\ V - - A HANDY ANGLO-SAXON DICTIONARY: iaskd o; GROSCHOPP'S GREIN. ' .V,, EDITED, REVISED, AND CORRECTED, WITH GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX, LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS, AND BRIEF ETYMOLOGICAL FEATURES. JAMES A. HARRISON, Professor of English and Modern Languages in Washington and Lee Univer- sity, Virginia; W. M. BASKERVILL, Ph.D., Lips., Professor of English Language and Literature in Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. Copyright, 1885. A. S. BARNES & CO., NEW YORK AND CHICAGO. INTRODUCTION. In preparing this edition of Groschopp's Revised Grein's Poetical Lexicon of the Anglo-Saxon Language, the editors have worked from advanced sheets, with the express sanction of the German scholar's executors. In the course of their work they found it necessary to introduce several new and important features, which, it is hoped, will increase the value of the book as a practical Lexicon, and commend themselves to the students of Anglo-Saxon. These are — 1. A Grammatical Appendix, intended to convey in brief but explicit form a working Outline of Anglo-Saxon Grammar, such as students often find it convenient to consult in the process of their language studies. 2. Cognate words from the Icelandic, Gothic, Old High German, and Modern German, intended to show some of the etymological connections of the Anglo-Saxon poetic vocabulary. 3. A List of the Irregular Verbs occurring in Anglo-Saxon Poetry. 4. The use of antique type in the definitions of words, by which the modern English derivative may be directly traced to the Anglo-Saxon original. Compound words have been separated by hyphens, so as to show their constituent elements. While the editors are far from claiming that their American presenta- tion of Groschopp-Grein's work is an Etymological Dictionary, they invite kindly attention to this feature as one helpful to students of Old English. At present it is impossible to make a complete Dictionary of the so-called Anglo-Saxon period. Only the poetical monuments have been carefully edited. The prose of that period is still partly locked up in Mss. Even the prose works of Aelfred and Aelfric are not to be found in complete, trust- worthy editions. Already the Bosworth-Toller Dictionary needs a careful revision, although it is only half finished. Hence the present work will contain only such words as are used in Anglo-Saxon Poetry. It will, how- ever, contain all words in Anglo-Saxon Poetry, and thus afford students of Old English a cheap and handy volume by means of which any poem of that time can be read and studied. In all poetry the diction and the constructions are peculiar; but in Anglo-Saxon as in Icelandic poetry there are special peculiarities. After a student has learned to construe Aelfred and Aelfric with ease, he finds almost as much difficulty in reading Csedmon and Cynewulf as in learning a new language. And moreover, as in the beginning of every literature, so here, poetry is far more important than prose. Beowulf will give as much information about the manners and the customs, the life and the religion of the Old English as can be found in all their prose writings; while Genesis, Exodus. Daniel, Elene. and Andreas will show their highest culture under Christian influences and education. IV INTRODUCTION. Even in Germany, where careful study lias long been given to this period of the English language, such a work as the present could not be found till the German edition from which this is adapted recently appeared. It had long been felt that Grein's Lexicon of Anglo-Saxon Poetry (Sprach- scliatz der Angelsdchsischen Dicltter) was too unhandy and too costly; and, on this account, the publishers of that work engaged Dr. Groschopp to adapt it for more general use. He therefore retained all the words fouud in Grein's larger work, leaving out only Proper Names and the copious references. Several important changes were at the same time introduced. In Grein's larger work the definitions are given sometimes in Latin, some- times in English, and occasionally in German. In Dr. Groschopp's edition they are given throughout in German. With every substantive is given the manner of its declension, that is, whether strong or weak: verbs are treated in like manner. To ablauting verbs is added the number of the class to which each belongs ; and here * Koch's division has been followed. Then again no difference is made between long and short vowels. Breaking and Diphthongs stand together: se comes after ad; ea and eo after e; and ia, ie, io, after i. Compound verbs are placed under the simple forms ; and Zupitza's method of accentuation is adopted with reference to ea and eo. : The Rune wen is reproduced by w instead of by v. But it is not intended that this work should be merely a translation from Dr. Groschopp's German edition. In the preparation of the Randy Diction- • ary Grein's original work, Bosworth-Toller (as far as completed), Bosworth and other lexical helps have been utilized. Glossaries of certain poems have been especially helpful. Mistakes have been corrected, misprints re- moved, and additional definitions given whenever it was necessary. In a short while we hope to add to the texts already published in The Library of Anglo-Saxon Poetry, other texts, believing that, if the proper material is furnished, the study of the oldest English will flourish as it .should in all our Colleges and Universities. JAMES A. HARRISON, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va. W. M. BASKERVILL. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. B. is responsible for the Dictionary from A. to L., and for the Outline of Anqlo-Saxon Grammar. H. is responsible for the Dictionary from L. to Z., and for the List of Irregular Verbs. * Koch's system will be found in the Outline of Anglo-Saxon Grammar, p. 255. ABBKEVIATIONS. m. masculine. /. feminine. n. neuter. w. weak. St. strong. w. v. weak verb. st. abl. v. strong ab- lauting verb. st. red. v. strong re- duplicating verb. adj. adjective. pron. pronoun. subs, substantive. num. numeral. adv. adverb. part, participle. inter j. interjection. com par. comparative. superl. superlative. instr, instrumental. w. with. ■ind. indicative. subj. subjunctive. imper. imperative. Goth., Gothic. [man. O. H. Ger., Old High Ger- Ger., German. Scan., Scandinavian. Icel., Icelandic. B.-T., Bos worth-Toller's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. H.-S.. Harrison £ Sharp's Edition of Beowulf. ABBBEYIATIOXS USED IX THE DICTIONARY. The following abbreviations refer to poems in Grein f & liibliolhek (Libra- ry of Anglo-Saxon Poetry): — .ffilf. Tod. Poem on the Death of Al- fred, son of Ethelred, given in the Chronicle under the year 1036. .SI deist. Poem on the victory of Athelstan,taken from the Chronicle. Aim. Almosen, from the Codex Exoniensis, p. 467. An. The legend of St. Andrew. Ap. The fates of the Apostles,from the Codex Yereellensis. Az. Azarias, from the Codex Exo- niensis, p. 185. B. Beowulf. Bo. Botschaft des Gemahls, from the Codex Exoniensis, p. 472. By. The Death of Byrhtnoth. Cra. Manna Crseftas. from the Co- dex Exoniensis. p. 292. Cri. Cynewulfs Crist, from the Co- dex Exoniensis, p. 1. Dan. Daniel, in Thorpe's Casdmon, p. 216. Deor. Deors Klage, from Codex Exoniensis, p. 377. Dom. Domes da3g, from Codex Ex- oniensis, p. 445. Edg. Eadgar: poems from the Chronicle. under the years 973.975. Elm. Eadmund.from the Chronicle, under the year 942. Edw. Eadweard, from the Chron- icle, under the year 1065. Ei. Elene, from the Codex Yereel- lensis. Exod. Exodus, in Thorpe's Csedmon, p. 177. Fa. Feeder larcwidas, in Codex Ex- oniensis, p. 300. Fin. The Fight at Finnsburg. Gen. Genesis, in Thorpe's Csedmon, p. 1. Gn. G. Yersus gnomici (Cotton MS). Gn. Ex. Yersus gnomici, from Co- dex Exoniensis, p. 333. Gu. Legend of St. Guthlac, from Codex Exoniensis. p. 104. Ho. Hollenfahrt Christi, from Co- dex Exoniensis, p. 459. Hy. Hvmnen und Gebete. J^d. The Poem of Judith. Jul. The Legend of St. Juliana, in Codex Exoniensis, p. 242. K'.. Klage der Frau, in Codex Exo- niensis, p. 442, Kr. Das heilige Kreuz, from the Codez Yereellensis. Leas. Bi manna lease, from the Co- dex Yereellensis. Men, Menologium. Met. The Meters of Alfred. Mod. Manna mod, in the Codex Ex- oniensis, p. 313. Fa. Panther, in the Codex Exonien- sis, p. 355. Fh. Phonix, in the Codex Exonien- sis, p. 197. Fhar. Pharao, in the Codex Exoni- ensis, p. 468. Fs. Psalms, from Thorpe's Edition. Fs. C. The 50th psalm, from one of the Cotton MSS. Ra. Riddles from the Codex Exoni- ensis. Reb. Rebhuhn, from the Codex Exoniensis, p. 365. Reim. Reimlied, from the Codex Exoniensis, p. 352. Ruin. Ruine, from the Codex Exo- niensis, p. 476. Run. Rmienlied, in Archseologia, vol. 28. Sal. Salomo und Saturn. Sat. Crist und Satan, in Thorpe's Csedmon, p. 265. Seef. Seefahrer. in the Codex Ex- oniensis, p. 306. Seel. Reden der Seelen, in the Co- dex Exoniensis, p. 367. Sch. Wunder der Schopf ung, in the Codex Exoniensis, p. 346. Wid. Yidsid, in Codex Exoniensis, p. 318. Wy. Manna wyrde. in Codex Exo- niensis, p. 327. Wal. Walfisch. in Codex Exonien- sis. p. 360. Wand. Wanderer, in Codex Exo- niensis, p. 286 ANGLO-SAXON DICTIONARY. a, adv. aye, 1. always. — 2. ever, for- ever. a (= 3b), st. f. law. a-, (Ger. er-, O. H. Ger. ir-, same as ur-, Goth. uz-). abal, st. re. strength. (O. H. Ger. aval. ) S-bylgnes, st. f. offense, wrong. a-byligd, st. f. anger, indignation. ac, ach, ah, conj. 1. but, sed. — 2. but also, but yet; sed tamen, sed etiam. (Goth, ale.) ac, interrog. particle, not ? why, where- fore, nonne, numquid. ac, st. m. oak; and name of the Rune a : a ship made of oak, Rim. 25, 4. (Ger. eiche.) ac-, ach. See ag-, ac. aclian, w. v. ge-aclian, to frighten, excite. acol, adj. frightened, terrified, ex- cited by fear. acol-mod, adj. of a fearful mind, timid. acsian, acsigan, w. v. to ask, in- quire, demand. ac-treo, st. re. oak-tree. ad, st. m. funeral-pile, fire. (Goth. aiths ; Ger. eid.) adela, ic. m. dirt, filth; cp. addle- pool. (N. Ger. adel.) adesa, w. m. adze. ad-faru, st. f. way, path to the fu- neral-pile. ad-fyr, st. n. pile-fire, fire of the funeral-pile. adl, st. f. disease, sickness. idle, w. f. disease, sickness. ad-l§g, st. m. flame of the funeral- pile. ad-loma, ic. m. one crippled by the fire ; fire-lame. adl-werig, adj. weary with sickness. adl-bracu, st. f. force or virulence of disease. ad-wylm. See 6dwylm. se, st. f. life. Az. 165. 3b, indccl. 1. law, right. — 2. marriage. 3. religious usage, rite, ceremony. (Ger. elie.) sb, interj. See ea. se-bebod, st. n. injunction of the law; command. ^-boda, w. m. messenger, preacher of the law. ee-bylg, st. re. anger, wrath, indigna- tion, ae-bylgd, st. n. f. offense, fault, wrong. se-bylignes, st. f. state or condition of being angry; anger, wrath. aecer, st. m. acre, field, sown land. (Ger. acker.) ^c-laeca. See agleeca. se-crseft, st. m. lawcraft, knowledge of the law, religion. se-creeftig, adj. law-crafty, skilled in the law. sedr, aedre, e~dre, st. & w. f. artery, blood-vein, vein; — vein of fresh water, fountain, river, stream. (Ger. ader.) 8 aedre — seghwaer aedre, edre, adv. 1. at once, forth- with.— 2. fully, entirely. Gu. 1172, 1351. se-faest, -fest, adj. firm in observing the law; pious, upright, religious. sefen, eefyn, §fen, st. n. the even, evening, eventide. (Ger. abend.) sefen-glom, st. m. even-gloom, twi- light, gloaming. aefen-grom, adj. fierce at eve, night- enemy. (B.-T.) aefen-grom, st. m. evening guard; one that watches at night. (Grein.) sefen-lac, st. n. evening sacrifice, evening prayer. asfen-lSoht, st. n. evening light. aefen-leod, st. n. evening song. (Ger. abend-lied.) sefen-rsest, st.f. evening rest. [bard. eefen-sceop, st. m. evening singer, sefen-scima, w. m. evening shimmer, evening splendor. aefen-spraec, st. f. evening speech, a speech made in the evening. eefen-steorra, -stiorra, w. m. evening star, Hesperus. aefen-tid, st. f. eventide, evening. se-fest. See sefaest. aefest, sefst, aefstu, st. f. n.f without favor, envy, hate, zeal, jealousy, enmity. (Ger. ab-gunst.) aef-grynde, st. n. abyss. (Ger. ab- grund. ) aefian, w. v. to be in a colorless or miserable condition (Leo) Cri. 1357. aef-last, st. m. a departure from the way? Exod. 473. aef-nan, to. v. to do, perform, accom- plish, perfect. ge-aeman, 1. to accomplish, per- fect, do, make.— 2. prepare, get ready. B. 3106.— 3. effect, excite, bring upon one's self. Gu. 1211. — 4. bear, suffer, endure. aefre, adv. 1. ever.— 2. always. ee-fremmend, part, fulfilling the law; religious. sefst, cefstu. See sefest. aeft. See eft. eeftan, adv. behind, from behind. aeftan-weard, adj. behind, in the rear, following. aeftan-tid, st. f. eventide, evening. aefter, I. prep. 1. w. dat. (a.) local: after, long, along, through, over, = geond. (6.) temporal: after, through, throughout, during, (c.) causal: (showing purpose and con- sequence), in consequence of, after, according to, on account of, for the purpose of, after, about (with verbs of saying, speaking, asking, &c.) — 2. w. ace. after, according to. aefter, II. adv. after, then, after- ward, thereupon, later. aeftera, aeftra, w. compar. adj. the hinder, other, second. aefter-lean, st. n. after-loan, reward, recompense, restitution. aefter-weard, adj. afterward, be- hind, in the rear, following, [age. aefter-yld, st. f. advanced age, old aeftra. See aeftera. aef-panca, -ponca, *r. m. enmity, in- sult, offense, hate, envy, displeas- ure, jealousy. asf-punca, w. m. the same as the above. se-fyllend, part, fulfilling the law, faithful. aeg, st. n.; pi. segru, egg. (Ger. ei.) aeg-laec, -lseca. See ag-. aeg-flota, w. m. a floater on the water, a ship. eeg-hwanan, -hwonon, adv. every- where, from all sides. eeg-hwa, pron. every one, every- thing. The gen. n. is often used adverbially = at all, in general, al- together, quite, entirely. eeg-hwser, adv. 1. everywhere.— 2. in every way, in every respect. — 3. in every direction. Ra.41, G9. — 4. any- where. Ps. 102, 15. 9 asg-hwaeder, aag-der, pron. 1. each (of two), either, both; ^ghwag- der-ge, as well — as also, both — and. — 2. each (of several). B. 1636. 33g-hwider, adv. in all directions, on every side, in every way. seg-hwilc, -hwelc, -hwylc, pron. every, whosoever, whatsoever, all, every one. se-gleaw, adj. skilled in the law; wise. gegne. See agen. aegnian, w. v. to frighten, disquiet, vex, torment. eegder. See ceghwasder. 33g-weard, st.f. sea-ward; guardian- ship over the sea. ^-gype, adj. mocking? scoffing? Ps. 106,10.— trifling, worthless. (B.-T.) sent, st f. deliberation, council. aeht, st. f. pursuit. B. 2957. — others ; persecution, hostility. (Ger. acht.) aeht, st f. 1. possessions, property, riches, goods. — 2. possession, power. (Goth, ailits.) sehtan, w. v. ge-ashtan, to value, prize, speak of with praise. asht-gesteald, st. n. possession. aeht-gestreon, st n. possessions, riches. asht-geweald, st f. power of pos- session, firm possession, the right to do with a thing as one pleases ; right, possession, power. eeht-spgdig, adj. wealthy, rich. aeht-wela, ic. m. wealth, riches. eeht-welig, adj. wealthy, rich. ee-hwser = ahwaer, adv. everywhere. as-lasrend, part. & suds, a teacher of law or faith. aslan, w. v. 1. to set on fire, kindle, consume. — 2. burn, blaze (up). in-aslan, to set on fire, kindle. on-aalan, to set on fire, kindle. ssl-beorht (sell-), adj. all bright, shin- ing on all sides. selc, pron. each, every, any, all. eel-ceald, adj. all cold, everywhere, altogether cold. ael-crseftig, adj. all-crafty, all-mighty, all-powerful. aeld, aeldu, st f. age, a century, gen- eration, old age. aside, st m. pi. men, human beings. aeldran, compar. w. m.pl. parents. aeldu. See aeld. eeled, st. m. fire, firebrand, conflagra- tion. (O. N. eldr.) seled-fyr, st. n. flame of fire, fire. asled-leoma, w. m. firebrand, torch, gleaming fire. aelf, ylf, st m. & f. elf, fairy, goblin, nymph. (Ger. elf, elbe.) esl-faele, adj. all fell, thoroughly bad, very baleful. ael-faer, -fer, si. f. the whole army. (Grein, cclfaru.) aslf-scin, adj. shining like an elf or a fairy, elfin-bright. aelf-sciene, -scyne, adj. beautiful as an elf, of elfin beauty. ael-fylce, st n. 1. strange land, for- eign land. — 2. foreign band,hostile army, enemy. ael-greiie, adj. all green, on all sides green. aeling, st. f. burning. ael-mehtig. See aelmeahtig. aslmes-georn, adj. giving alms will- ingly, benevolent, liberal. aelmesse, aelmysse, w.f. alms, alms- giving, benefit. ael-meaht, -miht, adj. almighty. aBl-meahtig, -mehtig, -militig, adj. almighty. aelmysse. See aelmesse. asl-J>eodig, adj. strange, foreign. ael-wiht, st.n.f.l.a being of another kind, monster. — 2. all created things, creature. 33-men, adj. depopulated, uninhab- ited. 10 aemetan — eergod aemetan, aemetian, aemtian, iv. v. to be at leisure, be vacant, be mod- erate, refrain from. aene, adv. 1. once. — 2. alone, ace. instr. sg. m. See an. senga (= anga), w. adj. sole, only? Sal. 382. aenge, adj. narrow, anxious, troubled. senge, adt\ narrowly, anxiously, sadly. aengel. See engel. senig, pron. any, one, any one. eeninga, adv. continually, uninter- ruptedly, of necessity, by all means. een-lic, adj. only, incomparable, ex- cellent, beautiful, elegant. asnne, ace. sg. m. See an. aepl, aeppel, eapl, (Sat. 411), st. m. 1. apple, fruit generally. — 2. some- thing round, a round object, ball. (Ger. apfel.) aepled, aeppled, adj. appled, shaped like an apple, made into balls or bosses. [orchard. seppel-bearu, st. m. a fruit-garden, seppel-fealu, adj. apple-fallow, yellow like an apple, reddish-yellow. asr, I. conj. ic. ind. & subj. ere, be- fore, — used also correlatively with aar, adv. — II. prep. to. dat. before. III. adv. 1. ere, before, sooner, earlier, — no py eer. See py. — 2. early, betimes, premature. (Ger. elier.) aar, st. n. brass. eer = ar, st. f. honor. See eerfaest, asrleast. ser-adl, s£./. early disease. Gil. Ex.31. aer-boren,^>ar2. the earlier born, first- born. eer-cwide, st.m.old saying,prophecy. eer-deeg, st. m. early day, early morn. In the pi. former days, olden time. eer-dead, st. m. early death. aerdon, By. 191 : Wiilcker == reedon. See rsedan ; Grein = aerndon, from aernan, to run. t, adj. brazen, made of brass. (Ger. ehern.) aarend-boc, st. f. message, letter. aarende, st. n. errand, message, tid- ings, business, care. eerend-gast, st. m. a message-bring- ing spirit, angel. eerend-gewrit, st.n. written message, letter, epistle. aarendian, w. v. to take or carry a message, news, tidings. aarend-raca, to. m. messenger, am- bassador, apostle, angel. aerend-secg, st. m. messenger, am- bassador, apostle, angel. aarend-spraac, st. f. message, verbal message. serest. See eerist. aarest, eerost, snperl. 1. adj. the first, erst. — 2. adv. & uninflected adj. at first, before all, first of all; also w. gen.pl. (Ger. der erste, &c.) aar-faeder, st. m. deceased father, late father. a3r-faest,rt/7/.honorable,gracious,mer- ciful, (Ger. ehrfest.) eer-gescod, part, furnished with brazen scabbard, with brazen cov- ering, sheathed in brass (Gro- schopp); — brass-shod, shod with brass, aere calceatus. Grein,B.-T. eer-gestreon, st. n. old treasure, pos- sessions dating from old times, riches accumulated in olden time. aar-geweorc, st. n. an ancient work, work of the olden time. eer-gewinn, st. n. former pains, labor, an ancient struggle. aar-gewyrht, st. n. former work, deed of old, a work done formerly. aar-glaed, adj. brass-bright, gleaming in brazen arms. aar-god, adj. good above others, of prime goodness (Grein, B.-T.); good in honors, well furnished with dignity and advantages (Leo); eeriht — eetren 11 good since old times, long invested with dignity or advantages. (Har- rison & Sharp.) se-rilit, st. n. law-right, faith, "belief. aering, st. f. early dawn, daybreak, early morning. ae-rest, -list, st. f. 1. resurrection, awakening, rising up. — 2. origin, relation to the beginning ? B.2157. (Goth, wrists.) aer-least, -lest, st. f. dishonor, dis- graceful deed, impiety. aer-mergen, st. m. early morning, day- break. eer-morgen, st. m. early morning, daybreak. aern. See ern. seror, serror, eerur, compar. 1. adv. earlier, before, formerly. — 2. prep, w. dat. before, sooner than. aerra, compar. adj. earlier, former. aer-sceaft, st. f. what was wrought in fofmer times, old work, ancient building. aer-wela, w. m. ancient wealth, riches from the olden time. aer-woruld, st. f. the former world, old world. (Of. Ger. Ur-welt.) ass, st. n. carcass, carrion, food, meat, (Ger. aas.) aesc, st. m. ash. 1. ash-tree; and name for the Rune se. — 2. ash-spear; lance, spear made of ash. — 3. a vessel made of ash. — 4. a small ship, skiff. (O. H. Ger. asc.) aesc-berend, part. & subs, ash-spear bearer, lance-bearer. aesce, w.f. ashes. aesc-here, st. m. a spear-bearing army. aesc-holt, st. n. ash wood, ashen shaft, lance. aesc-plega, w. m. play of spears, battle. -r6f, adj. renowned in the battle of spears, able in battle, illus- trious. sesc-stSde, st. f. firmness, constancy in battle. (Grein.) aesc-stede, st. m. place of trial (Leo); ash-spear place, place of battle (B.-T.) Mod. 17. [war. 33sc-tir, st. m. spear-glory, glory in assc-bracu, st. f. stress of spears; battle. aesc-wiga, w. m. a spear- warrior, warrior. as-springe, -sprynge, si. m. 1. water- spring, fountain. — 2. what is yet to spring forth, yet to happen, fate, destiny. Sch. 77. as-swic, st.m. offense, scandal, shame, infamy, disgrace. aet, I. prep. 1. iv.dat.(a.) local : where ? at, near, by, in, on, upon, with, in respect to, as to; — with verbs of taking, from, away from. Whither? to, toward, at, on. — (6.) temporal: at, at the time of, near, in, on, to. — (c.) causal: at, to. — 2. w. ace. to, unto, up to, as far as, into. — II. adv. at, to, near. aet, st. m. 1. food, meat. — 2. feeding, eating. (O. H. Ger. dz.) aet-fele, adhesion, Ps. 72, 23, mini autem adhasrere deo.(Grein,B.-T.); devoting, dedicating; adhering? (Groschopp.) aet-foran, prep. w. dat. before, in the presence of. aet-gaedere, -gaedre, adv. united, to- gether, at the same time. set-gifa, -geofa, w. m. food-giver, nourisher. aet-graepe, adj. laying hold of, grab- bing at, seizing; w.weorpan = to seize. aet-hwa, pron. each. Pa. 15. aet-hwega, adv. to a certain degree, tolerably, somewhat, a little. aet-hwon, adv. almost, nearly. setor-cyn, st. n. poisonous kind. getren, asttren, settern, settryn, adj. poisonous, poisoned. (Ger.eiterig.) 12 aetreninod — aglaeca setren-mod, adj. venom-minded, sly, cunning, deceitful. ast-rihte, -ryhte, adj. right at, near, present, aet-rihte, adv. almost, nearly. aet-samne, -somne (et-), ado. united, at once, together. aet-stael, st. m. aid, assistance (Greiu); station, camp-station (B.-T.) aet-steall, si. m. standing face to face with hostile intent, hostile opposition (Grein); camp-station (B.-T.) settren, aettryn. See aetren. aet-wela, io. m. wealth of food, supply of food ; food, aet-wist, st. f. presence, existence, substance, sustenance. sedan, Sdan, w. v. to lay waste, dev- astate. a-33dan, to make desolate, lay waste. sedel = cedel. See §del. aedel-cund, adj. of noble origin, noble. aedel-cyniiig, st. m. the noble king, Christ. aedel-dugud, st. f. noble comitatus, attendance, fellowship. aedele, edele, adj. noble, noble-mind- ed, excellent, illustrious, vigorous, famous. (Ger. cdcl.) aedelian, to. v. (Ger. edeln.) ge-aedelian, to ennoble, make il- lustrious, improve, im-aedelian, to degrade, debase, asdeling, st. m. a man of noble birth, noble, prince, God, Christ, man ; — pi. men, people. asdel-ic (= aedel-lic), adj. noble, excellent. ae del-nes, st, f. nobility, excellence. aedel-stenc, st. m. noble odor, sweet smell. aedel-tungol, st, n. noble star. aedelu, aedelo, st. f. & st. n. pi. noble qualities, especially of the mind; talents, genius, nature, noble origin, nobility, descent, origin, noble de- scendants, family, race. (Ger. adel.) 33dm, edni, st. m. breath, breathing, vapor. (Ger. athcm.) aswan, w. v. to despise, scorn, con- temn. ae-welm, st. m. spring, fountain, source, beginning. 33wisc,$£./. offense, shame, disgrace, dishonor. (Goth, ahcisks.) aswisc-mod, adj. ashamed, cast down in mind, disgraced, op- pressed. 33-wita, to. m. one acquainted with the law, a law-expert, counselor. aex, st. f. an ax, hatchet. (Ger. axt.) afara, -era, -ora. See eafora. afor, adj. grim, dire, rough, impet- uous, strong. agan, v. pret.-pres., pret. ind. sg. 1. 3. ah. — 2. ahst; pi. agon, agan, agun; subj.sg. age; pi. agen, agon (Ps. 108, 27) ; pret. ahte, to have, possess, own (older form owe). (Goth, aigan.) age, to. f. possessions, property. Sat. 147. agen, adj. own, peculiar, proper. figend., part. & subs. owner,possessor, lord, master. agend-frea, to. m. owner, possessor, lord; — to. f. mistress. Gen. 2237. ag-lac, -leec, st. m. trouble, misery, pressure, misfortune, sharp fight- ing, bitter hostility. aglac-had, st. n>. misery-hood, state or condition causing sadness or affliction. ag-lseca, -lsecea, -leca(ah-, aeg-, ac-) w. m. bringer of trouble, evil spirit, demon, monster, devil; — great hero, mighty warrior. ag — ancorbend 13 ag- (ac-) lsec-crseft, st. m. evil, de- structive art. aglaec-wif, st. n. female monster, de- struction-bringing woman. agnian, w. v. to appropriate, possess, prove or claim as one's own. (Ger. eignen. ) ge-agnian, same as the above. agof = agob, transposition of the word boga. Ra. 24, 1. ah, ah-, ah. See ac-, ag-, agan. a-hafenes, st.f. a lifting up, elevation. ahsian, iv. v. 1. to ask, to demand. — 2. to obtain, experience, endure. ge-ahsian, to find out by asking, get by hearsay. ahst. See agan. aht (= awiht), st.n. aught, anything, something. ahte. See agan. a-hw^r, adv. anywhere, everywhere ; — used specially in negative sen- tences. a-hwcergen, adv. same as the above. a-hwaeder, pron. some one, some- thing, any one. al. See eal. alan, st. abl, v. IV. to nourish, pro- duce. (Goth, alan.) of-alan, to take away, diminish. Reim. 24. aid, aldor. See eald, ealdor. alet, st. m. fire. algian, alh, all. See ealgian, ealh, eal. a-lihting, st.f. illumination, enlight- ening. almsegen, -wealda, -wight. See eal-. a-lysend, £>«?♦£.& subs, redeemer, de- liverer. (Cf. Ger. erloser.) a-lysing, st. f. redemption. (Ger. erlosung.) a-lysnes, st. f. redemption. am, st. m. weaver's beam, yarn-beam. Ra. 36, 8 (Grein); the reed or slay of a weaver's loom. (B.-T.) ambeht, -biht, -bieht, -byht (an-, om-, on-), st. n. office, service, com- mand, commission. ambeht (with same parallel forms), st. m. servant, serving-man. ambeht-hera, iv. m. servant, obedient servant, bond-slave. ambeht-msecg, st. m. serving-man, servant. ambeht-scealc, st. m. same as above. ambeht-secg, st. m. same as above. ambeht-begn, st. m. same as above. an. See unnan. an. I. prep. iv. dat. & ace. in, on, among, with respect to, into, to (frequently separated from the word governed). See on. — II. adv. away, forth? Met. 20, 30. an, num. st. & w. 1. one, a certain one of many, an only one. — 2. a, an, — almost in the sense of our so- called indefinite article. — 3. alone, only, sole. — 4. alone, sole, unique, distinguished, excellent. — 5. alone, lonely, solitary. — 6. gen. pi. anra, in connection with pronouns, — single, each, every, all. — 7. on an, in one, in accordance with, once for all, continually, ever. — 8. un- infected in an-forl^tan, to leave alone, leave, give up, forsake, re- linquish. an-ad r st. n. waste, desert, solitude. (Ger. einode.) an-bid, st. n. expectation, hope, await- ing. anbiht, -bieht, -byht. See ambeht. an-boren, part, only born, only be- gotten. an-broce, w./.wood,timber, building material. El. 1029. an-buend, part. & subs, lone dweller, hermit, anchorite. an-cenned, part, only begotten. ancor, oncor, st. m. anchor. (Ger. anker. From Gr. ayuvpa. ) ancor-bend, st. m. anchor -band, anchor-rope. 14 ancorrap — anfeald ancor-rap, st. m. anehor-rope, cable. and, ond, conj. and. and, prep, l.w.dat. (in numbers), with. II. w. ace. over, against, with, into, on, before. (O. H. Ger. ant-, int-. Ger. ent-.) anda, onda, w. m. grudge, anger, hate, envy, jealousy, discontent, excite- ment, vexation, horror, an endeav- or to hurt. (O. H.Ger. anado,anto.) an-daege, adj. for one day. and-bid, st. n. hope, expectation. and-cwis, st. f. answer. andettan, -etan, ondetan, w. v. to confess, acknowledge. msegen- andettan, earnestly, strongly to confess. andet-nes,s£./. acknowledgment, con- fession. and-feng, st. m. a taking up, a re- ceiving, defense. Sat. 245. and-fenga, -fengea, -fencgea (ond-), w. m. one that undertakes a thing, taker-up, defender, receiver, har- borer. [fit. and-fenge, adj. acceptable, approved, and-fenge, -fencge, st.m. undertaker, defender, protector. and-gete, adj. open, plain, manifest, clear, easily recognized. and-git, -giet, -gyt (ond-), st. n. in- sight, perception, intellect, under- standing, knowledge. and-gite, -giete (ond-), w. f. same as the above. andgiet-tacen, st. n. a sensible token, a sign by which something is rec- ognized, sign, token. and-lang, -long (ond-), adj. along, continuous, whole, entire, through- out, extended, ail-along. (Ger. entlang. ) and-lata? Cri. 1436. and-lean (ond-), st. n. retribution, re- taliation, like for like. and-leofa,w. m. recreation, refection, food? Sat. 522. and-leofen,-lifen, st.f. food, nourish- ment. and-raca, ic. m. servant, represent- ative? deputy? Exod. 15. (and- saca ms.) andrysnlic. See ondrysnlic. and-rysno (ond-), st. f. what is to be considered, the becoming, due at- tention, etiquette. (Grein, Heyne, &c.) an-drysno (on-), st. f. fear, awe, reverence. (B.-T.) and-saca (ond-), w. m. adversary, enemy, denier, apostate. and-ssec (ond-), st.f. n.f contention, denial, refusal, resistance, strife. and-slyht (ond-). See hand-slyht. and-swaru (ond-), st.f. answer, ac- costing, reply, address. and-weard, adj. present, lying over against, standing over against, op- posite to, against. (O. H. Ger. ant- wart.) andweard-lic, adj. present, actually present. and wear d-lice, adv. in the presence of, present, actually. and-weorc, st. n. matter, material, stuff, ground, cause. and-wig, st. m. resistance, battle. and-wit, adj. expert, skillful, ac- quainted with, experienced. and-wist, st. f. place, station ; (the support of the earth, Kemble). An. 1542. and-wlita, ic. m. look, face, counte- nance, appearance. (Ger. audita.) and-wrad, adj. hostile, enraged. and-wyrde, st. n. answer. (Ger. ant- wort.) a-nelist, -nyhst, adv. next, at last, in the last place. an-feng, st. m. apprehension, laying hold of, reception, receiving. an-fete, adj. one-footed, with one foot. an-feald,tfron. other, one of two. ad-swaru, st. f. oath-swearing, oath. ad-sweord, st.f. same as the above. adum, st.ni. son-in-law. (Gev.cidam.) a-uht (= awiht), st. n. aught, any- thing. awa, awo, adv. 1. always. — 2. ever, any, some. Sal. 322. awaerged — baetera 17 a-waerged, adj. accursed, wicked, malicious, a-weg, adv. away, forth. a-wer (= ahwser), adv. anywhere, somewhere. a-werged, -wyrged, adj. accursed, malicious, malevolent. a-wiht, -wuht, -wyht, si. n. aught, anything, anything at all; — ace, often used adverbially. [turbed. a-wyged, adj. moved, disquieted, dis- awder (= a-hwaeder), pron. either, other, one of two, one or the other. axe, w. f. B ba. See begen. bad, st. f. pledge, pawn. baec, bee, st. n. back; ofer baec biigan, to turn back, flee ; under baec, on bee, backwards. bsecling, found only in the adverbial phrase on baecling, backwards. beedan, w. v. to demand, compel, con- strain, incite, encourage. a-bsedan, to have a demand for, compel, restrain, exact. ge-bsedan, 1. w. gen. of thing, to bring about, force, compel. Gn. Ex. 105. — 2. w. ace. of person, and w. to, or gen. of thing, to induce one to do a thing, to force, compel. 3. to drive, send forth, let fly. B. 3117. — 4. to press hard, compel, restrain, overcome, repress. baede-weg, s£.w. cup, drinking- vessel. bael, st. n. fire of the funeral-pile, fire,names, funeral pile. (O.N. bdl.) bael-blaese, w. f. fire-blaze, a blaze. basl-blyse, st.f. same as the above. baelc, st. m. balk, covering, cloud. (Ger. ge-balJc.) baelc, st. m. f belch, stomach, pride, arrogance, presumption. baelcan, w. v. to cry out, to make an arrogant noise. baeldan, w. v. to animate, arouse, en- courage. bael-egesa, w. m. terror, dread of the flames. bael-fyr, st. n. fire of the funeral-pile, bale-fire. baeligan, w. v. a-baeligan, to insult, provoke, make angry. bael-stede, st.f. place of the funeral fire, the burning of the corpse. bael-bracu, st.f. force or violence of the flame. bael-wudu, st. m. wood for the fu- neral-fire. bael-wylm, st. m. funeral-fire flames, billow-like flames. baendan, to. v. ge-baendan, to bind, fetter, tie. baer, adj. bare, naked. (Ger. baar.) bser, st. f. bier. (Ger. bahre.) baeran, to. v. ge-baeran, to demean one's self, to behave, bear one's self. (O. H. Ger. gebdren, -on; Ger. gebcrden.) baernan, w. v. to burn, burn up, con- sume. (Ger. brennen.) for-baernan, to burn up, con- sume. (Ger. ver-brennen.) ge-baernan, to burn. on-baernan, to set on fire, kindle. bastan, w. v. to restrain with a bit, bit, curb, tame. ge-baetan, same as the above. ymbe-baetan, to throw a re- straint around, put a check upon. baetera. See bettra. 18 baed — beg baed, st. n. bath. (Ger. had.) baed-weg, st. m. bath-way, the sea. bald, baldor, balu. See beald, bealdor, bealu. ban, st. n. bone, bones of the human body. (Ger. beln.) bana, bona, iv. m. killer, murderer. ban-cofa, w. m. bone-chamber, the body. ban-coda, id. m. a baneful disease, deadly sickness? Etmuller, ban- coda, ossium morbus, disease of the bones. Gu. 998. ban-fast, st. n. bone-vat, vessel for the bones, the body. ban-fag, -fall, adj. variegated with bones, adorned with bone-work, or perhaps with deer-antlers. (Grein, H. & S.) ban-fall, death or mur- der-stained. (B.-T.) B. 780. ban-, bon-gar, st. m. murderous spear. ban-gebrec, st. m. bone-breaking? An. 1444. ban-helm, st. m. a helm or shield for the protection of the bones of the body, i. e., a helmet for the body. Fin. 30. ban-hring, st. m. bone-structure, joint, bone-joint. ban-hus, st. n. bone-house, body. ban-16as, adj. boneless, without bones. ban-loca, w. m. bone inelosure, body. bannan, bonnaii, st. red. v. to order, command, call, call together, sum- mon. (Ger. bannen.) a-bannan, to order, call, summon, call off. ge-bannan, to bid, order, name, call, summon. ban-sele, st. m. bone-hall, body. basnian, w. v. to expect, await, wait. basilisca, w. m. basilisk. basu, adj. purple, crimson. belt, st. m. boat, skiff, ship, vessel. (Ger. boot.) bat-weard, st. m. boat-warder, watcher over the ship. badian, to. v. 1. to bathe, wash, cher- ish, foment. — 2. to bathe one's self, bathe. bi-badian, to bathe. be, prep , to. dat. & instr. 1. local: by, near by, near, at, on, with. — 2. likewise local, but of motion from the subject in the direction of the object, on, upon, by. — 3. causal: by, with, for, through, by reason of, on account of, in accordance with. — 4. from, concerning, about, (after verbs of saying, &c.).— 4. temporal: while, during, be be (him) lifigenduin, during thy (their) life. — 8. in various phrases: be awihte, in any respect; be fullan, in excess ; be sumum deele, in some part, partly ; ba tid be getale, the movable Easter festival ; be tnfealdum, single. — 7. fre- quently separated from its case. Ba. 28, 17; Ps. 72. be-asftan, adv. 1. after, hind. — 2. without. be-bod, st. n. command, order. (Ger. ge-bot.) bee. See base. b6c, pi. of boc. b§cn, st. n. beacon, sign. bScnan, io. v. to beckon, point out, signify, denote. becnung, st.f. indicating, signifying: hence — mark, sign. bed, bedd, st. n. bed, resting-place. (Ger. bett.) bed-, bedd-rest, st.f. bed-rest, bed. be-foran, I. prep. 1. w. dat. (a.) local : before, in the presence of, in front. (b.) temporal: before, prior to, sooner than. — 2. w. arc. before.— IT. adv. 1. local: before, in front, at hand, openly. — 2. temporal: be- fore, formerly, earlier, sooner. beg. See beag. began — berhtmhwset 19 bSgan, w. v. to bow, bend, depress. a-began, to bend in, crook, curve. for-began, to give a wrong bend to, oppress, humble, degrade. ge-b§gan, to bow, bend, depress. bSgan, iv. v., w. inf. to prosecute zealously? Ps. 143, 14. be-gang, -gong, st. m. (literally the extent of going), district, way, course, circuit. bsgen, ba, bu, nam. both, nom. m. begen ; with things, ba, bu ; /. ba ; n. bu; gen. m.f. n. bega, begea, be- gra; dat. bam, baem; ace. m. bu; /. ba ; n. bu ; — frequently asso- ciated with twegen. be-bindan, I. adv. behind, in the rear. — II. prep., w. dat. (post pos- itive), behind, after. behd, st.f. token, witness, ?ign,proof. belced-sweora, adj. inflated, having an inflated neck. Ba. 79, 1. belcettan, w. v. to belch, eructate, utter, give forth. belgan, st. abl. v. I. (w. ace. reflex.), to swell with anger,become angry, en- raged; iv. ace. to cause one's self to swell with anger,&c. (Ger. balgen.) a-belgan, to make angry, irri- tate, insult, hurt, distress. ge-belgan, to make angry, irri- tate, provoke, exasperate. bell, the forehead ? Dietrich. bellan, st. abl. v. I. to bellow, bark, grunt. (Ger. bellen.) beme, w. f. trumpet. b6n, st. f. boon, request, prayer, pe- tition. (O. N. bon.) ben, benn, st. f. wound. (Icel. ben; Goth, banja.) b6na, w. m. petitioner, asker, de- man der. bene, st.f. bench. (Ger. bank.) benc-sittende, part, sitting on a bench, bench-sitter. benc-sw6g, st m. bench-rejoicing; a joyous, convivial noise, coming from those sitting on the benches in the mead-hall. benc-£>el, st. n. bench-board, i. e., the wainscotted space where the benches stand. bend, st. m.f. band, bond. [fetter. bendan,w.i\ 1. to bend. — 2. to bind, ge-bendan, to bend. be-neodan, prep, beneath, under. ben-geat, st. n. wound-gate, the opening of a wound. bennian, bennegean, w. v. to wound. ge-bennian, to wound. bSn-tid, st.f. prayer- time. bera, iv. m. bear. (Ger. bar.) beran, st. abl. v. II. to bear, carry, bring forward, carry off, bear out, offer, extend, wear, support, suffer. At times the object is wanting, — weapons, shield, &c. (0. H. Ger. beran; Goth, bairan.) t-beran, 1. to bear, suffer, en- dure. — 2. to take away, remove. aet-beran, 1. to bring to, carry to, produce. — 2. to take away, carry off. B. 2127. for-beran, 1. to hold, suppress. 2. to make allowance for, humor. ge-beran, 1. to bear, bring forth. 2. to lead. Gu. 468. 6d-beran, 1. to carry, carry to, draw to, bring hither. — 2. to carry off or away. on-beran, to take away, carry off, abduct, weaken. t6-beran,to tear asunder, scatter, destroy, remove, distract,dissipate. ymb-beran, to bear around, sur- round. berht, adj. bright, shining. berhtan, w. v. ge-berhtan, to light up, enlight- en, brighten. berhtm-hwast, adj. swift as an eye- wink, in a moment. 20 berian — beaduscrud berian, iv. v. to make bare, bare, vacate. berian, iv. v. ge-berian, to happen, occur. berige, iv.f. berry. (O. H. Ger. bcri; Goth, basi; Ger. beere.) berne-lac, st. n. burnt offering. berstan, st. abl. v. I. 1. to burst, break,break to pieces. — 2. to make a noise, crack, crash, resound. (Ger. bersten.) for-berstan, to break, break in two, burst asunder, fail, vanish. to-berstan, to break to pieces. berstan, w. v. to make a noise, crush, resound! to break to pieces? Ea. 5, 8. bet, adv. better; p6(py)bet, the better. bStan, w. v. to better, restore, cure, improve, repair. (Ger. bessern.) ge-betan, 1. to better, improve. — 2. to make away with, remove, relieve. — 3. avenge, vindicate. un-betan, not to make better; part, unbeted, unatoned for, un- expiated. betast, betost, superl. adj. best, the best. betend, part. & subs, atoning, re- newing; renewer, restorer. bet-lie, adj. grand, superior, ex- cellent, magnificent. betst, superl. 1. adj. best, the best. 2. adv. best, in the best manner. be-tweoh, prep, between, among. be-tweohs, -tweox, prep. w. dat. between, among. be-tweonan, prep. to. dat. between, among. be-tweonum, prep. w. gen. dat. & ace. between, among. be-twinum, prep, between, among, be-twuh, -twuz, prep, between, among, be-utan, prep. w. dat. but, without, outside of. beacen, st. n. beacon, token, mark, sign, standard, banner, wonder, miracle, — used especially with ref- erence to the cross and to the sun. beacnian, w. v. to beckon, show, point out, indicate, represent pic- toriaUy. ge-beacnian, to show, indicate, announce, make known. beadu, beado, st.f. fight, battle, con- tention, strife. (0. H. Ger. badu-, pato-.) beadu-caf, adj. ready, prepared for battle. beadu-crseft, st. m. the art of war, skill in war, war-strength. beadu-craeftig, adj. war-crafty, skill- ful in war, warlike. beadu-cweakn, st. m. murder, vio- lent death. beadu-folm, st. f. battle-hand, — hence, a bloody hand. beadu-grima, -grimma, w. m. war- mask, helmet. beadu-hrasgl, st. n. war-shirt, coat- of-mail, corselet. beadu-lac, st. n. war-play, battle, combat. beadu-leoma, w. m. battle-light, sword. beadu- maegen, st. n. battle-troop, host (Grein) ; battle-strength, mil- itary power. (B.-T.) beadu-mece, st. m. battle-sword. beadu-raes, st. m. battle-rush, storm of battle, attack. beadu-rinc, st. m. warrior, soldier. beadu-rof, adj. bold in war, strong in battle. beadu-run, st. f. battle-secret, mys- tery of battle, quarrel: beadurun onbindan, to loose the battle- mystery, begin battle. beadu-scearp, adj. battle -sharp, sharp for the battle. beadu-scrud, .s-f. n. battle-shroud, corselet, shirt of mail. beaduserce — bealobanc 21 beadu-serce, w. f. battle-sark, corse- let, shirt of mail. beadu-searo, st. n. war-equipment weapons. beadu-]?reat, st. m. war-band, army. beadu-wang, st. m. battlefield. beadu-w^pen, st. n. war- weapon, weapons. beadu-weorc, st. n. battle-work, war- like operation, battle. beag, beah, beg, st. m. ring, bracelet, collar, chain, crown, diadem. (O.H. Ger. pouc; O. N. baugr.) b6ag-gifa, -gyfa, w. in. ring or orna- ment giver, king, prince^lord. b§ag-gifu, st. f. ring-giving, giving of rings or ornaments. beag-hord, st. m. ring-hoard, treasure consisting of ornaments, rings. b6ag-hroden, pari, adorned with rings, or with diadems. beag-sel, st. n. ring-hall, house or hall in which rings and other or- naments are distributed. b§ag-sele, st. m. the same. beag-begu, st. f. the receiving of the ring. beag-wrida, w.m. ring-wreath, brace- let, armlet. bSah. See beag. beald, bald, adj. bold, strong, pow- erful, skillful, brave, courageous, of good courage, free, liberal. (Goth, balbs.) bealde,balde, adv. freely, trustingly, confidently, courageously, boldly, immediately, without hesitation. bealdian, w, v. to show one's self bold, be brave. beald-llce (bald-), adv. = bealde, boldly. bealdor, baldor, st. m. lord, master, prince, hero. bealu, bealo, balu, st. f. bale, evil, mischief, hurt, injury, woe, afflic- tion, wickedness, depravity. (O.H. Ger. balo.) bealu,balu, adj. baleful, destructive, dangerous, bad, abandoned, treach- erous, malicious. bealu-ben, st.f. destruction-bringing wound, deadly wound. bealo-blonden, part, blended or mixed with destruction, per- nicious. bealo-clom, st. m.f. hard, oppressive bond, dire chain. bealo-craeft, st.m. magic art; wicked, pernicious art. bealo-cwealm, st. m. violent death, death by the sword or disease. B. 2265. bealu-deed, st. f. evil deed, sin. bealo-ful, adj. baleful, full of evil, dire, cruel, wicked, pernicious. bealo-fus, adj. prone to sin, inclined to sin. bealo-hycgende, part, thinking of death, meditating destruction. bealo-hydig, adj. thinking of death, meditating destruction. bealu-inwit, st. n. deceit, cunning, treachery. bealu-16as, adj. baleless, free from sin, innocent. bealu-nid (bala-), st. m. zeal for de- struction, unworthy or pernicious striving, deadly enmity, destruc- tion. bealo-rap, st. m. a sinful bond,hard, oppressive fetter. bealo-searu, st. n. wicked machina- tion or snare. bealu-sid, st. m. 1. mischief, hurt, calamity, adversity. Seef. 28. — 2. fatal journey, death. Exod. 5. bealo-sorg, st. f. sorrow on account of expected misfortune; hard, op- pressive sorrow. bealo-spell, st. n. a message of dire misfortune, evil tale. bealo-]?anc, -fconc, st. m. malicious, evil thought. 22 beam — beorcan beam, st. m. beam, 1. tree. — 2. cross, gallows. — 3. pillar, column, pillar of cloud, pillar of fire. — 4. wood, piece of wood, ship. Ra. 11, 7. — 5. beam, post, rafter. Ra. 71, 11. (Ger. baum.) beam-sceadu, st. f. shadow of the tree; tree-shade. beam-telg, st. m. tree-dye, ink. beard, st. m. beard. (Ger. bart.) bearg, bearli, st. m. a barrow-pig, pig, a castrated boar. (Ger. borg- schwcinc.) bearhtm, st. m. 1. splendor, bright- ness, clearness. — 2. noise, tumult, clamor, cry, sound, tone. bearm, st. m. barm, lap, bosom ; fig- uratively, possession, property. (Goth, barms; O. H. Ger. barm; cf. Ger. erbarmen.) bearm, st. m.f emotion, excitement. Ps. 118, 139. beam, st. n. (what is borne), bairn, child, boy, son, offspring, descend- ant, progeny. (Scot, bairn; Goth. barn.) bearn-gebyrdu. st. f. childbirth, bearing; birth of a son. bearn-gestreon, st. n. child-procrea- tion, riches in children. bearu,bearo, sL m. a wood, grove, tree, forest, thicket. (O. N. bom.) bearo-naes, st. m. woody shore. beatan, st. red. v. 1. to beat, thrust, strike, shake, tremble. — 2. to hurt, injure. Dan. 2G5. a-beatan, to beat, strike, break or beat to pieces, to make to fall. ge-beatan, to beat, strike, hit. of-beatan, to beat to death, kill. beo. See beon. beo, bi, w.f. bee. (Ger. bioir.) beo-, bio-, bia-bread, st. n. bee- bread, honeycomb. beod, st. m. table. (Goth, binds.) beodan = bidon, pret. of bidan. beodan, biodan, st. abl. v. VI. 1. to bid, command, order. — 2. to offer, proffer, give, grant. — 3. to bring, prepare. Seef, 54. — 4. to threaten. — 5. to bid, announce, proclaim, in- form, deliver a message, perform a commission. — 6. to betoken, sig- nify. (Ger. bieten; Goth, biudan.) a-beodan, 1. to order, command, commission,direct. — 2. to present, announce, make known, offer, ten- der, wish. — 3. to order, command. be-beodan, bi-beodan, 1. to or- der, command, bid. — 2. to intrust to, recommend. — 3. to offer. — 4. to announce, proclaim, make known, for-beodan, to forbid, ge-beodan, 1. to command, or- der, direct. — 2. to deliver up, give over to, surrender. Dan. 411. — 3. to offer, show. — 4. to offer. — 5. to threaten. Dan. 223. on-beodan, to announce, pro- claim, make known. beod-gaest, si. »i. table guest, famil- iar friend. beod-geneat, st.m. table-companion. beod-gereordu, st. n.pl. table-meal, feast. [moved. beofian, w. v. to tremble, quake, be a-beofian, same as the above. beo-hata, w.m. (the queen-bee), lead- er, prince. beon, bion, irreg. v. pres. ind. sg. 1. b6om, beon, beo.— 2. bist, byst.— 3. bid, byd, beod (Hy. 7, 96) ; j)/. beod, biod, biad; subj. sg. beo, bio; pi. beon; imper. sig. beo; pi. beod, to be,— generally with a future signification trill be. beor, st. n. beer. (Ger. bier.) beoran = beran, to bear, carry. Sal. 206. beorc, st. f. birch, bireh-tree : and name for the Rune B. (Gcr.hirhr.) beorcan, st. abl v. I. to bark. beorg — bi 23 beorg, beorh, biorg, st. m. barrow, mountain, hill, mound. (Ger. berg.) beorgan, st. abl. v. I. to save, pro- tect, shelter, guard, defend, shield, spare, preserve ; — w. reflex, dat. to beware of, avoid. (Ger. bergen; Goth, bairgan.) be-beorgan, w. reflex, dat. to be on one's guard, take care. ge-beorgan, to save, protect, de- fend; to protect one from some- thing, ward off, spare, preserve. ymb-beorgan, to surround pro- tectingly. beorgan, w. v. to taste, drink. beorg-hlid, st. n. mountain-height, elevation, hill. beorg-sedel, st. m. n. f mountain dwelling. Gu. 73. beorg-stede, st. m. mountain place, place on a mountain, mound, mountain. beorh. See beorg. beor-hyrde, st. m. beer-keeper, but- ler. beorht, st. n. brightness, shining ob- ject, light, glance, twinkling. beornt, adj. 1. bright, brilliant, glis- tening, clear, lucid, plain, beau- tiful. — 2. celebrated, excellent, noble, splendid, sublime, holy, divine. (Goth, bairhts.) beorhtan, w.v. to light, shine, lighten. beorhte, adv. brightly, lucidly, clear- ly, distinctly. beorhtian, w. v. 1. to glisten, shine. 2. to sound clearly. beorht-lic, adj. brilliant, bright, shining, splendid. beorht-lice, adv . brilliantly, brightly, clearly, excellently. beorhtm, st. m. noise, tumult. beorht-nes, -nys, st. f. brightness, clearness, brilliancy, splendor. beorht-rodor, st. m. bright firma- ment, ether. beorhtu, st. f. brightness, clearness. beorma, w. m. barm, yeast, leaven. Ger. barmc, barme.) beorn, biorn, st. m. noble, distin- guished man, hero, warrior; a man. (Scan, bjbrn.) beornan, st. abl. v. I. to burn, glow, blaze up, burn up. (Ger. brennen.) a-beornan, to kindle, inflame, take fire. for-beornan, to burn up, to be burnt up, burn. (Ger. verbrennen.) ge-beornan, same as the above. beorn-cyning, st. m. king of war- riors, king of heroes. beorne, byrne, w. f. burnie, shirt of mail. (Ger. briinne.) beorn-breat, st. m. band of men or warriors. beorn- wiga, w. m. steel-clad war- rior, or noble warrior, hero. b6or-scealc, st. m. keeper of the beer, cup-bearer. beor-sele, st. m. beer-hall, a hall in which beer is drunk. beor-setl, st. m. beer-settle, beer- bench. beor-begu, st. f. beer-drinking, beer- banquet. beordor, st. n. childbirth, fetus ? See hysebeordor. bSot, st. n. proud, boastful speech, by which one is pledged or bound ; threat, promise, pledge. — 2. peril? danger? Dan. 265. b6otian, w. v. 1. to threaten. — 2. to promise, pledge. ge-bSotian, to promise, to bind one's self, make one's self respon- sible for. b§ot-word, st. w.= b§ot. b§od. See b§on. bi (most frequently met with in shortened form be), prep. w. dat. 1. local: by, near, at, on, upon, about, of, in, with. — 2. causal : by, 24 bi — bisen through, by reason of, after, ac- cording to. — 3. of, about, concern- ing (w. verbs of saying, &c.) — 4. in comparison with. Ph. 338. — 5. temporal: by, during, bi me lifgendum, during my lifetime. bi, big, in improper word-composi- tion by. bi. See beo. bi-bod, st. n. command, order, decree. bi-bread, st. n. bee-bread, honey- comb. bicgan. See bycgan. bid, st. n. lingering, delay, abiding. bidan, st. abl. v. V. 1. to bide, delay, linger, wait, abide, remain, live, dAvell. — 2. to await, expect, wait for. — 3. to reach, arrive at, know, experience, find. (Goth, beidan; O. H. Ger. Utan.) a-bidan, to tarry, delay, remain behind, await, expect, experience. ge-bidan, 1. to remain, delay, abide, tarry. — 2. to expect, wait for, await. — 3. to reach, arrive at, know, experience, find. ofer-bidan, to outlast, surmount, outlive. on-bidan, to wait, await, expect. biddan, st. abl. v. III. to bid, desire, beg, ask, pray, order, require. (Ger. bitten.) a-biddan, to implore, obtain by entreaty. ge-biddan, to beg,ask,pray,pray to, — often with reflex, dat. bid-faest, adj. firm, forced to stand out. bidian, w. v. an-bidian, to await. biding, st. f. biding, wailing, delay- ing ; — abode. bid-steal, st. m. halt, stand. bifian, w. v. to tremble, shake, be moved. (Ger. beben.) a-bifian, same as the above. bi-foran, I. prep. w. dat. (temporal and local), before. — II. adv. 1. lo- cal: before, in the presence of. — 2. before, formerly. big. See bi. bigan. See bygan. bi-gang, -gong, st. m. extent, way, course, circuit. bi-genga, -gengea, w. m. cultivator, inhabitant, dweller. bi-hata, w. m. the queen-bee, leader. bil, bill, st. n. bill, battle-axe, sword; — a bill was a broad two-edged sword. (Ger. bcil.) bile-wit. See bilwit. bil-gesliht, st. n. sword-fight, battle of swords. bil-hete, bill-, st. m. sword-hate, hate made known by the sword. bil-sweed, st. n. sword-track, wound. bil-wit, bile-wit, byly-wit, adj. mild, gentle, merciful, calm, com- posed. bin, binn, st. f. bin, manger, crib. (Ger. benne.) bindan, st. abl. v. I. to bind, tie. (Ger. binden.) ge-biiidan, to bind, tie, fetter. in-bindan, to unbind, untie, loose. on-bindan, same as the above. bindan, w. r. to feign, dissimulate. Luc. C. 24, 28. bindere, st. »i. binder. binn. See bin. binnan, prep, within, inside of, in, into. (Ger. binnen.) bired. See beran. birhtu, st. f. brightness, clearness. bi-rihte, -ryhte, prep, right by, near by, beside. bi-saece, st. m.f a visit. Gil. 188. bisceop, biscop, st. »i. bishop. bisceop-had, st. m. office of a bishop, episcopate. bisen. See bysen. bises — blanden 25 bises, st. m. an intercalary day, leap- year. bisgan, bisgu, bisig. See bysgan, bysgu, bysig. bismer, bismor, bysmer, st. n, mock- ery, disgrace, opprobrium, reproach, pollution, infamy, blasphemy. bismerian, bysmrian, w .v. to mock, deride, reproach, blaspheme. ge-bysmrian, to deride, provoke, enrage. bismer-leas, adj. reproachless, free from shame, infamy, blameless, spotless. bismer-, bismor-, bysmer-lice, adv. scandalously, shamefully, reproach- fully, infamously, irreverently. bi-spel, st. n. parable, fable, allegory, example. (Ger. beispiel.) bist. See b6on. bitan, st. abl. v. V. to bite, cut, cut into, wound. (Ger. beiszen.) a-bitan, to bite, gnaw, corrode, eat. on-bitan, to bite, taste, feed upon. bite, st. m. bite, cut. biter, bitor, bitter, atf/. bitter, sharp, cutting, biting, harsh, painful; — exasperated, angry, embittered. (Ger. bitter.) bitian, w. v. grist-bitian, to bite the teeth together, gnash the teeth. bitre, bitere, bittre, adv. bitterly, sharply, severely, furiously. bi-tweon, prep, between. bi-tweonum, prep, between. biered, biersted, biesgian. See beran, berstan, bysgian. biad, bio, bion, biod. See beon. blac, blsec, adj. black, dark. blac, adj. 1. brilliant, shining, gleam- ing. — 2. pale (of the white death- color), bleak. blac-ern, st. n. lighthouse, lamp, candlestick, light, candle. blac-hl6or, adj. pale-faced, fair. blacian, w. v. to become white, pale. blaec. See blac. blsec. See blac. blaecan, w. v. to bleach, whiten, fade. blcec-ern. See blacern. bleed, st. n. blade, leaf. Gen. 994. (Ger. blatt.) bleed, st. in. 1. blowing, blast. — 2. in- spiration? Ph. 548. — 3. breath, spirit. Hexam. 11. — 4. life. — 5. riches, fullness, success, happiness, renown,glory,worth,dignity,honor. (O.H. Qer,bldt.) blaed, st. f. blade, leaf, twig, flower, blossom, fruit, foliage, grass. blsed-agend, part. & subs, having an abundance of renown,glory; — pos- sessing abundance, prosperous. blaed-dagas, st. m. pi. happy, pros- perous day, happy life. blsed-feest, adj. fast or fixed in renown, celebrated, prosperous, happy. blced-gifa, w. m. glory-giver, giver of prosperity or happiness. blaed-wela, w. m. wealth of glory or riches, happiness bringing wealth. blaest, st. m. blast, flame, torch, blaze. blsest, st. m. blowing, wind. blsetan, st. red, v. to bleat. (O. H. Ger. bldzan.) blanca, blonca, w. m. white or gray horse. bland, st. n. blending, mixture, con- fusion. blandan, st. red. v. to blend, mix. (O. H. Ger. blandan.) ge-blandan, to blend, mix, ex- change, disturb, disquiet. on-blandan, to mingle, blend, disturb. blanden-, blonden-feax, adj. with mixed hair, having gray hair, old. 26 blat — blodgyte blat, st. m. n.f an inarticulate sound of sorrow. An. 1281. — B.- T. make bldt an adjective = livid. blat, adj. livid, pale. blatan, st. red. v. to be livid, pale, as with envy. blate, adv. lividly, pallidly. blawan, st. red. v. to blew. (Ger. bldhcn.) a-blawan, same as the above, to-blawan, to blow to pieces, scatter. bled = bleed, st. m. bled = bleed, st. f. bledan, w. v. to bleed, let blood. (Ger. bluten.) bled-hwaet, adj. rich in flowers or fruits (Grein); — a shoot growing quickly (B.-T.). Ea. 2, 9. bledsian, w. v. to bless, consecrate. ge-bledsian, to bless, benefit, favor, make to prosper. blencan, w. v. to deceive, cheat. blendan,w.v. to blind. (Ger. blenden.) a-blendan, same as the above. bletsian, w. v. to bless, consecrate, ordain. ge-bletsian, to bless, consecrate, benefit, make to prosper. un-gebletsian, part, ungeblet- sod, unblessed. bletsung, st.f. blessing, benediction. bleat, adj. naked, bare, miserable, wretched. (Ger. bloss.) bleate, adv. wretchedly, miserably. blead,«f//.cowardly,un warlike, timid. (Ger. Mode.) bleo-bord, st. n. colored board, chess- board. bl§o-brygd, st. m.f n.f variation of color, variegated color. bl§o-fag, adj. variable in color, va- riegated, many-colored. bleoh, blioh, bleo, st. n. color, ap- pearance, complexion, delight, joy. bleowe? Kit. 84, G, blow, blew. blican, st. abJ. v. V. 1. to lighten, shine, glitter, sparkle, dazzle. — 2. to appear, become visible. Sal. 144. (Ger. bleiclten.) blids. See blids. blin, st. f. cessation, interruption, end. blind, adj. blind. (Ger. blind.) blind-nes, st. f. blindness, blinnan, st. abl. v. I. to cease, leave off, forego, to lose, be deprived of. (Chaucer, Wynne.) blis, bliss, blyss, st. f. 1. bliss, joy, joyousness, happiness, pleasure. 2. complaisance, courteousness, kindness, grace, favor. blissian, w. v. 1. to rejoice, gladden, make glad. — 2. to rejoice, be glad, exult. ge-blissian, to rejoice, gladden, make glad.— 2. to bless ? Cri. 380. 3. to make joyous, delightful. bliwum, dat. j)l. See bleoh. blid, adj. agreeable, sweet, pleasaiit. blide, adj. 1. blithe, joyous, glad, merry. — 2. gentle, friendly, pleas- ant, kind, mild, agreeable. — 3. quiet, peaceful. An. 385. ; Ps. 106, 28. (Goth, bleibs.) blide, adv. 1. joyously, merrily, gladly. 2. graciously, kindly, mildly. blide-mod, adj. 1. of joyous mind, glad, cheerful. — 2. calm, tranquil, mild, gentle. blid-heort, adj. 1. blithe of heart, joyous.— 2. well-wishing, friendly, merciful. blids, blids, st. f. joy. gladness. blidsian, to. v. to rejoice, be glad, merry. blod, st. n. blood. (Ger. blut.) blod-egesa, w. m. bloody terror, horror, blod-fag, adj. colored with blood, bloody, blod-gyte, -gete, -geote, st. m. gush of blood, blood-flowing. blodhreow — bordhreoda 27 bl6d-hr6ow, adj. bloody, bloody- minded, cruel. blodian, w. v. ge-blodegian, to make bloody, stain with blood. blodig, adj. bloody- (Ger. blutig.) blodig-tod, adj. with bloody tooth, cruel. blod-reow, adj. bloodthirsty, crueL blostm, st. m.f f.f blossom, flower. blostma, w. m. blossom, flower. blotan, st red. v. to sacrifice, kill for a sacrifice. (Goth, blotan.) on-blotan, to sacrifice, kill for a sacrifice. blot-monad, st. m. month of sacrifice, November. blowan, st. red. v. to blow, bloom, blossom. ge-blowan, to blow, bloom, blossom, sprout , — also used figura- tively. blygan, ic. v. to scare, frighten. un-geblygan,^«rt ungeblyged, intrepid, fearless, bold. blys. See blis. boc, st. f. beech-tree, book, writing. (Ger. bachc.) boc, irreg. f. (dat. sg., nom. ace, pi. b6c), book; — in pi. generally the Scriptures. (Ger. bach.) boc - craeftig, adj. book-crafty, learned, especially with reference to the Scriptures. bocere, st. m. writer, scribe, learned man, author, teacher. boc-staef, st. m. letter, character. boc-wudu, st. m. beech-wood. bod, st. n. command, order, com- mandment, message. (Ger. ge-bot. ) boda, w. m. messenger, herald, am- bassador, apostle, angel; — seer, prophet. (Ger. bote.) bodian, w. v. to bode, announce, make known, tell,preach, prophesy. ge-bodian, to tell, announce, make known. bod-scipe, st. m. 1. commandment. — 2. message, announcement. (Cf. Ger. botschaft.) bog, boh, st. m. bough., branch (of a tree). bog, st. m. arm, shoulder; — cf. elbow. (Ger. bug.) boga, w. m. bow. (Ger. boge.) boh. See bog. bohte. See byegan. bolca, w. m. gangway of a ship. (Ieel. bidJci.) bold, st. n. building, dwelling, house, dwelling-place, edifice. bold-agend, part. & subs, house- owner, property-holder. bold-getimbru, st. n. pi. building, edifice; — lit., the timbers of a house. bold-wela, w. m. rich, splendid dwelling, paradise, heaven. bolgen-mod, adj. angry at heart, enraged. bolla, w. m. bowl, cup, pot, drink- ing-vessel. (Ger. bole.) bolster, st. m. bolster, pillow. (Ger. polstcr. ) bon (= bogan), to boast. bona, bongar, bonnan. See bana, bangar, barman, bora, w. m. bearer. borcian, w. v. to bark. bord, st. »., lit. board; hence, 1. board, table. — 2. plank, side of a ship, ship. — 3. shield. (Ger. bord.) t borde, w.f. a lady's chamber? Gn'. I Ex. 64 (Grein); — board, table. (B.-T.) bord-gelac, st. n. shield-storming, missile, dart. bord-heebbende, part. & subs. shield-having, shield-bearer. bord-haga, w. m. shield-hedge, cover of shields. bord-hreoda, -hr§da, w. m. shield- covering, shield, buckler. 28 bordrand — brecan bord-rand, st. m. edge of a shield, shield. bord-staed, st. n. seashore. bord-weall, st. m. 1. shield- wall, wall of shields, buckler, shield. — 2. quay. Ka. 34, C. bord-wudu, st. m. shield-wood, shield. borg-sorg, st. f. sorrow on account of lending, or of security, (ms. burg sorg. Keim 63.) bosm, st. m. bosom, breast, lap, inner parts. (Ger. busen.) bot, st.f. 1. boot, help, cure, rem- edy. — 2. alleviation, redress. — 3. boot, amends, reparation. — 4. sat- isfaction, restoring, compensation. — 5. penance, repentance, offer- ing. — 6. to bote, to boot, besides, moreover. (Ger. busse.) botl, st. n. house, dwelling. botl-gestrgon, st. n. riches in houses, goods, riches. botl-wela, w. m. wealth of houses, village. botm, st. m. bottom. (Ger. boden, O. H. Ger. bodam.) brad, adj. broad, stretched out, roomy, wide, spacious, copious. (Ger. brcit.) brad, st. n. breadth. brade, adv. far and wide, broadly, widely. breed, st. f. heat, glow, smell; or the fleshy part of animal bodies. Ph. 240. braedan, w. v. 1. to broaden, make . broad, stretch out, expand. — 2. to be extended or developed, rise, grow. (Ger. breiten.) [tend. ge-braedan, to stretch out, ex- geond-brsedan, to spread over, cover entirely. ofer-brasdan, to bo spread over, cover. to-braedan, to spread out, mul- tiply, open. braedra, compar, of brad. brsedu, st. f. breadth, width. breegdan (=bregdan), to sing ac- cording to time, sing. breegd-boga, w. m. deceitful bow. braegd-wis, adj. crafty, sly, cun- ning. braegn-loca, w. in. brain-house, head. (jms. hrcsgrUoca.) braesne, adj. mighty, powerful. braewum, dat. pi. See brea-w. brand, bxond, s£. m. 1. brand, fire- brand, burning piece of wood. — 2. burning, flame, fire. — 3. a glowing object, torch. — 4. sword. B. 1451. — 5.warrior. B. 1020. (Ger. brand.) brand-hat, adj. burning hot, ardent, passionate. brand-hord, st. n. burning treasure, i. e., care, anxiety. brand-staem, adj. having a prow supplied with a pole or beam (Grein); — the shining prowed. (B.-T.). An. 501. brant, bront, adj. going high, raging, foaming, high, steep. brecan, st. abl. r. II. 1. to break, break to pieces, break through, violate. — 2. to vex, press, not to let rest. — 3. to break in upon, take by storm. — 4. to break out, spring out. — 5. to make a way for one's self by force, to sail. (Ger. brcchen.) a-brecan, to break open, force, break to pieces, violate, conquer, take by storm. be-brecan, to rob or spoil by breaking off, plucking. for-brecan, to break to pieces, destroy, violate. ge-brecan, to break, break to pieces, destroy, oppress. to-brecan, to break in pieces, break through. burh-brecan, to break through. (Ger. durchbrechen.) brecan — breagas 29 brecan, w. v. to roar, break. brgc-hraegl, st. n. clothes for the thigh, breeches. breed, st. f. breach, breaking, sor- row, breclan, st. abl. v. I. 1. to swing round, swing, move, draw out, draw, drag. — 2. to braid, knit, knot, plait, weave. a-bredan, to swing, draw, take away, draw back. for-bredan, to change, trans- form. ge-br6dan, 1. to swing, draw, unsheath. — 2. to breathe (drawing in and giving forth breath). — 3. to knit, plait. ofer-br§dan,to draw over, cover. on-br8dan, to tear open, throw open violently. 6d-br§dan, to withdraw, de- prive. to-br8dan, 1. to divide. — 2. to spread out, stretch out. — 3. to awake from sleep. — 4. to turn to , turn about. bredian, w. v. ge-bredian, to restore flesh, make fleshy. bredwian, w. v. a-bredwian, to strike down, kill. brggan, w. v. to frighten, terrify. £-br§gan, same as above. bregdan, st. abl. v. I. 1. to swing, vibrate, draw, unsheath, brandish. — 2. to knit, knot, plait, weave. — 3. to change color, be parti- colored. — 4. to modulate. — 5. to turn or be transformed into. (O. H. Ger. breitan.) a-bregdan, to swing, draw, take away, draw back. for-bregdan, to draw over, cover. ge-bregdan, to swing. ofer-bregdan, to draw over, cover. on-bregdan, to start up. to-bregdan, 1. to divide, tear in pieces, rend, lacerate. — 2. slaepe tobregdan, to awake, wake up. brego, bregu, brega, breogo, st. m. prince, lord, master. (Icel. bragr.) brego-rice, st. n. principality, king- dom. brego-rof, adj. powerful like a ruler, of heroic strength. brego-stol, st. m. throne, rule, power. brego-weard, st. m. ruler, prince, lord, master. bregum, dat. pi. See br6aw. brehtm, st. m . sound, noise, tumult ; — sudden, quick movement. breman, w. v. to celebrate, make famous, brember, st. m. bramble. (Cf. Ger. brom-beere.) hreme,a(lj. widely known, celebrated, renowned, noble, illustrious. breme, adv. famously, gloriously. bremen, adj. celebrated, illustrious, noble, glorious. brenan, w. v. to make or dye brown, Run. 15 (Grein) ; — brened, burns, = berned, 3d sig. pres. of bernan. (B.-T.) brengan, w. v.,pret. brohte, to bring, bear, lead, advance, present, offer. ge-brengan, same as above, brenting, st. m. ship, craft. brSr, st. m. briar, thorny plant. (Chaueer, brere.) brerd, st. m. brim, edge, margin, shore, bank. bresne, adj. brazen, mighty, power- ful, strong, bretta (=brytta), to. rn. ruler, lord. brSder. See brodor. brSad, st. n. bread. (Ger. brot.) breadian, w. v. ge-breadian, to make fleshy, restore. breagas, nom. ace. ph See brSaw, 30 breahtm — brimwudu breahtm, st. m. noise, cry, tumult, rejoicing. (O. H. Ger. braht.) breahtum-hwaet, adj. quick as the wink of an eye, swift. breatan, st. red. v. to break through, demolish, cut in pieces, tear, de- stroy, kill. ^-breatan, same as above. breaw, st. m. eyelid. breodian, to. v. to cry out. breodwian, w. v. to strike, beat down, breogo, breomo, breotone. See brego, brim, bryten. breost, st. n. breast, heart, mind, thought, disposition. (Ger. brust.) breost-cearu, st. f. breast-care, heart-sorrow, breost-cofa, w. m. the breast as the seat of the feelings; — affections, breast, heart, mind, breost-gehygd, st. f. n. thought of the heart or mind, inner thought, secret thought. breost-gepanc, st. m. heart-thought, thought of the mind, breost-gewasdu, st. n. pi. breast- weeds, coat of mail. breost-hord, st. v. m. breast-hoard, thought, heart, soul. breost-loca, w. m. breast-iuclosure, mind, heart. breost-net, st. n. breast-net, shirt of chain-mail, coat of mail. breost-sefa, w. m. breast-thought, mind. breost-toga,w.w.breast-leader,chief. breost--weordung, st. f. ornament worn on the breast, ornament. breost-wylm, st. m. heaving of the breast, emotion, sorrow. breotan, st. abl. v. VI. to break, break to pieces, destroy, kill. (O. H. Ger. bretdn.) a-brgotan, same as above, breoton. See bryten. breodan, st. abl. v. VI. a-breodan, to perish, be de- stroyed ; — deteriorate. brice, brice, briced. See bryce, bryce, brecan. bricg. See brycg. brid, st. m. bird, the young (of any of the feathered tribe). bridel, st. m. bridle, rein. (O. H. Ger. britM.) bridels, st. m. bridle, rein. bridels-hring, st. m. bridle-ring. brigd, st. n. change, variety of colors. Pa. 26. I brihtan, iv. v. ge-brihtan, to brighten, make beautiful. ! brim, brym, st.n. city-hedge, the quick- set hedge around a town. I burg-belu, st. f. castle-floor. burgwara — byrhtan 33 burg-wara, w. m. inhabitant of the city, citizen. burg-waru, st. f. inhabitants of a city as a body, citizens. burg-wela, w. m. city wealth, treas- ures. burg-weall, st. m. city wall, wall. burg-weard, st. m. castle warder, city defender. burg-wigend, part. & subs, warrior of city, warrior. burh. See burg. burna, burne, w. m. f. (burn, bourn), fountain, spring, brook, water, river. (G-er. brunnen, born.) burn-sele, st. m. spring or bath- house. bur-pegn, st. m. bower -thane, chamberlain, page. butan, buton, I. conj. 1. w. subj. but, unless, except. — 2. w. incl. except, unless, save that. — 3. without verb, except. — II. prep. w. clat. 1. out of, against. An. 679. — 2. except, without. bute = butan, conj. w. subj. unless. butu. See begen and twegen. byegan, bicgan, byegean, w. v. buy, procure. (Goth, bugjan.) be-byegan, to sell. ge-byegan, to buy, procure. byden, st. f. butt, tun, cask, barrel. (O. H. Ger. butin.) bygan,bigan, -ean,w.v. tobow,bend, bow down, humiliate, abase. for-bigan, to bend in the wrong direction, bow down, humiliate, weaken, abase. ge-bygan, to bow, bend, bow down, curve, abase, break to pieces. on-bygan, to curve inward, curve. byht, st. m. corner, bay, dwelling, abode, territory. (Ger. bucht.) bylda, w. m. builder, householder, proprietor. I byldan, w. v. to embolden, incite, urge on, encourage, confirm. ge-byldan, same as above. byldan, w.v. ge-byldan, to make sad, sadden. byldo, st. f. toil, misery, hardship. byled-brSost, adj. having a bill-like breast. bylgan, w. v. a-bylgan, to insult, enrage, vex, anger. bylgian, iv. v. [wrong. a-bylgian, to be wanting, do byme, w. f. trumpet. bylwit, bylywit. See bilwit. byrdan, w. v. geed-byrdan, to regenerate. ' byrd-scipe, st. m. birthship, child- bearing. byrdu-scrud, st. n. shield ornament, design upon a shield. byre, st. m. son, young man, youth. (Goth, baur.) byre, st. m. opportunity, time. byrele, st. m. steward, waiter, cup- bearer, byrelian, byrlian, w. v. to drink to one, to taste before, drink, serve. byred. See beran. byrg, byrig. See burg, byrgan, byrgian, byrigan, w. v. to taste, feast, eat. (O. N. byrgja.) ge-byrgan, to taste, feast, eat. on-byrgan, same as above. byrgan, byrigan, w. v. to hide, bury, inter. (Ger. bergen.) be-, bi- byrgan, to raise a mound to, bury, inter. byrgen, st. f. mound, grave, tomb. byrgend, part. & subs, burier, grave- digger, byrged. See beorgan. byrht, adj. bright, shining, clear, clear-toned, loud. byrhtan, w. v. to shine. ge-byrhtan, to lighten, illumine, make celebrated. 34 byrhtm — campwudu byrhtm, st. m. breaking, crash, noise. byrhtu, st. f. brightness, splendor. byrht-word, adj. clear-voiced. byrhd. See beorgan. byrian, w. v. ge-byrian, to happen, occur. byrian, w. v. ge-byrian, to beseem, be be- coming, fit, proper. byrlian. See byrelian. byrman, iv. v. ge-byrman, to ferment, leaven; part, proud, swollen. byrnan, w. v. to burn, consume. byrne, w. f. burnie, corselet, shirt of mail. (Ger. briinne.) byrne, w. f. burn, rushing brook, torrent. [mail. byrn-hama, w. m. corselet, coat of byrn-honi, st. m. corselet, coat of mail. byrn-wiga, to. in. warrior clad in coat-of-mail. [above. byrn-wigend, part. & sabs, same as byrst, st. m. loss, damage, defect. byrd. See beran. I byrden, st f. burthen, burden, load, weight. (Ger. biirdc.) bysen, bisen, st. f. 1. pattern, ex- ample, similitude, resemblance, parable. — 2. command, order, pre- cept. bysgian, bisgian, biesgian, bysigan, w. v. to be busy, engaged, occupy, afflict, vex, torment. a-bysgan, to occupy, engage, ge-bysgan, to be busy, occupy, master, seize, perfect, disquiet, vex, torment. bysgu, bysigu, bisgu, st. f. work, labor, exertion, pains, trouble, affliction. bysmer, bysmerian. See bisrner, bismerian. byst. See beon. bytla, is. m. builder? houseowner? Gu. 119, 705. bytlian, w. v. to build, erect. byd. See beon. bywan, w. v. to arrange, adorn, or- nament. (O. N. Ma.) a-bywan, to clean, purify. C ceeg, caege, st. & w. f. key. caf, adj. ready, quick, active, adroit, prompt- cafe, adv. quickly, promptly. cafer-tun, st. m. court or vestibule of a temple or palace, caf-lice, adv. quickly, manfully, valiantly. calc-rand, -rond, adj. supplied with shoes, shod, cald, caldu. See ceald, cealdu. calend, st. m. 1. month. — 2. life, end of life ? Sal. 479. calic, st. m. chalice, cup. calu, adj. bald, without hair, callow. (Ger. kahl.) cambol, combol (=cumbol), st. m. sign, standard. camp, st m. fetter for the feet, fetter, chain. camp, comp, st m. battle, combat, fight, contest. (Ger. kampf.) campian, compian, w. v. to fight, strive, contest. (Ger. kdmpfen.) camp-raeden, st f. military service, contest, camp-stede, st m. battlefield, place of battle. [weapon. camp-Wcepen, st. n. war or battle- camp-wig, st m. n. battle, contest, camp-wudu, st m. war-wood, spear, shield? can — cearc 35 can. See cunnan. can, st. m. germ, sprout? Ps. 79, 10. (Ms. tanas.) candel, condel, st. f. candle, light. cann, canst. See cunnan. cantic, st. m. canticle, song. carc-ern, st. n. prison-house, prison. caru. See cearu. caser-dom, st. m. rule or sway of an emperor, imperial rule, casere, st. m. emperor. ceder, st. f. cedar. ceder-beam, st. m. cedar-tree, cedar. c§gan, cegian, w. v. to call, invoke, name. cSlan, w. v. a-celan, to cool off, still, quiet. cele, st. m. coldness, cold. celod, cellod, adj. keeled, in the form of a skiff, hollow. cempa, tv. m. warrior, fighter, hero, champion, cen, st. m. pine, pine- torch; — name for the Rune c. (Ger. Men.) cene, adj. keen, bold, warlike. (Ger. JcilJin.) cennan, w. v. 1. to beget, to bear, bring forth. — 2. to create, make, prove, attribute. (Ger. Icennen.) a-cennan, to beget, conceive, bring forth, bear. cennan, iv. v. to confess, explain, show, proclaim, ascribe, impute. (cf. Ger. helcennen.) ge-cennan, to acknowledge, con- fess. c6ndu, st. f. keenness, boldness. cSpa, w. m. chapman^ merchant. cepan, w. v. ge-c8pan, to buy, purchase. cerge, cerr. See cearig, cyrr. cerran, w. v. 1. to turn, turn about, i — 2. to turn one's self, return. a-cerran, to turn off or from ; — | turn one's self, go. be-cerran, to turn, turn round, \ convert. ge-cerran, 1. to turn, turn round, change. — 2. to turn one's self, turn one's self round, go, re- turn. on-cerran, 1. to turn round or about, change, alter, transform. — 2. to turn off or away. — 3. to turn one's self, go. ymb-cerran, to turn round, wander about, make the circuit of. cest, cester. See cist, ceaster. ceafer-tun. See cafer-tun. ceafl, st. m. beak, mouth, jaw, jaw- bone, snout. (Ger. Jciefel.) ceafor, st. m. beetle, chafer. (Ger. Mfer.) ceald, cald, adj. cold. (Ger. kaU.) ceald, cald, st. n. coldness, cold. ceald-heort, adj. cold-hearted, in- human, cruel. cealdian, w. v. to become cold. (Cf. Ger. erkalten.) cealdu, caldu, st. f. coldness, cold. cealf, calf, st. m., n. pi. cealfas and cealfru, calf. (Ger. 7mlb.) ceallian, w. v. to call, call out, shout. (Scand. Icalla.) c§ap, st. m. cattle; — purchase, trans- action, price, sale, bargain, object of sale or price, possession, prop- erty, especially cattle. (Ger. Tcauf.) cSap-Sadig, adj. rich in cattle, goods, rich, wealthy. cSapian, w. v. (to cheapen), 1. to buy, purchase. — 2. to endeavor to bribe. (Ger. Icaufen.) ge-ceapian, to bargain, trade, buy, pay. ceapung, st. f. buying and selling, trade, business. cear, adj. anxious, careful, full of anxiety. cearc, st.m.f n.f sorrow, care; — crex = cerx, cearces ? El. 610. (ms. rex. Zupitza.) 36 cearelice — cid ceare-lice, adv. sorrowfully, miser- ably. cear-ful, adj. careful, sorrowful. cear-gaest, -gest, st. m. care-guest, guest of sorrow, devil. cear-gealdor, st. n. sorrowful song or speech. cearian, w. v. to care, take care, trouble one's self. cearig, adj. chary, sad, sorrowful, dire. cear-leas, adj. careless, free from care or sorrow, reckless. cear-seld, st. n. dwelling of sorrow, home of care. cear-sid, st. m. sorrowful way, un- dertaking bringing sorrow, sad fortune, fate. cear-sorg, st. f. careful, sorrowful anxiety. cearu, earn, st. f. care, sorrow, lam- entation, grief. (Goth. kara.) cear-wylm, -waelm, -welm, st. m. waves of sorrow, anxious emotion. ceas, st. f. strife, quarrel, battle. (O. H. Ger. kosa.) ceaster, cester, st. f. fortified place, castle, city; — heaven. ceaster-buend, part. & subs, inhab- itants of a fortress, town, or city. ceaster-hlid, st. n. castle or city lid, gate. ceaster-hof, st. n. house or building in the city. ceaster-wara, w. m. inhabitant of a city, citizen. ceol, ciol, st. m. keel, ship. (Ger. Mel.) ceolas, st. m. pi. cold winds, cold. ceole, 10./. throat. (Ger. Jcehle.) ceol-belu, st. f. keel-boarding, ship. ceorfan, st. abl. v. I. to carve, cut, cut down, hew, engrave. (Ger. kerben.) a-ceorfan, to hew off, cut off. be-ceorfan, to cut off, separate. for-ceorfan, to cut apart, cut off. ' ceorl, st. m. churl, a man of lower class, husbandman, countryman, freeman, man, husband, hero. (Ger. kerl.) ceosan, ciosan, st. abl. v. VI. 1. to choose, pick out, assume, elect, seek. — 2. to accept. (Ger.kiesen. ge-ceosan, to choose, select, elect, seek out, seek, attain, obtain, take up. ceowan, st. abl. v. VI. to chew, gnaw, eat, consume. (Ger. kauen.) be-ceowan, bi-, to chew thor- oughly, gnaw in pieces. cidan, w. v. to chide, contend, strive, quarrel, rebuke, complain. cigan, ciegan, -ean, cygan, w. v. 1. to call, call upon, invoke. — 2. to name. — 3. to call, cry aloud. a-cigan, to call, call to one, or hither. cild, st. n. child. cild-geong, adj. young as a child. cild-had, st. m. childhood. cildisc, adj. childish, puerile. cile, cime, cimd. See cyle, cyme, cuman. cin-berg, st. f. chin-defense, visor. cing. See cyning. cinnan, st. abl. v. I. to gape, yawn, bring forth? Reim. 52. for-cinuan,to deny, disown, repu- diate. Sal. 107. cir. See cyrr. circe, cirice, cyrce, cyrice, w. f. church, temple. (Ger. kirchc.) circ-nyt, st. f. church-service. circul, st. w. circle. cire, cirice. See eyre, circe. [roar. cirm, cyrm, st. m. noise, shout, up- cirmaii, cyrmari, w. v. to make a noise, shout. cirraii, u\ v. to turn. on-cirran, to turn, change. cist. See cyst. cid. st. »i. germ, bud, sprout, some- thing growing, grass. cierr — cneo 37 cierr, ciegan, ciest. See cyrr, cigan, cyst (cist). ciol, ciosan. See ceol, c§osan. cla, st. f. claw, nail, hoof. (Ger. klaue.) clsene, clene, adj. clean, pure, chaste, innocent, just, whole ; — noble, holy, shining, brilliant; — sagacious, in- genious, acute, intellectual. (G-er. klein.) clsene, clene, adv. clean, entirely, fully. clsen-georn, adj. yearning after or desirous of purity. clsen-lic, adj. cleanly, pure, clean. cleen-nes, st. f. cleanness, purity. clsensian, w. v. to cleanse, purify. ge-clsensian, same as above. clam, clom, st. m.f.(n.f) fetter, chain; — figuratively, of a strong grip, net, fold, prison. clansian, w. v. ge-clansian, to cleanse, purify. clad, st. m. cloth, dress, clothes, swaddling-cloth. (Ger. kleid.) clawe. See cla. clemman, w. v. be-clemman, to fetter, shut in, inclose. (Ger. beJclemmen.) clene. See clsene. clengan = glengan, to adorn ? or is clenged (Ra. 29, 8) a subst.? (Grein.) clengan, w. v. to exhilarate. (B.-T.) clSo, st. f. claw, hoof. clSofa, iv. m. cleft, hole, cell, cham- ber, tent, den. cleofan, st. abl. v. VI. to cleave, split. (Ger. Mieben.) t6-cle~ofan, to split, cleave asun- der. cleofian (clifian), w. v. to cleave, stick. cleopian, w. v. to call, call out, cry. cleowen, st. n. clew, ball of thread, ball. clibbor, adj. sticky, adhesive. (O. H. Ger. Tclebar. ) clif, cleof, st. n. cliif, rock, promon- tory. (Ger. Mippe.) clifan, st. abl. v. V. 6d-clifan, to stick, cleave, ad- here. clingan, st. abl. v. I. to cling, shrink, draw up, pine, wither, become weak. be-clingan, to surround, bind. ge-clingan, to contract, draw up, shrivel. clipian, w. v. to call. clom. See clam. cliis, st.f. cell, lockup, prison. (Ger. klause. ) cluster, st. n. lock, bar, barrier, cell. (Ger. kloster.) clustor-cleofa, w.m. prison-chamber, cell. clymmian, w. v. to climb, ascend. clympre, w. m. clump or lump of metal, metal. clynian, w. v. to clang, resound. clypian, w. v. to call, cry. (Chaucer clepe. Cf. y-clept.) clyppan, iv. v. to clip, clasp, embrace. (Icel. klippa. ) be-, bi- clyppan, same as above. ymb-clyppan, same as above. clypung, st. f. calling, cry, prayer. clysan, to. v. be-clysan, to close, shut to. cnawan, st. red. v. ge-cnawan, to know, perceive, recognize. (O. H. Ger. kndjan.) on-cnawan, to know, perceive, recognize ; — distinguish, hear ; — to look back upon, acknowledge, confess. cnea, gen. pi. of cneo, race, rela- tionship. cnear, st. m. ship. (Icel. knarri.) cneo, cn6ow, st. n. knee. (Ger. knie. ) 38 cn6o — craet cneo, cn6ow, st. n. generation, rela- tionship, race. cneodan, st. abl. v. VI. ge-cneodan, to join to, give, dedicate. cneo-magas, st. m. pi. kinsfolk of the same race or generation. cneo-rim, st. m. member of the tribe or kinsfolk, progeny, family. cneo-ris, st. f. generation, progeny, posterity,race,tribe,family,nation. cneo-sib, st. f. generation, race. cneow. See cneo. cniht, cnyht, st. m. 1. knight, boy, youth.— 2. servant. Met. 26, 85. (Ger. Jcnecht.) cniht-geong, adj. young as a child. cniht-wesende, part, still being a child or boy, while still a boy. cnoll, st. m. knoll, hilltop, summit. (Ger. knollen.) cnosl, st. n. posterity, race, kin, fam- ily, tribe, progeny. cnossian, w. v. to be struck or hit upon, to bound against. cnyht. See cniht. cnyssan, w. v. to strike, hit upon, dash against each other, press, excite, disquiet, vex, disturb. ge-cnyssan,to press, oppress, vex. on-cnyssan, same as above. coc, st. m. cook. (Ger. hock.) cocer-panna, w. m. f. cooking-pan, frying-pan. cocor, st. m. 1. sword, spear. — 2. quiver for arrows, case. cofa, w. m. cove; hence, chamber, room, couch. cofor-flod, st. m. sea of Galilee. cohhetan, w. v. to give forth a vio- lent sound; — to cough, pnff and blow (Grein); to bluster (B.-T.). col, ,s-£. n. coal. (Ger. JcohJe.) col, adj. cool. (Ger. MM.) cohan, w. v. to become cool, cool; to be cold. (Ger. kuhlen.) ei-colian, same as above. collen- ferd, -ferhd, -fyrhd, adj. lit- erally, of swollen mind or heart, in consequence of either sorrow or anger, high-minded, noble, bold, courageous. col-nes, st. f. coolness. com. See cuman. combol. See cambol. cometa, w. m. comet. comp, compian. See camp, cam- pian. con, conn, const. See cunnan. corn, st. n. corn, grain, seed. (Ger. korti. ) cordor, st. n. herd, flock, troop, band, army, retinue, throng, crowd. cost, part, tried, proved. costian, iv. v. to try, tempt, prove, test, examine ; — to bring into dan- ger, into temptation. (Ger. Jcostcn.) ge-costian, the same as above. costing, st. f. trial, temptation, trib- ulation. costnung, st. f. same as above. costung, st. f. same as above. coda, codu, w. m. f. & st. f. evil, dis- ease, sickness. cod-lice, adv. ill, miserably. craeft, st. m. 1. craft, skill, art, talent, power, cunning, physical strength. — 2. a great quantity. B. 2222.— 3. craft, vessel, ship. (Ger. kraft.) craeftan, w. v. ge-craeftan, to effect, bring about. craeftga. See craeftiga. craeft-gleaw, adj. artful, skillful, wise. craeftig, creaftig, adj. crafty, pow- erful, strong, mighty, skillful, ar- tistic, cunning, virtuous. (Ger. (Jcrdftig.) craeftiga, craeftga, w. )». craftsman, artist, workman, artificer, artist. architect. craet, st. >i. cart, wagon, carriage. (Ger. kratze.) crex — cud 39 crex = cerc. See cearc. creaftig, adj. See craeftig. • creodan, st. abl. v. VI. to crowd, press, drive. creopan, st. abl. v. VI. to creep, crawl. (Ger. kriechen.) be-creopan, to creep into, crawl, slip into. crib, cryb, st. f. crib. (Ger. Jcrippe.) crincan, st. abl. v. I. to become ill, fall. ge-crincan, same as above. cringan, crincgan, st. abl. v. I. to cringe, become ill, fall, submit, sink in death. ge-cringan, same as above. crist, st. m. anointed one, Christ. cristallum, ace. sg. crystal. Ps. 147, 6. cristen, adj. christian. cristnian, w. v. to christen, chris- tianize, baptize. croda, gecrod, w. m. & st. n. crowd, throng. cryb, cryded. See crib, creodan. cu, pi. cy, eye, st.f. cow. (Ger. huh. ) cue. See cwic. culfre, culufre, w. f. dove, pigeon. culpe, w. f. fault, sin. cuma, w. m. new-comer, guest. cuman, st. abl. v. II. (pret. com and cwom), to come, go; — often used with inf. of a verb of motion, ex- pressing various adverbial rela- tions, manner, purpose, &c. (Ger. hommen. ) a-cuman, to come, come out. an-cuman, to arrive. (Ger. an- Jcommen.) be-, bi- cuman, to become, happen, befall, come, arrive, reach, ap- proach, enter; — come into, come together. for-cuman, to come before, sur- prise, excel, conquer. fore-cuman, to come before, prevent. ofer-cuman, to overcome, with- stand, fall upon, attack, compel, conquer; — irnpers. Deor. 26. cumbol, st. m. sign, — especially a military standard, ensign, banner ; — a cognizance or sign worn upon the helmet. cumbol-gebrec, st. n. breaking or hewing helmet-signs in battle ; — crash of helmets. cumbol-gehnad, st. n. conflict of banners, battle. cumbol-gehnast,stn.same as above. cumbol-haga, w. m. a protecting or- nament on the helmet! Jul. 395 (Grein); — compact rank, phalanx (B.-T.) cumbol-hete, st. m. hate signified by opposing standards, hate. cumbol-wiga, w. m. warrior. cumbor = cumbol. cund, adj. derived or sprung from. (O. H. Ger. -hund.) cunnan, v.pret.pres., pres. sg. 1. can, con, cann, conn. — 2. canst, const ; pi. cunnon ; pret. cude ; — 1. iv.acc. to know, be acquainted with. — 2. w. inf. can, know how to. (Ger. Jconnen.) on-cunnan, w. v. to make known, accuse, attack. cunnian, iv. v. to investigate, inquire into, try, prove, experience. ge-cunnian, to inquire into, try, prove, seek for, search out, expe- rience. cunnung, .9/. /. trial, temptation. cusc, adj. chaste, modest, honorable. (Ger. keusch.) cud, adj. (cf. uncouth), 1. known, well known, celebrated, clear, ev- ident, certain, sure. — 2. familiar, friendly, affable, kind. — 3. usual, customary. — 4. having the praise of excellence, of being well known, famed, celebrated. — 5. sure, safe, trustworthy. (Ger. leund.) 40 cude — cwyet cude, adv. clearly, plainly. cudice = cud-lice, adj. the same as above. cud-lice, adv. 1. certainly, surely, plainly, evidently. — 2. therefore, to be sure (Cod. 141), hence (Bout. Ev. ) 3. f aniiliaiiy, friendly, kindly, affably. — 4. nobly (B. 244), openly, I publicly (H.-S). cwacian, w. v. to quake, tremble. cwalu, st. f. murder, violent death, death, destruction. (Ger. qual.) cwanian, w. r. to complain, lament, bemoan, cweccan, w. v. to move, swing. a-cweccan, the same as above, cwelan, st. abl. v. II. to die. a-cwelan, the same as above. cwellan, w. v. (pret. cwealde), to quell, kill. (Ger. qudlen.) a-cwellan, the same as above. cwelm. See cwealm. cwelman, w. v. to kill, put to death. cw8man,w.v. to be agreeable, please, delight, satisfy, comply with, serve, be obedient to. (Ger. bequcmen.) ge-cweman, same as above. cw§n, st. f. 1. woman. — 2. wife. — 3. queen, empress. cwene, w. f. woman. cwen-lic, adj. womanly, feminine, queenly, cwedan, st. all. r. III. quoth, to say, speak. (Goth. qi]?an.) aefter-cwedan, to speak after; — pres. part, praising after death. a-cwedan, to speak out, say out, say. be-, bi- cwedan, 1. to say. — 2. to blame, reproach. for-cwedan, to boast, promise great things. ge-cwedan, to say, speak, on-cwedan, 1. to address, ac- cost.— 2. answer.— 3. resound, to make or give an answer or reply to. D6m. 144. cwealde. See cwellan. cwealm, c^relm,st.?n. qualm, violent death, death, destruction, torment, pain. (Ger. qualm.) cwealm-bealu, st. n. evil of murder, deadly evil, cwealm-cuma, w. m. death- bringer, death-plotting guest. cwealm-dreor, st. m. death's blood, bloodshed of death. cwealm-brea, inded. m.f deadly terror. cwic, cwyc, cwtic, cue, adj. quick, having life, alive. (Ger. heck.) cwicen, adj. the same as above. cwic-hr6rende, part, moving with life; moving the living? Sch. 5. cwician,cwycian, w. v. to quicken, give life to. a-cwician, the same as above. ge-cwician, the same as above, cwic-lifigende, part, living. cwic-susl, st. n. eternal punishment, pains of hell. cwicu, adj. alive, living, cwicu-lice, adv. quickly vividly. cwiddian, w. v. hearm-cwiddian, to lay hold of craftily, calumniate, reproach, cwide, cwyde, st. w. saying, speech, thought, judgment, teaching. cwide-gied, st. h. speech, news, (Grein); — song, ballad (B.-T.). cwist, cwid. See cwedan. cwidan, st. abl. v. V. to complain, bemoan, mourn, lament. (Icel. kwida. ) cwide. See cwide. cwom. See cuman. cwuc, cwyc, cwycian, cwyddian, cwyde. See cwic, cwiccan, cwiddian, cwide. cwyld-rof, adj. deadly bold, mur- derous, savage. cwylman, w. v. to kill, slay, cwyst, cwyd. See cwedan. cwy d — cyrran 41 cwyd, st.f. what is promised, curse? Gen. 1596. cygan. See cigan. cyle, cile, st. m. chill, coldness, cold. (Ger. MMe.) cyle-gicel, st. m. cold icicles. cyll, cylle, st f. m. skin, bottle, flagon. (Icel. Jcyllir.) cym. See cuman. cyme, cime, st. m. coming, arrival. cyme, adj. becoming, lovely, glorious, splendid. cyme, cymest, cymed. See cuman. cym-lic, adj. comely, lovely, splendid. cym-lice, adv. conveniently, fitly, beautifully, splendidly, grandly. cymd. See cuman. cyn, adj. becoming, seeming, fit, proper; — in the pi. used as a siibs. = the becoming, the suitable, that which is suitable or proper. cyn, st. n. kin, race, genus (= all species of one kind), kind; — crowd, heap, multitude, folk, people, nation, tribe, family, offspring, progeny; — kind, nature, quality. cynde, adj. natural, innate, inborn. cynde-lic, the same as above. cyne, adj. kinglike, noble. cyne=ce~ne, adj. keen, bold, brave. cyne-beald, adj. remarkably brave (Grein); — cyning-balde, ms. nobly bold (Thorpe) ; — excellently brave (Heyne). B. 1634. cyne-bearn, st. n. royal child, noble son, Christ. cyne-cyn, st. n. royal race, kingly family. cyne-dom, st. m. kingdom, royal sway, power, cyne-gerela, w. m. royal dress,kingly robe. cyne-god, adj. of good family, noble, well-born. cyne-gold, st. n. royal gold, crown, diadem. cyne-lic, adj. kingly, noble. cyne-lice, adv. in a kingly manner, nobly, royally. cyne-rice, st. n. kingdom, rule, gov- ernment. cyne-rof, adj. kingly bold, very brave. cyne-stol, st. m. royal seat, throne, dwelling, city. cyne-brym, st. m. royal glory, worth, renown, majesty. cyne-word, st. n. a word by which the race or family is made known f proper, fitting. Ea. 44, 16. cyning, cining, cyng, cing, kyning, kynincg, st. m. king, earthly king, God, Christ, — occasionally Satan. (Ger. Jconig.) cyning-beald? See cynebeald. cyning-dom, st. m. kingdom, rule. I cyn-lice, adv. in a becoming, fit, proper manner. j cynn. See cyn. cyn-ren, st. n. progeny, posterity, kind. cypan, w. v. to sell, barter. ge-cypan, to purchase, buy. cypera, iv. m. kipper, kind of fish. Met. 19, 12. cyrce, cyrice. See circe. eyre, st. m. choice, option, free will, will. (Ger. Jcur, Mr.) cyre-beald, adj. bold in choosing, bold, firm. cyrm, cyrman. See cirm, cirman. cyrr, cierr, st. m. change, space of time ; — aet sumum cyrre, at some time, once, cyrran, iv. v. 1. to turn. — 2. to turn one's self, go, return. (Ger.Jcehren.) a-cyrran, to turn away from, avert. ge-cyrran,l.to turn, turn about. 2. to turn one's self, go, return. — 3. to go, iv. cognate ace. mis-cyrran, to turn around, pervert. 42 cyrten — daeglong on-cyrran, to turn, turn about, change. — 2. to turn away, avert. 3. to turn one's self, go. 6d-cyrran, to turn one's self away from, be turned. ymb-cyrran, to turn around, go around, make the circuit of. cyrten, adj. chaste, beautiful. cyspan, iv. v. to bind, fetter. cyssan, w. v. to kiss. (Ger. Mssen.) ge-cyssan, to kiss. cyst, adj. chosen, desirable. cyst, st. f. 1. free will, choice. — 2. choice, election. — 3. w. gen. pi. what is chosen, best of its kind. — 4. virtue, excellence, goodness. — 5. generosity, munificence. cyst, cist, cest, st. f. chosen body, cohort. cystig, adj. just, upright, good. cyte, iv. f. cot, hut, den, cave, cell. cyd,cydd, st. f. 1. home. — 2. coun- try, region, place. (Ger. hunde.) cydan, w. v. to make known, an- nounce, relate, tell, inform, to speak, utter, pronounce. — 2. to make celebrated, uncover, reveal, declare, manifest, prove, show, confess, do, perform. (Ger. kfiinden.) a-cydan, to proclaim, manifest, let be know^n, strengthen, demon- strate, prove. for-cydan, to conquer in a dis- pute. Sal. 176, 206. ge-cydan, to make known, give information, announce, speak out, say out, tell, utter, inform. — 2. to make known, uncover, reveal, man- ifest, show, proclaim, effect. — 3. to make celebrated. cyddu, st. f. home. D daed, d6d, st. f. deed, action. (Ger. that.) dced-cene,af/y'.keen for action, active, bold. deed-from, adj. vigorous in action, energetic. daed-fruma, iv. m. doer of deeds, doer, perpetrator, d^d-hata, w. m. he who hates or pursues through his deeds (Grein); deed-commander, instigating to deeds (Leo). B. 275. d^d-hwaet, adj. quick to do, ready, bold. d^d-lean, st. m. reward for deeds, recompense, d^d-rof, adj. bold in deeds, valiant. d^d-scua, w. m. he who acts in darkness, devil. daed-weorc, st. n. deed, work, great work. daeg, st. m. day; and name for the Rune d; — daeges, gen. sg., adv. days, by day;— daeges and nihtes, days and nights ;— on daege (daeg), by day; — to-daege, to-day; — of daege on daeg, from day to day;— ofer midne dasg, afternoon; — on midne daeg, midday; pi. dagas, days, life, period of a man's life :— emnihtes daeg, equal day and night, equinox; — wintres daeg, the beginning of winter. daeg-candel, st. f. day's candle, sun. daeg-hluttre, adj. clear, bright as day. daeg-hwam, adv. daily. d3sg-hwamlice(-hwaem-),f?r/r.u;uly daeg-hwil, st.f. a day's time, space of one day. daeg-long, adj. one day long,during one whole day. daegrSd — delfan 43 daeg-red, st. n. daybreak, dawn. daegred-woma, w. m. the stir or rush accompanying daybreak,rush of early morning, dawn. daeg-rim, st. n. number of days, course of days, fixed number of days. dseg-sceald, st. m. n. " day-ruler," sun; — daegscealdes hleo, pillar of cloud, lit. shade of the day- ruler. daeg-tid, st. f. daytime, time, epoch, period; — daegtidum, instr. pi. by day, in the daytime. daeg-weorc, st. n. a day's work, fixed, stated service. daeg-weordung, st. f. celebration of a day, feast, festival. daeg-woma, w. m. See daegred- woma. dasl, st. n. dale, valley, den, gulf. (Ger. thai.) dasl, st. m. deal, part, portion. (Ger. theil.) dselan, delan, w. v. 1. to deal, divide, separate. — 2. to separate from something. — 3. to share with. — 4. to distribute, deal, dole, impart, bestow. — 5. to take part in, be a sharer or partaker. — 6. to be di- vided.— 7. w. instr. hilde (earfode) daelan, to fight, contend. (Ger. theilen.) a-dselan, to divide, separate. be-, bi- deelan, to deprive, free from, release, bereave. efen-gedselan,to divide equally. ge-dselan, 1. to divide, separate. 2. to sunder, cut loose from, re- nounce. — 3. to be divided, sep- arate, be divided from something, renounce, refuse, forego. — 4. to part, impart, distribute, bestow, share. — 5. to take part in, become partaker of. — 6. ordain, arrange, create. to-dselan, 1. to divide, separate. 2. to dismember, destroy. — 3. to distribute. — 4. to be divided. — 5. to separate, distinguish. dcel-nimend, -neomend, part.& svbs. partaking, sharing; — partaker, sharer, participator. daene. See denu. daerste, w. f. dregs, lees. dafenian, w. v. ge-dafenian, to suit, to be fit, becoming, behave aright. daga, w. m. day. dagian, w. v. to dawn, become day. (Ger. tagen.) darod (-ad, -ed), deared, st. m. dart, spear: — figuratively, part of a loom; — dareda laf, remainder of an army after a battle. darod-aesc, st. m. (n.f), ash spear. darod-haebbend, part. & subs, spear- bearer, spearman. darod-lacend, part. & subs, fighter with a spear, spearman. dam, st. f. hurt, harm, damage. Decembris, m. December. dSd. See dsed. degan, w. v. ge-degan, -digan, -dygan (-ean), to bear, stand, endure, overcome. dege-lice, adj. secretly. deglian. See dgaglian. degol, st. n. concealment, secrecy, mystery. degol, adj. concealed, hidden, secret, obscure, dark. . degol-ful, adj. full of secrecy, mys- terious. dahter. See dohtor. delan, st. abl. v. II. to fall, decay? fall into ruins? (Grein);— to be proud or arrogant, to boast one's self (Leo). Ps. 118, 63. delfan, st. abl. v. I. to delve, dig, furrow, dig out. a-delfan, the same as above, be-delfan, to dig up, into; — to bury, inter. 44 delan — deofuldsed ge-delfan, to dig. ]?urh-delfan, to dig through. delan. See dselan. dema, w. m. judge, umpire, ruler, lord, master. deman, w. v. 1. to deem, think, judge, decide, determine, prove, doom, condemn. — 2. to count, muster, estimate, reckon. — 3. to praise, laud, tell, narrate. a-deman, to bar or shut out from by a legal decision. ge-deman, to judge, doom, con- demn. — 2. to decide, fix, appoint. demend, part. & subs, judge, umpire. den, dend. See don. denn, st. n. den, cave. dennian,w.?\ to become firm, smooth, slippery? Adelst. 12. denu, st. f. valley, vale, dale. derian, w. v. to hurt, injure, damage. derne, adj. concealed, hid, secret. dead, adj. dead ; — also used as a subst. deaf, adj. deaf. (Ger. taub.) deag. See dugan. deagan, st. red. v. to color, tinge (Grein); — to conceal one's self, hide (Leo). B. 850. deaglian, deglian, w. v. be-deaglian, to hide, conceal, hold secret, keep close. deagol, adj. secret. dean. See dugan. deal, deall, adj. proud, confident, cautious, bold, renowned. dear, deared. See durran, darod. dearnenga, adv. secretly, clandes- tinely, insidiously. dearninga, adv. the same as above. dearminga, adv. the same as above. dead, st. m. death, dying. (Ger. tod. ) dSad-bed, st. n. deathbed, grave. dgad-berende,^/-/. death-bringing. dead-beam, st. m. death-tree, death- bringing tree. dead-cwalu, st. f. violent death, ruin and death, pains of death. dead-cwealm, st, m. violent death, murder. dead-daeg, st. m. dying, death-day, day of death, dead-denu, st. f. valley of death. dead-drepe, st. m. death-blow, death, dead-faege, adj. destined to die, doomed, given over to death. dead-firen, st. f. death sin, mortal sin, capital offense. dead-gedal, st. n. separation of body and soul by death, dead-leg, st. m. death-name, deadly flame, Muspilli. dead-maegen, st. n. death-bringing troop, deadly band. dead-rseced, st. n. dwelling of the dead, grave. dead-rses, st. m. rush of death, sud- den death. d€ad-reow, adj. greedy of slaughter, murderous, savage. d6ad-scua, w. m. death-bringing, deadly being, demon of death. dead-sele, st. m. death-hall, lower w^orld, hell. d6ad-slege, st. m. death-stroke. dead-spere, st. n. death-spear, death- aiming spear, dead-stede, st. m. death-place, battle- field. dead-wang, st. m. same as above, dead-weg, st. n. cup of death. dead-werig, adj. death-weary. dead. dead-wlc, st. n. dwelling of death, home of death. deaw, st. m. dew. (Ger. than.) deaw-dreas, -drias, st. m. dewfall. deawig, adj. dewy, deawig-federe, o^'. dewy-feathered, having moist feathers. deoful, -ol, st. »). n. devil. (Ger. tevfel.) deoful-cund, adj. of hellish origin, diabolical. deoful-dsed, st. f. work of the devil, devilish deed. deofulgild — dolgian 45 deoful-gild, -gield, -gyld, st. n. devil's sacrifice, idolatry, worship of the devil, idol, image of the devil. deoful-witga, w. m. devil's prophet, soothsayer, magician. deog. See deagan. deogol,ac7/. hidden, secret, concealed, dark, unknown. [dark. deogol-lice, adv. secretly, in the deop, st. n. deep, abyss. (Ger. tiefe.) d§op, adj. deep, abysmal, profound, solemn, earnest, grave. (Ger. tief.) dgope, diope, adv. deeply, thor- oughly, earnestly, solemnly. deop-hycgende, part, deeply med- itating. deop-hydig, adj. the same as above. deop-lic, adj. deep. deop-lice, adv. deeply, profoundly, thoroughly. deop-nes, st. f. deepness, depth. d§or, dior, st. n. (deer), animal, wild animal, beast: — most frequently in contrast to domestic animals. (Ger. tliier.) deor, adj. 1. wild, bold, brave, skillful. — 2. heavy, severe, terrible, vehement, violent. deoran, w. v. to glorify, prize, hold dear, love. deor-boren, adj. noble born. deorc, adj. dark, obscure, gloomy, sad. (O. H. Ger. tarni.) deorce, adv. darkly, obscurely , sadly. deore, diore, adj. 1. dear, beloved, cherished. — 2. dear, costly, excel- lent. — 3.glorious,noble. illustrious. (Ger. tlieuer.) deore.diore, adv. 1. dearly, at a high price. — 2. friendly, kindly. deored-sceaft, st, m. shaft of a dart, spear, lance. deor-lic, adj. wild, bold, brave. deor-lice, adv. gloriously.preciously, worthily. dgor-ling, st. m. darling, favorite. d§or-mod, adj. of daring mood, courageous, bold. deor-wyrde, adj. precious, costly, considerable, important. digan (adigan). See drygan. digan. See degan. digol, digle. See dygol, dygle. (O. H. Ger. tougdl.) | dihtig. See dyhtig. dilgian, w. v. (Ger. tilgen.) a-dilgian, to destroy, blot out. dim, adj. dim, dark, obscure, hidden. (0. H. Ger. timbar.) | dim, st. m. din, noise? Sat. 606, perhaps din. dimman, ic. v. to dim. a-dimman, to be dim, darken. dim-scua, w. m. darkness, sin. ding, st. f. prison, dungeon. Dinges mere, proper name, Irish Sea (Grein); — on dinnes mere, on a stormy sea (B.-T). disc, st. m. dish, plate, bowl. (Ger. tisch.) disig. See dysig. diacon, st. m. deacon, dierne. See dyrne. diope, dior, diore. See deope, deor, deore. dogian, w. v. to suffer, bear. Ra. 1, 9. dogor, st. m. n. day. [Thorpe says 24 hours: others, 12.] dogor-gerim, st. n. number or series of days, allotted time of life. dogor-rim, st. n. same as above. dohte. See dugan. dohtor, irrecf. f. dot. sg. dehter; — nom. ace. pi. dohtor, dohter, doh- tra, dohtru, — daughter. (Ger. tocliter.) dol, adj. dull, foolish, silly ; — proud, boastful, erring, heretical. (Ger. toll.) dolg, st. n. wound. (0. H. Ger. tolg.) dolg-ben, st. f. wound. dolgian, w. v. to wound. ge-dolgian, to wound. 46 dolgilp — drefan dol-gilp, st. m. n. idle, foolish, boast- ing (Grein); — promise of bold deeds (H.-S.). dolg-slege, st. m. wounding blow. dolli-wund, adj. wounded. dol-lic, -lig, adj. audacious, rash, foolish. dol-lice, adv. foolishly, rashly. dol-sceada, w. in. foolhardy, auda- cious enemy; bold enemy. dol-willen, st. n. rashness, madness. dol-willen, adj. rash, bold. dol-wite, st. ii. punishment for rash- ness. dom, st. m. 1. doom, judgment, ju- dicial opinion. — 2. court, tribunal, assembly, council. — 3. judicial sentence, verdict, decision, decree. 4. statute, law, command, ordi- nance. — 5. justice. — 6. advice, counsel. — 7. rule, government, power, might, dominion. — 8. maj- esty, glory, honor, renown, worth, praise, dignity, authority. — 9. es- pecially heavenly glory and maj- esty. — 10. might, power, free will, choice, pleasure, option. — 11. cus- tom, what is becoming, customary. 12. meaning, signification, sense, interpretation. (Ger. -turn; O. H. Ger. tuom.) dom-dseg, st. m. doomsday, judg- ment-day. dom-eadig, adj. mighty, powerful, noble, happy, renowned. dom-fsest, adj. firm in judgment, just, mighty, famous. dom-georn, adj. striving for glory or for uprightness, ambitious, just. dom-hwaet, adj. eager for honor, renown. domian, w. v. to glorify, magnify. dom-leas, adj. without reputation, inglorious, hapless. dom-lic, adj. glorious, praiseworthy. dom-lice, adv. judiciously, power- fully, gloriously dom-setl, st. n. judgment-seat, throne, tribunal. don, den, irrcg. v. pres. sg. 1. do. — 2. dgst. — 3. &ed,2>l dod; subj.sg. do, pi. don ; imper. do, dod ; pret. dyde, dide, daede ; part. pret. don, den, to do, make, act, perform, cause. (Ger. tun.) a-don, to do away, remove, free, set free. be-don, to close, shut. for-don, 1. to fordo, corrupt, destroy, kill. — 2. to seduce? — 3. part. pret. wicked, abandoned, de- filed, corrupted. ge-don, to do, make, cause. un-don, to undo, open, loose, separate. dor, st. n. door, gate. (Ger. tlior.) dorste. See durran. draca, to. m. 1. dragon. — 2. the devil. (Ger. draclie.) draedan, st. red. v. (pret. drSord, dred), to dread. (O. H. Ger. an- ' trdtan.) an-, on-draedan, to fear, dread. drsefan, w. v. a-draefan, to shut out, drive out. ge-draefan, to drive, push, urge, vex. to-drsefan, to drive or bring apart, separate, destroy. draefend, part. & subs, driver, hunter. dragan, st. abl. r. TV. to draw, drag. (Ger. tragen.) be-dragan, to draw away, se- duce, deceive. drapa. See dropa. dreccan, to. v. to plague, vex, dis- quiet, oppress, burden, torture, torment. ge-dreccan, the same as above. drefan, w. v. to disturb, vex, excite, move, agitate, stir up, afflict. (Ger. trilben.) ge-drefan, to disturb, bring into confusion, move, trouble. drenc — drifau 47 drenc, st.m. drench, drink; drowning. drencan, w. v. 1. to drench, give to drink. — 2. to drown. a-drencan, to drown. ge-drencan, to drown. ofer-drencan, to make drunk. drenc-, drence-flod, st. m. the flood, deluge. dreng, st. m. young man, follower (of the comitatus), warrior. drepan, st. abl. v. III. to hit, strike, beat. (Ger. treffen.) drepe, st. m. blow, stroke. drettan, w. v. ge-drettan, to consume. dream, perhaps dot. pi. of drea, w. m. magician? Sal. 44. dream, st. m. 1. dream, song, melody, harmony, joyous music. — 2. crowd, throng. — 3. joyous actions, re- joicing, joy, pleasure. — 4. used es- pecially of the joys of heaven. (Ger. traum.) dream-hsebbende, part, rejoicing, joyful. dream-healdende, part, the same. dr§am-leas, adj. joyless, without re- joicing, sad. dr§arung, st. f. falling, distillation. drSas,drias, st. m. falling, fall. dreogan, st. abl. v. VI. 1. to bear, suffer, endure, carry. — 2. to bear, carry out, perfect, do, work, per- form, lead (a life); — "wide dre- ogan, to wander. — 3. to enjoy. — 4. intrav.s. to be busy, employed, to do. (Scotch, dree.) a-dr§ogan, 1. to bear, suffer, en- dure. — 2. to act, perform, com- plete, practice. [joy. ge-dreogan, to live through, en- dreont ? Ra. 4, 45. dreopan, st. abl. v. VI. to drop. (Ger. tropfen.) a-dr§opan, to pour out drop by drop. dreopian, w. v. to drop, drip, trickle. dr6or, st. m. running or flowing blood, blood. (O. H. Ger. tror.) dreor-fah, adj. spotted, stained with blood, bloody, gory. dreorgian, w. v. to mourn? be dreary, fall. dreorig, adj. dreary, sad, sorrowful. (Ger. traurig.) dreorig, adj. bloody, bleeding. dreorig-ferhd, adj. sad in heart, sor- rowful. dreorig-hleor, adj. sad of counte- nance. dreorig-lic, adj. bloody. drSorig-mod, adj. sad in mind. drSor-lic, adj. bloody. dreor-sele, st. m. dreary, lonely hall. dr6orung, st. f. falling, dropping, drgosan, st. abl. v. VI. to mourn, be sad, desolate. dreosan, st. abl. v. VI. to fall, perish, be ready to fall, become weak. (Goth, driusan.) a-dr6osan, to fall to pieces, de- cline, vanish, fail. be-, bi-dreosan, 1. to deceive, seduce. — 2. to deprive of,bereave. ge-dreosan, to fall down, sink, disappear, fail, drifan, st. abl. v. V. 1. to drive, drive away, drive back, impel, incite, strike. — 2. to follow, prac- tice. (^Ger. treibcn.) a-drifan, to drive out, expel. be-drifan, 1. to drive, drive to- gether, compel. — 2. drive, beat, strike. for-drifan, to drive, expel, ban- ish, force, compel, consume. (Ger. vertreiben. ) in-drifan,to drive out, thrust out. to-drifan, to drive apart, dis- perse, scatter, destroy, repel. purh-drifan, 1. to shove or push through. — 2. perforate, bore through. — 3. penetrate, imbue. wid-drifan, to repel, ward off. 48 drige — dryhtscype See dryge, (Ger. drige, driht, drihten dryht, dryhten. drinc, st. m. drink, a drink trunk, trunk.) drincan, st. abl. v. I. to drink. (Ger. trinken.) a-drincan, to be plunged under water, immersed, drowned. ge-drincan, to drink, swallow, engulf. on-drincan, to drink. drias. See dreas. drof-lic, adj. turbulent, trouble- some, sad. droht, st. m.? n.f condition of life. drohtad, -od, st. m. condition of life, manner of life, calling, vocation, business, conduct, society. drohtian, w. v. to have conversation ; to live, pass life. drohtnod, st. m. way or manner of life. dropa, drapa, iv. m. drop. (Ger. tropfen.) dropen. See drepen, dreopan. droppetan, iv. v. to drop, drip, distil. droppung, st.f. dropping, dripping, falling. drucen? See druncen. drugian, w. v. to become dry, wither. for-drugian, to become dry, wither. ge-drugian, to dry, dry up. druh, st. m. dust? Seel. 17. dnincan,druncian, w. v. to suck out, drink. druncen, st. f. drunkenness. druncen, adj. drunken, besotted. drunc-mennen, st. n. drunken maid- servant. drusan, drusian, to. ?>. to drowse, be in a state of decay, become lazy, weak, inactive; — to mourn, be sad. dry, st. m. sorcerer, magician, wizard, dry-craeft, st. m. magic art, sorcery, witchcraft. drygan, drigan, to. v. to dry, dry up, wither. a-drigan, to dry up, wither. dryge, drige, adj. dry, withered; — to dryggum, even to decay, ex- haustion. Met. 7,16. (Qev.trockot.) dryht, driht, st.f. company, troop, folk, people, band of warriors, com- itatus, noble band; — in})!, men. dryht-bearn, st. n. a noble youth, princely child. dryht-cw6n, st.f. queen. dryhten, drihten, st. m. commander, leader, lord, prince, God, Christ. (0. H. Ger. truhtin.) dryhten-bealo, st. n. extreme evil, great misfortune. dryhten-dom, st. m. rule, dominion, majesty, glory. dryhten-hold, adj. friendly, well disposed to the prince, to the Lord. dryhten-nes, st. f. ruler's glory, majesty? Gen. 17. dryhten-weard, st. m. king, Lord. dryht-folc, st. n. band, troop, folk, nation. dryht-gesid, st. m. follower, attend- ant. dryht-gestrSon, st. n . people's treas- ure. dryht-guma, to. m. man of the war- rior band, noble warrior, man. dryht-leod, st. n. popular or noble song. dryht-lic, adj. lordly, noble, ex- cellent. dryht-lice, adv. nobly, excellently, in a lordly manner. dryht-madum, st. m. people's treas- ure, splendid jewels. dryht-neas, st. m. jt)7. bodies of the slain belonging to the comitatus (on the battlefield), carcasses. dryht-scype, st. m. warlike virtue, heroic deed, bravery, glory, ruler- ship, domination, dignity. dryhtsele — dyng 49 dryht-sele, st. m. the hall for the comitatus, splendid dwelling. dryht-sib, st. f. peace or friendship between troops of noble warriors, or between noble families. dryht-weras, st. m. pi. attendants, men. dryht-wuniende,^>ar£. living among the people, folk-dweller. dryman, w. v. to sing aloud, rejoice. drymnian, w. v. to be careful, so- licitous. drync, st. m. drink, draught, a drink. drync-faet, st. n. drinking-vessel, cup. drype, st. m. blow, stroke. dryre, st. m. fall, falling, ceasing, decline. drysmian, w. v. to become obscure, gloomy. dufan, st. abl. VI. 1. intrans. to dive, sink. — 2. trans, to dip in,immerse. ge-dufan, intrans. to dive, sink under, be submerged, sink in. in-dufan, to dip in, immerse, submerge. burh-dufan, to swim through by diving, dive through. dugan, pret. pres., prcs. sg. deag, deah; pi. dugon; pret. dohte, to avail, be capable, be good, be of use, fit, strong, liberal, to present. (Ger. taugen.) dugad, -od, st. f. what avails ; hence, 1. manhood, and all that have reached manhood. — 2. men capa- ble of bearing arms, troops, mul- titude, army, folk, noble band of warriors, men in general. — 3. the heavenly host. — 4. glory, magnif- icence, majesty, might, power, vir- tue. — 5. advantage, gain, riches, means, blessings, welfare, salva- tion. — 6. benefit, gift. — 7. what is becoming, fit, seemly, decorum. dumb, adj. dumb, mute, speechless. (Ger. diun in.) dun, st. f. down, hill; — of dune, downwards. (Ger. diine.) dun-scrasf, st. n. mountain cave. durran, pret. pres., pres. sg. dear; pi. durron; sub), durre, dyrre; pret. dorste, to dare, presume. (O. H. Ger. turran.) duru, st. f. door, gate, wicket. (Ger. thiire.) duru-begn, st. m. doorkeeper. dust, st. n. dust. (Ger. dust.) dwcelan, w. v. ge-dweelan, to mislead, lead astray. dwaes. See gedwees. [guish. dwaescan, w. v. to put out, extin- a-dwaescan, the same as above. to-dwaescan, same as above. dwelan, st. abl. v. II. to be led into error, err. (0. H. Ger. twelan.) ge-dwelan, to wander, err. dwellan, w. v. (to dwell), 1. to pre- vent, hinder, delay. — 2. to lead into error, mislead, deceive. (O.H. Ger. twaljan.) ge-dwelian, 1. to lead astray, seduce, deceive. — 2. to err. dwol-craeft, st. m. foolish or magic art, magic. dwolema, dwolma, w. m. chaos. dyfan, w. v. (to dive), to make to dive, dip, immerse. dygan. See degan. dyglan, iv. v. ge-dyglan, to hide, conceal, darken, cover. dygle, digle, adv. secretly, covertly. dygol, digol, adj. hidden, secret, concealed, inaccessible, dark, un- known. dygol, digol, st. n. secrecy, darkness, what is hidden. dyhtig, dihtig, adj. doughty, strong, useful, good for. (Ger. tuchtig.) dyn, st: m. din, noise. dyne, st. m. the same as above. , dyng. See ding. 50 dynnan — edor dynnan, «\ v. to sound,make a noise, resound. dynt, st. m, dint, a blow causing or giving a sound, blow, stroke. dyp, st. n. the deep. dyran, w. v. to glorif}", prize, love. ge-dyran, the same as above. dyre, adj. dear, beloved, worthy, costly, glorious, noble, excellent. dyrebran (Cri. 790), to be changed into by refcran. dyrling, st. m. darling, loved one. dyrnan, w. v. to hide, secrete, con- ceal, restrain, obscure. be-, bi-dyrnan, the same as above. ge-dyrnan, the same as above. dyme, st. n. a secret. dyrne, dierne, adj. 1. hidden, secret, close, obscure, out of the way, re- mote. — 2. secret, dark, deceitful, magical, malicious, evil. (O.H.Ger. tarni.) dyrsian, w. v. ge-dyrsian, to prize, hold dear, honor, glorify. [bold. dyrstig, adj. venturesome, daring, dysegian, w. v. to be foolish, stupid, do foolishly, err. dysig, adj. dizzy, silly, foolish, ig- norant, stupid. (O. H. Ger. tusig.) dysig, disig, st. v. foolishness, ig- norance, stupidity, folly. dys-lic, adj. foolish, silly, stupid. dys-lice, adv. foolishly, stupidly. dyttan, w. v. to close, shut up, stop. E ebba, w. m. ebb. (Ger. eble is a bor- rowed word; cf. Goth, ibuks.) ebbian, w. v. to ebb. ec, adv. eke, also. ecan, w. v. to eke, increase, enlarge, add to, prolong. 6ce, ^ce, adj. eternal, everlasting, perpetual. (Ger. cwig.) ece, adv. eternally, ever, evermore, perpetually. eced, st. n. acid, vinegar. (Ger. essig ; Goth, alceit; Lat. acctnm.) ecen, adj. increased, great, weighty, important. ecg, st. f. edge (of the sword), point, sword, battle-ax. (Ger. ecke.) ecg-bana, w. in. murderer by the sword, sword-killer. ecg-clif, false reading for §g-clif, sea-cliff. B. 2893. ecg-hete, st. Ml. hate shown .by the sword, sword-hate, enmity. ecg-heard, adj. with hard, sharp edge. ecg-plega, w. m. sword-play, battle. ecg-£>racu, st. f. sword-storm, hot fighting. ecg-wael, st. n. sword-slaughter, those slain in battle by the sword. ec-nes, -nis, -nys, st. f. eternity, forever. ed-cerr, -cir, -cyr, st. m. return. eder-. See edor. ed-geong, adj. made young again. ed-hwyrft,sif.M. return, change, going back (to a former state of things). §disc, st. n. edish, pasture, park, fishpond, vivary. ed-lean, st. n. retribution. ed-neowe, -nio"we, adj. renewed. new, again new, renewing itself ever, ed-niowunga, adv. anew, again, ed-niwe, adj. new, renewed, ed-niwe, ado. anew, again. ed-niwinga, adv. same as above, edor, st. m. hedge, quickset fence, fold, inclosure, dwelling. edorgang — egan 51 edor-gang, st. m. begging, the going around of mendicants from house to house. edre, adv. forthwith, immediately. edre. See aedre. edring, st. f. refuge ? Seel. 107. ed-sceaft, st. f. new creation, regen- eration. ed-wenden, st. f. turning, change, overturning, end. ed-wendu, st.f. change, end. ed-wiht, st. n. something, anything. ed-wit, st. 11. reproach, blame, dis- grace, ignominy, contumely, scorn. edwit-lif, st. n. disgraceful, shame- ful life. edwit-scype, st. m. disgrace, igno- miny, cowardice. edwit-sprsec, st. f. reproachful, de- faming speech, scorn. edwit-spreca, w. m. scorner, cav- iler, devil. edwit-stsef, st. m. reproach,disgrace, dishonor. 6d-wylm = ^dwylm, st. m. waves of fire, hell. efe-long = efen-long, adj. just as long? oblong? Ra. 45, 7. efen, efn, adj. even, equal, like; — on efen, adv. together ; or prep, w. dat. upon the same level, near. (Ger. eben.) efen, adv. evenly, just as, equally. 6fen. See sefen. efen-behefe, adj. equally useful, just as necessary. efen-beorht, adj. equally bright, of like brilliancy. efen-ece, adj. co-eternal. efen-ede, adj. just as easy. efen-6adig, adj. equally happy, blessed. efen-eald, adj. of the same age, equally old. efen-eardigende, part, dwelling to- gether. efen-fela, indecl. n. just as much, so many. efen-hleodor, st. m. with equal voice or harmony, united voice. efen-lic, adj. equal, of like age. efen-lica, w. m. one of the same age. efen-m^re, adj. equally prized, or thought of. efen-micel, adj. equally great. efen-mid, adj. middle, in the middle, center of. efen-neah, adj. even nigh, equally near. efen-rriht. See emniht. efen-scearp, adj. equally sharp. efen-swid, adj. equally strong. efen-wesende, part, contempora- neous, co-existent. efn. See efen. efnan, w. v. 1. to carry out, perform, accomplish, do, make. — 2. to pros- trate, throw down. Ra. 28, 8. ge-efnan, 1. to accomplish, do, perform, carry out. — 2. to hold, sustain. efne, adv. even, just, exactly, alike, likewise ; — efne swa, even so, even as, just as if, when; — efne swa peah, even though; — efne, enclitic, indeed, just: — at the be- ginning of a sentence — lo! behold! efnetan, w. v. to equal, emulate. Ra. 41, 63. efstan, «?. v. to hasten, make haste, be in haste. eft, aeft, adv. (eft, cf. eft-soons). 1. again, anew. — 2. back, re- (retro, rursus). — 3. thereupon, after- wards. — 4. again, on the other side, likewise. (Goth, afta.) eft-cyme, st. m. return. eft-lean, st. n. retribution, recom- pense. j eft-sid, st. m. journey back, return. eft-wyrd, st.f. future destiny. egan, w. v. on-egan, to fear, dread. 52 egbuend — ellenbrist eg-buend, part. & subs, island or sea-dwelJer. eg-clif, st. n. sea-cliff, shore. ege, st. m. awe (ef. oga), fear, fright, dread, horror. (Goth, agei; O. H. Ger. egi.) 6ge = Sage, w. n. eye. ege-laf, st. f. what has escaped hor- ror, battle-remnant. egesa, egsa, w. m. state of terror, f rightfulness, terror, horror, dread, fear. egesa, Sgsa, w. m. possessor, owner. Gn. Ex. 117 ; B. 1757. eges-ful, adj. fearful, terrible, won- derful, awful. egesful-lic, adj. the same as above. egesig, eisig, adj. same as above. eges-lic, adj. the same as above. eges-llce, adv. fearfully, terribly, wonderfully. ege-wylm, st. m. terrible wave. egl, st. f. mote, beard (on wheat), point, claw, talon, beam. (Ger. achel. ) eglan, w. v. to ail, trouble, pain, grieve. (Ger. eketn.) aet-eglan, to cause or bring about trouble, pain, grief. ge-eglan,to trouble,pain,grieve. eg-land, -lond, st. n. island, egle, adj. troublesome, grievous, hateful, hostile, disgraceful, loath- some. (Goth* agls, aglus.) egor-here, st.m. army of the ocean, waves of the sea, the deluge. egor-stream,s/. m. sea-stream, ocean. egsa, egsa. See egesa, egesa. egsian, w. v. to frighten, terrify (Grein & B.-T.); — to have terror, distress (Heyne). eg-, eh-stream, st. m. water-stream, sea, river. eh, st. n. horse; and the Rune e. (Lat. cqmis.) ehtan, w. v. to esteem, consider. Ra. 37, 4. ehtan, w. v., w. ace, and gen. of per- son, — to persecute, pursue, annoy, afflict. ehtend, part. & subs, persecutor. eh.ti.an, w. v. to esteem, make prom- inent with praise, deem, consider. eht-nes, st. f. persecution. ehtung, st. f. deliberation, counsel. eisig. See egesig. eld, eldu, st. f. age, old age. elde, st. m. pi. men. eldra. See elra. eldran, adj. compar. pi., used as a subs, elders, parents, ancestors. ele, st. m. oil. ele-b§am, st. m. olive-tree. ele-land, st. n. foreign land. eled, st. w. allodium, freehold. Gii. 38. el-land, si. n. foreign country. ellefhe, num. eleven. ellen, st. m. n. strength, heroic strength, bravery, courage, for- titude, zeal,, heroic deeds. (Goth. aljan.) ellen-craeft, st, m. strength, might, power. ellen-dsed, st. f. heroic deed, deed of valor. el-lende, adj. foreign, strange. ellen-gaest, st. m. strength-spirit, demon with heroic strength. ellen-heard, adj. mighty, brave, bold, courageous. ellen-leas, adj. strengthless, wanting courage. ellen-lice, adv. strongly, with heroic strength. ellen-maerdu, st. f. renown of he- roic strength, heroic deed. ellen-rof, adj. renowned for heroic strength, daring, bold. ellen-s§oc, adj. sick in strength, mortally wounded. ellen-sprsec, st. f. strong speech, brave word. ellen-brist, adj. energetic, bold. ellenweorc — esol 53 ellen-weorc, st. n. heroic deed, acliievement in battle. ellen-wod, st. n. zeal. ellen-wdd, adj. furious, raging. elles, adv. else, otherwise, in another manner. (Goth, allis.) ellor, adv. else-whither, elsewhere, to some other place; — ellor londes, in another land, ellor-fus, acT/. eager, ready for another place, ready to go elsewhere. ellor-gast, -geest, st. m. spirit living elsewhere. ellor-sid, st. m. departure, death, el-mehtig, adj. almighty. eln, st. f. elbow, ell. (Ger. elle; Goth, aleina.) eln-gemet, st. n. ell-measure, ell. elnian,w. v. 1. to emulate, be zealous, exert one's self. — 2. to strengthen, comfort. Gen. 48, 2. elra, adj. compar. another. el-reordig, adj. speaking another tongue, barbarous. el-beod, st. f. 1. foreign people, • enemy. — 2. all peoples, all na- tions. Cri. 1084, 1337. Cl-beodig, adj. belonging to another nation, foreign, strange, hostile. emb, embe, prep. 1. id. ace. about, round, around. — 2. id. dat. after, emn = efen, adj. even, equal, plain, level, just; — on emn, w. dat. by, near, emn-aedele, adj. equally noble. enuie = efne, adv. evenly, equally, plainly, exactly, even, just. emniht, efen-niht, st. f. n.f equinox. end, adv. formerly, of old; at last. ende, st. m. end. (Ger. ende; Goth. andeis.) [ment. ende-byrd, st. f. n.f order, arrange- ende-byrdes, adv.ovderlj, regularly, properly. ende-daeg, st. m. last day, day of death. ende-dead, st: m. death. ende-dogor, st. m. n. last day, death. ende-laf, st.f. last remnant, the last. ende-lean, st. n. final reparation, reward. ende-leas, adj. endless, infinite. ende-lif, st. n. life's end, death. endemnes, adv. 1. fully, entirely. — 2. at the same time, together. ende-rim, st. m. final number, num- ber. ende-s^ta, iv. m. one who sits on the border, boundary-guard. ende-staef, s£. m. end. endian, w. v. 1. trans, to end, make an end, put an end to. — 2. intrans. to end. ge-endian, to make an end, end. endgum = eadgum. Sal. 345. enga = eenga, w. adj. alone, sole. enge, adj. narrow, constrained, op- pressed, anxious. engel, sengel, st. m. angel. engel-cund, adj. angelic, coming from an angel. engel-cyn, st. n. angelic race, order. engu, st. f. narrowness, confinement. ent, st. m. giant; — enta geweorc, gergeweorc, stronghold, statue, sword-hilt, dragon's cave, dragon's treasure. ent-isc, adj. coming from giants. er = ear, st. n. ear of corn. (Ger. alire.) erfe-weard, st. m. heir. erian, w. v. to ear, plow. (Goth. arjan; Ger. aren, eren.) erinaces (as?), pi. hedgehog. ermdu, st. f. misery, calamity. ern, aern, st. n. house. erucan, erucam? Ps. 77, 46; — eruca, cabbage and cabbage- worm. esl, st. f. shoulder. esne, st. m. slave, servant; — also, man, young man. esol, st. m. ass. (Ger. esel.) 54 est — Sac §st, st. m. f. agreement, harmony, favor, grace, kindness, love, good- will, liberality. (Ger. gunst; O. H. Ger. anst.) estan. See 6astan. 6ste, adj. gracious, liberal, benev- olent. estig, adj. the same as above. 6st-lice, adv. graciously, bountifully, gladly. etan, St. abl. v. III. to eat, devour, consume. (Ger. essen.) Jpiirh-etan, to eat through, con- sume. under-etan, to eat from below, underneath. 6d, adv. compar. more easily. 6dan, w. v. ge-6dan, to lighten, ease. 6dan, ^dan, w. v. to lay waste, dev- astate. a-edan, the same as above. 6d-begete, adj. easy to obtain,ready. 6de, adj. easy, pleasant, ready. 6de, adj. barren, waste, desolate. 6del, oedel, cedel, st. m. hereditary estate, possessions, home, father- land, dwelling-place, realm, land. (O. H. Ger. nodal; Icel. odal.) 6del-boda, to. m. the land's apostle (Thorpe) ; — a native preacher (B.-T.); — eedelboda(Grein). Gu. 976. edel-cyning, st. m. king of the land. 6del-dream, st. m. domestic joy, happy life at home on the paternal estate in the fatherland. edele. See aedele. 6del-eard, st. m. inherited dwelling. 6del-faesten, st. ». fortified dwelling, fortress. Sde-lice, adv. easily. 6del-land, st. n. fatherland, land, country. 6del-leas, adj. without a native country, exiled. edel-mearc, st.f. march or boundary of one's country, dwelling. edel-rice, st. n. fatherland, native country, edel-riht, st. n. inherited privileges, native right, edel-seld, st. n. hereditary estate, native dwelling, seat. 6del-setl, st. n. the same as above. 6del-staef, st. m. staff of the hered- itary estate, heir, successor. edel-stadol, st. m. hereditary estate, dwelling. edel-stol, st. m. hereditary seat, fatherland, inherited throne, chief city, royal city. edel-stow, st.f. hereditary dwelling- place, place of habitation. 6del-turf, st. f. inherited ground, hereditary estate, native country, realm. edel-brym, st. nr. glory, renown of one's own land. Sdel-weard, st. m. master of the hereditary estate, lord of the realm, king. Sdel-wyn, st. f. joy in, or enjoyment of, hereditary possessions. ed-fynde, adj. easy to find, easily found. 6d-gesyne, adj. easily seen, visible. 6dian, u\ r. 1. to breathe, to wave? float up? El. 1107.— 2. to smell. edm = aedm, st. m. breath, vapor, steam, edda, conj. or. 6wan, w. v. 6d-6wan, 1. to manifest, make known, show. — 2. to seem, appear. exl = eaxl, st. f. shoulder. 6a, 6aw (ae), interj. oh! ah! alas! — joined with la. 6a, st. f. water, river. 6ac, 1. conj. eke, also, likewise, moreover. — 2. prep. w. dat. with, in addition to, besides. eaca — Saland 55 Saca, to. m. increase, addition; — to Sacan, besides, moreover. Sacen, part. adj. 1. increased, wide- spread, large, great, heavy, full, ex- tended; — great, mighty, powerful. 2. heavy, pregnant. Sacen-craeftig, adj. immense, enor- mously great. Sacnian, acnian, w. v. to increase, be enlarged, become pregnant, conceive. ge-Sacnian, 1. to become preg- nant, conceive. — 2. to enrich, fructify. Sacnung, st. f. conception, child- bearing. Sad, adj. rich, happy, blessed. Sad, st. n. possessions, riches, hap- piness, joy. (O. H. Ger. 6t.) Saden, part. adj. given, granted, con- ceded. Sad-fruma, w. m. author of happi- ness, giver of joy. Sadgian, to. v. to make happy, enrich. Sad-gifa, -giefa, w. m. giver of hap- piness. Sad-gifu, -giefu, st. f. gift of happi- ness, blessedness. Sad-hrSdig, adj. blessed, happy. Sadig, adj. enriched, blessed with possessions, rich, happy, prosper- ous, blessed. Sadig-, Sadi-lic, adj. having an abun- dance, happy, prosperous ; others, Sadiglice, adv. in abundance, in joyous plenty. Sadig-nes, st. f. riches, happiness, good fortune, blessedness. Sad-lufe, to. f. love, blessedness of love. Sad-mSde,atfj.humble,modest,pious. Sad-mSdu, st. n. pi. 1. humility. — 2. good will, kindness. Sad-mod, adj. 1. humble, meek, pious. — 2. benevolent, favorable, friendly, affectionate. Sad-modlice, adv. kindly, graciously. Sad-nis, st. f. inner peace, joy, hap- piness. eador = geador, adj. together. eador-geard, st. m. house of the veins, body? An. 1183. Sad-wacer, st. m. watchman of the estate, property. Sad-wela, to. m. riches, abundance of wealth, happiness, blessedness. Sa-fisc, -fix, st. m. river-fish, fish. eafod, st. n. strength, might, power. eafor, st. m. wild boar, boar. eafora, afora, -era, -ara, w. m. de- scendant, offspring, son, successor. eafor-heafod-segn, st. m. a banner for the head with the picture of a wild boar upon it ; — others take lieafod-segn as apposition to eafor. Sage, Sge, w. n. eye. (Ger. auge.) Sag-gebyrd, st. f. nature of the eye, power of sight. Sagor-strSani, st. m. sea-stream, sea. Sag-syne, adj. visible to the eye. eah-strSam, st. m. sea. eaht = aeht, si. f. deliberation, council. eahta, ahta, num. eight. eahtan, to. v. 1. to consider, deem, judge, observe. — 2. to. gen. to lie in waitf or, ambush, pursue, persecute. eahta-tSoda, num. adj. eighteenth. eahteda, -eada, -oda, num. adj. eighth. eahtian, to. v. 1. to consider, delib- erate. — 2. to consult about, coun- sel, rule. — 3. to mention with praise, speak of. eaht-nis, st. f. persecution. eahtoda. See eahteda. eal, eal 1 ., al, adj. all, entire, whole, universal; — eal, ace. n. adv. all, quite, fully, entirely ; — ealles, gen. n. adv. same as above. (Ger. all.) Sa-la. See Sa, interj. Sa-lad, st. f. seaway, voyage. Sa-land, st. n. island. 56 ealbeorht — ealdorman eal-beorht, adj. all-bright, very bright. eald, aid, adj. old, ancient, antique, of yore, advanced in years, aged ; — com/par. yldra, elder, older; — superl. yldest: 1. the oldest. — 2. the most respected. (Ger. alt.) eald-cyd, -cyddu, st.f. old home, former dwelling-place. eald-dagas, st. m. pi. old days, for- mer times. eald-faeder, st. m. old father, father, ancestor. eald-feond, part. & subs. pi. find, old enemy, one who has for a long time been a foe, devil. eald-gecynd, st. n. old nature or en- dowments, original disposition. eald-geneat, st. m. an old compan- ion (i. e., one who has been a com- panion for a long time), or an aged companion. [devil. eald-genidla, w. m. ancient enemy, eald-gesegen, st. f. old saying, tra- ditions from old times. eald-gesid, st. m. companion of many years, an old courtier. eald-gestr§on, st. n. treasure out of old times. eald-geweorc,s£.n. old, ancient work, the world. eald-gewin, st. n. fight, conflict of the olden time. eald-gewinna, w. m. old enemy, en- emy for many years. eald-gewyrht, st. n. 1. old, long done deed. — 2. merit for services rendered for many years, desert. eald-hettend, part. & subs, old en- emy, ancient foe. eald-hlaford, st. m. possessor, lord since many years. ealdian, w. r. to grow old. (Ger. altern.) ge-ealdian, to grow old. eald-metod, st. m, God ruling ever since ancient limes. ealdor, aldor, st. m. 1. elder, chief, prince, lord. — 2. pi. ancestors. Ps. 108, 14. (Ger. eltern, altern.) ealdor, aldor, st. n. 1. age, old age. 2. life. — 3. on ealdre and to eal- dre, ever, forever, always. (Ger. alter. ) ealdor-bana, w. m. life-destroyer, murderer. ealdor-bealu, st. n. life's evil, death. ealdor-burg, st. f. prince's castle, royal city. ealdor-cearu, st. f. life-care, great sorrow. ealdor-dagas, st. m. pi. days of one's life, life, ealdor-dema, w. m. supreme judge, prince. ealdor-dom, st. m. 1. principality, rule, dominion. — 2. beginning '! Jul. 190. ealdor-dugud, st. f. nobles, highest officers. ealdor-frea, iv. m. over-lord, king, ealdor-gedal, st. n. separation of life, end, death. ealdor-gesceaft, st. f. situation, state, destiny of life. ealdor-gewinna, w. m. life-enemy, one who strives to take his enemy's life. ealdor-geard, st. m. life's protection. body. ealdor-lagu, st. f. dat. sg. -lege. 1. the appointed time of life, for- tune. — 2. death. ealdor-lang, adj. lifelong, eternal, everlasting. ealdor-leas, adj. lifeless, dead, ealdor-leas, adj. without a lord, ruler. ealdor-lic, adj. princely, excellent. holy, ealdor-lice.rt^r. excellently, grandly. ealdor-man, st. m. (alderman), prince, ruler, high officer of stair, noble, official. ealdornaru — eardgif 57 ealdor-naru, st. f. life's nourish- ment, safety, refuge. ealdor-sacerd, st. m. high priest. ealdor-stol, st. m. lord's seat, throne. ealdor-]?egn, -]?eegn,st w. king's ser- vant, a principal nobleman of the court, courtier, servant, prince. ealdor-wisa, w. m. principal leader. eald-riht, st. n. old right or ancient privilege. eald-spell, st. n. old saying, old story. ealdur. See ealdor. eal-dwerig, adj. altogether perverse, depraved ? Exod. 50. Others, eald- werig, vile of old. eal-fela, indecl. n. very much. eal-felo, adj.very destructive, deadly. eal-gearo, adj. fully ready or pre- pared, equipped, ready, willing. ealgian, algian, w. v. to shield, de- fend, protect. the same as above, all green, entirely all golden, entirely hall, palace, temple, ge-ealgian, eal-grene, adj. green. eal-gylden, adj of gold. ealh, alh, st. m. shrine. eal-halig, adj. all holy. ealh-stede, st. m. palace, temple. eal-iren, adj. entirely of iron. eal-isig, adj. all icy, having the ap- pearance of ice. ea-lidende, part. & subs, seafaring, sailor. eall, eall-. See eal, eal-, eel-. eallenga, adv. fully, entirely, alto- gether, quite, indeed. eallunga, adv. the same as above. eal-, al-masgen, st. n. all might, power. eal-meaht, -miht, st. f. the same as above. eal-meahtig, -mihtig, adj. almighty. ealneg, -nig, adj. always. eal-nacod, adj. entirely naked. ealo. See ealu. eal-tela, adv. quite well. eal-teaw, adj. altogether good. ealu, st. n. ale, beer. ealu-benc, st. f. ale-bench, bench for those drinking ale. ealu-drincende, part, ale-drinking. ealu-gal, adj. drunk with ale. ealu-wsege, st. n. ale-can, portable vessel out of which ale is poured into the cups. ealu-wosa, w. m. tippler, drunkard? Wy. 48. eal-wealda, al-walda, w. adj. al- mighty, all-ruling (God). eal-wealdend, al-waldend, adj. the same as above. eal-wihte(al-, aH-),pl. all creatures, all created things. eal-wundor, st. n. an altogether wonderful thing. earn, eoni, 1. sg. pres. I am. — 2. bu eart, bu eard (Dan. 609), eartjpu, earttu; — pi. earon, earun. See nearun. 6am, st. m. uncle, mother's brother. (Ger. oheim.) eaples, ear. See aspl, er. ear (earli), st. m. sea, ocean. 6ar, st. m. earth, ground, grave; — and name for the Eune ea. earc, st. f. ark, chest, ark of the cov- enant. earce, w. f. ark. earcnan-stan, st. m. gem, precious stone. eard, st. m. 1. cultivated ground, es- tate, hereditary estate, fatherland, stopping-place, dwelling-place, dwelling, home. — 2. place. — 3. earth, land. — 4. situation, con- dition, fate. Hy.7,97. (Ger. art) eard-fasst, adj. established, settled, abiding. eard-geard, st. m. place of habita- tion, world. eard-gif, st. n. gift from one's native place. 58 eardian — earwunga eardian, w. v. 1. trans, to inhabit. — 2. intrans. to havo a dwelling-place, live. ge-eardian, to take a dwelling, dwell. earding, st. f. dwelling-place, house. eard-land, st. n. native land. eard-lufe, w.f. love of one's native land. eard-rice, st. n. habitation,paradise. eard-stapa, Id. m. one wandering over the earth, wanderer. eard-stede, st. m. place of habitation. eardung, st. f. place of habitation, dwelling. eardung-stow, st. f. place of hab- itation, dwelling. eard-wic, st. n. place of habitation, dwelling. Sare, w. n. ear. (Ger. ohr; Goth.auso.) earendel, st. m. brightness, splen- dor, glory. earfede, adj. difficult, troublesome. earfede, st. n. labor, pains, trouble, difficulty, woe, torment. earfod, st. n. same as the above. earfod-cyn, st. n. depraved race, unworthy generation. earfod-daeg, st. m. day of tribula- tion, trouble. earfod-hawe, adj. difficult to be seen. earfod-hwil, st.f. troublesome time, time of hardship. earfod-lic, adj. difficult, trouble- some, full of labor and trouble. earfod-lice, adv. with trouble, with difficulty, with vexation, angrily, sorrowfully, scarcely. earfod-maecg, st. m. unhappy, afflict- ed man, sufferer. earfod-s^lig, adj. unhappy, unfor- tunate. earfod-sid, st. »i. troublesome jour- ney, misfortune, trouble, calamity. earfod-taecne, adj. difficult to be shown. earfod-prag, st.f. time of trouble, sorrowful time. earg, earh, adj. 1. lazy, cowardly, timid. — 2. depraved, wicked, aban- doned, vile. (Ger. org.) earge, adv. inertly, vilely, ill. ear-gebland, earh-geblond, st. n. tumult of the waves, mingling of the waves, sea. earg-faru. See earhfaru. ear-grund, st. m. bottom of the sea. earh, st. n. arrow, dart. (Goth. arliwazna.) earh-faru,s£./. l.the flying of an ar- row, arrow-flight. — 2. arriere bun, army of bowmen, archers. earh-gebland. See eargebland. earm, st. m. arm. (Ger. arm.) earm, adj. poor, miserable, wretched, unhappy. (Ger. arm.) earm-beag, st. m. arm-riug,bracelet. earm-cearig, adj. miserable, full of sorrows. earme, adj. miserably, badly. earm-hread, st. f. arm-ornament. earming, st. m. miserable, unhappy being. earm-lic, adj. miserable, unhappy, wretched, pitiable. earm-lice, adv. miserably, wretch- edly. earm-sceapen, part. adj. wretched by the decree of fate, wretched. earmung, st.f. misery? Ra. 81, 82i earn. See irnan. earn, st. m. eagle. (Ger. aar.) earnian, arnian, w. v. to earn, de- serve, get, labor for. (Ger. ernten.) ge-earnian, same as the above. earning, st. f. earning, desert, merit, reward. earnung, st. f. same as the above. eai-p, adj. dusky, dark brown, dark. eart, eard, earun. See earn. earn, adj. quick, swift, ready. earwunga, adv. gratuitously, for nothing. east — eofod 59 6ast, adv. in the east, east. (Ger. ost, osten.) §asta, w. m. east. (Ger. ost, ostcn.) eastan, -en, adv. from the east. Sa-staed, st. n. seashore, river-bank. Sast-dasl, st. m. eastern part of the earth, or of a country, east. Sasterne, adj. eastern, east. §aste-weard, adj. eastward. • east-land, st. n. east land, the east. eastor. st. n. easter. (Ger. ostern.) eastor-monad, st. m. easter month, April. gastor-niht, st.f. easter-night, night before easter. §astor-tid, st. f. easter-time. Sa-str8am, st. m. water-stream, river. §ast-rodor, st. m. eastern part of the heavens. §ast-weg, st. m. east way, eastward, east. eatol, adj. hostile, frightful, cruel, foul. Sad, adv. easily. 6ad-bede, adj. easily entreated, en- treatable. §ad-bSne, adj. exorable. Sade, adj. easy, smooth, pleasant. §ade, adv. easily, readily, lightly. 6ad-fynde, adj. easy to find. §ad-hr8dig, adj. happy, blessed. ead-mede, adj. lowly, humble, gentle. 6ad-m§du, st. n. pi. 1. weakness, hu- mility, impotency. — 2. light, joy- ous way of thinking, happy thoughts. — 3. humanity, affability, kindness. ead-metto, st. n. pi. humility, weak- ness, impotency. ead-mod, adj. 1. lowly, humble; — w. dat. obliging, obedient. — 2. fa- vorable, kind, friendly. Cri. 255. 6aw. See ea, inter j. e~awan, w. v. to show, disclose, prove. ge-eawan, 1. to show, offer, pre- sent. — 2. intrans. appear. 6d-eawan, the same as above, eawunga, adv. openly, plainly. eax, st.f. axis, axle tree. (Ger. achse, axe.) eaxe (-a)? Seel. 122. (eagan,Ver- celli.) eaxl, e±L,st.f. shoulder. (Ger. a chsel.) eaxle-gespann, st. n. shoulder-span, i. e. the part of the cross where the beams intersect. eaxl-gestella, w. m. one who has his position at the shoulder of his lord, trusty companion, counselor. eoc. See geoc. eode, iode, eodon, pret. went, pro- ceeded, walked. See gangan,gan. [Other forms of this verb are not found in Anglo-Saxon.] be-, bi-eode, committed, per- fected, fulfilled, observed, cher- ished. ful-eode, followed after, served, assisted. ful-geode, -geeode, the same as above. ge-eode, I. went. — 2. happened, occurred, took place. — 3. con- quered, won by fighting, went un- der, submitted. — 4. obtained, reached, effected, accomplished. of-eode, went away, avoided. ofer-eode, 1. went over. — 2. overcame, fell upon. — 3. imper. w. gen. it passed by, it was Avithstood, overcome. Deor. 7, &c. 6d-eode, went thither, escaped. ymb-eode, went around. eodor, st. m. 1. fence, hedge, in- closure, house. — 2. limit, margin, coast, region. Jul. 113. — 3. pro- tection, lord, prince. (0. H. Ger. etar.) eodor-wir, st. m. wire fence, inclbs- ure made of wire. eofod, st. n. strength, power. 60 eofor — eorde eofor, -er, -ur, st. m. 1. boar, wild boar. — 2. boar-image (on the hel- met). — 3. bold hero, brave fighter. (Ger. eber.) eofor-cumbol, st. n. boar-image on the helmet, helmet. eofor-lic, st. n. image of a boar, boar-likeness. eofor-spreot, st. m. boar-spear. eofot, st. n. debt, sin, crime. eoful-saec, st. f. n.f blasphemy. eofur. See eofor. §ogod = geogud, st. f. youth, young (warriors). eoh, st. m. horse. Son (= iw), yew-(tree) ; and name for the Rune So. eolet, st. n. quick journey? B. 224; (Grein); — sea, ocean (B.-T.). eolh, st. m. elk ; and name for the Rune x. (O. H. Ger. elaho.) eolh-stede, st. m. temple, sanctuary. eom. See earn. eorcan-, eorcnan-, eorclan-stan, st. m. precious stone. [dwell. eordian = eardian, w. v. to inhabit, Sored, eorod, st. n. cavalry, troop, band, legion. eored-cist, -ciest, -cyst, st.f. chosen band, picked legion, troop. eored-geatwe, st. f. pi. warlike adornments, military trappings. eored-maecg, st. m. horseman. eored-prSat, st. m. band, troop. eorl, st. m. earl, man of noble birth, nobleman, hero, leader, chief, cour- tier, attendant, man, human being. eorl-gebyrd, -gebyrdo, st. f. noble birth, nobility. eorl-gestreon, st. n. riches, pos- sessions, wealth of the nobles. eorl-gewsede, st. n. a hero's dress, armor. eor-lic = eorl-lic, adj. knightly, noble, manly. eorl-maegen, st. n. band, company of men, of noble warriors. eorl-scipc, -scype, st. m. manhood, manliness, chivalrous nature, knightly bearing, knighthood, no- bility. eorl-weorod, st. n. band of warriors, a noble's followers. eormen, yrmen, adj. immensely ex- tended, whole, universal, entire. eo»men-cyn, st. n. the human race, mankind. eormen-grund, st. m. an immeasur- ably wide surface, the whole earth. eormen-laf, st. f. enormous legaey. eormen-strynd, st. f. widespread race, generation. eormen-peod, yrmen-, st. f. wide- spread folk, great nation. eornad. See irnan. eornest, st. f. earnest, earnestness, battle. (Ger. ernst.) eorneste, adj. earnest, serious. eorneste, eornoste, adv. earnestly, seriously, zealously, hastily. eorp, adj. dark brown, dusky, dark, swarthy. eorre, adj. angry, enraged, fierce. eorringa, adv. angrily, fiercely. eord, st. f. seedtime, crop. eord-aern, st. n. earth-house, grave. eord-buend, -biigend, part. & subs. earth-dweller, man. eord-cund, adj. sprung from the earth, earthy, earthly. eord-cynn, st. n. earth-kind, human race, man. eord-cyning, st. m. earthly king, king of the country. eord-draca, w, m. earth-dragon, dragon that dwells in the earth. eorde, w. f. 1. earth, in contrast to heaven and hell, as a part of the world and dwelling-place of man. 2. plain, country. — 3. earth, ground, soil. — 4. land,in contrast to water. 5. earth as substance, material, matter. (Ger. crdc.) eordfaet — faederaedelo 61 eord-fset, st. n. earthen vessel, body. eord-gesceaft, st. f. earthly crea- ture. eord-grsef, st. n. ditch, well. eord-grap, s£. / earth's grip or hold, grave. Ruin. 6. eord-lic, adj. earthly, terrestrial. eord-meegen, st. n. earthly power, might, strength? Reim. 69. eord-reced, st. n. hall in the earth, cave. eord-rice, st. n. kingdom of earth, earth. eord-scraef, st. n. hole in the earth, cave, cavern, grave. eord-sele, st. m. earth-hall, dwelling in the earth, cave. eord-stede, st. m. earth, eord-tudor, st. n. earth's race, men. eord-waestm, st. f. fruit of the earth, plant. eord-wara, w. m. earth-dweller, in- habitant of the earth. eord-waru, st. f. earth-dwellers, mankind. eord-weg, st. m. earthly way, earth. ' eord-wela, w. m. earthly riches, wealth. eord-weall, st. m. earth-wall. eord-weard, st. m. land property, estate. I eoten, st. m. giant, harmful enemy. (O. ~N.jdtunn.) \ eoton. See etan. eotonisc, adj. made by giants. ! eoton-weard^./.protection against giants, safety from monsters. eow. See ge, pron. (Chaucer yow, you.) 6owan, iowan, iewan, -ian, w. v. to let be seen, show, manifest,confer. aet-eowan, 1. to show, make visible, manifest, disclose, declare. 2. to appear. ge-§owan, to show, disclose. 6d-eowan, 1. to show, disclose. 2. to appear. eowde, st. n. herd, flock. eowde-scSap, st. n. sheepfold, flock of sheep. §ower, 1. pron. possessive, your, yours. — 2. gen. pi. pron. personal, see ge, pron. 8owic. See ge, pron. fa. See fSh. facen, st. n. fraud, stratagem, deceit, evil, malice, injustice, overstepping the bounds of duty, crime. (O. H. Ger. feilian. ) facen-dasd, st. f. sin, crime. facen-gecwipere, st. n. cunning, crafty counsel, deceit. ftcen-lice, adv. deceitfully, artfully. facen-searu, st. n. cunning intrigue, treachery through deceit. facen-staef, st. m. wickedness, treach- ery, deceit. facen-tacen, st. n. wicked, treacher- ous sign, deceitful token. facne, adv. very, greatly, exceed- ingly, hostilely. faec, st. n. space, interval of time, time. ( Ger . facli . ) fsecne, facne, adj. deceitful, cunning, vile, wicked, worthless, untrust- worthy. fsecne, adv. deceitfully, maliciously; ignominiously, disgracefully. faeder,feder,^.ra. father. (Ger. vater. ) fsedera, w. m. father's brother, uncle. fseder-sedelo, st. n. pi. genealogy, ancestry, origin, paternal honors, noble nature and character of the father. 62 fasderen — feerslide faederen, adj. fatherly, paternal, from the father's side. faederen-brodor, st m. brother (from the same father). feederen-cyun, st. n. father's race or kin. faederen-mseg, st. m. kinsman de- scended from the same father, co-descendant. faeder-geard, st.m. father's dwelling, house. fasder-lic, adj. fatlierly, paternal. (Ger. vdterUch.) faedrunga, w. f. paternal relation, kinswoman? mother? B. 2128. fsege, adj. devoted to death, allotted to death by fate. — 2. dead. — 3. un- happy, accursed, condemned. — 4. fearful, timid, cowardly. (Ger.feig. ) faegen, adj. fain, glad, joyous, joyful, rejoicing. faeger, adj. fair, beautiful, lovely, joyous. (Goth, j'agrs.) faegere, faegre, fegere, adv. 1. fairly, beautifully, pleasantly, gently, ex- cellently. — 2. well, becomingly, ac- cording to etiquette. faeger-wyrde, adj. becomingly, beau- tifully speaking, fair in word. faegiiian, w. v. to rejoice, be joyous, glad, exult. ge-faegnian, to rejoice, gladden, make glad. fcegon. See feohan, feon. faegrian.tcy.to become fair, beautiful fabgd, st. f. imminent death. fabhd, st. f. feud, enmity, revenge, hostile act, battle. (Ger. fchdc.) faslide, w. f. the same as above. faehdo,feehdu, st f. same as above. fable, adj. true, faithful, good, dear. fable, adv. truly, aptly, well. fselsian, id. v. to bring again into a good condition, cleanse. ge-fablsian, the same as above. faeman, w. v. [lently. a-fceman, to breathe out vio- fasmig, adj. foamy. faamne, fGmne, w. f. virgin, woman, young woman. faer, st. n. vessel, ship. faer, st. n. warlike expedition, war. fabr, fer, st. m. fear, that which comes suddenly and unexpectedly; sud- den, unexpected attack; fright, evil, destruction. (Ger. gc-fahr.) faer (= faeger), adj. fair, beautiful. lovely. fseran, m. v. a-fasran, to make to fear, fright- en, terrify, cause sudden fright. fseran (= feran), ic. v. ge-fabraii, to lead, bring. Sat. 92. fser-bifongen, part, beset by dangers or terrors. fasr-bryne, st. m. terrible fire, great heat. faerbu, st.f. color. (Ger. farbc.) fasr-cyle, st. m. terrible cold, intense cold. fabr-drype, st. m. sudden or terrible blow. faereld, fasryld, st. n. way, course, journey, departure, expedition. faer-gripe, st. m. sudden, treacherous gripe, attack. faar-gryre, st. in. fright, horror caused by sudden attack. feer-haga, to. m. hedge of dangers, peril. Gu. 933. fa3ringa,<7tfr.suddenly,unexpectedly, quickly. fser-lice, adv. suddenly. fser-nid, st. m. deadly hostility, hos- . tile attack, fser-sceada, w. in. enemy bringing sudden destruction. fser-scyte, st. in. sudden or fatal shot, fasr-searo.-sf.;/. treacherous plotting, sudden artifice. faer-slide, st m. sudden, unexpected fall. fserspell — fee dm 63 fser-spell, st. n, news of an unex- pected event, sudden tidings. faerd = ferd, thought ? mind ? Met. 27, 24. faer-wundor, st. n. sudden wonder. faeryld. See fasreld. fees, st. m. terror, horror, dread. B. 2230. fassl, st. nJ m.f fetus, seed, offspring. faest, st. f. fastness, house, citadel ? Gu. 192. (Ger. feste.) faest, fest, adj. fast, firm, fixed, steadfast. (Ger. fest.) faestan, ic. v. to fasten, make fast or firm. (Ger. festen, befestigen.) aet-fsestan, to fasten to some- thing, affix, fasten, drive into, afflict. be-, bi-faestan, 1. to give over for safe keeping, trust, intrust. — 2. to ground, fix, fasten, make fast, establish. geblaed-faestan, to establish in fruitfulness, in riches. gesige-fasstan, to strengthen, make triumphant, crown. od-fasstan, to fasten, make firm, affix, fix into, fix on or upon. faestan, w. v. 1. to fast. — 2. to ex- piate by fasting. (Ger. fasten.) faeste, feste, adv. fast, firmly, fixedly. faesten, st. n. fasting, a fast. (Ger. fasten. ) faesten, st. n. 1. firmament, sky. — 2. any well-inclosed or fortified place, fortress, city, castle, vil- faesten-geat, st. n. castle-gate, city- gate. faesten-gangol, adj. steadfast, con- stant. faest-hydig, adj. of constant mind, steadfast, brave. faest-lic, adj. firm, fixed, steadfast. faest-lice, adv. firmly, steadfastly, fast. fasstnian, w. v. to fasten, make firm, bind, fetter, confirm. a-faestnian, to fasten, strength- en, fix on or upon, confirm. ge-faestnian, to fasten, strength- en, fix on or upon, bind, confirm. faestnung, st. f. fastening, strength- ening, confirmation. faest-raed, adj. having firm, fixed pur- pose, firmly resolved. fasst-steall, adj. standing firmly, fixed. fast, st. m. step, going, way. fast, st. n. vat, vessel, vase, cup. (Ger. fass.) fast, adj. fat, fleshy. (Ger. fett.) fast, st. n. plate, sheet of metal; — especially gold plate. See fatu. fasted, fastt, part, ornamented with gold beaten into plate-form, cov- ered, gold-mounted, ornamented with gold plate; as attribute of gold, brought into the proper form (L c. sheet or plate form), set in, beaten fine. fasted-hl^or, adj. with golden span- gles adorned cheek, with orna- mented bridles. faeted-sinc, st. n. beaten gold, fine treasure. faetels, st. m. n. vessel, sack, pouch, wallet. fast-gold, st. n. gold in sheets or plates. faet-hengest, st. m. riding-horse, road-horse. fastian, u\ v. ge-faetian,-to fetch, bring. fastt. See fasted. fasdm, st. m.f. (fathom), 1. the out- spread, encircling arms. — 2. em- brace, encircling, encompassing. 3. power, sway, grasp, power of possession, possession, property. 4. protection, embrace, shield. — 5. bosom, lap, breast. — 6. expanse, surface. (Ger. faden.) 64 faedman — fecgan faedman, w. v. (to fathom), to em- brace, encircle, envelope. be-faedman, to embrace, encir- cle, envelope. ofer-faedman, to encompass, spread out over from above, over- shadow. faedmian, w. v. to embrace, take into itself, engulf. faedm-rim, st. n. fathom-measure, cubit. fag, fan, adj. many-colored, varie- gated, of varying color, shining, j dyed, colored. (Goth, failis.) fagian, w. v. to change, vary in color. fall, fa, fag, feh, adj. (foe), 1. pro- scribed, without peace, outlawed, guilty. — 2. hostile, inimical. fal, fallan. See feal, feallan. fam, st. n. foam. (Ger. feim.) famgian, w. v. to foam, boil. famig, adj. foamy, foaming. famig-bord, adj. having foamy sides. ! famig-bosm, adj. having foamy bosom. famig-heals, adj. foamy-necked. fana, w. M. flag, standard. (Ger. fahne.) fandian, w. v. to search out, test, prove, try, examine, tempt. (Ger. fahnden.) a-fandian, to attempt, try. ge-fandian, to attempt, try, search for, investigate, find out, experience. fandung, st. f. trying, investigating, finding out. fangen. See fon. fara, gen. pi. from fah. faran, st. abl. v. VI. (to fare), general expression for any kind of move- ment from one place to another; hence, to go, walk, travel, draw, ride, drive, march, sail, &c; to practice, be versed in (Gen. 531); to be, fare. ^Elf. N. T., p. 40. (Ger. faliren.) a-faran, to go out, away, depart, remove. be-faran, to go around, travel through, surround, flow around, encompass. ge-faran, 1. intrans. to go, wan- der, travel. — 2. to proceed, act. B. 738.-3. to die. El. 872.-4. w. ace. to travel to a place. geond-faran, to fare or go through, over, pervade, flow over. ofer-faran, 1. to go over, or across, cross, wander over or through. — 2. to overtake, take un- awares. — 3. to overcome, with- stand. 6d-faran, to come off, escape, flee from. to-faran, to go apart, be scat- tered, separate. wid-faran, to come off, escape. farod, farad, st. m. stream, flood of the sea, shore. farod-hengest, st. m. seahorse, ship, farod-lacende, part. & subs. 1. swimming. — 2. sailing, sailor. farod-ridende, part, sailing. farod-straet, st. f. sea-street, sea. faru, st. J. 1. way, going, passage. 2. movable possessions, family. — 3. expedition, line (of movers), host on the march. Fastitocalon, whale. fatu, st. f. plate, sheet of metal, es- pecially gold plate. See fast. Februarius, February. Men. 18. fee ? B. 2246. feccan, w. v. to fetch. ge-feccan, to fetch, bring, lead, draw, fecgan, st. abl. v. III. aet-fecgan, to seize, lay hold of. ge-fecgan, to snatch, take to one's self. fecword — ferdrinc 65 fee-word, st. n. conjuring, adjuring word. B. 2246. fSdan, w. v. 1. to feed, nourish, sup- port. — 2. to bear, bring forth, pro- duce. (Ger. futiem.) a-fedan, the same as above. feder. See faeder. f6gan, w. v. to join, unite, fix. (Ger. fug en.) ge-££gan, to join, unite, fix, join together, compact. fegere,feh,fehd. See faegere,fah,fon. fel, fell, st. n. fell, skin, hide, leather. (Ger. fell.) fel = feol, st. f. file. fela, feala, feola, feolo, 1. indecl. n. 2. adj. — 3. adv. much ; much, many; very. (Ger. viel.) fela-fsecne, adj. very treacherous, deceitful. fela-frecne, adj. very fierce, wild. feja-geong, adj. very young. fela-geonge, adj. much traveled. fela-geomor, adj. very sad, sorrowful. fela-hror, adj. very active against the enemy, very warlike. fela-18of, adj. very dear, much loved. fela-meahtig, adj. very powerful, mighty. fela-modig, adj. very courageous. fSlan, w. v. to feel, perceive, touch. (Ger. f illilen.) ge-felan, to feel, perceive, touch. fela-synnig, adj. much oppressed with sins, very sinful. fela-wlanc, adj. very stately. feld, st. m. field, plain, open country. (Ger. f 'eld.) feld-gangende, part, wandering about the field, field-going. feld-hus, st. n. field-house, tent. fele-leas, adj. without feeling, dead. (Ger. ge-fiihllos.) felgan, st. abl. v. I. 1. trans, to get into something, undergo. — 2. to betake one's self into, enter, con- ceal. (Ger. befehlcn; Goth, flit an.) Eet-felgan, to hold to, hold fast, stick to. be-, bi-felgan, to stick, cling to, affix, deliver. fell. See fel. fell, st. m. falling, ruin, death. fellan, w. v. to fell, cut down. (Ger. fallen.) be-fellan, 1. to fell, lay low, strike down. — 2. to deprive by killing, bereave. femne. See faamne. fen, st. n. fen, moor, marsh. (Ger. fenne.) fen-freodo, st. f. asylum, refuge in the moors. feng, st. m. 1. grasp, hold, gripe, embrace. — 2. handle? Exod. 246. fSng. See fon. fengel, st. m. lord, prince, king. fen-gelad, st. n. fen-path, fen. feng-net, st. n. catching-net, net. fen-hlid, st. n. precipice at the edge of a moor, marsh-precipice. fen-hop, st. n. a pool of water in the midst of a marsh, refuge in the fen. fenix, st. m. 1. the bird phoenix. — 2. date-palm. Ph. 174. fen-yce, w. f. marsh-frog. fer. See f^r. feran, w. v. to move one's self, make journey, go, travel, march, sail, &c. ge-feran, 1. to fare, go, come (intrans. orw. cognate ace.) — 2. to undergo, endure, suffer, experience. 3. to attain, obtain, fulfill, effect, perfect. — 4. to behave one's self, conduct one's self. geond-feran, to wander over or through. feran (Seef. 26), to be changed into frefran. fer-blged, st. m. sudden, fearful blast of wind. fer-clam, st. m. sudden seizing, or unexpected, dangerous straits. ferd-rinc, st. m. warrior. 66 fere — fedelast fere, ace. of faru, st. f. bearing, bringing. ferend, part. & subs, farer, seafarer, sailor. fergan. See ferian. ferh, st. m. n. life. ferh, fearh, st. m. (farrow), hog, boar; picture of a boar on a hel- met. (Ger. ferJcel; O. H. Ger. farh.) ferht = ferhd, st. n. soul, mind, thought. ferht-lic, adj. sensible, wise, just. ferhd, st. m. n. 1. soul, mind, heart. 2. life. ferhd-bana,i(;.m. soul, life-destroyer, murderer. ferhd-cearig, adj. of anxious mind, sorrowful. ferhd-cleofa, w. m. couch or seat of the soul, breast. ferhd-cofa, w. m. same as above. ferhd-frec, adj. having good courage, bold, brave. ferhd-genidla, id. m. life-enemy, mortal enemy. ferhd-gleaw, adj. prudent, wise, sa- gacious. ferhd-loca, w. m. inclosure of the soul, breast. ferhd-sefa, w. m. life-spirit, mind, thought. ferian, fergan, w. v. 1. to bear, carry, bring, lead, conduct, bring for- ward. — 2. w. reflex, aee. to betake one's self to, be versed in. — 3. to set out, depart, go. (Ger. fiihren.) feriend, part. & subs, leader, bringer. fering, st. f. journey, wandering. f6r-nes, st. f. transition, passing away. ferran. See feorran. ferraii, w. v. a-ferran, to remove. fersn. See fiersn. ferd, st. m. n. 1. soul, heart, mind. — 2. life. ferd = ferd, fyrd, crowd ? troop ? Wand. 54. ferd-fridende, part, life-keeping, life-preserving. ferd-gewit, st. n. consciousness, un- derstanding. ferd-grim, adj. of a grim, cruel mind, savage. ferd-loca, w. m. inclosure of the soul, heart, breast. ferd-sefa, w. m. spirit of life, soul, thought. ferd-werig, adj. life-weary, sad, sor- rowful. fest, feste. See faest, faeste. fet. See fot, — feet. fetel, st. m. belt, girdle. fetel-hilt, st. n. a sword-hilt, with gold chains fastened to it. feter. See fetor. feterian, fetran, fetrian, iv. v. to fetter, ge-feterian, to fetter, tie. fetian, fettan, w. v. to fetch, bring near, bring. ge-fetian, to fetch, bring near, bring. fetor, feter, st. f. fetter, chain. (Ger. fesscl. ) fetor-wrasen, st. f. fetter, chain. fed. See fori. feda, w. m. 1. infantry-man, foot- soldier. — 2. infantry, troop of war- riors, line of battle, army. — 3. battle. Jul. 389. fede, st. n. going, gait, pace, power of going. fede-cempa, w. ni. foot-soldier. fede-gang, st. m. journey on foot. fede-gaest, -gast,st. m. guest coming on foot. fede-georn, adj. desirous of going, willingly going. fede-hwearf, st. m. band or troop of footmen, pedestrians. fede-last, st. ni. signs of going, foot- print, going afoot. fedel§as — feohgifu 67 fede-leas, itdj. footless. f6de-mund, st. f. going-hand, fore- foot of the badger. feder, fider, fyder, num. four, — only found in compounds. feder, st. f. feather. (Ger. feder.) feder-gearwe, st. f. pi. feather equipment, feathers of the shaft . of the arrow. feder-hama, w. m. feather-home, covering of birds, of angels, and of the devil; feathers, wings, plu- mage. feder-scette, adj. quadrangular, ex- tended in four directions. feder-sceatas, st. m. pi. four sides, quarters. fede-spedig, adj. speedy of foot, swift. f6de-wig, st. m. battle on foot. fedraii, w. v. to feather. ge-fedran, to supply with feath- ers or wings, give wings to. fex, fgo. See feax, feoh. f6a, adj. few, little. (Goth, fans, faws. ) f6a, adv. a little, at all. feal, feala. See feall, fela. fealdan, st. red. v. to fold. (Ger. falten.) be-, bi-fealdan, to surround, encompass, embrace, grasp. fealdian, ic. v. gemaenig-fealdian, to multiply. feall, fall, st. m. fall, slaughter (ms. ful). Exod. 167. feallan, st. red. v. 1. to fall, fall headlong. — 2. to befall, come upon, overtake. — 3. to fall down, go to ruin. (Ger. fallen. ) a-feallan, 1. to fall, fall down. 2. to make to fall, kill. be-feallan, 1. to fall, fall into. 2. part, befeallen, deprived of, robbed. ge-feallan, to fall, sink down ; — sometimes w. ace. (of place, whither), to fall to, overwhelm. of-feallan, to cut off. fealo. See fela. fea-log, adj. helpless, destitute. fealu, fealo, adj. fallow, pale red, pale yellow, dun-colored, tawny. (Ger. fahl, falb.) fealu-hilt, adj. having a yellow, i. e. golden hilt or handle. fealu- wian, feal-wian, w. v. (to fal- low), to become fallow, grow yel- low, ripen, wither. fearh. See ferh. fearm, st. m. freight, cargo. fearn, st. n. fern. (Ger. f am.) fearod. See farod. fea-sceaft, adj. abandoned, alone, lonely, miserable, unhappy, help- less. fea-sceaftig, adj. the same as above. feax, fex, st. n. hair of the head, hair. (0. H. Gev.fahs.) feax-har, adj. hoary, gray-haired. feo. See feoh. feogan, fiogan, feon, w. v. to hate, be hostile to, persecute, disturb. (Goth, fijan.) feoh, f6o, st. n. (fee), 1. cattle, herd. 2. hence, as cattle were used as exchange in buying and selling, money, possessions, property, treasure, riches. — 3. name of the Rune f. (Ger. vieli.) feohan, feon, st. abl. v. III. to rejoice, enjoy one's self. ge-feohan, to enjoy one's self, take delight in; object of joy in gen. or instr. feoh-gesteald, st. n. possession of riches. feoh-gestr§on, st. n. treasure, pos- sessions, riches. feoh-gift, -gyft, st. f. bestowing of gifts or treasures. feoh-gifu, -giefu, ,l. wings, plumage, feathers. (Ger. gefieder.) fix. See fisc. fier. See feor. fiersn, st.f. heel. (Gev. fersc.) fier — flodblac 71 fier-, fierst, fiogan, fiolan, fiond, fior. See feower-, fyrst, feogan, feolan, feond, feor. fla, iv. f. arrow, dart, javelin. flacor, adj. nickering, flying. flaeman. See fleman. fl^sc, st. n. flesh, — in contrast partly with bones and skin and partly with the soul : in the latter sense, also, as seat of sensuous feelings or desires; finally, the general term for any living corporeal creature. (Ger. fleisch.) flsesc-hama, -homa,u*. m. flesh-dress, body, carcass. flah, fla, adj. tricky, deceitful, crafty, hostile. flah, st.n. deceit, cunning, wickedness. flan, st. m. f. arrow, dart, javelin. flan-boga, w. m. bow adapted to ar- rows, bow. flan-geweorc, st. n. apparatus suited for hurling or shooting, arrow- work. flan-hred, adj. arrow-equipped. flan-bracu, si. f. force or impetus of darts or arrows, onset, attack. flema, w. m. fugitive. fl§man, w. v. to make to flee, put to flight. ge-fleman, -flyman, the same. flet, st. n. (Scotch flet), 1. ground, floor of a hall. — 2. hall, mansion. flet-gesteald, st.n. household wealth, riches, adornment of the hall. flet-paed, st. m. hall-path, floor of the house. flet-raest, st. f. resting-place in the hall, night-couch. flet-sittende, part, sitting in the hall. flet-werod, st. n. troop of the hall, comitatus, body-guard. flgam, st. m. flight. fl§ogan=fl§ohan, to flee. See fl6on. fl6ogan, st. all. v. VI. to fly. (Ger. fliegen. ) ge-fleogan, 1. to fly.— 2. to fly over; reach by flying. 6d-fleogan, to fly away from, escape. flgoge, w. f. fly. fleohan. See fleon. fleoh-cyn, st. 'n. a kind of flies. fl6oh-net, st. n. fly-net, net for keep- ing off insects. fl6on, fleohan, fleogan,flion, st. abJ.v. VI. l.intrans. to flee, fly. — 2.ic.ace. to flee,avoid,escape. (Ger. fliehen.) a-fleon, to flee from, escape. be-fl6on, to flee from, escape, avoid. in-fl6on, to flee from, escape. ofer-fl§on, to flee from, yield. fl§os. See flys. fl6ot, st. n. (fleet), raft, ship, float. (Ger. fliesz, flosz. ) fleotan, st. all. v. VI. (to fleet), float upon the water, swim, navigate, sail. (Ger. fliessen.) flgotig, adj. fleet, swift. fliht. See flyht. flihd. See fleogan. flint, st. m. flhit, flintstone. flint-grseg, adj. gray like flintstone. flit, st. n. strife, contention. (Ger. fleiss. ) fiita, iv. m. striver, fighter. flitan, st. abl. v. V. to exert one's self, strive, contend, emulate, fight, quarrel. ofer-flitan, to surpass in a con- test, overcome, conquer. flion, flius. See fleon, flys. floccan, w. v. to clap, applaud? Ea. 21, 34. flod, st. m. n. flood, stream, wave, tide, sea-stream, current of the sea, overflow, inundation, river. (Ger.fluQ flod-blac, adj. flood-pale, made pale by the waters through fear of drowning. 72 flodegsa — folcgewin flod-egsa, w. m. fear of water, flood- terror, flod-graeg, adj. water-gray. flod-weg, st. m. waterway, sea. flod-weard, st. f. flood-guard, i. e. the walls caused by dividing the Red Sea. Exod. 493. flod-wudu, st. m. flood-wood, ship. flod-wylm, st. m. billows, raging sea. flod-yd, st. f. flood-wave. flor, st. f. m. floor, stone floor, plain, field. (Ger. flur.) flot, st. n. water deep enough to float a ship, sea. flota, w. m. 1. ship. — 2. sailor, sea- robber, flot-here, st. m. fleet, naval force. flot-man, st. m. sailor, pirate. flot-weg, st. m. seaway, sea. flowan, st. red. v. to flow, stream. (O. H. Ger. flawjan.) be-flowan, to flow around, wash. geond-flowan, to flow over or through. to-flowan, 1. to flow down, away, or apart. — 2. to flow or stream to, pour in. under-flowan, to flow under. flyge, st. m. flying, flight. flyge-r6ow, adj. wild-flying, fierce in flight, flyge-wil, st. n. flying wile, Satan's dart. flyht, fliht, st. m. flight, flying. (Ger. jlucht.) flyht-hwaet, adj. quick in flight, ready for flight. flyhd. See fleon. flyma, w. m. fugitive. flyman, iv. v. to put to flight, rout. 2-flyman, the same as above, ge-flyman, the same as above, flys, flius, st. )>. fleece, wool. (Ger. vlicss, flies;. ) fnaed, st. v. fringe, border, fnaest, st. m. strong or violent breath of air, blast, breathing, breath. fodor, foddor, -ur, st. n. fodder, food, nourishment, victuals. (Ger. futter.) fodor-fcegu, st. f. feeding, eating, nourishment, food. fodor- wela, w. »t. wealth of food, provisions. foh. See fori, folc, 6^. n. folk, people, nation, crowd, throng; a people, tribe, family, band of warriors; — jd- fighting-men, warriors, people, men. (Ger. volk.) folc-agend, part. & subs, leading a band of warriors, ruling over a people; — leader, ruler. folc-bealu, st. n. great evil, horrible torment. folc-bearn, st. n. child of the people, fellow-man. folc-biorn, st. m. man of the multi- tude, common man. folc-cu, st. f. folk-cow, cow of the herd. folc-cud, adj. known to the people, celebrated, popular. folc-cwen, st. f. folk-queen, queen of a warlike host. folc-cyning, st. m. folk-king, king of a warlike host. folc-dryht, -drilit, st. f. multitude of people, followers. folc-egsa,K\w.folk-f right, terror.f ear folc-firen, st. f. crime of the people. folc-fr6a, w. m. lord of the people, leader of the host. folc-gesid, st. »i. one of the same country, countryman, one of the leaders chief attendants, thane, warrior. folc-gestealla, «\ m. same as above, folc-gestreon, st. n. riches, posses- sions of a people, folc-getasl, st. ». number of the people, number, tale, folc-getrum, st. >i. army, host. folc-gewin, st. >i. war. folcland — forfon 73 folc-land, st. n. folk-land, land held in common by freemen of all ranks. folc-maegen, st. n. people's force, multitude, people. folc-msegd, st. /. tribe, nation. folc-msere, adj. celebrated. folc-n6d, st. f. care for the people. Ps. 77, 16. folc-rsed, st. m. what best serves a warlike host, public benefit. folc-rseden, st.f. decree or ordinance of the people. folc-riht, st. ii. folk-right, common privilege, the rights of every free- man, public right, rightful share in the possessions of the commu- nity. folc-sael, st. n. people's hall, hall in which the leader entertains his personal Rollovers. folc-scearu, st. f. part of a host of warriors, nation, province; — folk- share? folk-land? B. 73. [lain. folc-sceada, w. m. people's foe, vil- folc-scipe, st. m. nation, people. folc-stede, -styde, st. m. place or habitation of the people, place where a band of warriors is quar- tered; fortress, city, land. folc-sweot, st. m. multitude, host. folc-talu, st. f. numbering of the people, genealogy. folc-toga, w. m. leader of the host, commander of an army, prince, duke. folcu. See folc-cii. folc-weras, st. m. pi. men of the people, people. folc-wiga, w. m. warrior, fighter. folc-wita, iv. m. public counselor, senator. fold-aern, st. n. earth-house, grave. fold-bold, st. n. earthly dwelling, castle. fold-buend, -biiende, part, pi- & subs, earth-dwellers, men. folde, w. f. 1. earth, firm land, — in contrast with water, heaven and hell, the dwelling-place of man and the producer of fruits, &c. — 2. land, country, district, region. 3. soil, ground, crust. — 4. earth, dust of the earth. Gu. 795. fold-graef, st. n. earth-grave. fold-grceg, adj. earth-gray, earth- colored. fold-hrereud, part, earth-touching, walking on the earth. fold-raest, st. f. rest in the earth, in the grave. fold-wang, st. m. plain, earth. fold-weestm, si. m. fruits of the earth. fold-weg, st. vi. 1. path over the earth, way by land. — 2. earth. fold-wela, w. m. earthly riches. folgad, -od, st. m. 1. office, service of a follower, service, attendance. 2. situation or condition of life, destiny. folgere, st. m. follower. folgian, w. v. 1. to follow. — 2. to pursue, follow after. — 3. to follow, obey. — 4. to perform vassal-duty, serve, follow. (Ger. folgen.) folm, st. f. palm of the hand, hand. folme, w. f. the same as above. fon, st. red. v. to catch, grasp, take hold of, take, receive. (Ger. f an r/en.) a-fon, to lay hold of, seize; — forht afangen, invaded with fear. an-fon, to accept, receive. be-fon, bi-fon, to surround, en- snare, encompass, embrace; to lay hold of, seize; conceive, receive; — wordum befon, to tell, relate. for-fon, 1. to seize, lay hold of, take away. — 2. to arrest. ge-fon, w. ace. to seize, grasp. ofer-fon, to capture, take pris- oner. on-fon, to receive, accept, take, hear, perceive. 74 for — f orht burh-fon, to grasp through, break through with a gripe. wid-fon, to seize or grasp at, clutch, seize. ymb-, ymbe-fon, to surround, encompass, encircle, embrace. for, prep, (for), I. w. dat. 1. local: before, in the presence of. — 2. causal: (a.) to denote a subjective motive, on account of, through, from. — (b.) to denote an objective cause, through, from, for, by rea- son of, on account of. — (c.) after verbs denoting fear, anxiety, care, &c, as well as those protecting, defending, freeing from, &c. — for, by reason of, of, against, from, about. — (d.) ic. dat. of person: for or on account of whom something is done or suffered. — (e.) to show agreement or fitness, according to, in accordance with, on account of. (/.) to denote purpose: to, for. — (g.) with verbs of begging, swear- ing, promising — for the sake of, by: for dryhtne, by God. — (h.) to denote that for which or against which something is done for. — (*.) as to, considering, about. — 3. tem- poral: before, sooner than. — II. iv. ace. (a.) local: before, in the sight of. — (&.) temporal: before, sooner than. — (r.) before, above. — {d. ) for, instead of, as : for beet, for that, thereof, therefrom, &c. — III. w. instr.= for, w, dat. (Ger. vor.) for-, (Ger. ver-, Goth, fair-, fra-, faur-.) for, st. f. a going, departing, course, trip, journey; way, behavior, man- ner of life. foran, I. adv. before, among the first, forward, in front. — II. prep. w. dat. before. ford, st m. ford. (Dan. fjord; Ger. furt. ) fore, I. prep. 1. w. dat. (a.) local: before, in the presence of, in sight of, in hearing of.— (6.) causal: on account of, by reason of, for the sake of, from, for, through, because of. — (c.) temporal: before. Cri. 1031; El. 637.— (d.) for, instead of, Cri. 1292; Gu. 373: by, Jul. 540.— 2. w. ace. (a.) local and temporal: before, for. — (b.) for, instead of. Seef. 21, 22.— II. adv. before, afore- time, formerly, once. fore-beacen, st. n. prodigy, wonder. fore-genga, w. m. 1. ancestor.— 2. forerunner. fore-genga, iv. f. female servant. Jud. 127. [others. fore-gleaw, adj. prudent, wise above fore-m^re, adj. illustrious, very cel- ebrated, renowned above others. fore-meahtig, -mihtig, adj. very po- tent, exceedingly powerful, most mighty. fore-scyttels, st. m. bolt or bar, crossbeam. fore-snotor, adj. beyond others wise, very wise, sagacious. fore-spreca, w. m. advocate. (Ger. Jursprecher.) fore-tacen, st. n. foretoken, prodigy. fore-banc, -bone, st. m. forethought, consideration, deliberation. fore-bancol, -boncol, adj. provident, prudent, considerate. fore-weall, st. m. fore wall, rampart. fore-weard, adj. 1. forward, in- clined to the front. — 2. denoting the first part or the beginning of anything, fore, early, new, former. fore-weard gear, new year. for-gefenes, st.f forgiveness, [efit. for-gifnes, st.f. present, largess, ben- for-heard, adj. very hard. for-hogednes, st. f. contempt. forht, adj. 1. timid, frightened, tear- ful, cowardly. — 2. frightful, ter- rible, dreadful. forhtian — fracod 75 forhtian, w. v. 1. intrans. to be timid, be afraid, fear. — 2. trans, to fear, stand in fear of. (Ger. fiirohteri. ) on-forhtian, to be timid, be afraid, fear. Deut. 31, 6. forht-lic, adj. 1. fearful, cowardly. 2. frightful, terrible. [fully. forht-lice, adv. tremblingly, fear- forht-mod, adj. of a fearful mind, timid. [loss. for-lor, st. m. perdition, destruction, forma, w. adj. the first. for-manig, adj. very many. for-nean, adv. very nearly, almost, about. forod, part. & adj. broken, without strength, worn out, useless. for-rynel, st. m. forerunner, pre- cursor. for-sceap, st. n. evil deed, crime. forst, st. m. frost, cold. (Ger. frost.) for-strang, adj. very strong. for-swid, adj. the same as above. for-swide, adv. very strongly, very .... indeed. ford, adv. forth, 1. local: (a.) hither, near, in the presence of. — (&.) for- ward, further thence. — (c.) to de- note motion toward. — (d.) to de- note the going beyond a limit, or su- periority. — (f.) ge-scildend, -scyldend, part. & subs. protection, protector. ge-scip, st. n. fate, destiny, fortune. B. 2570. (Groschopp.) ge-scife, adj. advancing. B. 2571. (Harrison & Sharp.) [dress. ge-scirpla, w. m. clothing, apparel, ge-scot, st. n. dart, thunderbolt. gescot-feoht, st. f. fighting with darts or arrows, battle. [ders. ge-sculdre, -sculdru, st, ». pi. slioul- ge-scy, st. n. covering for the feet, shoes. ge-scyldend. See gescildend. ge-scyldru, st. n. pi. shoulders. geseft — getah 91 ge-s§ft, part. & adj. softened, mild, gentle, pleasant. ge-segen, st. f. saying, tradition. ge-selda, w. m. companion, comrade. ge-seld, st.f. dwelling-place, house, mansion. ge-sene. See gesyne. ge-set, st. n. seat, dwelling, domicile, house. geset-nes, st. f. place, station. gese wen-lie, adj. visible. geseotu, st. n. pi. See geset. ge-sib, -syb, adj. belonging to the same race ; kin, related, near, in- timate. gesib-lice, adv. peacefully, harmo- niously. ge-sihd, -siehd, -syhd, st.f. sight, power of seeing, eyes, face, ap- pearance, aspect, view. ge-sine. See gesyne. ge-singe, w.f. wife. ge-sid, st. m. companion, comrade, follower, associate. gesid-maegen, st. n. crowd or con- course of followers. ge-sidd, st. n. companionship, fel- lowship, company. (Ger. gesinde.) ge-siehd, -siene. See gesihd, -syne. ge-sleht, -sliht, -slyht, st. n. battle, conflict. g6sne. See gsesne. ge-som, adj. concordant, unanimous, united, friendly. ge-span, -spon, st. n. joining, plait- ing, fastening together, web, clasp. ge-span, -spon, st. n. enticement, se- duction, wile. [clasp. ge-spang, -spong, st. n. fastening, ge-sprec, st. n. ability to speak, power of speech. ge-spreca, w. m. one that speaks with another, counselor. ge-spring, st. n. surge, eddy, stream. gest. See gaest. ge-stseddig, adj. stable, fixed, firm. ge-steal, st. n. foundation, ground, space. ge-steald, st n. place, dwelling, abode. ge-stealla,w.w. comrade, companion. ge-streon, st n.jil- collected or ac- quired treasures, possessions, jew- els, property, riches, gain, treasure. ge-stun, st. n. war, crash. ge-sund, adj. whole, unhurt, safe, well, healthy, happy, prosperous. (Ger. gesund.) ge-swses, adj. dear, pleasant. ge-sweorc, st. n. darkness, mist, cloud. ge-sweoru, -swiru, -swyra, st. n.pl. Mils. ge-sweoster, pi. sisters. (Ger. ge- schwister.) ge-swin. See geswins. ge-swinc, st. n. labor, pains, tribu- lation. geswinc-dagas, st. m. pi. days of tribulation. ge-swing, st. n. vibration, fluctua- tion, tossing. ge-swins, st. n. modulation of the voice in singing, song, melody. ge-swiru. See gesweoru. ge-swyru, -syb, -syhd. See ge- sweoru, -sib, -sihd. ge-syne, -s§ne, -sine, -siene, adj. visible, seen, plain, evident, open, clear. ge-synto, st. f. health, unchanged condition, fruit, prosperity, safety. (Ger. gesundheit.) get, geta. See git, gita. ge-tael, -tel, st. n. 1. tale, number, series, count, reckoning. — 2. race, mass, company, tribe, hundred. getael-rim, st. n. the computed num- ber, full number. ge-taese, adj. quiet, still, gentle, peaceful, comfortable, suitable. ge-tah, st. n. teaching, doctrine, dis- cipline? Eeim. 2. 92 getal — gewealdend ge-tal, adj. quick, swift, ready, ex- peditious. getan, w. v. (to get, see gitan,) to hurt, injure, destroy, kill. a-getan, the same as the above. ge-taiig, -tong, adj. given up to. ge-tang, -tong, st. n. quick move- ment, haste? Keim. 8. ge-tawa, st. f. pi. equipment, instru- ments. ge-tel. See getael. ge-tenge, adj. near, reaching to, at- tached to, lying on or by, pressing on, heavy, oppressive; in short, showing immediate nearness. Ce-teoh, st. n. matter, material (uni- verse). Reim. 2. ge-timbru, st. n. pi. building, edifice, structure. (Ger. gesimmer.) [tie. ge-toht, st. n. warlike expedition, bat- ge-treowe, adj. true, faithful. ge-trum, st. n. band, crowd, host, army. ge-trym, st. m. firmament, canopy. ge-trywe, adj. true, faithful. ge-twinnas, st. m. pi. twins. (Ger. zwillingc.) ge-tyne, st. n. entrance, court. ge-tynge, adj. speaking fluently, lo- quacious. ge-paca, w. m. one that covers or overlays anything, coverer, cov- ering. ge-]?afa, w. m. favorer, helper, sup- porter, promoter. ge-banc, -bone, st. m. n. thought, thinking, intention, mind, opinion. ge-bancol, adj. thoughtful, mindful. ge-beaht, st. f. u. reflection, consid- eration, counsel, advice. ge-beahting, -beahtung, st. f. ooun- sel, determination, consent, agree- ment. ge-beawe. See gebywe. ge-beode, st. pi. nations, peoples. Sat. 19. ge-peode, st. n. speech, language. ge-bing, st. n. 1. council, assembly. 2, agreement, terms, covenant. B. 1085. — 3. fate. providence. i>su<\ destiny. ge-pingdu, st. f. worth, honor, dig- nity. ge-poht, st. m. thought, mind, man- ner of thinking; plan, determina- tion. ge-praec, -brec, st. n. press, crush, throng, crowd, stir, tumult. ge-brang, st. n. throng, tumult. (Ger. gedrange.) ge-bring, st. n. tumult, throng,crush, whirlpool. ge-pruen, adj. brought together, pressed, compact. ge-bwsere, adj. united, willing, har- monious, gentle, mild, peaceful, quiet, complaisant. ge-byde, adj. good, liberal. ge-byht, adj. suitable, pleasing. ge-pyld, st. f. patience, endurance, steadfastness. (Ger. gcduld.) ge-pyldig, adj. patient, long-suffer- ing, even-minded, quiet. (Ger. geduldig.) ge-pyncdu = gepingdu, st. f. honor, dignity, worth. ge-bywe, -beawe, adj. wont, accus- tomed, customary, usual. ge-un-wendnes, st.f. unchangeable- ness, immutability. ge-waede, -wede, st. n. weeds, clothing, garment, battle-dress, shirt-of-mail. ge-wed, st. n. fury, rage. ge-wede. See gewcede. ge-wef, st. n. v.oof, weaving, web. ge-wel-hwaer, adv. everywhere. ge-wealc, st. n. rolling, motion (of the wave); attack. Chron. Sax. a. 1100. ge-weald, -wald, st. f. n. might, power. (Ger. yen-alt.) ge-wealdend, part. & adj. mighty, strong, powerful. gewealdendlice — gealga 93 gewealdend-lice, adv. mightily, powerfully. gewealden-mod, adj. of a brave mind, bold, courageous. geweald-leder, st. n. leather for guiding, rein. ge-weoldum. See gewild. ge-weorc, st. n. work, deed, labor. ge-weorht. See gewyrht. ge-weorp, st. n. throwing, tossirig, dashing. ge-widor, st. n. storm, tempest, weather. (G-er. gewitter.) ge-wil, -will, st. n. will, decision, wish. ge-wild, 'st. n. will, free will. ge-wilt ? El. 938 = gewitt. ge-win, -"winn, st. n. 1. fight, eon- test, strife, war, attack, disturb- ance, uproar, tumult. — 2. pains, trouble, sorrow, oppretsion, agony. 3. gain, profit. (Ger. gewinn.) gewin-daeg, st. m. day of battle or of labor, pains, oppression, day of battle. ge-winna, ic. m. enemy, oppressor, rival, foe. gewiii-woruld, st. f. world full of pain and misery, world of care. ge-wis, adj. certain, sure, trust- worthy. (Ger. gewiss.) gewis, st. f. distress, tribulation, need. ge-wislics, adv. truly, surely, cer- tainly. ge-wit, st. n. wits, understanding, mind, thought, insight, conscious- ness, knowledge, breast, soul, heart. ge-wita, u\ m. witness, accessory. ge-wita, iv. m. comrade, companion. gewit-leas, adj. thoughtless, foolish, silly. gswit-loca, w. m. the inclosure of in- telligence, mind, thought, breast. gewit-nes, st. f. witness, testimony. joint knowledge ; knowledge, cog- nizance; a witness (testis). ge-witod, st. m. condition of life fixed for any one by destiny? Reim. 44. (?ns. gewited.) ge-witt. See ge-wit. ge-wittig, adj. having intelligence, knowing, conscious. ge-wlo, adj. decorated, adorned. ge-worf. See geweorf. ge-writ, st. n. writing, letter, book, especially the Scriptures. ge-wrixle, st. n. change, exchange, barter, arrangement, bargain. j ge-wun, adj. wont, accustomed. ge-wuna, w. m. use, custom, man- ner, rite. ge-wydor. See gewldor. ge-wyrd, st. f. 1. event, occurrence. 2. destiny, lot assigned by fate. Men. 66. ge-wyrht, -weorht, si. n. 1. deed, work, labor, service. — 2. fate's de- cree, lot fixed by destiny. D6m.61. ge-wyrhta, w. m. worker, doer, author. geac, st. m. (gawk), cuckoo. (G-er. huehuk, gaucli.) geacnung. See ge-eacmmg. geador, gador, adv. together, at the same time, altogether, jointly. geaf, adj. serving for pastime, jocose. geafe, w. f. gift, present. geaflas,. st. m. pi. beak, jaws, (gaffles). geafol, si. n. tribute, gift. I geagl, st. m. throat, gullet ; jaws. geagn-, geagninga, geahd. See gegn- f gegninga, gead. gealdor, galdor, st. n. sound, tone, song, magic song, incantation, spell, excommunication, speech. gealdor-craeft, st. m. magic art, in- cantation, excommunication. gealdor-cwide, st. m. song, speech, incantation. gealdor- word, st. n. word of a song, magic word. gealga, galga, ?r. m. gallows, cross. (Ger. galgen.) 94 gealg — geoc gealg-, gealh-, galg-mod, adj. bil- ious, choleric, furious, wroth, an- gry; — melancholy, sad, gloomy. gealg-treow, st. n. gallows-tree, gallows, cross. [guile. ) gealla, ealla, w. m. gall, bile. (Ger. gean, geanes. See gegn, gegnes. geap, gate? Ruin. 11, 31. (Grein.) geap, geapu, st. f. expanse, room. (B.-T.) geap, adj. 1. broad, wide, spread out, roomy. — 2. experienced, as- tute, sly, crafty, cunning. geap-neb, adj. an epithet of the coat-of-mail; — into gSap-ueb? to be changed. Wald. 2, 18. (Grein.) geap-neb, crooked-nibbed, with a bent beak, arched. (B.-T.) gear, sport? jest? Eeim. 25. ge£r, g£r, st. n. 1. year.— 2. yearly tribute. (Ger. jalir. ) geara, adv. gen. pi. of gear, — yore, of yore, in former times, once, formerly. geara, adv. fully, entirely, very well, enough, satisfactorily, sufficiently. gearc, adj. ready, prompt. geard, st. m. yard, hedge, inclosed space, dwelling-place, house. (Ger. garten.) gear-dagas, st. m. pi. 1. days of the year or of life. — 2. former time, days of yore, former days; — ge2r- dagum, adv. instr. formerly, in ancient days, once. geare, gere, adv. complete, entirely, thoroughly, very well, sufficiently. gearewe. See gearwe. gear-gemearc, st. n. mark or bound- ary of years; a year's time. gear-gerim, st. n. number of the years, years in number. gear-m^l, st. n. time of years, in course of time, year by year, gearnung. See ge-earnung. gearo. See ge-earu. gear-rim, st n. number of years. 1 gear-torht, adj. splendid, bright in years, illustrious on account of yearly revenue. gearu. See ge-earu. gearu, gearo, adj. yare, ready, pre- pared, prompt, finished, equipped ; complete. gearu, gearo, adv. promptly, readily, fully, entirely, altogether, thor- oughly, very well, richly. gearu-brygd, st. f. prompt, com- plete vibration. Cra. 50. gearu-folm, adj. with ready hand. gearu-gangende, part, going unim- peded, swiftly. gearu-lice, adv. completely, fully, very well. gearu-snotor, -snottor, adj. very wise, prudent. gearu-pancol, adj. very thoughtful, prudent. geamwian. See gerwan. gearu- wyrdig.rtrf/. ready with words, ready to strike, eloquent. gearwe, gearuwe, gearewe, adv. completely, entirely, altogether, well, very well, safely, satisfac- torily. (Ger. gar.) gearwe, st.f. pi. equipment, clothing, ornaments, gear. gearwe, w. f. the same as above. gearwian. See gerwan. geasne. See g^sne. geat, gat, st. n. gate, door. (Ger. gasse. ) geato-lic, adj. ready, well-prepared, handsome, splendid. geatwan, u\ v. to make read}', pre- pare, adorn. geatwe, st. f. pi. equipment, adorn- ment. gead, geahd, st. f. foolishness, las- civiousness, wantonness, luxury, mockery. g§o, gio, adv. once, formerly. (G oi li. fa) geoc, gioc, st. )>. yoke. geoc — georne 95 geoc, §oc, gioc, st. f. help, support, rescue, safety, consolation, alle- viation. geocend, part. & suds, helper, res- cuer, Savior. geocian, to. v., w. gen., or dat. to help, preserve, rescue, save. geocor, adj. strong, brave, wild, wicked, bad, ill, perilous, oppress- ive, bitter, dire, sad. geocre, adv. harshly, roughly, se- verely, angrily. geocsa, geohsa, gihsa, w. m. sobbing, rattling in the throat. Met. 2. 5. geofa,geofan,geofe. See gifa.gifan, gife, gifu. geofian, w. r. to give, present. geofon, gifen, gyfen, st. n. sea, flood. geofon-flod, st. m. flood of the sea. geofon-hus, st. n. sea-house, ship. geofen-yd, st. n. sea-wave, billow. geofu. See gifu. geogud, giogud, st. f. 1. youth, age or state of youth, time of youth. — 2. youth, young persons, young men, young warriors. (Ger. ju- gend.) geogud-cnosl, st. n. young family, children. geogud-feorh, st. n. age of youth, youth. geogud-had, st. m. state of youth, time of youth, youth. geogud-myru, st. f. joy of youth? Ea. 39, 2. gechsa, geohdu. See geocsa, gehdu. geoleca, geolca, gioleca, w. m. yolk. geolo, -u, adj. yellow. geolo-rand, st. m. yellow shield (shield with a covering of inter- laced linden-bark). geomser? Ps, 77, 39; — perhaps to be changed into g-Son-, gean-cer. Cf. geoncyr occursus. (Lye.) g6o-man,5t m. man of former times. geomor, giomor, adj. sorrowful, sad, troubled, miserable, depressed in spirits, wretched. (CLGer.jaimner.) geomor-frod, adj. old in sorrows, sage, wise, very old. geomor-gid, -gyd, st. n. dirge, fu- neral song, elegy, lamentation. geomor-lic, adj. sad, sorrowful, painful. geomor-lice, adv. sadly, sorrowfully, mournfully. [mind. geomor-mod, adj. sad, sorrowful in gScmran, -rian, w. v. to mourn, la- ment, be sorrowful, be sad, com- plain. (Ger. jamnern.) ggoncer. See geomaer. geond, giond, prep. w. ace. through, throughout, along, over, as far as, beyond, between: — used in gen- eral to denote extension in space. geong, geng, ging, iung, giung, adj. 1. young, youthful.— 2. recent, new, fresh. — 3. svperl. the last. B. 2817. (GeT.jung.) geong, st. m. going, course, journey. gecng, pret. of gangan. geongan, st. all. v. I. to go. geonge-wifre, iv. f. a weaver in going, spider. gecngor-dom, st. m. discipleship, obedience, service. gecngor-scipe, st. m. same as above. geongra, giongra, gingra, w. m. dis- ciple, follower, dependant, vassal, servant. (Ger. jiinger.) geongre, gingre,?r./. female servant. gaopan, st. aid. v. YI. to take up into one's self, swallow. georn, adj. diligent, studious, de- sirous of seeking after, striving, eager, ardent, zealous. (Ger. gerne.) georne, adv. 1. willingly, obligingly, gladly, readily, diligently, zealous- ly, carefully, eagerly, anxiously. — 2. completely, fully, exactly, safe- ly, surely. (Ger. gem.) 96 geornful — gild georn-ful, adj. solicitous, eager, de- sirous, zealous. georn-lice, adv. eagerly, zealously, carefully, diligently, willingly. georran, st. abl. v. I. to sound, creak, grate. g6o-sceaft, st. f. long-fixed destiny, fate. g§osceaft-gast, st. m. spirit of re- mote antiquity, having his origin in the beginning of the world? — demon sent by fate ? B. 1266. geostra, giestra, gystra, adj. yes- ter-, of yesterday. (Ger. gestern.) geotan. See gitan. geotan, st. abl. v. VI. 1. to pour, pour out, pour forth, shed. — 2. intrans. to pour, empty, stream, flow. (Ger. giessen. ) a-geotan, 1. to pour out, shed. — 2. to empty. — 3. to stream out or forth, flow. be-g6otan, 1. to pour upon or over. — 2. to pour into. ge-geotan, to pour. burh-geotan, to pour through, fill entirely, imbue. geodu. See gehdu. gicel, st. m. icicle (= ice-icel). gid, gidd, gied, gyd, st. n. song, sol- emn alliterative song, speech, lay, poem, riddle. giddian, gieddian, gyddian, w. v. to sing, speak, recite (in alliterative verse). gidding, giedding, st. f. song, earnest discourse, saying, prophecy. gif, gyf, covj. 1. w. indie. & subj. if. — 2. iv. indie, or subj. although, even if. Gen. 661. — 3. w. indie, or subj. whether. gif, gyf, st. n. gift, favor, grace. gifa, giefa, geofa, gyfa, w. m. giver, distributer. gifan, giefan, gefan, geofan, giofan, gyfan, st. abl. v. III. to give. (Ger. (jeben.) a-gifan, 1. to give, deliver, give or send forth, impart, return. — 2. to restore, give back again. — 3. to give up, abandon, lose. aet-gifan, to render, bring to the help of, afford help to. for-gifaii, 1. to give, grant, con- cede, allow, deliver. — 2. to forgive. 3. to give up, leave, cease. of-gifan, to give up, resign, lose, leave, send away, give away, set out. gifen. See geofon. gifer, st. in. eater, glutton? Seel. 118. gifed, sea, ocean ? An. 489. (Grein.) But see gifede, st. n. gifede, gyfede, adj. given, granted. gifede, st. n. what is given by des- tiny, fate. B. 3085. gif-faest, adj. endowed, gifted. gif-heal, st. f. hall in which gifts are distributed, throne-hall. gifl, gifel, giefl, gyfl, st. n. food, bit, morsel. gif-nes, st. f. kindness, grace, favor. gifre, adj. greedy, ravenous, rapa- cious, eager, desirous. gifre, adj. salutary, useful. gif-sceat, st. m. gift of value, pres- ent, tribute. B. 378. gif-stol, st. m. seat from which gifts are distributed, royal seat, throne. gift, gyft, st.f. n. gift, dowry, mar- riage. (O. H. Ger. gift.) gifu, giefu, geofu, giofu, gyfu, st. f. gift, present, benefit, grant, fief, grace, favor, talent, virtue, ca- pacity, ability. (Ger. gate.) gigant, st. »i. giant. gigant-maecg, st. m. son of a giant. gihsa, gihdu. See geocsa, gehdu. gild, gield, gyld, st. n. 1. reparation, reward, requital, retribution. — 2. amends for something, compensa- tion, substitute. — 3. worship, cult, service, sacrifice. — 4. divinity, de- ity. — 5. idol. gildan — gita 97 gildan, gieldan, gyldan, geldan, st. abl. v. I. (to yield), 1. to make reparation, restore, requite, repay, reward, pay. — 2. to vow, sacrifice. (G-er. gelten.) a-gildan, 1. to give back, pay. — 2. to offer one's self. an-gildan, to pay for. for-gildan, 1. to requite, pay. — 2. to reward one with something. B. 956. — 3. to give, pay, reward. — 4. to pay, fulfill. (Ger. ver- gelten.) ge-gildan, to grant, give. on-gildan, 1. to atone for, ex- piate. — 2. to pay, give up. — 3. to receive as punishment. Fa. 71. gilp, gelp, gielp, gylp, st. m. n. glory, glorious renown, boasting, boastful speech, big talking, arro- gance, promise of great deeds. gilpan, gielpan, gylpan, st. abl. v. I. (to yelp), to praise one's self, boast, be haughty, exult insolent- ly, triumph, rejoice, exult. a-gilpan, to boast, rejoice. gilp-cwide, st. m. boastful speech, defiant speech. gilpen, adj. vainglorious, boastful. gilp-hlasden, adj. laden with boasts of defiance; he who has many such boasts, and consequently has been victorious in many combats ; cov- ered with glory. B. 868. gilp-lic, adj. boastful, splendid. gilp-plega, iv. m. play in which de- fiance or boasts are hurled back and forth, war. gilp-sceada, w. m. boastful, big- talking, arrogant enemy. gilp-sprasc, st.f. speech of defiance, boastful speech. gilp-word, st. n. proud, boastful word (speech). gilt. See gylt. giltan. See gyltan. gim, st. m. 1. gem, jewel. — 2. eye.— 3. sun, constellation, star. (O. H. Ger. gimma.) gim-cyn (gym), st. n. kind of gems, precious stones. gim-reced, st. n. hall adorned with precious stones, or in which pre- cious stones are distributed. gin, adj. gaping, wide, extended. gin, gyn, st. n. gaping abyss, chasm, expanse, deep, bottom. ginan, st. abl. v. V. be-ginan, to yawn at, stare at any one yawning. to-ginan, to be opened, be cleft, to split, gape. gin-faest, adj. firm on all sides, strong, mighty, powerful. ging, gingra, gingre. See geong, geongra, geongre. ginnan, gynnan, st. abl. v. I. (to gin.) an-ginnan, to begin, commence. be-ginnan, to begin, commence. on-ginnan, 1. w. inf. to begin ; — often used as a periphrastic way of denoting the simple action of the verb. — 2. w. ace. to begin, un- dertake. — 3. to make an attack upon any one, attack, rush upon, assail, assault, storm. ginne. See gin. gin-, ginn- wised, adj. very wise. girran, girwan, gist. See georran, gerwaii, gaest. gisel, gysel, st. m. hostage. (Ger. geissel. ) git, gyt, nom. voc. dual of the pcrs. 2?ron. of the second person, ye two ; — git Johannis, thou and John ; — gen. incer; dat. inc; ace. incit, inc. git, get, giet, gyt, adv. yet, now, still, again, moreover, hitherto, up to this time; — w. negative, not yet, never before. gita, geta, gieta, gyta, adv. hitherto, as yet. gitan — gleaw gitan, gietan, gytan, geotan,st.abl.r. \ III. to get. a-gitan, to destroy, put out, overturn, hurt. an-gitan, to take hold of, grasp, seize. be-, bi-gitan, 1. to take, grasp, seize, reach, gain, attain, receive, befall. 2. to seize, attack. Seef. 24. for-gitan, w. ace. & gen. to for- get. (Ger. vergessen.) ofer-gitan, to neglect, forget. on-gitan, to take hold of, grasp ; especially to grasp intellectually; comprehend, perceive, distinguish, behold, recognize. gltsian, gytsian, to. v. to desire ar- dently, be avaricious, be greedy. (Ger. geisen.) gltsung, st. f. concupiscence, lust, desire, avarice, covetousness. gied, gieddian, gieddiiig. See gid, giddian, gidding. giefa, giefan, giefl, giefu. See gifa, gifan, gifl, gifu. gield, gieldan, giellan, gielp, giel- pan, gielt. See gild, gildan, gel- Ian, gilp, gilpan, gylt. gieman, gien, giena. See gyman, gen, gena. gieng, pret. from gangan. gierd, gierela, gierwan. See gyrd, gerela, gerwan. giest, giestra. See gaest, geostra. giet, gieta, gietan. See git, gita, gitan. gio (gio-), gioc, gloc, giofu, giofan, giogud, giohdu, gioleca, gioman, giomor, giond, giong, giong, gion- gor, giongra, giotan. See geo, geoc, g§oc, gifu, gifan, geogud, gehdu, geoleca, geoman, geomor, geond, geong, gangan, geongor, geongra, ggotan. giong, prct. from gangan. giung. See geong. gladian, w. r. 1. to gleam, shimmer. 2. to cheer up, make glad; — inirans. to be glad, rejoice, glaed, adj. 1. bright, gleaming, shin- ing, beaming.— 2. glad, joyful. — 3. agreeable, pleasant, gracious, friendly, kind, obliging. (Ger. glatt.) glaed, st. n. hilarity, joyousness, joy, gladness ; — (glade, cheer. Halli- well). glasde, adv. gladly, in a friendly, gracious way. glaed-lic, adj. bright, shining, pleas- ant, agreeable, friendly. glasd-lice, adv. gladly, willingly ; in a gracious, pleasant manner. glsed-mod, adj. 1. glad of mind, joy- ous, cheerful. — 2. friendly, kind, courteous, gracious. glaede-stede. See gledstede. gleem, st. in. gleam, brightness, splendor, beauty. glees, st. n. glass. (Ger. glas.) glaes-hluttor, glas-hlupor, adj. clear as glass, transparent. gled, st. f. heat, coals, fire, flame. (Ger. gluth.) gledan, ic. v. ge-gledan, to make hot, kindle, light up. purh-gledan, to heat through. gled-egesa, w. m. terror on account of fire, fire-terror. gled-stede, -styde, st. m. place for fire, hearth, altar. glendran, w. r. for-glendran, to devour greedily, swallow up. gleng, st. f. ornament, honor. glengan, u\ v. to adorn, decorate, ge-glengan, the same as above. gleam, st, n. joy, jubilation, loud rejoicing. gleaw, adj. 1. penetrating, acute, sly, skilled, sagacious, wise : know- ing, having knowledge of any- gleawe — godbearn 99 thing. — 2. good. — 3. cowardly, neg- lectful, economical, considerate, avaricious. (Ger. glau.) gleawe, adv. wisely, considerately, prudently, carefully ; — exactly, well. gleaw-ferhd, adj. prudent, good in disposition or mind, sagacious. gleaw-hycgende, part, thoughtful, prudent, wise. gleaw-hydig, adj. same as above. gleaw-lice, adv. prudently, wisely, diligently, carefully, well. gleaw-mod, adj. of a wise mind, sa- gacious, good. gleaw-nes, st. f. wisdom, prudence. gl§o. See gleow. gleo-beam, st. m. tree of music, wood for giving joy, harp. gleo-dream, st. m. joyous diversion, social gayety, mirth. glSo-man, st. m. glee-man, singer, musician, harper, player, jester. gleomu, glimu, st. f. splendor, adorn- ment. gleow, gleo, glio, glig, st. n. social entertainment, joyful diversion, joy, music, play, jest, song, glee. gleow-stol, st. m. seat of joy. gleo-, glio-word, st. n . word of joy, song, poem. glida, w. m. glede, kite. glidan, st. all. v. V. 1. to glide. — 2. to glide away, vanish. (Ger. gleiten.) be-glidan (bi-), to glide away, vanish, leave. ge-glidan, to glide, fall. 6d-glidan, to glide away, escape. to-glidan, to glide apart or asunder, fall asunder, separate, vanish. glig. See gleow. glimu. See gleomu. glisnian, glissian, iv. v. to glisten, shine, glitter, gleam. glitinian, w. v. to glisten, glitter, light, gleam. gliw. See gleow. gliwian, w. v. to make joyful? to adorn? Ra. 27, 13. gliw-staef, st: m. sign of joy, melody. glio. See gleo. glof, st. n. cliff, rock. glof, st. f. glove. glom, st. m. ? (gloom, glum), twi- light, morning or evening splen- dor. Sch. 71. Cf. gloaming. gnaet, st. m. gnat, midge. gnead, adj. niggardly, sparing, stingy. gnorn, adj. sad, gloomy, mournful, depressed. gnorn, st. m. sorrow, sadness. gnornian, w. v. to be sad or sorrow- ful, to complain, to have sorrow, be-gnornian, to bemoan, mourn for. gnorn-cearig, adj. sad, troubled. gnorn-hof, st. n. dwelling of sorrow, prison, cell. gnorn-scendende, part, hastening away in sadness. gnorn-sorg, st. f. sadness, tribula- tion, anxiety, sorrow. gnornung, st. f. sadness, sorrow, complaining, mourning. gnorn-word, st. n. word of sorrow, wailing, lamentation. gnyrn, st. f. 1. sadness, mourning, calamity. — 2. wrong, insult, fault. gnyde. See gnead. god, st. m. God, deity, divinity. (Ger. Gott.) god, adj. good, fit, liberal. (Ger. gut.) god, st. n. 1. good, good thing, good deed, the good. — 2. goodness shown, benefit, favor, kindness, gift, present, liberality. — 3. good, blessing, welfare, goodness, ability. goda, w. m. God, deity. god-bearn, st n. God's Son, Christ, 100 godcund — grsef god-cund, adj. coming from God, divine. god-daed, st. f. 1. good deed, good work. — 2. benefit. god-dond, -doend, part. & subs. 1. one that does good. — 2. benefactor. god-dream, st. m. joys of heaven. gode-gyld, st. n. idol. gode-web. See godweb. god-faeder, st. m. God the Father. god-ferht, -fyrht, adj. God-fearing. god-fremmend, part. & subs, one that does good. god-gim, st. n. divine gem, heavenly jewel. godian, w. v. to become good, make good, better. ge-godian, to assist, enrich. god-lie, adj. goodly, good. god-nes, st.f. goodness, compassion. god-saed, st. n. God's seed, piety. god-scyld, st. f. sin committed against God. god-scyldig, adj. criminal, guilty. god-spgdig, adj. rich in blessings, rich, happy. god-spel, st. n. the story of God, gospel. god-prym, st. m. divine majesty or glory. god-web, gode-web, st. n. divine, very costly texture, purple cloth, silk, tapestry. gold, st. n. gold. (Ger. gold.) gold-aeht, st.f. possessions in gold, treasure. gold-tteorht, adj. bright with gold. gold-burg, st. f castle adorned, dec- orated with gold. gold-feet, st. n. golden vessel. gold-fast (-fatu?), st.f. golden brace- let. Ph. 303. gold-fan, adj. variegated with gold, shining with gold. gold-fraetwe, st. f. j>7. golden orna- ments. gold-gifa, -gyfa, -giefa, w. m. gold- giver, prince, lord. gold-hama, w. m. garment orna- mented with gold, coat-of-mail. gold-hilted, adj. gold-hilted, having a golden hilt. gold-hladen, part. gold-laden, adorned with gold. gold-hord, st. n. treasure of gold, treasure. gold-hroden, part, covered with gold, adorned with gold. gold-hwast, adj. rich in gold (Grein); greedy for gold, striving after gold (B.-T.). gold-madrn, st. m. treasure of gold, treasure. gold-sele, st. m. gold-hall, hall in which gold is distributed, ruler's hall. gold-smid, st. m. goldsmith, worker in gold. gold-smidu, st. f. art of working in gold. J gold-spedig, adj. rich in gold. gold-torht, adj. shining like gold. gold-weard, st. m. keeper, defender of the gold. gold- wine, st. m. friend who dis- tributes gold, ruler, king, prince. gold-wlanc, -wlonc, adj. elegantly adorned with gold, rich in gold. goma, io. m. gums, palate, jaws. (Ger. gaum, gaumen.) gombon. See gamban. gomel, gomelian, gomen. See ga- mol, gamelian, gamen. gong, gongan. See gang, gangan. gop, st. >n. slave, servant. Eii. 50, 3. | gor, st. n. dung, dirt, filth. i gos, st.f. goose. (Ger. gans.) grsed, t s^. ?». greed, desire, hunger. graedan, w. r. to cry, call out. graedig, gredig, adj. greedy, vora- cious, hungry, covetous. graef, st. n. grave. (Ger. grab.) graef-hus — grimman 101 graef-hus, st. n. grave-house, grave, place of torment, hall, graeft, st. in. f. n. carving, sculpture, a graven image, grssg, adj. gray. (Ger. gran.) graeg-hama, w. m. gray garment, shirt-of-mail. graeg-msel, adj. marked with gray, having a gray color, grass, st. n. grass, graes-molde, ic ./.grass-plot, meadow. grass-wang, st. m. same as above. grastan, gretan, st. red. v. (to greet), weep, lament, bemoan, deplore. (Goth, gretan, greitan.) be-gretan, to bemoan, deplore. graf, st. m. n. grove, grafan, st. abl. v. VI. 1. to dig, dig up. — 2. to grave, carve, chisel, engrave. (Ger. graben.) a-grafan, to cut, engrave. be-, bi-grafan, to bury, inter. gram, grom, adj. hostile, enraged, furious, fierce, dire, cruel, wild, terrible. (Ger. gram.) grame, grome, adv. hostilely, inim- ically, fiercely, terribly, cruelly. gram-heort, adj. evil-minded, of a hostile heart. gram-hycgende, part, evil-minded, having a hostile purpose. gram-hydig, adj. same as above. gram-hygdig, -hegdig, adj. same as above. gram-lie, adj. hostile, fierce, cruel, gram-lice, adv. hostilely, fiercely, cruelly. gram-word, st. n. hostile or evil word (speech). grandor-leas, grondor-l§as, adj. faultless. granian, w. v. to lament, murmur, complain, grip, st. f. the hand ready to grasp, hand, claw, clutch. grapian, w. v. to seize, lay hold of, grasp, grope. ge-grapian, to feel with the hands, touch. gredig. See greedig. gregg, adj. gray. gremian, gremman, w. v. ge-gremiau, to exasperate, em- bitter, enrage. grene, adj. green. (Ger. griin.) grenian, ic. v. to become green. (Ger. grilnen.) grenriian, w. v. to grin, show the teeth. (Ger. greinen.) grgtan, See graetan. \ gr6tan, w. v. 1. to greet, salute, ad- dress, accost, call upon, take leave of. — 2. to approach, come near, seek out, touch, take hold of, as- sail, go in, visit. (Ger. griiszen.) ge-gretan, the same as above. great, adj. great, immense, grand. (Ger. gross.) grSosan, st. abl. v. VI. be-greosan, to be seized with fright. Sat. 52. greot, st. in. grit, sand, earth, dust. (Ger. gries.) grSotan, st. abl. v. VI. to cry, weep, lament, mourn. greot-hord, st. n. earth-treasure, i. e. human body, because it is buried in the earth. ! grim, adj. grim, fierce, wild, furious, enraged, angry, hostile, severe, cruel, savage, horrible. (Ger. grimm.) grima, grimma, w. m. mask, visor, ghost, helmet. grimetan, grymetan, -ian, w. v. to give forth a sound of rage, to rage, gnash with the teeth, roar, grunt. grim-helm, st. m. mask-helm, helmet with visor. ', grim-lie, adj. grim, terrible. ; grim-lice, adv. grimly, terribly, harshly, cruelly. grimman, st. abl. v. I. 1. to snort, roar. rage. — 2. to go forward hastily, to hasten. B. 306. 102 grimme — grym grimme, grymme, adv. grimly, fiercely, cruelly, in a hostile man- ner, sharply, bitterly, sternly. grim-nes, -nys, st. f. grimness, fe- rocity, cruelty. grin, gryn, st. f. noose, snare, trap, gin. grindan, st, abl. v. I. to grind, rub together, strike, clash, collide. be-grindan, 1. to grind off, pol- .ish, sharpen. — 2. to deprive of, rob. for-grindan, to grind up, grind to pieces, destroy, ruin. — 2. to de- stroy, kill? or to stop, put a stop to a person's proceedings. B. 424. ge-grindan,to grind off, sharpen; part, gegrunden. Ruin. 14? grindel, st. m. bar, bolt, clog. gring, st.f. n.f slaughter, downfall. gringan, st. abl. v. I. to fall, sink down, perish. gring-wracu, si. f. death-torment. gripan, st. abl. v. V. to gripe, seize, lay hold of, grasp. (Ger. grcifen.) for-gripan, 1. to lay hold of, apprehend, grasp, snatch away. — 2. to lay hands on violently, do violence to, kill by the gripe. ge-gripan, to gripe, seize, grasp, lay hold of. wid-gripan, w. dat. to strike against (Grein); — to seize at, op- pose a thing, restrain it (Gro- schopp); — to maintain, hold erect (H. & S.). B. 2522. gripe, st. m. gripe, attack, hold, grasp, seizure, clutch; — gudbilla gripe, shield. Wald. 2, 13. gripu, st. 'f. kettle, vessel (Leo). Sal. 46. grist-bitung, st.f. gnashing of teeth. grid, st. n. peace. grom, grondor. See gram,grandor. grorn, st. m.f sorrow, sadness. mourn- ing, (ms. grom. Reim. 66.) grorne, adv. sorrowfully, miserably, sadly. grorn-hof, st, n. house of sorrow, hell. grornian, w. v. to mourn. be-grornian, to mourn for, be- moan. grorn-torn? st. m.f sadness, mourn- ing? Reim. 66. growan, st. red. v. to grow, sprout, bud, become green, spring up. for-growan, in the expression in forgrowan, to grow into some- thing. Reim. 46. grund, st. m. (lit?rally, the thing ground, from grindan), 1. ground, bottom, the lowest part of a body, the bottom or foundation of any- thing. — 2. ground, earth, plain, fields, land. — 3. depth, abyss, hell, sea, ocean. (Ger. grund.) gnind-bedd, st. n. ground, soil. gmnd-buend, part. & subs, earth- dweller. grund-fus, adj. inclined to the abyss, to the lower world. gnind-hirde, -hyrde, st. m. f. keeper or defender of the bottom of the sea. B. 2136. grund-leas, adj. 1. groundless, bot- tomless, very deep. — 2. homeless, banished, exiled. grund-sceat, st. m. lap of the earth, earth. grund-sele, st. m. hall at the bottom of the sea. grund- waeg, st m. foundation-wall, earth. grund-wang, st. m. ground surface, lowest surface, bottom. grcmd-wela, u\ m. possession of the ground (earth). grund- weall, st. hi. foundation-wall, ground-wall. grund-wyrgen, st. f. she-wolf of the bottom of the moor, G-rendel's mother. B. 1518. grym, grymetan, grymme, gryn. See grim, grimetan, grimme, grin. gryn — gudgebingu 103 gryn, st. f. sorrow, care, evil (Grein); net, noose, snare (H. & S.). gryndan, w. v. to be deep, or to be in the deep? Dan. 324. (Ger. griinden. ) a-gryndan, to eoine to the ground, to descend. grynde, st. n. abyss. - (Cf. Goth. afgrundipa; Ger. abgrund.) gryn-smid, st. m. originator of evil, pain, or sorrow; plotter of mis- chief. gryre, st. m. dread, terror, horror, fright; what is horrible or terrible. gryre-broga, w. m. terror and horror, amazement. gryre-faest, adj. terribly firm, strong- ly fixed. gryre-fah, adj. horribly gleaming? terribly hostile. gryre-gaest, st. m. terror-bringing stranger, terror-guest. gryre-geatwe, st. f. jj>Z. equipments against the terror of battle, war- like equipments. gryre-hwil, st. f. time of terror. gryre-leod, st. n. terror-song, fearful song. gryre-lic, adj. terrible, horrible. gryre-sid, st. m. way of terror, ter- rible journey. gu-deed. See iudsed. guma, io. m. (bride-groom), man, human being. (Goth, guma; Lat. homo.) gum-cyn, st. n. human race, people ; a people, nation. gum-cyst, st. f. man's excellence, man's virtue, bravery, piety, lib- erality, &c. gum-drSam, st. m. joyous doings of men. gum-dryhten, st. m. lord of men. gum-f6da, w. m. troop of men going on foot. gum-frea, w. m. lord of men, king. gum-man, st. m. man, human being. gum-rice, st. n. kingdom of men, kingdom, earth. gum-rinc, st. m. man, warrior. gum-stol, st. m. seat of man, castle (Grein); — throne (B.-T.). gum-begen, st. m. man. gum-beod, st. f. a folk, people. gud, si. f. war, battle, combat, con- flict. gud-beorn, st. m. hero of the fight, warrior. gud-bill, st. n. battle-sword. gud-bord, st. n. war- shield. gud-byrne, w.f. coat-of-mail, battle- corselet. gud-cearu,st/.care or sorrow which battle brings. gud-craeft, si. m. strength in battle, warlike strength. gud-cwen, st. f. battle-queen. gud-cyning, st. m. king in battle, king directing the battle. gud-cyst, st. f. battle-host? chosen warriors? bravery? Exod. 343. gud-dead, st. m. death in battle. gud-fana, w. m. battle-flag, military standard. gud-fla, io. f. battle-arrow. gud-floga, to. m. flying fighter, dragon. gud-frec, adj. bold, ready for battle, warlike. gud-fremmend, part. & subs, war- rior, fighter. gud-frga, io. m. lord of the battle, prince, chieftain. gud-fmma, w. m. a warlike chief. gud-fugol, st. m. warlike bird, eagle. gud-gelaca, -gelasca, w. m. comrade in war, warrior. gud-gemot, st. n. meeting in battle, battle. [ments. gud-getawa, st. f. pi. battle equip- gud-gebingu, st. n. ph imminent or expected battle (Grein); — the lot- to be expected from impending war (B.-T.). 104 gudgewsede — gyrd gvid-geweede, st. n. war-dress, armor. giid-geweorc, st. n. battle-work, warlike deed, gud-gewinn, st. n. contest of battle, battle. gud-geatwe, st f. pi. war-equip- ments, weapons. gud-hafoc, st m. war-hawk, eagle, grid-helm, st m. battle-helmet. giid-here, st m. warlike host, army. gad-heard, adj. bold, excellent in battle, grid-horn, st n. battle-horn, trumpet. gud-hrgd, st m. battle-fame, warlike glory. gud-hring? st. m. noise, wail? B.1118. (ms. -rinc. See gudrinc.) gud-hwast,«i. him, hym, heom, hiom. hebban, haebban, st. all. v. IV. to heave, lift up, raise, erect exalt. (Ger. heben.) hedan — helleheaf 109 E-hebban, to raise, lift from, take away, elevate, exalt, erect, lift up. in-hebban, to lift away from, lift up and away. on-hebban, to erect, lift up. hedan, w. v. to heed, guard, protect; to get possession of, obtain. See also hydan. (Ger. liiiten.) ge-hedan, to get possession of, give, acquire, win. hefe, hefed. See liebban. hefgan. See hefigian. hefig, adj. heavy, weighty, trouble- some. hefig, adv. heavily, weightily. hefigian, hefigan, hefgan, w. v. 1. to molest, afflict. — 2. to become heavy, depressed, weakened. ge-hefigian, to burden, oppress, vex, afflict, disquiet, molest. hefig-nes, st.f. heaviness, burden, slowness. hefon, heftan. See heofon, hseftan. hgg. See hig. hegan, w. v. to hedge. (Grer.liegen.) ge-h§gan, to foster, cherish, en- tertain, practise, do, effect, perfect, carry out. h§gan, w. v. to exalt, celebrate? Dan. 207. hegdig. See hygdig. h§h, heht, hehd, hehdu. See heah, hyht, hatan, heahdu. hel, hell, helle, hyU, st. f. hell. (Ger. Mile.) hela, haela, w. m. heel. helan, st. abl. v. II. to conceal, hide, cover. (Ger. helilen.) .be-, bi-helan, to cover. for-helan,to hide,cover, conceal. helan. See hselan. hell-bend, st. m. f. bond or chain of hell. hell-craeft, st. m. hellish strength or power, hellish art. hel-cwalu, st. f. pains of hell, tor- ment. held. See hyld. heldan (= healdan?), cf. hyldan. be-heldan, to give heed to, ob- serve. hel-dor, st. n. gate of hell. helend, heled. See h^lend, h^led. hel-f iren, st. f. crime of hell. hel-fus, adj. hellward inclined,bound for hell, hel-gebwing, st. n. restraint of hell. hel-heodo, st. f. hall or vault of hell, hell. helian, w. v. he-, bi-helian, to cover, bury, hell, hell-, helle. See hel and hel-. helle-beahi, s*. n. evil, sorrow of hell, helle-bryne, st. m. brand of hell, hell-fire. helle-ceafl, st. m. jaws of hell, gulf of hell. helle-clam, st. m. chain or bond of hell. helle-cynn, -cinn, st. n. hellish race, helle-deoful, st. m. n. devil of hell, devil, helle-dor, st. n. gate of hell, helle-duru, st. f. same as above, helle-flor, st. m. floor of hell, courts of hell. helle-fyr, st. n. hell-fire, helle-gast, -gsest, st. m. spirit of hell, helle-grund, st. m. abyss, gulf of hell, helle-gryre (hylle-), st. m. hellish horror. helle-haeft, st. m. captive or servant of hell. helle-haefta, iv. m. same as above. helle-hasftling, st. m. captive or servant of hell, devil. helle-h6af, st. m. wailings or howl- ings of hell. 110 heUehinca — herecambol helle-hinca, w. m. hell-limper, devil. helle-hus, st. n. hell-liouse. helle-nid, st. in. torments of hell. helle-scealc, st. m. servant, slave of hell. helle-sceada, w. m. hellish enemy, devil. helle-sead, st. m. hell-pit or pool, hell. helle-^pegen, st. m. devil. helle-wite, st. in. torment of hell. helm, st. m. 1. protection, guard, covering affording protection. — 2. helm, helmet. — 3. crown, dia- dem. — 4. protection, protector, de- fender, shield (God, Christ, and earthly lord), covering. (Ger. helm.) helman, w. v. cf. liylman. be-helman, to cover over, cover. ofer-helmau,to cover over, over- shadow. lielm-berend, part. & subs, helmet- wearer, warrior. helmian, vc. v. to draw over, cover, bi-helmian, to cover over, cover. helo, st. f. covering, equipment. B. 2723. (Leo.) helo. See liaelo. help, st. f. help, snccor, aid, sup- port. (Ger. Mllfe.) helpan, st. abl. v. I. to help, aid, assist, support. (Ger. helfcn.) a-helpan, the same as above. helpe, w. f. help. helpend, part. & subs, helper. liel-runa, w. m. sorcerer, hellish monster. hels-. See haelsman. hel-sceada, w. m. hellish enemy, fiend, devil. hel-trsef, si. n. devil's temple. An. L693. hel-trega, w. m. torment of hell. hel-waran, w. m. pi. inhabitants of hell. hel-waru, st. f. hell's population, hen, henan. See haen, hynan. hendan, w. v. ge-hendan, to seize, hold, heng. See hon. hengest, st. m. stallion, horse. (Ger. heng st.) hentan, «•. v. to follow anything vigorously in order to get it again, to seek after, follow, pursue, ge-hentan, to get by hunting after, to seize, lay hold of. hend, hendu. See hynd, hyndu. her, adv. 1. here (that is, in this world, in this land). — 2. hither, to this place. — 3. in this year. (Ger. hicr.) her. See habr. her, adj. noble, elevated, sacred. (Ger. hehr.) her a, w. m. one who belongs to another, servant, vassal, follower. h§ran. See herian and hyran. her-buend, part. & subs, here (in this world) dwelling, inhabitant of earth, her-cyme, st; m. hither-coming, ad- vent. herd. See heord. herdan, w. v. to harden, make hard. Cf. hyrdan. herde. See hirde. here, st. m. army, troops, band, host, multitude. (Ger. heer.) here, lu^re, st. f. dignity, majesty. (O. H. Ger. here.) here-blead, adj. timid, cowardly, panic-stricken, here-broga, w. m. terror of the army. fear of war. here-byme, w.f. war-trumpet, sack- but, [let. here-byrne, ir.f. coat-of-mail,corse- here-combol, st. >i. army-standard, battle-flag (Grein); — war-signal, battle-cry (B.-T.). herecirm — herstan 111 here-cirm, st. m. noise of battle, war-cry. here-cist, -cyst, st. f. division, of an army, cohort. here-feda, w. m. a troop on foot, infantry. here-feld, st. m. battlefield, field. here-fl/ma, w. m. a fleeing warrior, deserter from battle. here-foic, st. n. army-folk, army. here-fugol, st. m. any bird that fol- lows an army, eagle, vulture, raven. here-geatu, st. f. war-equipments. here-grima, w. m. battle-mask, hel- met with visor. here-hlod, st. f. war-host, troop. here-hud, st. f. booty taken in war, spoil, plunder. here-laf, st. f. remains of an army. here-maecg, st. m. warrior, fighter. here-maegen, st. n. a warlike force, multitude, assembly of the people. here-medel, st. n. council, assembly of the people. here-nes, -nis, -nys, st. f. praise. here-net, st. n. war-net, coat-of-mail. here-nid, st. m. battle-enmity, battle. here-pad, st. f. battle-dress, coat-of- mail, armor. here-pad, st. m. military road, way, road. here-raeswa, w. m. warrior. here-reaf, st. n. booty, jjlunder. here-rinc, st. m. warrior.fighter,hero. here-sceaft, st. m. battle-shaft, shaft of a spear, spear. here-sceorp, st. n. warlike ornament. here-sid, st. m. warlike expedition, march. here-spgd, st. f. success in war. here-strsel, st. m. arrow, missile. here-strset, st.f. public way, military road. here-sweg, st. m. noise or rejoicing of the armed host. here-syrce, iv. f. battle-sark, shirt- of-mail. here-tema, -tyma.,w.m. army-leader, general, king, emperor. here-team, st. m. 1. plunder, spoils of war. — 2. warlike expedition, plundering, predatory excursion. An. 1553. here-toga, w. m. duke, leader of an army, general. (Ger. herzog.) here-preat, st m. company, cohort, band. here-w^d, st. f. war-weed, coat-of- mail. here-waepen, st. n. war-weapon. here-wsesma, w. m. fierce strength in war. B. 667. here-wabda, w. m~ warlike hunter. here-weorc, st. n. war- work, battle. here-wic, st. n. camp, encampment. here-wisa, to, m. leader of the army. here-wop, st. m. weeping or cries of the army. here-w6sa,?/,'.^2.army-leader(Grein); one who is fierce in fight, warrior? (B.-T.) here-wulf, st. m. war-wolf; warlike, cruel enemy, warrior. herga, hergas. See here, hearg. herge, hergea, hergeas, her gum See here. hergian, w. v. to harry, lay waste, devastate. (Ger. verlieeren.) herh-eard. See heargeard. [pise. herian, herigean, ?r. v. to mock, des- herian, hergan, hergian, hasrian, heran, w. v. to praise, give praise to, glorify, commend; — with ref- erence to God, to adore. a-herian, to praise fully? Hy. 3, 10. ge-herian,to praise, laud, glorify. herige, heriges, herigum, herig- weard. See here, hearg, hearg- weard. her-lic (haer-), adj. praiseworthy, glorious, excellent. (Ger. lierrlicli.) herm, herra. See hearm, hearra. herstan. See hyrstan. 112 herwan — heah herwan, hyrwan, hirwan, w. v. to neglect, scorn, despise, blaspheme. ge-hyrwan, the same as above. hest, net. See heest, hatan. hetan, w. v. and-hetan, to confess. hete, st. m. hate, enmity, hostility, envy, malice, spite. (Ger. hass.) hete-grim, adj. cruel, fierce. hete-lic, adj. hateful, hated. (Ger. hasslich.) hetend. See hettend. hete-nid, st. m. enmity full of hate, hostility. hete-rof, adj. skilled in hating, very hateful. hete-run, st. f. a Rune which pro- duces hate. Ra. 34, 7. hete-sprsec, st. f. malicious speech, hostile talk. hete-sweng, st. m. hostile blow, chastisement. hete-panc, st. m. hostile thought or design. hete-poncol, adj. hostilely disposed. hetlen, adj. full of hate, hostile, ma- lignant. hettend, hetend, part. & subs, en- emy. h§a (= heo, hie), nom. pi. of h§. h8a,h§a-burg. See h§ah,h§ahburg. Ma-dun. See heah and dun. heador. See heador. heaf, st. m. wailing, mourning, lam- entation. he"afan, st. red. v. to weep, mourn, lament, wail. hea-faeder. See heahfaeder. heafdian, w. v. be-heafdian, to behead. (Cf. Ger. enthaupten.) heafo. See haef. heafoc, hafoc, hafuc, st. m. hawk. (Ger. hdbicht.) heafod, heafud, st. m. n. head. (Ger. haupt.) heafod-beorh, st. f. head-defense, protection for the head. heafod-beorht, adj. with a splendid, shining head. heafod-gerim, st. n. (certain) number of persons. heafod-gim, st. m. gem of the head, eye. heafod-gold, st. n. head-gold, dia- dem, crown. heafod-leas, adj. headless. heafod-masg, st. m. head kinsman, very near relation. heafod-maga, w. m. same as above. heafod-swima, w. m. swimming of the head, drunkenness. heafod-syn, -sien, st. f. sight of the head, eyes. heafod-weard, st. m. head-warder, chief watch or lord. heafod-wisa, w. m. head-leader, chief director. heafod-wod, st.f. voice of the head. heafod- wylm, st. m. tears. heafola, hafola, -ela, -ala, ic. m. head. heah, h6a, heh, adj. 1. high, tall, sublime, lofty. — 2. high, lofty, noble, excellent, illustrious, impor- tant, weighty, heavy. — 3. high- minded, proud. (Ger. Iwcli.) heah, hea, adv. high. hSah-beorh, st. m. a high hill or mountain. I heah-bliss,sf./. exultation, rejoicing. ! h6ah-boda, w. m. archangel. heah-, hea-burh, st. f. high city, first city of a country, metropolis. heah-casere, st. m. high ruler, high- est emperor. heah-clif {pi. cleofu), st. n. high cliff, lofty rack. h6ah-craeft, st. m. superior art, ex- cellent skill. heah-cyning, st. m. high king, most noble of kings, king of kings. heah-, h6h-engel, st m. archangel. h6ah — healdan 11: heah-, hSa-, h8h-fceder, st. m. pa- triarch. heah-faest, a dj. immutable, unchange- able, fixed. hSah-flod, st. m. high tide, the deep (of the flood). heah-fr§a, to. m. highest, most noble lord. h§ah-fyr, st. n. lofty flame. heah-gsest, st. m. Holy Ghost. heah-gesceaft, st. f. high creature. heah-gesceap, st. n. destiny fixed by the Highest; fate, destiny. heah-gestreon, st. n. excellent, splendid treasure, rich jewels. heah-getimbrad, part.- adj. nobly, magnificently built. heah-getimbrci, st. n.pl. lofty edifice, grand building. heah-gebring, st. n. force or press of the lofty waves, flood, breakers. heah-geweorc, st. n. noble, excellent work. heah-gealdor, st. n. incantation, magic word, heah-gnornung, st. f. great sighing or groaning. heah-god, st. m. the high God, Most High. heah-heort, adj. high-minded, proud. heah-hlid, -hleod, -hliod, st. n. high, lofty hill. heah-land, st. n. high land, moun- tainous country. heah-lic. See hgalic. heah-lufe,M\/. high love, great love, heah-maegen, st. n. high strength, power, virtue. heah-miht, st. f. supreme power. h§ah-mod, adj. 1. of high spirits, joyous, courageous, lofty-minded. 2. high-minded, proud, heah-nama, to. m. most excellent name. h§ah-, hea-nes, -rsis, hean-ne^, st. f. hight, highest point, sublimity, excellence. h&ah-reeced, st.n .high house,temple. h§ah-rodor, st. m. lofty sky, high firmament. heah-sse, st. f. high sea, deep sea. hSah-sasl. st. f. favorable opportu- nity, good fortune, luck. heah-seld (heh-), st. n. high seat, throne. heah-sele, st. m. high hall, first hall in the land, hall of the ruler. hSah-setl, st. n. high seat, throne. heah-stede, st. m. high place, ruler's place. h6ah-stefh, adj. having a high prow, high-prowed. j heah-st§ap, adj. very high, steep. heah-strengdu, st. f. strength, brav- ery. hSah-timber, st. n. lofty building. hSah-treow, st. f. high compact, solemn league. h6ah-, heh-begen, st. m. angel. heah-begnung, st. f. high service, illustrious office. | h6ah-bearf f st. f. great need, neces- sity. ; Mah-brSa, w. m. great terror, afflic- tion, punishment. j hSah-brym, st. m. great glory. I h§ah-brymnes, st. f. great glory. ' hSahdii, hShdu, hehd, hiehdo, st. f. hight, point, top, summit. hSah-bungen, part. adj. noble, well- born, illustrious. heah-weorc, st. n. high, lofty work. heal, heall, st. f. hall, main apart- ment, large building. heal-aern, st. n. hall-building, castle. healdan, haldan, st. red. v. 1. to hold, hold fast, uphold, support, have in custody. — 2. to have in one's power, hold, have, own, pos- sess, occupy, inhabit. — 3. to watch over, protect, guard, defend ; keep, preserve, observe, fulfill, perform, hold, assert, retain; to celebrate, observe; to hold, cherish. — 4. to 114 healdend — hear rule, direct. — 5. to reach forth, offer, furnish, give. — 6. to hold out, last. (Ger. halten.) an-healdan, to preserve, hold, maintain. be-, bi-healdan, 1. to hold, have, possess, occupy, inhabit. — 2. to hold upright, preserve, protect, defend, guard, take care of, attend to, cherish. — 3. to look at, behold, consider, observe, view. for-healdaii, to hold in dishonor, disregard, treat slightingly, despise, fall away from, rebel. ge-healdan, 1. to hold with the hands, hold fast. — 2. to hold, maintain, preserve, watch over, guard. — 3. to hold, possess, oc- cupy, rule. — 4. to hold, keep, ob- serve, hold on, persist in. — 5. w. predicate adj. or part, to hold, keep, preserve. — 6. reflex, to hold one's self to, guard one's self. ymb-healdan, to hold on all sides, contain. healdend, part.& subs, holder, watch, keeper, dweller, inhabitant, king, lord, God. healf, half, adj. half. (Ger. IwTb.) healf, st. f. 1. the half, a part.— 2. side. (Ger. halbe.) healf-cwic, adj. half-quick, half- dead. healf-weard, st. m. sharer in rule or in possession. heal-gamen, st. n. hall-joy, social enjoyment in the hall. hea-lic, adj. 1. high. — 2. noble, ex- cellent, distinguished. — 3. high- flown, proud, haughty. hea-liee, adv. highly, loftily, excel- lently. heall, heall-. See heal, heal-. healm, 'st. to. haulm, straw, stalk of grass, stem. (Ger. halm.) heal-reced, st. n. hall-building, hall. heals, hals, st. m. 1. neck. — 2. prow of a ship. (Ger. hals.) heals. See hals. heals-beag, st. m. neck- ring, collar. heals-faest, adj. stiff-necked, ob- stinate. heals-gebedda, w. f. beloved bed- fellow, wife. healsian. See halsian. heal-sittende, part, sitting in the hall. heals-meeged, st.f. maid whose neck a man embraces, beloved maid. healsre-, halsre-feder, st. f. neck- feather, down. heals- wrida, ic. to. chain for the neck, necklace. healt, adj. halt, limping. heal-pegen, st. to. hall-thane, one who is acquainted with or occu- pies the hall. heal-wudu, st. m. hall-wood, frame, woodwork, paneling, &c, of a hall. hean, w. v. to lift up, magnify, exalt. (Ger. crhdhen.) hean, adj. depressed, downcast, poor, miserable, abject, low, despised, rejected. (Goth, hauns.) [la. heand-gestealla. See handge3tsal- heane, adv. lowly, basely, ignomin- iously. hea-nes, -nis. See heahnis. hean-lic, adj. base, ignominious. hean-lice, adv. lowly, basely, miser- ably, disgracefully. he~aii-m6d, adj. downcast or de- pressed in spirits, sad, sorrowful. h€anne, heannes. See heah, hean, heahnis. hean-sp§dig, adj. having poor suc- cess, poor. heap. See haep. heap, st. m.f. (Sat. 87), heap, mul- titude, crowd, troop, band, army; body of men, assembly. (Ger. haufe.) hear, h€ara, gen. pi. See har, heah. heard — headubyrne 115 heard, adj. 1. hard, of natural hard- ness. — 2. bold, brave, able, skillful, strong, efficient in war. — 3. hard, hardened: hard-hearted, unmerci- ful. — 4. hard, harsh, severe, stern, rough, obstinate, cruel, impetuous, terrible; hard to bear. (Ger. It art.) heard-cwide, st. m. sharp word, abuse. hearde, adv. 1. hardly, severely, vig- orously, vehemently, rashly, fierce- ly. — 2. firmly, closely, narrowly. — 3. very, very much, exceedingly. heard-ecg, adj. sharp-edged, hard of edge. heard-fyrde, adj. hard to bear away, heavy. heard-hycgende, part. & adj. of a bold disposition, brave, warlike. hearding, st. m. bold man, hero. heard-lic, adj. hard, severe, rash, impetuous, dire, terrible, heavy. heard-lice, adv. hardly, severely, sharply, vehemently, very, very much. heard-mod, adj. of a brave or bold mind, stout-hearted. heard-raM, adj. firm of counsel, constant. heard-sselig, adj. unhappy. hearg, hearh, herg, herig, st. m. 1. grove, wood. — 2. grove sacred to the gods, temple, idol. (Icel. Iwrgr; O. H. Ger. liaruc, luiruch.) hearh-, herh-eard, st. m. a dwelling in the wood. hearh-tragf, st. n. a temple for idols, heathen temple. hearh-, herig- weard, st. m. guardian of the temple. hearm, herm, st. m . 1. harm, sorrow, affliction. — 2. loss, hurt, injury, misfortune, misery, evil. — 3. harm- ful, biting speech, insult. (Ger. harm. ) hearm, herm, adj. causing harm or sorrow, hurtful, sharp, biting, ma- lignant, malicious. hearm-cwalu, st. f. great suffering. hearm-cwedend (herm-), part. & subs, calumniator, evil-speaker. hearm-cwide, -cwyde, st. m. hurt- ful speech, calumny, blasphemy, curse. hearm-edwit, st. n. grievous, cutting reproach. hearm-leod, st. n. elegy, lamenta- tion, song of sorrow. hearm-loca, w. m. place of sadness, hell, prison. hearm-plega, w. m. painful play, fight, strife. hearm-scearu, st. f. what is imposed as a punishment or penalty. hearm-sceada, -scada, w. m. sorrow or injury bringing enemy, grievous enemy. hearm-slege, st. m. hurtful, grievous blows. hearm-staef, st. m. the cause of sor- row, loss, affliction, tribulation. hearm-tan, st. m. twig of sorrow, germ of misfortune. hearpe, w. f. harp, cittern. (Ger. harfe.) hearpere, st. m. harper. hearra, herra, hierra, heorra, w. m. lord, master. hgarsum. See hyrsum. heador, heador, hador, st. n. place of deposit, safe-keeping, recep- tacle, warehouse, depot. headorian, ic. v. ge-headorian, to shut in, force, press in, confine, control, com- press. headu, heado, battle, fight. [Used only io. compounds.] hSadu (= hgahdu?), st. f. deep sea, high waves. headn-byrne, w.f. battle-mail, coat- of-mail. 116 headudeor — heofonleoht headu-deor, adj. daring, brave in battle. headu-fremmende^rtrt giving bat- tle, fighting. headu-fyr, st. n. battle-fire, fiery breath. headu-geong, adj. young and war- like. headu-glem, st. m. wound in battle, wound. headu-grim, adj. grim, fierce in battle. headu-helm, st. m. battle-helmet. headu-lac, st. n. war-play, battle. h§adu-lidend, jpart & subs, seafarer, sailor. headu-lind, si /. shield of linden- wood, war-shield. headu-meere, adj. renowned in war. headu-rses, st. m. rush of battle, attack. headu-rgaf, st. n. battle-dress, coat- of-mail. headu-rinc, st. m. battle-hero, war- rior, [tie. headu-rof, adj. bold, skillful in bat- headu-sceard, adj. scarred in battle, cut to pieces in battle. headu-sSoc, -sioc, adj. battle-sick, wounded. h6adu-sigel, st. m. sun rising out of the sea. Ra. 72, 16. headu-st6ap, adj. high in battle, commanding in battle, lofty. headu-swat, st. m. blood shed in battle. headu-sweng, st. m. battle-stroke, blow of the sword. [tie. headu-torht, adj. loud, clear in bat- headu-waed, st. f. battle-dress,shirt- of-mail. headu-waslm, -welm, -wylm, st. m. battle-wave ; fierce, deadly flame- wave, surging flames. headu-werig, adj. battle-weary. headu-weorc, st. n. battle-work, battle. hSawan, st. red. v. to hew, cut, strike, smite. (Ger. Jiau&n.) a-heawan, to hew off, cut off. be-, bi-heawan, to cut off, rob or deprive of by cutting off. for-heawan, to hew or cut in pieces, cut down, kill by hacking. ge-heawan, to hew, cut, cleave. heo. See he, hiw. heo-daeg, adv. to-day. (Ger. licutc.) hgof, st. m. lamentation, wailing, mourning. heofan, hiofan, w. v. to lament, wail, howl, mourn. heofod ?= heafod ? Gn. Ex. 68. heofon, hiofon, hefon, -un, -en, st. m. heaven. (Goth, liimins; Ger. Jiimmel.) heofon, st.f. lamentation, mourning. heofon-bgacen, st. n. heavenly sign, token. heofon-beorht, adj. heavenly bright, glorious. heofon-byme, w.f. heaven's trumpet. heofon-candel, -condel, st. f. heav- en's candle, heavenly light, col- umn of fire, sun and moon, stars. heofon-col, st. n. a heavenly coal, heat of the sun. heofon-cund,<7f7j. celestial, heavenly. heofon-cyning, st. m. heaven's king. heofon-dema, w. m. heaven's ruler. heofon-dream, st. m. heaven's joys. heofon-dugud, st. f. heavenly host. heofon-engel, st. m. angel of heaven. heofon-fugol, st. m. bird under heaven, bird, fowl of the air. heofon-halig,«r(y'.holy and heavenly. heofon-ham, st. m. heavenly home. heofon-heah, adj. high as heaven, sublime. heofon-hlaf, st. »/. bread of heaven. heofon-hrof, st. »i. heaven's roof, heaven. heofon-hwealf, st. f. heaven's vault. heofon-leoht, st. n. heaven's light. heofonleoma — heordweorud 117 heofon-leoma, ic. m. heaven's splen- dor, sun. heofon-lic, adj. heavenly. (Cf . Ger. himmlisch.) heofon-maggen, st. n. heavenly strength: — used with reference both to God and to the heavenly hosts. heofon-rice,s£. n. heavenly kingdom. (Cf. Ger. himmelreicli.) heofon-steorra, w. m. star of heaven. heofon-stol, st. m. heaven's throne. heofon-timber, st. n. heavenly build- ing, heaven. heofon-torht, adj. heavenly bright, glorious. heofon-tungol, st. n. star of heaven, constellation, heavenly body. heofon-preat, st. m. heaven's army. heofon-prym, st. m. heavenly glory, heavenly majesty. heofon-waru, st. f. inhabitants of heaven. heofon-weard, st. m. heaven's keep- er, God. heofon-wolcen, st. n. cloud of heav- en, heaven's welkin. heofon-woma, w. m. resounding crash of heaven. heofon-wuLdor,6f. n. heavenly glory. heof-, heow-sid, st. m. sorrowful, mournful fate; sad condition. heofun, hgofun. See heofon, hiofon. heolfor, st. n. blood, gore, putrid or festering blood. heolfrig, adj. bloody. heolod-cyn, st. n. inhabitants of the lower world. heolod-helm, st. m. helmet render- ing the wearer invisible. Wal.45. heolstor, adj. dark, shadowy. heolstor,s£.». covering, hiding-place, lurking-place, cavern, darkness. (Goth, hulistr.) heolstor-cofa, w. m. covered resting- place, grave. heolstor-hof, st. n. dark dwelling, hell. heolstor-loca, w. m. prison, cell. heolstor-sceadu, st. f. darkness. heolstor-scuwa, w. m. darkness. heona, hiona, adv. hence, from here. heonan, hionan, -on, -un, adv. hence, from here, from now on. heonane, heonone, adv. from here, hence. heonan-sid, st. m. departure from here, death. heonan-weard, adj. receding, pass- ing away. heopian, w. v. be-heopian, to rob, deprive o£ Gen. 2644. heor, st. m.f. hinge of a door. heordan, w. v. t-heordan, to free from captiv- ity? B. 2930. heord, herd, hyrd, st. f. 1. guard, protection, keeping. — 2. flock, herd. — 3. family, household. (Ger. lieerde.) heorde. See hirde. heore, hiore, hyre,hire,af7/. 1. pleas- ant, not haunted, secure. — 2. gen- tle, mild, obedient. — 3. pure, clean, spotless. heoro. See heoru. heorot, heort, st. m. stag, hart, Heorot. (Ger. hirsch.) heorra. See hearra. heort, adj. high-minded, judicious? ' Ps. 118, 2. heorte, hiorte, w. f. heart. (Ger. herz.) heort-lufe, w. f. heart-love, hearty love. heord, st. m. hearth. (Ger. herd.) heard-geneat, st. m. hearth-compan- ion, follower who shares the hearth of his lord. heord-weorud, -werod, st. n. house- hold sharing the same hearth. fam- ily, servants, retainers. 118 heora — hildegrap heora, heoro, liioro, st. m. sword. (Goth, hairus.) heoru-blac, adj. pale from sword- strokes, mortally wounded. heoru-cumbol, st. n. standard of war, ensign. heoru-dolg, st. n. sword-wound, deadly wound. heoru-dreor,6t m. sword-blood,gore. heoru-dreorig, adj. bloody. heoru-drync, st. m. the sword's drink, blood which follows the sword out of the wound. heoru-faedm, st.m. sword's embrace, death-bringing embrace. heoru-gifre, adj. greedy to destroy, eager for hostile inroads. heora-graedig, adj. bloodthirsty, greedy for blood. beam-grim, adj. very fierce or cruel, savage. heoru-hociht,arZ/. sharp like a sword, supplied with sharp, cutting hooks, barbed. heoru-scearp,«4/- exceedingly sharp. heoru-sceorp, st. n. war equipments. heoni-serce, w. f. coat-of-mail, war- shirt. heoru-sweng, st. m. blow of the sword, sword-stroke. heoru-swealwe, w. f. falcon, hawk. heoru-wsepen, st. n. war-weapon, sword. heoru-weallende, part, fiercely boiling, raging. heoru-wearh, st. m. bloodthirsty wolf (Grein); — he who is sword- cursed, who is destined to die by the sword (H.-S.). heoni-word, st. n. cutting word, hurtful speech. heoru-wulf, st. m. sword-wolf, war- rior. heod, st. f. vaulted part of the hall where the dais sits (Grein); — room, hall (B.-T.). heow. See hiw heowan. See heofan. heowian. See liiwlan. heow-sid. See lieofsid. hi, hie, hicgean, hidan. See he, hycgan, hydan. hider, hider, hyder, adv. hither, hider-cyme, st. m. arrival, coming, advent. hig. See he. Mg, heg, hio, st. n. hay. (Ger. heu.) liige. See hyge. hi-, hy-gedriht, st. f. band of house- hold retainers. higian,w.v.to hie, heed, strive, hasten. ofer-higian, to strive to surpass, to surpass, excel, exceed. higora, w. m. jay, woodpecker. (O.H. Ger. hehara.) hiht, hihtan, hild. See hyht, hyhtan, hyld. hild, st. f. battle, fight, combat. (O. H. Ger. hilt.) hild-bedd, st. n. war-bed, deathbed. hilde-bill, st. n. battle-sword. hilde-bord, st. n. battle-shield. hilde-calla, w. m. war-herald, one who calls the troops to battle. hilde-cordor, st. n. war-host, war- like band. hilde-cyst, st. f. excellence in war, warlike valor. hilde-d6oful, st. n. demon, devil. hilde-d§or, adj. daring in battle, brave in war. hilde-freca. See hildfreca. hilde-frofor, st. f. help for battle, weapon ? sword ? hilde-gaest, -giest, st.m. battle-guest, enemy. hild-egesa, w. m. terror of battle. hilde-geatwe, st. f. pi. equipment for battle, adornment for combat, armor, hilde-gicel, st. m. battle-icicle, blood dripping from the sword, hilde-grap, st. f. battle-gripe, hostile hand. kildehleem — hinfus 119 hilde-hlaem, -hlem, st. m. rage, noise, tumult of battle. hilde-leoma,w. m. battle-light,gleam of battle. hilde-leod, st. n. battle-song. hilde-maecg, st. m. man of battle, warrior. hilde-mece, st. m. war-sword. hilde-naedre, st. f. battle-adder, dart, arrow, lance. bilde-pil, st. m. warlike missile, dart. hilde-rses, st. m. rush of battle, onset, attack. hilde-rand, st. m. battle-shield. hilde-rinc, st. m. hero of battle, warrior, hilde-saed, adj. satiated with battle, tired of battle, mortally wounded. hilde-sceorp,s£.?i. battle-adornment, armor, coat-of-mail. hilde-scur, st. m. battle-shower, darts (of disease). hilde-segese, w. f. battle-scythe, sword (Grein) ; — others print hildes-egesan. B. 3155. hilde-serce, w. f. battle-sark, shirt- of-mail. hilde-setl, st. n. battle-seat, saddle. hilde-spell, st. n. news of the battle, story of the fight. hilde-strengo, st. f. battle-strength, bravery in battle. hilde-swat, st. m. battle-sweat; hot, damp breath of the dragon. B.2558. hilde-sweg, st. m. din of battle, sound of battle. hilde-torht, adj. having warlike splendor. hilde-tusc, -tux, st. m. battle-tusk, tusk, fang. hilde-premma, to. m. warrior. hilde-prym, st. m. warlike strength or vigor. hilde-pryd, st. f. the same as above. kilde-wsepen, st. n war-weapon. hilde-vrisa, u\ m. leader in war, general. hUde-woma, w. m. tumult or crash of battle, terror of battle. hUde-wreesn, st. f. warlike chain, fetter for captives. hilde-wulf, st. m. battle-wolf, hero, warrior. hild-, hilde-freca, w. m. battle-wolf, hero, warrior. hild-from, adj. strong in battle, val- iant in war. [peror. hild-fruma, to. m. battle-chief, em- hild-laet, adj. sluggish in battle, cowardly. (Grein.) hild-lata, ic. m. one sluggish in war, slow to fight, coward. (B.-T.) hild-stapa, w. m. one who approaches as an enemy, warrior. hild-pracu, st. f. onset of battle, power in war. hilt, st. m. n. hilt, sword-hilt, handle. hilte-cumbor, st. n. banner with a hilt. hilted, part. & adj. furnished with a handle or hilt. hina. See bine, hiwan. hind, st. f. hind, female of the hart. (Ger. Jiinde.) hindan, adv. behind, in the rear. (Ger. It in ten.) hindan-weard, adv. at the hinder or farther side. hindema, w. adj. the last, hindmost. hinder, adv. behind, back, after, in the farthest part. (Ger. hinter.) hinder-hoc, st. m. trick, snare. hinderling, — used only in the phrase on hinderling, backwards. hinder-peostru, st. n. pi. the farther part of hell's darkness ; hence, the darkest part. hinder-weard, adj. tending back- ward, artful. hinde-weard, adj. backward,behind. liine, adv. hence, away. hine. See he. hin-fus, adj. hastening to depart, ready to die. 120 hingang — hlem bin-gang, st. m. departure, going away, death. hingran. See hyngran. hin-, hinn-sid, st. m. going away, departure, death, hinsid-gryre, st. m. dread of death, fear of going away, of dying. hiran. See hyran. hirde, hierde, heorde,hiorde,hyrde, st. m. (herd), keeper, guardian, protector, lord, possessor. (Ger. hirte.) hire. See he. hire. See heore. hi-, hy-r8d, st. m. household, family, assembly. hired-man, st. m. follower. hirwan See herwan. his, hit. See he\ hitsian, w. v. to be heated, warm, hot (Grein); — others print hyt sy. B. 2649. hidan, hider. See hydan, hider. hiw, heow, heo, st. n. appearance, form, figure, look, color, hue. (Goth, hiwi.) hiwan, 10. m. pi. domestics, servants. hiw-, hiow-beorht, adj. of exceed- ing beauty, of striking figure. hiw-cud, adj. familiar, well-known. hiwe, adj. of perfect form,beautiful. hiwian, heowian, w. v. ge-hiwian, to form, fashion, shape, hie, hiedan, hiehdu, hiene, hiendo, hieran, hierde, hierra, hiedan. See he, hydan, heahdu, he, hynd, hyran, hirde, hearra, hydan. hio, hiofon, hiold, hiom, liiona, hionan, hiorde, More, hioro, hiorte, hiow. See he and hig, heofon, healdan, he\ heona, heo- nan, liirde, heore, heoru, hecrta, hiwbeorht. hladan, st. abl. r. IV. 1. to lade, load, heap up, bring together, pile up in layers. — 2. to load, lay, place upon, place in. — 3. to load,burden. 4. to draw. (Ger. laden.) a-hladan, to draw out, lead out. ge-hladan, 1. to load, heap up. 2. to load, burden, freight, to-hladan, to scatter, disperse. hlaeder, st. f. ladder, flight of steps. (Ger. leiter.) hlsefdige, ic.f. lady, mistress of a house. hlseman, ic. v. bi-hleeman, to resound, strike with noise. hl^nan, ic. v. to lean, incline. a-hlajnan, to rise up against. be-hl^nan, to surround or beset by leaning. hlsest, st. n. burden, load; — holmes hlaest, fishes. (Ger. last.) hlasstan, w. v. ge-hlaestan, to load, burden, freight, adorn, hlaew, hlaw, st. m. 1. hill, mound, — especially a grave-hill. — 2. grave- dwelling, hole, cave, hlaf, st. m. loaf, bread. (Goth, hlaifs.) hiaf-gebrece, st. n. bit of bread, morsel, hlaf-massse, ic. f. Lammas, tlie first of August. hlaf-ord, -urd, st. m. lord, ruler. master. hlaford-leas, adj. lordless. hlanc, adj. lank, lean, thin, gaunt. hlaw. See hlaew. hlegan. See hligan. hlehhan, hlihhan, hlihan, hlyhhan, st. abl. v. IV. to laugh, rejoice, de- ride. (Ger. lachoi.) a-hlehhan, 1. to laugh out, laugh at, deride. — 2. to laugh out loud, shout, exult, rejoice, bi-hlehhan, to laugh at, deride, exult over, hlem, st. m. noise, sound, crash. [Used only in compounds.] hlemman — hlidan 121 hlemman, w. v. to cause to sound, clash ; — hlemman togaedre, to strike together. bi-hlemman, the same as above. hlence, hlenca, w. f. m. link, chain, coat-of-mail. hleahtor, st. m. 1. noise, din. — 2. laughter, unrestrained laughter. 3. laughter, derision. — 4. exulta- tion, rejoicing. — 5. joy, merriment. hleahtor-smid, st. m. causer of laughter. hleapan, st. red. v. to leap, run, spring, dance. (Ger. laufen.) a-hleapan, to leap up, jump, exult. ge-hl6apan, w. ace. to overtake by running, get by leaping, leap upon, run or leap to. hleo, hleow, st. m. 1. shelter, pro- tection, roof. — 2. shelter, defense. 3. protector, defender. hleo-bord, st. n. protecting board, book-cover. Ra. 27, 12. hleo-burh, st. f. fortress or city giv- ing protection, ruler's castle or city. hleo-dryhten, st. m. protector, de- fender. hle"o-faest, adj. firm or mighty in protecting or consoling. hleo-leas, adj. 1. without shelter. — 2. affording no shelter, roofless, cheerless. hleo-maeg, st. m. a kinsman whose duty it is to afford right and law- ful protection. hleon, hleowan, u\ v. 1. to warm, make warm, cherish. — 2. to be- come warm or hot. hl6onad, st. m. place of safety, couch, dwelling. hleonian, hliniaii, ?r. v. to incline, hang over, recline, lie down. hleor, st. n. cheek, face. (Icel. ldyr.) hleor-bere, w.f. what is worn on the cheek, visor (of the helmet ?) B.304. hleor-bolster, st. m. cheek-bolster, pillow. hleor-dropa, iv. m. drop running down the cheek, tear. hleor-sceamu, st. f. shame shown on the cheek, blush. hleor-torht, adj. having bright, beautiful cheeks. hleo-sceorp, st. n. protecting orna- ment. hleotan, st. all. v. VI. 1. to cast lots. 2. to obtain by lots, share in, par- ticipate, attain, get. (Cf. Ger. erldsen. ) ge-hleotan, to obtain by lot, attain, get. [ing. hleod, hleowd, st. f. shelter, cover- hleodian. See lidian. hleodor, st. n. 1. hearing. — 2. sound, tone, clang. — 3. voice, speech, cry, song. — 4. oracle, response. hleodor-cwide, -cwyde, st. m. 1. speech, saying, vocal utterance. — 2. narration, narrative. — 3. proph- ecy, revelation, oracular utterance. hleodor-stede, st. m. oracle, place for prophesying. hleodrian, w. v. 1. in trans, to speak, talk earnestly, exclaim. — 2. w. ace. to say. — 3. to sound, resound, cry aloud, sing. hleodu. See hlid. hleow, hl§ow, hleowan. See hleo, hlowan, hleon. hleow-fedre, st. f. pi. wings afford- ing protection, sheltering wings. hl§ow-lora, w. m. one who has lost a protector. hl6ow-stol, st. m. safe seat, asylum. hlgowd. See hleod. hlid, st. n. lid, covering, protection, door, gate. (O. H. Ger. hlii.) hlidan, st. abl. v. V. 1. to cover, shut, close. — 2. to come forth, spring up. be-hlidan, to cover, shut up, close. 122 hlifian — hnaesc on-hlidan, 1. to unlock, open. — 2. to rise. to-hlidan, to spring apart, open, burst, gape, spring to pieces, break. hlifian, w. v. to rise up,be prominent, tower up. ofer-hlifian, to rise over, overtop. hligan, st. abl. v. V. to call, call upon; to praise. be-, bi-hligan, to speak ill of, de- fame. Gn. Ex. 65. hlihhan. See hlehhan. hlim, st. f. stream, torrent. Ps. 82, 8. hlimman, hlymman, st. abl. v. I. to sound, roar, resound, rage. hlimme, w. f. stream, torrent. hlin. See hlyn. hlin, name of a tree, ash? Ka. 56, 9. hlin- (lean-. (Ger. lehn-.) Cf. hleo- nan. [Used only in compounds.] hlin-bed, st. n. bed for reclining, resting-place. hlinc, st. m. hill, rising ground, (link, linch. Cf. Halliwell. ) hlm-duru, st. f. the leaned to or closed door. hlinian, hlingan. See hleonian. hlin-raeced, st. n. a closed house, prison. hlin-scua, -scuwa, w. m. the dark- ness of a closed room. hlinsian, hlisa, hlistan. See hlyn- sian, hlysa, lilystan. hliosa. See hlysa. hlid, st. n. cliff, precipice of a mount- ain. (Ger. -Icitc.) hlosnian, w, v. to listen, be on the lookout. hlod, st. f. troop, band, crowd, mul- titude, people. [mass. hlod-gecrod, st. n. crowded, dense hlowan, st. red. v. to low, roar, blow loudly. hlud, adj. loud. (Ger. hint.) hlude, adv. loudly. hlutor, hluttor, adj. clear, pure, clean, bright. (Ger. lauter.) hlutre, hluttre, ad's, clearly, brightly. hluttran, w. v. to clear, purify, make bright. a-hluttran, the same as above. Hlyda, w. nt. sounding, stormy month ; March ; — so called on ac- count of equinoctial storms, hlydan, io. v. to strike up, cry aloud, make a great noise. (Ger. hut ten.) hlygan, hlyhhan, hlymman. See hligan, hlehhan, hlimman. hlyn, hlin, hlynn, st. m. sound, din, noise, clatter, clamor, hlynian, w. v. to sound, resound, roar, shout. hlynnan, w. v. to sound, resound, groan, roar, cry aloud, make a noise or din. hlynsian, hlinsian, w. v. the same as above, hlyp, st. m. leap, jump, spring, hlysa, hliosa, hlisa, w. m. what is heard. — 1. sound. — 2. report, fame, rumor, renown. hlyst, st. f. 1. hearing. — 2. listening with eager attention. hlystan, hlistan, w. v. to list, listen to, hear, attend. ge-hlystan, the same as above, hlyt, st. m. lot, portion. hlytm, st. m. lot, portion, hlydan, w. v. be-hlydan, to rob, deprive of. hnaecan, w. v. to kill. ge-hii£ecan,to push, rub against, strike on, bruise, hnsegan, hn§gan, w. v. to bend, liu- miliate. ge-hnsegau, to bow, humble, bring down, strike down, fell, subdue. lnicegan (= neegan), w. v. to speak to, greet, B. 1320. hnaesc, hnesc, adj. weak, tender. soft. hnag — holmwudu 12: hnag, hnah, adj. 1. low, inferior, miserable, poor. — 2. of a low way of thinking, mean, niggardly. hnappung, st. f. napping, slumber- ing, slumber, hnatan, st. red. v. to strike together, clash. hnecca, w. m. neck. (Ger. nacken.) hnegan, hnesc. See hnegan, hneesc. hneapan, st. red. v. a-hneapan, to pluck off. hneaw, adj. avaricious, stingy, close. (Ger. genau.) hneaw-lice, adv. stingily, sparingly. hnigan, st. abl. v. V. 1. to bend, bow one's self. — 2. to make a bow, prostrate one's self (in greeting or in making a request, &c.) — 3. to descend, fall. ge-hnigan, to bow down, be humble. on-hnigan, to bow down, incline one's self, worship. under-hnigan, to bow down, go down under or into. hnipian, w. v. to incline, bow down. (Ger. nijppen.) hnitan, st. abl. v. V. to strike, dash against, encounter. hnossian, w. v. to strike. hnyssan, w. v. ge-hnyssan, to frighten; — part. affrighted. ho. See hoh. hoc, st. m. hook, hinge, snare, trap. hociht, adj. having hooks, barbed, hooked. hof. See hebban. hof, st. n. inclosed space, courtyard, estate, house, dwelling. (Ger. Iwf.) hof, st. m. hoof. (Ger. liuf.) hofian, w. v. be-, bi-hofian (behoove), to need, require, want. hogde. See hycgan. hogian, w. v. to think. hogede, hcgode, hogade. See hycgan. hoh, ho, st. in. hough, heel; — on hoh, behind, back, hohsnian, ir. v. on-hohsnian, to scold, mock, scorn (Giein). B. 1944. on-hohsnian, w. v. to hinder (H.-S.). (ms. on hoh snod.) hoi, st. n. hole, cave, cavern, den. hoi, st. n. silly talk, foolish speech, calumny. hold, adj. inclined to, attached to. — 1. used of a lord or ruler to his subjects: friendly, kind, gracious, good. — 2. of subjects to their lord : obedient, true, loyal, devoted, faith- ful. — 3. in general: true, kind, friendly, favorable, faithful, loyal. 4. pleasant, dear, agreeable. (Ger. hold.) holde, adv. graciously, devotedly. holde-lice, adv. devotedly. hold-lice,«r?r. graciously, pleasantly, kindly, devotedly. holen, hole gn, st. m. holly. holinga, holunge, adv. in vain, with- out reason. holm, st. m. literally, a rounded hight. — 1. high-going sea-waves. 2. deep sea, ebb, wave, sea, water. 3. helm of the ship. An. 396. holm-aern, st. n. sea-house, ship. holm-clif, st. n. sea-cliff, rocky shore, promontory. holmeg, adj. stormy as on the sea? misty. Exod. 396. holm-msegen, st. n. strength of the waves or fullness of the deep. holm-pracu, st. f. tumult of the waves or sea, storm at sea, tossing of the sea, violence of the waves. holm-weg, st. m. seaway, [waves. holm-weall, st. m. sea-wall, wall of holm-weard, st. m. sea-warder, gov- ernor of the ship. [cross. holm-wudu, st. m. mountain-wood, 124 holmwylm — from holm-wylm, st. m. waves of the sea, billows. holt, 6'^. n. 1. holt, wood, forest, hedge. — 2. wood. (Ger. holz.) holt-wudu, st. m. 1. forest- wood, grove, forest. — 2. wood, holunge, from, homa, froucer. See holinga, ham, hama, hamer. hon, 6'£. red. v. to hang, suspend. (Ger. liangen.) a-hon, to hang, suspend, crucify, be-, bi-hon, to behang, hang round. ge-hon, to hang with, adorn. hond, hongian. See hand, hangian. hop, st. n. (hoop) ; hence, something round, hope, bay, moor, marsh; extended in meaning, sea. hop-gehnast, st. n. dashing of the waves; — used of the sea-beaten cliffs. hopian, «?. v. to hope. (Ger. lioffcn.) hopig, adj. in ring-shaped waves, eddying. Ps. 68, 2. hord, st. n. m. the guarded treasure, hoard, treasure; the thoughts shut up in the breast, the spirit dwelling in the body; secrets; and finally whatever is collected or brought together, fullness, abun- dance. (Ger. hort; Goth, huzd.) hord-eern, st. n. treasure-house, treasure-room. hord-burh, st. f. city or castle in which the ruler's (king's) treasure is kept, royal city. hord-cofa, iv. m. chamber or closet of the secret thoughts, breast, heart. hord-faet, st. n. treasure-vessel, (sc. in utero Marise). hord-gestr6on, st. n. treasure-hoard, precious treasure, hord-geat, st. n. door to the secret treasure. hord-loca, w. tn. treasure-chest, coffer; secret thoughts. hord-maegen, st. n. abundance of treasure, riches. hord-maddum, st. m. treasure-jewel, costly jewel. hord-wela, w. m. wealth of treas- ures, abundance of riches. hord-weard, st. m. warder of the treasure, keeper of treasure. hord-weordung, st. f. gift out of the treasure. hord-wyn, st. f. treasure-joy, joy- giving treasure. horn, st. n. horn. 1. of an animal. 2. horn, trumpet. — 3. pinnacle, horn-shaped gable-end. (Ger. horn.) horn-boga, ic. m. horn-bow, bow made of horn, bow with the ends curved like a horn. horn-bora, w. m. horn-bearer, trump- eter. horn-fisc, st. m. hornfish, a kind of pike. horn-gestr6on, st. n. all the pinna- cles of a house. horn-geap, adj. rich in pinnacles (Grein); — having a wide extent between the " horns," (B.-T.) horn-reced, st. n. pinnacled house, building having pinnacles (Grein &B.-T.); — building whose two gables are crowned by the halves of a stag's antler (?) (Heyne). horn-sael, sf. n. the same as above. horn-scip, st. n. ship with beak, or horn-shaped prow. horn-sele, st. m. hall, house having pinnacles. hors, st. n. horse. (Ger. ross.) horse, adj. 1. quick, swift, expe- ditious. — 2. quick in thought, ready, active, wary, prudent. hors-lice, adv. promptly, prudently, wisely. horu, st. m. dirt, filth, spittle. (O.H. Ger. horo.) hos — hredercofa 125 hos, st. f. accompanying troop, es- cort. (Goth, hansa.) hosp, st. m. reproach, blasphemy, insult, contumely, disgrace. hosp-cwide, st. m. contemptuous, insulting words. hosp-word, st. n. same as above. hodma, iv. m. place of concealment, cave, grave. hra, hraw, hrea, hreaw, hraew,hrae, st. 11. 1. body of a living human being. — 2. corpse. hraca, w. m. throat, jaws, gullet. (Ger. raclien.) hraed, hred, adj. quick, active, nim- ble, ready, busy. hraeder. See hreder. hraed-lice, adv. quickly, immediate- ly, straightway, soon, forthwith. hraed-taefle, adj. skilled in the game at draughts. hraed-waegn, -wsen, st. m. swift wain or wagon. hraed-wyrde, adj. quick speaking, rash in speech. hraefn, lirefn, hraem, hrem, st. in. raven. (Ger. rale.) hraegl, st. n. covering, dress, gar- ment, armor. hrsegn-loca (Ea. 72, 21). See braegnloca. hraed, hred, adj. quick, swift, sudden. hraede, hraeder. See hrade, hreder. hrsew. See hra. hra-fyl, st. m. fall of bodies in bat- tle, slaughter. hragan, st dbl. v. IV. [spread. ofer-hragan, to cover, over- hran, hron, st. m. whale. hran-fisc, st. m. whale. hran-mere, st. m. whale-mere, ocean. hran-rad, st. n. whale's road. sea. hrade, hr£ede,hrede,rtt7r.(rathe,ar7/. Milton), quickly, immediately, at once, forthwith, soon, straightway, hrader. See hreder. hraw. See hra. hra-werig, adj. body-weary, tired of life. hra-wic (hrea-), st. n. place of corpses, battle-field. hred. See hraed. hreddan, w. v. to rid, snatch away, rescue, deliver. (Ger. retten.) a-hreddan, to take away, rescue, free from. hreddan, «. r. a-hreddan, to move, shake, make to tremble. href an, w. v. ge-hrefan, to cover, cover over, roof. hrefn, hrem. See hraem. hreman, w. v. to make a noise over, boast of. (Ger. riihmen.) hremig, adj. 1. lamenting (Seel, 9). 2. rejoicing, boasting, exulting. hreppan, w. v. to touch, lay hold of, afflict. hreran, ic. r. to touch, move. — 2. to be moved. (Ger. riihren.) on-hr6ran, to move, excite, agitate, disturb. hr ernes f st.f. excitement, commotion. hrest {pres. 3 sig.), withers. Met. 11, 58. hred. See hraed. hred, st. f. honor, renown, glory, triumph, joy. (Cf. ruhm, Kluge, Etym. Wbh. p. 277.) hredan, tc. v. to glory in, exult, re- joice. hrede. See hrade. hrede, adj. rough, savage, wild. hred-eadig, adj. glorious, joyful. hreder, hredor, hraeder, hrader, st. m. 1. the inner parts of the body, entrails, heart,bosom,breast, — especially as seat of life, thought, and feeling. — 2. in general, the inside of anything. hreder-bealo, st. n. evil that takes hold on the heart, sore evil, hreder-cofa, w. m. breast. 126 hredergleaw — hringboga hreder-gleaw, adj. prudent, wise, hreder-loca, w. m. inelosure of the breast, breast, hredig, adj. triumphant, exulting. hred-16as, adj. joyless, or without renown, hred-sigor, st. m. glorious victory, triumph. hrea, hreaw. See lira, hream, st. m. cry, outcry, din, noise, tumult. hrSamig. See lirernig. lireo. See hreoh. hrgof, adj. rough, scabby, leprous. (O. H. Ger. Hob.) hreofan, st. abl. v. V. be-hreofan? Ruin. 4. hreoh, st. n. rough, stormy weather, tempest. lireoh, hrioli, hreo, hreow, adj. 1. rough, wild, angry, raging, stormy, excited. — 2. sad, troubled. hreoh-rnjcl, adj. 1. angry at heart, en- raged. — 2. sad at heart, troubled. hreorig, adj. falling to decay, in ruins. Ruin. 3. hreosan, st. abl. v. VI. to rush, fall headlong, break forth, fall, sink. be-, bi-hreosan, 1. to cover over. — 2. part, beliroren, divested of, fallen away from. ge-hreosan, to fall down, rush headlong, sink, disappear, fail. of-hreosan, to fall down, fall headlong. to-hreosan, to fall asunder, hreodaii, st. abl. v. VI. to draw over, cover, clothe, adorn, decorate, ge-hreodan, the same as above, on-hreodan, the same as above, hreow. See hreoh. hrSow, st. f. sadness, distress, sor- row, regret, penitence. (Ger. rcnc.) hreowan, st. abl. v. VI. impers. to rue, repent, be sorry for, grieve. (Ger. rcncn.) ge-hreowan, same as above. hreow-cearig, adj. sorrowful, sad. hreowig, adj. the same as above. hreowig-mod, adj. sad of heart, sor- rowful. hreow-lic, adj. the same as above. hreow-lice, adv. miserably, cruelly. hricg. See hrycg. hrif, st.f. (-riff), belly, womb. hrim? brim on lime. Ruin. 4. hrim, st. m. rime, hoar-frost. (0. H. Ger. rime.) hriman, w. v. be-hriman, to cover with hoar- frost. hrim-ceald, adj. icy cold. hrirn-gicel, st. m. icicle. hrimig, adj. frosty, covered with frost. hrimig-heard, adj. hard with frost. hrinan, st. all. r. V. to touch, lay hold of, grasp, strike. (0. H. Ger. hrinan.) ge-lirinan, the same as above. on-hrinaii, the same as above. liriiid, part, dead (Grein) ; — rus- tling (Heyne); — barky (Thorpe); — rinded (Kcmble); — placed in a ring or circle? (B.-T.). B. 1363. Iiriii&aii, st. abl. v. I. to strike, push, thrust. liriiig, st. m. 1. ling, gold ring as ornament. — 2. ring as a fetter. — 3. shirt- of- mail (of interlaced rings). — 4. circle formed by a number of men. — 5. circle of the year, circuit. — 6. orb or circum- ference of the earth. — 7. ban, ex- tent of the ban, territory over which one's power extends. — 8. circle, circuit, territory, influence. (Ger. ring.) hring, st. m. ring, sound. hringan, ?r. v. to ring, clash, give forth a sound, rattle. hring-boga, 10. m. one who bends himself into a ring, bowed or bent dragon. hringed — hupseax 127 hringed, adj. supplied with rings, made of rings. hringed-stefha, 10. m. ship whose prow is provided with iron rings for making it fast to the land. hring-iren, st. n . ring-iron, iron rings of a coat-of-mail (Grein) ; — sword ornamented with rings (H.-S.). hring-loca, ic. m. shirt-of-mail. hring-mael, st. n . sword marked with rings, i.e. marked with ring-shaped characters, or ornamented with inlaid rings. hring-m^led,«r7/. marked with rings. See above. hring-mere, st. n, water- "basin in a bath-house, bath. hring-naca, ic. m. ship provided with iron rings in the prow. hring-net, st. n. eoat-of-mail made of iron rings. hring-sele, st. m. ring-hall; — 1. hall in which rings are distributed. — 2. the cave or hole of the dragon guarding the treasure consisting mainly of rings. B. 2840, 3033. hring-pegu,s£./.the receiving cf rings when distributed by one's lord. hring-weordung, st. f. donation of rings (Grein) ; — ring-ornament. (H.-S.) B. 3017. hrisil, st. f. shuttle; bone of the lower arm, radius. hrid, st. f. snowstorm ? Wand. 102. hrioh. See hrech. href, st. m. 1. roof, rafters, vault, chamber. — 2. top, the highest part of an object, point, summit. hrof-fsest, adj. with a firm roof, well-covered. hrof-sele, st. m. covered hall. hron. See hran. hropan, st. red. v. to call, cry out, scream, howl. (Ger. riff en.) hror, adj. stirring, moving, strong, stout/valiant, skillful. hrost-b§ag, st. m. woodwork of the roof. Ruin. 32. hrodor, st. m. joy, delight, consola- tion, solace, benefit, advantage, gain. hrodor-leas, adj. joyless. hrung, st.f. rung, staff, beam, pole (of a wagon-cover). (Ger. range.) hrungeat-torr, st. m. tower with a grate-door. (Ruin. 4.) hruse, ic. f. earth, soil, ground. hrfitan, st. all. v. VI. to make a noise, whiz, snore. hrycg, hricg, st. m. back, height, surface, ridge. (Ger. riicl:en.) hryre, st. m . fall, downfall, ruin, de- struction, death. hrysian, ic. v. to shake, move. hrystan, w. v. to adorn, ornament. hrydig, adj. fallen to decay, in ruins. hii (= hwi), instr. of hwsst, adv. ho"w, why, wherefore; to. the corn- par, the. hugod, hugende. See hyegan. huilpa, ic. m. name of a sea-animal (TViilcker), Seef. 21; — name of a bird, — so called from its note (B.-T.). hu-lic, adj. of what sort. Iiund, st. m. dog, hound. (Ger. liund.) liund, num. one hundred. hund-nigontig, num. ninety. hundred, num. hundred. hund-seofontig, num. seventy. hund-teontig, num. hundred. hund-t-welftig, num. one hundred and twenty. hunger, hungur, st. m. hunger, fam- ine. (Ger. hunger.) Lungrig, adj. hungry, famishing. (Ger. liungrig.) hurig, st. n. honey. (Ger. hovig.) hunig-flowend, part, flowing with honey. hunig-srnsec, st. m. honey-smack, words sweet as honey. hunta, w. m. hunter. huntod, st. m. hunt, hunting, [hip. hup-seax, st. n. knife worn on the 128 huru — hwelp huru, adv. at least, surely, yet, not- withstanding, however, indeed; — and huru, and especially. Sat. 523. hus, st. n. house, — used collectively for household, family, race. (Ger. liaus.) husc, hux, st. n. mockery, derision, scorn, insult. husc-word, st. n. insulting word, scornful speech. husel, husl, st. n. insulting word, scornful speech. husel, husl, st. n. housel, sacrifice, eucharist, consecrated bread and wine. (Goth. Imnsl; Icel. husl.) husel- bearn, st. n . son (man) worthy of the eucharist. husel-faet, st. n. vessel for sacrifice. husel-wer, st. m. man worthy of the eucharist. hud, st. f. booty, spoil, plunder. hudan, st. all. v. VI. a-hudan, to rob, plunder. hux. See husc. hux-lic, adj. scornful, insulting, ig- nominious. hwa, nom. n. hwaet; gen. m. n. hwaes; dat. m. n. hwam, hwaem, ace. m. hwone, hwane, hwaene; n. hwaet ; instr. n. hwi,hwig,lrwy, hwan, hwon. — I. pron. interrog. •who, what, how, — in dependent clauses with indie. & subjunc— II. pron. indrf. any one, some one; any thing, some thing ; swa hwa (hwaet) swa, whosoever, whatso- ever, whatever. (Ger. wcr.) hwael, st. m.f wheel, circuit. Exod. 161. (Icel. hvel.) hwael, st. m. whale. (Icel. hwalr.) hwaela, to. m. whale. hwael-mere, st. m. whale-mere, sea. hwaem, hwaene. See hwa, hwene. hwaenne, hwonne, adv. & conj. when, as long as, until : — hwonne aer. how soon, when first. hwaer, hwar, w. v. where, whither, anywhere, somewhere; when. B. 3062. hwaerfed, hwaergen. See hwear- fan, hwergen. hwaes, adj. sharp, piercing. hwaet (= neut. of hwa), 1. why.— 2. how! what! lo! ah! indeed! — 3. indeed, surely, verily, for, truly, not. (Ger. teas.) hwaet, adj. sharp, bold, valiant, brave, courageous. hwaete, st. m. wheat. (Ger. iceizoi.) hwsete-cyn, st. n. kind of corn, corn. hwaeten, adj. wheaten. hwaet-eadig, adj. rich in courage, very brave. hwaet-hwega, -hwiga, -hwyga, hwugu, n. (used as noun or as adverb), somewhat, a little. hwaet-lice, adv. quickly, promptly. hwaet-mod, adj. courageous, bold in mind. hwaet-raed, -r8d, adj. firm, deter- mined. hwaeder, pron. 1. whether, which of two. — 2. one of two, either (Met. 5, 41).— 3. each of two, both (Sat. 132). — 4. swa hwaeder, who- ever of two. hwaeder, conj. w. subjunc. whether. hwaeder = hwider, whither. B.1331. hwaedere, hwaedre, hwedere, 1. adv. yet, however, nevertheless. — 2. conj. whether. B. 1314, Gu. 323. hwam, hwom, st. m. corner, angle. hwan. See hwa. hwanan, hwanon, hwonan, adr. whence. hwanne, h-war. See hwaenne, hwaer. hwelan, st. abl v. II. to roar, rage. hwelc. See hwilc. hwelp, st. >n. whelp, a young dog; the young of an animal. (O. H. Ger. hwelf.) hwene — hwit 129 hwene, adv. w. comjpar. (instr. sg. of hwon), a little. hwer, st. m. kettle, caldron. hwerfan, w. v. to turn one's self around, be turned, revolve. a-hwerfan, to turn from, avert. be-hwerfan, to roll, turn. for-hwerfan, to change into, to transform. ymb-hwerfan, to go about or around, travel or march, round. hwergen, hwaergen, adv. anywhere ; — elles hwergen, elsewhere. hwetan, st. abl. v. III. to whet, to sharpen. hwettan, w. v. to whet, excite, in- cite, urge on, encourage. (Ger. wetzen.) a-hwettan, 1. to excite, kindle. 2. to hold out to, provide. — 3. to drive away, cast out. hweder (Seef. 63), hwedere. See hreder, hwaedere. hwealf, adj. arched, convex. (Ger. gewolbt.) hwealf, st. m. vault, arch. (Cf. Ger. gewolbe.) hwearf, st. m. crowd, congregation. hwearf, adj. violent, gusty, turning rapidly, changeable (Grein); — and- hwearf, pret. of and-hweorfan, to move against, come against, blow into one's face. (Thorpe, Kemble, & Heyne). B. 548. hwearfan, w. v. to turn, go, revolve, roll, change. ymb-hwearfan, to go around, make the circumference of. hwearfian, w, v. to turn, go, flit . about, wander about, roll on, pass by. (Goth. & 0. H. Ger. hwarbon.) hwearft, st. m. going around, circuit, circle, revolution. hweol, st. n. wheel, hweorfan, hworfan, hwurfan, st. abl. v. I. 1. to turn. Cri. 485.— 2. to turn one's self, be turned, turn around, change, return, de- part, be converted. — 3. to go, wan- der, go about, hover over. — 4. to go to or from a place, die. (Goth. hwairban.) a-hweorfan, 1. to turn away, turn about, convert. — 2. to turn away from, turn, move. aet-hweorfan, to enter, to go to. be-hweorfan, to change, turn. ge-hweorfan, 1. to turn, turn about, go, wander, go over, come. 2. to turn, change, convert. geond-hweorfan, to wander about in, go through from end to end. on-hweorfan, 1. to turn, change. 2. to turn. to-hweorfan, to go away, sep- arate, scatter. ymbe-hweorfan, to go around, wander about. hweodu, st. f. air, breeze. Ps. 106, 28. hwi, hwig, instr. of hwaet. Cf. hu. hwider, hwyder, adv. whither; — at times like hwasr, iv. gen. hwil, st. f. while, time, space of time; — ace. ba hwile ba, as long as, until; — hwile, for a time, a while, long ; — hwile - hwile, some- times — sometimes, now — now; — dat. pi. hwilum (whilom), hwi- lon, at times, many times, often ; — hwilum — hwilum, now — now, at one time, at another. (Ger. weile.) hwile, hwelc, hwyle, pron. interrog. ■which, of what sort, who, what ; — indef. some, any, every, of any kind. (Ger. welclier.) hwilen, adj. temporary. h wiled (An. 495). See hwelan. hwinan, w. v. to whizz, whirr; later, to whistle (of the wind). hwit, adj. white, brilliant, shining, glistening, flashing, clear. (Ger. weiss.) 130 hwitan — hyge hwitan, to whiten, polish (Reim.62); perhaps hwitan (akin to hweet), to sharpen (ef. hwetan) would be better. Cf. sweord-hwita. hwit-loc, adj. having white locks, fair-haired, blonde. Ra. 43, 3. hwlt-locced, part, same as above. hwom, hwon. See hwam, hwa, hwon, st. n. a Little, very little. hwonan. See hwanan. hwon-lice, adv. a little, very little. hwonne. See lrwanne. hwopan, si. red. v. to whoop, cry aloud, threaten. hworfan, hwurfaii, hwy, hwyder, hwylc. See hweorfan, hwi, hwider, hwilc. hwylfan, w. v. a-hwylfan, to cover over, sub- vert, submerge. be-hwylfan, same as above. hwyrfan, iv. v. 1. to turn, change. — 2. to turn, be changed. — 3. to go hither and thither, wander about. 4. to fall. a-hwyrfan, to turn away, cast off. for-hwyrfan, to turn about, pervert. ge-hwyrfan, to avert, to turn aside; to turn around, pervert, change. on-hwyrfan, to turn, to turn around, to invert. ymb-hwyrfan, to go around or about, to travel or march about. hwyrfe (Dan. 221). See hweorfan. hwyrft, st. m. 1. way out, outlet, issue. — 2. circuit, space. — 3. going, descent, turn. — 4. crowd, mob. — (Others make hwyrftum, adv. to and fro. See above — circling movement, turn, under 3). — 5. cir- cle, orb. hwyrft-weg, st. m. turning-way, way out. hy. See hS. hyegan, hicgan, -ean, w. v. (pret. hogade, hogode, hogede, hogdej. 1. to think. — 2. to meditate,think about. — 3. to think of, be mindful of,study. — 4. to determine,resolve, purpose. — 5. to remember, con- sider. — 6. to hope. (See Sievers, Ags. Gram. §§ 415, 416. Aum. 3.) a-hyegan, to think out, devise, seek after, search, invent. be-hyegan, w, ace. to be solicit- ous about, to have great anxiety on account of. for-hyegan, to despise, scorn, reject with contempt. ge-hyegan, 1. to think. — 2. to consider, take to heart, deliberate. 3. to devise. — 4. to think of, deter- mine upon, resolve, purpose. — 5. to be mindful of, care for. — 6. to hope. — 7. to be disposed, inclined; part, gehugod, disposed, minded, inclined. • ofer-hyegan, to contemn, de- spise, give up, renounce. on-hyegan, to weigh, consider. wid-hyegan, to withstand in mind, contemn, despise. hyd, st.f. hide, skin. (Ger. haut.) hydan, hidan, hiedan, hedan, 10, r. to hide, conceal, protect, preserve. a-hydan, to hide away, conceal. be-, bi-hydan, to cover up, hide away, conceal. for-hydan, the same as above. ge-hydan, 1. to hide, protect, preserve. — 2. to bring into safety. fasten (Wal. 13).— 3. to hide, con- ceal. — 4. to obtain, get. hyder. See hider. hydig, adj. heedful, thoughtful, at- tentive, hygd, st. f. thought, mind. hyge, liige, st. m. manner of think- ing, thought, mind, soul, heart, courage, disposition. hygebend — hyldan 131 hyge-bend, st. m. f. mind-fetter, heart-band. hyge-blind, adj. blind of soul. kyge-blide, adj. blithe of heart, gay, joyful. hyge-clasne, adj. clean in heart. hyge-craeft, st. m. strength of mind, power of thinking, knowledge, wisdom. hyge-crasftig, adj. wise, prudent, sagacious. hy-gedryht. See hi-gedriht. hyge-faBst,ac7y'.firm,shut up in mind, concealed. hyge-frod, adj. wise, prudent. hyge-frofor, st.f. consolation for the heart, solace of the soul. hyge-gaslsa, w. adj. proud, haughty. Ph. 314. hyge-gal, adj. loose, unbridled, las- civious. nyge-gar, st. m. mind's dart. hyge-geomor, -giomor, adj. of sad mind, mournful, complaining. • hyge-gleaw, adj. prudent, wise, skillful. hyge-grun, adj. savage, cruel. hyge-leas, adj. thoughtless, rash, heedless. hyge-least, st. f. heedlessness, rash- ness. hyge-masd, st. f. becoming, careful attention, due respect. hyge-m§de, adj. soul-crushing, sor- rowful. hyge-rof, adj. vigorous-minded, bold, valiant. hyge-nin, st. f. secret of the heart. hyge-sceaft, st. f. thought, mind, soul. hyge-snottor, adj. sagacious, wise. hyge-sorg, st. f. heart-sorrow. hyge-strang, adj. strong-minded, firm, bold, brave. hyge-teona, w. m. soul-injury, insult. hyge-tr§ow, st. f. fidelity. hyge-banc, -bone, st. m. thoughts of the mind, mind, thought. hyge-bancol, -]?oncol, adj. thinking, reflecting, weighing, considering, mindful, thoughtful. hyge-brym, st. m. strength of mind, fortitude. byge-bryd, st. f. impetuosity of mind, pride, insolence. hyge-byhtig, -bihtig, adj. doughty, courageous. hyge-waelm, st. m. boiling of the mind, anger. hyge-wlanc, --wlonc, adj. haughty, proud. hyhst, superl. See heah. hyht, hiht, heht, st. m. (/.), 1. hope. 2. intention of the mind, desire, striving. — 3. joyful thinking, joy, exultation, rejoicing. hyhtan, hihtan, w. v. 1. to hope. — 2. to rejoice, exult, be glad. hyht-ful (heht-), adj. 1. full of joy or hope, mirthful, pleasant. — 2. joyful, joyous. hyht-gifa, w. m. giver of joy. hyht-giefu, st. f. pleasure-giving gift. hyht-leas, adj. hopeless, distrustful, unbelieving. hyht-lic, adj. joyful, pleasant, agree- able, sweet. hyht-lice, adv. joyfully, pleasantly, sweetly. hyht-plega, w. m. refreshing, pleas- ant play. hyht-"willa, w. m. hoped-for good, expected joy. hyht-wyn, st. f. hoped-for joy. hyld, hild, held, st. m. protection, favor, grace, observance, rev- erence. hyldan, w. v. to protect, guard, keep, sustain. ge-hyldan, to preserve, keep, hold. 132 hyldan — hydweard hyldan, heldan, to. v. to incline, in- cline one's self, lie down. a-hyldan, 1. to incline, bend, "bow down. — 2. to avert from, turn away from. Jul. 171. on-hyldan, 1. to incline. — 2. to incline one's self, descend, go down. hylde-leas, adj. defenseless. hylde-meeg, st. m. near kinsman. hyldo, hyldu, st. f. grace, favor, in- clination. (Ger. huld.) hylest, hyll. See helan, hell. hyll, st. m. hill. (Cf. Ger. hiigd.) hyhnan, w. v. for-hylman, to transgress. ofer-hylman, to transgress. hylt, 3d sig. of hyldan. hyltan, w. v. a-hyltan, to block the way of, supplant. hym. See he. hynan, henan, w. v. to bring low, humiliate, .crush, afflict, injure. ge-hynan, the same as above. hyne. See he\ hyngran, hingran, w. v. to hunger, to be hungry. (Ger. hung em.) hynd, hyndo, -u, hendo, heendo, hiendo, st. f. oppression, humilia- tion, damage, injury, affliction. hyra. See hera. hyran, heran, hieran, w. v. 1. to hear, perceive, learn by hearsay. 2. to hear, hearken, obey. — 3. to belong to, be subject to. (Ger. liorcn.) ge-hyran, 1. to hear, perceive. 2. to grant. — 3. to obey. ofer-hyran, not to hear, neglect. hyran, w. v. to honor, adore. hyrcnian, w. v. to hearken, listen. (Ger. horchen.) hyrd (Gen. 269.")). See heord. hyrdan, w. r. to harden, make hard; encourage, animate, exhort. (Cf. Ger. verharten.) a-hyrdan, the same as above. for-hyrdan, to harden against, hold out against. ge-hyrdan, to harden, make hard. on-hyrdan, to strengthen, en- courage. hyrde. See hirde. hyrd-nes, st. f. watch. hyre, hyre, hyred. See he, heore, hired. hyrgan, ic. v. on-hyrgan, to imitate, emulate. hyrned, part, horned. hymed-neb, adj. having a horned neb or beak. hyrra, compar. of heah. hyrst, st. f. equipment, ornament, accoutrements, armor, costly ob- ject, jewel, treasure. (0. H. Ger. rust; Ger. rustling.) hyrstan, to. v. to equip, deck, adorn, decorate. (Ger. rusten.) ge-hyrstan, the same as above. hyrstan, w. v. to roast. (Cf. Ger. rosten : Middle Eng. rostcn, from 0. Fr. rostir.) hyr-sum, h§ar-sum, adj. obedient. hyrtan, ic. v. to hearten; w. reflex. to take heart, be emboldened. B. 2593. (Ger. Jiersen.) hyrwan. See herwan. hys. See he\ hyscan, w. v. on-hyscan, to curse, abhor, abominate. hyse, hysse, st. m. youth, young man, boy. hyse-beordor, st. m. boy? An. 1144. hyspan, w. r. to mock, laugh at. de- ride, upbraid, reproach. hyt. See he. hyd, st. f. haven, harbor. hydan, hidan, hiedan, w. v. to make booty, plunder. a-hydan, to plunder, lav waste, destroy, kill. hyde-lic, adj. suitable, proper. hyd-weard, st. in. haven-warder, keeper of the harbor. ic — innan 133 ic, pron. I; gen. niin; dat. me; ace. mec, me. (Ger. icli.) ican. See yean. icge-gold, st n. treasure-gold, rich gold? (Heyne); — sword, edge (Korner). B. 1107. idel, adj. 1. idle, worthless, useless, empty, bare. — 2. deprived of. B. 2888.* (Ger. citel.) idel-hende, adj. with empty hands, empty-handed. idel-nes, st. f. idleness, vanity, emp- tiness; idle, vain existence. ides, st. f. woman, wife, lady, queen. idig, adj. greedy for, desirous of. Ph. 407. idlian, w. v. to become idle or useless. ig, ieg, st f. island. ig-buend, part. & subs, islander, dweller on an island. ig-land, st. n. island. ilea, ylca, w. pron. the same, idem. ilde. See ylde. in, prep. I. w. dat. 1. denoting place, condition, situation: in, on, upon, — often equivalent to into, w. ace. 2. temporal: in, at, during. — II. w. ace. 1. local: in, into, upon, up to, — sometimes equivalent to in, w. dat. in German. — 2. denoting purpose: in, to, for. — 3. temporal: in, at, about, toward. — III. w. instr. in. Jud. 2. in, inn, adv. 1. in, within, inside of. — 2. into. in, inn, st. n. chamber, tent, inn, house. in-bend, st. m. f. inner bond or chain. inc. See git. inca, incga, w. m. disquieting doubt, suspicion, ground, cause, induce- ment, complaint, grievance. inca-beode=in-gebeode. Exod.443. incer, 1. pron. pers. you two, both, belonging to both of you. — 2. gen. see git. incg, adj. costly? mighty? or Inc- ges ? B. 2577 (Grein) ; — edge (Korner). incit. See git. in-cofa, w. m. inner place, breast, heart. I in-dryhten, adj. very noble, most illustrious. [bility. j in-dryhto, st. f. noble followers, no- ! in-flede, adj. very watery or billowy. in-frod, adj. very aged, very expe- rienced, ing = ging, geong, adj. young. Exod. 190. in-, inn-gang, st. m. entrance, access to. (Ger. eingang.) in-gebed, st. n. earnest, inward prayer. in-gefolc, st. n. native, home people. in-, inn-gehygd, st. n. innermost, most secret thinking, intention. in-gemynd, st. n. inward thought, consideration, memory. in-gemynde, adj. fixed in the mind, well-remembered. in-genga, u\ m. ingoer, visitor. in-gesteald, st. n. house-property, possessions in the house. in-gebanc, -gebonc, st. m. n. inner thinking, earnest thought, mind. in-gebeode, st n. pi. people, nation. in-lende, adj. inland, domestic, na- tive. (Cf. Ger. inldndisch.) in-locast, adv. innermost, most heartily. inn. See in, svos. & adv. innan, I. adv. within, inside, in. — often used. with in, on, geond; — bser on innan, therein, thereinto. II. prep. iv. gen. & dat. in. — 3. w. ace. into. (Ger. innen.) 134 innancund — is innan-cund, adj. inner, entire, whole. innan-weard, adj. within, inward, intrinsic. innad, innod, st. m. f. inner parts, contents, entrails, belly, womb, breast, inne, adv. 1. inside, within. — 2. into, within. — 3. still further, besides. B. 1867. (Ger. inne.) innera, w. adj. the inner, inward, inne-weard, adj. inward, within. inn-gang, inn-gehygd. See ingang, ingehygd. innian, w. v. ge-innian, to fill, innod. See innad. inn-weorud, st. n. retainers, follow- ers, house-companions. inn-wit. See inwid, inwit. in-sittende, part, sitting in. in-staepes, adv. immediately, on the spot. in-tinga, w. m. cause, ground, reason. inweard-lice, adv. inwardly, in soul. in-weorud. See innweorud. in-wid, in- wit (inn-), st. n. iniquity, injustice, malice, evil, fraud, deceit, cunning, hostility, in-wid, in-wit, adj. unjust, bad, wicked, malicious. in-wid-. See inwit-. inwit-feng, st. m. malicious grasp, hostile attack. inwit-fla, w. f. hostile dart, a missile of malice. inwit-full, adj. wicked, crafty, cun- ning. inwit-gaest, st. m. evil guest, hostile stranger. inwit-gecynde, st. n. wicked nature, evil kind. inwit-gyren,s£./. treacherous snare, trap. inwit-hlem (inwid-), st.m. malicious wound, wound inflicted through malice. inwit-hrof, st. m. hostile roof, lair. inwit-net, st. n. net of malice, cun- ning snare. inwit-nid, st. m. cunning hostility, hostility through secret attacks, inwit-run, st. f. evil, crafty counsel. inwit-scear, st. m. massacre through cunning; murderous contest. inwit-searo, st. n. cunning, artful intrigue. inwit-sorh (in-wid-), st. f. sorrow caused by malice or treachery; grief, misfortune. inwit-spell, st. n. tale of woe, tidings of misfortune. inwit-staef, st. m. wickedness, evil, malice. inwit-panc (inwid-), st. m. wicked, deceitful thought; malicious, hos- tile disposition. inwit-panc, adj. malicious, hostile, ill-disposed, crafty, cunning. inwit-wrasen, st. f. deceitful band, hostile fetter. iren, st. n. iron, sword. (Ger. ciscn.) iren, adj. of iron, iron, iren-bend, st. m.f. iron band, bond, rivet. iren-byrne, w. f. iron coat-of-mail. iren-heard, adj. hard as iron, of hard iron. iren-preat, st. m. troop in iron armor, irnan, yrnan, st. abl. v. I. to run, leap, flow. (Ger. rinnen.) a-irnan, to go or pass by, run out. be-irnan, to run up to or into, to occur, happen. on-irnan, to run back, open, give way. to-irnan, to run hither and thither, wander about, irre, irsung. See yrre, yrsung. is, ys, 3r? pcrs. s. one that thinks, strives after, hostility; persecutor, enemy. lad-geteona, w.m. harm-doer, enemy. lad-gewinna, w, hi. enemy. ladian, w. v. to invite, ask. (Ger. laden. ) ge-ladian, the same as above. lad-lie, adj. loathly, hateful, un- pleasant, troublesome, painful. lad-lice, adv. hatefully, disgustingly. lad-scipe, sf. ?n. loathsomeness, suf- fering, misfortune, unhappiness. lad-searo, st. n. hateful cunning, in- trigue. lad-sid, 6-^. m. hateful journey,death, destruction. lad-spell, st. n. sad or evil tidings, loathly spell. Cf. good-spell (gospel). lad-treow, st. n. loathly tree, tree of death or destruction. lad-wende, adj. hostile, hateful, troublesome, bad. lad-wendemod, adj. hostile-minded. lad-weorc, st. n. loathly work, evil deed. leccan, w. v. (pret. leohte), to wet. moisten. ge-leccan, the same as above. leccan, w. v.? 6-leccan,-liccan,to flatter.make advances, honor, revere, adore. lecgan, w. v. to lay, set, place. a-lecgan, 1. to lay, lay down.— 2. to lay upon, impose (Gen. 2684). 3. to lay down, resign, give up, abandon. — 4. to diminish, lessen. be-,bi-lecgan,to belay, surround. ge-lecgan, to lay, place. of-lecgan, to lay down or off. ledan, 16de. See laedan, lecgan. lef, adj. weak, feeble. lefan, left. See lyfan, lyft. 16g, st. m. flame, fire. Cf. low. legan, w. v. to break out in flames, to ignite. be-, bi-legan, to flame about, surround with fire, leg-bryne, st. m. burning fire. legdraca — leodan 139 l§g-draca, iv. m. fiery dragon, legen, part. Cf . licgan (to lie), legen, adj. flaming, fiery. leger, st. m. lying-place, bed. Cf . lair, leger-bed, st. n. the same as above. leh, pret. Cf. leogan (to speak falsely). lehtor. See leahtor (laughter). lemian (lemman?), w. v. to lame, hinder, oppress, crush. lencten, st. m. spring, springtime (lent), lencten-tid, st. f. same as above. lendan, w. v. to land, lene. See leene (lent). leng. See lange. lengan, w. v. 1. to lengthen out, prolong, procrastinate, put off. — 2. ititr. to extend to, reach, attain. ge-lengan, to lengthen,prolong. lenge, lengest. See lange, lang. lenge, adj. at hand, near, extending along, lengian, w. v. to long for, demand; impers. w. ace. of person who longs. Sal. 270. lengra, lengust. See lang. lengu, st. f. length, leppan, w. v. to weaken, exhaust, render languid. lesan, st. all. v. III. to pick, select, collect. [choose, a-lesan, to pick out, select, lesan. See lysan. 16st. See le~ast. lestan. See lsestan. 16tan. See lsetan. lettan, w. v. (w. ace. of person, and gen. of thing), to let or hinder one in a matter. ge-lettan, to hinder, detain, pre- vent, injure. leder, st. n. leather, hide. ledre. See lydre. l§ad, st. n. lead. l§af, st. f. leave, permission. leaf, st. n. leaf, foliage. leafnes-word, st. n. leave, permis- sion. leaf-scaed, st. n. leaf-shadow, tree- shadow. lean. See lihan (to lend). leahan. See lean (to lend). leahtor, leahter, st. m. 1. reproach. 2. sin, crime, misdoing. leahtor-cwide, st. m. reproachful talk, blasphemy. leahtor-leas, adj. 1. blameless, free from reproach. — 2. sinless, crime- less. lean, st. abl. v. IV. to scold, blame, censure. be-l§an (w. dat. of person, and gen. of thing), to censure one out of a thing, to dissuade by blame or reproach. lean, st. n. loan, reward, restitution, compensation, advantage, profit. lean, st. n. loan, partial gift. Iranian, w. v. to reward, compensate. ge-leanian, the same as above. leap, st. m. 1. basket. — 2. carcass. (Jud. Ill), lap? leas, adj. loose, free, empty, bare, bereft. leas, adj. loose, false, deceitful, faith- less, inconstant, disgraceful. l§as, st. n. falsehood, lie. leasing, leasung, st. f. leasing, false- hood, lie, deceit, delusion. 16as-lic, adj. false, deceitful. l§ast. See last (track). leatian. See latian (to be slack). leaw-finger, st. m. index-finger. leax, st. m. salmon. (Ger. lachs.) leo, w. m. &f. lion, lioness. leod, st. m. prince, leader. leod, liod, st. f. folk, people; — n.pl. one's race; people, men. leoda. See lida. ISodan, liodan, st. all. v.Vl. to spring up, grow. a-leodan, the same as above. ge-leodan, to grow, increase. 140 leodbealu — leohte leod-bealu, st. n. folk-bale, injury to the people or nation. leod-burg, st. f. folk-burg, princely castle, capital, metropolis. leod-cyning, st. m. folk-king, ruler. leod-fruma, w. m. prince of tke people, ruler, leod-geborga, w. m. people's pro- tector, influential man. leod-gebyrga, -gea, w. m. tke same. leod-gewin, st. n. popular strife, struggle. leod-geard, st. m. national or urban inclosure or limits; town, state, domain, leod-gryre, st. m. people's terror, horror seizing and afflicting the people. leod-hata,w. m. people-hater, tyrant, despot, leod-hete, st. m. hate from the people, popular hatred. lgod-kryre, st. m. defeat, downfall, death of the people or prince. leod-hwaete, adj. very valiant. leod-mseg, st. m. relation from the same people, one of the people, people's companion, comrade. 16od-msegen, st. n. might of the people, multitude, host, t leod-mearc, st. f. people's mark, domain, territory. leod-riht, st. n. law of the land, leod-sceada, w. m. folk-scather, de- stroyer of the people. 16od-scearu, st. f. division of the people, tribe, nation, country, province. 16od-scipe, st. m. same as above, leod-stefn, st. m. race, tribe. leod-p§ow, st. m. people's custom, popular usage, leod-weras, st. m. pi. men, human beings, liod-werod, st n. host, collection of people. leod-weard, st. f. guardianship of the people, government, territory. leod-wyn, st. f. people's joy, joy from living together with one's people. leof, liof, adj. dear, valued (lief). leofan, st. all. v. VI. to love, enjoy, choose, prefer ? value f Dan. 56. leofon, lifen, st. f. food, nourish- ment. leofian. See lifian (to live). leofian, w. v. to be or become dear. Gu. 110. leoflic, adj. lovely, dear, valued, amiable. leoflice, adv. in a loving, friendly manner. leof-spell, st. n. love-spell, loving or precious knowledge. leof-tsel (-tsele), adj. kind, friendly. leof-wende, adj. loving, friendly, courteous. leof-wendum, adv. instr. pi. same as above. leogan, st. abl. v. VI. to lie, deceive, betray. a-leogan, to lie, belie, leave un- fulfilled. ge-leogau, to lie, deceive, be- tray. leoht. See leccan (to wet). l§oht, adj. light. leoht, adj. bright, flashing, clear. leoht, lioht, liht, st. n. hght, day- light. leohtan, w. v. to lighten, shine forth, illumine. in-leohtan, the same as above, on-leohtan, the same as above. leoht-beere, adj. hght-beariug, bril- liant. leoht-berende, part, light-bearing, Lucifer. leohte, prct. of leccan (to wet). leohte, adr. brightly, clearly, bril- liantly. lebhtfset — licgan 141 leoht-faet, st. n. light-vessel, lantern, candelabrum, torch. leoht-fruma, w. to. creator, prince of light. leohtian, w. v. to give light, illumine. leoht-lic, adj. brilliant, flashing, light-like. [going. leoht-mod, adj. light-minded, easy- leolc, pret. of lacan (to play). leoma, w. to. light, brightness. leomu, pi. of lim (limb). leoran, w. v. to go, move off or by, pass away, vanish. ge-leoran, to go, wander, roam. ofer-leoran, to pass over or be- yond. leornere, st. to. scholar, one taught, learner. leornian, w. v. to learn, estimate; re- flect over, think out, conceive. ge-leornian, to learn. leorning, leornung, st. f. learning, teaching. leornung-crseft, st. to. learning, science, knowledge. leort, pret. of laetan. leosan, st. all. v. VI. in be-leosan, bi-, 1. to rob of, de- prive. — 2. to be robbed, lose. for-leosan, 1. w. ace. to destroy, ruin. — 2. w. ace. & instr. to lose something. leot, pret. of leetan. leod, liod, st. n. lay, song, poem. leod-craeftig, adj. skilled in song, acquainted with song. leod-gidding, st. f. lay, song, poem. leodian. See lidian. lgodian, w. v. to sing, sound (forth), resound. leodu, st. f. retinue, followers. Reim. 14. leodo, pi. of lid, or leodn. leodor = hleodor, sound, tone? — or leodor, leather? leodu-bend, st. to. & f. limb-band, fetter. (Ger. glied.) leodu-csege, st. f. limb-key (?), limbs serving for a key ? Cri. 334. leodu-crseft, st. m. skill of hmb, sleight-of-hand. lcodu-crasft, st. to. lay-craft, poesy, ars poetica. lSodu-crssftig, adj. skilled with one's limbs, alert. leodu-fsest, adj. well-skilled in. leodu-lic, adj. appertaining to the limbs. leodu-run, st.f. song-secret, secret instruction or message given in song. leodu-syrce, iv. f. limb-sark, corse- let woven of links. 13odu-wac, adj. (limb-weak), with supple limbs. lebd-word, st. ii. song-word, poetic word, words of a song. leod-wyrht, st. f. poetry, something wrought in song. libban, lybban, w. v. to live, a-libban, the same as above. be-Iibban, part, belifd, deprived of life, dead. lie, st. n. body. Cf. M. E. lyche. (Ger. leiche.) lican, v. to please, like (impers). lic-bysig, adj. ready of body, active of limb. liccan. See leccan (to hurt). liccian, w: v. to lick. licend-lic, lycend-, adj. likable, agreeable, pleasant. licettan, w. v. to pretend, be hypo- critical, delude, dissemble. lic-faet, st. n. (body-vat), body. licgan, licgean, st. all. v. HE. 1. to lie, lie down. — 2. to lay one's self. suceumb,lie prostrate,rest,f ail a-Iicgan, to lie, succumb, lie prostrate, rest, cease, fail, give up. be-, bi-licgan, to lie about, sur- round, inclose. (Cf. beleaguer.) for-licgan, to lie unlawfully, lie with, cohabit. 142 lichama — limhal lic-hama, -homa, w. m. body (as the soul's home). lic-hord, st. n. body-hoard, body's contents or interior. lic-hryre, st. m. decay, destruction of the body. lician, ic. v. to like (impers.) please, ge-lician, same as above. Hy. 11, 17. liciend-lic, adj. agreeable, pleasant. lie-sir, st. n. wound, bodily pain. Cf . sore. lic-syrce, iv. f. body-sark, body- corselet. lic-wund, st. f. wound. lic-wyrde, -werde, adj. worthy of applause or liking;, agreeable. lid, lid, st. n. vehicle, means of get- ting about, boat. lida, leoda, w. m. sailor. lidan, st. all. v. V. to grow. Ps. 91: 11; Rid. 34: 11). lidon. See lidan. lid-man, st. m. sailor, seafarer. lid-werig, adj. sea- weary. lid-weard, st. m. ship-warden. lif, st. n. life. lif, adj. weak? Wy. 18. lifan. See lyfan (to allow). lifan,to leave.leave over (Gen. 1916), concede, relinquish. lif-bysig, adj. toiling for life, strug- gling with death. lif-cearu, st. f. life-care, grief. lif-dseg, st. m. life-day, life. lifde, pret. of libban (to live). lifen. See leofen. lifer, st. f. 1. liver. — 2. the liver- mass, together with its blood. An. 1278. lif-faest, adj. vigorous. lif-frea, w. m. lord of life. lif-fnima, iv. m. originator or author of life. lifgan. See lifian. lif-gedal, st. n. separation from life, death. lif-gesceaft, st. f. life-fate, destiny. lif-getwinnan, w. m. pi. twins. lifian, liffian, lifgan, leoflan, w. v. to live. lif-naru, st f. (dat. nere), food, nour- ishment, that which preserves life. lift. See lyft (air). lif-weg,6-£. m. life-path, way of life. lif-wela, w. m. 1. life-weal, life's blessings; glorious, heavenly life. 2. wealth. lif-weard, st. m. life-warden, guard- ian of life. lif-wradu, st. f. life-protection, per- sonal safety. lif-wyn, st. f. enjoyment of life, pleasure, joy. lig, ligg, st. m. & n. flame, fire. lig-bryne, st. m. burning fire. lig-cwalu, st. f. fiery torment. lig-draca, w. m. fiery dragon. lige. See lyge (lie). Iig-3ge2a, w. i)i. fiery horror or terror (of the dragon). ligsn. See lygen (lie). liget, st.f. & n. flash, lightning-flash. lig-fyr, st. n. flame of fire. lignian. See lygnian (to deny). lig-pracu, st. f. fiery onset or im- petus. lig-yd, st. f. wave of fire. lihan, lyhan, st. abl. v. V. to lend, give, on-lihan, the same as above. liht. See leoht (light). lihtan, u\ v. to alight, light, descend, ge-lihtan, to descend to (Sat. 431); also, gelyhtan, to shine forth, illumine. lihtan. See lyhtan. lilie, /. lily. lim, st. n. 1. limb.— 2. branch. lim, st. m. lime, gluten, mortar, ce- ment. lim-hal, adj. limb-whole, sound of limb. limnacod — lidigan 143 lim-nacod, adj. naked of limb, stark naked. limpan, st. abl. v. I. (impers. w. dat), to happen, occur, take place, hap- pen to, befall, succeed. a-limpan, to occur, take place, befall, fall to one's lot. be-limpan, iv. dat. to come upon, befall. ge-limpan = limpan. lim-seoc, adj. limb-sick, lame, par- alytic. lim-wsede, st. n. limb-weeds, cloth- ing, covering for the limbs. lim-waestm, st. m. growth of limb, stature. lim-w§rig, adj. limb-weary, weary of limb. linan, w. v. to follow line by line, examine critically, learn. Sol. 86. lind, st. f. linden, lime; — in the poets=shield, linden-shield (shield covered with linden-bast). lind-croda, w. m. shield-crowding, collision of shields, battle-clash, battle. linden, adj. linden, of lime-wood. lind-gebora, w. m. shielded pro- tector. lind-gecrod, st. n. shielded crowd, troop with shields. lind-gelac, st. n. shield-sport, battle between shield-bearers (soldiers). lind-gestealla, w. m. shield-comrade, battle-companion, squire. lind-haebbend, part. & subs, shield- bearer, warrior with shield. lind-hwcet, adj. shield-brave, valiant shield-bearer. El. 11. lind-plega, w. m. shield-play, con- flict of shield-bearers. lind-wered, st. n. troop armed with shields. lind-wiga, w. m. shield- warrior. lind-wigen, -wiggend, part. & subs. the same as above. line, lo. f. line, cable, hawser; line, series, row; discipline, directing, direction. linnan, lynnan, st. abl. v. I. to yield, go off, desist; — ic. instr. or gen. to be deprived of, lose. a-lynnan, to free, liberate. lis, liss, st. f. indulgence, favor, grace, softness, rest, pleasure. lisne? Ps. 52, 6. lissan? Sol. 294. list, st. m. & f. art, experience, wis- dom, skill, cunning; — instr. pi. listum,artfully, thoughtfully, heed- fully. (Ger. list.) list-hendig, adj. cunning-handed, skilled. listan. See lystan (to lust after). lit (Met. 26 : 119). See lytan (to bow). litel. See lytel. lid. See lid. lid = liged. See liogan (to lie). lid, st. n. limb, limbs. (Scotch, lith.) lid, st. m. a drink; beaker, cup. lid, adj. gentle, soft, mild. Cf. lithe. (Ger. lind.) Lida, ic. m. the months June and July. Men. 108. lidan, st. abl. v. V. 1. to go, move, travel, voyage, fly. — 2.' to be de- prived of, lose. Gn. Ex. 26. be-lidan, to flee away, escape, abandon; to rob of. ge-lidan, to move, journey, go, come, reach; to pass away. ofer-lidan, to stride over, pass over or beyond. lide, adj. gentle, mild, soft, kind, agreeable, peaceful, friendly, be- nevolent. lide, adv. gently, softly. lidian, leodian, ic. v. in a-leodian, to remove a limb, take out, extract. to-lidian,to dismember, separate. lidigan, w. v. to soften. on-lidigan, to indulge, become indulgent. 144 lidre — lyfan lidre, w. f. sling, slinging-pouch. lids, st. f. mildness, gentleness, re- pose. lid-wsege, st. n. drinking-cup con- taining lid (a fermented, wine-like drink). B. 1982. linan = linan. Sol. 86. lixan, liexan, w. v. to flash, shine forth. liod, liodan, liof, liolit, liod, liodu. See leod, leodan, leof, leolit, IGod, leodu. loc, st. m. lock (of hair). loc, st. n. lock, bolt, bar. loca, w. m. lock, bolt, bar; locking up, captivity, imprisonment. locen, st. n. lock. locen, part, of lucan (to lock). locian, w. v. to look, see, behold. lof, st. n. (m.) praise, laudation. (Ger. lob.) lof, st. v. shady spot, protection, help, favor, grace. lof-dsed, st. f. deed of praise. lof-georn, adj. desirous of praise. lofian, w. v. to praise, exalt, cele- brate, magnify. lof-msegen, st. n. numerous mani- festations of praise; laudation. lof-sang, st. m. song of praise, eu- logy, hymn. lof-sum, adj. praiseworthy. log, prct. of lean (to blame). loga, 10. m. liar. [Used only in com- pounds.] lomber, lond, long, longad, longe, longian, lonn. See lamber, land, &c. losian, w. v. to be loosed from, taken out: to escape, get away. lot, st. n. cunning, fraud, deceit, be- trayal. loda, i0, m. mantle, garment. lucan, st. abh r. VI. 1. to lock, close, inclose. — 2. to unite, link together, interweave. — 3. intr. close. be-, bi-lucan, to close, inclose, embrace, preserve, protect. ge-lucan (to close together), to unite, weave together. on-lucan, to unlock, open, to-lucan, to open, dissolve, break to pieces, destroy, lufe, w. f. love, lufen, st. f. hope, comfort ? B. 2886, Dan. 73. lufian, w. v. to love, exhibit love by word or deed. ge-lufian, to love, cherish. luf-suxn, adj. lovesome, loving. friendly, luf-tacen, st. n. love-token, lufu, st. f. love, lungre, adv. hastily, quickly, soon, immediately. lust, st. m. pleasure, joy, lust, long- ing, desire, lust-gryn, -grin, st. f. pleasure-trap. Seel. 23. lustice, adv. merrily, gayly, lustily, lust-lice, the same as above, lutan, st. abl. v. VI. to lout, bow, bend, fall down. on-lutan, to bend, bow, incline, strive. under-lutan, to bow or bend beneath or under. lutian, i0. v. in. ge-lutian, to be concealed, hide one's self. lybban. See libban (to live). lyccan, u\ v. to snatch out, pluck out. Met. 12, 28. lycend-lic. See licendlic. lyf. See lif. lyfan, u\ v. (l§of), in. ge-lyfan, to render dear, endear. Cf. lief. lyfan, l§fan, lifan, w. v. to leave, allow, let, permit, grant, concede. a-lyfan, to allow, grant, concede, hand over. ge-lyfan, to allow, grant. lyfan — lydre 145 lyfan, lefan, lifan, w. v. to believe, trust (in), ge-lyfan, to believe, trust, hope. lyfian. See lifian. lyft, st. m. & /. air. Cf. M. E. lift. (Ger. luft.) lyft, left, 6'^. n. vow, promise, gift. lyft-edor, st. n. air-region, space of the sky. lyft-fset, st. n. air-vessel (the moon). lyft-fiecgende, part, flying in air, air-traversing. lyft-floga, w. m. flier in air. lyft-gelac, st. n. air-sport, flight. lyft-geswenced, part, air-rocked, wind-tossed (of a ship in harbor). B. 1913. lyft-helm, st. m. air-helm, atmos- phere, cloud, mist. lyft-lacende, part, sporting in the air, flying. lyft-sceada, w. m. air-scather, foe living in the air (crow). lyft-wundor, st. n. air-wonder, meteor. lyft-wyn, st. f. revel in the air, joy in the air (of the dragon). lyge, lige, st. m. lie. lygen, ligen, st. f. same as above. lygen-word, st. n. lie-word, false- hood. lyge-searu, st. n. lying deception, machination, cunning. lyge-synnig, adj. sinning by lies, liar. lyge-torn, st. n. hypocritical or pre- tended wrath. lyge-word, st. n. lie-word, lie. lyge-wyrhta, ic.m. lie-wright, man- ufacturer of lies. lygnian, lignian, w. v. to deny. Cf . Ger. laugnen. lyhan. See lihan (to lend). lyhtan, lilitan, iv. v. to lighten, flash, shine. geond-lyhtan, to flash or shine through. in-lyhtan, to flash forth, illu- mine. on-lyhtan, the same as above. lyhd, lyhd. See lean, leogan. lynd, st. f. fat, grease. lynnan. See linnan (to cease). lyre, st. m. loss, destruction. lysan, lesan, w. v. to loose, redeem, liberate. a-lysan, to let loose, release, ransom, liberate. on-lysan, 1. to loose, unloose. 2. to redeem, ransom. to-iysan, 1. to dissolve. — 2. to separate. lystan, w. v., impers. w. ace. of per- son, and gen. of thing; or w. inf. to lust after, long for, long; — part. gelysted, longing for, desirous of. lysu, adj. base, false, faithless. lysu, st. n. falsehood. lyt, adj. little. lyt, n. adj. few, not many. lyt, 3d pers. sg. pres. of lutan (to bow). lytan, litan, w. v. to lout, bow, bend, turn. lytegian, w. v. to be hypocritical, dissimulate, pretend, dissemble. lytel, litel, adj. little, small. lytel-hydig, adj. little-minded, pu- sillanimous. lytes-na, adv. within a little, nearly, almost. lyt-hwon, n. & adv. little, but little. lytlian, iv. v. to lessen, decrease. ge-lytlian, to diminish, depre- ciate, belittle, degrade. lydre, ledre, adj. lewd, bad, base, corrupt, unworthy. 146 ma — maegenpryrn M ma, 1. n. subs. & adj. more. — 2. adv. more, longer (quantitative or tem- poral or frequentative), = phis, magis, and amjplius. macian, w. v. in. ge-macian, to make, prepare. ma-craeftig, adj. having more vigor or power than others, highly skilled. mad-mod, st. n. madness, weak- mindedness. mae, adv. more. maec, adj. comrade-like, companion- able. — subs, comrade. mascg, mecg, st. m. man. mascga, w. m. the same as above.* masdan, w. v. in [fatuate. ge-masdan, to fool, madden, in- maeg. See magan. maeg, st. m. blood relation of any- kind; son, nephew, cousin,brother, grandson, kinsman, &c. mabg, st. f. female blood-relation; wife, woman, maiden. meeg-burg, st. f. 1. kindred in gen- eral; family, tribe, race, people, nation. — 2. genealogy, family tree. maegden, st. n. maiden, girl, young woman (unmarried). maegden-had, st. m. maidenhood. masge. See magan. meege, w. f. female (blood) relation. mcegen. See magan (may). maegen, maegn, maegyn, st. n. 1. power, main-stre ngth , bodily vigor, might, ability, virtue. — 2. forces, multitude, army. inaegen-agend, part, .possessing strength, valiant, heroic. maegen-byrden, st. f. immense bur- then. maegen-cordor, st. n. strong troop, large force. maegen-craeft, st. m. great strength, power. maegen-cyning, st m. mighty king, virtuous king. maegen-dsed, st f. deed of strength or power. maegen-ellen, st. n. great strength, heroic vigor. maegen-eaca, w. m. increase of pow- er or strength, strengthening. maegen-eacen, adj. vigorous, sturdy, able-bodied. maegen-earfede, st n. great misery or trial. maegen-faest, adj. steadfast, strong. maegen-folc, st n. powerful nation or people. maegen-fultum, st m. vigorous sup- port. masgen-haep, -heap, adj. vigorous, powerful. masgen-rees, st. m. violent onslaught. maegen-rof, adj. powerful. maegen-scype, st. m. might, power. maegen-sped, st. f. abundant power, strength, main-speed. maegen-stan, st. m. immense stone, rock. maegen-strang, adj. strong, ener- getic. maegen-strenge, adj. same as above. masgen-strengdu, -strengu, st. f. main strength, great strength, power. maegen-pegen, st. in, powerful thane. masgen-pise, w. f. attack? Rid. 28, 10. masgen-preat, st m. host, large troop maegen-prym, st m. 1. glory. — 2. vigor, strength, power. — 3. noise, tumult (Exod. 540).— 4. heavenly host or glory. mae gentry rones — maasse 147 maagen-brymnes, st. f. great glory, majesty. maegen-weorc, st. n. immense ■work. maagen-wisa, id. m. (powerful) lead- er, general. maegen-wudu, st. m. might-wood, spear. msegen-wundor, st. n. (great) mar- vel of glory, striking wonder. maaged. See maegd. maag-lufe, ic.f. love between kin- dred; connubial love. maagn. See maegen. maagnian, w. v. to be strong, mighty, possess strength. maegon. See magan (may). maag-raaden, st. f. relationship, kin- ship. maegd, masged, st. f. maid, virgin, wife, woman. maagd, st. f. tribe, folk, nation, fam- ily. maegd-had, st. m. maidenhood, vir- ginity. maag-wine, st. m. blood-friend, kins- man. maag-wlite, mag-, st. m. family like- ness, aspect, appearance, form, figure. maegyn, maeht, mashtig. See maegen, meant, meahtig. maal, st. n. 1. measure. — 2. what is measured: time, point of time. — 3. meal, meals. — 4. mole, spot. — 5. in compounds, meal, in piece- meal, &c. maal, st. f. speech. maslan, w. v. to speak, talk. ge-maalan, the same as above. on-maalan, to address, speak to. maalan, w. v. to fleck, spoil, soil, mark. Cf. mildew (?). ge-maalan, the same as above. maal-cearu, st. f. time-care, trouble from (evil) times? B. 189. maal-daeg, st. m. a day's time, day. maaldan. See meldan. maal-geaceaft, st. f. time allotted by fate, lifetime, destiny. maan. See man. maanan, w. v. to share; com- municate, announce, pronounce, speak of. ge-maanan, to pronounce, speak out, inform. maanan, w. v. 1. intr. to moan, com- plain, sorrow, grieve.— 2. w. ace. to bemoan, mourn over. bi-maanan, to bewail, mourn over. maanan, ic.v. to think. (Ger. meinen.) maanan, w. v. in. ge-maanan, to injure malicious- ly, break. B. 1101. maane, adj. mean, inimical, infamous, godless. maengan, maeni, maenig, maenieo, maenigeo. See mengan, manig, menigo. maaran, w. v. to spread, divulge, dis- seminate, make known, mention, magnify, eulogize, praise. maaran, w. v. in. ge-maaran, to define, mark off; increase. Wid. 42. maare, mere, adj. 1. bright, clear, mere. — 2. sublime, illustrious, fa- mous, well-known, distinguished. maare-, mere-torht, adj. bright- shining. masr-lice, adv. nobly, illustriously. maarsian, w. v. 1. to make known, celebrate, narrate. — 2. to distin- guish (Met. 1, 6), render famous. ge-maarsian, to distinguish, cel- ebrate, render famous. mserd, maardu, st, f. 1. glory, repute, fame. — 2. glorious deed. maer-weorc, st. n. noble work or deed. maasse, w. f. mass; fair (day on which the annual fair is held, 2d February). Men. 20. 148 maessere — man maessere, st m. priest who conducts mass. niaest, most, st. m. 1. trunk of a tree, br*anch. — 2. mast (of a vessel). maest, st.f. mast (vegetable matter). maest, adj. superl. 1. greatest, most. 2. subs. n. most. — 3. adv. most, in the greatest degree. masstan, w. v. to feed with mast, fatten. a-maestan, the same as above. maest-rap, st. m. mast-rope, halyard. maetan, w. v. in. ge-maetan, impers. w. dat. or ace. of person, to dream. maete, adj. moderate, small, slight, modest. msetgan, w„ v. in ge-maetgan, to lessen, diminish. meeting, st. f. dream. meed, st. f. (= gemet) (right) meas- ure, limit; one's due, honor, right. maed, st. n. dishonor? disgrace? Deor. 14. maedel, medel, st. n. 1. place of as- sembly. — 2. assembly. — 3. speech, interview. maedel-, medel-cwide, st. m. speech. masdel-, medel-hegend, part hold- ing conclave, deliberating. maedel-hergeiid, part, the same. maedel-, medel-stede, st m. place of assembly where a court is held, negotiations take place, &c. maedel-, medel-word, st n. word, speech. maedlan, median, w. v. to speak, talk. maew, st. m. sea-mew, gull. maga, w. m. son, young man, man. maga, w. m. relation. [Used only in compounds.] magan (mugan), pr.et pros. v. may, can ; — pros, indie, sg. 1st & 3d pers. maeg ; 2d meant, mint ; pi. magon, maegon (Gen. 2013) ; magan (An. 760, 1349); magum (Cri. 1179); magun (Cri. 862); subj. sfj. 1, 3, mabge ; pi. maegen, maege (Exod. 428, Hy. 3, 13); pret. indie, sg. 1, 3, meahte, mehte, mihte; 2, meahtes ; pi. meahtum (Jul. 599) ; meahton, meahtan, mihton, mihteu (Jud. 24); subj. sg. 1, 3, meahte, mihte ; 2, meahte, meah- tes (Met. 24, 8, 11); meahtest (Met. 24, 15); pi. meahton, mihton (An. 132), meahtan (Az. 164), meahten (Ph. 573), mihten (Sat, 500), meahte (Gu. 404), mihte (Ps. 77, 1);— the indie. maeg, may, is used in a hortative, semi-imperative sense. magas. See maeg. mage, w. f. female relation. magister, st. m. master. magon. See magan. magu, mago, st m. 1. son. — 2. ser- vant. — 3. man. magu-dryht, -driht, st f. troop, band (of young men). magu-geogud, st f. youth, young man. magum, magun. See magan. magu-raedend, part & subs, troop- adviser, counselor. magu-raeswa, w. m. leader of men. magu-rinc, st. m. man. magu-timber, st n. 1. son. — 2. growth, increase (of family rela- tionships or connections). magu-tudor, st n. (J?), descendant, scion. magu-pegn, st m. liegeman, vassal, knightly follower, man. mag-wlite. See mabg-wlite. mall, adj. regardless, unfortunate, stubborn, hard, bad. Maius, in. May. Men. 79. mamrian, w. r. to think out, elicit by thought, scrutinize. man. See munan. man — m«.nweorc 149 man, mann, mon, monn, irreg. m.; gen. mannes; dat. maenn, men, menn; nom. & ace. pi. maen, men, menn; gen. manna; dat. instr. mannum ; — 1. man, person. — 2. indef. one, they, anybody. (Ger. man. man, adj. bad, godless, criminal, mean. man, st. n. unright, badness, mean- ness, injustice, crime, sin, evil deed. man-bealu, st. n. crime, cruelty, de- testable deed. man-cwealm, st. m. destruction, death. man-cyn, -cynn, st. n. mankind, men. mand. See mond. man-dsed, st. f. evil deed, crime, evil. Cf. main-swear. man-dream, st. m. human joy, rev- elry, festivity. man-drinc, st. m. deadly drink, po- tion. man-dry hten, -drihten, st. m. lord of men, prince of the people, prince, lord. manegu, manetian. See mengo, monetian. man-faehdu, st. f. deadly hostility, feud, enmity. man-faru, st. f. army, host (in mo- tion?) Cf. agmen. man-folm, st. f. criminal hand, deadly hand. man-fordeedla, w. m. evil-doer, criminal. man-forwyrht, st. n. evil deed, sin. man-fremmende, part, crime-doing, sinning, criminal, vicious. man-frea, w. m. evil, criminal lord; ruler, devil. man-ful, adj. full of evil, infamous, mean, degraded. man-genidla, w. m. evil foe, per- secutor. man-gewyrhta, w. m. evil-doer, sinner. maii-hus, st. n. evil house, house of crime or criminals, marism, monian, w. v. to admonish, challenge, warn, remind. ge-manian, the same as above, man-idel, adj. mean and idle, vain and bad. manig, msenig, monig, adj. many a, many, manigeo. See mengu. manig-feald, adj. many-fold, manig-, niceni-fealdlice, adv. the same as above. man-lica, w. m. man-likeness, statue, effigy. man-lice, adv. like a man. man-lufe, w. f. love for men. mann. See man. manna, monna, w. m. man, person. (vir and homo.) manna, n. mamia (Hebrew). Ps. 77, 25. man-rim, st. n. multitude of men. man-sceada, maan-scada, «?. m. evil in jurer, malicious foe, robber, sinner. man-sceat, st. m. usury, iniquitous demand or exaction. man-scyld, -scild, st.f. guilt, crime, fault. man-scyldig, adj. criminal, guilty. man-slagu, st.f. sinful torture, cruel torment, scourging. man-swara, -swora, w. m. main swearer, perjurer. man-]?§aw, st. m. men's habit, cus- tom. man-J>waere, adj. philanthropic, be- nevolent, gentle, mild. maii-Jywaernes, st. f. philanthropy, kindness, gentleness, mildness. man-warn, -worn, st. m. evil stain, crime. man-weorc, st. n. evil work, crime. man-weorc, adj. sinful. 150 man weorud — meltan man-weorad, st. n. collection of men, multitude, congregation. man-wise, w. f. men's wise, cus- tom, habit. man-word, st. n. mean word; base, evil word. man-wyrhta, w. m. evil-doer, sinner. mara, compar. adj. 1. greater. — 2. more. — ace. sg. n. adv. more, fur- ther. marmor-stan, st. m. marble. Martius, m. March. Men. 36. martyr-dom, st. m. martyrdom, martyr's death. martyre, st. m. martyr. martyr-had, st. m. martyrdom, mar- tyrhood. madelian, madolian, iv. v. to speak, utter words. madum, maddum, madm, madum, st. m. gift; jewel, valuable. madum-geht, st. f. possessions in jewels, jewel. madum-faet, st. n. treasure vessel, casket, costly vessel. madum-ge-steald, st. n. possessions in jewels, treasure, wealth. madum-ge-streon, st. n. jewel-treas- ure, costly jewels. madum-gyfa, w. m. jewel-giver, dis- penser of treasure or jewels. madum-gifu, st. f. dispensing of jewels or treasure. madum-hord, st. n. treasure-hoard. madum-sele, st. m. treasure-hall, hall where treasure is dispensed. madum-sigle, st. n. costly jewel, precious treasure or gem. madum-sweord, st. n. costly sword. madum- wela, w. m. wealth in jew- els, treasure. mawan, st. red. v. to mow. a-mawan, to mow down. me, mec. See ic (I). mece, sL m. sword. mecg. See maecg (kinsman). mecgan (Gn. C. 24, for mencgan?). med, st. f. meed, reward, compensa- tion, price. medan, w. v. impcrs. to suppose, occur to one's mind. ge-ead-medan, to humble. mede, adj. of a (certain) mind or mood, minded. meder, medo, medo-. See modor, meodu. medren-cyn, st. n. mother's kin- dred, female line. med-spedig, adj. moderately happy or fortunate, middling fortunate. med-, met-trymnes, st.f. weakness, infirmity. medu, medu-, medum. See mcodu, meodum. med-wis, adj. moderately or mid- dling wise. meht, mehte, mehtig. See meaht, magan, meahtig. meld, st. f. announcement, informa- tion, news, power to explain or . announce. melda, w. m. announcer, indicator, informer, betrayer. meldan, mseldan, w. v. to announce, speak, inform. (Ger. mcldcn.) to-m3eldan, to announce in twain, destroy or break up by words. meldian, meldigan, w. r. to an- nounce, speak, inform, show, re- veal. ge-meldian, to announce, make known. mele-deaw, st. »?. mildew, honey- dew. meltan, st. abl. v. I. to melt, become fluid, dissolve, burn up. for-meltan, to melt to pieces, melt up. ge-meltau. to melt, dissolve, burn up, pass away. meltan — metan 151 meltan, w. v. to smelt, free, liberate. on-meltan, to soften. men, mencgan. See man, niengan. mene, st. m. necklace. mengan, mencgan, meengan, w. v. 1. to mingle, mix with (Sat. 132). 2. to mix. — 3. to mix among, asso- ciate, unite with. ge-mengan, to mix, mingle, con- fuse, unite, compound, saturate with. geond-mengan, to confuse, be- wilder. mengu (-go, -geo), menigo (-ego, -igeo (-ego, -igeo), menio, mseni- go (-ego, -igeo, -egeo), niaenieo, manegn (-igeo), st. f. many, mul- titude, folk, people. menn. See man. mennen, st. n. maid, maid-servant. mennisc, adj. manlike, human, nat- ural. mennisc, st. m. man, human being. (Ger. menscli.) menniscnis, si. f. humanity, human nature, incarnation. Ho. 123. merce. See mearc. merced = myrced, darkened? murky? Sat. 710. mercels, st. m. mark, goal, aim. mere, st. m. mere, sea, marsh. mere. See meere. mere-bit, st. m. sea-boat. mere-candel, -condel, st. f. sea- candle, sea-lamp, sun. mere-ciest, st.f. sea-chest, ship ; ark. mere-d6ad, st. m. death at sea; drowning. mere-deor, st. n. sea-animal. mere-fara, w. m. sea-farer, sailor. mere-farod, st. m. billowing of the sea, fluctuation of the waves. mere-fisc, st. m. sea-fish. mere-fl6d, st. m. sea-flood. mere-grund, st. m. sea-bottom, depth of the sea. mere-hengest, st. m. seahorse, ship. mere-hraegl, st. n. sea-garment, sail. (M. E. rail.) mere-hus, st n. sea-house, ship, ark. mere-hwearf, st. m. seashore. Cf. ■wharf. mere-lad, st. f. seaway. mere-lidende, part, sea-traversing, seafarer, skipper, sailor. mere-smylte, adj. sea-still, quiet as the sea. mere-str^t, st.f. sea-street, seaway. mere-strengo, st. f. strength exert- ed in the sea. B. 533. (vis maris"/) mere-stream, st. m. sea-current, sea-flood. mere-tor, st. m. sea-tower, sea- rampart. mere-torht, adj. sea-bright, bright like the sea. mere-bissa, -byssa, w. m. sea-trav- erser, ship. mere-weard, st. m. sea- warden, guardian of the sea. mere-werig(e), adj. sea-weary. mere-wif, st. n. sea-woman, titaness of the sea. merg, adj. gay, merry, delightful. mergan. See merian (to cleanse). mergen, si. m. morning, morn. mergen-tid, st. f. morning tide. merian, mergan, w. v. to purify, cleanse, render mere. a-merian, to test, cleanse, purify. merran, w. v. in. a-merran, to provoke, disquiet, disturb. mersc, w. m. marsh, swamp. merwe. See mearu. mesan, w. v. to breakfast, eat. metan, st. abl. v. III. 1. to measure or traverse a space. —2. to mete, measure, measure out. — 3. to measure, mark off (Exod. 92). — 4. esteem, estimate. a-metan, 1. to measure out. — 2. to deal, give to. — 3. to get, pro- cure. El. 730. 152 metan — mearu ge-metan, to traverse (a space). metan, w.v. to meet, find, encounter. ge-metan, the same as above. mete, st. m. meat, food. mete, adj. meeting, encountering, coming toward. metend, part. & subs, measuring (one), creator, God. metegian, metigean, w. v. to reflect over, consider, meditate upon. ge-metgian, the same as above. ge-panc-metian, to think over, meditate upon. metegmig, st. f. reflection, medita- tion. mete-leas, adj. meatless, without food. mete-least, -list, st. f. lack of food. mete-begn, st. m. meat-thane, steward. mete-pearfende, part, needing food, destitute. metgian, w. v. to moderate, control, guide, govern. ge-metgian, 1. to moderate, con- trol, guide, govern. — 2. to restrain or control one's self, soften. metod, metud, mettrymnes. See meotud, med-trymnes. mSde, adj. 1. tired, weary. — 2. troubled, sad. (Ger. mude.) medel. See maedel. medgian, iv. v. in. ge-medgian, to exhaust, tire. median. See maedlan. meagol, adj. mighty, strong, power- ful, able, emphatic. meagol-lice, adv. powerfully, vigor- ously, emphatically. meant, maeht, meht, mint, mieht, myht, st. f. might, power. meant, adj. mighty, powerful. meaht, meahte, meahtan,meahten, meahtes, meahtest, meahton, meahtum. See magan. meahte-lice, adv. mightily. meahtig, maehtig, mehtig, mnitig, adj. mighty, powerful. meaht-mod (miht-), st. n. strong mind, violent temper. mear. See mearg (horse). mearc, mere, st. f. 1. definite point of time, goal, mark, end.— 2. limit, boundary marked off.— 3. domain. district marked off. — 4. province. mearcan, w. v. in. ge-mearcan, to remark, note, observe. mearc-hof, st. n. place, court, or house lying within a district, mark, or limit. mearcian, w. v. 1. to note, mark distinctly. — 2. to indicate, char- acterize. — 3. to dwell? put up? B. 450. a.-mearcian, to indicate, char- acterize. ge-mearcian, to draw, indicate, determine, mark off, deal out, close. mearc-land, st. n. march-land, border-land ; domain, province, land, march, mearc-pasd, st. m. n. march-path, road through a province, mearc-stapa, w. m. march-stepper, one that strides through a land or province, mearc-stede, st. m. place m a dis- trict or province, mearc-preat, st. m. armj'that crosses a frontier. mearc-wadu (El. 233). See rnearc- paed. mearc-weard,,sf.w. march--warden, forest-watch, wolf, mearg, mearli, mear, st. m. horse. Cf. mare, mearh-cofa, w. m. marrow-coffer, bone (?). mearm-stan, st. m. marble, mearu, meru, adj. tender, soft. meodu — middelneaht 15: meodu, meodb, medu, medo, st. m. mead, honey-drink, hydromel. meodu-aern, st. n. mead-hall. meodu-benc, st. f mead-bench, bench in the mead-hall. meodu-burg, st. f. mead palace or castle. meodu-dream, st. m. mead-joy, rev- elry, joyous doings over mead. meodu-drinc, st. m. drink of mead, mead-drinking. meodu-ful, st. n. mead-cup. meodu-gal, adj. mad with mead, joyous, tipsy. meodu-heal, st. f. mead-hall. meodum, medum, adj. 1. middling, moderate, mediocre, small. — 2. re- spectable, considerable. meodu-raeden, st. f. providing with mead, dealing out mead. meodu-scenc, st. m. mead-skinker, mead-pour er. meodu-seld, st. n. mead-dwelling, mead house or hall. meodu-setl, st. n. same as above. meodu-stig, st. m. mead-path, path to the mead-hall. meodu-wang, st. m. mead-field,field surrounding the mead-palace. meodu-werig, adj. mead-weary, drunk. meohx, meox, st. m. dung, filth, dirt. meolc, meoluc, st. f. milk. meord, meord, st.f. reward, com- pensation, pay. meoring, st. f. hindrance, danger? Exod. 62. meornan, st. all. v. I. 1. to be appre- hensive, anxious. — 2. to shrink from. [over. be-meornan, to bemoan, grieve meord. See meord (pay). meoto, st.f. thought, reflection. meotud, meotod, metod, metud, st. m. 1. fate (Wald. 1,19).— 2. cre- ator, God, Christ. meotud-ge-sceaft, st.f. fate, allot- ment; fate after death. meotud-sceaft, st. f. same as above. meotud-wang, st. m. field of battle, battlefield. mSowle, w. f. maiden, woman, wife. meox. See meohx (filth). micel, mycel, adj. mickle, great; — instr. sg. micle ; — w. compar. & su~ perl, by much, by far; — gen. sg. micles, and instr. pi. miclum; — adv. by much, by far, much, very. micel-lic, adj. great, magnificent. micel-mod, adj. great-minded, mag- nanimous. micelnes, st. f. greatness, magna- nimity. miclian, w. v. 1. to render large, magnify, increase. — 2. to become great, large; to increase in size, grow. ge-miclian, to render large, to make larger. mid, I. prep., to. dat., instr., & ace. 1. with: expresses accompani- ment, community, accompanying circumstances, simultaneity. — 2. with, among, in (with plural or a collective), among (a number). 3. means by which, with, by means or help of, through, by. — mid often follows the governed word. — II. adv. with, at the same time, sim- ultaneously. mid, midd, adj. middle, midway, in the middle. mid, st. n. middle ; — to-middes, in or into the middle or midst of. middan-eard, st. m. mid-earth, earth. middan-geard, st. m. same as above. midde, w. f. middle, center. middel, st m. middle, middle part. middel-ge-m^ru, st. n. pi. middle district, mid-province. middel-neaht, -niht, st. f. midnight. 154 midl — modcearig midl, st. n. iron middle-piece, bit of a bridle. midor, compar. of mid, adj. mid-wist, st. f. presence, being present. mint, mihte, mihten, mihton. See magan. mint, mihtig, mint-mod. See meant, meahtig, meaht-mod. mil, st. f. mile. milde, adj. mild, kind, friendly. milde, adv. the same as above. mild-heort, adj. mild-hearted. mild-heortnes, -hiortnys, st.f. sym- pathy, pity, mercy. milds, milts, st. f. 1. mildness, sym- pathy, favor, grace. — 2. joy,gayety. mildsian, miltsian, to. v. 1. to pity, sympathize with, feel favorably toward. — 2. to act mildly or kindly toward, to render gentle or mild. mildsung, miltsung, st. f. sympathy, compassion. mil-ge-mearc, st, n. mile's distance, mile. mil-paed, st. m. mile-path, distance or road reckoned by miles. miltan, myltan, w. v. 1. to melt, dissolve, vanish. — 2. to free, lib- erate. Sol. 55. ge-miltan, to melt, dissolve: relax. milts, miltsian, miltsung. See milds, mildsian, mildsung. min, adj. 1. small. — 2. low, common, vulgar, vile. min, 1. poss. pron. mine. — 2. gen. of ic. See ic. min-dom, st. in. powerlessness, fee- bleness. mine. See myne. minsian, w. v. to grow less, decrease, dwindle. mire, mirce, mirhd, mirigd. See myrc, myrce, myrgd. mis-daed, -ded, st. f. misdeed, evil deed. mis-ge-dwield,s2. n. distortion, error, wrong, perversion. mis-ge-hyd, st. f. n. misthought, wrong mode of thinking. mis-ge-mynd, st. f. same as above. mis-lie, adj. various, manifold, di- verse. mis-lice, adv. the same as above. mis-micel, adj. of varying size. missan, io. v. to miss, fail in or of. missen-lic, adj. various, manifold, diverse. missen-lice, adv. same as above. missere, st. n. semester, half-year. Cf . the counting by half-years with the counting by nights, winters, &c. mist, st. m. mist, vapor. mist-glom, st. m.f mist-gloom, dark- ness, cloud. Wal. 47. mist-helm, st. m. mist-helm, envel- oping cloud (blindness). mist-hlid, -hleod, st n. misty slope, hillside covered with cloud. mistig, adj. misty. mittan, w. v. to find,encounter,meet. ge-mittan, the same as above. midan, st. all. v. V. 1. to hide, con- ceal,keep to one's self. — 2.w.instr. to avoid, shun. — 3. to dissemble. 4. intr. to conceal one's self. be-, bi-midan, to hide, conceal, keep secret. mieht. See meaht. mod, st. n. 1. mood, spirit, soul, heart (as seat of thought, feeling, passion, sensibility). — 2. courage. 3. arrogance, pride, moodiness. — 4. greatness, power (Ps. 144, 5; 150, 2) ; violence (Exod. 488). mod-blind, adj. mood-blind, spir- itually blind. mod-blissiende, adj. mood-joyful, exultant of mind. mod-bysgung, st. f. mood-depress- ion, sorrow, mental affliction. mod-cearig, adj. sorrowful. modcearu — mon 155 mod-cearu, st.f. mood-care, sorrow, grief of heart. mod-craeft, st. m. mood-craft, power of mind, wisdom, shrewdness, clev- erness. mdd-craeftig, adj. judicious, possess- ing judgment, skillful. mod-cwanig, adj. sad at heart, sor- rowful, querulous. moddor, moder. See modur. mode-lice, adj. valiantly, bravely. mode-wseg, st. m. rushing wave, current. mod-earfod, st. f. grief, sorrow, misery of mind. mod-ge-hygd, st. f. mood-thought, mind, thought. mod-ge-mynd, st. f. n. sentiment, thought, reflection, memory. mod-ge-panc (-ge-ponc), st. m. n. mood-thought, thought, mind. mod-ge-]?oht, st. m. same as above. mod-ge-i>yldig, adj. patient of mind, enduring with courage. mod-ge-winna, w. m. mood-foe, sor- row, grief. mod-geomor, -giomor, adj. sorrow- ful-minded. modgian, -igan, w. v. 1. to rage, roar, become excited or moody. (Exod. 458). — 2. to show bravery, boldness. ofer-modgian, to be arrogant, proud, presumptuous. [ous. mod-glsed,atfj. glad-minded, joy- mod-glSaw, adj. wise, clear-minded, quick-witted, clever. mod-haep, -heap, adj. rich in cour- age, brave. mod-hete, st. m. hate, hatred. mod-hord, st. n. heart's treasure, secret thoughts. mod-hwaet, adj. bold, energetic, valiant. modig, adj. 1. spirited, courageous. 2. roused, excited, angry. modigan. See modgian (to rage). modig-lic (-modi-), adj. courageous, brave, high-spirited. mod-16of, adj. dear, precious. mod-lufe, w. f. love. rnodor. See modur (mother). mod-rof, adj. vigorous-spirited, val- iant-hearted. mod-sefa, w. m. mood-thought, mind, spirit. mod-s§oc, adj. mind-sick, sad. mod-snottor (-snotor), adj. shrewd, sharp-minded, wise. mod-sorg, st. f. heart-sorrow, sad- ness, grief. mod-swid, adj. brave, valiant. mod-pracu, w. f. bold-mindedness, courage, valor, fortitude. mod-prea, w. m. uneasiness of mind, terror, vexation. mod-prydu, st. f. strength of mind or soul, energy, vigor! B. 1931. modur, modor, moddor, moder, irreg. f. gen. sg. modur, modor, moddor; — dat. sg. mgder, med- der = mother. [son. modur-cild, st. n. mother's child, mod-wen, st. f. thought, opinion? Rid. 87, 7. mod-wlanc, adj. haughty, arrogant. mold-eern (-ern), st. n. house of mold, earthy house, grave. molde, w. f. 1. dust, earth as mate- rial. — 2. soil, mold. — 3. earth as habitation of men, — opposed to water, air, sky. — 4. province, dis- trict. mold-grasf, st. n. grave, grave in the earth. mold-hrerende,^arf.earth-touching, moving in or on the earth. mold-weg, st. m. earth-way, earth. mold-wyrm, st. in. earthworm. molsian, w. v. to molder, rot, decay. ge-molsian, to wither, fade. mon, mon. See man and manan (v~b.), man. mona, w. m. moon. 156 monad — munan monad, mond, st. m. (moonth), month, mond, st. nJ Gu. 514. monetian, w. v. to despise, contemn ? An. 747. monian, monig, monn, momia. See manian, manig, man, maiina. mor, st. m. 1. moor, morass, swamp. 2. mountain, wooded mountains. morgen, st. m. morn, morning, fore- noon. morgen-ceald, adj. morn-cold, eold as at early morn. morgen-colla, w. m. terror at morn? Jud. 245. morgen-lang, adj. morning-long, lasting through the morning. morgen-leoht, st. n. morning light, morgen-regn, -ren, st. m. morning rani, morgen-seoc, adj. sick, ill, or sad in the morning, morgen-spell, st. n. morning news, news spreading in the morning. morgen-steorra, -stiorra, w. m. morning star, morgen-sweg, st. m. morn-sound, cry at morn. morgen-tid, st. f. morning-tide, time. morgen-torht, adj. morn-bright, bright at morn or in the morning. mor-hsed, st. f. moor-heath; swampy, mountainous heath. mor-heald, adj. surrounded by moors, marshy? Ex. 61. mor-hop, st. n. moor-bight, hiding- place in the moor ? mor-land, st. n. moorland, mount- ain-land. morna, gen. pi. of morgen. mor-stapa, w. m. moor-stepper, traverser of moors and mountains. mord, st. n. 1. murder, death. — 2. deadly sin. Gen. 691. mord-bealu, st. n. murder-bale, murder, violent death. mordor, mordur, st. n. 1. violent death, murder. — 2. punishment by death, death-torment, martyr- dom. — 3. crime, deadly sin. morder-bed, st. n. murder-bed, bed of death. mordor-bealu, st. n. murder, bale- ful death. mordor-cofa, w. m. murder-cell, prison, torture-house. mordor-craeft, st. m. murderous craft or might. mordor-cwealm, st. m. murder, death. mordor-hete, st. m. murderous hate, deadly hostility, bloody feud. mordor-hof, st. n. murder-house, place of punishment (hell). mordor-hus, st. n. same as above. mordor-hycgende, part, with mur- derous thoughts. mor dor-lean, st. n. reward for mur- der or crime. mordor-scyldig, adj. guilty of mur- der, crime. mordor-sleaht, -sleht, st. m. slaugh- ter, defeat. mordur. See mordor (murder). mos, st. ii. food, feed, victuals. mot. See motan (must). motan, pret.-pres.; prcs. hid. sg. 1, 3, mot. — 2. most; pi. motan (Gu. 786), motun (Ph. 668), moton, mdtan (An. 109), moten (Sat. 297); subj. sg. mote; pi. motan (Reb. 16), moten (El. 433), mote (Cri. 1327); pret. nioste, to be in a position adapted to, to have an opportunity or leisure for; hence, 1. to be permitted, to be able. — 2. must (B. 1939, 2S86. Sat. 108.) modde, w. f. moth, book- worm or moth. mugan. See magan (may). munan,]))T/.-/))v>'. : pres. ind. sg. 1, 3, man, mon. — 2.manst ; /)/.munon ; subj. mune; pret. munde. — 1. to mund — myrgd 157 think of or about, be mindful of, remember. — 2. to esteem, appre- ciate, value. ge-munan, to remember, be mindful of, recollect. on-munan, 1. to provide with, deem worthy of. — 2. to remind, admonish? B. 2640. mund, st. m. 1. hand. — 2. protection, guardianship. mund, st. m. bridal gift, dower. Cri. 93. mund-beorg, st. m. hill of refuge or protection, mountain refuge. mund-bora, iv. m. protection-bearer, protector, guardian, tutor. mund-byrd, -berd, st. f. protec- tion, patronage, aid, help. mund-gripe, st. m. hand-grip, mund-keals, -hals, st. n. protection? guardianship? sahis tntelcvf Cri. 446. mundian, w . v. to protect, to watch over. mund-rof, adj. strong-handed. munec, st. m. monk, munt, st. m. mount, mountain. munt-giop = munt-giof, Jupiter's mountain, Mons Jovis, Alps? Met. 1: 8-14. mur, st. m. wall. (Ger. matter.) mure, adj. murky, gloomy. murge, adv. cheerfully, brightly, merrily. "murnan, u\ v. to mourn, sorrow, long after; bemoan. be-, bi-murnan, to mourn, mourn over, sorrow for. must, st. m. must (of grapes). mutian, w. v. in bi-mutian, to change, exchange for. mud, st. m. 1. mouth. — 2. opening, door. muda, w. m. mouth, opening, en- trance. mud-bana, w. m. mouth-murderer, one that kills with the mouth. mud-heel, st. n. mouth-" hail," "hail" spoken with the mouth. mud-leas, adj. mouthless. mycel, myclian, myht. See micel, miclian, meaht. mylen-sceaip, adj. whetted on the grindstone. myltan. See miltan (melt). myndgian, w. v. to remind, recall to mind, remember, be mindful of. ge-myndgian, same as above. myne, mine, st. m. 1. spirit, soul.— 2. feeling, sentiment. — 3. mind. 4. intention, aim, demand. — 5. love, affection. myne-lic, adj. desirable, loveworthy, noble, splendid. myngian, w. v. 1. to warn, admon- ish, suggest. — 2. to remember. ge-mynegian, to remember. mynian, mynnan, w. v. to be mind- ful of, have one's mind on; to strive for, long for, demand. ge-mynian, to be mindful of, intent on, heedful; to see to, see. mynle, w.f. mind, spirit; demand, desire. mynster, st. n. minster, monastery, cloister. myntan, w. v. to have one's mind on, intend, be mindful of, think. ge-myntan, the same as above. myrc, mire, st. n. murk, darkness, disaster, mischief. myrce, mirce, adj. murky, dark, uncanny. myrce, adv. the same as above. myrcels, st. f. peril, disaster, mis- chief. Gu. 429. myrgan, w. v. to be merry, rejoice. a-myrgan, to delight, cheer. Sol. 240. myrgen, st. f. mirth, joy, pleasure. myrgd, myrd, mird, mirigd, st. f. the same as above. 158 myrran — nast myrran, to. v. to mar, disturb, con- fuse, render uneasy. a-myrran, to disquiet, hinder, oppose, prevent. ge-myrran, to provoke, irritate, disquiet, hinder, prevent. myrrelse, w. f. offense, provocation, scandal, irritation, myrd. See myrgd. myrd, st.f. sorrow? grief? marring? B. 810. mysci, pi. mosses. N na (= ne & a), adv. never, not by any means. nabban (= ne & habban), pros. ind. sg. 1. naebbe. — 2. nafast, naefst. 3. nafad, naefd ; — pi. nabbad ; — subj. pres. naebbe ; — pret. nssfde, not to have, naca, w. m. boat, vessel, nacod, nacud, adj. naked, nude. nsedl, st. f. needle, nasdre, nasddre, ne&re, to./, adder (w. n. dropped) ; viper, snake, nasfhe. See nefhe. lias fre (ne & asfre), adv. never, nsegan, nCgan, to. v. to approach, attack, assail ;— wordum nssgan, to address, speak to. ge-neegan, to attack, assail, op- press, disquiet; to call, address. naegel, st. m. 1. nail.— 2. plectrani (in harp-playing: Wy. 84). — 3. nail (of fingers and toes). neegled, part, nailed, naggled-bord, adj. with nailed sides. nsegled-cnear, st. m. nailed vessel. nseh, n3ellaes. See neah, nealles. neeman, to. v. in be-naeman, to deprive of, rob of, take away. (Ger. henchmen.) naemie, ace. of nan (none). neenig (= ne & senig), pron. none (often strengthened by ne). neerende. See neam (am not), nass (= ne & -wags), was not; — pi. naeron (= ne & waeron); — subj. naere (= ne & waere). nass, adv. not, not at all. nass, nes, st. m. 1. stratum, layer, portion or crust of earth. — 2. naze (ef. nose), cape, sea-cliff, promontory, precipitous bank. naes-hlid, -hleod, st n. naze-slope, precipice of a promontory. naessa, w. m. promontory. naestan, to. v. in ge-neestan, to push, urge, vex, fight with? Rid. 28, 16. nastan, to. v. to afflict, press upon, vex, attack. nagan (== ne & agan), pres. ind. sg. nah; — pi. nagon; — prct. nahte, not to have, not to own. naht. See nawiht (naught). nahte, prct. did not grant? Dan. 454. naht-fremmende, part, nought- doing, useless. na-hwasr, -hwar, adv. nowhere. na-hwasder, pron. neither, nothing. nalas, nalaes, nales, nalles. See nealles. nam, st.f. taking; rapine, appropria- tion, deprivation, robbery. nama, noma, to. m. name. namian, nomian, io. v. in ge-namian, to name, mention. nan (= ne & an), none; — ncut. nothing. napan, st. red. v. in ge-napan, to attack? to over- whelm? to destroy? Exod. -17,"). nard, st. m. nard (perfume). nast, nSt. See nitan (ne & witan). nathweer — neaht 159 n£t-hwser(=ne & wat), adv. I know not where, somewhere or other. nat-hwaet, pron. I know not what, something or other. nat-hwilc, -hywlc, pron. I know not which, some one or other. nauht. See nawiht. na-wiht, nawuht, nauht, naht, nent. pron. naught, not a whit. nawder (= ne & awder), neither. ue, adv. not; ne — ne, neither — nor. [ne is often doubled to strengthen the negative.] n§, n§o, st. m. corpse, cadaver, dead human body. neb, nebb, st. n. face, countenance, mouth, nib, beak. n6d, nedan, nedre. See nyd, nebd, nydan, nsedre. nefa, w. m. nephew, grandson. • nefne, naefne, nemne (= ne & gif & ne), 1. conj. if not, unless. — 2. prep. iv. dat. except, with excep- tion of. nefre, adj. weak (Gn. Ex. 38), infirm. ne-fugol, st. m. corpse-bird, carrion fowl. negan, n§h, neht, nellan, neman, nemde (pret). See naegan, neah, neaht, nillan, nseman, nemnan. nemnan, w. v. 1. to name, give a name to. — 2. to address, speak to. — 3. to mention by name, make mention of. — 4. to relate, narrate. Gu. 64. S-nemnan.to pronounce, inform, tell. be-nemnan, to pronounce sol- emnly, affirm, asseverate, confirm. ge-nemnan, to name. nemne. See nefne. nemned (Ps. 106, 41,= hemned?) nemnan, to stop up, close, shut. nemde, nimde, nymde, covj. iv. subj. if not, unless, except. nep? nep?=r neap-tide? Exod.469. ! nerian, nerigan, nergan, w. v. to nourish, preserve, save, heal, re- deem, liberate. ge-nerian, to ransom, redeem, liberate; to preserve, save,protect. neriend, nerigend, nergend, part. & subs, savior, redeemer, God, Christ. nes. See nses (was not). nesan, st. abl. v. III. to endure suc- cessfully, survive, be freed from, be saved. ge-nesan, 1. intr. to remain safe, survive uninjured, be preserved. — 2. w. ace. to endure successfully, be fortunate, be freed from, be saved. i nest, st. n. nest. ! nest, nyst, st. n. nourishment, food, means of traveling, viaticum. net, st. n. net. netan. See nitan (ne & witan). neten, nieten, nyten, st. n. neat- cattle, beast of burden, cattle. nedan, iv. v. to dare, venture, dis- play valor. ge-nedan, to dare, venture, risk one's self, strive to. * neding, st. f. daring, valor. n6ad. See nyd (effort). nead-cofa, w. m. prison. neafola, w. m. nable. n8ah, neh, adj., adv., & prep. w. dat. near, nigh; — compar. near, nior; — superl. neahst, nehst, nyhst, nihst, niehst. — 1. next, nearest. 2. latest, last. — 3. adv. in the next place, at last. neah. See nugan. neah, adv. enough, sufficiently. neah-buend, part. & subs, near- dwelling, neighbor. neahhige, adv. enough. neah-man, st. m. neighbor. neaht, neht, niht, nyht, st.f. night, (often used in enumerations, where 160 neaht — neodfracu Mod. Eng. uses days); — adv. gen. nihtes (n.f m.f), of a night, nights, by night ; — dseges and nihtes, by day and by night, day and night. neaht-, niht-bealu, st. n. night- bale, destruction that comes by night. neaht-, niht-egesa, w. m. night horror, nocturnal terror. neaht-, niht-feormung, st. f. night- haven or refuge, place of protec- tion for the night. neaht-, niht-ge-rim, st. n. night- number (numbering by "nights") ; reckoning of time (Gen. 1193), chronology. neaht-, niht-glom, st. m.f night- gloom, morning or evening twi- light, darkness. neaht-, niht-helm, st. m. helm or veil of night. neaht-hraefn, niht-hrefen, st. m. night-raven. neaht-, niht-lang, adj. lasting the livelong night. neaht-, niht-rest, st. f. night-rest. neaht-, niht-rim, st. n. number of nights. neaht-scua, niht-scuwa, w. m. night-shadow. neaht-, niht-weard, st. m. night- warden, watchman by night. neaht-, niht-weorc, st. n. night- work, deed or doings done at night. n§ah-, n§a-west, st. f. being near ; vicinity, neighborhood ; cohabita- tion. nealles,nalles,nallas,naellaes,nales, nalas, nalaes, adv. not at all, by no means, least of all. neam, neom (= ne & earn), I am not; M sg. nis, nys; pi. nearon (Seaf. 82); pres.-part. nserende. nean, adv. 1. from near.— 2. near, near by. — 3. almost, nearly. near, nearon. See neah, neam. neam, nearo, adj. narrow, near to- gether, close, confining, producing misery or oppression. nearu, nearo, st. /. narrowness, closeness, straitness, oppression. neam-bregd, st. f. oppression, com- pression, crushing. nearu-craeft, st. m. narrowness, art of rendering difficult of access? inaccessibility. B. 2243. nearu-grap, adj. close-clutching. Rid. 81, 6. nearu-lic, adj. oppressing, clutching close] y. nearu-ned, st.f.f close quarters, cap- tivity. nearunes, st. f. narrowness, op- pression. nearu-searu, st. f. dark cunning, secret fraud or intrigue, misery- bringing quarrel. nearu-sorg, st. f. crushing sorrow, anxiety. neani-pearf, st. f. crushing need, distress. nearu- wrence, st. m. crushing cun- ning, guile. nearwe, adv. narrowly, tightly, closely, precisely. nearwian, w. v. 1. to force in, con- fine. — 2. to force one's self in, be- come smaller, shrink. ge-nearwian, to force in, drive to close quarters, oppress. neat, st. n. neat cattle, beast of burden, cattle, ox. nea-west. See n§ahwest. neo. See ne (corpse). neo-, nio-bed, st. n. deathbed, dying bed. neod, niod, nied, nyd, ned, st.f.f effort, eagerness, zeal, longing, desire, pleasure; — instr. sg. eager- ly, zealously, carefully, diligently, violently. neod-fracu, st. f. effort, striving, longing, yearning. neodful — nysse 161 neod-ful, adj. eager, zealous, careful, sedulous. neod-ladu, st. f. polite invitation, hospitable pledging at drink. B. 1320. neod-lice, adv. eagerly, carefully. neod-lof, st. n. eager praise, eulogy. neod-spearuwa, w. m. sparrow. neod-wecrdung, st. f. eager appre- ciation, exalted praise. neol. See neowol (chasm). neom. See neam (I arn not). neoman. See nimaii (to take). neomian, w. v. to sing (Wy. 84). neon. See niwan (lately). neorxna-, neorxena-wang, st. m. Paradise. neosan, niosan, tc. v. 1. to search, acquaint one's self with, spy out, seek to learn. — 2. to seek, hunt for, visit, attack. neosian, niosian, w. v. 1. to search out, investigate. — 2. to hunt for, visit, seek (with hostile intent), to attack. ge-neosian, to visit. n6o-sid, st. m. death. neotan, niotan, st. abl. v. VI. to enjoy, use. be-, bi-n6otan, to deprive of, to rob. neodan, niodan, adv. from be- neath, beneath, below. neodane, -one, adv. same as above. neode-mest, adj. superl. (beneath- most, farthest beneath, lowest. neodor. See nider (below). neodo-, niodo-weard, adj. under- ward, beneath. neowan, neowe, neowinga. See niwan, iriwe, rriwinga. neowol, neol, nywol, adj. inclined, steep, precipitous, deep. neowol-, neol-, nywolnes, st. f. abyss, chasm. nicor, st. m. nixie, water-sprite, ma- rine monster. nicor-hiis, st. n. nixie-house, dwelling of water-sprites. nifol, adj. nebulous, cloudy, dark, gloomy. nigan? Rid. 9: 8, 9. nigen, nigon, num. nine. nigeda, nigoda, ord. num. ninth. nigon-tig, num. rinety. See hund- nigontig. nigon-tyne, num. rineteen. nihst, ciht. See neah, neaht. nillan, nellan, nylian (=ne& wil- lan), jives, ind. sg. 1, 3, nelle, nele, nylle, nyle; pi. nellad; pret. nolde, — will not. Cf. nolo = ne & volo. niman, nyman, neoman, nioman, st. abl. v. II. 1. to take, assume, accept, receive; occupy, seize, grasp. — 2. to take away, take from. 3. to suffer, tolerate, endure, at- tain, obtain. a-niman, to take, take from,rob. aet-niman, to take away, take from. be-, bi-niman, to take away, deprive of. (Ger. henchmen). for-niman, to take away, de- prive of. ge-niman, 1. to take, appro- priate, seize, receive, occupy. — 2. to take, take away, remove. — 3. to attain, endure. — 4. to enter? take? obtain? Dan. 313. nimde. See nemde (except). nipan, st. abl. v. V. to spread gloom or darkness, veil over, cover. ge-nipan, 1. to be or become dark or gloomy. — 2. to come upon, cover over, veil. nis. See neam (am not), nistlan, nystlan, to. v. to nestle, build nests (in). nitan, nytan, net an (= ne & witan), pres. ind. sg. 1, 3, ntt.~ 2. nast; pi. nyton, neton; pret. nyste, nysse, not to know, wit, wet. 162 nid — nordan nid, st. m. creature, human being, person. [Used in the plural only.] nid, st. n. abyss. Sat. 634. nid, st. m. 1. striving, effort, exer- tion, violence. — 2. deed of valor, battle, strife. — 3. hostile onslaught, attack, pursuit, oppression, misery. 4. hate, envy, hostility. — 5. mean- ness, badness, unworthiness. nid, adj. intended? Mod. 44. uid-cwalu, st. f. miserable death, destruction. nid-cwealm, st. m. murder, violent death. nid-draca, to. m. battle-dragon, hos- tile dragon. nide, adv. below, beneath. B. 2243. nider, nyder, nydor, niodor, adv. nether, downward, down, below. nider-dsel, st. m. nether part. nider-heald, adj. downward inclined, downward, prone. niderian, nyderian, iv. v. in ge-nyderian, to degrade, hum- ble, cast down, nider-weard, adj. nether-ward, downward tending, prone. *nid-gsest (-gyst), st. m. hostile stranger, mischief-making alien. nid-ge-t3on, st. n. (cf. teen), battle- effort, exertion in battle, battle. nid-ge-weorc, st. n. foe's •work, battle deed, fierce deed. nid-grim, adj. furious in battle, fierce. nid-gripe, st. m. furious grip, fierce assault. nid-hete, st. m. 1. fierce hate, hos- tility. — 2. torment, misfortune. nid-hete, st. m. fierce hater, foe. nid-heard, adj. hardened to battle, bold, valiant. nid-hycgende, part, hate-cherish- ing, hostile-minded. nid-hydig, adj. in mood for battle, brave-minded. nid-loca, w. m. dungeon, place of torment, nid-plega, w. m. battle-sport, battle, fight. nidre, adv. below, beneath, nid-sceada, ic. m. foe, persecutor, nid-sele, st. m. hall below, submarine hall, cavern in the deep, nid-syn, st. f. heavy sin. [tie. nid-weorc, st. n. battle- work, bat- nid-wracu, st. f. torture, punish- ment, death penalty, mischief. nid-wundor, st. n. wonder below, wonder of the deep, niwan, neowan, neon, adj. 1. new- ly, lately.— 2. anew,again. B.3104. niwe, neowe, niowe, adv. newly, niwian, niowian, to. v. to renew, ed-niwian, same as above, ge-ed-niwian, same as above, ge-niwian, same as above, niwinga, neowinga, adv. anew, again. niwlice, adv. newly, lately. niw-tyrwed (-tyrwyd), part, new- ly tarred. nied.niehst, nieten. See nyd, neod, neah, neten. niobed, niod, nioman, nior, niosan, niosian, niotan, niodan, niodor, niodoweard, niowe, niowian. See neobed, neod, mman, neah, neo- tan, neosan, neosian, neodan, nider, neodoweard, niowe, ni- wian. no (=ne & 6), adv. never, not at all, by no means, not. noht, nohte. See nowiht, nugan. nolde, noma, nomian. See nillan, nama, namian. non, st. f. (noon), hora, nona, ninth hour of the day (3 o'clock in the Mfternoon). nord, st. m. north; adv. northward. in the north, nordan, adv. from the north. norddael — nywol 163 nord-dael, st m. northern region, north wind (aquilo). nord-ende, st. m. northern end. nordern, adj. northern, northerly. nord-healf, st.f. northern side or quarter. nord-man (-mon), st. m. inhabitant of the north. nord-mest, adj. northernmost. nord-rodor, st. m. northern $ky. nord-weg, st. m. way to the north. nose, w. f. noselike projection, pro- montory, naze. nosu, st. f. nose. nod, st.f. 1. boldness, daring, valiant deed.— 2. booty, plunder. Wal.28. Nowembris, November. Men. 196. ndwiht, noht, 1. neut. naught, noth- ing. — 2. adv. not, not at all. nu, 1. adv. now. — 2. conj. inasmuch as, since, because, as. miga.n,pret.-pres.,pres.ind.sg. neah ; pi. nugon; pret. nohte, in be-nugan, to have in one's pow- er, at one's disposal, enjoy. ge-nugan, to suffice, satisfy. (G-er. genugen.) nyd. See neod (effort). nyd, nied, nead, n§d, st f. need, necessity, violence, force ; — name of the Rune n. nydan, nedan, w. v. to force, compel. ge-nydan, to force, compel,force upon. nydan, w. v. to be eager for, exert one's self to, strive to. ge-nydan, the same as above. nyd-bad, st. f. forced pledge, ex- torted pledge. nyd-bi-bod, st. n. compelling or bind- ing command. nyd-boda, w. m. boder of evil, messenger of ill. nyd-bysgu, st. f. labor, effort, toil, wretchedness. nyd-bysig, adj. forced to labor, work- ing from necessity, self -exhausting. nyd-clafa, iv. m. prison, dungeon, torture-chamber. nyd-, ned-cleofa, iv. m. the same. nyd-costing, st. f. misery, oppress- ion, disquietude. nyd-fara, w. m. need-farer, fugitive from necessity. [death. nyd-ge-dal, st. n. forced separation, nid-genga, w. m. wanderer in misery or need. nid-ge-stealla, w. m. companion in misery. nyd-ge-weald (-gewald), st. f. & n. tyranny, violence, force. nyd-grap, at f. compelling hand, compelling grasp. nyd-, ned-pearf, st. f. 1. need, dis- tress. — 2. want, thing needed. nyd-beow, nied-£>iow, st m. serv- ant or server from necessity, poor servant. nyd-, nied-waedla, w. m. needy one, person in need. nyd-wracu, st f. violent persecu- tion, oppression, vexation. nyhst,nyht,nyllan, nyman,nymde. See neah, neaht, nillan, niman, nemde. nyrwian, id. v. in ge-nyrwian (cf. narrow), to force in, press upon, drive into a corner, oppress. nys, nyst, nyste, nystlan, nytan. See neam, nest, nitan, nistlan, nitan. nyt, adj. useful, of use, helpful. nyt, st f. 1. use, advantage, profit. 2. duty, service, office. nytan, nyten. See nitan, neten. nyttian, io. v. to enjoy, to use. ge-nyttian, the same as above. nyd = nyd, st f. zeal, eagerness, de- sire? Gn. Ex. 38. nyder, nydor. See nider. nyderian. See niderian. nywol, nywolnes. See neowol, neowolnes. 164 6 — oferwealdend 6, adv. ever, at any time. October, October. Men. 183. of, I. prep. iv. dat. of, out of, from, from — to, since (sometimes post- poned). — II. adv. off, away, absent. ofaet. See ofet (fruit). of-dael, st. n. abyss, chasm. ofen, ofn, st m. oven. ofer, prep. over. — 1. w. ace. (a) with verbs of motion, seeing, &c, — di- rection, tendency (above, below, toward, &c.) — 2. indicating motion from below upward, above some- thing. — 3. the end or aim or object of motion.— 4. extent over a space. 5. like German auf, iiber, w. dat. indicating rest. — 6. indicating power or sway over. — 7. prefer- ence, excellence, transgression. — 8. contrariety, opposition to one's wish, command, desire. — 9. with- out (Dan. 73, B. 685). — 10. the cause of joy or object of conversa- tion (B. 2724; Ps. 118, 162).— 11. temporal: after, through. Jud. 20. II. w. dat. 1. above a thing. — 2. upon a thing. — 3. preference, ex- cellence, superiority over (Ps. C. 75). — 4. over (of rule, sway, do- minion). — the preposition is some- times separated from its case). ofer, st. m. shore, bank, beach, edge. (Ger. ufer.) ofer-ceald, adj. excessively cold. ofer-geatu, st. f. negligence, forget- fulness. [above. ofer-gitnes (-gytnes), st. f. same as ofer-gitol, -gittol, -gyttol, -geotul, -geottul, adj. forgetful. ofer-gitolnes, -gytolnes, -gittolnes, St. ,/'. forgetfulness. ofer-heah, adj. extremely high, lofty. ofer-hidig (-liigd). See oferhydig (-hygd). ofer-hige, st. m. elevation, high- mindedness, exaltation, ofer-hleodur, adj. failing to hear or perceive. ofer-holt, strn. over-wood, cover. shield. ofer-hyd, st. n. haughtiness, pride, arrogance, assumption, ofer-hydig, adj. haughty, proud, arrogant. ofer-hydig, st. n. pride, over-mind- edness. ofer-hygd (-higd), st. n. the same, ofer-hyrned, part, strong-horned, witli large horns, ofer-leof, adj. over-dear, very dear, ofer-maecga, ic. m. one over-mighty, superior in might, very powerful. Gu. Q6i. ofer-maegen, st. n. over-might, su- periority, ofer-msete, adj. immoderate, beyond bounds. ofer-madmas, st. m. pi. precious jewels. ofer-mede, st. n. haughtiness, pride. ofer-rnedla, w. m. same as above, ofer-met, st. n. extravagance, pride, haughtiness. ofer-mihtig, adj. very mighty, pow- erful. ofer-mod, st. m. over-mood, pride, insolence. ofer-mod, adj. puffed up, proud, in- solent. ofer-modig, adj. same as above. ofer-s£eld, st.f. false happiness. ofer-pearf, st. f. great need, extreme distress. ofer-prym, st. m. excessive strength, power. ofer-wealdend, part. & subs, highest lord, sovereign. oferwlenca — onlaiig 165 ofer-wlenca, st. f. pi. great wealth, riches. ofest. See ofost (haste). ofet, ofset, st. n. fruit. (G-er. ohst.) of-hende, adj. lost, misplaced. Cf. off-hand. of-longod, part, seized with long- ing, yearning. of-lysted, -lyst, part, very lustful, voluptuous. ofn. See ofen (oven). ofost, ofest, st. f. haste. ofost-lice, ofest-, ofst-, ofes-, adv. hastily, in haste, quickly. oft, adv. often. of-byrsted,£>ar£.very thirsty, greedy oht. See owiht (aught). oht, st. f. persecution, oppression, disquietude. oht-nyd, -nied, st. f. same as above. 6-hwser, 6-wer, adv. anywhere, anywhither. 6-hwseder. See owder (either). 6-hwonan, adv. anywhence, from any source. 61, pret. of alan, to grow, spring up, beget, arise. Kim. 23. 6m, st. m. rust, corruption ; eruption. om-beht, -biht, -bieht. See am- beht. omig, adj. rusty, rust-eaten. on. See uiman (to grant). on, prep. I. w. dat. or instr. 1. on, upon, besides, in; on (of musical instruments accompanied by sing- ing). — 2. from, of (it;, verbs of tak- ing, receiving; and expressions of material). — 3. in, on, upon (often id. verbs of placing, motion, &c). — 4. temporal: in, on, during. — II. w. ace. 1. on, upon, in, to, toward, to one side (w. verbs of hoping, trusting, believing, thinking, see- ing, looking, hearing, making, be- coming, changing). — 2. into. — 3. according to, in accordance with. 4. toward. — 5. temporal: to, at, for, on, in. [The preposition often follows its case, or is separated from it.] on-csdele, adj. innate, natural. on-bseru, st.f. renunciation? absti- nence! self-denial? Gu. 1027. on-heht, -hyht. See amheht. on-bid, si. n. abiding, expectation, hope; lingering, wasting. oncer, oncyr. See ancor (anchor). on-cyd, st. f. pain, suffering. on-cyd-dsed, st. f. deed causing pain or suffering. on-cydig, adj. suffering; painful. ond, ond-, onda. See and, anda. on-drysne, adj. frightful, terrible, awe-inspiring, awful, venerable. on-drysnlic, adj. terrible, frightful. Ps. Th. 46, 2. on-ettan, w. v. to hasten, hurry, eagerly set to work. on-eardiend, part. & subs, indweller, inhabitant. on-feng, st, m. 1. seizing on, grasp- ing (Run. 44). — 2. hostile seizure, attack. on-foran, adv. afore, in front of. on-forht, onga, onge. See anforht, anga, ange. on-gegn, -gegen, -gean, -gan, -gen, prep. id. dat. & ace. & adv. against, opposite. on-gend, prep, beyond? on yonder side ? Wid. 85. on-gin, st. n. 1. beginning, com- mencement (Ph. 638). — 2. some- thing begun, enterprise, under- taking. — 3. onrush, attack. An. 466. on-heel, adj. whole, hale, entire. on-hsele, adj. secret, concealed. on-hinden, adv. behind. on-hrernes, st. f. confusion, uproar, excitement. on-lang, adj. continuous, extended, along. Exod. 53. 166 onlic — orlseg on-lic, adj. like, resembling, similar. on-lice, adv. the same as above. on-licnes, st. f. 1. likeness, resem- blance, similarity. — 2. image, effigy, likeness. on-medla, -maedla, w. m. haughti- ness, pride. on-mod, adj. valiant, brave. onn. See unnan (to grant). on-riht, adj. 1. lawful, proper, true. 2. partaking off clinging to? Exod. 358. on-seege, adj. tending to fall, falling. on-sceoniendlic, atfj. to be shunned, abominable. on-segednes, st.f. offering, sacrifice. on-seon, -sien, -sion. See onsyn (sight). on-steel, st. m. arrangement, destina- tion, determination. on-stealle? Dan. 247. on-sund, adj. sound, hale, whole, uninjured. on-syn, -synn, -seon, -sien, -sion, st. f. sight, glance, face, aspect, appearance. on-syn, -sien, st. f. lack, deficiency. on-syne, adj. visible, evident, prom- inent. on-wald, -walg, -walh. See on- weald, onwealh. on-weg, adv. away, off. on-wendednes, st. f. change, ex- change. on-weald, -wald,s£. m. might, power. on-weald, adj. mighty, powerful. on-wealda, w. m. prince, lord. on-wealh, -walg, adj. sound, whole, uninjured. on-wille, adj. agreeable, pleasant, dear. on-wist, st. f. presence at, on, or in a place ; presence. on-wunung, st. f. dwelling, house. open, adj. open, evident, clear, well- known. openian, w. v. to open, open up, de- clare, reveal, ge-openian, the same as above. open-lice, adc. openly, publicly. or, st. n. 1. origin, beginning. — 2. vanguard of an army, front rank in battle, front. (Ger. ur-.) ora, w. m. edge, brink, margin. orad. See ord (breath). ore, st. m. vessel, beaker, can. or-cnawe, -ensewe, adj. evident, noticeable, well-known. orc-ne, at. m. sea-monster, larva. ord, st. n. (cf. odd), point — 1. sword- point, spear-point, sword, spear. — 2. beginning. — 3. head of an army, foremost rank, line of battle. — 4. head, prince, chief. ord-bana, w. m. spear-slayer, one who kills with a spear. ord-fruma, ic. m. 1. originator, au- thor, creator. — 2. sovereign, prince. ord-stapu, st. f. spear-ingress or en- trance, entrance of a spear. ord-wiga, -wyga, w. m. forefighter in battle. oret, st. m. & n.f battle, labor. Ps. 127, 2. oreta. See oretta. oret-maecg, -maeg, -mecg, st. m. warrior, soldier, hero, champion. oretta, w. m. the same as above. orettan, w. v. to exert one's self, fight or contend for, pursue eagerly. ge-orettan, to confuse, con- found, put out of countenance. ored. See ord (breath). or-feorme, adj. naked, bare, empty, aimless, useless, without means. organ, -gana, -ganon, st. & ic. m. 1. organ. — 2. song, canticle. or-gete, -geate, adj. known from the beginning, well known. or-hlytte, adj. without lot or part, unpossessed of, destitute of. or-laeg, st. v. ancient, primitive, or primeval law, fate. orlaeggifre — oza 167 or-laeg-gifre, adj. greedy for war, fond of war. or-leg, st. n. destruction, evil, effort, trouble, torture. or-leg-ceap, st. m. prize of war,booty, spoil. or-lege, st. n. lawlessness, war, con- flict, hostility. — 2. contradiction (Jul. 97). — 3. martyrdom, torture, misery. or-lege, adj. hostile, inimical. or-leg-from, adj. fitted or able for war or battle, strenuous. or-leg-hwil, st. f. time of battle, war-time. or-leg-nid, st. m. battle-rage, hos- tility,- war. or-leg-sceaft, st. f. death-penalty or punishment. or-leg-stund, st. f. time of battle, decision of battle. or-leg-weorc, st. n. war-deed, ■work of war. or-leahtre, adj. blameless, unblem- ished. or-m^te, adj. immeasurable, meas- ureless, immense. or-mete, adj. the same as above. or-mod, adj. despairing, hopeless. orod. See ord (breath). or-sawle, adj. soulless, lifeless. or-sorg, adj. careless, free from care or sorrow. or-sorgnes, st. f. carelessness, free- dom from care or sorrow. or-trywe, adj. without trust, mis- trustful, distrustful. ord, orad, ored, orod, orud, st. n. breath, spirits, snorting. or-banc, -bone, adj. artistic, inge- nious. Ruin. 16. or-banc, -bone, st. m. & n. 1. original thought, genius, spirit, skill, art. — 2. thoughtlessness, negligence. Sol. 164. [bond. or-]?onc-bend, st. f. artistic band or or-bonc-pil, st. n. artistic staff, rod ? stylus? onid. See ord (breath). or-wena, w. adj. hopeless, despair- ing, mistrustful. Cf. ween. or-wennys, st. f. despair, hopeless- ness. or-wearde, adv. without a guard, keeper, or guardian. or-wige, adj. unwarlike, cowardly. or-wyrdu, sf./.unworthiness, shame. or-yldu, st. f. great age, weakness of old age, senility. Cf. Ger. wait. 6s, st. m. 1. God.— 2. name of the Rune o. Run. 10. otor, prep, over, beyond, beside, apart from, outside of. Dan. 73. 6d, I. prep. ic. ace. until, to, up to, as far as; — 6d ]paet, co)ij. w. ind. & snbj. until, till ; so long as (An. 827); — 6d be, conj. until, till. — II. conj. till, until. odel, st. m. home. oder, pron. 1. (the) other, (the) sec- ond; — oder — oder, the one — the other; — pi. the rest, the others. — 2. one of two. — 3. another. oder. See owder (either). odde, conj. or 6-wiht, oht, neut. aught, a whit, something. owder, oder (= ohwaeder), pron. either, one of two. 6-wer. See ohwaer (anywhere). oxa, w. m. ox (bos). 168 pad — raedan pad, st. f. covering, garment. Cf. pea-jacket? paed, pad, st, m. path, paeddan, peddan, w. v. to traverse, penetrate, travel over, palma, w. m. palm-tree, palm-treow, st. m. same as above, panna, panne, w. m. & /. pan. pandher, st. m. panther, pater-noster, m. n. paternoster (our Father). pad. See paed. pentecosten, n. pentecost. pernex, st. m. a bird? Bid. 41: 66. peddan. See paeddan (to traverse). p6a, w. m. peacock, peord, name for the Rune p. Run. 38. pil, st. m. arrow, dart, pilum. plega, w. m. 1. quick motion, jour- ney, movement. — 2. battle-play, battle. — 3. play, jest, sport, pas- time, joy. plegan, plegian, w. v. 1. to put one's self in rapid motion, to move rap- idly. — 2. to clap the hands. — 3. to play, sport, jest. porte, w. f. portal, gate, door. portic, St. m. portico, colonnade, porch. prass? (By. 68), press? throng? preost, st. m. priest, presbyter. psalterium, — psalter. pund, st. n. pound. pynd? pond? cistern ? lake ? Rim. 49. pyndan, w. v. in for-pyndan, to crush, suppress, remove. pyt, st. m. pit. R racente, w.f. chain, fetter. racenteag, st. f. the same as above. racian, to. v., w. dat. to rule, guide, control. racu, st. f. course of a thing, evolu- tion, unfolding, representation, re- counting, narration, cause. rad, st. f. 1. riding, raid (Run. 13). 2. journey (El. 982). — 3. road, way. — 4. rhythm, time. — 5. name of the Rune r. Run 13. rador. See rodor (sky). rad-pyt, sf. in. riding-pit, i. c. well with drawing-pole attachment. Rid. 59: 14, 15. rad-werig, adj. road-weary, foot- sore. rcecan, rsecean, u\ v. to reach, stretch out, extend, run along. ge-rGecan, 1. to reach, attain, strike, hit, take. — 2. reach after, extend to, reach to (Ps. 137: 7). — 3. to reach to, extend, stretch out (Gn. Ex. 92).— 4. to attain, win.— 5. intr. to reach. Wid. 16: 27. rasced, reced, recyd, si. m. & n. building, house, room, hall. rasd, red, st. m. 1. counsel, good ad- vice, rede. — 2. advantage, gain, profit. — 3. power, might. rasdan, st. red. r. 1. to advise, coun- sel, persuade. — 2. to ' advise for, care for. — 3. to rule, govern, reign. 4. to have power over, possess. — 5. to guess,forebode. (Ger. ratltcn.) rabdaii, ir. v. 1. to advise, counsel. — 2. to rule, guide.— 3. to read, a-raedan, to unriddle, decipher. rsedan — rasian 169 be-reedan, to betray, withdraw, take away, rob of. r sedan, w. v. in a-reedan, to make ready? pre- pare? Wand. 5; Gn. Ex. 192. ge-reedan, to start, get ready, prepare, execute, resolve. rsed-bora, w. m. rede-bearer, ad- viser. raede, adj. ready, complete. reedelle, w. f. riddle (something to read, or guess.) rsedend, part. & subs, adviser, guide, ruler, commander. reed-faest, -fest, adj. resolute, re- solved, steadfast, determined. reed-ge-beaht, st. n. deliberation, counsel, consultation. raed-hycgende, part, acquainted with, cognizant of. reed-leas, adj. l.redeless, ill-advised. 2. abandoned, bad. rsed-snottor, adj. wise in counsel, clever, sage. raed-beahtende, part, that delib- erates, wise, sagacious. rsed-beahtere, st. m. deliberator, adviser. rsefhan, reman, raefnian, w. v. 1. to do, execute, accomplish. — 2. to en- dure, sustain, tolerate. Ph. 643. a-rsefnan, to endure, suffer, carry out, accomplish, do. raeft, mold, decay? Rim. 66. (Eng. raft = fusty smell?) rseg-hser, adj. hoar, roe-colored. raegn, reegol-faest. See regn,regol- feest. reeman, w. v. in S-reeman, to rise, stand up. reendan, w. v. in to-reendan, to rend, to tear in pieces. reepan, w. v. to bind, tie with ropes, ge-raepan, the same as above. rseping, st. m. one bound, prisoner. reeraii, w. v. to rear, rise up, lift up, erect, arrange, elevate, promote; arouse, set in motion, a-raeran, the same as above. raes, st. m. 1. attack, onslaught, on- rush. — 2. leap, jump, rush. raesan, w. v. 1. to rusJi on or at, at- tack, press.— 2. to send. Kid. 26: 8. ge-raesan, the same as above, purh-raesan, to rush through. raes-bora, tv. m. rusher-on, leader, deliberator, provider, adviser,king. rsest, raestaii See rest, rSstan. raesu, st. f. foresight ? Az. 126. rseswa, w. m. prince, ruler, adviser, guide. rafan, st. all. v. TV. in be-rafan, to rob of, despoil. rahte, pret. of reccan (to rule). ram, rom, st. m. ram. ranc-straet, st. f. street through the foe. gap in hostile ranks. Gen. 2112. rand, rond, st. m. rim, margin, edge. 1. edge of a rock (B. 2538).— 2. edge or rim of a shield. — 3. shield. randa, ic. m. shield. By. 20. rand-burg, st. f. 1. fortress or castle provided or decked with shields? shield-wall? defense? Jul. 19.— 2. shield-wall of waves, upheaved Red Sea. Exod. 463. rand-ge-beorh, st. n. shield-defense, protecting shield (wave). rand-haebbende,jM>'t shield-holder, shield-warrior. rand-wiga, w. m. shield- warrior, warrior, rand-wigend, -wiggend, part. & subs, the same as above, rap, st. m. rope, rasettan, w. v. to rage. rasian, w. v. to search out, explore, discover. a-rasian, to search out, discover, uncover, seize. 170 rade — redian rade, adv. instantly, at once, quickly. Cf. rathe. r6c, st. m. reek, smoke, steam. recan, w. v. to smoke, reek. recan, reccan, w. v. to reck, care about, seek after, examine, long for, demand. reccan, recan, reccean, iv. v. (pret. reahte). — 1. to rule, guide, direct, govern. — 2. to stretch out, extend (Met. 29: 63).— 3. to recount, in- form, narrate, say, speak. a-reccan, 1. to spread out, strike out (Cri. 1125). — 2. to put in order, build up, complete (Rim. 10). — 3. to erect, build up. — 4. to expli- cate, explain, clear up. — 5. to say, pronounce, announce, inform, nar- rate. and-reccan, to narrate, inform, bring forward. ge-reccan, 1. to guide, arrange, set up, establish. — 2. to explicate, represent, explain. — 3. to narrate, inform. — 4. to blame, reprimand, scold. reccend, part. & subs, ruler, regent, guide, leader. rece-lgast, -l§st, st. f. recklessness, carelessness. reced, r6cels. See raeced, rycels. recen, recon, adj. ready, prompt, quick. recen, adj. smoky, smoked, reeking, filthy. recene, ricene, ricone, rycene, adv. immediately, instantly, at once. recenian, ic. v. in ge-recenian, to explain, repre- sent clearly. recon, recyd. See recen, raeced. red. See rsed (advice). rede, adj. ready. redian, u\ v. in a-redian, trans. & intrans. to find one's way, attain, reach ; to do, execute, effect. refnan. See raefnan (to perform). regn, ren, st. m. rain. regn-heard, adj. very hard, firm. regnian, renian, w. v. to arrange, prepare, plan. be-renian, the same as above, ge-regnian, to prepare, provide, furnish, deck. regnig, renig, adj. rainy. regol, regul, st. m. rule, regulation, canon, guidance. regol-faest, adj. rigid, strict, adher- ing to monastic rules. regn-beof, w. m. arrant thief. regn-, ren-weard, st. m. preeminent ruler, excellent guardian. regn-wyrm, st. m. rainworm. reliquias (acc.pl. Latin), relics. ren, ren-, rene, renian, renig. See regn, ryne, regnian, regnig. reran. See rasran (to rear). resele, w. f. riddle, solution of a rid- dle. (Ger. rathscl.) rest, raest, st. f. 1. rest. — 2. resting- place, bed, grave. restan, w. v. to rest, repose, cele- brate holy days or holiday; to succumb ; — often reflexive. ge-restan, the same as above. restan, raestan, u\ v. to rejoice, ex- ult, cry out. Ps. 113: 4. rest-bedd, st. n. bed of rest. retan, w. v. to delight, give pleasure to, cheer up. a-r§tan, the same as above. rede, adj. intended, calculated : fixed, valid. rede, adj. rude, rough, wild, severe, furious, savage, wroth. rede, adv. the same as above. rede-hydig, adj. ready-minded, easy- tempered. rede-man, st. m. money-lender, cap- italist. rede-mod, adj. savage, wroth, cruel. redian, w. v. to arrange, dispose, fix, establish. redigmod — riht 171 r6dig-mod, adj. savage, fierce-spir- ited. rex (Latin), king. rex genidlan (El. 609). See under cearc. read, adj. red. reade, adv. the same as above. read-fag, adj. red, red-colored. r§af, st. n. robe, garment, corselet. * 2. booty, plunder, spoil (in war). reafere, st. m. robber, rover. r§afian, w. v. to rob, plunder, de- spoil, ravage. a-reafian, to take away, deprive of, destroy. be-, bi-reafian, to bereave, rob of, plunder. reaf-lac, st. n. plunder, booty, spoil, rapine. reahte, pret. of reccan (to rule). reoc, adj. tumultuous, wild, rough, raging. reocan, st. abl. v. YI. to reek, smoke. reod, adj. red, ruddy. reodan, st. abl. v. VI. 1. to redden, stain with blood. — 2. to kill, slay. reoden, st. f. shaking? shaking up? sieve, dresser? Eid. 26: 8. reodian, w. v. to pass through a sieve. r§ofan, st. abl. v. VI. to break up, split, reave, break through. be-, bi-reofan, to rob of, deprive of. reomig-mod, adj. genial, generous- minded, cheerful in spirit. reon (?) lament, lamentation. Ho. 6. reon (pret.), reone. See rowan, reow. r6onig, adj. sad. reonig-mod, adj. sorrowful-minded. reord, st. f. (n.), speech, talk, lan- guage, voice. reord, st. f. means of subsistence, food. Gen. 1344. reord, pret. of raedan (to advise). reord-berend, part . & subs, endowed with speech; human being. reordian, %c. v. to speak, talk, say. un-reordian, to dishonor, dis- agree. Sat. 66. reordian, w. v. in ge-reordian, to sustain with food, satisfy, prepare food, enter- tain. reot, st. mJf.f noise? tumult? riot? noisy joy? B. 2457. rSotan, st. abl. v. VI. to weep, wail, lament, sorrow. be-reotan, to bewail, grieve over. wid-reotan, to contend against, resist, frighten off. reotend, adj. weeping. reow, adj. rough, savage, furious. rib, st. n. rib. rice, adj. mighty, powerful, wealthy, rich. rice, st. n. (cf. -rick), might, supe- rior might, supremacy, rule. — 2. realm, domain. ricels, ricene, ricone. See rycels, recene. ricsian, rixian, u\ v. to be mighty, powerful ; to rule, govern. ricu, st. f. direction? Eid. 4: 31; — 21: 16. ridan, st. abl. v. V. 1. to ride. — 2. to move (in general). — 3. to lie upon, sit. Gen. 372. ge-ridan, to ride over (a place or spot). od-ridan, to ride to, go to. ridan, st. abl v. V. in ge-ridan, to prepare, get ready. ridend, part. & subs, rider. rift, ryft, st. f. linen cloth, sack, bag, veil, covering. rignan, st. abl. v. I. to rain. rihde (B. 2239). See wyscan. riht, ryht, adj. 1. right, straight. — 2. right, correct, just, righteous. — 3. allowable, fitting. 172 riht — rot riht, si. n. 1. right. — 2. first=part, portion, possession. — 3. duty, ob- ligation, debt. — 4. true state of a thing, correctness. — 4. account. rihtan, w. v. 1. to direct, prepare, arrange. — 2. to set up, erect, ge-rihtan, to direct. riht-cedlo, si. to. pi. true natural dis- position. rihte, rylite, adv. rightly, correctly, outrigbt. rihtend, ryhtend, part. & subs, di- rector, leader, guide. riht-fremrnende, part, rigbt-acting, right-doing. rtht-heort, adj. rigbt-bearted,bonest. riht-lice, adv. rightly, correctly, justly. rihtnes, -nys, st.f. Tightness, rec- titude, justness. riht-ryne, st. m. right or straight course. riht-scytte, st. m. good and true pro- tection or defense? true shot? riht-, ryht-wis, adj. righteous, just. riht-wislice, adv. righteously, wisely. riht-wisnes, st. f. righteousness, rectitude; justness, straightness. rim, st. n. (rime), number, multitude. riman, w. v. 1. to count.— 2. reckon up, number. — 3. to count among, reckon as belonging to. a-riman, to count out, through, up. ge-riman, to count. rim-ci'Eeft, st. m. art of reckoning, calculation, numeration, arith- metic. rim-, rym-craeftig, adj. good at reckoning. rim-ge-tcel, -getel, st. n. number. rim-talu, st. f. the same as above. rinc, .s7. m. man (vir). rinc-ge-tael, st. h. number of men. rind. See lamrindum. rinnan, st. all. r. I. to run, flow. a-rinnan, to run out, off, or away; to pass away. be-, bi-rinnan, to run upon, run over, overflow. ge-rinnan, to run together, co- agulate. od-rinnan, to run off, out, away, escape. rip, ryp, st. n. ripeness, harvest. rip, adj. ripe, mature. ripan, w. v. to reap, harvest. risan, st. abl. v. V. to rise, stand up. a-risan, to arise, rise up, origin- ate, spring up or from. ge-risan, to fit, be fitting, appro- priate, become, belong to. rid, ryd, st. m. brook, stream. riidan. See ricsian (to rule). rocettan, w. v. to eructate, belch forth, throw up. rod, st. f. rood, cross, holyrood. rodor, rador, st. m. (radiant?), sky, firmament, ether. rodor-beorht, adj. heaven-bright. rodor-, rador-cyning, st. m. king of heaven. rodor-stol, st. m. heaven-stool, throne of heaven. rodor-torht, adj. heaven-bright, with celestial brightness. rodor-tungol, st. n. heaven-star,star, constellation. rof, adj. able, strong, valiant. rof-word, adj. strong of speech, vig- orous in word. rogian, w. r. to thrive, grow, ad- vance, go forward. (Ger. ritclcen.) rom. See ram (male sheep). romian, romigan, u\ v. to strive for, seek to attain. rond, rop? (Rid. 58: 3). See rand, rof. rorend, part. & subs, rower. rose, 10. /. rose. rot, adj. cheerful, bright, lively. row — ry d 173 row, st. f. repose, quiet. (Ger. rulie. Cf. un-ruly.) rowan, si. red. v. to row, steer, swim, take ship. rah, ruw, adj. rough, rude; hirsute, hairy. rum, st. m. room, space. rum, adj. 1. roomy, spacious, wide, comprehensive. — 2. same mean- ings applied to the mind. — 3. of great weight, bearing, or effect (Hy. 7: 15). — 4. extreme, far reach- ing (Gu. 460). rdme, adv. 1. far. — 2. richly, plen- teously, numerously. — 3. light- heartedly (Jud. 97). — 4. openly, publicly (Jul. 314). — 5. temporal: compar. rumor, still further, fur- ther yet. rum-g£l, adj. exulting in space? much elated? Gen. 1466. rum-heort, adj. big-hearted, gen- erous. rum-lice, adv. 1. richly, abundantly. 2. far, afar. B. 139. rum-mod, adj. great-minded, gen- erous, big-hearted. run, st. f. 1. secret eonelave,council, deliberation. — 2. secret. — 3. secret writing, runic writing, rune. run-cofa, w. m. secret-holder, breast, bosom. run-craeftig, adj. acquainted with runes. run-stsef, st. m. rune-stave, rune, runic letter. run-wita, w. m. 1. rune- wit, knower of secrets. — 2. privy councilor, private adviser. ruw. See ruh (rough). rycels, recels, ricels, st. n. incense, perfume. rycene. See recene (quickly). ryfan, w. v. in be-ryfan, to rob of, deprive, take away. ryft, ryht, ryht-, ryhte, ryhtend. See rift, riht, rihte, rihtend. ryman, iv. v. 1. to make room or place, spread, prepare. — 2. to clear away, remove. Ex. 479. ge-ryman, to make room or place, spread, grant, permit, allow. rym-crseffcig. See rimcraeftig. ryn (?) roaring, roar. rynan, to. v. to roar. ryne, rene, st. m. 1. course, path. — 2. running (of fluids), rain. Gen. 1416. ryne, st. n. secret. ryne-gaest, -giest, st. m. rain-spirit, lightning. rynel, st. m. runner, courier, mes- senger. ryne-man, st. m. rune-man, one in- itiated into mysteries, cherish er or keeper of secrets. ryne-strong, «r7/. strong in running. ryne-swift, adj. swift in running, swift. ryne-pragu, st. f. running. rynig, adj. able to run, a good run- ner. ryp. See rip (ripe). rypan, w. v. in a-rypan, to separate, tear off or away, rip. be-rypan, to rob of, deprive of. ryd. See rid (brook). 174 sacan — saelad S sacan, st abl. v. TV. 1. to fight, con- tend, struggle. — 2. to attack, rush on, curse. an-sacan, to repel, deny, refuse, con- tradict. for-sacan, to forsake, renounce (what is forbidden), repel. ge-sacan, to effect by conten- tion, win, conquer, occupy. on-sacan, 1. to contest, strive with or against. — 2. to oppose, con- tend for. — 3. to deny. wid-sacan, to oppose, contend against, refuse, scorn, abandon, renounce. sacerd, st m. priest. Cf. sacerdos. sacerd-heid, st. m. priestly condition, rank, priesthood. sacu, 5*. /. strife, controversy, hos- tility, feud, conflict. sada, w. m. sling. sadian, w. v. in ge-sadian, to satisfy, satiate. sadol, st. m. saddle. sadol-beorht, adj. with bright sad- dle, finely caparisoned. see, st. m. &/. sea, ocean. sse-bat, si. m. sea-boat. sae-beorg, st. m. sea mountain or wall, shore, mountain of waves. saec, st. n. strife," controversy. saecan. See secan (to seek). saeccan, to fight? Rid. 172. saecie, saece. See sacu (strife). ssecgen, st. f. saying, announce- ment, utterance. saecgan. See secgan (to say). sae-cir, -cyr, st. in. sea-turning, ebb, backflow of the sea. saecra = saetra, gen. pi. of saetere, ambuscade? plot? Rim. 65. sae-cyning, st. m. sea-king. saed, adj. satisfied, satiated. Cf. sad = settled. saed, st. n. 1. seed, sowing. — 2. seed. 3. seed, scion, descendant. — 4. seed, seed-field. — 5. growth. saed-berende, part, seed-bearing; having increase in God? God-fear- ing? Gen. 1145. sae-deor, 6^. n. sea-beast. sae-draca, w. m. sea-dragon. sae-farod, -fearod, st. m. beating of the wave, wave-beat, wave. sae-faesten, s -t. n. sea-fastness, ocean. sae-fisc, st. m. sea-fish. sae-flod, st. m. sea-flood. sae-flota, w. m. sea-float, ship. sae-for, st. f. seafaring, sea-journey. saegan, w. v. to sink (trans.), cause to sink. ge-saegan, to fell, strike down, bend. on-saegan, to fell, cast down. saegen, st f. legend, tale, saga. sae-genga, w. m. seagoer, seafaring ship. sae-geap, adj. sea-broad, broad enough for sea-navigation, spa- cious. saegl, segl, st n. sun (eye). saegon. See seon (to see). sae-grund, st. m. sea-bottom, ocean depth. see-hengest, st m. seahorse, ship. see-holm, st. m. ocean. seel, st n. room, house, hall. (Ger. saal.) seel, st m. & f. 1. good fortune, hap- piness, well-being, bliss, joy. — 2. position, place, condition. — 3. aus- picious opportunity, favorable time. seel. See sel. see-lac, st. n. sea-spoil. see-lad, st. f. seaway, path, sea- journey. sselaf — saluneb 175 sse-laf, st. f. left or saved from the sea; sea-leaving (s). sselan, to. v. to take place, happen auspiciously, occur (to). ge-sselan, 1. to take place, hap- pen luckily, occur to. — 2. to effect, execute successfully. Gu. 318. to-sselan, impers. 1. to be un- successful, fail. — 2. to fail, lack, want. Scelan, to. v. to tie, bind, fetter, fast- en. (Ger. seilen.) a-sselan, the same as above. ge-sselan, the same as above. on-sselan, to untie, loosen, re- lease. ssele. See sellan (to give). saeld. See seld (house). sse-lida, -leoda, w. m. seafarer, sailor. sse-lidend, part. & sxibs. the same. sseld, st. f. dwelling, house, hall, mansion. sseld, st. f. good fortune, auspicious fate, prosperity. ssel-wseg, st. m. house, wall. ssel-wong, st. m. fertile and pleasant field. sse-man, st. m. seaman. sse-mede, adj. sea-weary, exhausted from sea-travel. (Ger. mude.) ssemest. See ssemra. [ship. sse-mearh, -mear, st. m. seahorse, ssemra, compar. adj. weaker, smaller, slighter, meaner, worse; super!. ssemest. sse-naca, w. m. vessel, ship. sse-nses, st. m. sea-promontory, cape, naze. ssene, adj. slow, slack, lazy, neg- ligent (segnis). saep, st. m. sap, juice. [sea. sse-rinc, st. m. seaman, hero of the sse-rof, adj. brave at sea, bold on the sea. sse-ryric, st. m. sea-reed. [sea. sse-sid, st. m. sea-journey, trip by sse-stream, st. m. sea-current. sset, st. f. ambush, ambuscade. Cf. sitting, sseta, w. m. settler, ssetan, ssetian, w. v. to lurk in am- bush, lie in wait for, plot against, ssetere, st. m. lurker in ambush, lier in wait. sse-tilcas (Met. 8: 31) = sccalcas. ssetnian, w. v. to lie in wait for, cherish designs against, sse-wseg, st. m. sea-wave, sse-wang, st. m. expanse along the sea, seashore. sse-warod, st. m. seashore, bank, beach, see-werig, adj. sea-weary, tired of or by the sea. sse-weall, st. m. sea-wall. — 1. sea- shore, beach. — 2. walls of divided water in the Red Sea. sse-wicing, st. m. wicking, sea- robber, pirate. sse-wudu, st. m. sea-wood, vessel, ship. sse-wylm, 5/. m. surf, billowing of the sea. sse-yd, st. f. sea-wave. sag (?) bundle, load, (sack?) sagian, to. v. (defect.), to say. ge-sagian, the same as above, sagu, st. f. saw, saying, utterance, tradition (Gen. 535), narrative, saga. sal, st. m. rope, cord. (Ger. sell.) salig, salh, st. f. willow, willow-tree (salix). 1 salletan, w. v. to sing to the psalter (psallere). salt. See sealt (salt). salor, st. n.f hall, room, royal hall. ! salu, pi. of ssel (room). I salu, salo, adj. sallow, darkish, dark brown. salu-, sealo-brun, adj. sallow-brown, dark-brown. salu-neb, adj. sallow-beaked, with darkish beak. 176 salupad — sarwylm salu-pad, adj. dark-clad. sal-wang. See seel-wang. sal^wed, part, darkened, colored dark, tarred. salwig-federe, adj. sallow-feath- ered, dark-feathered. salwig-, saluwig-pad, adj. the same. same, some, adv. similarly, in like manner; — swa some = just as, equally as. sam-heort, adj. of the same heart, one in mind, harmonious. samnian, somnian, w. v. 1. to collect, assemble, summon together. — 2. to collect one's self, assemble, come together, meet. ge-samnian, 1. to collect, as- semble, summon together, unite. — 2. to unite, put together, associate. 3. to gather, assemble, come to- gether, meet. samnunga, adv. suddenly. samod, samed, somod, somud, so- med, adv. 1. together, simulta- neously. — 2. prep., iv. dat. with, at the same time with. B. 1311 & 2942. samode, adv. together. (Ger. sammt.) samod-eard, st. m. dwelling-place in common. samod-faest, adj. established to- gether, fixed together. sam-rad, -reed, adj. of the same mind, accordant. sam-tenges, adv. instantly, at once. sam-wis, adj. semi-wise, not clev- er, dull. sam-, som-wist, st. f. living to- gether, community. sam-worht, adj. semi- wrought, half-complete. sane. See sang (song). sanct, adj. holy, sainted. sand, sond, st. »i. one sent, mes- senger. Run. 74. sand, sond, st. n. 1. sand. — 2. sandy shore, beach, bank. sand-beorg, st. m. sand-mountain, sandhill, sand-dune. sand-corn, st. it. grain of sand, sand- kernel. sand-grct, st. n. sand-grit, grain of sand. sand-hlid (pi. hleodu), st. n. sand slope, sandy declivity. sand-hof, st. n. sand house, grave- mound, grave. sand-lond, st. n. sandy shore. sang, song (sane), st. m. song, lay. cry. sang-crseft, st m. songcraft, art of song or singing. sangere, st. m. singer. sanian, u\ v. in a-sanian, to become slack, slow, negligent, lazy. sar, st. n. (sore), pain, dolor. sar, adj. sore, painful. sar-ben, st.f. painful wound or sore. sar-cwide, st. m. 1. sore speech; insulting, wounding speech. — 2. words of sorrow or pain. Met. 2:4. sare, adv. sorely, painfully, bitterly. (Scotch sair.) sar-ferhd, adj. sore in spirit, sor- rowful. sargian, iv. v. to cause pain, injure, wound. ge-sargian, the same as above. sarig, adj. sorry, sad. sarig-ferhd, adj. sorrowful-minded. sarig-mod, adj. the same as above. sarlic, adj. painful, sad, bitter. sarlice, adv. the same as above. sar-slege, st. m. painful blow, chas- tisement. sar-spell, st. n. piteous story, lament, lamentation. sar-staef, st, m. sore story, painful speech, abuse, insult, attack. sar-wracu, st. f. sore exile, pain- ful exile, misery. sar-wylm, st. ni. up-welling pain, illness, disease. Satan — scendan 177 Satan, m. Satan. saul. See sawel (soul). sawan, st. red. v. to sow, strew (seed). a-sawan, to sow, sow with. geond-sawan, to strew, sow, scatter, disseminate, on-sawan, to sow. to-sawan, to strew, scatter, spread. sawel, sawol, sawul, sawl, saul, sawle, st. f. soul. sawl-berend, part. & suds, soul- bearing, mortal. sawel-cund, adj. spiritual. sawel-dreor, st. m. soul-gore, life's blood, heart's blood. sawel-ge-dal, st. n. soul-separation, death. sawel-hord, st. n. soul-hoard, life- treasure. sawel-hus, st. n. soul-house, body. sawel-leas, adj. soulless, lifeless. sawl, sawle, sawol, sawul. See sawel. sawon. See seon (to see). scacan. See sceacan (to shake). scadan, sceadan, st. red. v. 1. to di- vide, separate (as in water-shed). 2. to decide (Cri. 1233).— 3. to be separated from, lose (Ruin. 31). (G-er. scheiden.) a-scadan, to divide off, sep- arate, hold asunder, eliminate, cleanse. for-scadan, 1. to scatter, dissi- pate. — 2. to damn, condemn. Grii. 449. ge-scadan, to separate, decide, arrange. to-scadan, 1. to part, separate. 2. to distinguish, discriminate. scade, w. f. crown (of the head), vertex, apex. (Ger. scheitel.) scadu-helm. See sceadu-helm. scaecen, scseced. See sceacan (to shake). scsed, scead, seed, st. n. shadow, shade. scsenan, scenan, w. v. in ge-scseuan, to break, break in pieces, rub to pieces, graze, wound. sccenan, w. v. in ge-scaenan, to cause to shine, to render brilliant. sc^d, seed, scead, st. f. sheatli, . scabbard. seal, scale, scalu, scamian, scamu. See sculan, scealc, scolu, sca- mian, scamu. scanan, st. red. v. to shine, flash. scanca, sconca, w. m. shank, leg. scand, sceand, scond, sceond, st. f. shame, disgrace. (Ger. scliande.) scand-, sceandlic, adj. shameful, disgraceful. scada. See sceada (evil-doer). seed, seed (pret.). See scaed, sca- dan (to divide). sceddan, sceadian, w. v. in be-sceddan, to beshadow, over- shadow. sceft. See sceaft (shaft). scehdun (Cri. 980), for scendun, spared ; or sceldun = scildun, shielded. seel, sceld, sceldburg, sceldig, scell. See sculan, scild, scyld, scyldburg, scyldig, sculan. scell, scyll, st. f. shell. scenan. See scsenan (to make shine). scene, st. m. cup-bearer, skinker. (Ger. sclienke.) scencan, w. v. to pour out or present wine. bi-scencan, to bepour, pour on, overflow. scendan, scyndan, w. v. to disgrace, bring to shame. ge-scendan, to disgrace, con- found, confuse. scendan, scSne. See scyndan, scyne. 178 sceniie — sceapen scenne, 10. /. thin sheet, plate, or blade of metal; part of a sword- hilt? lamina? (on a sword-hilt). B. 1694. seep. See sceap (sheep). sceppan, scyppan, sceappan, st. all. v. IV. to shape, do, get done, effect, arrange, destine, fix, estab- lish, conclude. (Ger. schaffen.) a-sceppan, to do, get done, fix, destine, determine. for-sceppan, to shape or form over, change, transform. ge-sceppan, to shape, form, ar- range. sceppend, scippend,scyppend,scy- pend, part. & suls. shaper, crea- tor; — adj. in Hy. 4: 15. sceran, sceoran, st. all. v. II. to shear, cut, shave, cut through, break in pieces, erase. bi-sceran, to cut off, be shear, trim, remove. ge-sceran, to cut up, hew to pieces. scerian, scirian, scyrian, w. v. to arrange in parts or sections, form in troops, arrange, depute, destine, refer, present. a-scyrian, to arrange, destine, determine; to remove, separate, free. be-, bi-scerian, to deprive of, rob of, separate from. ge-scerian, 1. to shear off, trim, deal out,allot, assign. — 2. to count. scerpen. See scyrpan (to adorn). scerwan, st. all. r. III. to squander, waste, dissipate. be-scerwan, to rob of, to de- prive of. 6c§t, pret. of sceotan (to shoot). sc€d. See sc^d (sheath). sceddan, scyddan, w. v. to scathe, injure, harm, oppress, disturb. ge-sceddan, the same as above. sceacan, scacan, st. all. v. IV. 1. intrants, to shake, move violently, hurry, rush, jump, fly, escape, &c. 2. trans, to shake (Exod. 176). a-sceacan, 1. to swing, set or be in motion, strike. — 2. to be- come shattered, shaken, tottering. on-sceacan, to swing, set or be in motion. scead, sceadan, sceadian. See scaed, scadan, sceddan. sceaden-mael, adj. inlaid with ara- besque, or ornamental work? dead- ly weapon? B. 1939. sceadu, st. f. shadow. sceadu-genga, w. m. shadow-goer, twilight-stalker. sceadu-helm, st. m. veil of shadow, veil of darkness. sceaf, st. m. sheaf, bundle. sceaft, sceft, st. m. shaft (of arrow or spear), spear, bolt; grain-straw. sceal, n, (?) troop, band? Sat. 268. sceal, sceall, scealt. See sculan. scealc, st. m. slave, servant, lad, warrior, man. sceam, st. in. gray or gray-white horse. (Ger. schimmel.) sceamian, scamian, scomian, sceo- mian, w. v. to shame. — 1. to be ashamed, blush. — 2. impers.=laA. pudet, it shames me, &c. a-scamian, to shame, make ashamed. ge-sceamian, 1. to be ashamed, blush. — 2. impers. w. acc.= Lat. pudet, it shames me, &c. sceamu, scamu, scomu, sceomu, st. f. 1. shame, disgrace, confu- sion. — 2. shame-parts, pudenda, sceamul, st. m, cushion. (Ger. schemel.) sceand, sceandlic. See scand. sceap, st. n. shape, vat, vessel, holder. sceap, seep, st. n. sheep. sceapen, part, of sceppan (to shape). acear — scild 179 scear(u? ), st.f. troop? band ? B. 3171. sceard, part. 1. notched. — 2. to. gen. robbed of, deprived of. scearp, adj. 1. sharp, pointed. — 2. sharp, shrewd. scearpe, adv. sharply. scearplice, adv. sharply, quickly. scearpnes, st. f. sharpness. scearu, st. m. stylus? plectrum? pencil ? Wy. 83. sceat, st. in. (scat), coin, money. sceat, st. to. 1. projecting corner, edge. — 2. part of the earth, locality, neighborhood. — 3. lap (of a gar- ment and of the body). — 4. lap or surface of the earth. — 5. hiding- place (El. 583). (Ger. sclwos.) scead. See scsed (sheath). sceada, scada, to. m. 1. scather, in- surer, robber, foe, antagonist, evil- doer (especially, the devil). — 2. hero, warrior. sceadan, st. abl. v. IV. w. dat. to scathe, injure, hurt, oppress, dis- quiet. ge-sceadan, the same as above. sceaden, st.f. scathing, injury,harm. sceawend-wis, w. f. scenic song, theatrical song. sceawere, st. m. observer, spy. scSawian, iv. v. 1. (show), intrans. to see, look, gaze. — 2. trans, to see, look at, behold, inspect, contem- plate. — 3. trans, to see, go to see, visit. B. 308. (Ger. seliauen.) be-sceawian, to behold, con- template, inspect, foresee, care for. ge-sceawian, 1. intrans. to see, look around, survey, reflect (Ps. 93: 9).— 2. to see, behold, look at or on. — 3. to show, point out. geond-sceawian, look through, to review (mentally). sceawung, st. f. contemplation, be- holding, inspection. sceo? Rid. 4:41. sceoh, adj. shy, timid. sceoh-mod, adj. timid, timorous. sceoldan, sceolde, sceole (sceo- lon), sceolu, sceomian, sceomu. See scildan, sculan, scolu, scea- mian, sceamu. sceon, w. v. 1. to fall to, devolve upon, occur to. — 2. to turn sud- denly. ge-sceon, to occur, happen, de- volve upon; allot, assign. sceond, sc6one, sceop, sceoppan, sceor.sceoran. See scand,scyne, scop, sceppan, sciir, sceran. sceorp, st. n. ornament, clothing. sceort, adj. short; compar. scyrtra. sceot, st. m. quick movement or mo- tion. sc6otan, sciotan, st. abl. v. VI. 1. intrans. to move violently, leap up, shoot forth. — 2. intrans. to shoot, hurl missiles. — 3. trans, to shoot, hurl missiles at. — 4. ic. ace. to press upon, urge. — 5. w. ace. to push forward. ge-sceotan, w. ace. to shoot to- ward, to move precipitously to- ward. of-sceotan, to shoot dead, kill with missiles. to-sceotan, to bring up or near violently? Met. 27: 19. sceotend, part. & subs, shooter (of javelins, &c), warrior. sceucca. See scucca (devil). scild, sceld, scyld, st. m. 1. shield. 2. protection, defense (Ph. 463; Sol. 79).— 3. part of a bird's plu- mage (Ph. 308). scildan, scyldan, sceoldan, w. v. to shield, protect, defend. ge-scildan, the same as above. scildend, scyldend, part. & subs. shield er, protector. scild-, sceld-burg, st. f. 1. shield- wall or fortress, roof of shields, defense, testudo. — 2. castle, for- tress. 180 scild — serif an scild-, scyld-freca, w. m. shielded warrior. scild-hreada, w. m. shield. scild-hreoda, w. m. same as above. scildig. See scyldig (guilty). scild-weall, st. m. -wall of shields. scild-, scyld-wiga, w. m. shielded or shield-bearing warrior. scyle. See sculan (shall). scilling, st. m. shilling, silver coin. scilling-rim, st. n. number or com- putation of shillings. scima, to. m. shimmer, twilight, dim light. scima, w. m. light, splendor, bright- ness, twinkling, coruscation. scimian, w. v. to grow dusky or dim. scin, adj. shining, brilliant. [torn. scin, st. n. apparition, ghost, phan- scinan, scynan, st. abl. v. V. to shine, flash, grow bright. t-scinan, to flash or shine forth, to beam, radiate. be-scinan, to beshine, shine upon, light up. ge-scinan, the same as above. geond-scinan, to shine through or upon, to illuminate. ymb-scinan, to shine around or about. scin-ge-lac, st. n. deceptive play, jugglery, magical practices, delu- sion, mockery. scin-lac, the same as above. scinna, w. m. demon, devil; injur er, seducer. scin-sceada, -scada, id. m. demonic foe, devil. scip, scyp, st. n. ship, vessel, boat. scip-ferend, part. & subs, shipper, sailor. scip-flota, id. m. same as above. scip-here, st. m. ship-host or army. scippend. See sceppend (creator). scip-weard, ,s^. m. ship- warden or guard, sailor. scir, adj. sheer, bright, clear, pure. sciran, scyran, w. v. to render clear, brighten up, bring to the light, disclose; — uitrans. to speak. Ps. 118: 23. scire, adj. brightly, clearly, reso- nantly. scir-ham, adj. with bright corselet or breastplate. scirian. See scerian (to shear). scir-mceled, part, brightly marked. scir-wered, part, brightly ornament- ed, decked. Gu. 1262. sciene, scierpan, scio, scioide, scio- nan, scionon, sciotan. See scyne, scyrpan, sceon, sculan, scinan, scanan, sceotan. scod, pret. of sceadan (to scathe). scolde. See sculan (shall). scolu, sceolu, scalu, st. f. 1. school (Boeth. 3: 1). — 2. troop, number, shoal, multitude. scomian, scomu, sconca, scond. See sceamian, sceamu, scanca, scand. scop, sceop, st. 7n. singer, shaper, poet. scotere, st. m. shooter, warrior, hurler of the javelin. scotian, w. v. to shoot, hurl the javelin. scrad (?), ship? vessel? Reim. 13. scr^f, scref, sf. n. hole, pit, excava- tion, grave, lair. scralletan, ic. r. to resound loudly or shrilly. scrid, screod, st. m. wagon, chariot, vehicle. scrid, adj. advancing, quick. scrifan, st. abl. v. V. 1. to hear con- fession, shrive. — 2. to impose or exact penance after confession. — 3. to judge, condemn, impose ju- dicial or penal condemnation. — 4. to grant, admit, allow, lavish, expend. — 5. to impose, command. 6. w. gen. or dat. to have regard to, to be troubled about. scrifen — scyldfracu 181 for-scrifan, 1. to bewitch, cast under a spell (by written or incised magical characters). — 2. ic. ace. or dat to condemn, damn. ge-scrifaa, to ascribe to, impose upon, prescribe, assign, lend. scrifen (?). Eeim. 13. scrift, si. m. confessor. scriud, st. f. swift course? Ps. 103: 24. scridau, st. abl. v. V. to stride, go, roam, move. to-scridan, to stride or go asun- der, apart. ymb-scridan, to stride, to wan- der about or around. scride, st. m. striding, running, course. scriid, st n. (shroud), clothing, cloth, garment. scua, scuwa, w. m. shade? injury, harm, malice. scucca, sceucca, ic. m. seducer, devil, demon. scucc-, sceucc-gyld, st n. idol, demon-figure. sciidan, st abl. v. VI. to scud, run, hurry, flee. scufan, st abl. v. VI. 1. trans, to shove, push, push forward. — 2. in- trans. the same (By. 136). — 3. in- trans. to shove one's self, move, go. a-scufan, to shove off or away, to drive out, remove. be-scufan, to push, to shove or push in, rush in. for-scufan, to push away, reject, remove, scatter. 6d-scufan, w. reflex, dat. to re- move one's self, take one's self off. ' t6-scufan, to shove asunder or apart, to scatter. sculan, pret. -pres., pres. sg. indie. 1, 3. sceal, sceall (Sol. 159), seal (Gen. 663), seel (B. 2804), scell (An. 1483).— 2. scealt, scealtu (= bu, An. 220); pi. sculon, scukm (Run. 64), scuian (Men. 68), sceo- lon, sceolun (Sat. 41), sceolan (Jul. 195) ; subj. sg. scyle, scile (B. 3177) ; pi. scylen, scyiau (Ps. 139: 13); scyle (Ps. Th. 4: 5); sceole (By. 59); pret. sceolde, scolde, sciolde (Met. 26: 82), shall (espe- cially in present tense often serv- ing almost as a circumlocution of the future = shall, will), is said to. scunian, w. v. in on-scunian, to shun, abhor, avoid, scorn. scunnian, ic. v. to urge on, incite against. scur, scecr, st. m. 1. shower, storm (of weather or missiles). — 2. quick, sudden movement (Hy. 11: 7). — 3. blow? shock? (Jud. 79). scura, ic. m. shower, sudden rain- shower. scur-beorg, st f. shower-defense, roof. scur-boga, ic. m. rainbow. scur-heard, adj. hard or hardened in the storm of battle or strife, hard- ened by blows. scur-sceadu, st. f. protection or de- fense against weather (shower- shade). scuwa. See scua (harm). scyecan, w. v. {pret. scyhte), to se- duce, mislead, (incite?). scyde, pret. of sceon (to befall). scyft, 3d sig. pres. of scufan (to shove). scyl, adj. resonant, resounding. Cf . schallen. scyld, sceld, st f. debt, obligation, crime, guilt, sin. (G-er. scludd.) scyld, scyldan, scyldend, scyld- freca, -wiga. See scild, sciidan, scildend, scild-freca, -wiga. scyld-fracu, st f. (dat. frece), guilty shamelessness, wanton guilt, au- dacity, impudence. 182 scyldfull — secgan scyld-full, adj. full of guilt, guilt- laden, criminal. scyld-liata, w. m. collector, exacter, lictor, tribune, executor, scyld-hete, st. m. foe. scyldig, sceldig, scildig, adj. guilty, in debt. scyld-wreccende, part, debt or guilt avenger. scyld-wyrcende, part, guilt, sin- worker, sinner, scyle. See sculan (shall). scylfe, to. f. shelf, covering of boards. scyll, scynan, scyndan. See scell, scinan, scendan. scyndau, w. v. to hurry, hasten, flee away or off, escape. ge-scyndan, the same as above. scyne, sceoiie, scioiie, scene, adj. sheen, brilliant, light, beautiful, well-formed, scyp, scype, scyppan, scyppend, scyran. See scip, scipe, sceppan, sceppend, sciran. scyrdan, w. v. in ge-scyrdan (?). An. 1315. scyrian. See scerian (to shear). scyrpan, scierpan, scerpan, w. v. to deck, ornament, clothe (with). ge-scyrpan, the same as above. scyrpan, u\ v. to sharpen. a-scyrpan, to sharpen, put a point to. scyrtan, w. v. in ge-scyrtan, to shorten, lessen, decrease, render smaller. scyrtra, compar. of sceort (short). scyt, 3d per s, sg. indie, scyte, subj. pres. of scSotan (to shoot). scyte, st. m. shot, shooting, hurling the javelin. scytel, st. m. arrow, dart, missile. Cf. skittle. scyddan. See sceddan (to scathe). se, seo, sio, pron. 1. article 8u demons. the, he, she. — 2. relative: who, that (often connected with inde- clinable pe : se pe = who, he who ; — se pe his = whose (by attrac- tion : Sat. 2S3) ; — se pe him (whom). Wid. 132-33. See paet, for the other cases and the neuter, se (= swd), so ; — sG peah, never- theless, yet, notwithstanding. Cf. swa. secan, secean, seccan, seoccan, sae- can, w. v. 1. to seek, search for or through, hunt, try. — 2. to hunt up, look for, come or go to (person or place), visit. — 3. to hunt, seek with hostile intent, attack, wage war on. £-secan, 1. to seek out, pick out, select. — 2. to search out, examine (into). — 3. to demand, ask from. for-s6can, to follow up closely, visit, requite, punish. ge-secan, 1. to seek. — 2. to hunt up or for, come or go to, attain. — 3. to seek with hostile intent, at- tack, surprise. — 4. intrans. to go, travel. — 5. to demand, determine, resolve, conclude. An. 1134; Ps. 104: 9. geond-secan, to seek or search through. ofer-secan, to overseek ; to van- quish, overcome, conquer; to over- reach. on-secan, to contest something with another person,demand from, secg, st. m. sedge, reed, rush, secg, st. f. sword. secg, st. m. (secgan?), man, hero, (speaker?). secgan, seccgan,secgean, saecgean, w. v. to say, speak. a-secgan, to speak out, say, de- liver, narrate, announce. fore-secgan, to speak out, an- nounce, predict. [rate, ge-secgan, to say, address, nar- on-secgan, to vow a sacrifice or offering, to offer. secge — sellan 183 secge, w. f. speech? language ? Cri. 190. secg-hwaet, adj. bold with the sword. secg-plega, w. m. sword-play, fight- ing with swords. secg-rof, st. n. activity, fortitude, vigor? Ruin. 27. sedian, w. v. in ge-sedian, to satisfy, satiate. sefa, seofa, siofa, w. m. mind, soul, spirit. sefian? Sol. 267. sgft, seftan. See softe. sefte, adj. soft, gentle, mild, sweet, pleasant. sgft-eadig, adj. comfortable, luxu- rious. segel. See saegl (sun). segel, segl, st. m. & n. sail. segel-gyrd, part, sail-girt. segel-rad, st.f. sail-road, sea, ocean. segel-rod, st. f. sail-rod, pole, spar. segen, segn, st m. & n. token, field ensign, banner ; — sign or token on shield and helmet. segen-berend, part. & subs, sign- bearer, bearer of shield or helm- token, warrior. segen-cyning (Exod. 172). See sige- cyning. segel, segn. See segel, saegl, segen. seglan, w. v. in ge-seglan, to equip with a sail. segne, ic.f. seine, drag-net. segnian, senian, w. v. to sign (with the cross), bless. (Ger. segnen.) ge-segnian, the same as above. segning, st. f blessing, benediction. segon. See seon (to see). sel, st. n. hall (saloon), room, house. sel, sael, adv. compar. better; super I. selost. sel, adj. good ; — compar. selra, sella, sylla ; — super!., selost. seld, saeld, st. n. 1. hall, room, house. 2. seat, dwelling. — 3. throne, dais. selda, w. m. courtier. seldan, seldon, seldum, adv. sel- dom. seld-cyme, st. m. infrequent (sel- dom) coming. seld-guma, iv. m. houseman, room- haunter, stay-at-home. seldlic, adj. singular, strange. (Ger. selts&m.) seldon, seldum. See seldan. sele, st. m. hall (saloon), room, house. sele, ace. of ssel? B. 1135. sele-dream, st. m. hall-joy, feasting in the hall, revelry. sele-ful, st. n. hall beaker or cup. sele-gsest, -gyst, st. m. hall-stranger, hall-guest, stranger received in the hall. sele-ge-scot, -ge-sceot, st. n. house- floor, storey; timber-work, hut, tent. (Ger. gesclioss.) sele-rsedend, part. & subs, hall-pos- sessor, administrator, occupier. sele-rest, st. f. resting-place in the hall. sele-secg, st. m. hallman, courtier, attendant in the hall. [ant. sele-begen, st, m. hall-thane, attend- sele-weard, st. m. hall-warden, guardian of the hall. self, seolf, siolf, silf, sylf, st.& iv.pron. self; — w. declension with art.= the same;— bast sylfe, adv. that same (way); just so. self-, sylf-eeta, w. m. eater of his like, eater of his fellow-men, can- nibal. self-, sylf-cwalu, st. f. self-murder, suicide. self-lie, adj. selfish. self-sceaft, st.f. immediate creation as opposed to generation or pro- creation. self-will, st. n. self-will. selian. See sylian (to pollute). sellan, sillan, sylian, w. v. (pret. sealde), to give, give up or over, lend, present, spend, expend, (sell). 184 sellend — sedan a-sellan, to expel, drive away or off. be-sellan, to surround, cover (over). ge-sellan, to give, give over or up. ymb-sellan, to surround, en- velop. sellend, syllend, part . & subs, giver, spender, lavisher. sellic, syllic, adj. strange, odd, singular, admirable. sellice, syllice, adv. same as above, seld. See seeld (good fortune). seman, w. v. 1. to smooth over, lay aside. — 2. to satisfy, pacify, con- tent. ge-seman, to satisfy, content. semian, semle. See seomian, simle. semninga,adv. at once, immediately, suddenly. sencan, w. v. to sink, cause to sink. be-, bi-sencan, to cause to sink, send to the bottom. sendan, w. v. 1, to send. — 2. to set on the table, prepare a meal ? (B. 600), feast? banquet? a-sendan, to send forth or off. an-sendan, to send, send away or out. for-sendan, to send away, drive off, send to destruction. geond-sendan, to send through, send in all directions? suffuse. on-sendan, to send ; send away, or out, or forth ; to transmit. sengan. See senian (to sign). senian. See segnian (to sign). senian, w. v. to see, behold. Az. 175. £-sengan = a-senian, to make distinct or plain. Jul. 313. senn. See syn (sin). senst = sendest ; sent = sended. Septembris, September. Men. 1G7. serce, syrce, vs. f. sark, corselet, shirt of mail. serwan, serian, syrwan, w. v. to devise cunningly, machinate, plot, think out, accomplish; intrigue, conspire maliciously. be-serwan, to devise cunningly, effect, think out, plot; beguile, be- tray, deceive, rob. ge-serwan, 1. to devise cun- ningly, machinate, think or plot out. — 2. to fit out, equip, arm, pre- pare. sess, st. m. seat, settle, place for sit- ting. sessian, w. v. to sit, be quiet. set, st. n. seat, place. setl, sitl, st. n. settle, seat. setlan, w. v. to settle, place, put. setl-gang, st. m. settling, sinking. setl-rad, st. f. the same as above. seton, pref. pi. of sittan (to sit). settan, w. v. to set, place ; — w. reflex. pron. to set or seat one's self. Ps. 117: 25. a-settan, 1. to set, set down, put down, lay down, set up or in. "2. sid asettan, to accomplish or get over a journey. be-, bi-settan, to beset, occupy, surround. for-settan, to set, or place, or bring before. ge-settan, 1. to set, place, put, put down or in, destine, mark out. 2. to set, arrange, found, get, pro- cure. — 3. to occupy, fill up, pop- ulate, people. — 4. to occupy, pos- sess. — 5. to lay aside, smooth over, appease (B. 2029). — 6. to compose, set side by side (Met. 6: 7). — 7. intrans. to seat or set one's self. Gen. 1469. ymb-settan, to set around or about, surround, inclose. settend, part.& subs, setter, founder, creator. sedan, w. v. in seddan — seoc 185 ge-sedan, to verify, confirm, tes- tify, prove, Cf. sooth. seddan, syddan, w. v. to punish, avenge. sewian, w. v. to teach, instruct, show. sewen (part), sewenian (?). See seon (to see), seman. sealcan, in a-sealcan, to render slack, neg- ligent, lazy, (sulky?). Gen. 2167. seald (part.), sealde (pret.) of sel- lan (to give, &c.) sealm, st. m. psalm. sealma, w. m. sleeping-place or room. sealm-faet, st. n. psalm-vessel or vase (?). sealo. See salu (dark). sealt, st. n. salt, salt sea or flood. sealt, salt, adj. salt, salty. sealt-stan, st. m. salt-stone, pillar of salt. sealt-yd, st. f. salt wave, sea-wave. searian, w. v. to become sere, to wither. searo, seara, st. n. 1. trappings, armor, weapons, war-gear. — 2. hostile cunning, machination, plot, controversy, deceit. — 3. cunning, skill, art, care, circumspection. — 4. work of art (Rid. 33: 3). searo-bend, st, f. artistic band or bond. searo-bunden, part, artistically bound. searo-caag, st. f. artistic (compli- cated?) key. searo-c§ap, st. m. artistic ware or object. searo-, siaro-craeft, st. m. artistic skill, art. — 2. cunning skill, guile, dissimulation, plotting, machina- tion. searo-craeftig, adj. skilled in art. searo-cyne, adj. very bold, valiant in arms. Cf. keen. searo-fah, adj. cunningly inlaid, va- riegated. searo-fearo, st. n. hostile intrigue, plot, conspiracy? Rim. 65. searo-ge-braec, st. n. multitude of objects of art. searo-gim, st. m. cunningly set gem. searo-grim, adj. cunning and fierce, bold in battle. searo-hasbbend, part, armed, weap- oned, in arms. searo-lic, adj. artistic, wonderful, admirable. searo-lice, adv. the same as above. searo-net, st. n. 1. armor-net, shirt of mail, corselet. — 2. fetter for the feet, fetter. searo-nid, st: m. cunning hostility, malicious cunning, plotting. — 2. hostility, enmity, feud, battle. searo-pil, st. n. artistically wrought javelin or dart. searo-run, st. f. secret, mystery, (rune). searo-sasled, part, carefully or artist- ically tied, bound. searo-panc, -bonc.st m. shrewdness, wisdom, sagacity, thought, inge- nuity; — (in good and bad sense). searo-J)ancol, -boncol, adj. cunning- minded, sharp-sighted, shrewd, sly. searo-wundor, st. n. wondrous ob- ject, rare wonder. searwian (?). Rim. 37. s6ad, st. m. spring, cistern, pit, abyss, lake, pond. seaw, st. n. sap, juice. seax, st. n. short sword, hip-knife, knife, dagger; coulter. seax-, siex-ben, st. f. wound with a seax. seo. See se, si. seo, si. f. pupil (of the eye). seoc, adj. 1. sick, ill, frail, diseased, weak, relaxed, dying. — 2. sad, troubled. 183 sgocan — sibcwide seocan. See s§can (to seek). seocen, adj. sick, ill. seofa. See sefa (soul, &c). seofian, siofian, w. i\ 1. intrans. to sigh. — 3. w. ace. to sigh over, utter with sighs. seofon, seofone, syfone, num.seven. seofon-feald, adj. sevenfold. seofon-tig. See liuud-seofontig. seofon-tyne, num. seventeen. seofon-, syfan-wintre, adj. seven ■winters (or years) old. seofoda, num. adj. seventh. seofung, siofung, st. f. sighing, lam- entation, lament. seohon. See seon (to see). seolf. See self. seolfer, silofer, sylfor, st. n. silver. seolfren,seolofren, silfren, sylofren, adj. of silver, silvern. seolh, st. m. seal, seadog. seolh-beed, st. n. seal's bath, sea, ocean. seolh- wadu, st. f. seal's path, sea, ocean. seoloc, sioloc, st. n. silk. seolofren. See seolfren (of silver). sgolod, siolod, st. m. bight, bay, sea. seomian, siomian, seraian, w. v. to linger, tarry, abide. seon, sion, st abl. v. III. (pret sawon, seegon, segon). — 1. in- trans. to see, look, behold. — 2. trans, to see, look at, inspect, be- hold, gaze upon, find, visit. be-, bi-seon, intrans. to see, look, gaze, look forth. — 2. trans. to behold,inspect,visit,experience. for -seon, to despise, scorn, ab- hor, depreciate. fore-seon, to foresee, ge-seon, to see, look, behold, look at, inspect, look into, recog- nize. geond-s§on, to look through or over, to inspect. of-s6on, to see, look at or on, behold. ofer-seon, to oversee, observe, see, behold. on-seon, to look on, glance at, gaze upon. burh-seon, to look through, ex- amine. ymb-seon, to see or look around, about, gaze about. seon, st abl. v. V. in bi-seon, to strain, filter, pour over. seon, sien, syn, st. f. seeing, sight, vision, eye. seon, seondan. See si, sind. seonod, sionod, stood, sf. m. synod, meeting. seonod-dom, st. m. synodal resolu- tion, enactment. seonu, sionu, sinu, synu, st f. sinew. seonu-ben, st.f. sinew-wound, wound hurting the sinews. seonu-dolg, st. n. same as above. s§oslig, adj. tortured with pain. seodan, st abl. v. VI. to seethe, boil. a-seodan, the same as above. seoddan. See siddan (since). seowian, siowian, w. v. to sew, sew together, unite, weave together. si, sy, sig, sie, s§o, sio ; pi. sien, sie, syn, sin, seon, = subj. forms of verb to be. sib, syb, st.f. 1. peace. — 2. friend- ship, friendly union, bond of rela- tionship. — 3. love, affection, friend- liness. sib, syb, adj. united by friendship. sib-aedeling, st m. related atheling, noble kinsman. sibbian, w. v. in ge-sibbian, to appease, satisfy, delight, please. sib-, syb-cwide, st. w.word of peace, pacific speech. sibgebyrd — sigespgd 187 sib-ge-byrd, st.f. relationsliip, blood- relationship, consanguinity. sib-ge-dryht, ge-driht, st f. peace- ful troop, pacific band. sib-ge-magas, st. m. pi. blood-rela- tions. sib-lufe, (sibb-), w. f. friendship, benevolence, love. sib-sprsec, st. f. peaceful and pleas- ant speech, talk. sibsum, adj. peaceful, pacific. siccetung, sicetung, st. f. sigh, groan, lamentation. sid, syd, adj. wide, broad, ample, roomy, spacious. side, adv. widely, far and wide, far. side, w. f. side. sid-faedme, adj. wide-bosomed, com- modious, spacious. sid-faedmed, part, same as above. sid-folc, st. n. widespread folk, na- tion. sidian, w. v. to extend, spread, lie open. sid-land, st. n. wide-extended land, spacious land. sid-rand,st m. broad-rimmed shield. sido, siodo, st. m. custom, habit. (Ger. sitte.) sid-weg, st. m. wide or broad "way, road. sig. See si. sigan, st. all. v. V. 1. to sink, sink down, cause to sink, go down, fall, incline, bow, lay down. — 2. (general), to move, advance, go. a-sigan, to sink, sink down, cause to sink. ge-sigan, 1. to sink, fall. — 2. to cause to fall? Gn. Ex. 118. sige, st. m. victory, success. (Ger. sieg.) sige-beacen, st. n. beacon or token of victory; cross of Christ. sige-beam, st. m. tree of victory, triumph ; cross of Christ. £ige-bearn, st. n. (bairn), victorious son (Christ). sige-beorn, st. m. victorious man. sige-brodor, st. m. victorious broth- er. sige-byme, w. f. trump of triumph, victory. sige-cempa, w. m. victorious cham- pion, warrior. sige-cwen, st. f. victorious queen. sige-cyning, st. m. victorious king. sige-dema, w. m. judge or lender of victory. sige-dryhten, -drihten, st. m. lord of victory, victorious lord. sige-eadig, adj. victorious, trium- phant. sige-faest, -fest, adj. victorious, tri- umphant. sige-folc, st. n. victor-folk. sige-hr§mig, adj. boastful of victory. sige-hred-secg, st. m. hero of tri- umphant glory or repute. sige-hr§dig, adj. famed for victory, rejoicing in victory. sige-hwil, st. f. time of victory. Cf. ■while. sigel, st. m. 1. sun. — 2. name of Rune s. sigel-beorht, adj. sun-bright, bril- liant. sige-lean, st. n. reward of victory. sige-leas, adj. without victory. sige-leod, st n. lay of victory, poem. Sigel-hearwa, w. m. Ethiopian. sigel-torht, adj. sun-bright, radiant. Sigel-waras, st. m. pi. Ethiopians (sun-men). sige-m§ce, st. m. victorious sword. sige-rice, «n[/. victorious, triumphant. sige-rof, adj. famous for victory, able to win victory. sige-sceorp, st. n. ornament of vic- tory. sige-sp§d, st. f. victory, good for- tune in the field. 188 sigetacen — sindream 3-tacen, st. n. token or evidence of victory. sige-tiber, st. n. offering of or for victory. sige-torht, adj. brilliant in victory. sige-tudor, st. n. victorious descend- ants, posterity. sige-beod, st. f. victorious people or nation. sige-br6at, st. m. victorious troop or band. sige-buf, st. m. flag of victory. sige-wsepen, st. n. victorious weap- on, sword. sige-wang, -wong, st. m. field of victory. sigle, st. n. sun-shaped, flashing or- nament, jewel, necklace. sigor, sygor, st. m. victory, triumph. sigor-beacen, st. ti. beacon or token of triumph, victory. sigor-beorht, adj. brilliant in vic- tory. sigor-cynn, st. n. victorious kin or race. sigor-gadig, adj. triumphant, victo- rious. sigor-fsest, adj. the same as above. sigor-lean, st. n. recompense or re- ward of victory. sigor-sp§d, st. f. victory, good for- tune in the field. sigor-tacen, st. n. token or evidence of victory. sigor-tiber. st. n. offering of or for victory. sigor-weorc, st. n. work or deed of victory. sigor-wuldor, st. n. glory of victory. sign, st. f. sinking, descending, de- cadence. Met. 13: 56. sihan, sihsta, sihd, silf, silfren, sil- lan, silofer, silofren. See seon, sixta, self, seon, seolfren, sellan, seolfor, seolfren. sima, w. m. fetter, knot, loop, snare. simle, semle, symle, adv. contin- uously, continually, ever, always. simles, symles, adv. ever, always. sin. See si (be). sin, possess, pron. his, their (Ger. sein); — used in the pi. ? Dan. 393. sin-byrnende, part, ever-burning. sine, sync, st. n. treasure, riches, valuables, jewels, property. sin-cald, adj. very cold, icy cold. sin-caldu, st. f. extreme cold, rigor. sincan, st abl. v. I. to sink. be-sincan, to submerge, im- merse, dip, plunge. ge-sincan, to sink, fall. sinc-faet, -sync, st. n. costly vessel, jewel-casket, jewel. sinc-fag, adj. sparkling with jewels or with costly ornaments. sinc-ge-streon, st. n. treasure, jewel. sinc-ge-w^ge, n. allotment or dis- tribution of treasure. sinc-gifa, -giefa, -gyfa, w. m. treas- ure-giver, king. sinc-gifu, st. f. gift of treasure. sinc-gim, st. m. valuable gem, jewel. sinc-hxo&en, part, jewel-laden, orna- mented. sinc-maddum, st. m. jewel, treasure. sinc-stan, st. m. precious stone. sinc-pegu, st. f. reception or accept- ance of jewels or treasure. sinc-weordung, st. f. presentation or gift of jewels or treasure. sind = sid, st. m. -time? (as a multi- plicative suffix: one time, fre. Jul. 354.) sind, aint, synd, synt, sindon, syn- dan, seondon, siendon, indie, pres. pi. of verb to he. Cf . si. sinder, §& mJ tt.f slag, iron-dross, scoria. (Ger. sinter.) sin-, syn-dolg, st. n. huge wound, gash. sin-dr§am, st. m. everlasting joy. re- joicing. sinfrea — sidfaet 189 sin-frea, w. m. wedded lord, husband. singal, adj. continuous, continuing, ever-during, constant. singala, -e, -es, adv. constantly, ever, always. singal-lice, adv. the same as above. singan, st. abl. v. I. to sing, resound, trill; sing of, celebrate in song. Ps. 58: 16; 100: 1. a-singan, to sing, sing out or to the end. be-singan, to besing, sing of, celebrate in song. ge-singan, to sing. singian. See syngian (to sin). sin-grim, adj. exceeding fierce, cruel, grim. sin-here, st. m. immense host, army. sin-hiwan, w. m. pi. wedded couple (ever-united members of a family). simian, st. abl. v. I. (Ger. sinnen), 1. to meditate on, think of, care about. — 2. to make mention of? Gen. 1853. sin-, sien-, syn-neaht, -niht, -neht, st. f. eternal night. sin-nid, st. m. perpetual misery, wretchedness, uneasiness. sinod. See seonod (synod). sin-scipe, st. m. perpetual associa- tion, marriage. sin-, syn-snaed, st. f. great bite(s), bits, ravenous biting. sin-sorh, st. f. perpetual grief, con- stant sorrow. sint, sinu, sitlu. See sind, seonu, setl. sit, 3d pers. sg. of sittan (to sit). sittan, st. abl. v. III. to sit. be-sittan, ic. ace. 1. to sit by, beside. — 2. to occupy, surround, envelop, beleaguer. for-sittan, 1. w. ace. or instr. to spend or lose by sitting, sit away, neglect. — 2. intrans. to grow inact- ive from sitting, neglect; to vanish. ge-sittan, 1. to sit, sit down, seat one's self. — 2. trans, to seat one's self on or in (B. 633). — 3. trans, to possess, inhabit. of-sittan, w. ace. to sit upon, rest one's self upon ; surround, be- siege. ofer-sittan, to leave off, leave undone, omit, forbear to do. on-sittan, w. ace. 1. to seat one's self in (Bo. 26). — 2. to be shocked or frightened at, to fear, to dread. (Ger. entsetzen.) ymb-sittan, to sit around or about, surround, besiege ; sit over, reflect upon. sid, 3d pers. sg.pres. of seon (to see). sld, st. m. 1. going, way, journey, trip, war-expedition, course. — 2. arrival (B. 501). — 3. way, road (Gen. 733; Exod. 478).— 4. enter- prise, undertaking. — 5. lot, fate, destiny, condition of life, expe- rience. — 6. object or aim of travel, wooing, enlisting, message (B.353). 7. -time (as multiplicative suffix). sid, adj. late; siiperl. sidast, last; ast sidestan, at last, finally. sid, adv. compar. 1. later, afterward. 2. late. sid, prep, (sith), since (in sid bam =3= since). Cf. siddan. sid-boda, w. m. herald announcing a start ; departure, or decamping. sid-dagas, st. m. pi. later days or times. sidd, st.f. company, accompaniment, escort. (Gen. 2401.) siddan, siddon, syddan, seoddan, sioddan. — 1. adv. since, hence- forth, hereafter, subsequently, con- sequently. — 2. conj. since, after, as soon as. sid-faet, st. n. 1. going, way, jour- ney, expedition, trip, course. — 2. aim or object of travel, destina- tion, enlisting. — 3. experience, fact. Jul. 537. 190 sidfrom — slupan sid-from, adj. forward-striving, on- I ward-tending, hastening forward. I sid-geomor, adj. travel-weary, sad j from travel, footsore. sidian, w. v. to make a journey, set j out; travel, go, voyage, wander. for-sidian, to go or move to j one's destruction, or to perdition. sid-nese, st. f. happily accomplished J journey, sid-weg, st. m. path of travel, route. sid-werod, st. n. traveling troop, marching band. six, siex, syx, num. six. cixta, syxta, siesta, sihsta, num. adj. sixth, six-tig, syx-tig, num. sixty, six-tyne, num. sixteen, siaro. See searo. sien, sie, sien, siendon, siex, siexta. See sinneaht, s§on, si, sind, six, sixta. slo, siodo, siofa, siofian, siofung, siolf, sioloc, siolod, siomian, sion, sionod, sionu, slow, siowian. See se, si, sidu, sefa, siofian, seofung, self, seoloc , siolod, seomian, s6on, seonod, seonu, sawan, seowian. &\zeih.te,pret. of sleccan (to weaken). slaep, st, m.. sleep, slsepan, slapan, slepan, st. red. v. to sleep. a-slapan, to be sleepy, slumber, dream, slsep-weng, adj. -weary of sleep. slaga, w. m. striker, slayer, killer, murderer. slagan. See sl§an (to slay). slagu, st. f. striking, blow. slapan. See skepan (to sleep). slaw, adj. slow, lazy. sleccan, w. v. in ge-sleccan, to grow or make slack; to weaken, lame, disable. Cri. 149. siege, st. 7n. blow, striking, Cf. sledge-hammer. slege-faBge, adj. about to die from blows, death, slaying. slegen {part.), sleht, slepan. See slean, sleaht, slsepan, slupan. slepan, w. v. to cover, draw a slip over, impose. be-slepan, the same as above, sleac, adj. slack, relaxed, lazy, slean, slagan, st. abl. v. IV. 1. in trans. to strike. — 2. trans, to strike, flog. 3. trans, to slay, kill. be-slean, to rob of, plunder (in slaying). for-slean, to slay, kill. ge-slean, 1. to slay, kill. — 2. to strike, knock, tap (Gen. 383). — 3. to win, gain, conquer. — 4. to fight a battle (B. 459). — 5. intrans. to strike up, leap up (Dan. 249). of-slean, to slay, kill. slidan, st. abl. v. V. to slide, slip, fall, fall down. a-slidan, the same as above, slide, st. m. slide, sliding, fall. slidor, adj. slippery. sliht. See sleaht (blow). slitan, st. abl. v. V. 1. trans, to slit, slice, rend, tear in pieces, shiver. 2. intrans. to be torn in pieces; to be broken up. be-slitan, to rob of (in rending to pieces). for-slitan, to tear with the teeth, consume, slite, st. m. slitting, biting, rending, lacerating. slidan, st. abl. v. V. to injure,wound, hurt, slide, adj. injuring, injurious, bad, fierce, cruel, dangerous, slide, adv. the same as above, sliden, adj. the same as above. slid-heard, -herd, adj. furious, sav- age, crushing. sluma, to. m. slumber, slupan, slepan, st. abl. v. VI. to slip, slide, fall. smaec — snytracraeft 191 t-slupan, to slip off, to escape. to-slupan, to slip asunder, go to pieces, become relaxed, dissolve, open. smaec, st. m. smack, taste. smael, adj. small, narrow, weak, tender. smaete, adj. pure (of gold). smec, smeoc, st. m. smoke, vapor. smgde, adj. smooth, soft, agreeable. smeagan, smean, w. v. to examine, search into, explore, reflect upon, look at closely, scrutinize. smealice, adj. subtly, accurately, penetratingly. sm6oc. See smSc (smoke). smeocan, st. abl. v. VI. to smoke, give off vapor. 6meolt. See smolt (serene). smeoru, st. n. (smear), grease. smicere, adj. & adv. smuck, choice, tasteful, trim. smilte. See smylte (serene). smitan, st. abl. v. V. to smite, strike, soil, pollute, debauch, dishonor. be-, bi-smitan, to soil, debauch, fleck, dishonor. smid, st. m. smith, armorer. smid-crseftega, w. m. artist-smith. armorer. smidian (cf. smite?), w. v. in be-smidian, to besmith, to sur- round or cover with smithwork. smidde, to. f. smithy, forge. smolt, smeolt, adj. serene, bright, cheerful, gentle, quiet, still. smiigan, st. abl. v. VI. in purh-smiigan, to pierce, bore through, eat through, smyhd, 3d pers. sg. of smiigan. smylte, smilte, adj. serene, cheerful, bright, gentle, quiet, still. smyrian, w. v. to smear, anoint, salve. ge-smyrian, the same as above. snadan, st. abl. v. IV.; — snod on hoh ? = he drove out, expelled, that ? or = on-hohsnode = he hin- dered? B. 1944. sneed, st. f. bite, bit, snip. Cf. schnitt-chen. snsedan, st. red. v. in be-snaedan, to besnip, circum- cise. snaegl, snsel, st. m. snail. snaw, st. m. snow. snaw-ceald, st. n. snowy, icy, cold. snel, snell, adj. snell, quick, lively, brisk, vigorous, combative. sneliic, adj. the same as above. snellice, adv. the same as above. sneteru, sner. See snytru, sneac. snear, st. f. (snare), chord, cord, noose, string, harpstring. sneome, sniome, adv. quickly, im- mediately, at once. sneowan. See snowan (to hasten). snican (?), to sneak, creep. Met. 31: 6. snidan, st. abl. v. V. 1. (Ger. sclinei- den), to snip, cut. — 2. to mow, reap, harvest. of-snidan, to snip or cut off. sniwan, w. impers. v. to snow. sniome. See sneome (quickly). snotor, snottor, adj. shrewd, wise, clever, sensible. snotorlice, adv. the same as above. snowan, sneowan, w. v. to hurry, hasten. snud, st. m. quickness, swiftness, haste. snud, adj. quick, swift, soon at hand. snude, adv. the same as above. snyrian, snyrgan, w. v. to hasten, hurry, move forward quickly. snytre, adj. clever, wise, ingenious. snytrian, snyttrian,w.r. to be clever, wise, ingenious. snytru, snyttru, snyteru, st. f. shrewdness, sagacity, wisdom, cleverness. snytru-crseft, st. m. same as above. 192 snytruhus — spanan snytru-hus, st. n. house of wisdom, tabernacle of testimony, ark of the covenant. snydian, w. v. to hasten, hurry. be-snydian, to rob, deprive of. socen, st. f. 1. seeking, searching after. — 2. visitation, hostile sur- prise, seeking, attack. — 3. asylum, house of refuge, sanctuary. softe, adv. (compar. sSft), softly, gently, quietly, lightly. sohte, pret. of secan (to seek). sol, st. n. mud-puddle ? water in gen- eral? bight? bog? B. 302. sol, st. f. sun. solere, st. m. upper room, garret, balcony. solian, w. v. to soil, become soiled or defiled. Sol-monad, st. m. February. Men. 16. som, st. f. peace, reconciliation. (Icel. som.) some, somnian, somod. See same, samnian, samod. sona, adv. soon, at once, forthwith; sona swt — swa = so soon as. sond, song. See sand, sang. sorg, sorh, st. f. sorrow, grief, pain. sorg-byrden, st.f. burden of sorrow. sorg-cearig, sorhg-ceaiig, adj. sor- rowful, grieved, sad. sorg-ceani, 5*. /. sorrow, anxiety, grief. sorgen. See sorg. sorg-ml, adj. sorrowful, causing or enduring sorrow. sorgian, w. v. to sorrow, grieve, be anxious. bi-sorgian, to fear, apprehend, dread, shrink from. [care. sorg-leas, adj. without sorrow or sorg-leod, st. n. song of sorrow, la- ment, [ed. sorglic, adj. sad, distressful, wretch- sorg-lufa, st. f. anxious love, love that awakens sorrow or apprehen- sion. sorg-stsef, st. m. something that brings sorrow, anxiety. sorg-word, st. n. -word of sorrow, lament. sorg-waelm, -wylm, st. m. "welling up of sorrow, grief. sorh, sorh-. See sorg (sorrow). sotel, st; m. settle, stool, chair, arm- chair. sod, adj. sooth, true, genuine, re- liable, just. sod, adv. truly, indeed; but, yet. sod, st. n. 1. sooth, truth. — 2. jus- tice, righteousness; rectitude. sod-cwide, -cwyde, st. m. true speech, true saying. sod-cyning, st. m. true king, or king of truth and justice; God. sode, adv. in sooth, in truth, indeed, really, rightly. sod-f seder, st. m. true father, God. sod-faest, adj. 1. firm or established in truth and justice, true, genuine, credible, pious, honest, just. — 2. firm, unchangeable, unchanging, continuing. sod-faestlic, adj. imperishable, dur- able, unceasing. sod-faestnes, -festnys, st. f. truth, truthfulness, justice, piety. sod-gid, -gied, st. n. true speech, saying, report. sod-lic, adj. true, truthful, real. sodlice, adv. 1. truly, truthfully, in- deed, in sooth.— 2. but, yet. Ps. 54: 16. sod-word, st. n. true word, word of justification. spadl, st. n. spittle, saliva. spaec. See sprsec (speech). speetan, w. v. to spit, spew, spit upon or out. spanan, st. red. v. to draw on, irri- tate, incite, lure, mislead, seduce, persuade. bi-spanan, to lead astray, se- duce, persuade. spange — spreccan 193 for-spanan, to mislead, lead astray, seduce. spange, w. f. clasp, buckle, brooch, fibula. (Ger. spange.) spannan, si. red. v. (span), to stretch, fasten, make fast, attach. ge-spannan, the same as above. on-spannan,to unspan, unloose, unbind, release, open. sparian, iv. v. to spare, indulge. spatl, st. n. spittle, saliva. specan. See sprecan (to speak). sp6d, st. f. 1. speed, haste.— 2. prog- ress, success, fulfillment, luck, good fortune. — 3. scion, descend- ant, lad (Ps. 103: 16).— 4. sub- stance, power, might, ability, mul- titude, abundance. spedan, w. v. to speed,hasten,hurry. a-spedan, to come out of a mat- ter successfully. ge-spedan, to succeed, speed well. sp6d-dropa, w. m. wholesome and healing drop. spSdig, adj. lucky, fortunate, rich, powerful. sp6dlice, adv. hastily, quickly, speedily, successfully. spel, spell, st. n. (spell), speech, ut- terance, narrative, legend,account, news, message. spel-, spell-boda, w. m. messenger, apostle, prophet, angel. spellian, spellan, iv. v. 1. to speak, talk,utter. — 2. to announce,relate, deliver. god-spellian, to preach the god- spel (good tidings, gospel). spellung, st. f. speech, utterance, narrative. spere, st. n. spear, javelin, lance. spere-br6ga, w. m. spear-terror, ter- rible javelin. spere-nid, st. m. spear-battle. spearca, w. m. spark. spearcian, w. v. to throw out sparks, to sparkle. spearuwa, spearwa, w. m. sparrow. speornan, spornan, st. ail. v. I. to spur on, urge on, push against, spurn, tread, step. ge-speornan, same as above. speowian. See spiwian (to spew). spild, st. m. destruction, annihila- tion, waste, ruin. spildan, u\ v. to ruin, destroy. for-spildan, 1. to destroy, ruin. 2. to accomplish fully. Wy. 59. spild-sid, st. m. destructive journey, expedition with intent to destroy foes. spillan, to. v. to destroy, ruin, kill. spiwan, st. all. v. V. to spew, spit out, vomit. spiwian, speowian, spiowian, iv. v. to spew, spit. splot (?), blot, spot (splotch?) spor, st. n. trace, footstep. (Ger. spur. ) spora, w. m. spur. spornan. See speornan (to spurn). spowan, st. red. v. to succeed, enjoy success, speed well, thrive. ge-spowan, the same as above. spowendlice, adv. happily, fortu- nately, quickly, speedily. spraecan. See sprecan (to speak). sprsec, spsec, st. f. speech, word, talk, eloquence. — 2. narrative, fa- ble, material (Met. 26: 2).— 3. con- versation, dialogue. — 4. court, ju- dicial negotiation or investigation, judgment, decision. spree, st. n. speech, word. Gu. 225. spreca, w. m. speaker. sprecan, sprsecan, specan, st. abl. v. II. to speak, t-sprecan, to speak out, speak. ge-sprecan, to speak. spreccan, w. v. in on-spreccan, to become bushy, bud, burgeon, put out shoots. 194 sprengan — standan sprengan, w. v. to cause to spring, burst, break open; to sprinkle, geond-sprengan, to besprinkle, to dash with water. spreaht, part, of spreccan (to bud). spreatan, st. red. v. in geond-spreatan, to sprout through, pervade. spreocan. See sprecan (to speak). spreotan, st. abl. v. VI. cf. sprytan to sprout. a-spreotan, to sprout out or up, come up or out. spricest, spriced. See sprecan (to speak). springan, st. abl. v. I. to spring, jump. t-springan, to spring up or forth; to dwindle, diminish, fail. aet-springan, y). dat. to spring forth, out, or up. ge-springan, 1. to spring forth or up ; to originate, arise, grow up. 2. to befall, happen to, attack (Gn. Ex. 65). on-springan, 1. to spring or jump in two; to burst. — 2. to spring up, arise, originate. sprycst. See sprecan (to speak). sprytan, w. v. to sprout, come forth, germinate. spryttan, w. v. the same as above. spyrcan, w. v. in for-spyrcan, to squirt away, spill, shed, exhaust by spilling, dry up,&c. Ps. 101: 3. spyrian, w. v. (to speer, Scotch), to track, trace, seek, examine, search through, reflect upon or about. a-spyrian, to track or trace out, to explore, fathom, find out. staede, stede, st.f. steadiness, stead- fastness, firmness, fixity. staede-, stgde-faest, adj. steadfast, constant, firm. steede-, st§de-heard, adj. firm, hard, consistent. stsef, st. m. 1. staff, stave.— 2. book- stave, letter. — 3. in compounds, staef usually marks an abstract idea or conception. staefn, stsefna. See stsfn, stefna. stael, st. m. place, spot. (Ger. stclle.) staalan, w. v. to place, put down ; to impose, cast blame or guilt on ; to accuse, avenge on. ge-stablan, the same as above. staslg = stsegl, adj. steep. Cri. 679. stsel-gaest, -giest, st. m. stealing guest, thievish guest. sta3nan, stenan, w. v. to adorn, dec- orate with stones or gems. S-sta^nan, the same as above. stasnen, adj. of stone. staepe, st. m. 1. going, gait, pace, step, tread. — 2. step, stair. stssppan, stserced-. See steppan, sterced-. staed, st. n. (in.), beach, shore. staeddan, w. v. to support, establish, fix, fortify. staed-fasst, adj. steadfast, constant. staed-weall, st. m. shore-wall, sea or water rampart. stalde, pret. of stellan (to place). stalian, w. v. in ge-stalian, to found, establish, fix, confirm. stal-gang, -gong, st. m. stealthy going, secret journey, course, step. stan, st. in. stone, rock. stan-beorh, st. m. stony mountain, mountain of rock. stan-boga, w. m. arch or cavern of stone or rock, vaulted chamber in the rock. stan-burg, st. f. town, castle, or fort- ress of stone or rock. stan-clif, st. n. (pi. cleofu), crag, clifiF. standan, stondan, st. abl. v. IV. (pret. stod), 1. to stand.— 2. to stand, step forward, appear, come in suddenly, disseminate. stanfaet — stellau 195 a-standan, to stand forth or up, to arise, originate, reinstate. aet-standan, to stand at or be- side. be-standan, to stand around, by, or about. for-standan, 1. w. ace. to stand before, place one's self before (to ward off something, prevent : per- son or thing against which in the dat. or with wid; or to defend, protect: " from "= dat.). — 2. to understand. (Gen.769; Boeth.5,3). ge-standan, 1. intrans. to stand. 2. trans, to attack, come on or in suddenly, press on. — 3. to resist, oppose, stop. Sol. 97. of-standan, to arise, originate. od-standan, to escape, with- draw, get away. wid-standan, iv. dat. to with- stand, resist, oppose. ymb-, ymbe-standan, to stand about or around. stan-faet, st. n. stone-vat; vessel, trough, or chest of stone. stan-fah, adj. varied, inlaid, or paved with stone (?). stan-ge-fog, st. n. stone structure, stone-fitting. stan-gripe, -greope, st. m. handful of stones. stan-hlid, -hleod, st. n. rocky slope, cliff, rock. stan-hof, st. n. building or structure of stone. stSn-torr, st. m. tower of stone. stan-wong, st. m. stony field, stone- strewn plain. stapa, w. m. stepper, marcher. [Used only in compounds. ] stapan, st. all. v. IV. to step, stride, go, advance, move. set-stapan, to step or stride ap to. ge-stapan, to step, go, move, stride. stapu, st. f. stepping, striding, going about. stapul, st. m. (staple), support, stay, pillar, column. starian, to. v. to stare, fix the eyes on, gaze at. ge-starian,same as above, [lish). stadelian. See stadolian (to estab- stadol, -ul, st. m. 1. foundation, basis, ground, pedestal, place. — 2. sky, heaven. Edg. 50. stadol-^ht, st. f. stationary pos- sessions (real estate?). stadol-fasst, adj. fixed, firm, well- established, steadfast. stadolian, -elian, w. v. to found, fix, establish, strengthen. ge-stadolian, the same as above. stadol-wang, -wong, st. m. standing place, place, position. stede, st. m. stead, place, spot, po- sition, locality. stede, stede-. See staede. stede-wang, -wong, st. m. field, space of ground. stefn, steefn, stemn, st, f. voice. (Ger. stimme.) stefn, staefn, stemn, st. m. 1. stem, trunk, stock, stick. — 2. stem, prow of ship; ship. — 3. stem, race, tribe (Sol. 51). — 4. -time (in multiplica- tives); nivan stefne=anew, again. stefna, stsefna, w. m. stem or prow of a ship. stefnan, w. v. in ge-steman, to support, prop, ar- range, set in order. stefn-byrd, st. f. hereditary quality, innate disposition, nature. stefne, w. f. voice. (Ger. stimme.) stelan, st. all. v. II. in be-, bi-stelan, to besteal, rob, steal from. for-stelan, to steal, steal from. stellan, w. v. (p'ret. stealde), in a-stellan, to place, put, erect, display. (Ger. stellen.) 196 steman — stihtan on-stellan, to put in place; to devise, think out. on-stellan,to put in place, effect, accomplish, steman, stenin. See sty man, stefn. stemnettan, w. v. to resist, stem, oppose, stand out, be steadfast. stenan. See stcenan. stenc, st, m. stink, stench, odor; perfume, fragrance. stencan, w. v. to press upon, afflict, trouble, disturb, weaken. to-stencan, to drive apart or asunder, to scatter, disperse. steng, st. m. pole, stake, rod. (Ger. stange. ) stent, M pers. sg. of standan (to stand). stepan, w. v. 1. w. ace. (steep), to erect, raise (Gen. 1676). — 2. to el- evate, raise up, distinguish, adorn, enrich. ge-stepan, 1. to erect, raise. — 2. to elevate, support, help. on-stepan, to erect, raise up. stepe-gang, st. m. stepping, going? Eim. 22. steppan, staeppan, w. v. to step, stride, go, move, ge-staeppan, the same as above. ofer-stseppan,to overstep, stride over. sterced-,st33rced-ferhd,-fyrhd,ar7/. strong-minded, brave. steal, st. m. place, spot. (Ger. stellef) stealc, adj. steep, precipitous, ardu- ous, stealdan, st. red. v. to possess, own. steallian,?<\ v. to have room or place, to remain standing or in existence. steam, st. m. 1. steam, vapor, smoke, odor. — 2. steaming fluid, blood. Cr. 62. steap, st. m. (stoup), tall cup, beaker, flagon. steap, adj. steep, high. stearc, adj. strong, vigorous; stark, stiff, hard, violent. stearc-ferd, adj. strong-minded, courageous. stearc-heort, adj. strong-hearted, valiant. stearn, st. m. sea-swallow (sterna). st6op-cild, si. n. stepchild. steor, st. f. governing, steering, re- straint, cheek. steora, ic. m. steersman, guide, pilot. steoran, st. all. v. VT. 1. to stesr, guide, govern. — 2. to restrain, check. Met. 4: 49. ge-steoran, to steer, guide, con- trol, restrain, check. steor-leas, adj. steerless, without guidance or control, uncontroll- able. steorra, stiorra, ic. m. star. steort, st m. tail. (Ger. stertc.) sticce. See styece (piece). stician, w. v. 1. to stick, prick. — 2. to stick, inhere. sticol, adj. sticking, pricking. stig, st. 7u. (sty), path (up), way, ascent. stig, st. f. path, way. (Ger. steig.) stigan, st. abl. v. V. 1. to step, rise, mount, go, move (in general). 2. to mount, climb, ascend. — 3. to descend (Dan. 510).— 4. to scale, mount upon, ascend. a-stigan, 1. intrans. to ascend, mount up, scale, rise. — 2. intrans. to descend, come down. — 3. ic. ace. to ascend, ascend to, mount. ge-stigan, to ascend, rise, mount up, scale; to descend. ofer-stigan, to overstep, over- stride, excel, surpass. stige, st. m. ascent, mounting. stig-, sti-wita, w. m. steward, over- seer of household matters. stihtan, w. v. to destine, determine, dispose, govern, incite, instigate. stihtend — stredan 197 stihtend, part. & subs, instigator, in- citer, guide. stihtung, st. f. arrangement, direc- tion, preparation, caution, fore- sight, discipline. stillan, w. v. 1. to be still, rest.— 2. w. dat. or ace. to still, quiet. ge-stillaii, the same as above. stille, adj. still, quiet, silent, stilly. stille, adv. the same as above. stincan, st. abl. v. I. 1. to stink, smell, reek. — 2. to whirl up (Rid. 30: 12); to move about or around? inhale? snuff along? B. 2288. ge-stincan, to smell something. stingan, st. abl. v. I. to sting. stirian, stirgan. See styrian. stid, adj. firm, fixed, strong; hard, stiff, severe, cruel. stide, adv. 1. firmly, steadfastly.— 2. harshly, bitterly. stid-ecg, adj. stiff-edged, strong- bladed. stid-ferhd, -frihd, adj. stout-hearted, strong-minded, of valiant spirit. stid-hugende, adj. ■same as above. stid-hyegende, the same as above. stid-hydig, adj. the same as above. stid-hygd, adj. the same as above. stidlic, adj. firm, strong, stout. stidlice, adv. the same as above. stid-mod, adj. strong, firm, stout, severe (of mind). stid-weg, st. m. rough way. sti-wita, stiell. See stigwita, styll. stiep, st. m. downfall? fall? Gen. 60. stleran, stiorra. See styran, ste- orra. stod- (?), column, support, post? (B. 2545 ; — rather stod an = ston- dan. stod, stodon, pret. of standan (to stand). stofn (?), trunk, stem, pillar. (E. stovin = stump?) stol, st. m. stool, seat, chair, throne. stondan, stowum. See standan, stow (place). storm, st. m. 1. storm, tempest. — 2. noise, uproar, tumult. — 3. noisy onrush or attack. Hy. 4:58. stow, st.fi stow, place, spot, locality. stradan(?), to tread upon, stride over. B. 3073. strsel, strel, streal, st. m. & /.; str^le, iv. f. arrow. (Ger. strahl.) strset, st. /. street. Strang, strong, adj. 1. strong, vio- lent, hard, vigorous, valiant. — 2. w. instr. firmly inhering. Sat. 427. strange, adv. violently, furiously. strangian, w. v. in ge-strangian, to strengthen, in- vigorate. Strang-, strong-lie, adj. firm, strong, unchangeable ; — hideous, cruel, dreadful. Strang-, strong-lice, adv. strongly, bravely, vigorously, actively. streccan, w. v. in a-streccan, to stretch out, ex- tend; to prostrate, fell. stredan, st. abl. v. I. 1. to scatter, sprinkle. — 2. to fall down, fall. to-stredan, to scatter, dissipate. stregan, w. v. to strew, spread down, bestrew. [ter. stregdan, st. abl. v. I. to strew, scat- strel, strencd. See str^l, strengd. streng, st. m. string, cord, rope, sinew. strenge, adj. strong, brave; harsh, violent, strict, cruel. strengel, st. m. ruler, lord, (strength- oner?) strenglic, adj. strong, firm. strengd, strengdu, st. f. strength, power, vigor, ability. strengu, st. f. power, strength, abil- ity, valor. stredan, strydan, iv. v. in be-stredan, to bring to, draw over, cover, conceal. 198 streac — styrian streac, adj. strong, stiff, hard, (stark?) streaht, {part.), streal. See strec- can (to stretch), and strsel. stream, st. m. stream, current, flow of the sea, river, ocean, — espe- cially in the plural. stream-faru, st. f. motion or flowing of water(s), current. stream-ge-win, s t. n. battling of or up- roar on the water; stream-struggle. stream-racu, st. f. stream-course, stream. stream-rad, st. f. road or path of the stream or sea. stream-staed, st. n. (stream-stead), shore, beach. strgam-welm, st. m. billowing of the sea or water, fluctuation of tides. strSam-weall, st. m. stream-wall, shore, beach. streon, st, f. cover. strSonan, strienan, strynan, w. v. 1. to heap on or up, accumulate, amass. — 2. to strain, beget chil- dren. a-streonan, to strain forth, pro- create, create. ge-strgonan, 1. to amass, gain. 2. to procreate, create. Gen. 1220. strican, st. ail. v. V. to move, go; to enter on or begin a course. strid, st. m. strife, conflict. (Ger. streit. ) strienan, strong. See strgonan, Strang, strudan, st. all. v. VI. to ravage, devastate, plunder, rob, carry off. be-strudan, to plunder, rob. ge-strudan, to plunder, rob, ravage, waste. strynan, w. v. in ge-strynan, to stir up, torture ? Seel. 45. strynan, strydan. See streonan, stredan. stand, st. f. (Ger. siunde). — 1. point, particle. — 2. moment, hour, time; instr.pl. stundum, at times, mean- while, sometimes; eagerly. stunian, w. v. 1. to groan, roar, sound, resound. — 2. (stun), to strike violently, impinge. stycce, sticce, st. n. bit, piece, frag- ment. (Ger. stuck.) sty Ian, iv. v. to harden (like steel). style, st. n. steel. styl-ecg, adj. steel-edged. stylen, adj. of steel, hard as steel. sty 11, stiell, st. m. leap, jump, run- ning. styllan, w. v. to leap, jump, run. ge-styllan, to leap, jump, de- scend, reach by leaping, overtake by running. styman, stgman, w. v. to steam, give forth an odor, smell of (from). be-styman, to foam over, on, around. stynt, 3d pers. sg. of standan (to stand). stypel, stepel, st. m. steeple, tower. styr, st. f. steering, directing, guid- ing. styran, stieran, w. v. 1. ic. ace. to steer, guide, direct, govern. — 2. to arrange, dispose, destine, deter- mine (An. 1094). — 3. w. dat. to re- strain, check, hinder. ge-styran, w. dat. to steer, guide; to restrain, check. styrfan, w. v. in a-styrfan, to kill, slay. styrian, styrgan, stirian, stirgan, M>. v. 1. to stir, move, rouse, excite. 2. to be moved, roused, set in mo- tion. — 3. to urge, incite, admonish (Fin. 18). — 4. to move against, at- tack, disturb (B. 2840).— 5. to de- liver, narrate, sing of, celebrate (B. 872). — 6. cause to resound (Met, 13: 49). styrman — sundrian 199 a-styrian,to stir up,excite,move forward or forth, remove. ge-styrian, to arouse, excite, stir up. geond-styrian, to stir through, to stir on all sides. on-styrian, to move, rouse, stir up. styrman, iv. v. to storm, roar, rage, cry out. styrnan, w. v. to be stern, strict, severe. styrne, adj. stern, grave, harsh, cruel, savage, furious. styrnenga, adv. sternly, severely. styrn-mod, adj. stern-minded, rigid, severe. su, sugu, St. f. sow. sucan, st. all. v. VI. to suck. a-sucan, to suck out, drain. sugan, st. all. v. VI. in a-sugan, to suck out, drain. sugu. See su (sow). sunt, st. f. malady, disease, illness. suhtor-fsedran, -ge-fsedran, w. m. uncle and nephew. suhtria, suhtriga, suhterga, w. m. brother's son. sulh-ge-weorc, st. n. ploughing or field implement. sum, pron. (= aliquis, quidam, unus ex pluribus), one, a certain, any, one of several, many a; — neut. something ; — adv. , ace. n. partly; — gen. n. sumes = in a certain de- gree or measure. sumor, st. m. summer. sumor-hSt, st. n. summer heat. sumor-lang, -long, adj. lasting through the summer. sumsend, part. (Ger. summen), buzz- ing, rustling, humming? Kid. 4 : 47. sun-bearo, st. m. sunny grove (bar- row). sun-beorht, adj. sun-bright, sun- shiny. sund, adj. sound, uninjured, whole. sund, st. m. 1. swimming. — 2. ca- pacity or ability to swim. — 3. sound, sea-strait, sea, ocean (that which sunders?) sund-buend, part. & subs, sea-dwell- er, man, human being. sund-fiit, st.f. struggle in the water, swimming-match. sund-ge-bland, st. v. tumult of wat- ers, billowing of the sea. sund-helm, st. m. sea-helmet, cover- ing sea. sund-hengest, st. m. 1. seahorse, ship. — 2. power that moves the ship. sund-hwset, adj. accomplished in swimming. sund-liden, st. f. sea-journey? B. 223. sund-nytt, st. f. employment, gift, or utilization of swimming; ability to swim. sundor, sundur, adv. especially, apart, separately, aside, asunder. sundor-craeft, st. m. special power, capacity, capability. sundor-craeftig, adj. specially en- dowed, gifted. sundor-ge-cynd, st. n. special en- dowment, natural gift, structure, quality. sundor-gifu, st. f. special gift, priv- ilege, distinction, quality. sundor-nytt, st. f. special service or prerogative. sundor^-wine, st. m. special friend, bosom friend. sundor-wis, adj. specially "wise. sundor- wundor, st. n. special won- der, peculiar marvel. sundor-yrfe, st. n. special heritage. sund-plega, w. m. sea-play, swim- ming, boating; bathing, sea-jour- ney. sundre, w. f. separateness, sunder- ing, isolation. sund-reced, st. n. sea-house, ship. sundrian, w. v. in 200 sundur — swan a-sundrian, to separate, isolate, sunder, ge-sundrian, the same as above. sundur. See sundor. sund-wudu, st. m. sea-wood, ship. sunna. See sunnu (sun). sunne, w.f. sun. sunnu, -a, st. f. the same as above. sun-sciene, adj. sunshiny, brilliant. sunu, irreg. m. sg. gen. suna ; dat. suna, sunu; ace. sunu; pi. nom. ace. suna, suno, sunu; gen. suna, sunena; dat. sunum, — son. sun-wlitig, adj. lovely with sun- shine; beautiful and bright. supan, st. abl. v. VI. to sop up, ab- sorb, swallow (greedily). ge-supan, the same as above. susl, st. n. misery, torture, torment, punishment, death-penalty. susl-bana, -bona, w. m. devil. susl-hof, st. n. house of misery, hell. sutol. See sweotol (plain). sud, adv. south, southward, in the south. suda, w. m. south. sudan, adv. from the south. sudan-gastan, adv. from the south- east. suderne, adj. southern, southerly. sud-east, adv. southeast, in the southeast. sud-folc, st. n. south-folk, folk from the south. sud-heald, adj. inclining southward, southward. sud-man, -mon, st. m. southern man, man from the south. sud-portic, st. m. south portico. sud-rodor, st. m. southern sky. sud-weg, st. m. south way, way or path southward. sud-weardes, adv. southwards. sud-wind, st. m. south "wind. swa, I. adv. & cony, so, as. 1. (refer- ring back), so, consequently, in such wise, under such circum- stances, therefore. — 2. emphatic- ally: so, thus, indeed, even. — 3. tp. comparatives, the. — 4. swa peah, nevertheless, yet. — 5. relative : as, so far as, how, where. — 6. w. subj. as if, as though. — 7. w. indie. (of time), so soon, as soon, as, when; though, unless, so that not (w. neg.) — 8. supplies place of rel- ative pronoun. — 9. that, so that, in such manner that. swaec, swec, st. m. 1. smell, odor; exhalation, breath. — 2. smack, taste. swa5fan, w. v. to stagger, reel, hes- itate. swaegl. See swegl (ether). swselan, w. v. in be-swselan, to sweal, singe, parch, scorch. swseman, w. v. in a-swseman, to roam about, round, wander. swser, adj. heavy, difficult. (Ger. schwer.) swsere, adv. the same as above. swses, adj. one's own, domestic, in- timate; dear, precious, agreeable, benevolent. swsesendu, st. n. pi. a meal. [able. swseslic, adj. kind, friendly, agree- swseslice, adv. the same as above. swaetan, ic. v. 1. to sweat.— 2. to bleed. swaeder = swa hwaeder, pron. whichever, whosoever (of two). sweedorian, swadrian, u\ r. to de- crease, diminish; become quiet, lie down, lie low or down. swafan, st. red. v. in for-swafan, to sweep away or off; to drive out, expel, frighten away. swamian, w. v. to become dark or obscure; to vanish* a-swamian, the same as above. swan, swon, st. »i. swan. swan — swelgan 201 swan, st. m. swain, youth, young man. Fin. 39. swancur, swancor, adj. 1. unsteady, pliant; languishing (Ps. 118: 81). 2. slender, supple-bodied (B. 2175). 3. causing to reel, limp, stagger (Deor. 6). (Ger. sclucanken.) swangor, swongor, adj. heavy, weighty, torpid, inert. (Ger. schwanger. ) swan-rad, st. f. swan-road, path of swans, sea. swapan, st. red. v. 1. to sweep, swing. — 2. to "blow, waft. a-swapan, to sweep off or away, to remove. * for-swapan, to sweep aside, or away; to drive off, or out. to-swapan, to sweep in two, apart, or asunder. swar, adj. heavy. (Ger. sclncer.) swarian, swerian, sweorian, w. v. to talk, speak, utter. and-swarian, ond-, to speak back, answer. swart, swas. See sweart, swees. swat, st. m. 1. sweat. — 2. blood from wounds, blood, gore. swat-fag, adj. blood-stained, bloody. swatig, adj. 1. sweaty, sweating. 2. bloody. swatig-hl6or, adj. with sweating cheek or face. swat-swadu, st. f. bloody trace or track. swadrian. See swaedorian. swadu, st. f. trace, track. swadul, st. m. smoke-reek, name and smoke together. swebban, w. v. to lull or put to sleep; to kill. a-swebban, the same as above. swec. See swsec (odor). swefan, st. abl. v. III. to sleep, slumber; to sleep the death-sleep; rest, cease from. Exod. 36. swefed, part, of swebban (to put to sleep). swefel, st. m. sulphur. (GeT.schivefel.) swefen, st. n. (swoon?) — 1. sleep, stupor (Gen. 720). — 2. dream. swefed, Mpers. sg. of swebban (to put to sleep). swefnan, -ian, iv. v. to dream. swefot. See sweofot (sleep). sweg, st. m. (swough), sound, tone, voice; noise, crash, tumult. sweg-dyn, st. m. din, din of noise. sw6g-hl§odor, st. n. detonation, clamor, explosion, sound, reso- nance. swegl, swegel, st. m. 1. ether, sky. 2. sun. — 3. song, chorus, symphony. swegl-befalden, adj. ether-covered. swegl-beorht, adj. ether-bright, ra- diant. swegl-bdsm, st. m. bosom of heav- en, the sky. swegl-candel, -condel, st. f. sky- candle ; light of heaven, or ether. swegl-cyning, st* m. king of heaven or glory. swegl-dr§am, st. m. heavenly joy. swegle, adj. clear (of sight or sound), luminous, resounding. swegle, adv. clearly, brilliantly. sweg-leder, -leoder, st. n. sound leather, bagpipe? swegl-rad, st. f. change of tone(s), modulation. [zling. swegl -tor ht, adj. heaven-bright, daz- swegl-wered, part, ether-clad. swegl- wuldor, st. n. heavenly glory. swegl- wundor, st. n. heavenly ■wonder. swelan, w. v. to (sweal), burn, glow, ignite, consume with heat. for-swelan, to burn up. swelc. See swilc (such). swelgan, sweolgan, st. abl. v. I. to swallow, take in. absorb, imbibe. for-swelgan, same as above. ge-swelgan, same as above. 202 £ wellan — sweord-gxipe swelgian, w. v. in ge-swelgian, to cause to swell up, innate, be swollen ? Pa. 41. swellan, st. abl. v. I. to swell, swell up. swelling, st. m. swelling sail. sweltan, st. abl. v. I. to die. swencan, w. v. to (swink), disturb, oppress, plague, torment. ge-swencan,to confuse, disturb, oppress, exhaust, plague, chastise, crush. swendan, w. v. in to-swendan, to cause to go asunder, destroy. (Ger. schwinden.) sweng, st. m. (swing), blow, casti- gation, cut, thrust. swengan, w. v. in to-swengan, to swing in pieces, drive asunder, destroy. swer, swyr, st. m. &f. pillar, column. swerian, st. abl. v. IV. to swear, a-swerian, the same as above, for-swerian, 1. to put one's self under a spell; to render invulner- able by magical utterance.— 2. to forswear, perjure, commit perjury. ge-swerian, to swear. swerian. See swarian (to speak). swgtan, w. v. to sweeten, make sweet. ge-sw6tan, the same as above. swete, adj. sweet; — subs, sweet(s). Seaf. 95. sw6t-met, st. m. sweetmeat. sw§tnes, st. f. sweetness. swetole. See sweotule (plainly). swedian, w. v. in bi-swedian, to beswathe, wrap up, fold in. swedrian, w. v. to diminish, decrease, neglect, yield, dwindle. ge-swedrian, same as above, swealg, pret. of swelgan (to swal- low). swealwe, w.f. swallow (bird). sweart, swart, adj. swart, swarthy. 1. dark, obscure, black. — 2. mis- chievous, hurtful, infamous. swearte, adv. mischievously, hurt- fully, infamously. sweart-ld.£:t, adj. leaving black tracks or traces. Rid. 27: 11. sweofot, swefot, st. m. sleep. sweolce, sweolgan. See swylce, swelgan (to swallow). sweolod, swolod, st. m. glow, fire, flame (swealing). sweon (Rid. 16: 4), sweopa, sweo- pian, sweopu (pi). See su, swipa, swipian, swip. sweor, st. ^i. father-in-law. (Ger. schicciher). sweora, swiora, swira, s wyr a, w. m. neck, nape. sweorcan, st. abl. v. I. to be or be- come gloomy, dark, sad. for-sweorcan, to darken, grow dark. ge-sweorcan,to darken, obscure, grow dark; to become sad,gloomy. sweorcend-ferhd, adj. gloomy of spirit, sad. sweord, swurd, swyrd, st. n. sword. sweord-berend,^)a>-£. & subs, sword- bearer. sweord-bealo, st. n. sword-bale, in- jury or destruction through the sword. sweord-bite,s£. m. sword-bite, wound with the sword. sweord-freca, ic. m. sword-wolf. sworded warrior. sweord-ge-nidla, to. m, sworded foe, foe armed with a sword. sweord-, swyrd-ge-swing, st. u. sword-swinging,combat. slaughter sweord-gifu, st.f. sword-giving, gift of swords. sweord-gripe, st m. sword attack, onslaught with swords. sweordleoma — swin 203 sweord-, swurd-l§oma, w. m. sword- gleam, coruscation of swords. sweord-plega, w. m. sword-play, conflict. • sweord-r»s, st. m. sword-rush; at- tack. sweord-slege, st. m. sword-thrust, blow. sweord-wigend, part. & subs. sworded warrior. sweord-wund, adj. sword-wounded. sweorfan, st. abl. v. I. to wipe off, cleanse, file, polish. sweorian. See swarian (to speak). sweostor, swuster, st. f. sister. sweot, st. n. band, troop; — instr.pl. sweotum, in troops. sweotol, swutol, sutol, adj. 1. vis- ible, distinct, plain, evident. — 2. audible, clear, distinct. B. 90. sweotule, swetole, adv. visibly, clearly, plainly, precisely. sweotulian, swutulian, w. v. to be plain, visible, evident. ge-sweotulian, to render plain, distinct, visible. sweotul-, swutollice, adv. plainly, visibly, distinctly, precisely. sweodrian. See swidrian(to lessen). swian. See swigian (to be silent). swic, st. m. odor, smell. swican, st. abl. v. V. 1. (absolutely) to go, move about, yield, give way, evade, escape, get away. — 2. ut swican, to go out or forth. — 3. from swican, or swican from, to decline, fall off, revolt, desist, cease from. — 4. w. dat. to desist, leave in the lurch, abandon, re- nounce. i-swican, to fall off, desert, abandon; to irritate, provoke. be-swican, to beguile, deceive, betray, mislead. ge-swican, to omit, intermit, desist, cease to help, abandon, deceive, renounce, betray. swice, swyce, st. m. 1. issue, result, success. — 2. procrastination, de- lay (Gu. 1007). — 3. offense, prov- ocation, insult. swice, adj. renouncing, deserting, abandoning. swician, swycian, w. v. 1. to err, wander, wander about. — 2. to de- cline, fall off from, deviate (Fs. 118: 102). — 3. to exert,weary one's self (Gen. 607). swicol, adj. guileful, deceitful, false. swifan, st. abl. v. V. to roam, ramble about. (Ger. schweifen.) on-swifan, 1. w. ace. to swing, to move against or toward. — 2. to push off, put aside, turn away. swift, adj. swift, quick. swiftu, st. f. swiftness. swige, w. f. silence, stillness, rest. (Ger. schiceigen.) swige, adj. silent, taciturn, quiet. swigian, swygian, w. v. to be silent, quiet, still. (Ger. scliweigen.) ge-swigian, 1. to be silent, quiet. 2. to silence. swile, swyle, swulc, swelc, pron. 1. each, every (B. 299).— 2. who, whoever, whichever (Ps. Ben. 19: 9). 3. such, such a. — 4. which. — 5. swyle — swyle, such — as, so^ — as. swilce, swylce, swelce, sweolce, adv. 1. also, moreover, and further, furthermore. — 2. w. subs, as, so as. 3. in like manner, likewise, after the same fashion, so, thus. — 4. as (how). — 5. w. subj. as if, as though. swilt. See swylt (death). swima, w. m. giddiness, vertigo, diz- ziness, swimming of the head. swimman, swymman, st. abl. v. I. to swim. ofer-swimman, w. ace. to swim over, across, through. swin, st. n. swine, hog, boar. — 2. boar-figure or ornament on the helmet. 204 swincan — swyltdeeg swincan, st. abl. v. I. to swink, labor hard, toil, exhaust one's self. swingan, st. abl. v. 1. 1. to flog, strike, scourge, whip, chastise. — 2. swin- gan on twa == strike in two, di- vide by a blow. — 3. intrans. to swing, fly, flutter. be-swingan, to flog, beat, strike, scourge. ge-swingan, the same as above. swingel, st. f. blow, beating, whip- ping; dejection, affliction. swingela, swingla, w. m. whip, scourge. swingere, st. m. swinger, striker, seourger. swin-lica, w.m. swine-likeness, boar- figure on the helmet. swinsian, swynsian, w. v. to sound, resound, sing, rustle. swip, st. n. (pi. sweopu), whip, scourge. swipa, sweopa,w. m. same as above. swipian, swippan, sweopian, w. v. to whip, scourge, beat. swira. See sweora (neck). swid, swyd, adj. 1. strong, vigorous, valiant, powerful, violent. — 2. in compar. right (or strong) hand (as opposed to left). swidan, swydan, w. v. to strength- en, establish, assist, enrich. for-swidan, to crush, press upon, repel, push back. ge-swidan,to strengthen, render strong, invigorate, reenforce. ofer-swidan, iv. ace. to excel, surpass, conquer, overwhelm, van- quish. swide, swyde, adv. strongly, very, much, violently; — compar. swidor = more, rather, more strongly, violently; — supcrl. most, very, ex- ceedingly. swid-ferd, -ferhd, adj. strong of mind, bold, brave. swid-feorm, adj. strong, powerful, rich, swid-, swyd-ge-neahhe, adv. quite enough, very often, frequently. swid-ge-neahkige, adv. the same as above. [quick. swid-hweet, adj. very prompt, agile, swid-,swyd-hycgende,^a/^.strong- minded, bold, brave. swidlic, adj. immense, great, violent. swid-miktig, adj. very powerful, mighty, swid-mod, adj. of strong or impet- uous mind, bold, brave, insolent. swidriau, sweodrian, w. v. to in- crease, diminish, dwindle, give way, vanish, weaken, rest. ge-swidrian, to lessen, diminish, weaken; to effect, accomplish. swid-snel, adj. very quick, agile, prompt. swiora, swiodol. See sweora, swadol. swogan, st. red. v. (to sough), to rustle, whistle, hum, buzz, roar, rattle. swol? glow, fire, flame. (Ger.schiviil.) swolod, swon, swoncor, swongor, swor (Exod. 239), sworcan. See sweolod, swan, swancor, swan- gor, spor, sweorcan. sworcen-ferd, adj. somber, sad. Wy. 25. swulc, swnrd, swuster, swutol, swutukan. See swile, sweord, sweostor, sweotol, sweotukan. swyce, swycian, swygian, swyle, swylce. See swice, swician, swigian, swile, swilce. swyld, st. f. pain ? Ps. 114 : 3. swykan, w. v. in be-swylian, to soil, fleck, befoul, swylt, swilt, st. m. death, swylt-cwalu, st. f. death-torment, death, swylt-daeg, st. m. day of death. swyltdead — sy ddan 205 swy It-dead, st. m. death, perishing. swyttend. See sweitan (to die). swylt-hwil, st. /. death-hour. swymman,swynsian,swyr,swyra, swyrd, swyd, swydan, swyde. See swimman, swinsian, swer, sweora, sweord, swid, swidan, swide. sy, syb, syd. See si, sion, sib, sid. syfon-. See seofon-wintre. syfer, adj. sober, self-denying, pure, clean. (Ger. sauber.) syflan, w. v. in ge-syflan, to provide or supply with relishes or stimulants to ap- petite. syfone. See seofan (seven). syge (?), sight, aspect. sygor, syhd, sylf, sylfor. See sigor, seon,' self, seolfor. sylian, selian, w. v. to sully, spot, fleck, pollute. be-sylian, the same as above. syll, st. f. sill, doorsill, threshold, dais whereon benches stand. sylla, sylian, syllend, syllic, sylo- fren. See sel, selian, sellend, sellic, seolfren. symbel, st. n. banquet, drinking- bout, feast, carouse, meal, festivity. symbel, st. n. duration, continuance. symbel-daeg, st. m. day of feasts or feasting, holidays. symbel-gal, adj. merry or riotous in feasting, intoxicated, drunk. symbel-ge-fera, iv. m. constant com- panion. symbel-ge-reordu, st. n.pl. banquet- ings, f eastings, carousings. symbel-gifa, w. m. giver of feasts or meals. symbel-weTig, adj. weary of the carouse or feast. symbel- wlonc.ad/.insolent or elated from feasting. symbel- wyn, st. f. joy of feasting, social delight. symble, adv. ever, forever, always. symbiian, symblan, w. v. to feast, carouse, enjoy one's self. symle, symles, syn-, syn. See simle, simles, sin-, si, seon. syn, sinn, senn, st. f. 1. sin, guilt. 2, hostility, enmity, feud. syn-byrden, st. f. burden of sin. ; sync, synd. See sine, sind. syn-daed, st. f. deed or act of sin. syndig, adj. skilled in swimming? Cra. 58. syndon. See sindon (are). syndrian, w. v. in a-syndrian, to sunder, separate, divide. to-syndrian, the same as above. syndrig, adj. special, apart, alone, unique. syn-fah, -fa, adj. sin-stained. syn-full, adj. sinful, guilty. syngian, singian, w. v. to sin. ge-syngian, the same as above. syn-gryn, st. f. sin, harm, mischief of sin. syn-leasig, adj. sinless, guiltless, in- nocent. synlice, adv. sinfully, foully, infa- mously. syn-lust, st. m. pleasure in sin, de- sire to sin. synn. See syn (sin). synnig, adj. sinful, guilty, punish- able, criminal. syn-rust, st. m. sin-rust, filth of sin. syn-sceada, -scada, w. m. sinful scather, unjust criminal. synt, synu. See sind, seonu. syn-wracu, st.f. punishment for sin. syn-wund, st. f. wound of sin. syn-wyrcende, part, sin- worker. s yp, st. m. sip, sup, sipping, drink- ing in. syrce, syrwan. See serce, serwan. syddam. See siddan (since). syddan, w. v. to surrender, deliver up, cast down ? Ps. 73 : 18. 206 tacen — temian tacen, teicn, si. n. 1. token, mark. 2. suggestion, indication, symbol. 3. wonder, marvelous deed, act, heroic deed. — 4. proof, ground, demonstration, subject. tacnian, w. v. in ge-tacnian, to sign, mark, char- acterize, betoken, designate, des- tine, determine, establish. taecan, teecean, w. v. to show, point out, exhibit. (Ger. zcigen.) be-tascan, to show, point out, characterize, make over, assign, deliver. ge-tascan, to show, point out, reveal, designate, refer, make over, arraign. tsecnan, w. v. to mark by a token, , to denote, designate, trace out. ge-taecnan, to show, point out. tsecne, adj. (in compounds), to be shown or pointed out. tsefel, st. f. & )>. die, cube, game at dice, dice-playing. taefle, adj. acquainted with or de- voted to dice-playing. tsegel, st. m. tail. tael. See talu (number). tselan, w. v. to slander, calumniate, accuse, blame, scold. tsele, taeled, (part.), tselian. See talu, tellan, talian. tcel-met, st. n. tale, number, com- putation. tael-mearc, st. f. counting over, cal- culation. tsel-, telnis, st. f. removal, depriva- tion, depreciation, degradation, blame, censure, transgression of duty, breach of official fidelity. tsesan, w. v. 1. to touse, tease, tug, pluck. — 2. to wound, injure. adj. mild, gentle. taesu, st.f. harm, injury, destruction. tcetan (?), to caress. Wy. 4. talian, tselian, w. v. to count, calcu- late, value, consider (as), mention, believe, think. talu, st. f. 1. tale, number, calcula- tion. — 2. speech, telling, narrative. tal, st. f. calumny, false witness, abuse, malicious accusation. tarn, torn, adj. tame. tama, w. m. tameness. tan, st. m. 1. rod, switch, bush, sprout, twig, branch. — 2. staff, rod used in divination, magic, or prophecy; fate, destiny. tan, adj. (tined?), branched, fur- nished with branches. tapur, st. m. taper, wax taper. tedre. See tydre (soft). tSgan, ic. v. in ge-tSgan, to make. Met. 13: 14. tela, teala, adv. fitly, fittingly, well, rightly. teldan, st. abl. v. I. in be-, bi-teldan, to cover, cover over, screen, protect, envelop, sur- round. (Ger. zelt.) ofer-teldan, the same as above. telg, st. m. fluid, infusion, tincture. telga, w. m. branch, twig, vine-shoot. telge (B. 2067). See talian (to count). telgian, w. v. to put fortli branches, or twigs. tellan, to. v. (prct. tealde), 1. to tell, count. — 2. to reckon up, calculate. count out. — 3. to esteem, reckon (as), mention, believe, think. ge-tellan, to count, count out or over, compute, consider, weigh. to-tellan, to separate in count- ing, arrange, distinguish. telnys. See tcelnis (blame). temian, to. v. in teman — teonsmid 207 a-temian, to tame, to render gentle or quiet. t6raan, tyman, w. v. to bear, bring forth, teem with. tempel, st. n. temple. ten, tene, tyn, tyne, num. ten. tenan. See tynan (to injure). tengan, w. v. to press toward, hurry, hasten. ge-tengan, to press; to devote, dedicate. tennan, to. v. to lure, allure ? Wy. 4. teran, st. all. v. II. to tear. tergan, tyrgan, w. v. to pull or pluck hither and thither, torment, tease ; to scorn. tesu, teswian. See teosu, teos- wian. ted. See tod (tooth). teafor, st. n. foundation, place ior building (with external walls of a house). Ruin. 31. teag, st. f. thong, rope, band, fetter, towline. teagor, st. m. tear, teardrop. teala. See tela, til, talu. tealde, pret. of tellan (to count). tealt, adj. tilting, unsteady, tottering. tealtrian, w. v. to tilt, totter, vacil- late, be in peril. [ant. team, st. m. sprout, scion, descend- tear, t^r, st. m. 1. drop. — 2. tear. tearig-hl§or,ac7/.with tearful cheeks. teofenian, to. v. to join, put together, unite. tSofrian, w. v. the same as above. teoh, teohh, st. f. & m. (n.f) race, company, number, band, troop, society. teohan. See teen (to accuse). teohhian, tiohhian, tihLian, tyh- hian, w. v. to fix, establish, show, direct, determine, resolve, believe. teolian, teolum. See tilian, til. t§on, tion, st. dbl. v. VI. (Ger. zielien.) 1. w. ace. to draw, lead. — 2. edu- cate, rear (Ps. 79: 5). — 3. intrans. to move, go, roam. — 4. ic. ace. to create, procreate, beget. Gen. 980. a-teon, 1. to draw out, off, from. 2. to handle, treat. — 3. to move, journey, roam. — 4. intrans. up ateon, to ascend, draw up, move away (Exod. 490). for-teon, 1. to draw away, dis- tort, mislead. — 2. to draw or put over; to obstruct, cover. ge-teon, 1. to draw. — 2. to give, lend, put at the disposal of. of-teon, 1. to draw off, withdraw, take away. — 2. to refuse, withhold, deny, deprive of. ofer-tSon, to draw over, cover. to-teon, to draw in two, draw in pieces. purh-t6on, to draw or put through, to execute, carry out. taon. See tihan (to accuse). t§on, tion, w. v. 1. to make, produce, work, set, fix, establish, constitute. 2. to furnish with or out, to deck. B. 43. fore-te"on, to make beforehand, establish, exhibit, arrange, dispose, ordain. ge-tSon, to make, work, set, es- tablish, conclude. t3on, st. n. teen, harm, hurt,hostility. tSona, to. m. reproach, accusation, insult, offense, discord, enmity, injury. teon-cwide, st. m. hurtful speech, calumny, reproach, blasphemy. tSone, w. f. calumny, injustice. t3on-ful, adj. teenftil, injurious, un- worthy, malicious. tSon-hete, st. m. malicious hate. teon-l§g, st. m. destroying flame, fire of perdition, burning of the world. tSonlic, adj. destructive, hurtful, shameful. teonlice, adv. the same as above. tSon-smid, st. m. calumniator, doer of injustice, evil-doer. 208 teontig — tida teon-tig, num. (ten-ty), hundred. tSon-weergdu, st. f. punishment. teon-wit, st. m. quarrel, strife. teon-word, st. n. abuse, calumny. teorian, iv. v. 1. in treats, to dwindle, vanish, become weary, yield. — 2. w. ace. to exhaust, tire. Ps.Mll 3. ge-teorian, to dwindle, vanish, weary, yield. teosel, st. m. die (dice). teosu, tesu, st f. harm, injury, de- struction. teosu-sprsec, st.f. calumny, harmful speech. teoswian, teswian, u\ v. to offend, insult. tSoda, num. adj. tenth. tiber, tifer, st. n. offering, victim, sacrifice, sacrificial animal. ticlum (?). (Eid. 40 : 2. = tiduni?) tid, st. f. 1. tide, time ; — instr. pi. tiduni, timely, at the right time (Gn. Ex. 125).— 2. feast-day, festal tide. — 3. hour. tid-daeg, st. m. lifetime, death. tid-ege, st. m. dread of one's ap- pointed time, death. tid-fara, w. m. timely traveler, op- portune journeyer. Cri. 167-1. tidlice, adv. timely, in time. tifer, tigan. See tiber, tygan. tigol, st. /.; tigele, iv. f. tile. tigel-fag, adj. with colored tiles. tigdian. See tidian (to grant). tihan, t§on, st. all. v. V. to accuse, accuse of. (Ger. zeilien.) of-tihan, to deny, refuse. tihhian, tiht, tihtan, tihd. See teoh- hian, tyht, tyhtan, teon, tihan. til, till, adj. adapted, suitable, fitting, good, useful. til, st. n. goodness, fitness. tila, tela, adv. fitly, well. Eid. 49 : 2. Tile, the isle of Thule (Met. 16: 15) ; — usually pyle. til-, tiil-fremmend, jp«?-f. well-doing, well-acting. tilian, tiligan, tiligean, tilgan, teo- lian, tiohan, w. v. (iv. inf.), 1. to aim, have in view, strive for, seek, exert one's self. — 2. w. gen. to at- tain, seek to attain,effect by effort, win, deserve. ge-tilian, to win, give. till, st.n. fixed standing-place, station, place. Met. 20 : 172. tillic, adj. fit, good. tillice, adv. the same as above. til-mod, adj. well-disposed, kind, good. til-modig, adj. the same as above. tima, w. m. time. timber, st. n. material (timber), structure, building. timbran, timbrian, w. v. to build, construct, erect, form, forge. • a-timbran, to build up, erect. be-timbran, to cover with tim- ber, construct, build up. [struct. ge-timbran, to build, erect, con- timpanum. See tympanum. tingan, st. abl. v. I. in ge-tingan, to join, add one's self to, associate with, unite with, press upon. tinnan (?). Eim. 54. tintreg, tinterg, st-. n. torture, tor- ment, punishment. tin-trega, iv. >n. the same as above. til - , tyr, st. m. 1. glory, honor, orna- ment, brilliancy. — 2. name of the Eune t. — 3. name of a constella- tion that does not set. Eun. 48. tir-, tyr-eadig, adj. glorious. tir-faest, adj. established in reputa- tion, famous. tir-fruma, w. m. prince of glory. tir-lSas, adj. without fame, shame- fully vanquished. B. 843. tir-meahtig, adj. glorious, powerful. tid, tyd, st. f. assent, permission : gift, favor. tida, to. m. (with gen. of thing), in possession of, participant in. tidian — toste 209 tidian, tigdian, tydian, w. v. to grant a request, grant, perform, hold, keep. ge-tidian, the same as above. tiedran. See tydran (to beget). tier (?), tier, series,mass. Met. 20: 81. tiohhian, tioiian, tion, tion-leg. See teohhian, tilian, t6on, teon-16g. to, I. prep. 1. w. dat. to. — (a.) an- swers to question whither? (aim, object, end of motion; person spoken to or addressed). — (b.) to, for, into, answers to questions . wherefore ? to, or for, or into what? (end or aim; to make into, change to or into, become). — (c.) at, by, near, from, answers to questions where? (from w. verbs of asking, receiving, &c). — (d.) phrases: ne t6 "wuhte, by no means, under no circumstances (Gen. 839); to him, next to or nearest to him (Gen. 254); to hwaenes willan, in accordance with some one's will (Gen. 717. — (e.) in temporal relations, for : to langre hwile (Gen. 489; up to, till: naes long to pon paet, until (B. 2591); to, during: to daege, to-day (Hy. 5: 6). — 2. w. gen. phrases: to paes, to him (Gn. Ex. 35) ; to paes, thither, to that point (An. 1125); to paes pe, thither where (An. 1061); to paes, whither, where (An. 1072); to hwaes, whither (Exod. 192); to paes (before adjectives and adverbs), to that degree, so, so very; to middes daeges, at midday. — 3. w. ace. to, toward, at, in; to dasg, to-day. — 4. to, w. inf. (a.) uninfected inf. (Az. 37). — (&.) w. inflected inf.= Latin, gerund, supine, ut and subj. & fid. act. part. (Gen. 243; B. 257). — II. adverb: two, in two. — 1. w. verbs in im- proper compounds. — 2. thereto (?) (Gen. 1224). — 3. before adjectives and adverbs too, too much, very. to-gadere, -gaedere, -gaedre, adv. together. to-gegnes, -g§nes, -geanes, adv. to- wards, against. to-heald, adv. forward, in advance. to-hiht. See tohyht (hope). to-hopa, w. m. hope, expectation. tohte, w.f. expedition, march, cam- paign, battle, conflict. to-hynt, to-niht,5f.;».(?). Cf.hylites, (Jul. 442 ; Cri. 58, &c), hope. torn. See tarn (tame). tome, adv. {w. gen.), free of, empty of, vacant. tor, torr, st. m. 1. tower. — 2. mount- ain top, summit, rock. (Met. 5 : 17.) tord, st. m. turd, dung, filth. torht, adj. bright, luminous, illus- trious, famous. torhte, adv. brightly, luminously, clearly. torhtlic, adj. brilliant, clear. torhtlice, adv. the same as above. i torht-mod, adj. of brilliant mind or spirit. torn, st. n. (Ger. zorn), offense, in- sult, misery, suffering, pain, grief, wrath. [bad. torn, adj. grievous, saddening, bitter, torn-cwide, st. m. offensive or in- sulting speech. torne, adv. insultingly, bitterly, grievously. torn-ge-mot, st. n. angry collision, hostile meeting. torn-ge-nidla, w. m. wrath-provoking foe, angry opponent. tornlic, adj. sorrowful, grievous. torn-mod, adj. wrathful-minded, angry. torn-sorg, st. f. heartfelt sorrow, care, or anxiety. [ous "word. torn-word, st. n. insulting or griev- torn-wracu, st. f. outburst of wrath. torr. See tor (tower). t6-samne, -somne, adv. together. toste, w. f. toad, paddock. 210 tod — treo w-waestm tSd, m. tooth: irreg. dat. ted (Exod. 2124); nam. & ace. pi. todas (Ph. 407); ted (Deut. 32: 24); tod (Ps. Stev57: 7). tod-masgen, st. n. tooth-power, strength or firmness in the teeth. to-weard, adj. 1. impending, immi- nent, future. — 2. toward, against. Met. 28: 7. to-wider e, -widre, prep., w. dat., or ace. toward, against. treedan (?), (to tread?), to roam through, roam about. Rid. 58: 5. traef, st. n. 1. tent. — 2. building, structure? An. 844. trag, adj. evil, mean, bad, unfavor- able, disgusting. trage, adv. the same as above. trag-maM, st. n. disturbance, dis- quietude, misery, oppression, tor- ment. tragu, st. f. the same as above. trahtian. See treahtian (to think). tredan, st. abl. v. III. 1. to tread, trample, mistreat. — 2. to enter, enter upon, go upon, roam through. treddan, w. v. to search out, scruti- nize, think over, reflect upon. a-treddan, the same as above. treddian, tryddian, w. v. to tread, tramp, stride, go, go about. trede, adj. current, customary, pos- sible, practicable. trega, w. m. oppression, grievance, disturbance, uneasiness, pain. trem, tremman. See trym, trym- maii (to strengthen). trendlian, w. r. in a-trendlian, to fly forth or up, to unroll. treaflic, adj. oppressing, grieving, crushing. treahtere, st. m. interpreter, ex- pounder, meditator (on, over). treahtian, trahtian, w. r. in ge-trahtian, to think over or upon, reflect upon, consider. treo, treow, st. n. 1. tree.— 2. wood. grove (Ph. 200).— 3. wood, mate- rial (Kid. 57: 9).— 4. tree of the cross, cross. treo-cynn, st. n. sort or kind of wood, wood species. treo-fugol, at. m. tree-fowl, forest bird. treow. See treo (tree). treow, tryw, st. f. 1. firmness, re- liability (Run. 25).— 2. fidelity to a promise, covenantal faith. — 3. plighted troth, vow of fidelity. — 4. favor, grace, kindness. — 5. con- fidence, belief. treowan, truwan, trywan, w. u. to trust, intrust, have confidence in, believe confidently. (Ger. trauen.) ge-treowan, 1. to trust, believe, hope. — 2. to confirm, authenticate, render certain or credible, vow sol- emnly. (B. 1095; Ps.92:6.) ge-or-treowan, to mistrust, lose faith in. on-treowan, to intrust, confide. tr6o-, treow-wcestm, st. f. tree. treowe, trywe, adj. true, faithful. trSow-, triow-faest, adj. the same. tr6ow-ge-t»ofta, ic. m. faithful com- rade, plighted companion, confed- erate. trgowian, truwian, trywian, u\ r. 1. W. gen. or dat. to trust, intrust. confide in, have confidence in, trust to. — 2. w. dat. to be faithful. (Gen. 2324.) ge-treowian, to trust, intrust, confide in, hope. tr6ow-16ga, w. m. troth-breaker, pledge-breaker. treow-lufu, st. f. true love. treow-rasden, st. f. true covenant, treaty, compact. treowd, st. f. truth, fidelity, veracity. treow-Jprag, st f. time of or for faithfulness, fidelity. treow- waestm. See treo w-waestm. trided — tweone 211 trided, trieded, 3d pers. sg. pres. of tredan (to tread). trio, triow. See treo, treow. trodu, st. f. step, treading, pace, track, vestige. trum, adj. firm,fixed,vigorous,active, cheerful. trunilic, adj. the same as above. trumnad, st. m. confirmation, assur- ance. truwan, truwian. See treowan, trSowian (to trust). tryddian. See treddian (to tread). tryded, 3d pers. sg. pres. of tredan (to tread). trym, trem, (Ger. triimmer), st. n. fragment, part, piece ; — fotes trym, foot's length. trymian, w. v. to strengthen, exhort, encourage, incite. ge-trymian, the same as above. trymman, tremman, w. v. 1. to in- vigorate, strengthen, fortify, build firmly. — 2. to strengthen, encour- age, exhort, incite, comfort. — 3. to storm, rage, roar, whirr (El. 35; Exod, 159). ge-trymman, to invigorate, strengthen, fortify, encourage; to get, procure. (Gen. 248.) trymnes, st. f. firmness, solidity. tryw, trywan, try we, trywian. See tr§ow, trgowan, tr§owe, treo- wian. tii. See bu. and twegen (two). tucian, w. v. (Ger. zucken, twitch), to cause to quiver,palpitate, shake, convulse, disturb. tuddor, tudor, st. n. scion, descend- ant, progeny, growth, posterity. tuddor-spgd, st. f. fertility, fruitf ill- ness. tuddor-t^onde, part, begetting pos- terity. tun, st. m. hedge, fence, inclosed dwelling, place, town. tunece, w. f. tunic, undergarment, garment. tunge, io. f. tongue. tungol, tungel, tungl, st. m. & n. constellation, star, planet. tungol-gim, st. m. star-gem, constel- lation. turf, st.f. (dat. sg. tyrf), turf, soil, grass. turf-haga, w. m. turf -cover, turf, cov- ering of grass. turtle, to. f. turtle-dfcve. twa. See twegen (two). twsefan, w. v. in ge-tw^fan, 1. to separate from, deprive of, hinder in, incapacitate for. — 2. to confuse, bewilder (Gen. 53 ; Exod. 119). twseman, w. v. in ge-tw^man,to incapacitate for, to render incapable of. to-tw^man, to dissever, break up or in pieces, to dissolve. ge-to-tw^man, to sever, part, hinder in, incapacitate for. twegen, twa, tu, num. two, twain; nom. & ace. twegen, /. twa, n. tu, twa ; (twa is also of common gen- der : wit Adam twa, Adam and I : Sat. 411) ; gen. m., f., & n. twegra, twega; — dat. m.,f., & n. twam, twsem. twelf, num. twelve. twelfta, num. adj. twelfth. twelf-tig (twelve-ty = 120). See hund-twelftig. t wen-tig, num. twenty. tweo, st. m. 1. twoness, doubt. — 2. difference, distinction (El. 668). twdogan, tweon, w. m. 1. to be of two minds, doubt, doubt of. — 2. impers. w. ace. of person: to seem or appear doubtful. ge-tw6ogan, to doubt, hesitate, vacillate, be irresolute. tweoh. See twih (both). twgone, num. bini, two. 212 t weosprsece — past tweo-sprasce, adj. two-spoken, am- biguous, double-minded. tweox. See twih (both). twidig, adj. granted, allowed, per- mitted. twi-ecg, adj. two-edged. twig, st. n. twig, branch, vine-shoot. twiga, w. m. the same as above. twigan, iv. v. in ge-palm-twigan, to deck or or- nament with palm-branches. twih, ace. both,^wo ; mid unc twih, between us two. (Gen. 2253.) twy-. See twi-ecg. tyan, iv. v. to draw, pull, rear, in- struct, teach. ge-tyan, the same as above. tydernes, st. f. (?). Sol. 47. tydran, tyddran, tiedran, w. v. 1. intrans. to get children. — 2. w. ace. to beget, produce, bear, bring forth. i-tydran, to beget. tydere, tedre, adj. weak, tender, feeble, cowardly. tydrian, w. v. to weaken, soften, be- • come feeble, fall to pieces. tygan. See teag (rope). tygan, tigan, w. v. in ge-tigan, to tie, bind together, to fetter. [lish). tyhhian. See teohhian (to estab- tyhst, 2d pers. st. pres. of tihan, teon (to accuse). tyht, tiht, st. m. 1. training, dis- cipline, instruction. — 2. movement, motion, tyhtan, tihtan, w. v. to train, breed, educate, instruct, goad, incite. a-tyhtan, 1. to beget.— 2. to lead? lure in? Met. 1: 8. for-tyhtan, to mislead, lead as- tray. ge-tyhtan, to educate, teach, in- struct. on-tyhtan, to urge on, incite, tyhd, 'M pers. sg.pres. of tihan, t£cn. tyllan, iv. v. in for-tyllan, to lead astray, mis- lead. Cri. 270. tyllan. See til (fit). tyma, tyman. See t§ma, teman. tympanum, n. tympanum, tyn. See ten. tynan, w. v. in a-tynan, to shut off or out. be-, bi-tynan, to hedge about, inclose, close up, bury. ge-tynan, to shut or close in, to bury. on-tynan, to unclose, open, re- veal, unveil, un-tynan, the same as above, tynan, w. v. to grieve, insult, trouble, tyne, tyr, tyrf. See ten, tir, turf, tytan, iv. v. to sparkle, shine, tyd, tyda, tydian. See tid, tida, tidian. pa, 1. adv. there, then.— 2. conj. as, inasmuch as, if, when, since. pa, pa. See past (pro7i.), paw. paec, st. n. thatch, roof. (Ger. dach.) pseh, psem, paenne. See peah, paet, (pron.), peam, panne. paer, par, per, 1. adv. & conj. of place : there, yonder. — 2. where, there. 3. thither.— 4. whither. — 5. thither- where. — II. represents demonstra- tives and relative pronouns in union with (postponed) preposi- tions.— III. conj. with subj. & indie. if, though. psera, peeve, paes, pass. See paet, (pron.), pes. past (m. se, /. sSo, sio), that: gen. m.& h. paes, pes; dot. m.& ».pam, paem, pan, pon; gen. & dat. f. psere, pare, para (Ps. C. 34), p6re ; bast — bancol 213 ace. m. bane, baene, bone, f. ba, n. baet; instr. m. & n. by, bi, be; pi. now. & ace. m. & /. ba, n. pa ; gen. m. & f. bara, basra, beara ; rfart. m. &/. & w. bam, baem, bern, ban, bon. — I. adj. before a noun (as unaccented demons, or article : a relative in subordinate clause may refer to it). — II. subs. 1. de- monstrative: phrases: gen. sg. n. bass, on this account, therefore, for this, since ; bass, pe, see pe ; bass (before adj. & adv.), to that degree, that, so; to bass, see to, w. gen.; dat. sg. n. bi (be) bam, bon, thereon, therein; §ac bam (ban, bon), in addition to this, besides this, as also, moreover; asr bon be (conj.), ere, before; aefter bam (ban, bon), after, later, next, in or after that fashion ; for bam (basm, ban, bon), therefore, on that or this account, for this reason; for bam be, for, because ; ful neah bon, almost, nearly; on bam,in or on that, therein, thereon; on ban be, in this, in that; sid- dam, — sithence, since, see sid- dan; instr.n.aefter by, after (that), later ; by, on this account, by that, therefore ; the (with comparatives, the more, &c.) — 2. relative: by at- traction or ellipsis of be, bast be- comes both relative and conj.: (a.) ellipsis of the relative be; gen. sg. bees (for bass be: Gen. 456); dat. bam (=bam be: Sch. 9); gen. pi. bara (=bara be: Hy. 4: 23); ace. pi. ba (= ba (= ba pe : Dan. 125). — (b.) ellipsis of the conj.: baes = baes be, for this, for that, because (Wald. 1: 26); as far as, as (Dan. 648); to baes (= to bass be), thither where (whither); for bam (=for bam be), for this rea- son that, for, because; asr bam (= eer bam be), ere, before ; sid- dam (=siddan be), after, when; by (= by be), by this, by that, be- cause (Rid. 10: 12); that, in order that (B. 242), because, as if; by lass (conj.), that not, lest: see lass; for by ( = for by be), for this reason that, for, because. bast, conj. that, so that, in order that; past be, that. bastte=baet be: I.pron. that which. II. co??;. that, so that, in order that. bafian, w. v. to submit to, yield, ac- cede, agree, permit. ge-bafian,to allow,permit,grant, approve, effect ; endure. bam, ban. See bast (pron.). ban, bon, ar?u. 1. thence, from that point or time (B. 2423).— 2. in neg. clauses w. comparative = in com- parison with, beginning from that point. — 3. inasmuch as, when (Seel. Ex. 42; Gen. Ex.42, 108). banan, banon, bonan, bonon, adv. 1. thence, from there, from that time. — 2. from where, whence. — 3. of that, though that, thereof, therethrough (Ps. 67: 3). — 4. tem- poral: than, thereupon, hence- forth. bananne,banonne,atfy.from thence, thence. Jud. 13. banc, bone, st. m. 1. thought, reflec- tion, sentiment. — 2. grace, favor, pardon (Gen. 796; Ps. 101: 15).— 3. satisfaction with or pleasure in something. — 4. thanks. — 5. re- ward, recompense (Gti. 442). banc-hyegende, part, thoughtful, full of thought, considerate. bancian, boncian, w. v. to thank, recompense, reward. (Gen. 2689.) ge-bancian, to thank. bancol, boncol, adj. thoughtful, con- siderate, cautious, wise. bancol-, boncol-m6d, adj. the same as above. 214 banc — began banc-, bonc-snottor, adj. wise, pru- dent, ingenious. bancung, st. f. thanking, thanks- \ giving. banc-, bonc-wyrde, adj. thank- worthy (worthy of thought), agree- able. banne, baenne, bonne, 1. adv. then, there, thereupon, thereafter, hence- forth; hut, then, on the contrary, to be sure; — in the main clause the adv. ]?onne (then) corresponds to the conj. bonne (if) or gif in the subord. clause: it is sometimes found in broken discourse (anaco- louthon); in questions, bonne = then (Lat. nam.) — II. conj. 1. tem- poral : w.indic.& suhj.wh.en (quum), as, when (quando), how long, so long as, as. — 2. in comparative clauses — than; often bonne bast (w. subj.) than that; or bonne ]?onne, bonne gif (w. indie, or subj.), than when, than if; so after gelice, ungelice, &c. Sometimes the compar. is wanting in main clause. (B. 70; Exod. 337, &c.) banon, banonne, bar, bara, bas ( p>l). See banan, bananne, baer, bast, (pron.), bes, baw. baw, st. m. slave, servant. bawenian, w. v. in ge-bawenian, (to thaw), to moisten, bedew, water. be, indecl. r el. p article. — I. represents rel. pron. in all eases, sg. & pi., alone or with a demons.; verb is usually in sg. after bara be, of those that. — be is often associated by attraction with pers. pron.: be ic, I (Cri. 792); be we\ we (Cri. 25); be he usic, us that he (B. 2638); be bu, thou (Ho. 126); bu be, thou that (Ps. 79: 1); be he (Ps. 67: 4); be h6o (Jud. 6); pe his, whose, of whom (Ps. Th. 39: 4); pe bu his, whose, of whom, than (Ps. 79 : 14); se pe his, he, whose, of whom (Sat. 283); pe him, to whom (Sch. 66); pe ic him, to whom I (Wid. 133), &c. — Pronouns of 1st and 2d pers. sometimes fall out: thus, J>e=be ic (Kid. 28: 16); be=be bu (Hy. 10: 2); be = be ge (El. 577). — II. conj. 1. that, because. — Phrases : bags pe, that (Gen. 1469), for that that, because (Gen. 77); in so far, as (Cri. 74) ; since, after (Jud. 13); on ban pe, in this that (Ps. 118: 7); wid ban pe, against this that, in opposition to (Ps. US : 59); ser bon pe, ere, before (Jud. 252); for pam pe, for this reason that, for, because (Dan. 226); by pe, because (Dan. 85). — 2. or (Cri. 1307) ; be — pe, either — or.— 3. than (after comparatives: Dan. 264); the (=Ger.je), (Met. 10: 20). 4. stands for baer (where), in El. 717); to bass pe, thither where (B. 714); 6d pe, up to, until (B. 649); beah pe. See bean. pe, bee, be\ See pu, bast (jpron.). beccan, -ean, w. v. (to cover up?), to eat, consume. beccan, w. v. (pret. behte, beahte; part. beaht), to thatch, bedeck, cover, cover over. be-, bi-beccan, same as above. ge-beccan, the same as above. ofer-beccan, the same as above. beccend, part. & subs, protector, de- fender. becele, w. f. torch. [roof. becen, st. f. thatch, cover, covering, becgan, w. r. in t-becgan, to take up or in. ge-becgan, to use up, consume. of-becgan, to snatcli or take off or away. began (?), to accept, take? (Gu.140). bggan, w. r. in ge-p§gan, to use up, consume. (Cri. 1510.) pegen — p6ana 215 pegen, pegn, p6n, st. m. thane, man, liegeman, feudal vassal, knight. pegenlice, adv. in knightly or manly fashion, valiantly. pegn-scipe, st. m. l.thaneship, feud- al service, service. — 2. manliness. Gen. 836. pegn-sorg, st. f. thane-sorrow, grief for the loss of one's men. pegn-weorud, st. n. thane-troop, followers. pegn. See pegen (thane). pegnian, p6nian, w. v. to serve, at- tend, wait on. ge-pegnian, the same as above. pegnung, st. f. serving, sendee. pegon, pret. pi. of picgan (to take). pegu, st. f. reception. [Used only in compounds.] p§h. See peah (though, yet). pehte. See peccan (to deck). pel, st. n.; pelu, st. f. deal- (boards). [Used only in compounds.] pell-faesten, st. n. fastness made of deal-boards, ship, ark. pel-tr6ow, st. n. tree? Hy. 11: 4. pen. See pegen (thane). pencan, -ean, to. v. (pret. pohte), to think, be of a mind, remember, intend, fancy, opine, recollect, re- flect upon. ^-pencan, 1. to think out, in- vent, conceive. — 2. to remember, intend, wish. B. 2643. bi-pencan, to think upon or over, ponder, remember, be mind- ed about; to care, be apprehen- sive, anxious. for-pencan, to mistrust. ge-pencan, 1. to think.— 2. to think upon, ponder, take to heart. 3. to remember, be mindful. — 4. to think out, invent. — 5. to intend, wish. geond-pencan, to think through or over. ymbe-pencan, to think about, consider. Met. 10 : 4. pencan (?): Wy. 43. penden, pendan, pendon, pynden, I. conj., w. indie, & subj. during, whilst, so long as, until. — II. adv. meanwhile, in the interval. pengel, st. m. prince, lord. penian. See pegnian (to serve). pSnian, pennan, w. v. (cf. thin), to stretch, extend, draw out, stretch forth. a-penian, the same as above. be-pennan, to span, stretch on or upon. per. See pser (there). perscan, st. abl. v. I. to thresh, beat, strike. persc-wald. See pyrsc-wold. pes, p6os(pios),pis,«(7j.& subs.pror,. this; nom. sg. m. pes; /. peos, pios; n. pis, pys; gen. m. & n. pisses, pysses, pises; dat. m. & n. pi3Surn,pyssum,peossum,pisum, pysum,pisson,pysson,pisan,pys- san; gen. & dat. f. pisse, pysse; ace. m. pisne, pysne; /. pas; n. pis; instr. m. & n. pys, pis; nom. & ace. pi. m. & /. pas, pses; gen. pissa, pyssa; dat. pissum, pys- sum, pysum, piossum. p6wan. See pgowan (to crush). p§ah, pseh, pgh, 1. adv. though, yet,nevertheless, notwithstanding ; swa, se peah, nevertheless, how- ever. — 2. conj., w. indie, & subj. though, although: (so p§ah pe). peaht, st. f. 1. af terthought, reflec- tion, thought (El. 1242).— 2. ad- vice, counsel. peahtian, w. v. to think over, weigh, ponder. p§am, p^rn, st. m. steam, vapor? Sat. 179. p§ana, adv. nevertheless, yet ; — i peana, yet though, however. 216 beara — beon beara, bearf. See beet, burfan (to need). ]?earf, st. f. 1. need; necessaries. — 2. use, utility, profit, advantage. 3. privation, need, want (Gen. 503). 4. need, distress, misery. bearfa, w. m. needy one, pauper, beg- gar. bearfende, part, the same as above. bearfendlic, adj. needy, miserable. bearfian, w. v. to starve, be in need, want. ge-bearfian, to impose compul- sion, necessity, or force upon. ]?earflice, adv. according to need or necessity? carefully? Met. 1: 60. pearl, adj. violent, strict, harsh, vig- orous, bold. ]?earle, adv . violently, very, extre mely . bearlic, adv. harsh, violent, grievous. bearl-mod, adj. harsh-minded, of violent spirit. beaw, st. m. (thew), custom, habit, usage. beaw-faest, adj. virtuous, moral, hon- orable. beo. See bgod, b6oh, beow. b6od, biod, st. f. folk, population, nation; — in j)l. also people. beod, st. f. training, rearing, chas- tisement? Az. 171; Gn. Ex. 18. beodan, biodan, biedan, bydan, w. v. in ge-beodan, to associate with, join; to give up or away. 6d-beodan, to separate, sever. under-beodan, to subjugate, to subject. bSod-bealu, st. n. misfortune affect- ing a whole people ; general mis- fortune. b6od-buend, part. & subs, earth- inhabiter, human being. b§od-cw§n, st. /. people's queen. b6od-cyning, st. m. people's king, king of nations, God. Seel. 12. beod-egsa, w. m. people's terror, general or great terror. beoden, bioden, st. m. people's lord, king (temporal and eternal). tjeoden-ge-dal, st. n. separation from one's lord (through his death). beoden-hold, adj. pleasing to or well-disposed toward one's lord. beoden-leas, adj. lordless, bereft of one's lord. b§oden-madum, -madm,rf. m. jewel or gift given by the chief to his men. bgoden-stol, st. m. prince's stool, throne. beod-fnima, ic. m. prince of the people or of nations. beod-ge-streon, st. n. people's treas- ure, great treasure. beod-guma, w. m. man of the people. beod-here, st. m. host, army of the people. beodisc, st. n. speech, language. Cf. Deutsch. b§od-land, si. n. folk's land, neigh- borhood, province. beod-msegen, st. n. folk's might, power, host, cohort, division. bgod-mearc, st. m. folk's march, section, division of land, land. b6od-sceada, w. m. folk-scather, foe of the people, robber. beod-scipe, st m. 1. folk, population. 2. assembly, company, community (Jul. 178). — 3. discipline, training, administration, constitution, law. peod-stefn, st. m. tribe, nation. beod-brea, st. m. & n. misery cf the people, general distress. b§od-wiga, w. m. popular hero. beod-wundor, st. n. people's won- der, great marvel. b6of, st. m. thief, robber. beoh, b§o, st. n. thigh, hip. beon, bion, st. all. v. VI. to thrive, grow, grow up, prosper, be profit- able, advantageous, able. peon — ping 217 ge-peon, to thrive, prosper, grow (up), increase, grow in power and influence. [cessful. mis-peon, to thrive ill, be unsuc- on-peon, to grow forth, grow, escape, thrive, stand successfully. peon, w. v. to commit, perform, ex- ecute. ge-p6on, the same as above. peon, peo-nyd. See peowan, p6ownyd. peos. See pes (this). pgoster, pyster, peostru, piostru, (cf. Ger. duster), st. n. & f. dark- ness, gloom, obscurity. p§oster-cofa, w. m. dark space or room. pgoster-loca, w. m. dark lock-up, hold; custody. peostre, pystre, adj. dark, gloomy, obscure; sad, mournful. peossum. See pes (this). peotan, st. abl. v. VI. 1. to howl. — 2. to be noisy, rave, rage, roar. Rid. 39: 4. pSow, p§o, st. m. slave, servant; arranger, disposer. p6ow, adj. slavish, servile. p§owa, piowa, w. in. slave, servant. peowan, peon, pywan, pyan, pe- wan, piwan, w. v. to crush, push, urge, oppress, check. for-p6on, to press out, crush, suppress, oppress. ge-p§owan, to press, crush, push, oppress, overwhelm, check, crush down. peowan, w. v. to serve, wait on. pe"ow-dom, st. m. service, servitude, slavery. pSowe, w. f. maid, female servant. pSowen, st. f. the same as above. pSowene, w. f. the same as above. pSowet, pSowot, st. m. & n. service (general or menial). p6owian, piowian, w. v. to serve, minister, help, assist. peow-mennen, st. n. maid, female servant. peow-ned, -nyd, st. f. slavery, serv- itude. piece, adj. thick, close, dense. piece, adv. 1. thickly, closely, richly. 2. frequently. Gen. 684. picgan, -ean, st. all. v. III. to take, touch, appropriate, eat, accept, receive. ge-picgan, the same as above. 6d-picgan, to withdraw, snatch or take away. picgan, pyegan, to. v. to take, ac- cept, appropriate, eat. piclice, adv. frequently. pider, pyder, adv. thither. pider-weard, adv. thitherward. pigde, pret. of w. v. picgan (to take). pigen, pin, st. f. 1. eating, consump- tion of food. — 2. food. pignen, pinen, st. f. maid, female servant. pihan, st. all. v. V. to thrive, grow, increase, progress, succeed, help, benefit. (Ger. deilien.) ge-pihan, the same as above. on-pihan, w. gen. to derive ben- efit from. pihtig, pin. See pyhtig, pii, pigen. pin, pyn, poss. pron. thy, thine. Cf. pu. pine, pincg, pincan. See ping, pyncan. pindan, st. abl. v. I. to swell, swell up ; melt, pass away (wrongly, — through confusion between tdbe- scere and tumescere. Ps. Ill: 9; 118: 158. a-pindan, to swell (up), increase; melt, pass away. pinen. See pignen (maid). ping, pincg, pine, st. n. 1. thing, object, venture, deed, enterprise, event; one's affairs, condition, cir- cumstances; — aelces pinges, en- tirely, in every regard ; — naenige 218 pingan — preed pinga, in no regard, by no means. 2. thing, assembly, judicial assem- bly.— 3. instr. pi. pingum, power- fully, violently. pingan, st. all. v. I. to thrive, pros- per, have repute. ge-]?ingan, to wax, grow, thrive, increase (in power, authority, &c.) ofer-pingan (?), to outwit, over- come, vanquish. on-pingan, to grow out of or forth from, to escape, endure suc- cessfully. ]?ingan, w. v. in ge-pingan, 1. to negotiate, treat (for), to seek help and support (to, at, from. B. 1837).— 2. to prescribe, institute, appoint. — 3. to resolve, include, design, pur- pose, undertake. Dom. 5. ping-ge-mearc, st. n. marking off or characterizing a certain thing; — reckoning of time, chronology. pingian, id. v. 1. w. dat. (Ger. dingen), to beg, pray, ask, intercede for. — 2. w. ace. to conciliate, smooth over, lay aside, expiate, atone for ; feo (compound with money. B. 156, 470). — 3. to speak, make a public speech. — 4. to sojourn, dwell? Sat. 447. ge-pingian, 1. intrans. to beg, ask, supplicate pardon or grace (Jul. 198). — 2. w. dat. to pray, beg, ask, intercede for (Cri. 342). — 3. to reconcile (Jul. 717). — 4. to smooth over or appease a quarrel (Cri.616). 5. to unite, conclude a treaty (Gn. Ex. 57). — 6. to conclude, purpose, design. Sat. 598. ping-raeden, st. f. 1. mediation, in- tercession, intervention. — 2. bride- wooing? Jul. 126. ping-stede, si. m. thing-place, as- sembly or place of parliament. pinne. See pynne (thin). pinra? Mot. 16: 8. pirel, pirsced, pirst, pis, pis, pisa, pisan, pises. See pyrel, perscan, pyrst, pes. pisla, w. m. pole (of a wagon), thill, shaft. Met. 28: 10. (Ger. deichscl.) pisne, pissa, pissan, pisse, pissss, pisson, pissum, pisum, pislic, pistrian, piwan. See pes, pyslic, pystrian, peowan. piedan. See peodan. piod, piodan, pioden, piodisc.pion, pios, piestro, piotan, piowa, pio- wian. See peod, peodan, peo- den, peodisc, p§on, pes, peostor, peotan, peowa, peowian. polite, pret. of pencau (to think). polian, w. v. 1. w. ace. to thole, en- dure, suffer, bear; — to grant, al- low, admit, permit (Gen. 597). — 2. w. gen. to do without, dispense with. — 3. intrans. to persevere, persist, stand out. a-polian, to vanish, pass away. for-polian, to dispense with, do without. ge-polian, 1. to thole, endure, suffer, fear. — 2. to await patiently, persevere. — 3. w. gen. to do with- out, dispense with. Sat. 237. pon, ponan, ponon, pone, pone-, poncian, poncol, ponne. See pan, panan, pane, pancian, pan- col, panne. porn, st. m. thorn; — also, name for the Eune p. pracu, st. f. onrush, attack, pressure, fury, conflict. praec-heard, adj. valiant in combat, strong in battle. praec-hwil, st. f. time of combat or misery. praec-rof, adj. able or strenuous in fight. praec-wig, st. m. violent combat. praec-, prec-wudu, st. m. battle- wand, spear. preed, st. m. thread. J>rseft — ]?rines 219 Jpreeft, st. n. loquacity, garrulous- ness ; — eagerness to contend or quarrel. Jpraegan, to. v. to run, move swiftly, race. ]?raestan, w. v. in ge-Jjraestan, to trouble, grieve, oppress. Jprafian, to. v. to shove, crowd, press, urge. ]?rag, ]?rah, st. f. 1. course, running, race (Rid. 82: 4; Ph.68).— 2. course or space of time, time; order or condition of things, fate; bad time(s), (B. 2883).— Phrases: ace. sg. ]?rage, some time, long time; ealle ]?rage, all the time, contin- ually;— lytle £>rage, for a little time; — instr. pi. ]?ragum, some time, at times, sometimes. Jprag-bysig, adj. busy with, engaged in, fond of running (?). brag-mselum, adv. from time to time, at times. brec, bremma, bresc-wald. See braecwudu, byrmma,byrscwold. br6a, st. m.,f, & n. menace, threat, invective, attack, oppression, dis- turbance, terror, evil, need, mis- fortune. brgagan, brean, w. v. to threaten, menace, attack, scold, chastise, torture. ge-brSan, to torture, torment, chastise, oppress, press. brealic, adj. terrible, threatening, calamitous. brea-nyd, -nied, -ned, st. f. («.?), crushing necessity, misery, need, distress, calamity, danger. brea-nydlic, -niedlic, adj. the same as above. bria-nydla, -niedla, -n6dla, to. m. misery, violence, distress, oppo- sition. bret, st.f. the same as above. Cf. threat. breat, st. m. crowd, troop, band, forae. br£at (?), part of a loom. Rid. 36: 6. br§atian, w. v. to fall upon, attack, press, press forward,oppress,cause misery to, force. ge-breatian, the same as above. brea-weorc, st. n. tribulation, mis- ery, deed of oppression. breo. See bri (three). breodian, brydian, w. v. to think over, reflect upon, cogitate, pon- der. breohtig,af7/.persistent, persevering, laborious. breo-niht, st. f. period of three nights. Cf . fortnight. breora, gen. of bri (three). breostru, briostra, brystni, st. f. or st. n. pi. (Lat. tristisf), gloom, darkness. breotan, si. all. v. VI. in a-breotan, 1. impers. to produce annoyance or disgust ; to be weary or disgusted. — 2. pers. to be weary of or disgusted with something. brgo-tene, -tyne, num. thirteen. breo-teoda, breot-teoda, num. adj. thirteenth. breowan, st. all. v. VI. in a-br6owan, to excite, stir up, press out, spill, shed? An. 1427. breowian. See ]?rowian. bri, brie, brio, bria, breo, bry, num. three ; — nom. & ace. m. bri, bry ; /. breo; n. brSo, brio, bria; — gen. briora, breora; dat. brim, brym. briccan. See bryecan (to crush). bridda, num. adj. third. bri-, brie-feald, adj. threefold. brim, brim. See brym, bri (three). brindan, brintan, st. all. v. I. to be swelled, swollen up. a-brintan, the same as above. bri-, bry-nes, st.f. threeness, trinity. 220 bringan — brystru bringan, st. dbl. v. I. to throng, press, press on, move violently; to hurry, hasten, break forth; — also w. ace. to urge, crowd, crowd upon. Luc. 8 : 45 ; Marc. 5 : 24-31. a-bringan, 1. to crowd or throng out, push out. — 2. to rush forth, break out. aet-]?ringan, to snatch or take away, extort from. be-, bi-bringan, to crowd, urge, press on from all sides, surround. for-bringan, to extort, press out of, take from, defend against. ge-bringan, 1. intrans. to throng, press, press one's self, hurry. — 2. w. ace. to press, oppress, press out of, extort, overcome. — 3. to swell up (Wid. 84: 2). on-bringan, 1. to press on or forward. — 2. to be or become moved, to move. Gu. 1300. 6d-bringan, to force or press out of, from, take away. to-bringan, to press in two or to pieces, to drive asunder. ymb-bringan, to press around, throng about. brintan. See brindan (to swell). bri-rSdre-ceol, st. m. galley with three banks of oars, trireme. brist, briste, adj. bold, daring, rash, confident, resolute, audacious. briste, adv. the same as above. brist-hyegende, part, bold of spirit, valiant-minded. brist-hydig, adj. the same as above, bristlice, adv. boldly, daringly, bri-tig, brit-tig, num. thirty, brid, bridu. See bryd (strength). briwa, adv. thrice, bria, brie, brio, briostru. See bri, breostru. broht, st. m. effort, exertion, trouble, difficulty, broht, adj. difficult, dire, trouble- some, tormenting. broht-heard, adj. 1. strong in endur- ing, able to bear torture, patient. 2. hard to bear. An. 1141. brosm, st. m. steam, fume, vapor, smoke. browere, st. m. endurer, martyr. browian, breowian, no. v. to endure, bear, suffer. ge-browian, the same as above. browing, browung, st. f. suffering, passion, throe, endurance. bry. See bri (three). bryecan, briccan, (Ger. driicken), w. v. 1. trans, to crush (Met. 4: 38). 2. intrans. to press, urge (Gu. 256). bi-bryecan, to becrush, crush down, oppress. for-bryecan, the same as above. of-bryecan, the same as above. brydian. See breodian (to reflect on) brydig, adj. heedful, thoughtful, con- siderate. brym, prim, st. m. 1. (properly) noisy troop, band, multitude ; host, chorus. — 2. noise, uproar, tumult, storm, violence. — 3. might, power, strength, ability. — 4. glory, beauty, majesty, bril- liancy. — 5. the Glorious (epithet of God). prym-cyme, st. m. glorious coming, arrival. brym-cyning, st. m. king of glory, God. brym-faest, adj. glorious, illustrious, noble, mighty, able. brym-ful, adj. the same as above. brymlic, adj. the same as above. brymlice, adv. the same as above. brymma, w. m. brave man, hero. brym-sittende, pret. throned in glo- ry, dwelling in heaven. brynes. See brines (trinity). brysman, w. v. in a-brysman, to suffocate, stifle with smoke: to cover over. brystru. See b r eo stru (darkness). bry d — bweorian ;2i bryd, brid, brydu, bridu, st. f. strength, power, might, abundance, excellence, glory, splendor. Jpryd-cern, st. n. glorious house, king's palace. bryd-bearn, st. n. strong son, youth. bryd-bord, st. n. strong shield. bryd-cyning, st. m. king of glory. bryd-full, adj. strong, brave. bryd-ge-steald, st. n. great wealth, splendid dwelling. brydian, iv. v. in ge-brydian, to invigorate, to strengthen, harden, temper? Ph. 486. brydlic, adj. noble, excellent, valiant. bryd-swid, -swyd, adj. strong and powerful.— ["great pain or grief." Grein.] brydu, -brydo. See bryd (might). bryd-weorc, st. n. strong or firm piece of work, fortification. bryd-word, st. n. chosen word, ex- cellent speech. bu, pron. thou; gen. bin; dot. be; ace. bee, ]?e. buf, st. m. flag, pennant, field-ensign. buhte, pret. of byncan (to seem). buncan, ic. v. in be-buncan, to trouble one's self about, to care. bunian, w. v. 1. (cf. Ger. delinen), to stretch, extend, swell, strut. — 2. to thunder, roar, groan, crash. on-Jmnian, to swell up, move around? Rid. 41: 91. bunor, st. m. thunder. [der. bunor-rad-stefn, st. f. voice of thun- bunrian, w. v. to thunder, bun-wang, -wange, -wenge, st. n. (the) temples of the head. buren. See bweran (to hammer, &c.) burfan (Ger. diirfen), pret. pres., in- die. 1, 3. bearf. — 2. bearft; pi. burfon; subj. sg. burfe; pi. burfe, byrfen; prei. borfte. — 1. 10. inf. in neg. clauses = not to need, not to require. — 2. w. inf. in affirm, clauses = to need, require, have reason. — 3. w. gen. or acc.= to be in need of, to require. — 4. abso- lutely = to need (Dan. 430). be-, bi-burfan, to need, require, be in need of. burn, burg, buruh, I. prep, through. I. space: through. — 2. time: through, during. — 3. means: through, by means of. — 4. effect- ive cause: in consequence of, in conformity with. — 5. accompany- ing circumstances. — 6. for the sake of, in the name of (w. verbs of begging, asking, conjuring, swearing, &c.)— 7. end or aim: with a view to, in behalf of. — II. adv. through, throughout. burn-hat, adj. hot through and through. burst, st. m. thirst. burstig T a^.thirsty,greedy,desirous. bus, adv. thus, so. busend, num. thousand, busend-ge-rim, st. n. calculation by thousands. busend-meemm,^". thousand-meal or fold; in thousands. bweran, st. abl. v. II. to thicken, to render compact by blows; to forge, to render malleable, make tractable. ge-bweran, the same as above. bwerian, bweorian, w. v. in ge-bwerian f to soften, reconcile, to render accordant, make harmo- nious. bweahan, bwean, st. abl. v. IV. to wash, wash off, cleanse. S-bwgan, the same as above. bweorh, adj. thwart, bent, crooked, twisted, cross. bweorh-teme, -tyme, -time, adj. crooked, twisted; — cross, savage, truculent, defiant. bweorian. See bwerian (to soften). 222 bwitan — uuasecgendlic bwitan, st. all. v. V. to cut out or off, to excise. ]?y = ]?eow, st. m. slave, servant? Gn. Ex. 50. Py, Py, t>yan, bycgan, bydan, by- der. {See beet (pron.), be, beo- wan, bicgan, beodan, Jpider. byhtig, bihtig, adj. doughty, strong, able. byle, st. m. speaker, spokesman, leader of the conversation at court. bylman, w. v. in for-bylman, to surround, shut in, inclose. byn. See bin (thine). byncan, byncean, bincan, (Ger. dtiukcn), w. v. (prct. buhte), to seem, appear. Of. methinks. ge-byncan, the same as above. of-t>ynca:i, to displease, wound, insult. bynden. See bcnden (while, &c.) bynne, binnc, adj. thin. J>yr, adj. dry, arid. (Ger. dilrr.) fcyrel, byrl, adj. perforated, pierced with holes. Cf. nos-tril = nose- thyrel. byrel, st. n. perforation, opening, aperture, byrel-wamb.a^'.with pierced belly. byrl. See byrel (pierced). by men, adj. thorny. J>yrran, w. v. to dry, render dry. (Ger. diirren.) byrs, st. m. giant. byrsc-wold, Jpersc-, berx-, presc- wald, st. m. threshing- wood, threshold, byrst, birst, st. m. thirst. ]?yrstan, w. v. to thirst. £>y s > PS&- See bes (this). \>ysh\c,adj. thus-like, in this manner, bysne, byssa, byssan, Jpysse, bys- ses, bysson, byssum, bysum. See bes. [tre. Oyster, bystre. See beoster, beos- bystrian, I>istrian, to. v. in a-bistrian, to darken, obscure. bytan, w. v. in a-bytan, to toot, blow the horn. bywan. See beowan (to serve). U ufan, nfon, adv. 1. from above.— 2. above. % ufan-cund, adj. coming or originat- ing from above. ufane, adv. above. ufera, compar. adj. later, posterior. ufe-weard, adj. upward, ascending. ufor, adv. higher; later in time, sub- sequent, posterior. uht-ceani, st. f. night-grief, sorrow at morn or night. uhte, to. f. early morn, morning twi- light, dawn. ulit-floga, w. m. flying in the twilight (dawn or dusk). uht-hlem, st. m. cry at morn, tumult or conflict at dawn. uht-sceada, w. m. twilight foe, rob- ber in the dark. uht-tid, st f. twilight tide, dawn tide. umbor, st. w. young child, babe new- born. un-aedele, adj. not noble, not fa- mous. tm-aga, tr. m. unowning, one that owns nothing, poor. un-ar, st. f. unhonor, lack of honor. dishonor. • ! un-arlic,a(f/. dishonorable. dishonest. un-arlice, adv. 1. dishonorably, dis- honestly. — 2. unmercifully. un-S-secgendlic, adj. unspeakable, unutterable. unabreotend — ungeblyged 223 un-a-br6otend, part, unwearied, as- siduous, persistent. un-a-weudend, part, unchangeable, unceasing. un-a-wendendlic, same as above. un-be-fohten, part, undisputed, un- impeached. un-beted, part, unexpiated (boot- less), uncompensated. un-beald, adj. unbold, distrustful, cowardly. un-bealu, st. n. innocence. un-bi-byrfe, adj. inactive, useless, idle, vain. un-blide, adj. 1. unblithe, joyless. 2. unfriendly, unkind. un-breece, adj. that can not be broken, infrangible, imperish- able. un-bryce, -brice, adj. same as above. un-bryce, adj. that can not be used, useless, worthless. Cf.GeT.brauchen un-bunden, part, unbound. un-byrnende, part, not burning. unc, uncer. See wit (we two). uncer, possess, pron. of or belonging to us two. un-c§apunga, adv. gratuitously, gratis, without pay. un-clsene, adj. unclean, impure. un-clsennis, st. f. uncleanness. un-cud, adj. 1. unknown, strange. — 2. unheard of, unusual (B. 876). — 3. uncertain, undetermined (Hy. 11: 4). — 4. unfriendly, unkind, rough, uncouth, unwieldy. un-cyst, st. f. mistake, error, crime, loathsomeness. un-cyddu, st. f. unknown land, for- eign land. un-cydig, adj. 1. ignorant, unac- quainted with (El. 961). —2. strange, alien, without participation in (Gu. 1199). under, I. prep., w. dat.,& ace. under, "below, beneath. — II. adv. below, underneath. un-derne, -dyrne, adj. unconcealed, not hidden, well known, un-derne, -dyrne, adv. the same as above. undera-mael, st. n. noontide, midday. under-nidemest, adj. superl. adj. lowest of all. under-stadol-faest, adj. unsteady, inconstant, vacillating. un-dearninga, -nunga, adv. without concealment, openly. un-dyrne. Seeunderne (well known) un-efen, adj. uneven, unlike. un-efne, adv. same as above, [arg.) un-earg, adj. unc owardly, bold. (Ger. un-§ade, adj. uneasy, not easy, with difficulty, hard. un-feecne, adj. without cunning or fraud, sincere, honest. un-faege, adj. not "fey," not near to death; un-faeger, adj. unfair, unlovely, un- lovable. un-faegre, adv. the same as above. un-faele, adj. uncanny, unlovely, not good. un-feor, adj. unfar, not far. un-flitme, adj. without rival, invin- cible, not to be opposed (B. 1097, 1129). un-for-cud, adj. not to be despised, not wrong, honorable, noble. un-for-cudlice, adv. same as above. un-forht, adj. fearless, bold, unter- rified. un-fremu, st. f. something deadly or pernicious. un-frSondlice, adv. unkindly, in an unfriendly manner. un-fricgende, part, uninquiring, not questioning. un-fr6d, adj. not aged, young. un-from, adj. unfit, unambitious, in- active, not brave. un-fyrn, adv. unfar off. soon. un-ge-bletsod, part, unblessed. un-ge-blyged, part, unterrified. 224 ungedefelice — unlide un-ge-defelice, adv. unduly, unfit- tingly, contrary to right and cus- tom. un-ge-fullod, part, unfulfilled. un-ge-leaf, adj. unbelieving. un-ge-lic, adj. unlike. un-ge-lice, adv. the same as above. un-ge-mede, adj. incompatible, in- tolerant. un-ge-niet, st. over-measure, excess, superfluity; — adv. gen. sg. unge- metes, and instr. pi. ungemetum, excessively, extremely, very. [ive. un-ge-met, adj. immoderate, excess- un-ge-met, -gemete, adv. the same as above. un-ge-myndig, adj. unmindful, heedless of. un-ge-sselig, adj. unhappy, wretched. un-ge-scead, adv. undauntedly, in- trepidly, exceedingly. (Ger. unge- scheidt.) un-ge-sewenlic, adj. unseen, in- visible. un-ge-sib,rttf/. unrelated, not trusted, not intimate, not befriended, not familiar. un-ge-treow, adj. untrue, faithless. un-ge-beod, -beoded, part, un- united, disunited. un-ge-wemmed, part, unspotted, un- injured, unblemished. un-ge-wyrded, part, uninjured, un- hurt. un-geara, adv. 1. not long ago,lately. Cf . yore. — 2. without delay or pro- crastination ; shortly, soon. un-gearu, adj. unready, unprepared. un-gifede, -gyfede, adj. ungiven, not lent, not belonging to. un-gifre, adj. mischievous, destruc- tive, pernicious. un-gin, adj. not great or broad (Gil. Ex. 206). un-gl§aw, adj. not loitering or dil- atory (from reflection), not quick, regardless, reckless? B. 2564. un-gleawlice, adv. unwisely, ig- norantly. un-gnyde, adj. not niggardly or eco- nomical, not sparing. uij-god, adj. not good. un-grene, adj. ungreen, not green. un-grund, adj. without ground or bottom, unfathomable, unmeas- urable. [less. un-grynde, adj. groundless, bottom- un-gyfede. See ungifede (ungiven). un-haelu, st. f. unwholesomeness, mischief, destruction. un-hal, adj. unhale, un whole, weak, unsound. un-har, adj. hairless, bald. un-heore, -hiore, -hyre, adj. (Ger. ungeJieuer), monstrous, unlovely, uncanny, horrible. un-heore, -hiore, adv. same as above. un-hleow, adj. offering no protection or defense. un-hlitme (B. 1129, for unflitme). un-hneaw, adj. not sparing, gen- erous, liberal. unhold, adj. ungracious, unfavor- able. (Ger. nnhold.) unholda, u\ m. monster, devil. un-hwilen, adj. untemporary, eternal un-hydig, adj. unwise, unheedful, ignorant. I un-hyldo, si. f. disfavor, disgrace. (Ger. unhuld.) un-hyre. See unheore (horrible). I un-hydig, adj. profitless, unlucky, unhappy. un-lsed, -l^de, adj. poor, wretched, unhappy. un-lsered, pa rt. unlearned, uutaught . un-laet, adj. unwearied, indefatiga- ble, restive. un-land, -lond, st. n. unland, no land; — falsely taken (for land). Wal. 14. un-l§of, adj. unlief, not dear. un-lide, adj. harsh, hard. (Ger. lind.) unlifigende — unsodfaestnes 225 un-lifigende, -lifgende, -lyfigende, part, unliving, lifeless, dead. un-lust, st. m. disgust, displeasure, disinclination. un-lyt, n. not or no little. un-lytel, adj. unlittle, not little, very large. un-niceg, st. m. (a) non-relation, stranger, alien. un-maege, adj. unrelated, not akin. un-mgele, adj. unspotted, unblem- ished, immaculate. un-meene, adj. unmean, not crim- inal, innocent, pure. un-msete,ac7/.unmeasured, excessive, immense, great. un-mendlinga, -myndlinga, adv. un- expectedly. un-meaht, -miht, st. f. unmight, weakness. un-meahtig, -mehtig,af7j.unmighty, weak. un-murn, adj. careless, untroubled. un-murnlice, adj. untroubled, un- mourning, careless, fearless. unnan, pret. pres. sg. 1, 3. an, ann, onn. — 2. unne; pi. unnon; pret. tide. — 1. (Ger. gdnnen), to grant, give, present, lend. — 2. to be glad to see, to wish, to desire. ge-unnan, the same as above. of-unnan, to begrudge, grudge, envy. un-n6ah, adj. unnear, far. un-nyt, -net, adj. useless, worthless, idle, vain, (Ger. unniitz.) un-ofer-swided,^>artunvanquished, unconquered. un-orne, adj. old, obsolete, wornout, decrepid. uxi-rebd.,st.m. bad counsel, ill-advised or injurious act, folly. un-rseden, adj. the same as above. un-rsed-sid, st. m. act of folly, fool- ish enterprise. un-riht, adj. unright, unjust, wrong. un-riht, -ryht, st. n. unright, injus- tice, badness, evil, sin. un-riht-dom, st. m. unrighteousness, wrong. un-riht-feoung, -fioung, st. f. un- righteous hate, hatred. un-riht-haemed, st. n. unrighteous connection, adultery, fornication. un-rihtlice, adj. unjustly, partially, unrightly. un-riht- wis, adj. unrighteous, un- wise, ignorant. un-riht-wyrhta, w. m. worker of unright, injustice, sinner. un-rim, st: n. immense number. un-rim, adj. numberless,innumerable un-rot, adj. joyless, sad. un-rotnes, st. f. sadness. un-ryht. See unriht (unright). un-saed, adj. unsated, insatiable. un-saslig, adj. 1. unhappy, wretched. 2. mischievous, pernicious. Gen. 637. j un-scende, -scynde, adj. not injur- ing, blameless, not to be ashamed of or despised. un-sceamig, -scamig, adj. without shame, disgrace, or crime. un-sceamlice, -scomlice, adv. un- chastely, dissolutely. un-scyldig, adj. innocent, guiltless, debtless. (Ger.unschuldig.) [less.) un-scynde. See unscende (blame- un-slaw, adj. unslow, stirring, active. un-smgde, adj. unsmooth, rough. un-snyttro, st. f. unwisdom, folly, ignorance. un-soden, part, unsodden, not boiled or cooked. un-softe, 1. adv. unsoftly, ungently, harshly, bitterly. — 2. with effort, hardly, scarcely. un-s6d-faest,ad/.unjust,unrighteous. un-sod-faest-nes, -nys, st. f. injus- tice, unrighteousness. 226 unsp§dig — upgemynd un-sp§dig, adj. unfruitful, infertile. un-stille,«r7/.unstill,unquiet,uneasy. un-swabse, adj. unpleasant, disagree- able, ungenial. un-sw£eslic,rtf(/.ungentle,not sweet, wretched. un-swete, adj. unsweet. un-sweotule, adj. invisible, unrec- ognizable, indistinct. un-swiciende, part, imperishable, untransitory. [ly. un-swidor, compar. adv. less violent- un-syfre, adj. unclean, untidy, dirty. (Ger. unsaubcr.) un-syfre, adv. the same as above. un-syn, adj. unsinning, innocent. unsynnig, adj. the same as above. un-tsele, adj. blameless. un-teorig, -tiorig, adj. untiring, un- ceasing. un-traglice, adj. without reserve or fraud. un-treow, st. f. untruth, unfaith- fulness. un-treowd, -tryowd, st. f. same as above. un-trum, adj. not strong, weak, in- firm. un-trymnes, st. f. weakness, feeble- ness, infirmity. un-tweo, adj. undoubted. un-tweod, part, unwavering, un- vacillating. un-tweo-feald, adj. sincere, without duplicity. un-tweonde, part, not doubting, un- wavering. untyddre, adj. not pliant or flexible, firm, unbending. un-tyder, st. m. evil race, race of monsters. B. 111. un-panc, st. m. disinclination, aver- sion. un-peaw, st. m. immorality, wicked- ness. un-pinged, part, uncalled, unsum- moned, unchallenged. un-waclic, adj. unweakly, strong, firm, unyielding. un-waclice, ado. the same as above. un-waer, adj. unwary, incautious, careless. un-wserlice, adv. the same as above. un-wscstm-bcere, adj. unfruitful. un-wemme, adj. unblemished, with- out spot, uninjured. un-wen, adj. unweening, hopeless. un-wered, part, unprotected, uncov- ered, unclothed. un-wearnum, adv. irresistibly. un-weaxen, part, unwaxen, not grown up or full grown. un-weord,ar7/. unworth, not valued, not dear. un-willa, w. m. unwillingness. un-wis, adj. unwise, ignorant, un- informed. un-wislice, adv. the same as above. un-wita, w. m. unwit, ignoramus. un-wiotod, part, unallotted, not de- termined. un-wrecen, part, unwreaked, un- avenged. un-wundod, part, unwounded, not wounded. un-wurdlice, adv. unworthily. un-wyrde, adj. the same as above. up, upp, adv. 1. up, upward. — 2. above. — (up, upp?) up-cund, adj. originating above, ce- lestial, supernal. up-cyme, st. m. upcome, rising, origin, source. up-ende, st. m. upper-end; vertex; polar region. up-engel, st. m. angel above, angel of heaven. up-eard, st. m. upper yard, mansion above, heaven. up-gang, st. m. up-going, origin, be- ginning. up-ganga, ,s^. m. the same as above. up-ge-mynd, st. n. upward-thinking, contemplation of things above. uphebbe — wacnian 227 up-hebbe, to; /. water-hen, coot, fulica ddoropus. up-heah,ac//.uplif ted, high, elevated. up-heofon, st. m. heaven above. up-lang, adj. uplong, upright, erect. up-, upplic, adj. above, upper, up- lifted, celestial, supreme. up-lyft, st. f. (the lift), upper air, ether. upon, adv. from above. upp. See up. uppan, adv. & prep, upon, over, above ; moreover, besides. uppe, adj. above, atop, high up, ex- alted. uppe, adv. above. up-, upp-riht, adj. upright. up-rodor, -rador, st. m. upper heav- en, ether, firmament. up-stige, st. m. upgoing, ascent, as- cension to heaven. up-weg, st. m. way up, ascent. up-weard, adj. upward. up-weardes, adv. upwards. ur, adv. once, formerly? Cri. 806; El. 1266. ur, st. m. aur, aurochs; also, name of Rune u. ure, possess, pron . our, ours. Cf . we. urig-federa, adj. dewy-feathered. urig-last, adj. leaving moist tracks. us, usic, ussic, user, usser. See we (we). user, usser, possess, pron . of us, our, ours, ut, adv. 1. out (hither or thither). 2. outside, without. utan. See wutan (let us [go]). utan, uton, adv. outside, without, from without, utan- ■wear d, adj. outward, lite, adv. out, without (motion hence. Gen. 369; 415). ut-fus, adj. ready to depart, ready to sail, iit-gang, st. m. outgoing, exit, issue. ut-garsecg, st, m. outermost ocean, farthest sea. ut-ge-m^ru, st. n. pi. extreme or outermost limi ts. ut-land, st. n. (the) outland, foreign land(s). ut-myne, st* m. striving outward, toward the outside (?). uton. See wutan (let us [go]). utor, uttor, adj. & adv. outer, with- out, outside, ut-sid, st. m. outgoing, departure, going away, going to destruction. ut-weard, adj. outward-striviug, trying to get out. iide. See unnan (to grant). ud-genge, adj. vanishing, departing, fleeing. Cf. Icel. odfluga. ud-wlta, -weota, w. m. philosopher, sage, scholar. W wa, 1. adv. woe. — 2. interj. woe! oh, woe! oh, terror! wac, adj. weak, soft, pliant, vacil- lating, cowardly, timid, lazy. wacan, st. ail. v. IV. (to wake), arise, originate, descend, be born. a-wacan, 1. to awake, wake from sleep. — 2. to arise, originate, be born. on-wacan, the same as above. I wace, adv. weakly, slowly, negli- gently, poorly. j wacian, ic. v. to watch, wake. wacian, «\ r. to weaken, languish, vacillate, yield. a-wacian, to desist from, ab- stain. wacnian, w. v. in on-wacnian, to awaken, wake (from sleep). 228 wadan — "Tvsegbrea wadan, st. abl. v. IV. (to wade), press through, stride, go, move. an-wadan, to invade, attack, come at or on, seize. be-wadan, part, wombe be- waden, disemboweled? ££id.88:24. ! ge-wadan, to go, stride, advance, reach, press, press in. on-wadan, to invade, attack, come at or on, seize, occupy, em- ploy. burh- wadan, to wade through, penetrate, go or strike through. wsecan, w. v. to render weak, soft, ripe; to exhaust, enervate; to trouble, grieve. ge- wsecan, the same as above. on- wsecan, to soften, debilitate. wsecce, iv. f. watching, watch, wseccende, part, watching, watch- ful, awake. wsecnan, wsecnian, wecnian, w. v. ■ to (a)waken, arise, originate, pro- ceed from. a- wsecnan, the same as above. on-wsecnan, the same as above. wsed, st. n. wading-place ; — ef. va- dum, ford; sea, ocean, water. wsed, st. /.; wsede, st. n. weeds, clothing, garment, covering. wsedl, st. f. poverty, beggary, need, want. wsedla, w. m. beggar, needy person, pauper, wsefan, w. v. in be-wsefan, to bewoof, cover over or around. wsefer-syn, adj. wavering (?) scene, vision, play, spectacle, example. wsefre, adj. wavering, unsteady, un- quiet, wseg, wag, wah, st. to. wall, par- tition, side (paries and mums). wseg, weg, st. to. wave, billow, flood, sea. wseg, st. f. weighing-instrument, scales. wsegan, w. v. to cause to move, to trouble, afflict, grieve, disturb. ge- wsegan, to drive forth, expel, afflict, trouble, weary. wsegan, w. v. to play, sport, jest, deceive (wag?). a- wsegan, to frustrate, destroy. ge-wsegan, the same as above. wseg-bora, w. to. wave-bearer: i. e. either dwelling under the waves, on the sea-bottom, or= wave- bring- er, wave-rouser, swimmer. B. 1440. wseg-bord, st. n. wave- board, ship, vessel. wseg-deor, st. n. wave-deer, sea- beast. wseg-dropa, w. m. wave-drop, water- drop, tear. wsege, wege, st. n. cup, drinking- wseg-faru, st. f. wave-faring, sea- path, journey by sea. wseg-fset, st. n. wave-vat, water-jar; clouds. wseg-, wSg-flota, w. to. wave-float, ship. wseg-hengest, st. m. wave-horse, ship. (Ger. liinqst.) wseg-holm, st. to. the wave-filled sea, deep sea. wseg-lidend, part. & snbs. wave- traversing, seafarer, sailor. wsegn, wsen, st. to. wain, wagon, vehicle. wsegnan, w. v. in be-wsegnan, to offer, proffer, tender. wseg-stsed, st. n. wave-stead, sea- shore, bank. wseg-str§ani, st. to. wave-stream, sea-current. wseg-sweord, st. n. weighty sword. wseg-bel, st. n. wave-deal (board), ship, vessel. wseg-brea, st. TO. terror or danger on or of or from the sea. wsegpreat — weelpil 229 W33g-pr§at, st. m. inundation (of waves), deluge. wael, st. n. 1. sum-total of fallen warriors chosen by the Walkyrie to be carried from the battlefield to Walhalla. — 2. body of an indi- vidual warrior. — 3. corpse-strewn battlefield. wsel, st. m. & n. "welling of water, maelstrom, whirlpool (vveelj. wselan, w. v. to oppress, press upon, vex, torture, torment. be-waslan, the same as above. ge-waelan, the same as above. wael-bed, st. n. deathbed, bier. wael-ben, st. f. deadly wound. wael-bend, st. f. death-bond, wael-blat, -bleat, adj. death-blue, deadly pale. wael-ceald, adj. death-cold, cold as a corpse. wael-ceasig, adj. corpse-choosing, carrion-picker (the raven). wael-clam, -cloxn.,st.m. death-clamp, deadly fetter, bond of death. wael-craeft, st. m. killing (craft) power, deadly force. wael-cwealm, st. m. death iu battle or on the battlefield, violent death. weel-dead, st. in. the same as above. wael-dre~or, st. m. battle-gore, blood of the slain. wsel-fah, adj. hostile to the whirl- pool or the sea ? i. e. ice that covers the water; or wael-fah, adj. blood- stained? B. 1128. wael-fsehd, st. f. deadly feud, de- structive hostility. wael-faedm, st. m. deadly embrace. wael-fel, adj. bloodthirsty, greedy for corpses. wael-feld, st. m. battle-field, field of the slain. weel-feall, waell-fyll, st. m. fall of warrior-bodies, bloody death, de- feat, carnage. wael-fus, adj. bringing to or ready for death. wael-fyllo, st. f. abundance of the slain, carnage. wael-fyr, st. u. 1. deadly fire, flames of the dragon (B. 2582).— 2. fune- ral pyre, flames of the pyre (B. 1119). wael-gar, st. m. deadly spear. wael-gaest, st. m. deadly or death- bringing guest. wael-gifre, adj. greedy for the dead (bodies), murderous. wael-gim, st. m. death-bringing gem? Eid. 21:4. wael-graedig, adj. greedy for the dead (bodies), flesh-eating. ■wael-, waell-grim, adj. full of deadly fury, cruel, fateful, dire. wael-gryre, st. m. deadly horror or dread. wael-here, st. m. army doomed to death or destruction; or intent on slaughter (?). wael-hlem, st. m. death-stroke, dead- ly blow, wael-hlence, w. f. battle-link, chain- armor, shirt of mail. wael-hreow, -hriow, adj. savage in battle, cruel. wael-hwelp, st. m. deadly whelp, destroying hound. Wselisc, adj. Welsh, waell-. See wael-. waelm, welm, st. m. tossing sea, tumbling flood, tide, current. waelm-fyr, st. n. tossing or billow- ing fire, wael-mist, st. m. deadly mist, mist of death. wael-net, st. n. death-net. wael-nid, st. m. deadly hostility, en- mity, war. wael-, waell-notu, st. f. death sign or token, fatal mark. i wael-pil, st. m. deadly dart, arrow. 230 wselraes — waerwyrde wsel-rses, st. m. deadly attack, on- rush, bloody battle. wsel-rap, st. m. wave-fetter or bond, i. e. covering of ice. wael-r§c, st. m. death-bringing reek, suffocating smoke. weel-, waell-regn, st. m. deadly rain, shower (deluge). wael-rest, -raest, st. f. death-rest, deathbed, grave. wael-reaf, st. n. battle-plunder, spoil of the slain. wael-r§ow, adj. savage in battle, fu- rious. wael-run, st. f. battle-rune, secret, mystery or secret of carnage. wael-scel (?), slaughter, defeat (Jud. 313). wael-sceaft, st. m. deadly shaft, spear. wael-seax, st. n. deadly hip-sword, dagger. wael-sleaht, -sliht, st. m. n.f slaugh- ter, massacre. weel-spere, st n. deadly spear. wael-steng, st. m. death-pole, stake, spear-shaft. (Ger. stange.) wael-stow, si. f. battlefield. wael-strsel, st. m. &/. deadly arrow, dart. (Ger. stralil.) wael-stream, st. m. deadly stream, deluge. wael-sweng, st. m. deadly blow, thrust. wael-wang, st. m. field of battle, field of the slain. wael-weg, st. m. fateful journey, way of slaughter. wael-wulf, st; m. battle- wolf, war- rior, cannibal. waen. See waegen (wagon). weepen, st. n. 1. weapon (shield, sword, spear). — 2. membrum virile, penis. w^pen-ge-wrixle, st. n. exchange of arms, hostilities, contest, battle. wsepen-hete, st. m. weapon-hate, hostility shown by use of weapons. Wcepen-streel, st. m. arrow, dart. waepen-pracu, st. f. storm of weap- ons, conflict. wsepen-praege (?), weapon, equip- ment? Cra. 61. w^pen-wiga, w. m. weaponed war- rior. waepned, part, weaponed, armed x with a penis; male, man. weepned-cyn, st. n. male kin, tribe, race. w^pned-man, st. m. man, male. wesr, adj. wary, cautious. waer, st. n. sea, ocean: — old Norse ver and vor. weer, si: f. covenant, treaty, com- pact, promise, vow, troth. wser, adj. true, correct. Gen. 681. (Ger. wahr.) wcerc, st. n. wark, pain. w^r-fest, eidj. covenant-keeping, holding fast to a promise, faithful, true. waergan. See wergan (to curse). waer-genga, wer-genga, w. m. one seeking protection, wanderer, stranger, immigrant. waergdu. See wergdu (curse). w^r-16as, adj. treaty-breaking, faith- less, perfidious. waerlic, adj. wary, cautious, cir- cumspect. waerlice, adv. the same as above. wserlice, adv. truly, verily. w^r-, wer-loga, w. »». warlock, covenant-breaker, faithless one, devil. wsernis, -nys, st. f. curse, damna- tion. waeron. See wesan (to be). waerdo, st. f. something uncommon, (a) wonder, monster? Met. 28 : 82. waer-wyrde, adj. wary-worded, cautious in speech. waestm — wanhal 231 wasstm, waestum, -western, st. m., /., & n. 1. growth, stature, bodily- structure. — 2. a growth, plant. — 3. fruit. — 4. abundance. wsestm-bsere, adj. fruitful, fertile. weet, adj. wet, moist. waeta, w. m. wetness, moisture, water. wsetan, w. v. to wet, moisten, water. ge-waetan, the same as above. waeter, waetter, st. h. water. weeter-aedr, st. f. vein of water, waterfall. weeter-broga, w. m. water-horror, tumult of waters, frightful flood. waeter-egesa, w. in. same as above. waeter-flod, st. m. water-flood. waeter-grund, st. m. sea-bcttom, depth. waeter-helm, st. m. -water-Iielm, covering or floor of ice. waeter-scipe, st. m. collection of waters, water-floods. waeter-spring, -sprync, st. m. water- spring, whirlpool, eddy. wseter-stefn, st. f. voice of the waters. wseter-str6am, st. m. water-stream, river. weeter-pisa, -piswa, iv. m. water- traverser; whale (Wal. 50); ship (Gu. 1303). wseter-pryd, st.f. noise of water(s). waeter-yd, st. f. wave, billow. wsedan, w. v. to hunt, roam around. wafian, w. v. to waver, hesitate ; to stare, be astounded. wag, wah. See waeg (wall). wagian, w. v. to wag, vacillate, totter, move. wala, w. m. (wale), part of the hel- met through which the plume is fastened. B. 1031. Valas, walca, waldan, wall. See Wealh, wealca, wealdan, weall. "Wale, w. f. Welshwoman, slave. walian, to. v. in a-wyrt-walian, to root up, ex- tirpate. welic, adj. woful, pitiful. warn, worn, st. m. & n. 1. spot, blem- ish, disgrace, ignominy, crime, sin. 2. injury, loss, hurt, misfortune. warn, -worn, adj. shameful, ignomin- ious, mean, bad. wamb, womb, st. f. womb, belly. wamb-, womb-hord, st. n. womb- hoard, contents of the belly. warn-, wom-cwide, st. m. shameful or blasphemous speech, curse. warn-, wom-dsed, st. f. deed of shame, crime. warn-, wom-ful, adj. full of spots or blemishes ; shameful, sinful, bad. wam-,wom-sceada,M;.M. sin-stained foe, devil. warn-, wom-scyldig, adj. sinful, criminal. warn-, wom-wyrcende, part, work- er of sin or shame. wan, won, st. n. want, lack. wan, won, adj. (w. gen. of thing), in want of, deficient in. wan, wann, won, wonn, adj. wan, wanting color, dark, black, lurid. wana, w. m. -want, decrease. wan-, won-^ht, st. f. want, poverty. wandian, w. v. to desist, cease from, hesitate, tarry. wandrian, w. v. to wander, roam, fly around. wan-fag, won-fah, adj. wan-colored, dark-hued. wan-, won-feax, adj. dark-haired. wan-, won-fyr, st. n. lurid flame, flame mingled with smoke. wang, wong, si. m. field, mead, place, plain. wange, wonge, u\ n. (cf. wang- tooth), cheek, jaw. (G-er. wange.) wang-, wong-stede, st. m. field, place, locality. wan-, wann-, won-hal, adj. unsound, sick, ill. 232 wanhoga — wederburg wan-hoga, w. m. tlioughtless one, fool; — adj. thoughtless, foolish. wan-hyd, won-hygd, st. f. want of sense or foresight; carelessness, senselessness, audacity, heedless- ness. wan-, won-hydig, adj. heedless, au- dacious, ignorant. wanian, wonian, w. v. 1. intrant;, to wane, lessen, decrease, dwindle. 2. trans, to diminish, cause to de- crease, ge-wanian, the same as above. wanian, wanigean, w. v. to whine, weep, complain, lament, bemoan. wann. See wan (dark). wan-, won-s^lig, adj. unhappy, miserable. wan-,wonn-sceaft, s t.f. condition of want, misery, misfortune, mishap. wan-, won-spedig, adj. unhappy, miserable. war, st. n. alga, seaweed (waur). waran, w. m. pi. inhabitants, burgh- ers, citizens. warenian, w. v. in be-warenian, (refl.), to guard one's self, to be on one's guard. warian, w. v. 1. to guard, heed, hold, possess, inhabit. — 2. to be on one's guard against (Gen. 236, 801). be-warian, 1. to keep from, pre- serve from. — 2. to defend, guard, protect. warig, adj. covered with seaweed, slimy, dirty, squalid. warnian, warming, warod, warod. See wearnian,wearnung,warud, warud. waru, st. /. citizenship, citizen. [Used only in compounds.] waru, st. f. cave, shelter, protection, guarding. warud, warod, wearod, st. m. shore, bank, margin. warud, warod, st. n. alga, sea-grass, fueus. warod-fanid, si. m. surf, shore-surge. warud-ge-winn,6^^.same as above. wascan, at. abl. v. IV. to wash. wadol, at. m. full moon. wad, st.f. 1. wandering, journey. — 2. hunt,hunting. chase (Met. 27: 13). wadum, st. m. water, flood, stream. waduma, wadema, ic. m. flood, stream, sea. Wuwa, w. m. woe, misery. Wdwan, st. red. v. to blow. bi-wawan, to blow around or about. we, pron. we; gen. user, usserure; dat. us; ace. usic, ussic, us. ■web, st. n. web, weaving, tapestry. webban, webbian, w. v. to weave, work, think, continue, project. weccan, weccean, ic. v. 1. to wake, wake up. — 2. to waken, rouse, call up, bring forth. — 3. to exhort, en- courage, raise, rouse one's ener- gies. — 4. to move, to set in mo- tion. a-weccan, to awaken, wake up, rouse, incite, get. to-weccan, to arouse, excite. wecgan, w. r. 1. (Ger. -wegen), to move, drive hither and thither. — 2. to be moved (Met. 27: 4). a-wecgan, to move, rouse up, excite. wecnian. Seewaecnian(tobeborn). wed, st. n. ("wedding), pledge, se- curity. wedan, ic v. (Ger. wiithen), to rage. to be insane or mad. (Old Eng. wood. ) weddian, ir. v. in. bi-weddian, to bind by a wed or pledge; to affiance, engage. wede-kund, st. m. (wood- [mad] hound), mad dog. weder, st. n. weather, air. weder-burg, st. f. burgh (castle, town) exposed to the wind and weather (?). wedercandel — wendan 233 weder-candel, -condel, st.f. weath- er-candle, sun. weder-daeg, st. m. weather-day, day distinguished for its weather ; (breezy day?) weder-tacen, st. n. weather-token or sign in the air, sun. weder-wolcen, st. n. weather- wel- kin, cloud in the air. wefan, st. all. v. III. to weave, con- trive, project, dispose. a-wefan, to weave out, to weave. ge- wefan, the same as above. wefl, st. f. tuft, panicle? cladica? Rid. 36: 3. weg, w6g. See wig, w^g. weg, st. m. way, path. weg (in connection with la: weg la), quite right, euge. Ps. 69 : 4. wegan, st. all. v. III. 1. to bear, carry. — 2. to be moved, to move (Exod. 180; Rim. 6). a-wegan, to bear away, remove, destroy. aet-wegan, to bear to or away, be-wegan, 1. to slay, kill (By. 183). — 2. to surround, envelop, cover. for- wegan, to slay, kill. ge-wegan, to fight, contend. to-wegan, to scatter, dissipate. w§ge, wehte, pret. See w^ge, weccan (to wake). wel, ■well, adv. well. wel, st. f. trinket, jewels. Wy. 74. wela, weala, weola, w. m. wealth, riches, abundance. wel-daed, st. f. deed of weal, good deed. weleras, weoloras, st. in. pi. lips. welgian, weligian, w. v. 1. to enrich. 2. intrans. to be wealthy, affluent ; to abound. wel-hwa, pron. each, every; — adv. gen. n. wel-h-w^s, in general, al- together (Met. 2: 10). wel-hwser, adv. everywhere. wel-hwilc, pron. each, every. welig, adj. wealthy, opulent. well. See wel (well). well, st. m. "well, spring. wella, w. m. the same as above. wellan, w. v. in a-wellan, to bring into commo- tion. on- wellan, to bring into violent excitement or commotion. welm. See wselm (hood, &c.) wel-bungen,^«r£.well-thriven,pros- perous, able; holy, honorable. weman, w. v. 1. to sound forth, re- sound (Icel. woma), call, cry (An. 741). — 2. to strike up, begin to sing, to announce (An. 1482). — 3. to advise, persuade, convince, allow, lead astray. — 4. to address kindly, console, comfort? (Wand. 29). wemman, w. r. to abuse, revile, ca- lumniate. ge-wemman, to render odious, to spoil, befoul, pollute, mistreat, injure. wen, wenn. See wynn (joy). wen, st. f. 1. belief, opinion, fancy. 2. probability. — 3. weening, hope, expectation of something. — 4. name of the Rune w. Cf. wynn. wSna, w. m. 1. belief, opinion, fancy. 2. weening, hope, expectation. w§nan, w. v. to believe, think, fancy, ween, hope, reckon upon, look for. ge-w§nan, to ween, hope, ex- pect. wencel, wencele, adj. vacillating, unsteady, weak. (Ger. wanfcen.) wendan, w. v. 1. to wend, turn, turn round, change. — 2. to bound, limit? (Gen. 2209).— 3. to turn one's self, become connected, turn about, al- ter, change, go. — 4. to change, vary, be different (?), to show one's self different or altered (?). 234 wendig — wesan a-wendan, 1. to avert, turn aside. — 2. to turn, alter, change (Gen. 259). — 3. to turn one's self away or aside (Ps. 77: 57). ed-wendan, to turn one's self away or aside again; to yield, give way, cease. ge-wendan, 1. to turn, turn round. — 2. to turn one's self, turn round, alter, change. on-wendan, 1. treats, to turn, turn round, avert, put aside, alter. 2.intrans. to turn about or around, to return (Ps. 1452). 6d-wendan, to remove, pilfer, purloin, steal. wendig, st. f. turning, change, al- teration. wenian, w. v. to accustom, habituate, inure ; to entertain. be-wenian, to entertain, care for. ge-wenian, to accustom, habit- uate, inure. weninga, adv. by a wee bit, little, almost. (Ger. icenigf). wenn. See wynn. wemia (?). Rim. 7. wepan, st. red. v. 1. intrans. to weep, moan aloud, complain. — 2. to be- wail, mourn over, deplore. •wer, st. in. man, person (vir& liomo). wer-b6am, st. m. tree of defense, warrior ; man strong as a beam ? Exod. 486. werc,wercan. See weorc, wyrcan. wer-cyn, st. n. kin of men, human race, tribe. werdan, wered. See wyrdan, weorud (troop). wered, st. n. sweet drink, mead. werg, wergan. See wearg, werig, wergian, werian. wergend, part. & subs, envier, be- grudger, rogue. wergend, parti & subs, defender, protector. wer-genga. See waer-genga (alien), wergian, w. v. in ge-wergian, to weary, exhaust. wergian, wergan, w. v. to outlaw, condemn, curse, wergdu, werhdu, wasrgdu, st. f. curse, imprecation, condemnation, punishment. wergun, st. f. curse, condemnation. Sat. 42. werian, werigean, •wergan, w. v. 1. to defend, protect. — 2. to guard, hold, occupy, inhabit (Gu. 322). — 3. to cover over, clothe, envelop. 4. to ward off, hinder, prevent. a- werian, 1. to defend, protect. 2. to ward off, hinder (Ps. 105: 24). 3. to surround, inclose (Rid. 41 : 47). be-, bi- werian, 1. to defend, pro- tect, hinder, prohibit. — 2. to hold in check, within limits, in order. ge- werian, to cover over, clothe, envelop, werig, adj. accursed, outlawed, ex- ecrable, damned. werig, adj. weary, tired, unnerved, dejected, wretched, unhappy, sad. werigean, werigend. See werian, wergend. werig-ferd, -ferhd, adj. weary of spirit, cast down; exhausted. Wal. 19. w§rig-m6d, adj. the same as above, wer-loga. See wserloga (warlock). wer-maegd, st. f. human race, tribe, nation. wermdd,sf.;^wormwood,absinthe. werod. See weorud (troop). weron. See w^ron (were). wer-beod, -biod, st.f. men-folk,folk, population; — in pi. people. wesan, st. abl. r. III. (prct. waes, wseron), to be; — w. past part. forms the passive voice. for-wesan, to pass away. rot. Ruin. 7. ge-wesan, to be. Sol. 181. west — weallstan 235 ■west, adv. westerly, toward the west. westan, adv. from the "west. w6stan, w. v. to waste, devastate. west-dsel, st. m. western part. weste, adj. "waste, uninhabited, abandoned, desolate. western. See waestm (fruit). westen, st. m. & n. waste, desert, solitude. west-ende, st. m. west end. westen-gryre, st. m. horror of the waste, dread of the desert. westen-stadol, st. m. waste place. west-mest, adj. westmost. west-rodor, st. m. western sky. west-weg, st. m. western way. wedan, st. all. v. III. to tie, bind? (Ps. 106: 28);— assuage? gladden? wede, adj. sweet, mild, agreeable. wedel, st. f. poverty, want, need. wed-nes, st. f. agreeability, grace, sweetness. wexe. See weax (wax). wSa, w. m. woe, trouble, misery, misfortune. wea-daed, st. f. woe-deed. w§a-ge-sid, st. m. companion in misery. weaht, part, from weccan ; — pret. weahte, to wake. weal, weala. See weall, wela. w6a-laf, st. f. woful remnant, relic left by misfortune. wea-land, wealh-land, st. n. Welsh- land, foreign country. Wealas. See wealh (Welshman). wealca, walca, w. m. 1. billow, roll- ing wave. — 2. light, floating gar- ment. wealcan, st. red. v. (ef. walk?), to move (around or about), roll, toss. ge- wealcan, the same as above. on-wealcan, to roll around, wallow. weald, wald, st. m. weald, -wold, wood; — bushes, foliage, branch. Gen. 846. wealdan, waldan, st. red. v. to wield, exercise, or possess author- ity; to possess, rule, guide. ge-wealdan, to wield, rule, com- mand, guard; — part, ge-wealden, 1. strong, vigorous, active. — 2. subject, submissive (B. 1732). wealdend, j;>ar£. wielding authority, powerful. wealdend, waldend, part. & subs'. wielder, guide, ruler, lord, king. wealdend-god, st. m. wielding God, Lord God. weald-, wald-swadu, st. f. track or trail in the wood(s) ; forest path. wealh, st. tin,. Welshman, stranger, slave. wealh-stod, st. m. interpreter. Cf. Wealh. wealic, adj. woful. weall, weal, st. m. 1. wall, earth- wall, dam, hill, mountain. — 2. bank, shore, wall of rock. — 3. (or- dinary) wall. weallan, st. red. v. (Ger. wallen), to well up, to billow, undulate, rock (as waves do); — w. ace. to scourge, lash (Sol. 143)'. a-weallan, 1. to well forth, flow out, spring up. — 2. part. aweallen? Cri. 625. weall-, weal-clif, st ». wall-cliff, cliff on the shore. weall-dor, si* n. door in the walL weall-, weal-faesten, st. n. wall- fastness, rampart of defense, cas- tle, fortress. weall-, weal-geat, st. n. wall-gate, postern, exit. weallian, w. v. to roam, ramble, so- journ abroad. weall-, weal-stan, st. m. wall-stone, stone for a wall, corner-stone. 23G wealsteall — weorpan weal-steall, st. m. a wall or wall- place (whereon a ruin stands). weall-steap, adj. wall-steep, steep- walled, steep like a wall. [wall. weall-wala, w. m. wall, parts of a weal-sada, w. m. cord for binding (Welshmen or) slaves? (Ps.139: 5). wean? Ps. 68 : 27. weard, adv. ward, toward, to. weard, st. m. &/. ward, watch, pro- tection, waiting for, lurking am- buscade; possession. weard, st. m. warden, watchman, guardian, protector, lord. weardian, w. v. 1. to ward, guard, heed, protect, preserve. — 2. to hold, oecupy, inhabit, sojourn in. 3. last (swade) weardian, to hold or guard one's footsteps = (1.) to follow closely (B. 2164); — (2.) to leave behind, abandon, remain behind. wearg, wearh, werg, st. m. 1. wolf. 2. outlaw, criminal. wearg-trsef, -treaf, st. n. house of the damned, hell. wearm, adj. warm. wearmian, w. v. to become warm. wearmlic, adj. warm. wearn (?), multitude, many. wearn, st. f. denial, refusal, renun- ciation (B. 366). — 2. resistance. 3. reproaches, abuse, wearnian, warnian, iv. v. to guard one's self , be on one's guard against, deny one's self. wearning, warning, st. f. 1. warn- ing. — 2. foresight, caution. wearod. See warud (shore). wearp, st. m.. warp (in weaving). weas, adv. accidentally, by chance. wea-spell, st. n. woe-spell, evil tidings. wea-tacen, st. n. woe-token, evi- dence of misery. wea-pearf, st. f. wof ul misery, need. weax, st. n. wax. weax = wea.cs = waces, gen. n. of wac, weak, soft. Rid. 46: 1. weaxan, s?. all. v. IV. to wax, in- crease, grow, strengthen, become more powerful. a-weaxan, to grow up, become full grown, arise, originate. be-, bi-weaxan, to overgrow. ge-weaxan, to wax, grow up. weaxan, to consume, devour? B.3115. weo, weo-bedd. See won, wigbed. weod, wiod, s£. n. weed, weodewe. See widwe (widow). weod-monad, st. m. weed-month, August. Men. 138. weogas, weog, weola. See weg, wig, wela. weolme, st. f. choice, selection, pick of one's fellow-creatures. Cri.445. weoloras. See weleras (lips). weor, adv. (cf. worse), meanly, cowardly. weora, gen. jol. of wer (man). weorc, wore, were, st. ». 1. work, deed, labor. — 2. trouble, work (Lat. labor), difficulty, strait. weorce, adj. difficult, heavy, painful. weorce, adv. the same as above. weorcean. See wyrcan, -ean. weorc-snm, adj. oppressive, hard, hurtful, irksome. weorc-peow, 1. st. m. workman, servant, slave. — 2. st. f. female slave, maid (Gen. 2260). weoren, part, of wesan (to be). weor fan. See hweorfan (to move). weorm, st. m. worm, weorn (?). Az. 185; An. 677, 1492. [from weor or worn?] weornan. See wyrnan (to refuse). weornian, to. v. to wilt, wither, dwin- for-weornian, to rot, decay, [die. weorod, weorold. See weorud, weoruld (world). weorpan, worpan, wyrpan, wur- pan, (Ger. werfen), st. abl. v. I. to east, throw. weorpere — weoruldbearn 237 a-weorpan, to throw from, off, out, or down; to expel, remove; to contest, refute. be-,bi-weorpan, l.to cover over, surround. — 2. to throw, cast down. for-weorpan, 1. to cast out, cast down, drive off. — 2. to squander, throw away (B. 2872). ge-weorpan, 1. to throw, cast down. — 2. (reflex.), to rise, to lift one's self up. — 3. to turn round, alter, change (Cri. 188). — 4. to pass by, pass away (Gn. Ex. 77). ofer-weorpan, 1. to throw over, upon, or at. — 2. to throw down, overthrow.— 3. intrans. to stumble, fall over. to-weorpan, to break in pieces, dissipate, destroy, frustrate, avert; intrans. to pollute one's self. Gn. Ex. 191. [diate. wid-weorpan, to reject, repu- ymb-weorpan, to throw around, surround. ■weorpere, st. m. thrower, caster. weord, wurd, st. n. 1. worth, price, value, ransom, purchase-money. — 2. honor, worth, dignity (Bed. Sm. 545:6). weord, word, st. m. street, lane; corridor, hall, way, vestibule. weordan, wiordan, wurdan, wyr- dan, (Ger. werden), st. dbl. v. I. to be or become, happen, occur; — w. past. part, of trans, verbs = pas- sive voice ; — ic. past, part, of in- trans. verbs = circumlocution for the ordinary preterite. Cf. worth in "woe "worth the day !"= excla- mation. for-weordan, to perish, pass away, vanish. ge-weordan, l.to be or become, happen, occur. — 2. impers. w. ace. of pers. to become, take place, happen, occur to, seem, appear; please. weord-ful, adj. worthful, highly es- teemed, glorious. weord-georn, adj. ambitious, de- sirous of glory. weordian, wurdian, wyrdian, w. v. 1. to hold worthy, esteem, respect, honor, revere, adore. — 2. to mag- nify, praise. — 3. to honor, distin- guish, deck, adorn, present. ge-weordian, 1. to distinguish, honor, adorn, furnish, present. — 2. to magnify, praise. weordig, wordig, st. m. street, lane, way; area, ground or soil upon which an estate lies ; court. weord-, wurd-lic, adj. worthy, rev- erend, venerable, distinguished. weord-, wurd-lice, adv. the same. weord-, wurd-, wordmynd, -mynd, -mynt, st. f. & n. honor, dignity, memorial. weord-, wyrd-scipe, st. m. worth- ship, worship, honor, dignity. weordung, st. f. honor, distinction, appreciation. weorud, weorod, wenid, werod, wered, st. n. troop, band, folk, multitude. weorudan (?). Wy. 93. weorud-l§ast, werod-lest, st. f. lack of men or warriors. weoruf-, wornf-tord, si. rn. dung, excrement of cattle. weoruld,weorold, woruld, worold, world, st. f. 1. world (inclusive of all temporal things, all things betwixt heaven and hell; and, in a biblical sense, all that is earthly, sensible, sensuous. — 2. men, hu- manity. — 3. life, temporal or world- ly life (Met, 10: 70; Sch. 22).— 4. lifetime, century. weoruld-, worold-ar, (Ger. eJire), st. f. worldly honor or favor before the world. weoruld-, world-bearn,s£. n. world- bairn, man, person, 238 weoruldbliss — weoruldwite weoruld-, woruld-bliss, st.f. -world- ly bliss, joy of earth. weoruld-, woruld-buend, part. & subs, world-inhabiter. weoruld-bysgung, -bisgung, st. f. worldly misery, trouble. weoruld-, woruld-candel, st. f. world-candle, sun. weoruld-, woruld-crseft, st. m. world-craft, earthly wit and wis- dom. weoruld-, world-cund, adj. worldly, earthly. weoruld-, worold-cyning, st. m. worldly king, earthly potentate. weoruld-, woruld-dead, adj. dead. weoruld-, woruld-dream, st. m. earthly joy. weoruld-driht. See weoruld-rilit. weoruld-dryhten, -drihten, st. m. lord of the world, God. weoruld-, woruld-dugud, st. f. earthly or worldly good. ■weoruld-, woruld-ende, st. m. end of the world. weoruld-, woruld-earfod, st. n. earthly misery. •weoruld-, woruld-feoh, st. n. earth- ly goods, wealth. weoruld-freond, part. & subs, earth- ly or worldly friend. weoruld-, woruld-ge-dal, st. n . sep- aration from the world, death. weoruld-, woiaild-ge-sselig,<7tfj. rich in worldly goods. weoruld-ge-sseld, st. f. worldly hap- piness, earthly bliss. weoruld-, woruld-ge-sceaft, st. f. 1. earthly creature. — 2. world. Gen. 110. weoruld-, woruld-ge-streon, st. n. earthly or worldly treasures. weoruld-ge-swinc, st. n. earthly toil, misery. weoruld-, woruld-gitsere, st. m. earth-seeker, coveter of worldly things. weoruld-gitsung, st. f. earth-greed, desire for worldly things, eovet- ousness. weoruld-, woruld-hyht, st. m. worldly or earthly joy. weoruld-, woruld-lic, adj. worldly, earthly. weoruld-, woruld-, world-lif, st. n. world-life, life in the world. weoruld-, woruld-magas, st. m. pi. worldly or earthly kin. weoruld-, woruld-man, st. m. man, human being. weoruld-, woruld-nytt, st.f. worldly use, profit, or advantage. weoruld-, worold-reeden, st. f. world's intent, destination, des- tined use, order. weoruld-, world-rice, adj. rich in worldly power or goods. weoruld-, woruld-, world-rice, st. n. 1. world-realm, world. — 2. earthly kingdom. Cf. Ger. reich. weoruld-rilit, woruld-ryht, st. n. secular or civil right, law. Gu. 28. weoruld-, woruld-Sceld, sf./. earthly or worldly happiness, blessing. weoruld-, woruld-sceaft, st. f. worldly or earthly creature, crea- tion. weoruld-, woruld-sp6d, st.f. world- speed, success in the world. weoruld-, woruld-strengu, st. f. worldly strength, power. weoruld-, woruld-stund, st. f. time, season, or life in this world. weoruld-, world-bearfa, w. m. poor in worldly goods. weoruld-, woruld-bearfende, part. the same as above. weoruld-wela, w. w. world-wealth, riches of earth. weoruld-, woruld- widl,,sf. m.& ».(?) world-filth, foulness, dirt. weoruld-, woruld- wite, st, v. tor- ture, martyrdom. weoruld-wuniende — wifman 239 weoruld-, woruld-wuniende, part. dwelling in the world. ■wecruld-, womld-yrmdu, st: f. worldly or earthly wretchedness. weos, weota, weotian, wibed. See wig, wita, witian, wigbed. "wic, st. 11. -wick, dwelling-place, camp, stopping-place, house, bed, lair. wican, st. dbl. v. V. to yield, give way, fall down. (Ger. weichcu.) ge-wican, to yield, slide down or aside, refuse, deny, renounce. wic-crseft, st. m. witchcraft, magic. wiccung-dom, st. m. same as above. wic-eard, st. m. residence, dwelling- place. wic-freodu, st. f. protection or de- fense of the residence. wicg, wycg, st. n. horse. wician, iv. v. to dwell, tarry, so- journ, rest in. ge-wician, intrans. to dwell, have a dwelling, live. ymb-wicigean, to surround, be- leaguer, beset. wicing, st. in. wicking, sea-robber, pirate. wic-stede, st. m. residence, dwelling. wic-steal, st. in. camp, camping- ground. wic-stow, st. f. residence, dwelling- place. wic-tun, st. m. vestibule; atrium, court. wid, adj. wide, extensive, broad, long. wid-brad, adj. wide and broad, immense. wid-ciid, adj. widely-known. wide, adv. widely, far-spread. wide-ferd, -ferhd, -fyrhd, st.m.&n. long life, long time. wide-feorh, -fern, -ferg, st. m. & n. the same as above. widewe. See widwe (widow). wid-faedme, adj. comprehensive, broad-bosomed, ample. wid-ferende, part, wide-faring, coming from afar. wid-floga, w. m. wide-flier, dragon. B. 2346. wid-folc, st. n. great nation, wide- spread folk. wid-gal, -gel, -gil, -giell, adj. 1. widespread, extensive. — 2.wander- ing, vagabond, roaming. Kid. 21: 5. wid-gangol, -gongel, adj. wide- going, wandering far. widl, st. m. & n.f filth, dirt. widlan, w. v. to soil, befoul, pollute. wid-land, -lond, st. n. wide land. wid-last, st. m. long wandering, long way or road. wid-last, adj. extending far, far- stretching. wid-m£ere, adj. known afar, well- known. wido. See widu (wood). wid-rynig, adj. far-running? wide- flowing? An. 1509. wid-sceap, adj. extended, large, great, considerable. wid-sid, st. m. 1. wide or extensive journey.— 2. the Far-traveled One (name of A.-S. poem, I). widu, wido = wudu (?), wood, branch. (Met. 13: 55; Rid. 57: 2). widwe, wydewe, weodewe, wud- we, wuduwe, w. f. widow. wid-wegas, st. in. pi. wideways, long roads or journeys. wif, st. n. (/.), wife, woman, lady, spouse. wifel, st. m. chafer, scarab, dung- beetle (weevil). wif-gift, st.f. wife-gift, dower, outfit. wif-had, st. in. female sex. wif-lufe, to. f. wife-love, love for one's wife. wif-man, -mon, wimman, st. m. & /. woman. 240 wifwyne — wilboda wlf-wyne, st. m. love for a woman. wifre,w./. female weaver (vvebster). ■wig, win, weoh, weg, st. in. idol, image; fane, sanctuary, temple, altar. "wig, wigg, st. m. & n. 1. war, battle. 2. warlike ability. wiga, w. m. warrior, contestant, fighter. wigan, st. abl. v. V. to contend, fight, make war. ge-wigan, to dwindle, vanish? Rim. 76. ofer- wigan, to outdo, conquer, vanquish. wig-, wi-, weo-, weoh-bed, st. n. altar, place of sacrifice. wig-bealu, st. n. war-bale, horrors of war. wig-bil, st. n. war-bill, battle-sword. wig-blac, adj. brilliant in battle equipments. wig-bord, st. n. war-board, war- shield. wig-cirm, -cyrm, st. m. war-cry, noise of battle. wig-crseft, st. m. war-craft, ability. wig-crseftig, adj. skilled in waivable to fight. wigend, -wiggend, part. & subs. warrior, fighter, contestant. wig-freca, to. m. war-wolf, hero. wig-fruma, w. m . warrior, war-prince . wig-getawe, st. n. ph war-equip- ments, gear, accouterments. wigg, wiggend. See wig, wigend. wig-gryre, st. m. war-horror, battle- dread, fearfulness. wig-, wih-gyld, st. n. idol. wig-, wi-haga, to. m. war-hedge, wall of shields, phalanx, tcstudo. wig-hete, st. m. war-hate, hostility. wig-heafola, w. m. battle-headpiece, helmet. wig-h6ap, st, m. war-troop, heap of wig-heard, adj. inured to war, brave in battle. wig-hryre, st. m. falling in fight, defeat. wig-hyrst, st. f. war-gear, accouter- ments, ornament. wig-leod, st. >i. war-lay, battle-cry, battle-signal. wig- lie, adj. warlike. wig-neafola. See wig-heafola. wig-nyt, s£. n. success in or profit from battle or war. wig-plega, w. m. war-play, conflict, battle. wig-rad, -rod, st. f. war-road, path of war or road for armies. wig-r^den, st. f. state or condition of war; battle, war. wig-sid, st. m. war-expedition, cam- paign. wig-sigor, st. m. triumph, victory. wig-smid, st. m. idol-smith, maker of idols. wig-smid, st. m. war-smith, warrior, man of war. wig-sp8d, st. f. success in war. wig-steal, st. n. rampart, bulwark. wig-trod, witrod, st. f. expedition, raid. wig-pracu, st. f. onslaught in battle. wig-piist, adj. bold in battle. wig-, weoh-weordung, st. f. idol- worship, idolatry. wih, wihaga. See wig (weoh), wig-haga (phalanx). wiht, wuht, wyht, st. f. & n. 1. wight, whit, creature, animal, thing. — 2. thing (especially in neg. clauses); — ne-wiht = naught, (ace), not, not at all; — so also in instr. and w. comparatives. wil-bec, st. m. brook or stream of tears, lamentations ? Rim. 26. wil-boda, w. m. messenger of joy, angel. wilcuma — windan 241 wil-cuma, w. m. •welcome one, cherished guest. •wild, adj. •wild, savage. wil-daeg, st. m. day of joy. wild-dSor, wildeor, st. n. wild beast. wilde, adv. wildly. wil-der, st. n. wild beast. Cf. deer. wil-faegen, adj. fain, glad. wil-gaest, -gest, st. m. welcome guest. wil-, will-ge-brodor, st. m. pi. be- loved brothers. wil-, will-ge-dryht, st. f. willing troop, ready band, retinue. wil-ge-hleda, w. m. intimate and willing friend or companion. wil-, will-ge-sid, st. m. the same. wil-, will-ge-steald, st. n. riches, wealth. wil-, will-ge-sweostor, st, f. pi. be- loved sisters. wil-, will-ge-bofta, u\ m. willing or ready companion. wil-, wiil-gifa, -geofa, -giefa, w. m. giver of joy. king. [ant. wil-hredig, adj. glad-hearted, exult- will. See well. ■willa, w. m. 1. will, wish, longing, joy, good pleasure. — 2. something wished for, object of desire. willan, wyllan, to "will or wish; — irrcg. v.,pres. indie, sg. 1, 3. wille, wile, wyle, wylle. — 2. wilt, wylt ; pi. willad, wyllad ; subj.sg.wille, wile, wylle; pi. willen, wyllen, wylle; pret. wolde. wille-burne, will-flod. See wylle- burne, wyllflod (wellspring, &c.) willian, w. v. to will, wish, desire, long for. wiln, wyln, st.f. maid, maid-servant. wilnian, w. v. 1. to will, desire, de- mand, wish, supplicate, entreat. — 2. (local), long to go. An. 283; Met. 20 : 159. wilnung, st. f. longing, yearning. wil-, will-sele, st. m. pleasant dwell- ing. wil-, will-sid, st. m. wished-for journey, much-desired trip. wil-, will-spel, st. n. glad message, good tidings. wil-sum, adj. desirable, wished-for, delightful. wil-t>egu, st. f. agreeable fare or food. wil-wang, will-wong, st. m. delight- ful field, plain, or expanse. wil-weg, st. m. chosen way, pleas- ant path. wim-man. See wifman (woman). win, winn, st. n. 1. strife, conten- tion, conflict, battle, uproar. — 2. toil, labor, trouble. win, st. n. wine. [hall. win-eern, st. n. wine-hall, drinking- ■win-burg, st. f. wine-burg, castle or town in which wine-feasts are held. wincan, wincian, w. v. to wink, close the eyes, nod to. wincel, st. m. corner. (Ger. winkel.) wind, st. m. wind. win-dagas, st. m. pi. days of toil or misery, life in this world. windan, st. abl. v. I. 1. to wind, twist, turn one's self, move, stir, fly, roll. — 2. in trans, to move hes- itatingly hither and thither (Gu. 265). — 3. to wind, turn, swing; — wunden gold, twisted gold, gold wrought into rings, &c. a- windan, to wind out of, to es- cape, to withdraw, run away. set- windan, the same as above. be-, bi-windan, 1. to bewind, wind about, surround, shut in. — 2. to fit in, imprint, impress (An. 58; Jul. 234). ge-windan, 1. to wind, turn about, entangle. — 2. intrans. to turn or twist one's self, flee away, betake one's self off. 242 windbland — wisboc on-windan, 1. to unwind, loos- en, open. — 2. to turn round, re- turn. An. 531. ymb-windan, to clasp round, hold, grasp. wind-bland, -blond, st. n. wind- blending, (the) commingled winds, roaring of the wind. windig, adj. windy, breezy. win-drinc, st. m. wine-drink. win-druncen, part, wine-drunken. wind-sele, st. m. wind-hall; hall of misery, hell. wine, st. m. friend, intimate, beloved lord and husband. wine-dry hten, -diihten, st. m. dear lord, lord and friend. wine-geomor, adj. mourning for friends. wine-leas, adj. friendless. wine-m£eg,s£. w.dear relation, blood- friend. wine-scipe, st. m. friendship. wine-treow, st. f. true to one's friend; conjugal fidelity. wine-bear fende, part. needing friends, friendless. win-gal, adj. wine-mad, intoxicated, exhilarated with wine. win-ge-drinc, st. n. wine-drinking, feast of wine. wln-geard, st. m. vineyard. ■win-hate, id. f. invitation to wine, wine-feasting. Jud. 8. winia, winiga, winigea, gen. pi. of wine (friend). winn. See win (struggle). winnan, wynnan, st. abl. v. I. 1. to strive, struggle, fight, resist, op- pose. — 2. to toil, exert one's self, labor, compete with. — 3. tv. ace. to endure, bear. [endure. a- winnan, to win, gain, attain, ge- winnan, 1. intrans. to fight, struggle (Gu. 421). — 2. to. ace. to vanquish, conquer. — 3. w. ace. or gen. to win, gain, attain. win-rasced, -reced, st. n. wine-hall, hall for drinking. win-seed, adj. wine-sated, intox- icated. win-sasl, st. n. wine-hall, drinking- hall. win-sele, st. m. the same as above. winster, wynster, adj. left, on the left hand. winter, st. m. & n. -winter; — in pi. = years. winter-biter, adj. -wintry-bitter, cold. winter-ceald, adj. wintry-cold. winter-cearig, adj. grieved or troub- led on account of great age, laden with years. winter-daeg, st. m. winter-day. winter-fylled, October. Men. 184. winter-ge-rim, st. n. number of win- ters or years (counted by winters). winter-getael, st. n. same as above. winter-ge-wsede, St. n. winter- weeds, snow. winter-ge-weorp, -geworp, st. n. snowstorm. winter-rim, st. n. number of winters or years. winter-scur, st. m. winter-shower. winter-stund, st. f. winter time, season, or hour. win-begu, st. f. wine-feast, conviv- ial drinking. wir, st. m. wire, ornaments of wire or filagree. wir-boga, to. m. twisted or bent ■wire. wircan, -ean. See wyrcan(towork). wis, adj. withered? Cra. 13. wis, adj. wise, sage, experienced, certain, fully conscious. wis, st. f. wise, fashion. wisa, w. m. director, guide, leader. wisan, w. v. to guide, direct, point out, show? Dan. 35. wis-boc, st. f. law-book, book of "wisdom. wiscan — witeswing 243 wiscan. See wyscan (to wish). wis-dom, st m. wisdom, knowledge. wise, to. f. 1. wise, fashion, guide, custom, habit, mode of acting. — 2. condition. — 3. state or circum- stances of a case. — 4. direction. 5. species of song, melody. (Ger. weise. ) wis-faest, adj. wise, discreet, sage. wis-fsestlic, adj. the same as above. wis-hycgende, part wise-thinking, sagacious, circumspect, wis-hydig, adj. the same as above. wisian, to. v. to direct, refer, show, lead, guide. ge-wisian, to direct, prescribe, guide. wislic, adj. certain, secure, trust- worthy. wis-lic, adj. wise, sagacious. wis-wisslice, adv. eertainly, surely, decidedly. wislice, adv. wisely, sagaciously. wisnian, w. v. in for-wisnian, to rot, decay, age, wither. wis-sefa, adj. (Grein), wise-souled, sagacious. Sol. 138. •wist, st. f. 1. being, existence. — 2. well-being, wealth, happiness, abundance (B. 1735). — 3. food, nourishment, feed. wist-fyllo,s£./. abundant food, nour- ishment. wit, wyt, dual pron. we two; — wit Adam twa.wit Scilling = Adam (Scilling) and I; — -gen. uncer; — dat. nnc; acc.xm&t, unc. "wit, st. n. wit, understanding, in- tellect, sense. wita, weota, w. m. sage, wise man, philosopher, counselor, adviser, senator. witan, wytan, to know, be acquaint- ed with; wit, wot; — pret pres. indie, sig. 1, 3, wat. — 2. wast, wsest; pi. witon; subj. wite; pret wiste, wyste, wisse. % be-witan, to lead, guide, care for, attend to. ge-witan, to wit, wot, know. witan, st. abl. v. V. 1. to look, be- hold, see (Gen. 511). — 2. to follow with the eyes or glance (accom- panied by motions), start out for, begin a journey, go (Met. 24: 52). 3. to rebuke, reproach, reprimand. set-witan, to twit, reproach, taunt, censure. ge-witan, to behold, cast one's eye in a certain direction (Ps. 79: 14); to move, start, go; then as general verb of motion, with or without reflexive dative; followed by inf. of a verb of motion, or a verb expressing an action involv- ing motion or the end or aim of motion; with local prepositions, or adverbs, or alone. 6d-witan, to blame, seold, re- proach, censure. wite, st. n. punishment, death-pen- alty or punishment, torture, dis- tress, misery, hell. wite-bend, st m. & f. bonds of tor- ture or punishment. wite-broga, w. m. tormenting dread, torturing terror. wite-dom, st m. prophecy, predic- tion, presage. wite-hraegl, st n. penitential garb or dress of one who expiates a crime or an offense,or who pays a penalty. wite-hus, st «. torture-bouse, hell. wite-lac, st. n. punishment, death- penalty, punishment by death. wite-le"ast, st. f. immunity or free- dom from punishment, penalty, &c wite-scraef, st u. hole or pit of tor- ment, hell. wite-swing, st. m. scourging, flog- ging, punishment. 244 witebco — wlanc wite-bSo, st. m. tortured slave. witga. See witiga (prophet). witian, weotian, w. v. to order, dis- pose, arrange, destine, conclude, establish, attend to. be-witian, to care for, attend to, prepare, execute, effect, perceive. •witian, w. v., w. gen., to visit (?). Gu. 488. witig, wittig, adj. "witting, cogni- zant, wise. witiga,witega,witga,w. m. prophet, seer, predicter. witig-dom, st. m. prophecy, predic- tion, prescience. witigian, witgian, w. v. to prophecy, predict. witnian, w. v. to punish, chastise, correct, scourge. ge-witnian, the same as above. witodlice, adv. certainly, undoubt- edly. wit-rod, wittig. See wig-trod, witig (wise). wid, I. prep, against ( = with in withstand). — 1. w. ge7i. (a.), to- ward, to; — (&.), against (cf. pro- tection, defense). — 2. w. dat. (a.) toward, to; — (b.) against, opposed to, contrary (of hostility, resist- ance, or sentiment); — (c), against, from (protection,defense, security); (<7.), from (separation); — (e.), for, in exchange for (exchange, pur- chase, sale, compensation; — (/.), at, to, beside, by, with. — 3. w. ace. (a.), to, toward, up to (to lean upon or beside, to support one's self upon; — (&.), toward and against (hostility and friendliness); (c), against, from (protection, de- fense, guarding; to be one's friend, defend one's self against); — (d.), beside, by, with; — (e.), at, upon (B. 3049); — (/.), through, through and through. — dat. & ace. often interchange: no case f.) Neuters. PI N. A. G. D. I. N. A. G. D.I. husel, husl( sacrifice ) . husles, husle, husl, huslu, husla, huslum, weofod (altar). weofodes, •weofode, weofodu, weofoda, waeter (water). •waeteres, -wastres, waetere, waetre, waeteru, waetru, waetera, waetra, W3eterum,waetrum, weofodum, Here we have chiefly to do with derivatives in -ad, -ed, -els, -al, -ol, -ul, -um, -on, -en, -er, -or. If the stem is long, the vowel of the suffix is lost in inflection. If the stem is short, the vowel of the suffix is sometimes kept, sometimes lost. Usage varies. Examples: — 260 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. Sg. N. G. D.I. A. PL N. A. G. D. I. Sg. N. G. D. A. PL N. A. G. D.I. frofor (consolation). frofre, frofre, frofre, frofra, -e, frofra, frofrum, maerdu, -o (glory). maerdu, -o, maerdu, -o, maerdu, -o, maerda, maerda, maerdum, § 26. — (a.) Masculines: aeppel, apple; betel, beetle; ceafor, chafer; deoful, devil ; hungor, hunger ; hrodor, consolation ; finger, finger ; hamor, hammer; heofon, heaven; haeled, warrior ; hagal (-ol), haegel, haegl, hail ; regen, rain; bunor, thunder, &c. §27. — (&.) Neuters: beacen, beacon; fddur(-er), fodder; gaful (-ol), tribute; heafod, head; heolstor, shadow; leger, resting-place; mordur (-or), murder; setel, seat; tungol, star; wolcen, welkin; wundor, won- der, &c. § 28. — Rem. 1. — When e is protected by position (that is, before two consonants, though it is sometimes retained before a single consonant) it is retained. Exs.: faesten, maeden, meegen, nyten, hengest, fasreld, faetels, &c.;— gen. sg. faestennes, maegenes, faereldes, faetelses, &c. Rem. 2.— Words ending in -ad, -ed, -els, frequently discard the pi. suffix -as. Exs.: six monad; heeled, faetels. 29. — (c.) Feminines:- ides (woman). idese, idese, idese, idesa, -e idesa, idesum, strengu, -o (strength). strenge, -u, -o, strenge, -u, -o, strenge, -u, -o, strenge, -a, -u, -o, strenga, strengum. . Here belong Abstracts ending in -ing, -ung, -nes, -u (o), -du (do), and Derivatives in -ul, -ol, -el, -or, -er, &c. Words of two syllables, if the stem is long, lose the vowel of the suffix in inflection. If the stem is short, there is no syncope. This suffix must end in a simple consonant. Exs.: sawul (-ol), sawle; firen, firene, &c. The vowel of the suffix is protected by position in such words as — candel, candelle; byrgen, byrgenne; raeden, raedenne, &c. § 30.— Rem. 1.— When syncope has already taken place in the Norn., the words are declined like ar. Exs.: adl, disease; naedl, needle; stefn, voice; earfod, labor ; faehd, feud; geogud, youth ; strengd, strength, &c. Rem. 2.— Abstracts in -ung have the Dat. sg. in -a. This ending is also found in the Gen., and sometimes even in the Ace. sg.: leornung, leorn- unga, &c. Rem. 3.— Words ending in -du (-do) are declined like maerdu. Many, however, have lost the -u (o), and then they are declined like ar. (See Rem. 1, above.) Both forms are frequently found: cyd, cyddu; faehd feehdu; strengd, strengdu; maerd, maerdu, &c. These were originally words of three syllables, ending in Gothic in -iba. AX OUTLIXE OF AXGLO-SAXOX GRAMMAR. 261 Rem. 4. — Some of the Abstracts ending in -u (-o) belonged originally to the Consonant-declension; but in Old English they have for the most part been taken into the a-declension. Such words are: asdelu, nobility; brcedu, breadth: byldu, boldness; feorhtu, fright; haelu, health; mengu, menigo, crowd, many; ieldu, age; strengu, strength; snyttru, wisdom, &c. $31. — 3. -ja-sTEMS. — (a.) Masculines. Sg. N. A. here, army. birde, lerdsman. secg, warrior. G. heriges, herges, heres, birdes, secges, D. I. berige, herge, here, birde, secge, PI. X. A. herigas, berigeas, bergas, birdas, secgas, -eas, G-. berga, beriga, berigea, birda, secga, -ea, D. I. bergum, berigum, birdum, secgum, -ium (6.) N EUTERS. Sg. N. A. rice, kingdom. cyn (n), race. G. rices, cynnes, D. I. rice, cynne, PL X. A. ricu, riciu, cyn (n), G. rica, ricea, cynna, D. I. ricum, ricium, fsynrmm. $ 32. («.)- —Like birde decline — like secg decline — ende, end. dyn(n), noise. esne, servant. hyl(l), hill. leece, leech. brycg, ridge. mece, sword. waecg, wedge, &c. And all derivatives in -ere and -scipe, as — bocere, scribe. baecere, baker, fiscere, fisher. frgondscipe, friendship, &c. $ 33. — (&.) Like rice decline — serende, errand; inne, inn: stycce, piece: waege, cup; -wite, punish- ment: yrfe, bequest: and formations with ge-, as in gemyrce, boundary; getimbre, building; ge-wsede, dress; &c. $ 34. — Like cyn (n) decline — bed (d), bed; bil (1), war-ax; flet(t), ground; neb (b), nib: net (t), net; rib(b), rib; wed(d), pledge: spel(l), story; wicg, horse, &c. Words whose stems ended originally in -ja (aja) form the Norn. Ace. sg. in -e. This is j vocalized. In all other eases the endings are added to the stem without showing any sign of original j, except in the umlaut of the root-vowel. For e the oldest monuments have i,as in beri,endi,rici (Sievers). The neuter big, n§g, hay. has retained j (= g) in all its forms. 262 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. $ 35. — (c.) Feminizes. Sg. N. ben (n), (wound). gyrd, (yard). G. benne, gyrde, D. I. benne, gyrde, A. benne, benn, gyrde, PI. N. A. benna, -e, gyrda, -e, G. benna, gyrda, D. I. bennum, gyrdum. $ 36. — Like ben decline — brycg, brid| cribb, crib, ecg, edge. fit, song. hell, hell. nyt, use. sib, peace. syn, sin. secg, sword, syll, sill. saecc, strife. wyn, joy. $ 37.— Like gyrd decline- bend, band. cyll, "bottle. eax, ax. hsed, heath. hild, war. hind, hind. hyd, booty. wylf, wolf (/.) yd, wave. blids, bliss, bliss. lids, liss, grace. milds, milts, kindness. Rem. — The short stems assimilate the j to the consonant immediately preceding. This gemination is generally simplified in the Nom. Sg. The long stems show signs of original j only in the umlaut of the root. PI P] § 38. — (a.) — 4. wa-sTEMS. — Masculines. Sg. N. beani,-o, (grove). beow, beo, (servant). snaw,sna,(si G. bearwes, beowes, beos , snawes, D. I. bearwe, beowe, beo, snawe, A. bearu, -o, beow, beo, snaw. . N. A. bearwas, beowas, G. bearwa, beowa, D.I. bearwuni, beowum. $ 39. — (b.) Neuters. Sg. N. searu, -o, (equipment). treo-w, treo, (tree). G. searwes, treowes, D. I. sear-we, treowe, treo, A. searu, -o, treow, treo, . N. A. searu, -o, tr§ow, -u, treo, G. searwa, treowa, D. I. searwum, treowiim. $ 40. — («.) Like bearu decline: horu, filth; heoni, sword; &c. sse has the Dat. saewe, Gen. sses. Like beow decline: lareow, teacher; latteow, guide, &c. Like snaw decline: briw, broth; beaw, gadfly; deaw, dew; hlaw, hlsew, grave-mound; beaw, custom, &c. AN OUTLINE OF ANGLC-SAXON GRAMMAS, 263 (&.) Like searu decline: bealu, evil; ealu, beer; meolu, meal; smeoru, Sg. Nom. hraw, hra, hreew, hrae, (corpse). Gen. hrawes, hreewes, hraes, &c. Dat. hrsewe, hree. Ace. hraw, hra, hreew, hree. PI. Nom. Ace. hraw, hrsew, hr6aw, hra, hree. Gen. hrsewa. Dat. hraewum. Rem. 1. — In the Oblique cases o or e is frequently found before w, as bearowes, bealowes, melowe, bealewa, bealewum, &c. Rem. 2. — Final w is sometimes retained, sometimes lost, as treow, treo. After consonants it is vocalized, and frequently written u or o, as bealu, searo. § 41. — (c.) Feminines. Sg. N. beadu, -o, (war). stow, (place). G. beadwe, stowe, D. I. beadwe, stowe, A. beadwe, stowe, PI. N. A. beadwe, -a, stowe, -a, G. beadwa, stowa, D. beadwum, stowum. §42. — Like beadu decline: nearu, strait; sceadu, shadow; seonu, sinu, sinew ; fratu, adornment ; gearu, geatu, equipment. The three last occur almost always in the PL frsetwe, gearwe, geatwe. Like stow decline: hreow, repentance; treow, truth. Many have rejected the w, and are then in the Sg. indeclinable, as s^, sea; ea, water; b§o, bee; brea, threat, throe, &c. These have -m in Dat. PL, as earn, seem, &c. Rem. — Sometimes o or e appears before w, as beadowe, nearowe, frsetewum, geatewa. §43.— (B.) The i-declension. There are only a few remains of the i-declension, for it had passed over almost altogether into the a-declension. In all the words of this declen- sion some forms of the a-declension are found in the Sg., and all the forms of the PL frequently belong to the a-declension. Ir shows i-umlaut wher- ever it can appear. § 44. — (a.) — 1. Pure i-stems. — Masculines. Sg. N. A. byre, (son). wyrm, (worm). G. byres, wyrmes, D. I. byre, wyrme, 264 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. PI. N. A. byre, -as, wyrmas, Engle, Angles. G. byra, wyrma, Engla, D. byrum, wyrmum, Englum. § 45. — (&.) Neuters. Sg. N. A. sife, Pi. N. A. sifu, G. sifes, G. sifa, D. I. sife, D. sifum. $ 46. — (a.) Like byre decline many Masculines with short stems: bere, barley; bite,bite; bryce, breach ; bryne, brand; byre.event; cwide,speech; eyre, choice ; drepe, stroke ; dryne, noise ; ege, fear ; flyge, flight ; gryre, fright; gripe, gripe; gyte, outpouring ; hryre,fall; lyre, loss; ryne, course; scride, step; sige, victory; slide, fall; scyte, shot, &c; ele, oil; mene, neck-ornament ; mete, meat ; sele, hall ; stede, place ; hsele, man ; hype, hip; hyse, youth; ciele, keel; hyge, myne, mind, thought ; byle, speaker; wlite, countenance, &c. Like wyrm decline all long stems: frist, time; gist, guest; lyft, air; steng, pole; streng, string; byrs, giant; lig, flame; sweg, noise; feng, grasp; rec, smoke; smec, smell; stenc, odor; sweng, blow; wrenc, wrench; drync, drinc, drink ; swylt, death; wyrp, throw; hwyrft, turn ; hyht, hope, &c. Like Engle decline folk-names: Se(a)xe, Saxons; Myrce (Mierce), Mercians ; Nord-hymbre, Northumbrians ; Egipte, Egyptians, &c. And a few plurals : ylde, leode, ielfe, -ware, cantware, burh-ware. --ware has likewise a weak form — waran. § 47. — Like sife are declined gedyne, din; gedyre, doorpost; gemyne, care ; gewile, will ; ofdele, ofdsele, declivity ; oferslege, lintel ; wleece, tepidity. A few long stems are to be found: gehygd, thought: gemynd, mind; gewyrht, deed ; wiht, wuht, creature ; gebyld, patience; gecynd, gebyrd, nature; eerist, resurrection ; fulluht, baptism ; lyft, air; forwyrd, destruc- tion; genyht, abundance; gesceaft, creature; gebeaht, thought. They are declined like word, but have Nom. PI. in -u. Originally they were fem- inines. See Cook's Sievers's Grammar of Old English, $ 262, $ 263, § 267. The short stems have retained the i of the stem, but weakened to e. In the other cases the i has dropped off, though not till it had caused umlaut. The Nom. PL ends regularly in -e, but the ending -as is also found, as byras, hysas. The long stems have i-umlaut to show their origin. Other- wise they follow the a-declension. $48.— (c.) Feminines. Sg. N. A. gl6d, (gleed). deed, (deed). G. gl6de, daede, D. I. gl6de, daede, PI. N. A. gl6de, -a, daede, -a, G. gleda, daeda, D. gledum, deedum. AN OUTLINE OF AXGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 265 $ 49. — Like d^d decline: ae, law; bysen, command; bene, bench; cwen, queen, woman; dryht, crowd; hyd, hide; lyft, air; nyd, need; tid, time; bryd, strength; wen, hope; wiht, wuht, thing; wyrd, fate; wyrt, wort, root, and many abstracts — fyrd, army; sped, speed; gehygd, gemynd, mind; gewyrht, deed; gepyld, patience; sent, possession; niht, night; gesceaft, creation; est, favor; wist, food; yst, storm; serist, resurrec- tion, &c. «rist and lyft are likewise masculine. Many nouns of this class are to be found, but they all end in consonants in the Nom. Sg. In the other cases the i has either been weakened to e or disappeared. In all cases, however, it has wrought Umlaut. §50.-2. Mixed Stems.— (a.) Masculines. Sg. N. A. tod, (tooth). G. todes, D. & I. ted, PL N. A. ted, a. toda, D. todum. Like tod decline fot (foot), and maim, monn (man). — maun has also a weak form — manna. § 51. — (&.) Feminines. Sg. N. boc, (book). burn, -g, (city). G. b§c, burge, byrig, D. & I. b§c, byrig, byrg, burge, A. boc, burn, -g, PI. N. A. b6c, byrig, burge, -a, G. b6ca, burga, D. bocum, bur gum. Like boc decline ac, oak; broc, breeches; gat, goat; gos, goose; lus, louse; mus, mouse; sulh, plow; turf, turf; wloh, fringe. Eem. — cu has Gen. Sg. cu, cy, cus; PL Nom. cy, eye; Gen. cuna; Dat. cum. — niht is indeclinable, though a Gen. Sg. used adverbially, nihtes, is found. § 52. — (c.) The u-declension. The u-declension shows only an occasional word and. a few forms of other words. (a.) Masculines. Sg. N. sunu, -o (son). feld (field). G. suna, felda, -es, D. I. suna, -u, -o, felda, -e, A. sunu, -o, feld, PL N. A. suna, -u, -o, feldas, G. suna, felda, D. sunum, feldum. 266 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. The few words belonging here are : breogu, prince ; heoru, sword ; lagu, lake; magu, boy; meodu, mead; siodu, custom; wudu, wood. The words friodu, peace; liodu, member; headu, battle, are u-stems only in the first member of a compound. Like feld decline ford, ford; weald, forest; sumor, summer; •winter, winter. Rem. 1. — In the Gen. Sg. we find later also -es, as wudes; and also in Nom. PI. -as, as wudas, sunas. Rem. 2. — winter, though always masculine in the Sg., has the PL forms wintru, winter. § 53. — (6.) Feminines. Sg. N. A. duru, (door). G. dura, D. I. dura, -u, PI. N. A. dura, -u, G. dura, D. durum, hand, (hand). handa, -e, handa, hande, hand, handa, handa, handum. Sometimes an Ace. — as nosu (nose) — is met with; but otherwise this word is declined like gifu. § 54. — (c.) Neuters. No neuters are found : only a few forms are left, as feolu, feolo, feola, fela. § 55.— II. The Consonant (weak) Declension. THE -n-DECLENSION. Masculine. Sg. N. hunta, (hunter). G. huntan, D. I. huntan, A. huntan, PL N. A. huntan, G. huntena, D. huntum, Feminine. tunge, (tongue). tungan, tungan, tungan, tungan, tungena, tun gum. Neuter. eage, (eye). eagan, eagan, eage, §agan, eagena, eagum, Like hunta decline: bana, murderer; cempa, fighter; cuma, comer, guest; fleina, fugitive ; guma, man; hana, cock; hara, hare; mona, moon; nefa, nephew; oxa, ox; sefa, thought; steorra, star; beowa, servant: wiga, warrior; wrecca, exile, &c. Like eage decline eare, ear; wonge, cheek. Like tunge decline c§ace, cheek; cycene, chicken; cyrice, church; eorde, earth; heorte, heart; hlaefdige, lady; lufe, love; molde, earth: nunne, nun; sirce, coat-of-mail ; sangestre, songstress; sunne, sun; peowe, female servant ; wicce, witch ; wise, wise, &c. § 56. — Rem. 1. — Occasionally strong forms are found, as stearres, bryd- gumes. Rem. 2. -ena is the regular ending of the Gen. PL, but sometimes we find -ana, -ona, — seldom -una. A contracted form, -na, also occurs. AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GBAMMAIi. 267 Rem. 3. — When the final consonant is lost, contraction takes place, as — 1. Masculines. frea, lord; gefea, joy; leo, lion; tweo, doubt; Sweon, pi. Swedes; Gen. Dat. Ace. Sg. frean, tweon; Dat. PL freaum, leoum, &e. 2. Feminines. beo, bee ; fla, arrow ; reo, covering ; seo, pupil ; ra, roe ; ta, toe ; Sg. Gen. Dat. Ace. tan, taan; PL Nom. Ace. tan, taan; Gen. tana; Dat. ta(n)um; Gen. beon, &c. The word fla is weak, but we find a strong form belonging to the a-declension — flan, Gen. flanes. § 57. — III. Anomalies. — (a.) t-stems. The declension of these stems is mixed with the vowel-declension. They are thus declined: — Masculines. Sg. N. feeder, (father). brodor (-ur, Ps. ), (brother). G. faeder, -res, brodor, D. I. faeder, breder, A. faeder, brodor, PL N. A. faederas, brodor, -dni, G. faedera, brodra, D. faederum. brodrum. Feminines. Sg. N. modor, -ur, (mother), dohtor, (daughter), sweostor, (sister). G. modor, -er, dohtor, sweostor, D. I. mgder, dehter, sweostor, A. modor, dohtor, sweostor, PL N. A. modra, dohtor, -tru, -tra, sweostor, G. modra, dohtra, sweostra, D. modnim, dohtrum, sweostnim. Rem. — Instead of -or we find frequently -er. $ 58.— (&.) nd-STEMS. Sg. N. freond, (friend). G. freondes, D. I. fr Sonde, A. freond, . N. A. frSondas, freond, frynd, G. frSonda, D. freondum. Participles used as nouns are thus declined: f§ond is declined like friond. As a rule they follow the a-declension ; but in Nom. Ace. PL they show weak forms — fr6ond, feond; and also forms of the i-declension — frynd, fynd. Rem. — Words of two syllables have the Nom. PL sometimes in -e, as hettend or hettende ; and the Gen. PL in -ra, as wigendra. 268 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. § 59. — Declension of Proper Names. 1. Names op Persons. Masculine Proper Names, if tbey end in a consonant or -e or in -sunu, follow the vowel-declension, as Aelfric, Hrodgar, Ine, Leofsunu, &c. Those in -e follow the i-declension ; and compounds in -sunu, the u-deelension. Rem. — Masculines in -a are weak, as Offa, Offan; Aetla, Aetlan. Fem- inine Proper Names, if they end in a consonant or in u-, follow the a-declension, as Begu, Hild, Hygd. Rem. — Those ending in -e are weak, as Eve, Evan; Marie, Marian, &c. Foreign Proper Names sometimes follow the custom of Anglo-Saxon Names ; sometimes they are declined as in the language from which they come ; and sometimes they are not declined at all. The Gen. and Dat. have generally English inflection, as Herodes, Agustine. § 60. — 2. Names op Peoples. Folk-names seldom occur in the Sg., as an Bret. They are generally plural, and end in -as, -e, and -an. Those in -as and -e are strong; those in -an are weak. The Sg. is generally represented by an adjective with a noun, as egyptisc man, ides. Often a collective noun with Gen. PL is used, as Seaxna peod; Filistea folc. $ 61. — 3. Names op Countries. Names of Countries are seldom found, as Angel, Bryton. Generally we find a preposition with the folk-name in an oblique case or the Gen. PL de- pending on land, rice, 8del, &c; as on Frisum, of Seaxum, Francena rice, Nordhymbra rice. $ 62.-4. Names op Cities. Names of Cities are sometimes declined, but generally they are used with appellations like burh, ceaster, wic, ham, tun, &c. AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 269 CHAPTEE II. DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. § 63. — Adjectives have two Declensions, — a Vowel (Strong), and a Con- sonant (Weak) Declension. The endings of the Weak Declension agree exactly with those of weak substantives. Most adjectives can be inflected in either way. The weak inflection is used after the definite article and demonstratives generally. Adjectives have three genders, and five cases. § 64. — (A.) The Strong Declension. The strong inflection of Adjectives has been materially influenced by the pronominal declension. The a-declension has almost completely ab- sorbed the i- and the u- declension. $ 65.— 1. a-DscLENSioN. — (a.) Shoe t Stems. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Sg. N. til, (useful). tilu, til, til, G. tiles, tilre, tiles, D. tilum, tilre, tilum, A. tiliie, tile, til, I. tile, (tilre), tile, PL N. A. tile, tile, tilu, -e, G. tilra, tilra, tilra, D.I. tilum, tilum, tilum. (&.) Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Sg.N. glsed, (glad). gladu, -o, glaed, G. glades, glsedre, glades, D. gladum, glaedre, gladum, A. glaedne, glade, glaed, I. glade, (glaedre), glade, PL N. A. glade, glada, -e, gladu, -o, G. glaedra, glaedra, glaedra, D.I. gladum, gladum, § 66.— (b.) Long Stems. gladum. (a.) Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Sg.N. god, (good). god, god, G. godes, godre, g6des, D. godum, godre, g6dum, A. gddne, g6de, god, I. gdde, (gddre), gode, PL N. A. gode, goda, -e, god, G. gddra, godra, g6dra, D.I. g6dum, godum, gddum. 270 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SJA'ON GRAMMAR. (b.) Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Sg.N. blind, (blind). blind, -u, blind, G. biindes, blindre, biindes, D. bliiidum, blindre, biindum, A. blindne, blinde, blind, I. blinde, (blindre), blinde, PI. N. A. blinde, blinda, -e, blind, -e, G. blindra, blindra, blindra, D. I. biindum, biindum, biindum. $ 67.- -(c) Polysyllabic 1 Stems. Sg.N. halig, (holy). haligu, -o; halgu, -o ; halig, G. halges, haligre, halges, D. halgum, haligre, halgum, A. haiigne, halge, halig, I. halge, (haligre), halge, PI. N. A. halge, halga, -e, haligu, -o ; halgu, -o; G. haligra, haligra, haligra, [halig. D. I. halgum, halgum, halgum. $ 68. — Like til decline dol, dull; hoi, hollow; cwic, quick, alive; tarn, tame; wan, wan, &c; and all adjectives ending in -lie and -sum. § 69. — Like glaed decline baer, bare; blsec, black; hwaet, sharp; hraed, quick; laet, late; smael, small; spaer, spare; waer, ware, &c. § 70. — Like god and blind decline all long stems: blac, pale; brad, broad; deaf, deaf; deop, deep; rum, roomy; sar, sore; beald, bold; beorht, bright; ceald, cold; eald, old; forht, timid; grimm, fierce; wlanc, proud, &c. § 71. — Like halig decline all derivatives in -ol, -el, -or, -er, -en, and -ig. These sometimes retain the e of the suffix, as fasger ; Gen. faegeres, fasgres. Exs.: §adig, blessed; famig, foamy; hremig, noisy; manig, many; lytel, little; micel, much; yfel, evil; hnitol, butting; sticol, sharp; sweotol, clear; bitter, bitter; fseger, fair; snottor, wise; haeden, heathen; gilpen, boastful; gylden, golden; iren, iron; stsenen, stony; — as well as the preterit participles of many verbs, &c. Those in -ol rarely con- tract. § 72. — The principal differences between the declension of Strong Ad- jectives and that of Strong Substantives are these: The Adj. has the Dat. Sg. Masc. and Neut. in -um (subs, in -e); the Gen. and Dat. Sg. Fern, in -re (subs, in -e); in Ace. Sg. Masc. the ending is -ne (subs, uninflected); in the PI. Nom. Ace. Masc. the ending is -e (subs, -as); in Nom. Ace. Neut. -u or -e (subs, -u, or uninflected); in the Gen. -ra (subs. -a). The Instru- mental Sg. Masc. and Neut. ends in -e (subs, like the Dat.). § 73. — Rem. 1. — Adjectives in -en have Ace. Sg. Masc. in -ne, as hse- denne, agenne, agene. Those in -er have Dat. Sg. in -erre, as faegerre ; Gen. PI. in -erra, as faegerra, or faegera, AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 271 Rem. 2. — Words in -h, as f*h, hostile ; hSah, high ; hreoh, rough ; won, bent; ruh, rough (G. ruwes ); bweorh, diagonal , &c, lose the h in forms of more than one syllable. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Sg. N. hea(h), (hi gh). hea(h), hea(h), G. hea(ge)s, hearre, hea(ge)s, D. hea(g)um, hearre, h6a (g) um, A. heanne, hea (ge), hea(h), I. hea (ge), (heare), h6a (ge), PL N. A. hea (ge), hga(ge), hea (gu), G. hearra, hearra, hearra, D. I. hea (g) um, hea (g) um, hSa(g)um. § 74.— 2. ja-DECLENSiON. — (a.) Short Stems. Original short stems are inflected like those of the a-stems with double consonantal ending, as mid, middle (middes); nyt, useful; gesib, akin; niwe, new (niwne, niwra, or rieowne,&c. ); frio, free (Gr. friges ; D. frigum ; N. PL frige, G. D. Sg. Fern, friore; G. PL friora; N. & A. PL Masc. frio; 3g. Masc. frione, &c $ 75. — (b.) Long Stems. Masculine Feminine. Neuter. g. N. grene, (green). grenu, -o, grene, G. grenes, grenre, grenes, D. grenum, gr§nre, grenum, A. grenne, grene, grene, I. grene, (grenre), gr6ne, N". A. grene, grena, -e, grenu, -o G. grenra, grenra, grenra, D. I. grenum, grenum, grenum. PL Words like gifre, syfre, fabcne, &c, insert a vowel when an unlike con- sonant follows, as syferne, feecenra ; but A. Sg. Masc. fsecne ; G. PL syfra. $ 76. — Like grene decline — blide, blithe; breme, celebrated; cene, bold; dyrne, dark, secret; yrre, mad; fascne, sinful; sefte, soft; sw§te, sweet; claene, clean; ece, eternal; m^re, renowned; syfre, sober. Also verbal adjectives like genge, current; genabme, agreeable ; and derivatives in -bsere, -ede, -ihte, &c. }. "Wa-DECLENSION. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Sg.N. gearu, (ready). gearu, -o, gearu, -o, G. gearwes, gearore, gearwes, D. gearwum, gearore, gearwum, A. gearone, gearwe, gearu, -o, I. gearwe, (gearore), gearwe, N. A. gearwe, gearwa, -e, gearu, G. gearora, gearora, gearora, D 1. gear-wum, gearwum, gear-wum. 272 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. § 77. — (a.) Words with a simple consonant before the w, change this w, when final, to -o, -u (-a) ; when before a consonant, to -o. So are de- clined earu, swift ; calu, bald ; fealu, fallow ; basu, brown ; hasu, hazel ; mearu, tender; nearu, narrow; salu, sallow, &c. § 78. — (b.) Words with a long vowel or a diphthong before the w, retain this w in all the forms, but do not otherwise differ from the inflection of the a-declension. So are declined gleaw, prudent ; hneaw, stringy ; reow, wild; row, gentle; slaw, slow; &c. The i-declension and the u-deelension present so few remains that a paradigm can not be formed from them. See Sievers's AngelsdchsiscJte Grammatik, § 302, § 303. § 79. — (B.) The Weak Declension. This is just like the weak declension of substantives, with the exception of the G. PI. Here we generally find -ra : -ena is occasionally found. Sg.N. se goda, s§o gode, baet gode, a. baes godan, bsere godan, baes godan, D. ]?am godan, bsere godan, bam godan, A. bone godan, ]?a godan, Masc, Fern., Neut. baet gode. , N. A. ba godan, a. bara godra, -ena, -ana, D. bam godum. PI. § 80. — Participles, both Present and Preterit, are declined like Adjec- tives. § 81. — Comparison of Adjectives. The Comparative and Superlative are formed by -or, -ost (-ir, -est, -ust). Sometimes a Superlative in -ma, -dema, is found. The Comparative of the Adjective is always weak, as -ra, leofra, l§ofre. Exs.— heard, heardra, heardost; leof, leofra, leofost ; glaed, glaedra, gladost; faeger, fsegerra, faegrost. § 82. — Examples with Umlaut. Positive. Comparative. Superlative. eald, ieldra, ieldest, lang, lengra, lengest, Strang, strengra, strengest, sceort, scyrtra, scyrtest, h§ah, hierra, h§rra, hiehst, hehst, geong, gingra, gingest. § 83.— Irregular Comparison.— (a.) Mixed Roots. god, bet (e) ra, bet (o) st, yfel, wyrsa, wyrrest, wyrst, micel, mara, meest, lytel, laessa, laesest, -ast, lsest, sella, selra, selost, selesta. AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 273 84. — (ft.) From Adverbs and Prepositions: — feor, far. fierra, fyrra, fierrest, aer, ere. eerra, serest, fore, before. fyrst, (sid, late). sidra, sidemest, sidest, (inne, within). inn(e)ra, innemest, (ute, without). ut(er)ra, ytemest, utemest, (nord, northward). nordmest, (sud, southward). sudmest, (east, eastward). eastmest, (west, westward). westmest. § 85. — Numerals. Cardinal. Ordinal. an, one; forma, first; twa, two; oder, second; ]?reo, three; fcridda, feower, four; feowerda, feorda, fif, five ; fifta, six, six; sixta, seofon, seven; seofoda, eahta, eight; eahtoda, nigon, nine; nigoda, tyn, ten, ten; t§oda, endleofan, eleven; endlyfta, twelf, twelve; twelfta, ]?r6o-t§ne, -tyne, thirteen; fcreoteoda, f6ower-tyne, fourteen; fSowerteoda, fif-tyne, fifteen; fif-teoda, six-tyne, sixteen; etc. seofon-tene, seventeen ; eahta-tyne, eighteen; nigon-tyne, nineteen; twentig, twenty; an-and-twentig, twenty-one ; ' J>ri-tig, Jjrittig, thirty; fgower-tig, forty; fif-tig, fifty; sixtig, sixty; hund-seofon-tig, seventy ; hund-eahta-tig, eighty ; hund-nigon-tig, ninety ; hund, ) hundred, > hundred ; hund-teon-tig, ) hund-endleofan-tig, hundred and ten; hund-twelf-tig, hundred and twenty; pusend, thousand. 274 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. $ 86. — an is declined like an adjective. Masculine. Feminine. N. A. twegen, twa, G. twega, twegra, D. twaem, twam. So decline begen, ba, bu, both. N. A. bri, brie, bry, br6o, G. br6ora, D. brim. Neuter. twa, tu. breo, The Cardinals, from 4 to 19, are not generally inflected. All Cardinals are most often neuter substantives, with the genitive after them. Those in -tig are sometimes declined like adjectives : Gen. -ra ; Dat. -urn, Some- times they are declined like substantives : britiga sum. $87.— PRONOUNS. 1. Personal Pronouns. Sg. N. ic, (I). bu, (thou). G. min, bin, D. me\ me, b§, be, A. mec, me\ me, bee, b6, be, Du. N. wit, git, G. uncer, incer, D. unc, inc, A. uncit, unc, incit, inc, PI. N. we\ we, ge\ gie, ge, G. user, ure, 6ower, D. us, eow, A. usic, us, €owic, 6ow. 88. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Sg.N. ha, heo, hie, hi, hit, G. his, hiere, hire, hyre, his, D. him, hiere, hire, hyre, him, A. nine, hie, heo, hi, hit. PL N. A. hie, heo, hi, (hig). G. hiera, hira, hyra, heora, heara. D. him, heom. § 89. — 2. Reflexives. Reflexives are supplied by the Personal, either with or without self. self is declined like blind, and is often weak in the Nom. § 90. — 3. Possessives. The Possessives are min, bin, sin, user, ure, uncer, eower, incer. They are declined like Strong Adjectives (ure like grene). AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 275 $ 91.— 4. Demonstratives. Sg. N. se, se, seo, t>aet, G. £>aes, J>eere, paes, D. t>aem, J>am, J>aere, J>sem, £>am, A. J>one, J>a f J>aet, I. t>y» t>ou, PI. N. A. J>a, G. ]?ara, J>sera, D. ]?aem, ]?am. This word is generally nsed as the Definite Article. § 92. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Sg. N. £es, (this). J>eos, £>is, G. £>is(s)es, £>ys(s)es, £>isse,(E>eosse, J>isre), like Mase. D. £>iosum, £>is(s)um, £>ys(s)um, £>isse,(J)eosse, pisre), " ** A. t>iosne, £>isne, Jjysne, J>as, £is, I. t>ys, fcis, PI. N. A. fcas, G. ]?issa, Jjeossa, D . t>iosnm, fris (s ) urn, t)vssum. § 93. — 5. Relatives. ]?e is the usual Relative, and it is used either with or without the Per- sonal Pronouns: ]?e ic, I who; ]?e his, whose; pe him, whom; or simply ]?e. b§ is also frequently used as a Relative. § 94. — 6. Interrogatives. Masculine. Neuter. Sg. N. hwa, hwaet, G. hwees, hwaes, D. hwaem, bwam, hweem, hwam, A. hwone, hwaet, I. hwy, hwi. Only the Masculine and Neuter forms are found, hwaeder and hwilc (hwylc) are declined like Adjectives. § 95. — 7. Indefinites. "Some" is expressed by sum. See Adjectives. In interrogative and negative sentences hwa, hwaeder, and hwelc, can be used indefinitely, selc, each; seuig, any; nsenig, no, none; — are de- clined like Adjectives. 27G AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR CHAPTER III. VERBS. § 96. — In Old English, verbal inflection is very circumscribed. Auxiliary verbs play an important part. § 97. — Voice. — There are two Voices — Active and Passive. To show present from past time the Active has independent forms : the Passive has to make use of wesan (beon) and weordan. § 98. — Mood. — There are three Moods — Indicative, Subjunctive, and Imperative. The so-called Infinitive Mood ends in -an, but shows a regular Dative inflection in -anne (-enne). § 99. — Tense. — There are two Tenses — Present and Preterit. Already in Old English, however, a periphrastic Future, with sculan, is occasionally to be met with. There are likewise the beginnings of the modern so-called Perfect and Pluperfect, with habban. Intransitives frequently have wesan instead of habban. But generally the Present is used both for present and future time, and the Preterit is the general tense of past time. § 100. — Number. — There are two Numbers — Singular and Plural. When the Plural Pronoun follows the Verb (both Indicative and Imperative), the form of the Verb is most frequently changed: we bindad, but binde we; gad! go! but ga g§! go ye! § 101. — Conjugation. — There are two Conjugations — Strong and Weak. They are distinguished by the formation of the Preterit. Strong Verbs form the Preterit, either — I. by Vowel-change Ablaut; or II., by Reduplication. Weak Verbs form the Preterit by means of the verb don, whose root is da-, ta-. $ 102. — I. — Strong Verbs. Indicative. Pres. Sg. — 1. binde, helpe, bidde, binde, 2. bindest, hilp(e)st, bidest, binde, Subjunctive. helpe, helpe, bidde, bidde, bintst, bitst, 3. binded, hilp(e)d, bided, binde, helpe, bidde, bint, bit, Plur.- — bindad, helpad, biddad, binden, helpen, bidden. ret. Sg.- — 1. band, healp, baed, bunde, hulpe, babde, 2. bunde, hulpe, bsede, bunde, hulpe, bsede, 3. band, healp, baed, bunde, hulpe, bcede, Plur.- — bundon, hulpon, Imperative. baedon, bunden, hulpen, Infinitive bseden. Sg. — 2. bind, help, bide, bindan, helpan, biddan. Plur.— 2. bindad, helpad, biddad. Participles. Present. Preterit. bindende,helpende,biddende. bunden. holpen, beden. AN OUTLIKE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 277 Traces of a Passive are found in hatte, plural hatton, — which signifies both / am called and I was called. § 103. — Contract Verbs are those whose stems ended originally in h. This has fallen out, thus bringing together two vowels, which are con- tracted. Such verbs are— teon, £eon, wreon, leon, s§on, flgon, teon, gefeon, pleon, s§on, lean, slean, pwean, and fon, hon, &c The Present Indicative goes thus: — Sg. 1. teo, teo, seo, sl6a, fo. 2. tihst, tiehst, sielist, sliehst, f6hst. 3. tihd, tiehd, siehd, sliehd, fend. PL teod, t§od, seod, slead, fod. In the Preterit the h is retained: Sg. 1, 3, tan; 2, tige; — 1, 3, teah; 2, tuge; — 1, 3, seoh; 2, sawe;- 1, 3, slog(h); 2, sloge; — 1, 3, feng; 2, fenge. PL tigon, tugon, sawon, slogon, fengon. § 104.— Rem. 1.— Verbs with Breaking, like feallan, weorpan, are some- times modified by i-umlaut in the Second and Third Persons Sg. Ind.; as feallest and feist; fealled and feld. Rem. 2. — Umlaut regularly occurs in the Second and Third Persons Sg. of the Present Ind.; and by syncope of the connecting vowels certain euphonic changes are brought about: — 1. — In the Second Sg. when the stem ends in the dental sound d or d, s or t, the dental is lost before the ending -st; as hladan, hlest; cwedan, cwist ; ceosan, ciest ; berstan, birst, &c. But if the stem ends in t, this t is retained, as blotan, blStst; if in -nd, the -nd is changed to -nt, as standan, stentst. 2. In the Third Sg. when the stem ends in -t or -st, the ending -th is dropped, as blotan, blet ; berstan, birst. If the stem ends in -d or -nd, the ending is dropped, and the d changed to t, as hladan, hlet ; standan, stent. If the stem ends in -d one d is dropped, as cwedan, cwid (cwided). Rem. 3.— " Grammatical change" is frequently found in the Pres. PL This affects h, s, and d, especially, and they are changed respectively to g, r, and d, as ceosan, ceas, curon, coren; lidan, l£d, lidon, liden; teon, t§ah, tugon, togen, &c. — s§on has Pret. PL ssegon or sawon; and Part, sewen or segen. Rem. 4. — An old Preterit PL in -un is occasionally found. A Pret. PL in -an (= on) occurs frequently. Rem. 5.— In later texts -on often takes the place of the older Subjunctive Pis. in -en. This -on also becomes -an. §105. — I. Ablauting Verbs. All the different classes show alike four stems: 1, The Present Stem; 2, The First Preterit; 3, The Second Preterit; and 4, The Stem of the Preterit Participle. The regular vowel-change in these four stems gives rise to six different classes. Koch divides these Verbs as follows: — 278 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GUAMMAll. $ 106.— FIRST CLASS. (SlEVERS'S Third Class.) Present Stem. 1st Pret. Stem. 2d Pret. Stem. i, e, eo. a, ea, ae. u. bindan, band, bundon, helpan, healp, hulpon, steorfan, stearf, sturfon, bregdan, braegd, brugdon, Pret. -Part. Stem. u, o. bunden, holpen, storfen, brogden. i,e. beran, niman, stelan, cuman, $107.— SECOND CLASS. (Sievers's Fourth Class.) beer, beeron, nom,t { namon, \ nomon, nam, stael, staelon, c(w)6m,t c ( w) omon, o(u). boren, numen, stolen, cumen, cymen. $108.— THIRD CLASS. (Sievers's Fifth Class. )t i, e. ae, a. ae. e. biddan, bsed, beedon, beden, gifan, geaf, ggafon, gifen, cwedan, cwaed, cwsedon, cweden, s§on, seah, ( sawon, I saagon, ( sewen, \ sawen. $ 109.— FOURTH CLASS. (Sievers's Sixth Class.) $ a, ea. 6. 6. a, ea. hebban, hof, hofon, hafen, wadan, wod, wodon, waden, hlihhan, hloh, hlogon, hleahhen, sl§an, slog, slogon, ( slegen, ) slsegen. * Sievers divides his Third Class into four subdivisions. (1) Verbs with the stem ending in a uasal -4- a consonant, as bindan. (2) Verbs with 1 -f- a consonant, as helpan. (3) Verbs with r or h -f- a consonant, as weorpan, wearp, wurpon, worpen; or feohtan, feaht, fuhton, fohten. (4) Other variations are shown by the following verbs : bregdan, stregdan, berstan perscan, frignan, muriian, spurnan (spornanV t These two Verbs have an exceptional long Vowel in Pret. Sg. t Sievers divides his Fifth Class into three subdivisions. (1) Those verbs like metan, maet, maeton, meten. (2) The verbs gefeon, pleon, seon. (3) The verbs biddan, licg(e)an, sittan, &e. § In like manner his Sixth Class he divides into four subdivisions. (1) Those verbs like faran, for, foron, faren. (2) The verbs lean, slean, pwean, &c. (3) standan, which loses n in the Pret. stod, stodon. (4) The verbs swerig(e)an, hebban, hlihhan, scyppan, steppan, sceddan, &c, which have in the Pres. a j. AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 279 1. slitau, wreon, snidan, $ 110.— FIFTH CLASS. (Sievers's First Class.) a. i. slat, sliton, wrah,* wrigon, snad, snidon, i. sliten, wrigen, sniden. eo, u. beodan, $ 111.— (SlEVERS ea. bead, SIXTH CLASS. 's Second Class.) u. budon, o. boden, ceosair lucan, ceas, leac, curon, lucon, coren, locen. For further examples of the different Classes, see List of Irregular Verbs. § 112. — II. — Reduplicating Verbs. Of the forty verbs in Gothic which plainly showed reduplication, only a few have traces of it in Old English. Exs. heht, leolc, reord, leort,(on)- dreord. These Preterits have younger forms. Contraction has taken place until there are only two classes left: (a) eo-preterits ; (b) ^-preterits. The four stems can be recognized; but the first and fourth have the same vowel, and the second and third are alike. (a.) §o-preterits. Infinitive. Pret. Sg. Pret. PI. Pret. Part. ea: — feallan, fiSoll, feollon, feallen, healdan, heold, h§oldon, healden. §a:— beatan, beot, beoton, beaten, hleapan, S:— bliwan, hl6op, hleopon, hleapen. bleow, blgowon, blawen, cnSwan, cnSow, cneowon, cnawen. 6: — flowan, fl6ow, flgowon, flowen, rowan, reow, reowon, rowen, wepan(by umlaut) . weop, weopon, wopen. (&.)- -§-PRETERITS. a: — hatan, hgt, heton, haten. lsetan, ISt, leton, Iseten. blandan, bl§nd, blendon, blanden, fon(bycontraction)feng, fengon, fangen, hon, heng, hengon, hangen. These are conjugated like other Strong Verbs. * Sometimes confused with the Sixth Class— wreah, wrugon, wrogen. 280 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. § 108. — Weak Verbs. There are three classes of Weak Verbs, divided, according to Sievers, into (1), the jo-class; (2), the 6-class; (3), the ai-class. There are three stems distinguishable in Weak Verbs — the Present, the Preterit, and the Past Participle. § 109. — 1. THE JO-CLASS. Indicative. Subjunctive. Pres. Sg.— 1. nerie, deme, 2. neres(t), dem(e)st, 3. nered, dem(e)d, Plur. — neriad, demad, Pret. Sg. — 1. nerede, d§mde, 2. neredes(t), demdes(t), 3. nerede, demde, Plur. — neredon, demdon, Imperative. Sg. 2. nere, dem. Plur. 2. neriad, demad. Participles Present. neriende, demende. nered, demed. nerie, deme, nerie, deme, nerie, deme, nerien, demen. nerede, demde, nerede, demde, nerede, demde, nereden, demden. Infinitive. nerian, deman. Past. nerian represents short stems, and d§man long stems. Wherever it is admissible i-umlaut occurs in all forms of the Present. Long stems retain this i-umlaut in the Preterit. § 110. — By suffixing the -de certain euphonic changes are brought about, as — -ndde becomes -nde, as in sende, from sendan. -llde -lde, << " fylde, ryllan. -tde -tte, a " mStte, ' ' metan. -pde -pte, a " dypte, ' ' dyppan. -cde -hte, a " taehte, * ' t^can. -ssde -ste, a " cyste, ' ' cyssan. -xde -xte, a 11 lixte, ' ' lixan. -rw(e) de " -rede, a ct gyrede, ' ' gyrwan $ 111. — The Past Participle generally contracts; as send, mett, ta%ht, ■wend ; seted, plur. sette ; treded, tredde ; demed, demde ; gegyrwed, gegyrede. The ending -ed is, however, frequently retained; as fylled, dypped, hyred, cyded, &c. AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 281 § 112. — In like manner conjugate — ferian, (carry). ferede, werian, (defend). werede, fremman, (do). fremede, bennan, (extend). benede, sceddan, (hurt). scedede, cnyssan, (strike). cnysede, lecg(e)an, (lay). legde, (lSde), wecg(e)an, (awake). wegede, treddan, (tread). tredde, settan, (set). sette, cydan, (make known). cydde, sendan, (send). sende, fyllan, (fill). fylde, nemnan, (name). nemnde, gyrwan, (prepare). gyrede, cigan, (call). cigde, § 113. — The following verbs have not bee Preterit : — cwellan, (kill). cwealde, sellan, (sell). sealde, tellan, (tell). tealde, bycg(e)an, (buy). bohte, bene (e) an, (think). bohte, bync(e)an, (appear). biilite, wyrcan, (work). worhte, bringan, (bring). brohte, r6c(e)an, (care). rohte, s6can, (seek). sohte, (ge)-fered, (ge)-wered, (ge)-fremed, (ge)-bened, (ge)-sceded, (ge)-cnysed, (ge)-legd, (16d), (ge)-weged, treded, seted, (ge)-cyded, send, fylled, nemned, (ge)-gyrwed, (ge)-ciged. (ge)-cweald, (ge)-seald, (ge)-teald, boht, boht, buht, worht, broht, roht, soht. § 114. — A few have i-umlaut also; as- cwecc(e)an, (vibrate). cweahte, cwehte, cweaht, drecc(e)an, (vex). dreahte, drehte, dreaht, recc(e)an, (tell). ' reahte, rehte, reaht, wecc(e)an, (awake). weahte, wehte, weaht, becc(e)an, (thatch). beahte, behte, beaht, teec(e)an, (show). tahte, tsehte, taht, tseht, &c 282 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. Indicative. Pres. Sg.— 1. liifi(g)e, 2. lufast, 3. lufad, Plur.— lufiad, Pret. Sg.— 1. lufode, 2. lufodest, 3. lufode, Plur. — lufedon, -odon, Imperative. Sg. 2. lufa, Plur. 2. lufiad. Present. lufiende. § 115. — 2. THE 6-CLASS. Subjunctive. lufi(g)e, lufi(g)e, lufi(g)e, lufi(g)en. lufode, lufode, lufode, lufoden. Infinitive. lufian. Participles. Past. lufod. Instead of lufian, we frequently find lufigan, lufigean. A large number of Verbs belongs to this class. The Preterit ends in -ode (-ade, -ude, -ede); — the Past Participle in -od (-ad, -ud). In in- flected forms -ed- is found. So conjugate iscian, ask ; locian, look ; macian, make ; sceawian, be- hold* sealfian, anoint; tacnian, betoken; weordian, honor, &c. 116.— 3. THE ai-CLASS. Pres. Sg. Plur. Indicative. 2. hafas(t), liofas(t), 3. hafad, liofad, habbad, libbad, hasbbad, lifg(e)ad, Subjunctive iii ( libbe haebbe, | JJ™ haebbe, lifge, haebbe, lifge, haebben Pret. Sg. — 1. haefde, lifde, &c, like demde. Imperative. Sg. 2. hafa, liofa. T) linT> „ < habbad, ( libbad, nur. J. j haebbad> J iif g (e)ad. $ libben, \ lifgen. Infinitive. libban, lifgan. habban haebbende, Participles. Present. libbende, ? lifgende. $ Past, gehaefd, gelifd. This class contains only a few remains of the original ai-class. Besides the above two, there belong here secg(e)an, say; hycg(e)an, think; and perhaps breag(e) an, threat; sm§ag(e) an, think; freog(e)an, free. They are all conjugated in full in "Cook's Sievers's Grammar of Old English,'' p. 212. AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. $ 117.— 4. Preterit-Presents. 283 These Verbs are old Strong Preterits, with Present signification. From these, new Weak Preterits have been formed, which are inflected like other Weak Preterits. willan. Indicative. Subjunctive. Pres. — 1. wille, wile, wile, 2. wilt, wile, 3. "wile, wille, wile, Plur. — willad, willen. Pret. — wolde, walde, wolde. The Present wille was originally a Subj. Preterit, and hence willan is not strictly to be classed with the Preterit-Presents. nyllan. Indicative. Subjunctive. Pres. — 1. nele, nyle, nyle, nel(l)e, 2. nelt, nylt, nyle, 3. nele, nyle, nyle, Plur. — nellad, nyllad, nylen. Pret. — nolde, nalde, nolde. mper. Sg. — nelle, nyl. Plur. — nyllad. 1. wit an. Indicative. Subjunctive. Pres. Sg.— 1. wat, (know), wite, 2. wast, wsest, wite, 3. wat, wite, Plur. — witon, witen. Pret. Sg. — wiste, wisse, Plur. — wiston. wiste. Imp. wite, witad. Inf. witan. Participles. — Present, witende. Past, witen. With ne (not) = nat, nast, nyton (-un), nysse, nyste, &c. 284 AN OUTLINE OF AXGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. n S a 3 fcA 5 ft © . © 0) © 3 © w> fee a 02 a ** -e i s a co k> 43 a U) •a - ft a (8 © 3 s AX OUTLINE OF AXOLO-SAXOX GRAMMAR. 285 Indicative. Pres. Sg.- — 1. eom, beo, 2. eart, bist, 3. is, bid, Plur.- — sind. beod. Pret. Sg. — 1. wees, 2. wsere, 3. wees, Plur. — wceron. Imperative. wes, wesad, beo, b§od 118.— 5. Anomalies. 1. wesan, (to be). Subjunct ive. sie, beo, sie, beo, sie, beo, sien. beon. wsere, weere, weere, weeren. nfinitive. ■wesan, beon. Participles. — Present, wesende. Past, gewesen. For a variety of forms in the different dialects, see " Cook's Sievers's Grammar of Old English," § 427. The contracted forms are neom, neart, nis, naes, nseron, nseren, &c § 119.- -2. don, (to do) Indicative. Subjunctive. Pres. Sg. — 1. do, 2. d6st, 3. ded, do, do, do, Plur.- - dod. don. Pret. Sg.- — 1. dyde, 2. dydes (t), 3. dyde, dyde, dyde, dyde, Plur.- — dydon. dyden. Imper. do, dod. Inf. don. Participles. — Present, donde. Past, gedon. For other dialect forms, see "Cook's Sievers's Grammar of Old English/' $429. § 120.— 3. gan, (to go). Indicative. Subjunetive. Pres. Sg.— 1. ga, ga, 2. gsest, ga, 3. g£ed, ga, Plur.— gad. gan, Pret. — 8ode, eode. like nerede. Imper. ga, gad. Inf. gan. Participles. — Present, gande. Past, gsgan. 286 AN OUTLINE OF ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. § 121.— ADVERBS. Adverbs, derived from Adjectives, generally have the ending -e; as hearde, hard; lange, long; sode, truly; wide, widely. If the Adjective ends in -e, the Adverb has the same form. Many Adverbs are formed with the suffix -lice (-ly); as heardlice, hardly; sodlice, truly; sweatullice, clearly. Still another class has the ending -a ; as fela, very ; singala, al- ways; sona, soon; tela, teala, properly. The endings -unga, -enga, -inga, are also used to form Adverbs; as anunga, -inga, entirely; semninga, suddenly; eallunga, entirely; holinga, secretly; weninga, perhaps. Of Nouns the Gen., Dat., Ace, and Instr. cases are freely used as Adverbs. Comparison of Adverbs is like that of Adjectives. Adverbs of place answer to the three questions — Where? Whither? Whence? — as, Jsaer, there; £>ider, thither ; £oiian, thence ; hwaer, where ; h wider, whither; bwonan, whence; her, here; hider, hither; heonan, hence; &c. [287] LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. ^ Infinitive. Present. 1. ah, 2. ahst, aht. Preterit. ahte, Participle. agen,(a$.) agan( own, ought). PL agon. Subj. Pres. age, agen (on). bannan( command). 2. bannest, ben (un), bannen. bonnan (red.) 2. banst, benst. beon (un). 3. banned, 3. band. beonnon beatan (beat, red. ) 2. beatest, bytst, 3. beated, byt. b§ot, beoton. beaten. belgan(be angry). 1. 2. bilgst, bilhst, 3. bilgd, bilhd, bylgd. 1. bealg(h), 2. bulge, bulgon. bolgen. beran (bear). II. 2. birest, birst, byrst, 1. baer, boren. beoran, 3. bired, bird, byr(e)d. 2. baere, bseron. berstan (burst). I. 2. birst, 1. beerst. 3. birsted, birst, 2. burste, 3. byrst, bierst. burston. borsten. bgodan (bid). VI. 2. b6odest, bytst, byst, 1. bead, biodan, 3. beoded, bytt, bitt. 2. bude, budon. boden. b6on (be). 1. beom, bSon, beo, 1. waes, (ge-)wesen. bion, 2. bist, byst, 2. weere, 3. bid, byd, bSod. wseron. PI. bSod, biod, biad. siiit, sind. Imper. beo (d). sindon. Pres. Subj. b8o, bio. si, sy, sig, PL beon. sie, s6o, s6o. PL sien,sie,syn, sin, s§on. 288 LIST OF IRREGULAR AXD ANOMALOUS VERBS. Infinitive. Present. beorcan (bark). I. 3. byrcd. beorgan (save,) I. 2. byrgst, byrhst, (protect). 3. byrged, byrgd, 3. byrhd. beornan (burn). I. 1. beorne, byrne, byrnan, bidan (bide). 2. beornest, beornst, 2. byrnest, byrust, 3. beorned, beornd, 3. byrned, birnd(y). PL' beornad. V. 2. bidest, bitst, bist, 3. bided, bitt. Preterit. Participle. bearc, borcen. burcon. 1. bearg(h), 2. burge, borgen. burgon. barn(ea,o), bornen. burne, burnon. 1. bad, 2. bide, bidon. biddan (ask). III. 2. biddest, bidst, bitst, 1. baed, 3. bidded, bit, byt, bitt, 2. bsede, PI. biddad. beedon. biden. beden. bindan (bind). I. 2. bindest, bintst, binst, 1. band (o), bunden. 3. binded, bint, 2, bunde, PI. bindad. bundon bitan (bite). V. 2. bitest, bitst, 1, bat, 3. bited, bitt, bit. 2. bite, biton. biten. bl*tan( bleat, reel.). 3. bleet. blandan(blend, reel). 2. blandest, blgnd, blondan, 3. blanded, blent. blende, blanden, blendon. blonden. blatan (to be blue- 2. blatest, blsetst, 1. bleot, blet. [pale, red). 3. blated, blset. 2. blete, bleton. blaten. blawan(blow,m7.). 2. blawest, blawst, bleow (e). 2. bleewest. blaewst, blawen. 3. blawed, blawd, bleowon. 3. blsewed, blsewd. PI. blawad. LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. 289 Infinitive. Present. blican (glitter). V. 2. blicest, blicst, 3. bliced, blicd. Pteterit. Participle. 1. blac, 2. blice, blicen. blioon. blinnan (cease). I. 2. blinnest, blinst, blan (o), 3. blinned, blinnid, blind, blann, blunnen. blunne, blunnon. blotan (sacrifice). 2. blotest, bl6tst, (red.) 3. bloted, blet, &c. 1. bleot, 2. bleote, bleoton. bloten. bio wan (bloom). 2. bio west, blewst, 1. bl§ow, (red.) 3. blowed, bl6wd, &c. 2. bleowe, bleowon. blowen. brecan(break). II. 2. bricest, bricst, 3. briced, bricd, &c. 1. braec, 2. braece, brsecon. brocen. bredan(braid,swing).I. 2. britst, brist, 3. brit, bret, &c. 1. braed, broden, brudon. breden. bregdan(move). I. 1. bregde, 1. braegd. bredan, 2. -est, brogden, 3. -d, &c. brugdon, bregden. brengan * (bring). 2. brengest, brengst, 1. brohte, 3. brenged, brengd, 2. brohtest, gebrdht. brencd, &c. brohton. breatan (break). 2. breatest, brytst, 1. breot, br eaten, (red.) 3. br§ated, bryt, &c. brSoton. br§otan(break).VI. 2. breotest, breotst, 1. br6at, brytest, brytst, 2. brute, broten. 3. bre"oted, br§ot, bruton. bryted, brytt, &c. breodan (ruin). VI. 2. brSodest, bryst, 1. brSad, broden 3. brooded, bryd, &c. brudon. 290 LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. Infinitive. Present. Preterit. Participle, bringan (bring). I. 1. bringe, brincge, 1. brang (o). 2. bringst, 3. bringed, brincgd, 2. brunge, brungen. bringd, &c. brungon. brinnan (burn). I. 1. bran, brunnon. brucan ( use ) . VI . 2 . brucest , bry est , brlcst, 1 . breac , 3. bruced, bryed, 2. bruce, brucon, bude.* brunnen. brocen. buan (dwell). VI. 2. bust, buwan PI. buad. PL buan(=buwon), gebun, gebud.* biigan (bow). VI. 2. bugest, byhst, 3. buged,byhd,bygd, 1. b8ag(h), &c. 2. buge, bugon. bycgan*(buy). 1. byege, bicge, 1. bohte, bicgan, 2. bygest, bohton. 3. byged, &c. ceorfan (carve). I. 2. ceorfest, cyrfst, 1. cearf, 3. ceorfed, cyrfd, &c. 2. curfe, curfon. bogen. geboht. corfen. ceosan (choose). VI. 2. c6osest, cyst, 1. ceas, ces, ciosan 3. ceosed, cyst, cist, &c. 2. cure, coren. c§owan (chew). VI. 2. ceowest, cywst, 1. ceaw, 3. cSowed, cyvcrd, cuwon. cl§ofan(cleave,split).VI.2.clyfst, 1. clSaf, 3. clyfd, &c. clufon. cllfan( cleave, stick). V. 2. clifest, clifst, 1. claf, 3. cllfed, clifd, clifon. cliagan( cling, shrink up). I. 2. clingst, 1. clang, 3. clingd, &c. clungon. cowen. clofen. clifen. (ge-)clungen. LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. 291 Infinitive. Present. Preterit. Participle. (on)cnawan(know).2. -cnawest, -cnaewst, -cneow, -cnawen. {red.) 3. -cnawed, -cnsewd, &c. -cneowon. cn€odan(give). VI. 3. encoded, &e. cnead. creodan(crowd).VL2.creodest,crytst,cryst, 1. cread, 3.cr8oded,cryded,crytt, 2.crude, &c. crudon. creap, creopan (creep). VI. 2. crypest, crypst, cr§opest, creopst. 3. cryped, crypd, cripd, crupon. creoped, crSopd, &c. crincan (yield). I. 2. crincst, 3. crincd, &c. crane, cruncon. cuoden. croden. cropen. cruncen. crungen. cringan( cringe, fall). I. 2. cringest, cringst, crang (o), crincgan, 3. cringed, cringd,&c. crungon. cuman (come). II. 2. cymst, cymest, 1. com, cwom, cumen, 3. cumed, cymd, 2. come, cymen. cymed, cimd, comon, cwomon, PI. cumad. cunnan (can). cwellan*(kill). PI. 1. can, con, cann, conn, cude, 2. canst, const, ciidon. cunnon. cwealde. cwelan (die). II. 2. cwilst, cwael, 3. cweld,cwild,cwyld. cwselon. cud, (on-cunnen). cweald. cwolen. cwedan (quoth). III.2. cwedest,cwedst,cwaedst, 1. cwsed, cweden. cwidst,cwydst,cwist,cwyst, 2. cwsede. 3. cweded, cwed, cweedon. cwid(d), cwyd, &c. delan (sink). II. dael, dselon. delfan (delve). I. 2. delfest, dilfst, 1. dealf, 3. delfed, dilfd, &c. 2. dulfe, dulfon. dolen. dolfen. 292 LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. Infinitive. Present. Preterit. Participle, don (do, red.). 1. do, 1. dyde,dide,daede,(ge)don, 2. dest, 2. -est, -on, -en. den. 3. ded. PL dod. Imper. do (-d). Pres. Subj. do, don. (on)drsedan(dread).2.dr^dest, draetst, driest, (dreord),dred, draMon. {red.) 3. drseded, dreett, &c. dredon. dragan(drag,draw).IV.2. draegest,drsegst,dra5nst, drog(h), dragen. 3. dra3ged,drcegd,draehd,&c. drogon. drepan (strike). III. 2.drepest,dripest,dripst, I. drep.draep, drepen, 3.dreped,driped,dripd,&c. 2. draepe, dropen. drcepon. dre^gan(do, suffer). VI. 2. dr§ogest, dry list, l.dreah(g), drogen. 3. dreoged,dryhd,drigd, 2.druge, PI. drSogad. "- X ' drugon. dreopan (drop). VI. 2. drypst, dreap, dropen. 3. drypd, drupon. PL dreopad. dreosan (fall). VI. 2. dryst, dr§as, droren. 3. dreosed, dryst, &e. druron. drifan (drive). V. 2. drlfest, drifst, 1. draf, drifen. 3. drifed, drifd, drift, &c. 2. drife. drifon (eo). drincan(drink). I. 2. drincest, dranc, druncen. 3. drincd, dryncd, &c. dnincon. dufan (dive). VI. 2. dyfst, 1. deaf, dofen. 3. dyfd, &c. 2. dufe, dufon. dugan (do, avail). 1. deag(h), dohte, 2. duge, -on. PL dugon. dwelan (err). II. 2. dwelest, dwilst, 1. dwael, dwolen. 3. dweled, dwild, &c. 2. dwaele, dwaelon. LIST OF IRREGULAR AXD ANOMALOUS VERBS. 293 Infinitive. etan (eat). earn, &c. (am). Present. Preterit. Participle. III. 2. etest, etst, itst, ytst, aetst, 1. get, eten, 3. yt, ytt, et, ett, eted, ieted, 2. eete, (eton). 3. yted, ited, itt. seton. PI. etad. 1. eom, earn. See beon and wesan. 2. eart, eard, eartbu, earttu. PI. earon, earun. faran (fare). VI. 2. farest,fcerest,faerst,faerst, for, 3. fared,faered,faerd. C faerstd - foron. PI. farad faren. feccan* (fetch). fecceau, fseccan. fecgan (seize). III. felgan(fall into). I. 2. filgst, filhst, 3. filgd, filhd, PI. felgad. fealdan (fold, red.) 2. fealdest, fylst, 3. fealded, fylt. feallan (fall, red.) 2. feallest,fealst,felst,fylst, feol (1), 3. fealled, feald, fild, fyld, fgollon. PI. feallad. 1. feahte, fehte, feaht, 2. -est, feht. -on. feah. fealg(h), folgen. fiilgon. feold, fealden. feoldon. feallen f6ogan*(hate). f6oged, fSod. fiogan, feon, fion. PI. feogad, feogead. feohan (rejoice). III. f6on, -find. feohtan (fight). I. 2. feohtest, 3. feohted, fiht, &c. feolan (hang). II. fiolan, felan, f§ode, feodon (-un, -an). feah(-feh), fegen fsegon (-fegon). 1. feaht, 2. fuhte, fuhton. fael, faelon, felon. fohten. folen, feolen. 294 LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. Infinitive. Present. Preterit. Participle. findan (find). I. 2. findest, findst, fintst, finst, 3. finded, fint, &c. fand (o), funde,* fundon. funden. fleogan (fly). VI. 2. fleogest, 1. fleog(h), flogen. fliogan, 3. fL6oged, fligd, &c. 2. fluge, flugon. fleon (flee). VI. 1. A6o, 1. fleah, flogen. fleohan, 2. flihst, flyhst, 2. fluge, fleogan, 3. flihd, flyhd. flugon. flion. PL fldod, fliod, flyhd. •eotan (float). VI. 2. flytst, 3. flyt. fleat, fluton. floten. flitan (strive). V. 2. flitest, flitst, 3. flited, flit, &c. flat, fliton. fliten. flowan (flow, \ red.) 2. fid west, flewst, 3. flowed, flewd, &e. fleow, flgowon. flowen. folgan* (follow). 1. folgige, 2. folgast, fylgst, 3. folgad, fylgd. PL folgiad. folgode, fyl(i)gde, gefolgod. Imper. folga (-iad). fon (grasp, red.) 1. f6, 1. feng, fangen. 2. f6hst, 2. f§nge, fongen. 3. fghd. fengon. PL fod. Imper. foh, Subj . Pres. fo, Pret . fenge, fod. fon, feugen. fragan (learn). IV. gefraegen, (gefragan). gefregen. fretan (eat up). III. 2. fritest, fritst, 1. fraet, freten. 3. freted, frited } 2. frsete, fritt, fryt. frseton. freogan*(free). freo, &c. freode, freod. freon, freod, -on. PL freogad. Imper. freo. Subj. Pres. freoge. LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. 295 Infinitive. Present. Preterit. Participle, fricgan (ask). III. 2. frigest, frigst, frihst, 1. fraeg, ge-frigen, fricgean, 3. friged, frigd, frihd, &c. 2. frsege, -fregen, fricggan. frsegon. -fraegen, Imper. frige, &c. Subj. Pres. fricge, &c. frignan (ask) . I. 2. frignest, 1. fraegn(-en -in), frugnen. 3. frigned, &c. fraeng, fregen (-n), 2. frugne, frugnon. Imper. frign (-ad). Subj. Pres. frigne, &c. frinan (ask). I. 2. frinest, 1. fran, frunen. 3. frined, &c. 2. frune, frunon. Imper. frin(ad). Subj. Pres. frine(-en). fringan (ask) I. -(ge)-fringon (Beo. 1667.) galan (sing). IV. 2. gaelest, gaelst, gol, galen. 3. gaeled, gseld, &c. golon. gin (go). 1. ga, * 2. gsest, 1. eode, gegan. 3. gsed. 2. eodest, PI. gad. eodon. Imper. ga (-d). Subj. Pres. ga, gan. gangan (go). 1. gange, gonge, geong, giong, gangen, gongan {red). 2. gangest, gongest, gieng, geng, gongen. gancgan, 3. ganged, gonged. PL gangod, gongod. g§ongon, giongon, (Usually contracted into gan). giengon, g§ngon. gellan (yell). 1. gelle, gille, gielle, gylle, geal, gollen. giellan (red. ) 2. gilst, gielst, gylst, gullon. gyllan, 3. gilled, gild, gield, gillan, gylled, gyld. PL gellad (i, ie, y). 296 LIST OF ILREOLLAIi AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. Infinitive. Present. Preterit. Participle. gerwan* (prepare). gearw(i)e (gearuwe), gearwode (-ade, -ede), gegired, girede, &c. ge-gearwod, gaerwlan, girwan, gierwan, gyrwan, gearwian. PI. gearwad. geopan(take up). VI. 2. gypst, 3.gypd. PI. geopad. geotan(pour). VI. 2. gytst, 3. gyt. PI. geotad. gifan (give). III. 1. gife, &c. giefan, 2. gifest, gifst, gefan, 3. gifed, gifd. geofan, giofan, PL gifad. gyfan. gildan (pay). I. 2. giltst, gieltst, gieldan, gyltst, gilst, gyldan, 3. gilded, gilt, geldan, gielt, gylt, &c. gilpan (boast). I. 2. gilpst, gielpst, gielpan, 3. gilpd, gielpd. gylpan, PI. gilpad (ie, y). glnan (yawn). V. 1. gine, 2. ginest, ginst, 3. glned, gind. PI. ginad. -odon. (-ad, -ed). geap, gupon. gopen gSat, get, guton. goten. 1. 2. geaf,gaef,gef, gifen, geafe, gefe, giefen, geafon,gefon. gyfen. geald, guidon. gulpon. gan, ginon. golden. golpen. ginen. ginnan (begin). I. 2. -ginnest, ginst, gynnan, l.-gann(o), -guimen. 3. -ginned,gind,gined,&e. 2. -gunne, -gunnon. . LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. 297 Infinitive. gitan (get). gietan, gytan, geotan. Present. III. 1. -gite (y, ie), 2. -gitst, 3. -git, -gitt. PL -gitad (y, ie). Preterit. -geat, geaton. Participle. giten. glidan (glide). V. 2. glidest, glid, gliden. 3. glided, glit, &c. glidon. grsetan (bewail). 1. greete, gret, graeten, gr6tan. (red.) 2. grsetest, &c. greton. greten. grafan (dig). IV. 1. grafe, graefe, grof, grafen. 2. graefest, graefst, grofon. 3. graefed, graefd. PI. grafad. greosan(frighten). VI. 2. gryst, grSas, groren. 3. gryst. gruron. PI. greosad. greotan(weep). VI. 2. grytest, grytst, gr§at, groten. 3. greoted, gryt, &e. gruton. grimman (rage, I. 2. grimst, gramm(o), gnimmen. hasten). 3. grimmed, grimd, &c. grummon. grindan (grind). I. 2. grintst, grinst, 1 . grand (o), grunden. gryndan. 3. grint, &c. 2 . grunde, grundon. gripan (grasp). V. 2. gripest, gripst, grap, gripen. 3. griped, gripd, &e. gripon. growan (grow,retf. ) 2. grSwest, grewst, gr§ow, growen. 3. growed, grewd, &e. gr§owon. habban (have). 1. haebbe (hafa, -o, -u), haefde, (ge)haef(e)d. 2. haefst (hafast, hafest), -on. 3.(hafad, haefed), haefd. PI. habbad(ae). Imper. hafa, habbad(ae). Subj. Pres. haebbe (a), -en, -on (ae). 298 LIST OF IRREGULAR AXD ANOMALOUS VERBS. Infinitive. Present. Preterit. Participle. hatan (bid, red). 2. hatest, ha3tsd(?), heht, net, haten. 3. hated, hat, heett, &c. hehton, heton. hatan* (be called). hatte (Pres.&Pret.) hatton. hebban (raise). IV. 1. hebbe(ae), haebban. 3. hefed, hefd. PI. hebbad. Imper. hebe, hebbad. hof, hofon. hafen (ae). helan (conceal). II. 2. hilest (y), 3. hild. PL helad. 1. hael, 2. hsele, heelon. holen. helpan (help). I. 2. helpst, 1. healp, 3. helped, hilpd(ie),&c. 2. hulpe, hulpon. holpen. herian (praise). 1. herige, herge, herede(-ode), hered. hergan, haeran, heredon. hergian, herian. 3. hered. PL herad, heriad, herigad. herigead, hergad. Imper. hera (e). heafan (mourn, red. ) hgof, hof, heofon. healdan(hold, red.) 2. healdest, 1. heold, haldan. 3. hilt, healt, hylt, 2. h§olde, healden. PL healdad. hgoldon (io). heawan (hew, red.) heow, heawer 3. h§awed, h§o"won. hiwd (ie). PL heawad. hladan (load). IV. 1. Made, hlod, hladen. 2. hlaetst, 3. hladed, &c. hlodon (u, a). LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. 299 Infinitive. Present. Preterit. Participle. hlehhan( laugh). IV. 1. hliche, &c. 1. hloh, -hlahen, hlihhan, 2. hloge, -hleahen. hlihan, hlyhhan. hlogon (a, u). PI. hlihgad, Mihad (ie). hleapan(leap,run). 1. hleape, &c. hleop, hleapen, {red.) 3. hleaped,hleapd,hlipd,&c. nleopon (u). hlgotan (cast lots). 1. hleote, hleat, {red.) 2. hlSotest, &c. hluton. hlidan (cover). V. -hiad, Widen. -hlidon. Migan (call). V. 3. -hlid. hlimman (resound). I. hlamm, hlymman. 3. hlimmed, hlymmed, &c. hlummon. hlowan (low, red.) 3. hlewd. hleow, hl§owon. hnatan (strike, red.) hneot. hneappan (break, red.) -hneop, -nneapen. hneopon. hnlgan (bend). V. hnige, &e. hnag (h), hnigen. hnigon. hnitan (knock). V hnat, hniten. hniton. hon (hang, red.) heng, hangen. PI. hod. h^ngon. PI. Imper. hoh (-d). hr6osan (fall). VI. 1. hreose, hr6as, hroren. 3. hrysd, hryst, hrist (6). hruron. hr§odan (cover). VI hroden. (hr6odan). 300 LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. Infinitive. Present. Preterit. Participle. hreowan (rue). VI. 3. hriwd, hreaw(eo) (Impers. often). 3. hreowed. PL hr6owd. hrlnan (touch). V. 1. hrine (o), hrtn, hrinen. 3. hrined, hrind, hrinon. hrindan (push). L hrand, hrundon. hrofan (cry, call, red. ) hrSop, hreopon (-u). hrutan (make a noise). VI. hrute, &c. hreat, hruton. hiidan(rob). VI. -Mad, -hoden. -hudon. hwelan (howl), II. hwael. hwylan. 3. hwiled. hwettan*(whet). 1. hwette, &c. hwette, 3. hwaet, hwaeted, hweted. hwetton. hweorfan( turn, move), I. 1. hweorfe, hwearf,hwaBrf, hworfen. hworfan, 2. hwearfest, hwurfon (o, eo). hwurfan. 3. hwirfd, hweorfed, &c. hycgan * (think), 1. hycge (i), &c, hogade (-ode, -ede), hicgan (-ean). 3. hycged, hyged. [hogde, PI. hycgad (ead). hogedon (-odon, -dan), hogdan. irnan (run, flow). I. 3. irnd, irned, yraed. 1. arn, urnen. 2. urne, PI. yrnad. urnon. lacan (jump, move), 1. leolc(-lec), -lacen. (red.) 3. ltced, &c. 2. leolce, -lecon. LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. 301 Preterit. Participle. Infinitive. Present. lsetan (let, red.), 1. lsete, letan. 2. lsetest, lsetst, 3. laeted, lsett, l§ted. Imper. leet (-ad). leccan * (moisten). let (leot), leeten. leton. leohte. leoht. lecgan*(lay). 1. lecge, 2. legest, leged. PI. lecgad. legde (-lede) legdon (ae). , ge-lege ge-led. lesan (pick). III. lees, -Icbson. -lesen. 16an (scold). IV. 3. lyhd. 16g (h), logon. -leahen. leodan (grow), liodan. VI. lead, ludon. -loden. leofan (love ?). VI. (Dan. 56). PL lufan(?). leogan (lie). VI. 3. lyhd, Igoged. PL leogad. leag(h), lugon. -logen. leosan (lose). VI. 3. -list. leas, -luron. -loren. libban*(live), lybban. 1. Iibbe (Sweet, lxxv.), 2. leofast (i), 3. leofad (i). Iifde (y), Ieofode, -Iifd, -lyfd. PL libbad. lifdon (a, y), ge-leofod. Ieofodon. Pres. Subj. Iibbe (-en, -on). Imper. leofa (i), libbad. Iicgan(ean), (lie down). III. 2. ligst, 3. licged,liged,ligd,ligd(-et),lseg f -legen. [lid. lsegon(a), (un,an). PL ligad (-ead). lidan(grow). V. 3. lided. 302 LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. Infinitive. lifian*(live), lyfian, lifgan (-ean). leofian. Present. 1. lifige, lifge, 2. leofast, 3. lifad, lyfad, leofad. Preterit. Participle. (See libban). PI. lifiad, lifigead, lifigad, lifgad. Imper. leofa. lihan (lend), V, , 3. -lihd(-lyhd). lah (g), leah, -linen. lyhan. -ligon. iimpan (happen). [. 3. limped, limpd. &e. lamp (o), gelumpen. (Impers.) -lumpon. linnan (yield), I. 2. linnest, linst, 1. -lan,-lon(un), -lunnen. lynnan. 3. -lind, 2. -lunne, -linned, linnid, &e. lunnon. lidan (go). I. -lad, -liden, -lidon(-lidon). -liden. lucan (lock). VI. -l§ac, locen. 3. lycd, &e. lucon. lutan (bow;. leat, (ge)loten. 3, luted, lytt, &c. lutan (-un). magan (may). 1. mseg, 1. meahte, mehte, mihte, 2. meant, miht. 2. meahtes, PI. magon, msegon, magan, meahtum (-on, -an), magum, magun. mihton (-en). Subj. Pres. maege. Subj. Pret. meahte, mihte, PI, msegen, m^ge. mawan (mow, red.) meltan (melt). I. 3. melted, meahte, meahtes (-t), meahton, mihton, meahtan, meahten, mihten, meahte, mihte. mealt, -molten, multon (-an). LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. 303 Infinitive. Present, metan (measure). III. meornan (mourn. care). I. (u). niidan (hide). V. motan (may, must). 1. mot, 2. most. PI. moton (-an, -en, -um, -un) Subj. Pres. mote. PI. moten (-an, -e). Preterit, Participle. maet, meten. maeton. mearn, mornen. murnon. mad, miden. -midon. moste. -on. munan (think). 1. man, moD 2. manst. PI. munon. munde. -on. Subj. Pres. mune, -an. nabban(not to have). 1. naebbe, (ne -f- habban. 2. nafast, naeft, 3. nafad, naefd. PI. nabbad. nsefde, neefdon. nagan, 1. nan, nahte, (ne-fagan). nahton (-an). PI. nagon (■ an). napan (red.) -neop, neopen. in genapan (attack?). -n§opon. nesan (survive, endure). III. -nags, genesen 3. -nist, -nesed, &c. nseson. neam,neom(am not). 3. nis, nys, (=ne-feam). PI. nearon. Pres. Part, nserende. neotan (enjoy,use). VI. niotan. •neat, -nuton. ■noten. 304 LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. Infinitive. Present. Preterit. Participle. nillan, 1. nelle, nele, 1. nolde, nellan(=ne+willan),nylle ( nyle, 2. noldest(-s), nyllan. 2. nelt, nylt. PL nellad (g). noldon (-an). Imper. nyle, nyllad. Pres. Subj. nyle, nelle, nyllen, nellon. niman (take). II. 1. nime, (y, eo, io). 2. nimest, 3. nimed (y), nimd. PI. nimad (y). nlpan (grow dark). V. nitan (y, e), (not to know). 1. nat, (=ne-{- witan). 2. nast. PI. nyton, neton. 1. nam, nom, numen. 2. name, namon (-an), (noman). -nap, -nipon. -nipen. 1. nyste, nysse, 2. nysses, nyston. -nugan (have at com- -neah. -nohte. [mand. ) PI. -nugon. racan* (reach, attain ), raehte, -r rsecean. reehton. r^dan( advise, red.). 1. raede, rgord. 2. raedest, 3. rseded, rset, &c. rafan(rob). IV. -rof, -r rofon. recan*(reck), 2. recst, rohte, reccan. 3. reed, reced, &c. ronton (-un). -raeht. rafen. reccan*(rule,say). 1. recce, 2. recest, 3. reed, reced, &c. Imper. rece (-ad). reahte, rehte, -reaht, -on. -rent. LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. 305 Infinitive. Present. Preterit. Participle. reocan(reek,exhale). IV. PI. rgocad. rdodan (redden). VI. reofan (break). VI. reotan (weep). VI. 3. rgoted. PI. reotad. ridan (ride). V. 1. ride, &c, 3. rided, &c. ridan (get ready). V. rinnan (run, flow). I. risan (rise). V. 3. rist, &c. rowan (row, red.) 1. rowe, 3. rowed, rgwd, &c. sacan (fight). IV. sawan (sow, red.) 3. sawed, ssewd. PI. sawad. scadan (separate), 3. sceaded, scaded, &c. seed (6o), scaden, . rudon. -reaf, rofen. -rufon. reat, -roten. niton. 1. rad, riden. 2. ride, ridon (-an). -rad, •riden. ridon. ran, -runnen. runnon. 1. ras, risen. 2. rise, rison. r§ow, reowon, reon. sdc, sacen. socon. s§ow(siow), sawen. s§owon ( -an). sceadan. (red. ) scanan (shine? red.) See scinan. scedon, sceaden. PI. scionan. 306 LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. Infinitive. Present, sceppan (shape, do). IV. 2. scyppest, (i, y, eo). 3. scipd, &c. sceran(eo), (shear). II. scerwan (squander). III. sceacan (shake, move), IV. scacan. sceaced, scaeced, &c. sceadan (scathe). IV. sceotan( shoot, move), VI. sciotan. 3. scyt, scitt, PL sc§otad. scinan (shine). V. 3. seined, scyned, &c. scrifan (shrive). V. 3. scrifed, scrifd, &c. scridan (stride). V. 3. scrided, scrid, &c. scufan (shove). VI. 3. scyft. PI. scufad. Preterit. Participle. 1. scop (eo), sceapen, 2. sceope, scepen, scopon(eo). scapen. scaer, seer (ea), scoreu. scaeron. scerwen. scoc (eo), sceacen, scacen, sceocan (an), scsecen. scod (eo), sceaden. scodon (-un, -an). sceat, scuton. scoten, sceoten. scan (6a), scinen. scinon, scionon (B.303?). scraf (ea), scrifen. scrifon. scrad, scriden. scridon (-un). scgaf, scofen. scufon (-un). sculan (shall). 1. sceal(ll), seal, scel(ll), sceolde, scolde, sciolde. 2. scealt, scealtu (=scealt pu). -on. PI . sculon ( -un, -an ) , sceolon (-un, -an). Pres. Subj. scyle, scile. PL scylen, scylan, scyle, sceole. sgcan, secean * (seek), seccan, seoccan, 3. seed, &c. saecan. sohte, gesoht. sohton (-un, -an). LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. 307 Infinitive. secgan*(say), seccgan, secgean, saecgean. Present. 1. secge, saecge, &c. Preterit. Participle, saegde, ssede, saegd, 3. seged, saeged, secged. saegdon, sasdon. saed. PI. secgad, secgead (ae). Imper. sege, saecgead, secgead. sellan(i,y),*(give,sell).l. selle, sille, 1. sealde, geseald. 2. selest, sylest, 2. -est (-es), 3. seld, sild, seled, syled. sealdon (-un). PI. syllad. Imper. Sg. saele, syle, sile. sendan * (send). 1. sende, sende, gesended, 2. senst (ae), sendest (ae), sendon. gesend. 3. sended, sent, &c serwan* (contrive), syrwde, syrede, serian, 2. syrwst serede, syrwan (i). PL syrewad, serwad. syrwedan, geserod, -ed. •syredan [-on), seredon [i)« seen (see), III. 1. sSo, 1. seah, gesegen, , sion. 2. sihst, 2. sawe, -sewen. 3. sid, syhd, sihct sawon, ssegon, PI. seod, siod. £segon{-un). Imper. seoh, syh, sioh. seon (strain). V PI. (ge-)seod. (be) seon. seodan (seethe). VI. I. s8ad 7 soden. 3. seoded. .2. sude t PL seodad. sudon. sigan (sink). V. 3. sigd, siged. sag(h), sigen. PL sigad. «igon. 308 LIST OF 1RREG UL AR A ND A NOM. I L US VERBS. Infinitive. Present. Preterit. Participle sincan (sink). I. 1. sane (o), 2. sunce, suncon. suncen. singan (sing). I. 1. sang, 2. sunge, sungon. sungen. sinnan (think). I. sann (-u), sunnon. sittan (sit). III. 1. sitte, 1. saet, seten. 2. sitest sitst, sittest, 2. ssete, 3. sited, sitt. sseton(e). PL sittad. Imper. site, sittad. slaspan (sleep, red.) 2. slsepst, slep ( sleepte ) , * ( slapen ) (a, e). 3. slaeped, slsepd. slepon. PL slsepad. slgan (strike), IV. slog (h), slagen, slagan. 3. slihd. slogon(-i in), slaegen, slegen. Imper. sleah, sleh. PL sldad. slldan (slide). V. 1. slide, slad, sliden. 2. slidest, slitst, 3. slided, sUt. slidon. PL slidad. slitan (slit). V. 1. slite, &c., slat, sliten(y). 3. silted, silt. sliton. PL slitad. slidan (injure). V Pres. Part, slidend. slupan(6), (slip).VI. sleap, slupon. slopen. LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. 309 Infinitive. Present. Preterit. Participle. smeocan(smoke).VI. 1. smeoce, smeac, smocen. 3. smycd. smucon. smitan (smite, sail). V. smat, smiten. srniton. smugan (flow, penetrate). VI. -smyhd. snadan(?). IV. (Cf. B. 1944). sn6d. snidan (cut). V. snad, sniden. snidon. spanan ( entice, red. ) spon ( eo ), spanen ( o). 3. spaned, -spend, &c. sponon(eo). spannan (join, red.) speon. spannen. speornan (spurn), I. spearn, spornen. spornan. spurnon. spiwan (spew). V. spa\y. spowan (succeed, red.) speow, speowon. sprecan(ae), (speak). II. 1. sprece (se,i), 1. spraec, sprecen. 2. spricest, sprycst, 2. spraece, 3. spricd, spriced, spreced. sprsecon, spaecon. PI. sprecad. spreatan (sprout, red. ) -sprSot. spr§otan (sprout). VI. spr6at, sproten. (Cf. spry tan). spruton. springan (spring). I. sprang (o), spningen. 3. springd, &c. sprungon. standan(o), (stand). IV. stod, standen. 3. stonded, standed, stent (y). stodon (-an, -un). PI. standad. stapan (step). IV. st6p, stapen. stopon. 310 LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. Infinitive. Present. stelan (steal). II. 3. steled, steld(y). PL stelaci. stellan* (place). stlgan (move, go). V. Preterit. Participle, stael, stolen, station. stealde.stalde. gesteald. stag(h), stigen. 3. stigd, stiged, stilid, &c. stigon. stincan (stink). L stingan (sting). I. streccan*( stretch). I. strecce, 2, strecest, 3. streced, strecd. PL streccad. stredan (scatter). I. 3. streded- PL stredad. stregdan(strew). I. 3. stregded(i). strican (move). V. 3L striced- strudan ( ravage). VI. styrian(i)*(stir), styrge, &c styrgan(i). PL styriadL sucan (suck). VI. sugan (suck). VI. supan (swallow). VI. swapan (sweep, drive, red.) swapan (sweep, red.) stanc (o), stuncen. stuncon. stang, stungen. stungon. streahte, streaht, strehte. streht. 2. -strude(?). 2. -strugde. stread, stroden. strudon. styrode(ede), styred(i). styredon. seac, socen. sucon. seag, sogen. sugon. seap. sopen. supon. sweop. sweop, swapen. sweopon. ■LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS, 311 Infinitive. Present. Preterit. Participle, swebban*(put to sleep). 3. swebed. swefede. swefed. PI. swebbad. swefan (sleep). III. 3. swefed, swifed, &o. sweef, swsefon. swelgan(eo), (swallow). I. swealg(h), swolgen, swulgon. sweltan (die). I. 1. swelte, 2. sweltest, swealt, 3. swelted, swylted, &c. swulton (-an). 3. swered. swor, sweor, swerian( swear). IV. 1. swerige, swerge, (swerede*), PI. sweriad. sworon, sworen. swercan (darken). I. swearc, sworcen. swurcon. sweorfan (wipe). I. sworfen. 3. swyrft. swlcan (move, leave off). V. 1. swice, swtc, swicen. 2. -est, -st, 3. swicd, -ed, &c. swicon. swifan (roam). V. 3. swifed. swaf. swimman(y), (swim). I. swamm (o), 3. swimd. PL swimmad. swummon. swincan (toil). I. 1. swince, &c, swanc, 3. s wined. swuncon. PI. swincad. swingan (beat, swing). I. swang, swungen. 3. swinged, &c. swungon. swogan (rustle, red.) PI. swogad. 312 LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. Infinitive. Present. tsecan*(-ean), (teach). 3. taecd,&c. teldan (cover). I. tellan*(tell,count). 1. telle, 2. telest, 3. teled. PI. tellad. teran (tear). II. tere, &c. teon (draw), VI. 1. teo, tion. 2. tyhst (i), 3. tyhd, t6hd. PI. teod. tlhan (accuse), V. 2. tyhst, t6on 3. tyhd(i). tingan (press). I. tredan (tread). III. 1. trede, &c. 3. tritt,treded(ie,i,y). PI. tredad. fceccan* (cover). 3. peced. PI. peccad. J>encan*(-ean),(think). 1. pence, 2. -est, -st, 3. -ed, -d. PL pencad (-ead). perscan (thresh). I. 3. pirsced(-d). t)gon(i),(thrive).VI. 1. p§o. PI. fceod. t>8oton (howl). VI PI. puton. Preterit. Participle. tsehte. tseht. teald, tolden. tuldor tealde, teald, tealdon. teled. taer, toren. tseron. teah(g),teh, togen. tugon. tigen. teah. tang. 1. traed, treden. 2. traede. traedon(-an). peahte, pehte. peaht. 1. polite, gepoht. 2. -est, -on (-an). peah, pugon. pogen. LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. 313 Infinitive. Present. fcicgan (-ean), (take). Ill 3. £iged. fcicgan (take). fcihan (thrive). V. fcihd. fcindan (swell). I. 3. fcint. fcingan (thrive). I. preotan (become weary). VI. 3. £ryt. preowan (throw). VI. pringan (press). I. fcurfan (need,dare). 1. fcearf, 2. pearft, 3. J>earf. PI. ]aurfon. Pres. Subj. fcurfe. PI. fcurfe, j> yr fen. t)weran(beat,forge). II. J)weahan(wash), IV. 1. fcwea(-h), fcwean. 2. -hst (y, e), 3. fcwehd (y, i). PI. ]?wead. t)wltan(cut out). V. 3. fcwited. PI. fcwiton. Preterit. Participle. fceah, {>ah, Jrigen. t)segon. Jrigde,* J>igdon*(edon). t>ah(-g),]?aeh. £unden. J>and, £>undon. t>ang, ]?ungon. t>r§at, pruton. fcrang, ]?rungon. porfte. gefcungen. fcroten. fcrowen. prungen t>waer, fcworen, t>wseron. t>uren. J)wog(h), fcwagen(ae). t>"wogon. t>uhte, fcyncan (-ean), * (seem), pincan. 3. t>yncd,£>inced(y),£>incd. t>uhton. PI. ]?incad (-ead). gefcuht. unnan (grant). 1. an, ami, onn, 2. unne. PI. unnon. ude. 314 LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. Infinitive. Present, wacan (originate). IV. wadaii (go). IV. wascan(wash). IV. 3. weesced. wawan (blow, red.) weccan (-ean)*(arouse). 3. "weed, weced. PL weccad. wefan (weave). III. wegan (bear). III. wepan (weep, red.) 3. weped, w6pd. PI. wepad. wesan (be). III. (See beon and earn). 1. waes Preterit. Participle. •woe, wacen. wocon. wdd, waden. wodon. (wSow). wawen. Pres. Subj. wese' wesen (an). wealcan (roll, red.) wealdan(a),(wield). 1. wealde, {red.) 2. -est (a), 3. wilt, 3. wealded (a), &c. weallan (well up). (red.) 3. wealled. PI. weallad. Imper. weahte, weaht. wehte. waef, wefen. wsefon. waeg, wegen. wsegon. w6op, wgopon. , waes, wesen, . wsere, (weoren). wseron (-un, -an), (weron). wes, wesad. wSolc. wealcen. weold (io), , wealden. wgoldon (j in), (wioldon). weoll (1), weallen. weollon. LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. 315 Infinitive. Present. Preterit. Participle. weaxan (grow, wax). IV. weox.wox, weazen. 3. weaxed.wexed.wexd.wixt. weaxou (-an). PI. weaxad. weorpan (throw). I. 1. wearp, worpen. (o, y, u). 3. weorped, wyipd(i). 2. wurpe, wurpon. PI. weorpad. weordan (become), I. 2. wyrdest, 1. weard, worden. (io, u, y). 3.(weord), wird, weor- 2. wurde, fded (u), (wyrd). wurdon (-an, -urn). PI. weordad. Imper. weord (-ad). Pres. Subj. weorde, weorden (-an). wican (yield). V. wac, wicen. wicon. willan(y),(will). 1. & 3. wille,wile,wyle,wylle, wolde. 2. wilt, wylt. PI. willad (y). Pres. Subj. wille, wile, wylle, willen ( -on), wyllen, wylle. f windan (wind). I. 3. wint, &e. wand(o), wuhden. wundon. winnan(y), (strength). I. 1. wan(o),wann, wunnen. 3. winned, wind. 2. wunne, PL winnad (y). wunnon. witan(y), (know.) 1. wat, wiste(y),(wisse). witen. 2. wast, weest. PI. witon. Pres. Subj. wite (-en, -on). Imper. wite (ad). witan (see, move). V. 1. wite, 1. wat, witen. 2. witest, witst, 2. wite, 3. wited, witt. witon. PI. witad Subj. Imper. wutan, wnton, wutun, utan, uton (= let us). 316 LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. Infinitive. Present. wlitan (see). V. 2. wlitest, 3. wlited. PI. wlitad. Preterit. Participle, wlat, wliten. wliton. wrecan (push, wreak). III. 3. wricd, &c. wraec, wrecen. wrsecon. wreon (io), (cover). V. 1. wr$o. wreah, wrugon. wridan (d), (increase). V. PI. wrldad. wriden. wrlhan (cover). V. 2. wrihst, 3. wrihd. vrrih, wrigen. wrigon. writan (scratch, write). V. wrat, writen. wiiton. wridan (wreathe). V. 3.wrid. PI. wrad. wreid, wriden. wridon. wrotan (root, red.) PL wrotad. wyrcan *(-ean),(work), weorcean, 3. wyrcd. wercan (i). 1. worhte, geworht 2. -est, -on. yean* (increase), 2. icest, ican (-ean). 3. iced (y). PI. ycad (ie). yhte, ihte, icte, iecte, icton, ihtan. ywan*(show). 1. ywe, 2. ywest, ywst, 3. ywed, ywd. PI. ywad. ywde, ywed. ywdon. LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. 317 NOTES. 1. Verbs marked *, though they are not Strong Verbs, are given here on account of certain vowel irregularities. 2. First Person Sg. Pres. Ind. is generally regular ; and in the Preterit the First and Third Pers. Sg. are alike. The Subj. Pret. has the stem- vowel of Ind. Pret. PL 3. The Vowel of Second Pers. Sg. Pret. usually coincides with the Vowel of the Pret. PL 4. Many Verbs are defective, or occur only in certain Persons or Tenses. 5. The dialect forms in various spellings are very numerous: hence only the more regular forms in Pres., Pret., and Participle have been given. 6. The Eoman Numeral after a Verb indicates the class to which the Verb belongs. (Koch's classification.) 7. The Verb-forms, from a to hwi, have been compiled from Bosworth- Toller's Lexicon, and from Groschopp; from hwi on, from Grein's Lex- icon, supplemented by Bosworth-Toller, as far as the latter extends. The orthography has been corrected, as far as possible, by the lists of Verbs given in Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Reader. 318 LIST OF IRREGULAR AND ANOMALOUS VERBS. ADDITIONAL LIST. The following list of Weak Ver 3s is here adde i as presenting pecu liarities. Present. Preterit. Participle. cydan (know). 3. cyd(d). cydde, cydde. gecyded, gecydd. fyllan (fill). 3. fyld. fylde. gefyld. laedan (lead). 3. lsett. lsedde. gelseded, gelsedd. leeran (teach). 3. laerd. lserde. gelsered. gelifan (believe). 3. gelifd. gelifde. gelifed. nemnan (name). 3. nemned. nemnde, nemde. genemned. reesan (rush). 3. rsest. rsesde. wenan (hope). 3. wend. wende. wendan (turn). 3. went. wende. geweuded, gewend. lettan (hinder). 3. lett. lette. gelett. metan (meet). 3. m6tt. xnette. gemett. settan (set). 3. sett. sette. gesett. dyppan (dip). 3. dypd. dypte. ripan (reap). 3. ripd. ripte. lixan (shine). 3. lixt. lixte. (nea)laecan (approach). 3. l2ecd. -leecte, -lsehte. -laeht Note. — sm§agan (sm§an), preagan (prgan), tweon, p6on, contract; as he\ hi, smead, tw§od; preade, tweode, gepread, &c. %* The typographical execution of this Dictionary is from the very competent hands of Mr. Thomas P. Peabody, 6 Reade Street, New York. Mr. P. has displayed taste and skill in the typesetting and carefulness in the proofreading, and the editors are indebted to him for many valuable suggestions. 6 M