns. The other building shown is for knitting and finishing, while a third building connected with Charles Cooper's works is used in the manufacture of yarns. The goods manufactured by this company are sold direct to the jobbing trade in all parts of the country. The mill of the Cooper Manu- facturing Co. is supplied largely with the machinery of Charles Cooper's manufacture, and it is rated as one of the leading industries of Southern Vermont. OIvIN SCOTT. Prominent among the industries of Bennington is the machine works and foundry of Col. Olin Scott. The establishment is the outgrowth of the old Bennington iron foundry, started in 1810, the first in Vermont. Col. Scott became interested in the establish- ment in 1858, and five years later purchased it, adding to it the old Eagle iron foundry and machine shop in 1865. The present estab- lishment is located at the head of Pleasant Street, occup^ang both sides of the street, with a frontage also on Main, Safibrd and Scott Streets. The manufactures embrace mill machinery and general jobbing, while a speciality is made of gunpowder machin- ery. Indeed a large part of the gunpowder machinery used in the United States during the rebellion and since was made at these works, and mills from this establishment are now used in the lead- Bennington. 177 ing powder mills in Europe, South America, Mexico and the West Indies. Among other specialities are derricks, travelers and hoisting ap- paratus for quarries, docks, etc., marble working machinery, in- cluding sawing gangs, with Merriam's patent feed, polishing beds, turning lathes, etc., paper machinery, including bleachers, cut- ters, dusters, rag engines, Fourdrinier and cylinder machines, cal- lenders and presses, circular saw mills with Lane's patent set works, turbine water wheels of Mr. Scott's own pattern, and also all other first class wheels in the market ; steam engines and boil- ers, pipe and fittings for steam, water or gas. Millwright work is also a specialty, likewise iron and brass castings of anj^ size. The pattern list in this establishment is the largest in the State, there being over 1,200 gear patterns alone. Col. Scott is sole manufacturer of the " New England'-' wood pulp grinder, a machine recenth' brought out and one that pos- sesses features which make it superior to any other wood pulp machines in existence. This machine is built under the Scott and Roberts patents and is sold by the Scott & Roberts Co.,' a corpor- ation of which Col. Scott is president. This machine is capable of making any grade of pulp made on other machines, and, at the same time, turns out fifty per cent, nlore stock, while it will pro- duce three times as much as the popular German machines so much used in this country. One hundred and five of the "New England" grinders were set up in 18SS and the demand for them is so great that the works are compelled to run overtime to fill orders. Thej' are in use in all pulp sections of the United States ; and Canadian and European patents have been applied for. Col. Scott is a practical mechanic and engineer of long experi- ence and extended reputation. He is consulting engineer to two of the largest powder manufactories in the world : the Laflin & Rand Powder Co., of New York, and E. I. Dupont, de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Delaware. Col. Scott was formerly engaged largely in the manufacture of powder, being interested in the Lake Superior Powder Co., Marquette, Mich. ; vice-president for several years of Ohio Powder Co., Youngstown, Ohio; president of Pennsylvania Powder Co., limited, Scranton, Pa., and eventu- ally became sole owner ; was formerly general superintendent of the Laflin & Rand Powder Co. In 1887 Col. Scott di.sposed of his entire powder interests to the two companies of which he is now consulting engineer. 178 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. H. E, BRADFORD & CO. The business of this firm was established more than a third of of a century ago for the manufacture of cassimeres. Two years after starting the works were changed into a knitting mill. The firm is composed of L,. F. Abbott, W. H. Bradford and E. W. Bradford. Two mills with six sets of machinery are operated by the firm, and upon its property are several tenement houses and a store. The manufactures include all grades of shirts and drawers, the leading specialty being ladies' and gents' all-wool scarlet and merino goods ; also seamless all-wool half hose. The firm give employment to 125 operatives and manufactures 25,000 dozen shirts and drawers annually, and about 60 dozen pairs of hose daily. The product is sold direct to the trade, and it is in great demand by reason of its superiority. THE BATTLE OF BENNINGTON. The story of the battle of Bennington has often been told, and its memory is hallowed by all Americans. August i6th, 1777, Gen. John Stark, of New Hampshire, commanding a hastily gathered force of militia from the States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Vermont, defeated near Bennington, a detach- ment of Gen. Burgoyne's arni)^ under Col. Baum. Gen. Bur- goyne, with an army of invasion from Canada, was marching towards New York, expecting to form a junction with a force sent up the Hudson by Howe, the British Commander there, at or near Albany. The object of these movements was to cut off New England from the rest of the countr}-, an object seemingly not difficult to accomplish. The country was in a very depressed state ; the armies of the colonists had not been successful, and darkness and gloom pervaded the minds of the leaders of the struggle for independehce, spreading its influence correspondingly among the people. In the progress of Burgoyne's army, Ticon- deroga, our northern stronghold, fell into the hands of the British on the 6th of July. The day following, the battle of Hubbardton was fought, a disastrous defeat to our armies ; and to all appear- ances, Burgoyne's army was to march through the countr>^ in the character of conquerors. Had this occurred, the Independence of the colonies was probably lost. Burgoyne had been a month en route from Ticonderoga to Albany. Owing to natural diffi- culties of the route, and to obstructions thrown in his way by the Americans, his army became short of provisions, and also in cattle and carriages for transportation. Knowing that at Ben- Be7i n ington . 179 nington considerable stores were collected as a depot for supply- ing the American army, Burgoyne resolved to seize it for the use of his own forces. He accordingly selected for that purpose about 500 German regulars, some Canadians, a corps of provincials (tories) and over 100 Indians, with two light pieces of artillery. The whole, under command of Col. Baum, a veteran German officer, set out for Bennington on the 12th of August, and arrived that day at Cambridge, about fifteen miles northwest from Benning- ton. In order to aid in arresting the progress of Burgo^-ne, a brigade of militia had been mustered and sent from New Hampshire, under command of Gen. John Stark. Crossing the mountain, he reached Manchester the 7th of August, and went on to BenningT ton, where he arrived the 9th. Gen. Stark at once informed him- self of the positions and designs of the enemy. On the 13th, two scouts brought information that a part)^ of Indians were at Cam- bridge, and Gen. Stark sent Lieut. -Col. Gregg with 200 men to stop their progress ; but during the following night he was advised that a large body of troops with a piece of artillery was in the rear of the Indians, and that thej^ were advancing towards Bennington. On the morning of the 14th, Stark moved with his brigade to the support of Gregg, and about five miles from Ben- nington met him retreating before the enemy. Stark drew up his men in order of battle, but Baum, perceiving the Americans to be too strong to be advantageously attacked, halted on a command- ing piece of ground, commenced throwing up intrenchments, and sent back an express for re-inforceraents. Stark, unable to draw him from his position, fell back about a mile and encamped. On the hill where Baum had taken possession, which was covered with woods, he continued the throwing up of intrenchments of earth and timber until the attack upon his command, on the afternoon of the i6th. The forces under Gen. Stark consisted of about 1,800 men. On the night of the 14th, after taking up his encampment. Stark called a council, and it was resolved to attack the enemy next morning. But the 15th proved so rainy as to prevent a general action. However, the exact position of the enemy was ascer- tained by .scouts and skirmishers, and the plan of attack fully matured. The morning of the i6th opened bright and clear, and to the Americans closed no less brightly. The plan of the battle appears to have been carried out with remarkable completeness. As the orders were given, and the several parties were about to i8o Vermont : Its Resources aiid Industries. enter upon the performance of the duties severally assigned them, Gen. Stark in his saddle, pointing in the direction of the enemy, made this laconic address : " There are the Redcoats, and they are oiirs, or this night Mollie Stark sleeps a widow y The result of the conflict is well known. The loss of the Americans was thirty killed and forty wounded. The loss of the enemy : four pieces of brass cannon, seven hundred stand of arms, seven hundred prisoners, two hundred and seven dead on the spot, and a large number wounded. Two of the captured cannon are now in the State House at Montpelier, with the following inscription anciently engraved on them: "Taken from the Germans at Bennington, August i6th, 1777." Among those who lost their lives in the action were Col. Baum and a tory leader. Col. Pfister. Though the enemy were met by the Benningtonians and their friends, and vanquished, just over the line in Hoosick, N. Y., it must not be forgotten that Bennington was the objective point of the British forces, and had they not been so met, the result might have been the reverse of what it was. The injury to the enemy by this disaster can scarcely be estimated. It was not confined to actual loss of men and munitions of war, though those were of considerable importance. This victory was the first check given to the triumphant march of Burgoyne from Canada, and was an unexpected example of a successful assault by undisciplined militia, armed with muskets without bayonets, upon an entrenched camp of veteran troops defended by cannon. By its depressing effect on the spirits of the enemy, and the confidence in their prowess with which it inspired the Americans, the current of success was at once turned from the British to the American arms. The success of Stark animated the whole country. It cheered the great heart of Washington, and assured the immediate enhancement of the Northern army under Schuyler, on the Hud- son, confronting Burgoyne. It correspondingly disheartened and discouraged the British commander, and rendered his defeat under Gates, at the battles of Bemis Heights and Stillwater, certain. On the 17th of October, only a trifle more than three score days after Stark's brilliant victory at Bennington, Burgoyne, beaten at every point, surrounded by thrice his numbers, his retreat cut off, his supplies exhausted, and half his army destroyed, surrendered at Saratoga with all his arms and munitions of war. The utter failure of Burgoyne' s grand expedition — an expedi- Bennington. i8i tion to cut off New England and thus subdue the colonies, and which, but for the opportune victor}' of Stark, would in all human probability have accomplished its object — was the failure of Eng- land to conquer America. This event, which has ever been con- ceded to be decisive of American liberty on this continent, decided the course of France in espousing the cause of the colonies, and thus assured the Independence of America. THE BENNINGTON BATTLE MONUMENT. John Stark's victory at Bennington was decisive of Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga, and in commemoration of it a monument is now being built which will worthily signalize it. The location is at State Arms Hill, on the site of the Continental Store House at Bennington Center, the Bennington of Revolutionarv' fame. This spot, besides being historically appropriate, is also admirably adapted for a commanding structure. The elevation is some 300 feet above the Walloomsac Valley and about one and one-quarter miles distant from the railroad station in Bennington. The site commands a view up and down the valleys of the Walloomsac and Battenkill, and southward into the State of Massachusetts some forty or fifty miles from north to south. Westward, or rather to the northwest, open into the State of New York, the valley's of the Walloomsac and the Hoosac, the former cutting through the broad opening of perhaps ten miles in the Taghconic range of mountains between Mt. Anthony and the "great mount- ains of West Shaftsbury." On the east lies the main range of the Green Mountains, Bald Mountain, 3,121 feet high, being right over against the observer's vision. The monument is therefore on a hill between two ranges of mountains and commands so extensive a view that the shaft is a conspicuous feature of the landscape for miles around. The corner stone of the monument was laid August 16, 1887, — the one hundred and tenth anniver- sary of the battle. The architect is J. Ph. Rinn, of Boston. The monument is a simple shaft in the form of an obelisk, 301 feet high from foundation to apex. The material is Sandy Hill dolomite or magnesian limestone. At the base the walls are seven feet six inches thick, decreasing gradually to a thickness of two feet at the apex. The outside is being built with what is known technically as headers and stretchers. These are stones cut in long blocks ; the stones are laid lengthwise and the headers with ends to the outer wall, and running through to the inside. BENNINGTON BATTLE MONUMENT, FROM ARCHITECT'S DESIGN. Bennington. 183 The outside wall is thus laid until a height of about two hundred and sixty feet is attained, after which all stones extend through the walls. Inside the walls are left in the rough natural state of the rock. The outside walls have a rough finish, the limestone being left with a rock or split face. At the right angle corners of the shaft where the sides meet and also at all windows and other openings the stone is finished in quarter-inch draft lines or arris, that is, it is finished smoothly, and along these lines the stone is pitched off and brought on line with joints of ashler so that arris and joints come to one plane. This device adds much to the artistic beauty of the shaft. It breaks what might other- wise be a hardness of line at the corners, and helps to give the column an airiness and gracefulness that constitute one of its most agreeable qualities. The sharpness of outline is in no way diminished by this arrangement, while it gives added ease to the whole structure, and what may be termed a graceful movement, for the eye is carried thereby involuntarily from the base to the apex, even after the finished line itself has disappeared, melting away imperceptibly as the height increases. For the outside, the coarse ashlers, or headers and stretchers as they have been denom- inated, are laid in courses in random lengths. The joins between the ashlers is filled in with Portland cement and coarse sand. These joins thus pointed concaved, smoothly tooled and the color of the limestone rock, give the column an air of unity and har- mony in finish. The twenty upper courses completing the upper forty feet of the shaft, are jottled or bound together laterally with half- inch copper rods imbedded in the surface of the stone and firmly leaded into each block. A capstone crowns the structure. At the height of 200 feet up the shaft there is an entablature eight feet high, and fourteen feet above this, another entablature twelve feet high. These entablatures encircle the shaft on all four sides. They do not project from the surface, but the blocks of stone constituting them have hammered faces so as to offer a slight contrast to the rough face of the rest of the structure. A few feet above the lower line of the lower entablature on each of the four sides of the shaft, there is an opening eleven feet wide by fourteen feet high. In each of these openings stands a double row of plain columns, four of the columns being flush with the outer surface of the shaft, and the others behind them in the interior. These columns are sixteen inches apart, and across the front row on the inside are run three three-inch brass rods a foot 184 Vermont: Its Resources and Industries. apart. The back row of columns is flush with the inside walls of the shaft, and visitors can pass between them, and, advancing up to the bronze railing, look out upon the landscape through the spaces between the front columns. Sixteen feet below these large openings, each side has a group of five narrow windows that really appear like so many narrow slits cut in the column, and again on each side is another similar opening or window above, and three others still higher up. Near the base are also windows on each side. On the west a large oak door with bronze grills and trimmings gives entrance to the structure. Over the door is a large lintel, four feet by eight feet, on which it is intended shall be carved heads of Generals Stark, Warner and Allen. The interior, as you enter, is twenty-two feet square. The floor is laid on top of the foundation structure, and is made of North River flagging, six inches thick. A stairway leads upward into the shaft. This is laid in successive flights up three sides of the shaft, and then on the fourth side there is a platform, the same arrangement being then repeated again and again until the upper part of the structure is reached. The several platforms are lighted by openings in the wall on the south side, and where the five windows have been noted as appearing, there is a platform or floor of flagging on iron beams with brick arches across the whole interior space. On the level of the larger columned open- ing, there is another floor constituting the main outlook. The monument has attained a height of 125 feet at this writing, and is expected to be completed in 1891. The Bennington Battle Monument Association, was chartered by the Vermont Legislature in 1853. The State appropriated $3,000 on condition that $7,000 more be raised and the corner- stone laid on the i6th day of August, following. The conditions were not fulfilled ; and a second charter was obtained in 1876, the present association having its outgrowth in the Bennington His- torical Society. The chief object in forming the society, was the celebration of the centennial anniversary of the battle of Benning- ton, but the more enduring work of building the monument was begun at the same time. BENNINGTON CENTER. Bennington Center was the first place in Vermont to earn the title of village, and is the Bennington of olden time. During the Revolution, and well into the present century, it was the most important village in the Stare. The Center lies at the foot of Bennmgton. 185 Mount Anthony, and overlooks Bennington and the beautiful Walloomsac valley. At present it is a village of about 300 inhabitants, its population being made up of the descendants of the early inhabitants. It contains two churches, Congregational and Catholic, the former being the first church of any denomina- tion in Vermont. Adjoining the Cotigregational church is an old burial ground, in which sleep the thirty heroes killed at the battle of Bennington. In the most ancient part of the cemetery are man}* quaint tombstones and inscriptions, marking the last rest- ing place of the forefathers of the hamlet. Every inch of ground at Bennington Center is historic. Here in the "Catamount Tavern " the first session of the Vermont Legislature was organized and adjourned to the meeting house. The convention which adopted the constitution of the United States and assented to the admis- sion of Vermont into the Union, assembled within its walls. The " council of safety " met here during the dark days of the Revolu- tion. Here stood the old storehouse, and to protect its contents, General Stark and his brave lieutenants went from its cover to the bloody field of Bennington. GREEN MOUNTAIN SUMMER HOME CO. Four miles from Bennington, on the Glastenbury Railroad, and 800 feet above the village, the above company is establishing a novel summer resort. The site selected is the grove and picnic grounds at Woodford Hollow. The ground is smooth and level for an area of almost four acres, and is bounded by a high bluflf and a ston}^ bedded river, which combine to lower its temperature during the heated term, while it receives sufficient sunlight to prevent unhealthy dampness. The companj^ will erect small cot- tages and provide them with everj'thing necessarj^ for housekeep- ing except bed-clothes and house linen and silverware, and rent them for from $50 to $60 for the season. A fancy pavilion and a hotel wall be erected to accommodate excursion parties from the cities. Five trout streams are in the near vicinity, and there is also good hunting. The business manager of the company and its most active member, is Postmaster H. W. Martin, of Benning- ton. l®t^G©TOl^. P~^ ROCTOR is a township in Rutland Count}^ organized in ) 1886, by the division of the towns of Rutland and Pitts- ford, and contains a population of 2,200. The territory embraced in the township is about six miles from north to south, and three miles east and west. The village of Proctor (formerly Sutherland Falls) was incorporated by act of legislature in 1884, and both village and town were named in honor of ex-Gov. Redfield Proctor, president of the great Vermont Marble Co., and Secretary of War in President Harrison's cabinet. Proctor contains a town hall, three churches, viz.: Roman Cath- olic, Swedish and Union Protestant. There is a town library of 3,500 volumes, covering all subjects. The schools, seven in num- ber, are a source of pride to the town, and are not surpassed in the State. The graded system prevails, and the seven instructors are capable and thorough. The Vermont Marble Co. supplies the village with pure water from its aqueduct system. Proctor is beautifully located on Otter Creek, the streets being on different levels, owing to the hilty nature of the locality. Mountains sur- round the village, and from almost any point views of great beauty are secured. The view of the Otter valley is particularly pleasing, and rivals the famed scenes in foreign lands. The male population of Proctor is almost wholly employed by the Ver- mont Marble Co., which owns nearly all the dwelling houses in the village. Most of these dwellings have been recently built, while all, as a class, are superior to the generality of tenement houses, and bear evidences of the happiness and contentment of the occupants. The falls of Otter Creek are picturesque and beautiful, the cataract being the highest in Vermont — 122 feet — and forming one of the best mill privileges in the State. VERMONT MARBLE CO. This company conduct the largest industry in Vermont, and are the largest producers and manufacturers of marble in the world. It was organized in 1880 by the consolidation of the Rut- land Marble Co. and the Sutherland Falls Marble Co. Its capital is $3,000,000. The growth of the company and its present pros- 1 88 Vermont : Its Resources a?id Industries. perous condition is due to the wise forethought, clear-headed and excellent management of ex-Gov. Redfield Proctor, now Secre- tary of War, who came to Proctor in 1870, and acquired the prop- erty of the Sutherland Falls Marble Co. The entire marble busi- ness at Proctor was then carried on in a building not more than 175x40 feet. How the business has grown since that date will be shown further on. The officers of the Vermont Marble Co. are : Hon. Redfield Proctor, President ; George Elliott, Vice-President ; F. A. Baker, Secretaiy ; Frank C. Partridge, Treasurer ; Col. F. D. Proctor, General Manager. The company has mills and finishing shops at Proctor, Center Rutland and West Rutland, and quarries at Proctor, Brandon and West Rutland ; and can, therefore, supply any variety of Vermont marble. The company own 500 tene- ment houses. The aggregate number of men employed by this company at these various points, is 1,400, and to this army of workmen about $45,000 is distributed monthly in wages. At Proctor, the Vermont Marble Co. own about 2,000 acres of land, with a marble belt through the entire area. Here, three quarries are operated, the product being Sutherland Falls, Mount- ain Dark, Continental and Eureka marbles. The Mountain Dark is a dark blue, and the other varieties clouded. The origi- nal Sutherland Falls quarry, within the limits of Proctor village, is the largest quarry in the world, having more thail an acre of floor space. Two miles to the north is a second quarry, while to the south of the village is a third. The mills and finishing shops at Proctor are gigantic, one stretch of buildings being over 1,000 feet in length. An addition to the finishing shop 170x85 feet has just been completed, making that department 400x85 feet, two stories high in front, and one hundred and twenty-eight feet high on the side next Otter Creek. It may be of interest to state that from eighty to one hundred masons were engaged over a year upon the foundation for this building, and that blocks of marble weighing fifteen tons and upwards were used in the walls. The finishing shop is built of marble entire. A little to the south of the main shops, are the buildings which formed the original plant of the Sutherland Falls Marble Co. , and also a structure contain- ing four air compressors, these compressors being the same as were used in the construction of the Hoosac Tunnel, Near the main shops is a large structure devoted to the building material department, and in another place, the company's well-equipped machine shop and blacksmith shop. The water-power furnished Proctor. 189 by Otter Creek at this point, aggregates 2,500 horse-power, and it is utilized three times : first to run the air compressors and one mill, next, to run another mill, rubbing-beds, lathes and other finishing machinery', and third, to drive the large forty-four gang mill and machinery used in the building department. At West Rutland the company has large quarries, two mills equipped with thirty-seven gangs, and large finishing shops. Power is furnished by two steam engines, aggregating three hundred horse-power. The product is Rutland white and blue marbles. The property operated here includes the old Rutland Marble Co. property and the plant for mau}^ A-ears operated by Gilson & Woodfin, acquired by the Vermont Marble Co. in December, 188S. At Center Rutland the company has two mills run by water power, the fall being forty feet. Here fifty-two gangs are oper- ated. These various mills and quarries are brought into connection with each other bj' the Clarendon & Pittsford Railroad, which runs from Proctor to Center Rutland and West Rutland, also to the quarry two miles north of Proctor village. This road is eleven miles long exclusive of side-tracks. It will be extended eight miles, to Clarendon, touching a valuable marble deposit belonging to the \'ermont Marble Co. in that town. As will be seen by the foregoing, the facilities of the Vermont Marble Co. are gigantic. The total number of gangs operated is 175, beside thirteen rubbing- beds, thirty-four lathes for turning anything from table ornaments weighing a few ounces, to fourteen foot columns weighing upwards of ten tons, four large marble planers, and other finishing facilities upon an equal scale. The company manufacture everything in cemetery' and monu- mental work, vases, etc., and do an extensive business in block and sawed marble, while in the manufacture of tiling, wainscot- ing and interior decorations, it probabl}^ does the largest business of any company. Its shipping facilities are perfect, the Central Vermont and Delaware & Hudson Railroads running direct to its mills. As producers of building marble, the Vermont Marble Co. do the largest business of any concern in the world. Marble is the strongest building stone in use. Actual and disinterested tests (seven in all) show the average strength of the Vermont Marble Co.'s marble to be 17,700 pounds to the square inch. Quincy granite tests but 15,300 pounds ; Aberdeen granite, 10.363 pounds ; igo Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. sandstones from 3,000 to 10,000 pounds, and freestones (brown- stones) about 3,000 pounds. Marble is best fitted for endurance, also, and the ravages of fire. It was the marble front of Macullar, Williams & Parker that stopped the great fire on Washington Street, Boston, in 1872. After this fire was stopped by a marble front, marble entered largely into the rebuilding of the burned portion of that City, and much of it was furnished by the Ver- mont Marble Co. For this purpose, the Sutherland Falls marble is most in favor. It is very strong and durable. Its color is not a pure white, but slightly clouded or variegated, thus giving a pleasing relief to the eye. To those preferring anything but a clouded or variegated marble, Rutland white or blue is furnished. The company has a large shop especially devoted to getting out building marble, and emplo3rs a large number of skilled workmen in this branch, under the supervision of an experienced superin- tendent and architect. Contracts are taken for the erection of buildings entire, the material being gotten out here, and the work set by men sent from the shops. Among the larger contracts filled by this company, is the Indiana State House ; the spire to Grace Church, New York, 104 feet high ; the Just Buildings, one corner of Sixth Avenue and 125th Street, and one corner of Seventh Avenue and 122nd Street, New York ; Gen. E. F. Jones Building, Binghamton, N. Y. ; Court House, Pensacola, Florida ; Rogers Building, and Advertiser Building, Washington Street, Boston ; the Parker House extension, Boston, an eight story structure ; blocks corner Sumner and Kingston Streets, corner Sumner and Devonshire Streets, corner Pearl and High Streets, and corner Bedford and Lincoln Streets, Boston ; also Sleeper's Block, 260 feet front, corner of Milk, Arch and Hawley Streets, Boston. Also buildings, fronts and trimmings in Amherst, Hol- yoke, Pittsfield Springfield, Turner's Falls, Mass.; Norwich, Meriden, Southington, Conn.; Brattleboro', Vt. ; New York, Philadelphia, Richmond, Va.; Oneonta and Binghamton, N. Y.; Scranton, Pa.; Washington and Baltimore, and various other towns. This company is furnishing the marble for the new Federal Building at Montpelier, Vt., and is supplying the mate- rial for the terraces and staircases for the Pennsylvania Avenue approach to the Capitol Building at Washington, D. C, the con- tract price of which is $198,000. As manufacturers of fine statuary work this company has an extended reputation. The large marble figures on top of the U. S. Court House and Postoffice Building at Boston, which attract Proctor. 191 so much attention on account of their beauty, were cut and fin- ished complete at the works in Proctor. To transact its immense business rare organization is necessary, and to this end branch houses with yards carrying full stocks of sand and finished work are conducted b}' the Vermont Marble Co. in various cities, the branches partaking of the name of the city in which they are located, viz.: Boston Marble Co., 8 Thacher Street; Philadelphia Marble Co., 201 South Thirtieth Street; Cleveland Marble Co., 179 Merwin Street; Detroit Marble Co., 278 Woodbridge Street, West ; Chicago Marble Co., East end of Michigan Street ; St. Louis Branch, corner Eleventh and Spruce Streets ; San Francisco Branch, 244 Brannan Street. These branches allow prompt distribution of products in all parts of the country. The marble companies generally use oxen in transferring stone, and in work about the mills, etc. The Vermont Marble Co. use horses instead, and import their animals from Canada. They usually have from 175 to 200 fine animals. Their buyer is an excellent judge of the equine race and usually over-stocks the company. The surplus horses are sold to other parties, and it has come to be the custom for persons in Vermont and many large cities when seeking draft horses to visit the Vermont Marble Co. for their stock. This has grown into quite a business, about 200 horses being sold by the companj' last year. ^ V^^^J^/^gA^N^ ©t^/\TTLE©Ot^O. |RATTLEBORO is a prominent and flourishing town, and is situated near the southeast corner of the State, on the Connecticut River, at the junction of the Vermont Valley , New London Northern and Brattleboro & Whitehall Rail- roads, 60 miles north of Springfield, Mass., 100 miles from New York and 117 miles from Boston. It is, therefore, near the geo- graphical center of New England and Eastern New York. Brattleboro derives its name from William Brattle, who came from Massachusetts, and was one of the grantees of the town. It is generally conceded that the first English settlement in Ver- mont was made at Fort Dummer, which was erected in the south- east corner of the present township of Brattleboro, in 1724. Twenty-nine years after this settlement the charter for the village of Brattleboro was granted by King George II. The village is regularly laid out, on uneven ground, the main street running parallel with the river, about seventy feet above its surface, till it descends to the bridge across Whetstone Brook, which unites with the Connecticut here. At right angles with it, and running up the valley of the Whetstone, are Elliot, Green and High Streets, making the principal avenues of the village. Aside from its public buildings, its fine rows of business blocks, its several manufacturing establishments, and many beautiful private residences, Brattleboro has four banks, the extensive buildings of the Vermont Asylum for the Insane, two enterprising weekly papers, two literary journals, nine churches, and about 5,000 inhabitants. Brattleboro has long been noted for its beautiful natural scenery, the healthfulness of its climate, and its pure water. The famous Dr. Robert Wesselhoeft, when seeking for a place to found his Water Cure establishment, which flourished with great success while he lived, selected Brattleboro on account of its pure water. Concrete walks are laid in all the main streets. The streets are lighted with electric lights ; and there are two gas com-: panics. 194 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. SANITARY FEATURES. Brattleboro's sanitary arrangements are good. The configura- tion of the village is such that perfect sewerage is afforded. At present there are about seven miles of sewers, nearly half of which was laid in iS88. SCHOOLS. Brattleboro was the first town in Vermont to adopt the Massa- chusetts system of graded schools, and has since adopted every modern improvement. The High School Building is one of the finest in New England. It accommodates an Intermediate, Grammar and High School, the three grades having ten accom- plished teachers besides the principal, and affording ample facil- HIGH SCHOOL BUILDING. ities for education for business, or for entering college. There are a number of primary' schools besides the High School. BROOKS FREE LIBRARY. ' The Brooks Free Library Building was erected in 1888 by Mr. George Jones Brooks, now deceased, to accommodate the Brattle- boro Free Library, and donated the same to the town. Since his death his heirs have generously given a fund of $15,000, the income of which is to be perpetually devoted to its maintenance 196 Vermont: Its Resources and Industries. "and increase. The town is allowed by law to vote eacli year a sum also for books, which is always done with great unanimity. The library at present contains over 6,000 books. The building contains two commodious reading rooms. The total number of books taken from the library in 1888, was 27,390, by 2,270 patrons. . THE COMMON. The Common covers an area of about three acres, upon the most elevated of the terraces at the north end of the village, and just in front of the Vermont Asylum for the Insane, with which it is contiguous, and from which it is separated only by an almost invisible wire fence following the outline of the bluff. There is, perhaps, no point in the village which commands with better eiFect, certain geological features which are peculiar to this part of the Connecticut valley. From the brow of the eleva- tion, looking northward, lies immediately in front the plat- eau of twenty acres, on which, at its farther bound- ary, stands the long line of Asylum buildings, beyond which, at a level of fifty feet below this, stretches the broad meadow tract of one hundred and fifty acres to the West River. Encircling these successive levels, form- ed-by alluvial deposits, and expanding to the view from this point, are the hills form- ing an amphitheatre of rare beauty. Trees cover the Common ; its walks are grav- elled, and rustic seats have been provided at many points. soldiers' monument. There has recently been erected upon the point of view most commanding and beautiful, a soldiers' monument, for the con- struction of which Brattleboro appropriated $5,000. igS Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. HIGHLAND PARK. This beautiful Park consists of thirty acres of woodland, is situ- ated on a plateau overlooking the village and commands some rich and varied views in every direction. It is but half-a-mile dis- tant from Main Street, and was fitted up and opened to the public in 1884 as the free gift of Mr. Geo. K. Crowell. A roadway has been laid around the outskirts, af- fording delight- ful drive of a rrfile. There are cross roads and walks to every part of the Park, "Highland Av- enue," " Hazel Avenue," etc., over numerous rustic bridges, with driveways above and below THE crow's nest. like those in Central Park New York ■ Mm^^m\ THE LONG BUnxiK. a laby- rinth of fine ave- nues, under bow- ers of trees, thro' densely shaded recesses, fragrant with the the per- fume of flowers and shrubbery, and the music of wild birds, and squirrels attract- ed by the sur- passing loveli- ness of the spot — and all afford- ing a restful and refreshing scene. Brattleboro. 199 On every side are endless vistas of beauties, sucli as "Crow's Nest," a natural arbor of oak, apple, maple and hickory trees, a miniature lake, with natural bars of ferns, cozy nooks inviting the lotiterer to rustic seats so thickly placed, and the knolls and ra- vines where the grounds are as clean as carpets. Effort has been made, with most happy results, to combine natural wildness with the cleanliness of taste and art. The stumps of trees have been sawed off and painted, for rus- tic seats There are spacious plots for games, several croquet grounds, swings, ^ , . , _^ a log cabin, a band stand a^ ,^ one of the mos^ ;^ sightly points, ^ and above all, a / .^ three-story cot- ^3 tage of v->\viss de~ sign of architect- ure, surmounted by an observa- tory 50 feet high, commanding a panorama of hill and dale for a score of miles or more in extent. THE RESERVOIR. THE LOG CABIN. 200 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. CHURCHES. Brattleboro supports nine churches, viz. : Two Congregational, two Baptist, Methodist, Episcopal, Roman Catholic, Univeralist and Unitarian. The Young Men^s Christian Association has nearly 250 mem- bers, and maintains pleasant and accessible reading rooms, which are open day and evening, also a gymnasium and bath rooms. BANKS. Brattleboro has two National Banks and two Savings Banks, viz.: The Vermont National, capital, $150,000; The People's National, established in 1875 ; The Vermont Savings Bank, and The Brattleboro Savings Bank. WATER WORKS. Bfattleboro's water supply is ample and pure. Besides several aqueduct companies which supply in the aggregate a large num- ber of families with spring water, a reservoir, of a capacity of 7,000,000 gallons, fed b}^ various springs located within a radius of two miles, is located on Chestnut Hill, The reservoir is two hundred feet above the business streets, and gives a sufficient head to insure a valuable protection from fire. The building of this reservoir is entirely the work of private enterprise, and not of taxation. It was put in solely by Mr. George E. Crowell, to whose generous public spirit Brattleboro owes so much. WATER POWER. Brattleboro possesses an immense undeveloped water-power. There is a natural fall of nine feet in the Connecticut opposite the village, and this, with a dam of twelve feet, would afford a fall of twenty feet, and 28,800 horse-power for each working day of ten hours. This water power has a storage of seventeen miles. There are most eligible sites for the location of mills on the island in the river,, or on a long stretch of meadow for several miles below the village. THE PRESS. Brattleboro has long been a famous literar)^ center. Before the present concentration of book publishing m a few cities, a great deal of it was done in Brattleboro, and the collections of antiqua- rians are sure to contain many books bearing a Brattleboro 202 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. imprint. To-day there are two weekly papers and two monthly periodicals published in the village, viz. : The Reformer was established in 1876, as a Tilden campaign paper, and as a college vacation amusement for its editor. It was so successful as to be made a permanent institution. The Reformer is one of the leading country weeklies in New England. C. H. Davenport & Co. are the publishers. The Vej^mont Phcenix is the oldest paper in the place, having been established fifty-four years ago. The Phoenix is the leading Republican paper of its section. Its publishers are O. L. French and D. B. Stedman. The Household, established in 1868 as a sixteen-page monthly, is "devoted to the interests of the American housewife." It is now about double the size as started, and has the honor of being the pioneer in its class. For several years it was the only exclu- sive domestic publication in the country. It has a circulation of 75,000 monthly, and is recognized as the leading and most suc- cessful publication of its kind in America. The Household is pub- lished by George E. Crowell. The Woman' s Alagazine is a publication devoted to art, litera- ture, biography, home science, and woman's work in industries, missions, charities and reforms. It was begun in Louisville, Ky., in 1877, under the title of lVoma?i at Work. In 1882 the enter- prise was moved to Brattleboro. In December, 1885, the title was changed to the present one. The editor is Mrs. E. T. Housh, the publisher, Frank E. Housh, who also issues the National W. C. T. U. Bulletin, official organ of the press department of the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union. VERMONT ASYLUM. This institution was founded upon a bequest of $10,000 in 1834, from Mrs. Anna Marsh, qf Hinsdale, N. H., conditioned upon its location in the Connecticut Valley, somewhere in Windham County. Appropriations aggregating $23,000 were afterward made by the legislature, and the institution was opened December 12, 1836. The Asylum is a trust corporation, with its manage- ment wholly vested in a board of trustees of the most prominent citizens of Brattleboro, and its income wholly applied to exten- sions and improvements of its property and appliances. The State paj'S for the care of its patients. The number of Asylum inmates is usually above 450. Brattleboro. 203 THE BROOKS HOUSE. This fine hotel is situated at the corner of Main and High Streets, and is within three minutes' walk of the depot, and but five hours by rail from Boston, and seven from New York. It is provided with all the modern improvements, and no expense has been spared in fitting it out so as to make it, in every respect, a pattern home for city families. The building, which cost $150,- 000, is of modern architecture, three stories high, surmounted by THE DUliOKS HOUSE. a French roof and towers. The length on Main Street is one hundred and seventy-five feet, and on High Street one hundred and twenty feet, while the depth is sevent}^ feet. The building thus forms nearly a right angle, whose total length is almost three hundred feet. ' A spacious verandah, ninet}- feet in length, fronts the center on Main Street, beneath which is the main entrance of twenty feet front and seventy feet depth. The parlors, dining- rooms and sleeping apartments are all spacious, handsomely fur- nished, and arranged for the complete accommodation of 'guests. All of the rooms are in electric communication with the office, are heated by steam, and are mostly arranged in suites, parlor and bed-room adjoining. The cuisine is of the highest standard, all of the delicacies of the season being found upon the tables, and .the ser\'ice is prompt and courteous. The proprietors of the Brooks House are E. C. Crosby and E. F. Adams. Its manager is Mr. George H. Jefts, who has been connected with the house for thirteen 3'ears, and both proprietors and manager are deter- mined to sustain and enhance the enviable reputation of the house. 204 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. THE ESTEY ORGAN COMPANY. The extensive organ business in Brattleboro has made for the village a world-wide fame, and the music of its organs probably is heard to-day in every civilized country on the earth. It is, however, .to the great energy, tact and perseverance of Mr. Jacob Estey that Brattleboro owes the credit of the great organ trade for which the village is so justly celebrated. In 1846 a small melodeon factory was started in Brattleboro, which continued for a few years with indifferent success, and finallj^ came into the hands of Mr. Estey. When he took the concern it only employed a half dozen men or so, but under his management the business rapidly increased. In 1857 the growth of the industrj^ demanded larger quarters, and a new shop was built, and for nine years the business increased until a large four-story building was erected on Frost Street. In 1866 Mr. Estey received into partnership, his son-in-law. Col. Levi K. Fuller, and his son, Col. Julius J. Estey. In October, 1869, a flood swept away a part of their buildings, involving slight embarrassment, but not entire cessation of work. The firm then bought a tract of sixty acres of land lying west of the village on a succession of terraces, and eventually erected fourteen large factories, only eight of which, however, face the street, and are shown in the engraving presented. These eight buildings are each one hundred feet long by from thirty to thirty- eight feet wide, and three stories in height. There are also large dry houses together with other buildings in which all the wood that make the cases and the inner parts of the organs is thor- oughly dried, after a long seasoning in the open air, by a process patented by Col. Fuller. The Estey Organ Co. was incorporated November 26, 1872, the officers being, Jacob Estey, President ; Levi K. Fuller, Vice- President ; Julius J. Estey, Secretary and Treasurer. The first large reed organ made in Brattleboro was finished in 1853. It had two sets of reeds in the usual position below the key-board, and two sets above the keys, in an inverted reed board, about three feet above the key-board, and operated by rods reach- ing up from the rear end of the keys. An idea of the growth of the business since this first organ was made may be gained from the fact that the Estey Organ Co. have a capacity of about 1,800 organs per month, and a steady yearly growth is characteristic of the works. Indeed the demand is in excess of the supply, and prevents the accumulation of surplus stock. And where do they 2o6 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. all go ? The great distributing points are at Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, St. Louis and Atlanta, where the branch houses are mostly located. Then, too, there are large outlets at San Francisco, Cincinnati, Pittsburg, Indianapolis, Louisville, Detroit, Denver and a multitude of smaller places, besides the army of agents scattered all over the country. A large foreign trade is enjoyed through the London branch, as well as in the great cities of Europe and Australia. In every civilized countrj' on the globe the Estey organ may be found. This is in every respect the largest industry in Brattleboro, and is without doubt by far the most extensive establishment of its kind in the world. SMITH & HUNT. This concern occupies a large four-story structure in the manu- facture of the white work for children's carriages. The business was established here in 1881, and gives emplo5^ment to seventy- five hands. The warerooms and finishing department are in Philadelphia, where about sixty persons are employed. The firm, however, find the advantages of Brattleboro such, that they contemplate moving the finishing department from Philadelphia here, E. CROSBY & CO. The history of this house covers a period of thirty-eight years, having been established in 1850 as Gaines & Crosby. In 1859 the senior member of the firm died, when the firm changed to E. Crosby & Co., under which it has done business since. P'rom small beginnings the firm has built up and is now doing a busi- ness amounting to about $1,000,000 per year. E. Crosby & Co. are wholesale commission dealers in flour and feed and are Eastern agents for some of the largest and best flouring mills in the west, and sell flour in large lots and ship direct from the mills to their various customers throughout New England and New York. The firm have large storehouses here, and are in the best possible condition to give low prices and insure prompt shipments and sat- isfactory quality of goods. The individual members of the firm are E. Crosby, E. C. Crosb}^ and L- F. Adams. tS)/\N^V and MT"- T/\t§Ol^. ^HE railroad station for both the above places is eighteen '(<'(^\ miles south of Rutland, on the Bennington & Rutland Railroad. The locality presents a diversified soil and many mountains and elevations. There are also a number of trout streams, and in the center of the town of Dan by is a beauti- ful little bod)' of water called Danby L,ake. Danby is noted for its fine dairy products, and its maple sugar, the shipments of the latter being probably the largest of any town in Vermont. This town contains one of the oldest marble quarries in the State, which can be seen on Dorset Mountain from the train. The mountain scenery here is simply sublime, especiallj^ that of Mount Tabor, which towers up in all its splendor in the East, and Danby and Dorset Mountains also present a magnificent view in the South. There is a mineral spring on Mount Tabor, whose waters have for many years been noted for their medicinal qualities, and are sought for b)'^ those who have tried them. Many of the houses in Danby are supplied with pure mountain spring water from a reser\'oir and water works system put in through the individual enterprise of Mr. S. L. Griffith, who, with Mr. Eugene Mclntyre, is largely engaged in lumbering and in charcoal burning, the industries conducted by Mr. Griffith alone, and those in which the firm of Griffith & Mclntyre are interested, being the most extensive of their class in Vermont. An average of one hundred and twenty carloads of lumber and charcoal are shipped from this station everj^ month, and the visitor on debarking from the train becomes at once impressed with the magnitude of the industry. Here is a large structure devoted to grist mill, box factory, chair stock department, blacksmith shop, wheelwright and paint shop. The grist mill grinds about 40,000 bushels of grain per year, most of which is used to feed the horses and stock needed in the work controlled here. The blacksmith shop, wagon and paint shop are also accessories of the great busi- ness. Here, too, is the handsomely appointed and convenient business office, from which private telephone lines run to the differ- ent branches of the works ; and here, also, are the long stretches 2o8 Vermont : Its Resojures and Industries. of side track for loading the product, and several charcoal kilns. Here, also, are a number of tidy and attractive boarding and tene- ment houses. The main*part of the business is conducted at the village of GriflEith, on Mount Tabor, about four and one-half miles from the railroad station. Griffith is a busy settlement consisting of about fifty dwelling houses, several large boarding houses, a large store, a postoSice, and a mamnfoth steam saw-mill, to which has recently been added a clapboard and shingle department. The saw-mill is fitted with all the most modern machinery and appli- ances for working lumber, and runs night and day, cutting 10,000 feet of spruce and 6,000 feet of hard- wood in the twenty-four hours. The clapboard department and the shingle department are fitted with the best of machinery, and cut 6,000 of each product per day. The clapboard machinery is from the Lane Manufacturing Co., Montpelier, and the shingle machine is from the Chase Turbine Manufacturing Co., Orange, Mass. Power for the mill is furnished by a 100 horse-power engine, the sawdust and refuse furnishing fuel for generating steam. All the refuse of the mill is carried to the boiler room by chain link belt-carriers. The prod- uct of this mill for 1889 will be about 4,500,000 feet. The charcoal kilns, of which there are twenty-seven, are kept running the year round, and require 14,000 cords of wood per annum. This is evolved into about 600,000 bushels of charcoal, the product being constantly sold ahead. The great "Washburn & Moen Wire Co. of Worcester, Mass., purchase upwards of 300,- 000 bushels of charcoal annually, of Mr. Griffith, and ex-Senator W. H. Barnum, of Lime Rock, Conn., purchases from 300,000 to 400,000 bushels which he uses in the manufacture of charcoal pig- iron in his different furnaces. The balance of the product goes to other furnaces, powder manufacturers, and to hotels in Boston, Kighty-five teams are employed in hauling logs to the mill yard and in transporting the product to the railroad station. The amount of supplies required for the store, the horses and oxen, the mill and shops, is about five tons per day. The men are boarded at the large boarding-houses, each of which accommodates about forty. These houses are all owned by Mr. Griffith. Mr. Griffith is the owner, also, of a large tract of land and a mill in Peru, where he cuts about 500,000 feet of lumber per year. He is the owner of an extensive tract of land on Danby Mountain where he is building a large steam mill and will cut 1,000,000 feet of spruce lumber in 1889. Danby and Mount Tabor. 209 In the aggregate, Mr. Griffith is the sole owner of some 17,000 acres of woodland, from which he clears about 400 acres of timber per 3'ear, His individual business gives employment to about 300 men. « In addition to the foregoing, Mr. Griffith is interested in other lumbering firms, the business of which is all transacted through the Danby office. Griffith & Mclntyre have a tract of 1500 acres of land on what is known as the Black Branch, situated about three and one-half miles from Danby, and another of equal extent in the town of Arlington, with fine steam mills at each place. At the former the mill cuts 1,500,000 feet of lumber per year. Here, also, are nine charcoal kilns, producing about 225,000 bushels per annum. At Arlington the saw-mill cuts 1,500,000 feet of lumber, and both jobs employ large numbers of teams. The Green Mountain Lumber Co. was formed in 1888, and is composed of S. L. Griffith, Eugene Mclntyre, Warren Mclntyre, James Mclntyre and E. E.. Staples. The company owns a tract of 1400 acres on Peru Mountain and has erected a steam mill, the yearly output of which will be 2,000,000 feet of lumber. This mill is also supplied with clapboard machinery to cut 1,500,000 and shingle machinery to cut 500,000. The product of this mill is shipped from South Londonderry, on the Brattleboro & White- hall Railroad. Eumbermen generally hire teams for the greater part of their work. Mr. Griffith does not. He owns all the horses and oxen used in his business, having about 1 10 horses and 60 oxen. The number of horses will be increased to 125 this season. Besides these there are about 60 horses and 20 oxen used at the Griffith & Mcln- tyre works and by the Green Mountain Lumber Co., being a total of 260 horses and oxen used in the various industries. All sleds, trucks, wagons and harnesses used in the business are made and kept in repair in the shops of Mr. Griffith and the companies in which he is interested. There is now building, at Danby station, a shed 150x30 in which to store clapboards and shingles preparatory to shipment. The various industries in which Mr. Griffith is interested give employment to 500 men, while the aggregate output is over 10,000,000 feet of lumber, both hard- wood and spruce, 1,500,000 feet of clapboards and 1,500,000 shingles, 825,000 bushels of char- coal ; and the number of acres of timber lands exceed 21,000, 2IO Vermont: Its Resources and Ind^istries. About one-fourtli the product of lumber is bard- wood, the bal- ance spruce. Of the hard-wood, the great Walter A. Wood mow- ing and Reaping Machine Co., Hoosick Falls, N. Y., purchase about 1,000,0.00 feet yearly, the balance being used in the manu- facture of bedsteads and chairs. Of the spruce lumber, from 500,- 000 to 750,000 feet of boards is sold to the New Home Sewing Machine Co., Orange, Mass. The balance of the product is cut into timber and boxing boards which is worked into shooks for knitting mills. l^HLLGWa, f ALL' ) ElvLOWS FALLS is one of the most important manufact- uring villages in the State, and is finely situated on the falls from which it derives its name, and which, in turn, were named in honor of Peter Bellows, one of the original proprietors of the town. The Connecticut River rushes through a narrow gorge at this place, and has a descent of sixty feet. The water-power afforded by the river has been the means of establishing large manufacturing establishments here, while Bel- lows Falls is also noted for the loveliness of its water vistas and landscapes both above and below the falls. The village is located on a plain about 172 feet above the bed of the river, and is laid out in streets pleasantly shaded by maple trees, while in the northern part is a beautiful grove of pine trees, a remnant of what was once the grand pine forest that covered the locality. Here, a fine view of the Connecticut and the country way through to Ascutney Mountain may be obtained. On the New Hampshire side of the river Mount Kilburn rises precipitously from the water's edge to a height of 830 feet, and 1,200 feet above the sea. The eminence was named after John Kilbum, the first civilized person to live in this vicinity. The mountain is also known as Fall Mountain. Bellows Falls is distant from Boston, 122 miles; New York^ 208 miles; Rutland, 54 miles; New Haven, 134 miles; Spring- field, Mass., 82 miles; Fitchburg, 64 miles; Brattleboro, 22 miles. Bellows Falls is a noted railroad center, lines from four directions centering here. The Central Vermont runs from Bel- lows Falls to Rutland, Burlington, St. Albans and Montreal ; at Rutland it connects w'ith the Delaware & Hudson Railroad for Saratoga and Lake George. The Cheshire runs east to FitcUburg and Boston. The Connecticut River runs south to Springfield, Mass., and north to Windsor, Vt., and forms a link in a great through route from New York to the White Mountains, to Lake Memphremagog, etc. 212 Vermont: Its Resources and Industries. CHURCHES. Bellows Falls contains spacious and substantial diurch edifices, belonging to the Baptist, Congregational, Episcopal, Methodist, Universalist and Catholic societies, SCHOOLS. The public schools of Bellows Falls are the pride of the village. The graded system is in vogue, and each department is in charge of efiicient instructors. St. Agnes Hall is a boarding and day school for girls, and is under the patronage of the Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Vermont. It is located on School Street, corner of Cherry, away from the business center. It stands well back from the street, and has a closely shaven .lawn leading down to the sidewalk. Large elms overshadow the premises and the place is very invit- ing. The course of instruction is varied and complete, and the deportment of its pupils is a subject of favorable comment in the community, reflecting great credit upon the management. WATER WORKS. Bellows Falls has an excellent system of water works. The source is Minard's Pond, located one and one-half miles from the village, and 220 feet above it. This pond is fed by mountain springs. The working pressure of the water works is 130 pounds to the square inch. Hydrants for fire purposes are conveniently located about the village, and the force is sufficient to throw streams over the highest buildings. MANUFACTURES. The fame of Bellows Falls as a paper manufacturing center is world-wide. It ranks second to Holyoke in the United States in the amount of its manufactured product. Besides the paper mills, here are the extensive works of the Vermont Farm Machine Co., a machine shop, and other industries. The water power which drives the factories is furnished by the Bellows Falls Canal Co., the force being from 6,000 to 8,000 horse power for a run of twenty- four hours. The canal and dam were originally built in 1794 for the purpose of locking by logs, and the water power was little used prior to 1870. In 1869 William A. Russell purchased the almost abandoned property, enlarged the canal and made it available for manufacturing purposes. Bellows Falls. 213 BANKS. Bellows Falls has two monetary institutions, viz.: The National Bank of Bellows Falls, one of the oldest financial institu- tions of the State. It was chartered in 1831 with a capital of $50,000, which was doubled in 1847. In 1866 this bank was nationalized. The Bellows Falls Savings Institution was char- tered in 1847 ^nd began business the following year. It has over $600,000 on deposit. The Centennial Block, in which both banks are located, is owned bj^ the two institutions. It was erected in 1875, at a cost of $25,000. THE TOWN HALL. This fine building was erected in 1886 at a cost of $50,000. It is of brick with trimmings of freestone and terra cotta, is 71x140 feet on the ground, and a tower 140 feet in height. On the ground floor are the postoffice, public library, two stores, a ban- quet and voting hall and town offices. On the second floor is a large opera hall and six public offices. The third floor has a small hall. The opera hall has a floor that can be inclined or made level at will. THE PAPER MAKING INDUSTRY. Bellows Falls was among the first places where the experiment of producing wood pulp for the manufacture of printing paper was attempted in this country. It was for this purpose that the power was purchased and developed by Mr. Russell at this place. The first mill was built here in 1869-70 for the manufacture of pulp only, the purpose being to dispose of the product to other estab- lished mills as a fibre for paper, but the prejudice existing both among paper makers and the consumers of paper was such that this experiment failed. But Mr. Russell was so confident that it was to be the coming fibre for paper, and that the prejudice in its use would be overcome, commenced at once to erect paper mills to work out the problem. And at this juncture it was finally found that wood pulp paper met the very want demanded for the suc- cessful use of the fast web printing presses, about this time com- ing into use. From a small beginning less than a score of years ago the wood pulp paper business has become to be a large inter- est. The daily product of paper in the mills at this place is sev- enty-five tons, of pulp twenty-five tons. Some fifteen kinds and grades of paper are included in this product. The manufacture of manilla, tissue and other kinds of paper at Bellows Falls began 214 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. soon after the establishment here of the Bellows Falls Paper Co. The Bellows Canal Company sold land for building purposes and leased their water power to various parties from time to time until now a half dozen different paper manufacturers own and operate mills in the vicinity of the original paper mill built by Mr. Rus- sell in 187 1. The manufacture of tissue and manilla papers began here more than a dozen years ago, and the annual produc- tion has steadily increased. Toilet paper was first made about a quarter of a century ago on the Connecticut River. One of the first points at which it was manufactured was Putney, Vt., a few miles below Bellows Falls. The pioneers in this branch of the trade were Messrs. Robertson and Moore, who began its manufacture at Bellows Falls some fourteen years ago: The trade has grown to enormous proportions, the dif- ferent brands being numbered by the hundred. Large quantities are exported to Europe, and the trade through- out the United States is largely supplied by the Bellows Falls mills. The famous perforated paper is made here, also the sheets in packages. Much of this paper is put up in narrow rolls. The raw material entering into its manufacture is jute butts, manilla rope, and, in some grades, wood pulp. Tissue, medium weight, light weight and heavy weight manillas and wood manilla paper is also extensively made here. Also card middles, envelope, writing and copying manillas. Bu^terick is supplied with pattern paper, the Western Union Telegraph Company with copying paper, and the reading public of the United States with news paper on which is printed the great city dailies. Wood pulp is used mostly in the manufacture of news paper, and the product is nearly all used by local paper makers, although a considerable quantity is shipped to other points. The wood from which the pulp is made comes largely from the Upper Connecticut and is mostly spruce. Several million feet of logs are used annually, and after being taken out of the river they are sawed up into blocks for the grinding machines. A large amount of capital is invested in the paper business and some 650 hands are furnished employment in the score of brick mills at this great paper center on the Connecticut River. The firms who manufacture paper at Bellows Falls have combined paper interests here and elsewhere, giving employment to about 1400 hands and producing one hun- dred and twenty-five tons of paper and one hundred and sixteen tons of pulp per day. TOWN HALL. George G. Adaiis, Architect, Lawrence, Mass. 2i6 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. FAI.L MOUNTAIN PAPER COMPANY. The manufacture of pulp and news paper, together with some grades of manilla paper, is carried on by the Fall Mountain Paper Company— Hon. William A. Russell, President ; A. N. Burbank, Treasurer — the daily product being about fifty tons. The mills are substantially built of brick, covering an area of four acres, with the most approved machinery throughout. This company also produces twenty-five tons of wood pulp daily. The news paper product goes principally to the leading metropolitan dailies. The Fall Mountain Company have two Edison dynamos in their mills for electric lighting purposes. The dynamos have a capac- ity of 600 lamps of the incandescent style, and of ten candle power each. Power is supplied by the Connecticut River. The various mills, factories and stores in the village are furnished the electric light by the company. Mr. Russell's interests in Bellows Falls, and at Franklin, N. H., Lawrence, Mass., and in Maine, are the largest under one control of any in this or any other country. JOHN T. MOORE & SON. Mr. John T. Moore was one of the first paper makers to lease the power of the new Canal Company after Mr. Russell built his mills. Mr. Moore has recently increased the capacity of his mill one-third. He makes a specialty of toilet paper, and produces over 2,000 pounds per day, the raw material being wholly jute butts and manilla rope. The Moore mill makes ten standard brands, including "Pacific," "Washington," "Riverside," "New Castle," "Excelsior," "Boston Mills" and "New Hamp- shire. ' ' Mr. Moore also supplies a score of large firms with toilet paper put up in special wrappers. He is one of the largest makers of toilet paper in the United States, and ships much of his paper to England and Germany, and also supplies the South American trade. Mr. Moore established himself in Bellows Falls in 1872. He was previously superintendent in a mill at Putney, Vt. WIIvLARD RUSSElvIv & CO. The establishment known as Willard Russell & Co. is now owned by Mr. George K. Russell. The mills have been in opera- tion here since 1873, the business having been conducted at Exeter, N. H., for some fifteen years previous to that time. The product of the mill is wood manilla, heavy card board, tag board, Belloivs Falls. 217 cheap envelope and blank book paper. The production is about 5,000 pounds of paper daily. The mill is finely equipped with improved machinery, and has recently been increased in capacity. Mr. Russell makes his own pulp. The trade of the mill is in all sections of the countr>% JOHN ROBERTSON & SON. Mr. John Robertson was one of the pioneer manufacturers of tissue manilla paper, having begun its manufacture in Putne)', Vt., in 1854. Mr. Robertson, with others, built a mill in Bellows Falls in 1872, and continued its operation until 1881, when the present firm was organized, the junior member of the firm being Charles E. Robertson. A new mill was built for the firm for the manufacture of grocers' bag, tissue, manilla and toilet papers. The daily product is about 4,000 pounds, the market for which is in New York and the West. The toilet paper is made into rolls and packages, and much of it is exported. Three buildings are occupied by the firm, and two mill powers, aggregating 130 horse- power, furnish driving facilties. WYMAN FLINT & SONS. The firm of W^^nan Flint & Sons make manilla paper. Flint & Sons are the successors of Flint & Fisher, who began paper making in Bellows- Falls in 1881, Flint & Fisher having suc- ceeded to a concern started in 1872. The capacity of Wyman Flint & Sons' mill is about six tons daily. The mill is provided with one 72-inch and one 62-inch Harper Fourdrinier machines ; four 600-pound, one 1,200-pound, one 800-pound, one 400-pohnd and one Jordan engine. MOORE, ARMS & THOMPSON. The above firm consists of Albert C. Moore, who began the manufacture of tissue and manilla paper at Bartonville, Vt., in 1 86 1, of Edward Arms, who began with Mr. Moore, operating a mill in 1875, and of H. W. Thompson, who was admitted to the firm in 1882. The present iliill was built in 1880, and is a model one in construction, in arrangement and in equipment. The papers made at this mill are medium and heavy weights manilla copying, envelope, writing and tissue manilla. The daily prod- uct is equivalent to ten tons of medium manilla. There are ten 1,000-pound engines, one 72-inch cylinder machine and one 84- 2l8 Vermont : Its Resowces and Industries. incli Fourdrinier machine. The firm dispose of their copying paper to the Western Union Telegraph Company. The per- forated toilet paper that is seen so much at hotels is made here. The firm have a patented device for holding this paper. OSGOOD & BARKER— MACHINISTS. - This establishment does a general business as machinists and founders, and makes a specialty of paper and wood pulp machinery. The establishment has attained fame in all sections of our own country, and foreign countries have paid tribute by ordering machinery made here. The works have been in operation about eighteen years, and are complete in every department. All the tools and appliances are of the most approved and modern patterns, and each department of the manufactory is under the watchful eye of competent supervision. VERMONT FARM MACHINE CO. This is one of the best known manufacturing establishments in the State. The company and its predecessors has been in opera- tion since 1865. Every State in the Union and many foreign countries pay tribute to the ingenuity and progressive ideas of the Vermont Farm Machine Co. in orders for the improved imple- ments manufactured, and which have revolutionized the dairy business of the country. During 1888 the company ran its works VERMONT FARM MACHINE CO.'S WORKS. , Bellows Falls. 219 night and day, and yet was unable to keep up with its orders. Increased facilities were absolutely necessary, and to furnish these, the Bellows Falls Building Association erected a large building, illustrated in connection with this sketch, into which the company has just moved. The main floor is 355 feet long and 60 feet wide. The second and third stories are 242x60 feet and the basement is 58x60 feet. The building is situated on a convenient lot, with room for numerous lumber sheds and similar conveniences. The Vermont Farm Machine Co. manufacture the Cooley Creamer, famous everywhere, and of which over 65,000 are in daily use, the Davis Swing Churn, Eureka Butter Worker, Improved Philadelphia Butter Worker, Nesbitt's Butter Presses, Dog Powers, Evaporators for making sugar, syrup and apple jelly, the Pneumatic P'ruit Drj^er and various other articles. The Company issues descriptive and illustrated catalogues of their products which will be sent free on application. * l^/\N(li)OLfl^. \lp^ANDOLPH lies in the valleys of two large streams flowing v^/ south into White River, and on the broad-backed ridge t^\^ between them. In the easterly valley are South, East ^ and North Randolph, each having a post-ofl&ce. In the westerly valley is West Randolph, the largest village in the town, where is the Randolph station, on the Central Vermont Railroad. At the center of the town, more than one thousand feet above the level of the ocean, four miles from the railroad station, two and three-fourths hours' distant from Burlington, and seven hours from Boston, is Randolph, a small village, containing the town hall, town clerk's and town treasurer's offices, a store, post, ex- press and telephone offices, several shops, a hotel, three churches and a State Normal School. This village is in the midst of a verj^ fertile and very beautiful country, with excellent roads in all directions. The view is extensive, from Ascutney Mountain, in the southeast, and Killington and Pico, in the southwest, along the Green Mountain range to Camel's Hump, in the northwest, while the eastern view extends to the mountains of New Hamp- shire. STATE NORMAI. SCHOOL. The Orange County Grammar School, begun in Randolph in 1804 or 1805 and chartered in 1806, was well sustained for more than sixty years, when, February 26, 1867, in accordance with an act of the legislature, it became a State Normal School. It has attained a high rank among schools of this class and has sent out nearly eight hundred graduates. Many of these are teaching, and in schools of every grade, from the primary school to the college ; others are employed in school superintendence, and still others are found in the various professions and in business. The Randolph Normal School teaches the science and illus- trates the art of teaching. The instructors are experienced and skillful, and the students mature and scholarly. The facilities of the school are good, and the prices low. Two courses of study are pursued, a first course and a second course. All students are in one or the other. Students in the second course are graduates from the first course. Four lines of study are offered for each term of a course. Students who are able to do so take all the four Randolph. 221 lines ; those who cannot do so much take less ; but earlier studies are not omitted for later studies. The first course contains the branches only which common school teachers may be required to teach, and a few necessary auxiliary subjects, together with methods of teaching and the elements of psychology, as a basis for a scientific comprehension of methods. Additions may be made in the second course. The work of the school is set forth in a circular issued by the principal, as follows : ' ' Our work in the common studies is to secure a knowledge of the subjects in their relations of whole and parts, and of their uses as instruments of instruction. To this end the elements of geometry and algebra are placed before the concluding studies in arithmetic ; and botany, physiology and physical geography pre- cede the final studies in geograph}'. The study of empirical ped- agogy' is begun in the first weeks of the course. In this begin- ning the student is led to reflect on his own experience as pupil and teacher, to consider some general methods of school manage- ment and teaching, and to become interested in observing the methods adopted for his own instruction, and in educational peri- odicals and books. The work so begun is carried forward by a study of educational syi>tenis, by teaching exercises, and by weekly readings and essays in literary clubs. A foundation for scientific pedagogj' is laid in the study of psj-chology during the first half of the second year, followed by its application to princi- ples and methods, together with practice in teaching, both in ordinary class work, and with classes of children from the public school." The first course covers two j-ears of two terms each. D term — Geometry, Scliool Discipline, English, Botany, Physiology. C term — Algebra, Drawing, English, Education, History of United States. B term — Arithmetic, Psychology, English, Geography. A term — Arithmetic, Pedagogics, Civics, English. Free gym- nastics for all. Vocal music without extra charge. The second course comprises one and one-half years. First term — ^Junior Class. Algebra, Geometry, Rhetoric, Thomson's Seasons. Second term — Middle Class. Algebra, Geometry-, Physics, Outlines of the World's History. Third term — Senior Class. History' of Education, Bacon's Essays or Milton's Para- dise Lost, English Literature, Astronomy, Moral Philosophy. All communicatioms should be addressed, Edward Conant, Principal, Randolph, Vermont. lB/\l^t^£. jARRE is one of the most flourishing towns in the State, and has been built up entirely through the development ?^ ))J of the great mountains of fine granite within the limits of the town. Barre was incorporated as a village in 1886, and has a population of over 4,500 inhabitants, one-third of whom are males. The village is attractively set among hills, is well-built, and rapidly growing. Stevens Branch, a tributary to the Winooski River, flows through Barre, and furnishes power for several manufactories. Barre is distant from Montpelier, six miles, and is reached by Central Vermont Railroad, also by the- Barre extension of the Montpelier & Wells River Railroad. The Central Vermont road runs on from Barre to Williamstown, and is expected to be extended to Royalton, there connecting with the central division of this great system. The Barre Railroad, built by the granite firms and the Montpelier & Wells River Railroad Co., runs from the village to the quarries, four and one-half miles distant. This road, however, is eight miles long, the quarries being at such an elevation above the village, that the railroad must traverse nearly double the air-line distance in making the ascent. WATER WORKS, Etc. Barre has an admirable system of water works. The supply is taken from Jail Branch, a mountain stream. About three and one-half miles from the village this stream is dammed to form a large reservoir. The reservoir is about four hundred feet above the village, and the pressure is sufiicient to throw several streams from the fire hydrants over the highest buildings in the village. Barre is lighted with electric light, a sewerage system has been voted, and other improvements are being agitated. CHURCHES. Barre contains four churches, viz. : Congregational, Methodist, Universalist and Roman Catholic. The latter society has recently completed a handsome brick church edifice, costing $10,000. Bar re. 223 SCHOOLS. The graded school system is in vogue in Barre, and the various departments are in charge of thorough and competent instructors. Goddard Seminary, located here, is managed by the Vermont State Convention of Universalists. TOWN HALL. The Town Hall is a substantial structure, and occupies a com- manding position, overlooking a triangular Park. The building is 100x65 feet in dimensions, is of brick with granite trimmings, and cost about $30,000. On the ground floor are the post-office and three stores. The upper portion presents a fine hall, equipped with a good stock scienery and theatrical accessories. NATIONAL BANK OF BARRE. The National Bank of Barre stands in the front rank of financial institutions in the Green Mountain State, and is the only National Bank in Barre. It began business July i, 1873, and its interests have been allied to the progress and prosperity of the community, its policy being such as to promote the general welfare of the vil- lage. Its officers are : L. F. Howland, President ; B. W. Braley, Vice-President; F. G. Aldrich, Cashier; F. F. Cave, Teller. The director}- is : L. F. Aldrich, B. W. Braley, J. M. Perry, Chas. Templeton, John Lynde. The National Bank of Barre has a capital of $100,000. At this writing the loans and discounts of the institution are $215,000 ; its deposits, $150,000 ; and its sur- plus and undivided profits, $31,500. The business of the National Bank of Barre covers a wide range of territory, and its depositors are from all towns surrounding this village, while many live at remote distances. The bank buys and sells government bonds, and sells New England state, county and town bonds, and West- ern state, territory and school bonds. This institution pays inter- est on certificates of deposit at the rate of three per cent, per annum for periods of less than six months ; and four per cent, interest on deposits remaining six months or longer. Interest deposits draw interest from the date of deposit, and no notice is required in the event of withdrawal. This Bank has a guarantee fund of $200,000. Since its organization the National Bank of Barre has paid to its stockholders $170,000. 224 Vermont : Its Resources a7id Industries. GRANITE SAVINGS BANK AND TRUST CO. This bank began business April 13, 1885. It has. a capital of $50,000, and conducts a commercial business in connection with its savings bank department. The officers of the institution are as follows : John Trow, President ; H. O. Worthen, Vice-Presi- dent ; Clinton N. Field, Treasurer. Directors, John Trow, H, O. Worthen. A. D. Morse, C. L. Currier, W. E. Whitcomb, A. E. Field. At this writing the Granite Savings Bank and Trust Co. has $320,000 on deposit. This bank pays interest on deposits at the rate of three per cent, per annum ; and on deposits remain- ing six months or longer, interest at the rate of four per cent, per annum, credited semi-annually, is allowed. It receives business accounts subject to check, and makes collections throughout all parts of the United States and Canada ; furnishes Boston, New York and Chicago exchange ; buys and sells United States Bonds, and Bonds of any of the states, counties or towns in New Eng- land ; also furnishes drafts on Ireland, Scotland, England and other European countries. The Granite Savings Bank and Trust Co. is the owner of a very fine granite block, three stories high. The ground floor is occupied by the bank and a store. The interior of the bank is handsomely finished with oak wainscoting and counters, the tops of the latter being polished Swanton marble. The floor is tiled with Swanton marble, unpolished. The walls and ceiling are handsomely frescoed. The vault is remarkably strong, being built of solid granite. THE GRANITE INDUSTRY. The visitor to Barre is immediately impressed with the magni- tude of the granite industry. On ever>' side are the great estab- lishments for cutting, polishing, etc. The deposit is four and one-half miles distant from the depot and extends a distance of three miles by half-a-mile wide. It is in sheets or layers and varies in thickness, thus permitting the quarrying of blocks of any desired size. Barre granite is generally recognized as the finest in the world. Its component parts are distinctly granular and evenly mixed throughout ; and it contains less mica than other granites. It is remarkably clear and even in texture, is susceptible of the very highest polish, is perfectly uniform in color, and the contrast between the polished and hammered sur- faces is great, thereby rendering the product very beautiful as Barre. 225 well as valuable. The growth of the industry is marvelous. Ten years ago less than a score of men were engaged in cutting granite here. To-aay there are over 1,200. There are thirt)^-five granite firms in Barre — large and small — nearly all of which made addi- tions to their finishing sheds last year. The shipments of blocks and finished work from Barre station in 18S8 were nearly thirty per cent, greater than in 1887. The figures in tons for the two years are: In 1887, 16,460 tons; 1888, 21,117 tons; balance in favor of 1888, 4,657 tons. The business of finishing Barre granite is also extensively carried on in Montpelier. JONES BROTHERS. The firm of Jones Brothers take a front position among the granite firms of Barre. The firm have been for many years the largest dealers in monumental work in Boston, their location being on Kilby Street. They were likewise extensive dealers in Barre granite, and often had large numbers of stone cutters in Barre working on their orders. In August, 1886, Jones Bros, succeeded to the business of Mackie & Simpson and increased the facilities and working force at once. The firm employ about sev- enty-five stone cutters and about thirty quarry men, besides a number of teamsters. Jones Bros, quarries are eight acres in extent and the firm deals in both finished and rough stone. Their shops are on the bank of the river, spun tracks running thereto. Increased facilities for cutting are demanded and the firm have new shops in preparation, which will allow them to double their force of stone cutters. Jones Bros, manufacture every class of cemetery and architectural work, and they are in the possession of unexcelled facilities for the rapid and economical execution of all orders. The firm are engaged at this writing on some very fine pieces, among which are the following : Confederate Monu- ment, thirty-five feet high, surmounted by a colossal figure of a Confederate soldier, with arms at rest. The base is fifteen feet square, above which are five other bases, the upper one being richly carv^ed, and bearing the inscription, "Confederate Memo- rial." The die, three feet one inch high and four feet seven inches square, will present five hundred and fifty raised letters. The die is surmounted b}- a finely carved cap supporting a plinth with the monogram " C. S. A. " engraved upon it. Above the plinth towers a sex^enteen foot shaft, three feet one inch square, with a Confederate flag wound about it, two bands of elaborate carving above and below the flag. A carved cap to bear the figure 226 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. of the soldier rests at the top of the shaft. Another monument now building has a base eleven feet six inches square ^d will be fifty feet high. In its construction there will be a column twenty- four feet high and three feet in diameter at the base. The crown- ing piece is an urn six feet high. Throughout the work elaborate carving is introduced. Another heavy piece is a monument nine feet four inches square at the base, with a shaft twenty-five feet high, two feet nine inches square at the base. The plinth, die and bases are in proportion, and all are finely carved. A piece of similar style has a thirty-three foot shaft, three feet three inches square at the base, while the base of the monument is -ten feet square. WEIvIvS, LAMSON & CO. This well-known firm, which is particularly well qualified to make contracts for the construction of any class of monumental work, and furnish original designs on short notice, was estab- lished in March, 1880, by Smith & Wells, the organization of the present firm dating January, 1882. The members of the firm are : S. O. Wells, George Lamson, J. K. Pirie. The location of the firm's shops is near the depot. Two quarries are operated by Wells, I;amson & Co., one embracing fifteen and one-half acres of dark granite, and the other nine and one-half acres, medium in color. Sixty men are employed by the firm. The leading busi- ness of Wells, Lamson & Co. is in dark granite, which is very popular, for the reason that the contrast between the polished and the hammered surfaces is very great, enabling inscriptions to be distinguished at considerable distances. Every class of monu- mental work is executed by this firm, but the leading specialty is heavy work, for which their stone is perfectly adapted, and in much favor. Among the specimens of Wells, Lamson & Co.'s work are the following : Soldiers' Monument at Kokomo, Indiana, fifty-two feet high, and ten by fourteen feet on the ground. There are four bases and two dies with a carved cap six feet square, above which is a shaft twenty-two feet high, surmounted by a carved capital, and crowned by a collosal figure of a soldier. The monument erected by the Millers' Association of Minne- apolis to the memory of eighteen persons killed by a mysterious explosion in a flouring mill in that city. This monument is thirty-eight feet high, and bears carvings emblematical of the work of the miller. When this monument was erected, the Barre. 227 Millers' Association passed resolutions complimentary to the work of Wells, Lamson & Co. An expensive monument to Blue Jean Williams, the famous and eccentric Indianian. Soldiers' Monument, at Wellsboro, Pennsylvania. This is of the popular cottage style, twenty-five feet high, crowned by the granite figure of a soldier, car^'ed at the firm's shops. The firm has just completed a soldiers' monument for Salem, Mass. It is in rock-face, with polished panels, and is sur- mounted by a granite figure of a soldier. This figure was cut in the firm's shops in Barre, and is generally conceded to be the finest granite statue in Massachusetts. The total height of the monument is twenty feet. The soldier is six feet high. The handsome soldiers' monument at Binghamton, N. Y., which was dedicated July 4th, 18S8, was manufactured by Wells, Lamson & Co., excepting the figures. This monument is com- posed of a base fifteen feet front by eleven feet wide and two. feet high, with a sub-base and plinth of corresponding proportions. Above this is a die eight feet long, six feet wide and three feet ten inches high, surmounted by a massive cap with carved corbells at either end which support bronze statues representing a soldier and a sailor. Standing on the center of this coping is a stately obelisk four feet square at the base and twenty- two feet high, with two projecting belts inscribed with battle names. Crowning the shaft is a beautifully carved corinthian cap of about five tons weight, surmounted by a granite statue representing the Goddess of Lib- erty holding a sabre in one hand and a shield and laurel wreath in the other. This statue is eight feet in height and is a model of beauty. The entire monument, from base to crowning point, measures fifty feet, and comprises 1500 cubic feet of granite, weighing over one hundred tons. On the plinth beneath the die is the following inscription : '''This Monument is the tribute of Broome County to her brave sons who served in defense of the Union. ' ' MARR & GORDON. The visitor to Barre is sure to be attracted by the shops of Marr & Gordon, which he passes just before reaching the depot. Two lines of sheds stand with gables to the railroad, about forty feet apart. Between these sheds is a novelty in the way of a hoisting machine, made in Aberdeen, Scotland. A track runs above each building, and spanning the space between is a bridge-like struct- 228 Vermont: Its Resources and Industries. ure that can be moved along the tracks. Upon the bridge is the hoisting machinery, movable, also, so that blocks of granite can be carried from one shed across the court to the other, or from one end of the yard to the other. The apparatus extends over the railroad track and by it cars are loaded quickly and easily. The apparatus is capable of lifting and carrying twelve tons. Marr & Gordon have been in business in Barre about six years. The individual members of the firm are Charles Marr and Alex. Gor- don, both sturdy Scotchmen, who are practical stone-cutters, sculptors and designers. The firm manufacture for the trade exclusively. At their shops Marr & Gordon give employment to sixty men. The firm own a quarry five acres in extent where they employ fifteen men. Marr & Gordon turn out all classes of granite monumental and architectural work, and do a large busi- ness in stone in the rough. This concern is in a highly prosper- ous condition and is rapidly extending its business. Marr & Gor- don did the granite work for the handsome gate-way at the entrance to Glenwood Cemetery, Lockport, N. Y. This gate-way is a gift to the city by Mr. John Hodge, proprietor of " Merchant's Gargling Oil," and attracts much attention. VERMONT GRANITE CO. This company's works are located opposite the railroad depot, and the plant has an area of four acres. The Vermont Granite Co. was organized April i, 1S87, succeeding the well-known firm of White Brothers, which began business m March, 1882. The company has a capital of $60,000, and its oflEicers are : S. C. White, President ; A. E. Bruce, Vice-President ; H. K. Bush, Secretat-y. The directory consists of S. C. White, George F. White, H. K. Bush, A. E. Bruce and William Bruce. The Messrs. White, named in the directory, were the original proprie- tors of the industry, and both are practical sculptors and stone cutters of over forty years' experience. The Vermont Granite Co. own 1 10 acres of quarry property, in different parcels, and their wide range covers every variety of granite found in' Barre. The company give employment to over 100 hands in the various departments of the industry — stone cut- ting, quarrying, polishing, hauling, etc. Every facilit}^ here exists for the rapid and economical conduct of the business, and the company is able to dress granite at the least possible expense, f he leading business of the company is in furnishing granite 230 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. monuments at wholesale, and in dealing in rough granite, shipped in blocks. The company also sell granite quarries. The Vermont Granite Co. execute work in the highest style of the stone carver's art, and many monuments are to be seen in various parts of the country that bear testimony to the rare skill of this concern. Among these monuments are the following : The Ridgely Monument in Harlem Park, Baltimore ; the Sol- diers' Monument at Brandon, Vt. ; the monument to Senator James M. Marvin, Saratoga, N. Y.; the monument to Judge Houston, at Athens, Alabama ; John C. Calhoun's monument, and the Col. Ellsworth monumen^ at Mechanicville, N. Y. STAFFORD & HOLDEN MANUFACTURING CO. This industry dates its history tb 1861. In 1864 it became Stafford, Holden & Co. In 1876 the concern was incorporated under its present title, with a capital of $41x000. The company give employment to sixty hands, and their works are fully equipped with every modern facility and appliance for the work in hand. The machinery is driven by water power with steam as auxilliary. The works are in a substantial brick building, 200 feet in length, with several accessory buildings of wood. The company manufacture annually 24,000 dozens forks, rakes and potato hooks, which find a market in all the civilized countries on the globe, large shipments being made to Europe and South America. The company is in possession of a prosperous busi- ness, and its product is held in great favor by the trade. SMITH, WHITCOMB & COOK. This firm are proprietors of the Barre Iron Works and operate in connection therewith a merchant and custom grist mill and a saw mill. In their grist mill Smith, Whitcomb & Cook grind and retail one hundred cars of corn per ye^r. The Barre Iron Works were established in 1833, and for eighteen years they have been under the management of the present firm, the individual members of which are J. M. Smith, W. E. Whitcomb and B. B. Cook. This firm do a general business as machinists and iron founders. Their list of patterns is extensive and the firm has superior facilities for turning out iron work of every description. They manufacture blank gears, spur gears, all sizes, with (iron) or for wood teeth, shafting, hangers and pulleys, etc. Special attention is givento millwright work of all descriptions, and the firm supply Eureka smut and separating machines, French burr Barre. 231 mill stones, belting, etc. A leading feature of this firm's business is the manufacture of quarrj^ machinery, stone polishing machin- ery, hoisting machines, derricks, etc. The stone polishing machine built by this firm is constructed upon new principles, and prac- tical stone workers, who are familiar with its features, recognize it to be the best stone polishing apparatus in the market. Its salient feature is in the fact that it will polish a greater amount of stone, with less labor, than any other machine made. Smith, Whit- comb & Cook also manufacture the Improved North American plow, and the Improved Barre Turbine Water Wheel. i)T. dOHNi)^Ut^V. ^'AINT JOHNSBURY is a village made famous in all parts of the civilized world as the location of the Fairbanks Scale Works, and its fame is also far-reaching as a model New England town. It is the shire-town of Caledonia County, and contains a population of about 6,000 inhabitants. It is also the business centre of Eastern Vermont. The village of St. Johnsbury is charmingly located in the Pas- sumpsic River Valley, and the landscape is diversified by numer- ous mound-like hills and knolls, plateaus and winding water- courses. Nature made it beautiful at first, and architecture and hcfrticulture have added to the attractions of the place. It is a village of handsome residences and pleasant homes, and the hand of culture is everywhere seen. Nearly every house is owned by its occupant ; and prosperity and happiness reigns in the commun- ity. St. Johnsbury is admirably situated at the confluence of the Passumpsic and Moose Rivers, both of which streams furnish good water power for mills and factories. The vast lumber regions of lyamoille and Essex Counties are tributary by rail to St. Johnsbury, and the valuable granite quarries of Northeastern Vermont supply block granite to St. Johnsbury manufacturers. Railroads lead in four directions from St. Johnsbury : the Pas- sumpsic Railroad, north and south, and the Boston & Lowell, east and west. The Vermont division of the latter road runs from St. Johnsbury west, across Northern Vermont, to Lake Champlain. St. Johnsbury is on the great through line from Boston to Newport (Lake Memphremagog), Montreal and Quebec. The Boston & Lowell, in connection with the Passumpsic, runs day and night passenger trains between these points. The Pas- sumpsic Railroad runs between Sherbroke, Canada, and White River Junction. At Wells River the Passumpsic connects with the Montpelier & Wells River Railroad, and thence with the Cen- tral Vermont system. In approaching St. Johnsbury from the south, the visitor has no hint of the handsome village he is approaching until he is SL Johnsbury . 233 landed at the spacious passenger depot under the hill — nor indeed, then and there ; the village proper is on the Plain above. Sev- eral manufactories are clustered about the depot, and Railroad Street — a pretentious avenue — is close by ; but one must ascend Eastern avenue if he would view the beauties of the place. Arrived at the "Plain," to which Eastern Avenue leads, yo\x are in the vicinity of St. Johnsbury 's handsome public buildings, and on Main Street. Fronting you is the Athenaeum ; turn to the right and you pass the best business buildings in the village ; to the left is the County Court House, and beyond is St. Johns- bury Academy. St. Johnsbury is indebted to the Fairbanks family for its impor- tance, the two names being linked together in the history of the village. More than half a century ago the Fairbanks brothers — Erastus, Vermont's first war governor, Sir Thaddeus, the inventor, and Joseph P., started the wheel of industry in a primitive scale works in the Passumpsic River Valley and brought honor and wealth to the family and prosperity to the town. It is to the munificence of these gentlemen and their descendants that St. Johnsbury is indebted for its leading public institutions. SCHOOES. The educational advantages offered by St. Johnsbury are excel- lent, and everj^ effort is put forth by the people to enhance them. The Union School buildings are handsome, commodious struc- tures, built of brick ; are well ventilated and convenient, while the course of instruction is thorough. On Charles Street is the Convent of the congregation of Notre Dame. It is under the management of a sister superior, two sisters and several lady teachers. The St, Johnsbury Academy ranks as one of the best institu- tions of its kind in the country, and is referred to in a separate sketch. CHURCHES. St. Johnsbur>^ supports ten churches, as follows : North Church (Congregational), South Church (Congregational), Free Baptist, St. Andrew's Episcopal, Presbyterian, Church of the Messiah (Universalist), Methodist, Advent, Baptist and Roman Catholic. The North Church edifice is the finest in the State. It is built of Isle La Motte marble and the interior is finished in native cherr3\ It is an imposing and beautiful structure, and cost $100,000. 234 Vermont : Its Resources and hidustries. BANKS. St. Johnsbury has two National Banks and two Savings Banks. The combined capital of the National Banks is $900,000. The banks are, First National, Merchants National, Passumpsic Sav- ings, and Citizen's Savings Bank and Trust Co. NORTH CHURCH. Sf. Jolmsbnry. YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. 235 This association lias one of the most flourishing branches in New England here in St. Johnsbury. It was formed in 1855, and occupies its own building, located on Eastern Avenue. The building is an ornament to the village, and was erected through the munificence of Rev. Henry Fairbanks. The basement and trimmings are of Longmeadow sandstone, the walls above of pressed brick, and the roof of red slate with copper finish. The length of front is eighty-one feet. A central tower rises about one hundred feet. In the basement is a gymnasium with a gallery across one end, a laboratory, bath-rooms, closets and furnaces and coal room. On the main floor is the secretary's room, a large reading room, boys' room and adult members' room. The second floor has a large hall for meetings. Thirtj^ feet of the east side of Y. M. C. A. BUILDING. 236 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. the whole building is cut ofiF hy a fire wall. The first floor of this section is used for mercantile purposes, the second floor, ofiices, and the floors above for tenements. The entire building is hand- some, imposing and finely finished. It has highly polished wain- scoting and doors, maple floors, open fire-places, high, well-lighted and well-ventilated rooms, and a cheerful look pervades the place. Music Hall, on Main Street, built in 1884, at a cost of $15,000, belongs to the Association. JOURNAI.ISM. St. Johnsbury has two excellent weekly newspapers, which mirror the events of the day in an attractive and readable form. The oldest paper is the St. Johnsbury Caledoyiian, founded in 1837. I^ 1855 it passed into the hands of C. M. Stone & Co, January i, 1889, Arthur F. Stone was admitted as a partner in the business, the style of the firm continuing the same. The Caledonian is a model local and family paper, a gem typograph- icall}' and editorially, and enjoys a large circulation. The office is fitted with the latest specimens of the type-founder's art, employs skilled workmen, and executes job printing m the most attractive manner. The St. Johnsbury Republican succeeded the hidex in April, 1885, and is published by a stock company. THE ATHEN^UM. This institution stands at the head of Eastern Avenue. It was founded by the late Ex-Gov. Horace Fairbanks, and consists of a beautiful and substantial brick edifice, a library of 11,000 volumes of choice literature, and a fine art gallery which has as the central attraction Bierstadt's master-piece, the " Domes of the Yosemite." The building is 49x90 feet, two stories high, and has a fine hall in the second story. The structure was dedicated in 1871 and cost upwards of $100,000. The library is open to all and proves a most beneficent attraction to St. Johnsbury. SOLDIERS' MONUMENT. A beautiful memorial to those who gave up their lives in the war of the Rebellion stands in the Court House yard. A base and pedestal rise twelve feet from the ground, surmounted by a statue of America seven feet high. Upon each side of the ped- estal is a shield-shaped tablet, with names of eighty citizens of St. Johnsbury, who died in the war for the Union. The statue 238 Vermont : Its Resources and Indtistries. which adorns the monument is made of the purest Italian marble and was executed in Florence, Italy, at a cost of $5,000. The entire monument cost $8,892.46. It was dedicated in 1868. soldiers' monument. Si. Johnsbnry. 239 FAIRBANKS SCALE WORKS. The history of the Fairbanks scale dates 1830. Sir Thaddeus Fairbanks, the inventor, in 1823, started a small iron foundry' in St. Johnsbnry, and in 1824 was joined by his brother Erastus, a merchant, and under the name of E. & T. Fairbanks, they began the manufacture of stoves and ploughs of cast-iron. In 1829 or 1830, the cultivation of hemp absorbed much of the thought, energy and means of the agricultural communities in New Eng- land, and the section about St. Johnsbnry was no exception to the rule. Whole farms were devoted to its growth. E. & T. Fairbanks built three machines for dressing hemp in 1830, and at about the same time a business company was established here for the purpose of cleaning hemp and preparing it for market. Thaddeus Fairbanks became manager of this company. It became necessarj^ to provide for weighing the hemp straw which E. & T. Fairbanks and the St. Johnsbnry Hemp Co. were to purchase, as the price paid made it important to be accurate. The only scales in use were the even-balance and the Roman steelyard — not improved since the days of the Caesars. The only device for weighing carts was a lever (a stick of timber) sus- pended high up from the gallows-frame, from the short arms of which, chains hung that could be hooked around the cart-axle, and from the long arm a platform on which weights could be placed. Mr. Fairbanks' s first arrangement was to place an A- shaped lever in a suitable pit, and upon it to balance on knife edges, a free platform upon which a cart could be driven level with the ground. To keep this platform from rocking upon its support, he framed into it a vertical post well braced, and from the top of this, attached level chains to fixed posts on either side. These chains being level did not draw up or down, and the weight of the load was correctly indicated upon the steelyard beam, -from which the end of the yi-shaped lever hung. This scale was clumsy, but accurate. Later it occurred to Mr. Fair- banks, that with two ^-shaped levers or four straight levers meeting at the steelyard rod, or hanging from the one that hung upon the steelyard rod, he could secure four knife-edge supports for his platform, from all of which, the leverage as related to the steelyard beam, might be the same. This apparatus proved highly successful, and was the birth of the modern scale. The invention of this machine — the first grand idea which has resulted in profit not only to the manufacturer, but to almost oxoxy branch 240 Vermont : Its Resources mid Industries. of human industry— was by no means a mere accident ; and yet, hardly less mental ingenuity was required to originate the idea than in after years to perfect the manufacture, a work to which the skillful mechanical genius of the inventor was constantly and most successfully directed. The works of E. & T. Fairbanks & Co. occupy about twelve acres of ground, upon which are over a score of substantial build- ings, chiefly of brick. Recently, a new machine shop, a brass foundry and a storehouse have been added to the works. The total area of floors in the plant is eight and one- eighth acres. The outside walls measure 259,434 square feet, or enough to inclose a one-story building one hundred feet wide and two miles long. Here about 550 artisans are employed, who produce on an average, twenty-five scales ever>^ hour. These scales are of every conceivable form, the different modifications of which number over 500. Spurr tracks run from the different railroads entering St. Johnsbury to the company's works, thus facilitating the ship- ment of goods. An average of three car loads of scales leave the works by these tracks every day, while further evidence of the magnitude of the industry here is in the fact that the total amount of supplies which reached the company by rail in 1888, was 35,700,000 pounds. Labor-saving machinery, and all the appliances which years of study can develop, are employed by the company to facilitate the manufacture of its goods ; and the delicate accuracy, strength and unchanging quality of the scales are due in a great measure to the minor improvements succes- sively introduced. The success of the establishment has been a natural sequence of skill in construction, care in management, and increasing demand for the article manufactured. The company own an aqueduct system of water-works, which supplies their shops and sixty-eight tenements rented to employes, and it also furnishes water to a large part of the village. It has a gas plant for lighting the works, and sells the surplus to consum- ers in the village. The company conduct a large general store and thus brings the price of staple commodities down to the lowest point for its workmen. It also owns a large amount of wood and farm lands, the latter supporting the vast number of horses and oxen required in the business. One lot of wood land embraces 3060 acres. Upon it is a large steam saw-mill, the prod- uct of which is consumed at the works. Besides the product of this mill, much lumber is purchased, the entire consumption being 3,000,000 feet in 1888. Sf. Johnsbury. 24 1 The officers of E. j& T. Fairbanks & Co. are : Franklin Fair- banks, President and General Manager ; Samuel N. Brown, Bos- ton, Vice-President ; Henr}^ Fairbanks, Secretary ; H. N. Turner, Assistant Manager ; C. M. Spencer, Treasurer. The directory consists of Franklin Fairbanks, Henry Fairbanks, Judge Jonathan Ross, St. Johnsbury ; S. M. Brown, Charles E. Thayer, Boston ; James G. Gardiner, John J. Howell, New York. The company was incorporated in 1874. I^arge shipments of .scales are made to Russia, Austria, Germany, Brazil, Chili and Australia. The Russian and Austrian government railways are supplied with the Fairbanks track scale, and Russia has adopted the Fairbanks scale as the government standard. The company has for many years supplied the United States government with scales used in the post-office department. The great testing machine, with a capacity of 150,000 pounds, in the U. S. Navy Yard shop at Washington, was built by E. & T. Fairbanks & Co. In 1884 a company known as the Austro-Hungariln Fairbanks Co. was organized at Buda-Pesth, Hungary, with a capital of $100,000. It was formed to set up scales for the European market made at St. Johnsbury and shipped thence in pieces. E. & T. Fairbanks & Co. have agencies in almost every city in the world. The principal warehouses are: Fairbanks & Co., New York, Pittsburg, Baltimore, Md., New Orleans, Buffiilo. N. Y., St. Louis, Indianapolis, Albany, N. Y., Montreal, Philadel- phia, London, Eng. ; Fairbanks, Brown & Co., Boston, Mass.; Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, Ills., St. Paul, Minn., Cincin- nati, Ohio, Louisville, Ky., Cleveland, Ohio; Fairbanks & Hutchinson, San Francisco, Cal. MERCHANTS NATIONAL BANK. This institution was organized in 1875, since which time it has enjoyed a career of usefulness and prosperity, extending its influence year after year until its depositors are found at various points from the Canada line through to the Massachusetts coast, and in the western states. The Merchants National is a bank of the people, and endeavors to guard the interests of its patrons. It has a capital of $400,000. The Merchants National claims a greater number of actual depositors than any other bank in Caledonia County. Its location is on Railroad Street, the quarters being admirably fitted up, and provided with safet}^ deposit vaults, which are leased to individuals. The Merchants National buys and sells securities of all kinds, and makes a specialty of govern- 242 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. ment bonds. It conducts a general banking business in loans, deposits, collections, exchanges and call advances, and enjoys every facility for the transaction of its operations. FIRST NATIONAL BANK. Justly ranked among the most solid financial institutions of Vermont is the First National Bank of St. Johnsbury. It was organized in 1864, succeeding the Passumpsic Bank, in operation since 1849. The policy of the institution is liberal and broad. Besides an extensive local business, the First National attracts depositors from long distances both east and west of St. Johnsbury. The Bank has a capital of $500,000 and a large surplus fund. The First National has graduated a dozen prominent bank and business men and has a financial record to be proud of. PASSUMPSIC SAVINGS BANK. The Passumpsic Savings Bank of St. Johnsbury is one of the most noteworthy institutions of the kind in the State. It was incorporated in 1853, ^"^^ from the beginning, its officers and trustees have included many of the best men in this section. The institution is purely a savings bank, and is conducted wholly in the interest of the people, who^ with small means, wish to secure interest on their savings. The bank is located in its own building, a handsome and convenient three-story structure 30 x 60 feet. The building is of brick with granite trimmings and plate glass front. The counting-room is attractively finished in native cherry. The floor is of birch, and the ceiling is of corrugated iron, artistically ornamented. CARRICK BROTHERS GRANITE CO. This company has a capital of $50,000. It succeeded to the business of Carrick Brothers, established about nine years ago. The officers of the company are : H. J. Carrick, President ; E. L. Carrick, Vice-President; F. F. Carrick, Treasurer; Henry French, Clerk. The directory embraces F. F. Carrick, H. J. Carrick, E. ly. Carrick, Jonathan Ross, William P. Fairbanks. The company's works are located near the railroad station, the main building being 150x40 feet, to which an addition of about equal size is contemplated. The company owns quarries at Barre and at Victory Hill, and does all kind of granite work, monu- ments and statues being a specialty. Among the fine specimens recently executed by the Carrick SL Johnshiry. 243 Brothers Granite Co., is the monument erected by the State of Vermont on the Gett5'sburg battle field. Its total height is sixty- six feet. The base is seventeen feet square, and bears the inscrip- tion : " Vermont, in honor of her sons who fought on this field." Above is the coat of arms of the State, and a plinth inscribed with 3,500 letters. A beautiful Corinthian column, surmounted by a richly carved cap supports a noble granite figure of the late Gen. Stannard, eleven feet high. The State monument to Companies E and H Second U. S. Sharpshooters, Gettysburg. This consists of a block of granite two feet thick and ten feet high, the edges and top being in the rough. Upon it are carved the State coat of arms, crossed rifles and a hornet's nest. Monument to First Ver- mont Brigade, Gettysburg, eight feet high. A monument for the Eighth New York Cavalry, Gettysburg. Upon one side is a splendidly executed design, in bold relief, of a mounted cavalry- man. Monument for Reynolds Battery, New York, Gettysburg. This bears a finely sculptored relief design of a field. piece. Sol- diers' monument, Mexico, N. Y., eight foot base, thirty-four feet high, surmounted by a gFanite soldier. ELY HOE AND FORK COMPANY. The works of the Ely Hoe and Fork Company were established by the late George W. Ely in 1848, Ely Balch & Co. succeeding Mr. Ely, the Ely Hoe and Fork Company being organized jn 1880. The company employ a force of 50 men in the manufacture of hoes, forks, diggers and other agricultural implements, the annual capacit}' of the works exceeding 12.000 dozen. The firm make 40 different sizes of hoes and forks, and use 150 tons of steel annually. Superior workmanship and the use of the best materials in the manufacture of their goods have given the Ely Hoe and F'ork Company a high reputation at home and abroad. The busi- ness of the company has steadily increased from year to year, and large shipments of their goods are made ever}' year to foreign countries. There is an active and growing demand for their hand implements in the Southern and Western States, as well as in Europe and South America. G. H. CROSS & CO. The above firm operate a steam baker)- on Main Street, and are largely engaged in the manufacture of crackers. The history of the concern covers about a third of a century. The establish- ment is provided with a large revolving oven and all necessary machinery for successfully conducting the industry. Besides the 244 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. manufacture of crackers Cross & Co. also conduct a general bakery and are largely engaged in wholesaling confectionery and cigars. Their business extends many miles from St. Johnsbury, and is increasing in volume every year. ST. JOHNSBURY ACADEMY. St. Johnsbury Academy ranks as one of the best educational institutions of its kind in the United States. The academic build- ings were the gift of the late Sir Thaddeus Fairbanks, and are suited in every way to the requirements of modern education. The academy edifice is of Romano-Gothic architecture, three stories high, and stands over a high basement containing the gymnasium, heating apparatus, etc. South Hall is four stories high, and contains rooms for sixty students. The buildings are shown in the accompanying engraving, South Hall being shown on the right of the cut. The academy was founded in 1842, the present buildings being dedicated October 31, 1873. Aggregat- ing the original cost of the buildings, subsequent gifts and sub- ST. JOHNSBURY ACADEMY SL Johnsbnry. 245 scriptions to an endowment fund, the gifts of Mr. Fairbanks to the institution amount to $200,000. The trustees of the acad- emy are as follows : Rev. Henry Fairbanks, President ; Frank- lin Fairbanks, Rev. H. T. Fuller, Jonathan Ross, Rev. C. M. Lamson, Charles E. Putney, Rev. Edward T. Fairbanks, Secre- tary and Treasurer. Prof. Charles E. Putney is Principal, and the corps of instructors numbers thirteen. The students come from all parts of the country, and on graduating are admitted to all the leading colleges on presentation of their diplomas. The location of the academy is unsurpassed for moral influences and literarj' advantages. The religious sentiment stronglj^ predomi- nates in the community, and the rooms of the Y. M. C, A. and the Athenaeum with its 11,000 volumes, offer superior opportu- nities for recreation and research. The academj- building is heated hy steam, lighted by gas and well supplied with water. The recitation rooms are commodious and well arranged. The third floor of the structure has a hall easih'- seating 1,000 persons. Upon its walls hang portraits of Sir Thaddeus, Erastus and Joseph P. Fairbanks. South Hall is appropriated to residence of teachers and students. The building is double, being divided by a wall which completely intercepts communication between the two sections. In the south side, a teacher and his family have apartments, and the remainder of the rooms are occupied by young ladies of the school ; another teacher has a tenement on the north side ; hence, all the students here are under the special sjipervnson and care of the instructors. The rooms in South Hall are supplied with all needful furniture. The following courses of studies are fully provided for : (i) the Classical, in which 5'oung ladies and gentlemen receive a thor- ough drill in the classics (German and French if required). Math- ematics, and such English branches as are required for admission to college ; (2) the English and Scientific ; (3) the Latin and Eng- lish ; (4) the five 5';ears' complete course ; or (5) a mixed course of from three to six years. Corresponding diplomas are given to those students who finish anj- of these courses. The academy offers unusual facilities for the profitable study of Natural Science, since it has extensive philosophical and astro- nomical apparatus, and a chemical laboratory', furnished for both illustrative and practical work, instruments for sur^^eying, a good cabinet of minerals, and the beginning of a collection in Natural History. To all these means of illustration additions are yearl}- made. 246 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. A. L. BAILEY, MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. Among the mercantile enterprises of St. Johnsburj^ which have an extended reputation, the music store conducted by Mr. A. L. Bailey occupies a position in the front rank. This concern was started about nineteen years ago by Messrs. Shorey & Bailey, who opened warerooms with three cottage organs. Since the decease (in 1873) of Mr. Shorey the business has been continued by Mr. Bailey, who now occupies pleasant and commodious quarters on Eastern Avenue. Through his energy and reliable methods of doing business, Mr. Bailey has built up an enormous trade. He has the agency for over twenty different piano and organ manufacturers, including the leading companies in America, and shows instruments that have been endorsed by the most noted singers and musicians in the world, and excel in point of durability, power and brilliancy of tone and sweet harmonic qualities. Mr. Bailey also has a large branch house in Burlington and employs twelve traveling salesmen. He also gives constant employment to several expert piano and organ tuners. Mr. Bailey's trade extends throughout eastern Vermont and western New Hampshire. Mi^tSLE^ui^y. ^ IDDLEBURY is the coitnty-seat of Addison County, and \\\ is located on Otter Creek, while the Central Vennont Railroad furnishes transportation facilities. It has a population of about i,8oo inhabitants. It was incor- porated in 1832. The manufacturing industries include a woolen mill, a cotton factory and several other small factories. Middle- bur>^ has been particularly favored in respect of mechanical inven- tions, among the most valuable of which, is that of the circular saw. Perhaps few improvements of modern times have been more wide-spread and really useful than this, being now in gen- eral use in every workshop throughout the land. Yet its inventor, Mr. Jeremiah Hall, an upright, honest mechanic, who obtained his bread by the sweat of his brow, never seemed to realize what he had accomplished. With him it was a simple arrangement to facilitate labor in his own shop, and the thought of extending it never seems to have entered .his mind, and with this vast means of wealth within his grasp, died poor and in want. The present method of welding cast steel was discovered in Middlebury as earl)^ as 1800, by three blacksmiths working together. They obtained letters-patent for their invention, but never realized much profit from it. Sawing marble by water- power with sand and toothless saws in gangs, was invented about 1801, by Isaac E. Markham, then a mere boy, in Middlebury, and put in successful operation here. Sawing marble by sand and water and toothless iron, or rather copper saws, was practiced, as we are told by Pliny, by the ancient Ethiopians more than two thousand years ago ; but the art, like many others no less valua- ble, seems to have been lost, until revived here in Middlebur>'. The first full set of machinery for the manufacture of doors and window-sash by water-power in this or any other countrj', was invented and put up in Middlebury. 248 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. MIDDI^EBURY COIvIvEGE. This institution was founded in 1800. The buildings are located on a commanding eminence in the western part of the vil- lage, giving a full and splendid view of the Green Mountains on the east and the Adirondacks on the west. Its ' ' campus ' ' of thirty acres is adorned with trees in front, and in the rear fur- nishes open ground for athletic exercises, all tastefully laid out. Its library and reading rooms are convenient, pleasant and accessible to all daily. The geological cabinet has a finely appointed hall, well-lighted and arranged. The botanical cases are rich in specimens of natural history. The laboratories are pro- vided with all necessary apparatus for chemical lectures and studies. Indeed, taken all in all, Middlebury College is fur- nished with excellent facilities in all departments of study. UEl^SENINIHi)- ^^ERGENNES is the oldest incorporated city in the State, \/f and one of the oldest in New England. It was incor- ^ porated into a city in 17SS, with an area lacking eighty acres of being two square miles. Age, however, does not seem to incline the fair City to corpulency, as its population does not exceed 1,800 inhabitants. The Central Vermont Railroad passes through the corporation, while Otter Creek affords mill- privileges at the falls, eight miles from the mouth of the creek, and forming the head of navigation on that stream. The falls have a descent of thirty-seven feet, divided into three distinct sets by two islands at their head, which divide the channel into three parts. The town is handsomely laid out, the buildings good, and many of them handsome structures. It has five churches, two banks, a horse nail factory, shade-roller factory, furniture factory, sash, door and blind factories, a hub factory, etc. The City has an excellent water supply, the works having been put in at a cost of $60,000. THE VERMONT REFORM SCHOOL. This is a State .institution, established upon sound Christian and philanthropic principles, in 1865, and located in this town. Here girls and boys, who, from natural tendencies, or from the force of circumstances attending their early lives, have been led into crime, are provided with a home, educated, and their refor- mation attempted. The farm and U. S. arsenal property were purchased for the school at a cost of $18,772, containing one hundred and thirty-two acres of land ; the old buildings, with some alterations and improvements, being admirably adapted for the purpose — the old officers' quarters serving for the girls' department, and the arsenal building as a school and workshop for the boys. The place has been greatly improved since the school .was started here, by the erection of new buildings and embellishment of the grounds. Here one hundred and fifty ot these unfortunate creatures are gathered, and by a judicious course of awards, punishments, kindness and severity, are reclaimed from an ultimate prison-home — or worse — and made worthy and respectable citizens. /\ND MOUnT A\/\NSFIELD. yATERBURY is an attractive village, on the Central Ver- mont Railroad, eight miles from Montpelier, and is pleas- antly situated on a pretty plateau. It is the home of Gov. W. P. Dillingham, and is so attractive in its surroundings and in its situation, that many summer tourists make it their head- quarters. Mount Mansfield and Camel's Hump, the highest of the Green Mountain peaks, are within easy riding distance, and the whole vicinity is rich with the characteristic scenery of Vermont. Mount Mansfield, 4,389 feet high, is the principal attraction of this region, and is most conveniently^ reached from Waterbury, tally-ho coaches conveying the passengers from the station to the Mount Mansfield House, in Stowe, ten miles distant, from which point the ascent of the mountain is made. Stowe is a typical Ver- mont town of about 1,000 inhabitants, elevated some 2,000 feet above the sea. The Mt. Mansfield House, here, accommodates 450 guests, and is the largest hotel in the mountain district. Back of the hotel is a sharp elevation called ' ' Sunset Hill. ' ' From this hill the village of Stowe resembles a flock of geese on the wing, the two main streets diverging toward the east and the west, while the apex, where the leader may be imagined, points timidly toward Waterbury on the south. To the rear of Sunset Hill is the Worcester range; south, Camel's Hump ; west. Mount Mans- field itself; and in the intervales, especially to the northwest, the green valley with its silver streams, its well-stocked farms and neat farm-houses. This, too, is a good point from which to begin the work of seeing a man's face in the profile of Mount Mansfield. The features are all there in bold relief — forehead, nose, mouth, lips and chin. Harper^ s Magazine has the following concerning Mount Mansfield, which we deem worthy of reproduction here : ' ' The distance from Stowe to the summit is about nine miles. For five miles the route follows the ordinary country road through a pleasant valley ; then it breaks off into the mountain, and winds about by easy grades to the top. The carriage road has now been Waterbtiry and Mt. Mansfield. 251 open several years, and the ascent can be made in any vehicle with the greatest comfort. The way is thickly wooded — along the lower part with beach, maple, l>irch and even oak, which, how- ever, gradually disappear until the evergreen varieties alone remain, and these seem ill satisfied with their existence. Shade is therefore abundant and the sun's rays are little felt. Half a mile before the summit is reached the woods open, and the car- riage climbs a stiff rocky ledge for the rest of the way. The Nose towers up directly above us, and the other features stretch away in the distance, massive, solemn, and forbidding. The highest point, the Chin, is 4,389 feet above sea-level, and 3,670 above the village of Stowe. From the Chin the spectator has one of the most comprehensive, variegated and beautiful views in all New England. Toward the west, the eye, starting from the base of the mountain, runs over the Winooski valley, threaded by roads and streams, and dotted with countless white villages ; takes in Lake Champlain, which on a clear day can be seen for nearly its entire length ; and is arrested only by the Adirondacks in the remote horizon. On the north the outlook is even more extensive, and at rare inter\'als, under peculiarly favorable conditions, even includes the spires and towers of Montreal, one hundred miles distant. Directly beneath, and between the first and second chins, lies the Lake of the Clouds ; lower down the dark recesses of the Smuggler's Notch ; and across this the Sterling Mountains. Moving to the east, the eye falls upon a succession of dark and heavy ridges, thickly wooded, giving and receiving shadows in endless variety ; farther away, the valley of the Connecticut ; and beyond the White Mountains, Mount "Washington itself can some- times be seen, though indistinctly. The picture is completed by Stowe and its neighbors, nestling in the rich valley, and directly south the rival peak of Camel's Hump and the main chain of the Green Mountains. Such is, in general, the scope of the view afforded from Mount Mansfield. The countless details which give it grace, picturesqueness and value cannot even be enum- erated, but must be left with the assurance that not one which the imagination could crave will be found wanting hy the most exact- ing lover of nature. For loftiness, grandeur and majesty. Mount Mansfield is, of course, inferior to Mount Washington. Its charms are of a more modest nature. But it has, nevertheless, peculiar advantages of its own, which will not escape the eye of discerning visitors, and which will recommend it even above the 252 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. White Mountains. One of these is the singular extent and free- dom of the view which may be had from its summit. Instead of being only one of a vast army of peaks, distinguished from its comrades merely by a slight superiority in height, it is more like an isolated structure rising out of a surrounding plain. In at least two directions, east and west, the landscape is unobstructed for a hundred miles. The country lies spread out, therefore, in a. vast plateau, beginning at the very base of the mountain, and enlivened b}^ every element which belongs to a complete picture. The landscape itself is, therefore, an ample reward for the toil and expense of the visit. The neighborhood of Stowe aflfords a multi- tude of other charming resorts. One of these is the Smuggler's Notch, a narrow pass between Mount Mansfield and the Sterling Mountain. It is supposed to have been used in former times by smugglers, as it is an easy and convenient connection between eastern and western Vermont, and a link in the chain of commun- ication between Montreal and Boston, once an important thor- oughfare for contraband traffic." ^r- WHi)T l^/\N|®OLl®H- ^HE village of West Randolph is situated on the Central Vermont Railroad, twenty-three miles south from Mont- pelier, and is pleasantly located on a branch of White River. It is an important local commercial center, con- taining a bank, a first-class High School, five churches, two hotels and several manufacturing establishments. Here, also, is the office of the State Treasurer, W. H. DuBois. An excellent system of water works was erected in the village in 1887. Numerous seekers after health and pleasure find West Randolph a delightful place in which to spend the summer, and many palatial summer residences have been erected by people from various cities. GREEN MOUNTAIN STOCK FARM. The Green Mountain Stock Farm Co. is an incorporated com- pany, having a capital of $200,000. The company owns 750 acres of land near West Randolph, and is engaged in breeding trotting- horse stock and Jersey cattle. The business was started by Moulton Bros., in 1867, who pursued the business of breeding horses exclusivelj^, until 1880, the stock being the Messenger blood through the Hambletonian, Clay, Star, Abdallah and Mor- gan families. During that year, a herd of thorough-bred Jersey cattle was established by Moulton Bros., twenty-six cows of the herd costing over $1,000 each. The herd of cattle now numbers about 250, and the horses number thirty-five head. A fine cream- ery is upon the farm, the product of which brings fancy prices, and goes to consumers in Boston and New York. A. W. TEWKSBURY & SON. This firm operate a sash door and blind factor}^ on Pleasant Street, comer of Mill, and give employment to about sixtj^ hands, in the manufacture of the ^bove articles, and in manufacturing building finish. The industry was established in 1866 by Charles E. Abbott & Co., and was continued by that firm until 1871, when C. E. Abbott became proprietor, and conducted the busi- ness until 1S79. The concern was then purchased by the present 254 Vermont : Its Resources and Industries. proprietors, C. E. Abbott being manager. Tewksbnry & Son also manufacture window screens, and conduct the largest store in the place. SALISBURY BROS. This firm is extensively engaged in the manufacture of furni- ture, giving employment to about fifty men. iviAN©H£^'^£^- jhM^ ANCHESTER is one of the principal summer resorts of 1]%, the Green Mountains, and is reached by the Bennington jSk &. Rutland Railroad. It lies in a valley about three 9! miles wide, between two ranges of mountains, the Green Mountains on the east and Mt. Equinox on the west, the latter rising 3,000 feet above the village, and 4,000 feet above the sea level. Manchester is a half-shire town of Bennington County, and has many public buildings, and one of the most attractive summer hotels in the Green Mountain region, the Equinox House, F. H. Or\ns, proprietor, containing 300 rooms. A remark- able and attractive feature is the sidewalks of the principal streets of Manchester. They are of white marble, and, with the beauti- ful maple and elm shade trees on either side, make the most delightful promenades conceivable. The great object of interest is Mt. Equinox, from whose lofty summit may be commanded a magnificent and extensive prospect. To the southeast are Greylock and Stratton Mountains, on the east are the Grand Monadnock and Ascutney Peak, and on the northeast the towering peaks of Killington and Shrewsbury, while in the far distance may be seen the summits of Kearsage and Franconia Mountains. To the southwest, in full view, rise the graceful Catskills, and along the western horizon stretch the Sacandaga and Kayaderosseras Hills. Besides these, many other lofty peaks are visible, and, on bright days. Lakes George and Champlain may be seen in the northwest. All about Manchester are delightful walks and drives, shady nooks, miniature lakes and wild glens. One of these glens, generally known as Stratton's Gap, has an extended reputation from a painting of the locality executed b^- Durand, for a gentleman in Chicago. NjEWfOt^T. E^EWPORT is an attractive village at the southern end or Jj head of lyake Memphreruagog, near the Canada line, and s) is reached by Passumpsic Railroad from the south, and by another railroad, from the west. Here are several lumber mills. The Memphremagog House is a large hotel, open all the year, and has accommodations for 400 guests. It is a noted summer resort and the capacity of the house is usually tested to its utmost during the summer months. lyake Memphremagog is one of the most beautiful lakes on the continent. It is thirty miles in length, and in width varies from one to four miles. Two- thirds of the lake is in Canada and the other third in Vermont, Frequent islands dot the lake, Province Island, through which the boundary line between the United States and Canada passes, being the largest. Memphremagog is a corrn-ption oi Mem-plow- bow-qtie, an Indian word meaning " Beautiful Water," the name by which the rude, yet poetic natures of those sons of the forest knew this charming sheet of water, and by which their sense of its beauty was expressed. By some tourists this lake is compared to Lock Lomond, the most celebrated of the Scottish lakes. Its only superior among American lakes is found in Lake George, which strongl)^ resembles it in size, form and appearance, though lacking some of the most pleasing features of Memphremagog — the smiling shores and pastoral beauty, which are united to a mountain grandeur which equals that of Lake George. The eastern shore, though high, is not mountainous, and presents in its undulations a succession of picturesque scenes which, ever- var5dng in aspect, delight without fatiguing the eye. These pastoral views are fronted on the opposite or western shore, by mountains, which like guardian warders of the lake, hold their unsleeping watch over its waters, coming down sheer and steep to the water's edge. f/\it^ HA^^N- ^AIRHAVEN is located in the western part of Rutland County, the township bordering New York State. Fair- haven village is beautifullj^ situated in the southern part of the town on Castleton Rive», which affords fine mill privileges. The village contains several churches, numerous mercantile and manufacturing interests, and about 2,000 inhab- itants. Taken all in all, it is one of the most thriving as well as beautiful villages of its size to be found in the State. Fairhaven was incorporated as a village in 1865, the territory embraced in the corporate limits being one mile square. In the center of the village is a fine park containing about six acres, filled with fine maple shade trees. From this park the principal streets of the village diverge, and around it are situated some of the finest residences of the town. The land included within the park was given to the town in October, 1798, by Col. Mathew Lyon, " for the friendship of the town of Fairhaven." Fairhaven has an admirable water supply. The water is brought by means of large iron pipes from Inman Pond, located about three miles north of the village, a natural reservoir of pure, cold, spring-water, affording a head of 207 feet. Fairhaven is the leading slate producing town in the State, and to its vast quarries and to the manufacture of slate taken there- from Fairhaven owes its principal wealth. Indeed, the Fairhaven slate deposit contains some of the finest and most lucrative slate quarries in the countr5\ It has various colors, such as greenish, reddish brown, what is generally called "slate color," chocolate, mottled, bright red, and bluish gray. i)OUTH WALLiN©fOi^ti). ^OUTH WAIvIvINGFORD is located on Otter Creek, thirteen I miles south of Rutland, on the Bennington & Rutland Rail- j road. It is a quiet little village of about lOO inhabitants, ^ and is situated at a point of the Green Mountains where the Rutland Valley narrows into a glen. It was formerly the seat of large mining interests, which are reviving. Iron ore, con- taining over fifty per cent, of manganese, has been found, and several drifts are now being operated, the largest of which extends over I, ICO feet into the mountain. These mines are now being worked by Andrew Carnegie, the great iron magnate of Pittsburg, Pa., and by Mr. H. W. Spafford, of the Bennington & Rutland, Railroad, and Mr. George F. Breed, of the Corona Marble Co., Brandon. About two miles from the station are the famous "White Rocks," to which pilgrimages are made from Rutland and many other points. The rocks lie in a confused mass at the base of the mountain, and here ice remains the year round. Somewhere near the White Rocks, Captain Kidd is said to have buried some of his immense treasures, in search of which thou- sands of dollars have been spent. The White Rocks form a favorite point for picnic parties, the ice formation furnishing a delightfully cool spot on sultry days. iBt^AN^ON- ) RANDON is very pleasantly situated on Mill River, a trib- utary to Otter Creek, and enjoys good water privilege and other facilities for making it a smart town. The name Brandon is supposed to be a corruption of " Burnt-town," which was derived from the fact of the town having at one time (1777) been visited by Indians, who massacred some of the inhab- itants and burned their dwellings. Brandon is rich in mineral wealth. Some of the most valuable marble quarries in the State have recently been opened here. Iron, manganese, kaolin, paint pigments, etc. , are found here. A singular freak in the geologi- cal formation of the town of Brandon is the "frozen well," wherein ice may be found during the entire season. It w'as dug in 1S58, and is located a little southwest of the village. After sinking twenty feet through the soil, the workmen came to frozen earth, consisting of coarae gravel, rounded pebbles, and lumps of clear ice, from the size of an egg to that of a twelve-pound can- non-ball. This frozen stratum is about fifteen feet thick. Brandon is a particularly attractive village, with unusuallj^ wide streets, abundant shade and delightful surroundings. Near here is Lake Dunmore, five miles long, one mile wide, and covering a territory of 1,400 acres. The Brandon House, at Brandon, is an attractive hotel, recently fitted with all modern improvements, bath rooms, steam heat, etc. The hotel fronts the village park, has large rooms, well furnished, and presents all the comforts and conven- iences which the summer boarder or the transient gnest may desire. NOP^Tif BKjSTj^I^QTON. NORTH BENNINGTON is a pleasant little village with a population of about 500. There are three churches, a good graded school, a hotel and a National Bank. It is well supplied with stores and markets, and has one of the finest depots in the State, in which the general offices of the B. & R. R. R. Co. are located. Its manufactories are quite numerous, and it has several fine public and private buildings, among the latter the residence of the late Hon. Trenor W. Park, now occupied by Hon. J. G. McCullough. Paran Creek, which takes its name from an Indian, flows through the village and furnishes power for many mills and factories on its banks. Paran Lake, five minutes' walk from the village, now stocked with gold and game fish, has many boat houses on its shores, and is a very nice place for fish- ing, boating or picnic parties. The night before the battle of Bennington, General Stark with his forces, bivouaced one mile south of here. The location is still preserved and pointed to with interest. A few rods further south is where the Hessian, Colonel Baum, was brought after he was wounded. He died here and was buried on the banks of the Wallootnsac. His countrymen have on several occasions been here to get and convey his remains to their home, but have never been able to find them. One mile further south of this brings us to the place where the great battle was fought, which had so much influence on the destiny of the young Republic. Pleasant Hill Cemetery, situated on a hill overlooking the village, affords one of the finest views imaginable. The town of Bennington, with the Bennington Battle Monument in front and Mount Anthony in the background, together with the view down the Walloomsac Valley toward New York, create a desire to drive over the delightfully smooth gravel roads to these and other places seen from this spot. Troy Paper Company, G. W. Van ALSTYNE &. CO., PROP'RS. Every Description of . . P PAPER E R Card Board and Writings. 373 River Street, TROY, N. Y. Tl TISY WiF.Y TIMES, By all odds the largest and best Aveekly newspaper in the State, and a fearless advocate of Protection and Republican principles. Its edi- torials are crispy, bright and to the point. Its home news, compiled by hundreds of correspondents, is a great attraction. Among the many notable features of the Troy Weekly Times, and which have made it the popular weekly paper that it is, are— the Veterinary De- partment, Facts for Farmers, and the famous Hermit's Letters. Its Z^ew York, Washington, Boston and Albany' correspondence is newsy and sparkling, and deals with all the current events of the day. Com- plete telegraphic reports. Full Albany, Xew York, Boston, Chicago and Troy markets. General news, stories and miscellaneous reading. All for One Year for One Dollar. SIX MONTHS, 50 Cts. THREE MONTHS, 25 Cts. .... TRY IT THE GREAT TOURIST LINE TO THE i^difondacl^ Mouqtein^ Lake George, Lake Champlain, Saratoga, Round Lake, Howe's Cave, Cooperstown, Ausable Chasm, Sharon Springs, and |he Celebrated Gravity R. R. between Carbondale and Honesdale. -ni The favorite line between Rutland, Troy, Albany and New York. The most interesting route to Chicago, Cincinnati, St. Louis, and all Western points, is via the "D. &H." Binghamton Route. Through Cars, without Change, between Albany and Chicago. Send 6c in stamps for Illustrated Guide, to H. G. YOUNG, 2d Vice-Pres't. J. W. BURDICK, Gen'l Pass. Ag't, Albany. W 98 ^/ ^'T^-.^-^^ ^o^*^^/ ^<>'^^-/^ ^<2^*^ 4"% \4^ ^o^^ :SII^*^ ^^^0^' f^^iaf: '^ov*^ ^9^ / \^i^-/' %,'W''\o'> \-T^-./ %.- ^ _^JS,S>iyA.*o "^6 4r » ^(9k>W*« ^^ «^ ^ A' *ll\\58 Nniitrali^inn Aoent; Maanesium Oxide I Neutralizing Agent: Magnesium Oxide Treatment Date: 1998 MAY BBKKEEPER ^^ PRESERVATION TECHNOLOGIES. L.P. , 1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive • Cranberry Township. PA 16066 ' (724)779-2111 '^ ^o* 0^ '•^0* ^ ».^^°^ .V^ ^o 0-' «^ ■^.v^* *' '• **""^- k^W'U ^^'-f^-'V^ \'^^\y %--.^-%o V** 'Cos • tS ^n. <* V^^^'v-^ <^''^'\^* %:^^^'\y <;.•'•"•**<: V \*i^\y %'^^V>' ^.'T^-./