Class 1" Rnnk I f*-- *m* V lj^/i^y ■J 3 1 Rational pictorial C&ttton., "mitt) Supplement. A DICTIONARY OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, EXPLANATORY, PRONOUNCING, ETYMOLOGICAL, AND SYNONYMOUS, WITH A COPIOUS APPENDIX. MAINLY ABRIDGED PROM THE QUARTO DICTIONARY OP NOAH WEBSTER, LL. D. AS REVISED BY CHAUNCEY A. GOODRICH, D. D. AND NOAH PORTER, D. D. By WILLIAM A. WHEELER. WITH SUPPLEMENT OF NEARLY FOUR THOUSAND NEW WORDS AND MEANINGS. ILLUSTRATED BY MORE THAN Jnv Htwtotr enarabt'ng* on WtaBXt. SPRINGFIELD, MASS. PUBLISHED BY G. & C. MERRIAM CO., 1893 Copyright, 1884, G. & C. Merriam & Co. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1867, by George, Charles, and Homer Merriam, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. The Riverside Press, Cambridge: Electrotyped and Printed by H. 0. Houghton & Oo. PREFACE This volume is designed as in some sort a revision and enlargement of the Octavo Abridgment of Webster's " American Dictionary " known as the " University edition," which was prepared by the late Professor Goodrich of Yale College, and was first issued in 1856. But as the " American Dictionary " was itself thoroughly revised in all its departments, and greatly augmented and improved, as recently as 1864, it was found that the original Abridgment could only in part be taken as the basis of reconstruction. The present work must therefore be considered as in the main an abstract from the last edition of the larger Dictionary, while the general plan is the same as that of its predecessor. Like that, it is intended to meet the wants of that large class of persons who wish to obtain in a single volume of moderate size and cost as complete a presentation as possible of the meaning pronunciation, and orthography of the words which make up the main body of our modern English tongue. Like that, too, it has a specific end and object, having been "framed expressly for the benefit of those who are cultivating English composition on a broad scale, and are desirous to gain an exact knowledge of our language, and a ready command of its varied forms of expression." How far the work will answer these purposes may appear from a more detailed statement of its chief features, and of the principles on which it has been constructed. 1. Introduction. — Instead of the " Principles of Pronunciation" and the "Remarks on Orthography " contained in the former edition, the fuller and more elaborate articles on these subjects in the Quarto Dictionary have been substituted. The orthoepic notation is also the remodeled and simplified notation of the Quarto, which contains a few characters additional to those of the one previously employed. A " List of Words Spelled in Two or More Ways " is subjoined to the " Principles of Orthography," and will be found to be an addition of much practical usefulness. An explanatory list of the more common Prefixes and Suffixes, with illustrative examples, forms a new feature of the work, and one which adds not a little to its value. As these formative syllables enter into the composition of multitudes of words, a knowledge of their signification is very important, and the preliminary information which is furnished renders it unnecessary to explain them in each particular instance in the body of the Dictionary. II. Dictionary Proper. — 1. The Vocabulary contains a wide and careful selection of those words in regard to which miscellaneous readers may be presumed to need information. It comprises, or is meant to comprise, all English words in actual use at the present day, including many terms in the various departments of Science and Art, especially such as pertain to those departments with which all well-educated persons are supposed to have some acquaintance. Obsolete words have for the most part been omitted, as their insertion would increase the bulk and enhance the price of the volume to too great a degree. Rare words and self-explaining compounds have been omitted for similar reasons. Important phrases, however, are given, accompanied with explanations, which, though necessarily concise, will be found to be clear and exact. 2. Definitions. Most Dictionaries designed for popular use are distinguished by an imprecision and unsatisfactoriness of definition resulting from the fact that the meanings of the words are to a great extent expressed by a mere array of other words of similar signification. This fault, it is hoped, has been avoided here, an attempt having been made to fix and exhibit — after the manner of the larger work — the various shades of meaning of all the more important words by means of formal, discriminative definition, conveyed in brief descriptive sentences or clauses. 3. To words thus defined, Synonyms are often subjoined, printed in a separate paragraph, and in smaller type. The object is, after giving a clear conception of the peculiar import of a word, to bring others into view which have the same general signification, thus opening a wide range to a writer for selecting the most appropriate terms, and aiding him to acquire a varied and expressive diction. With the same end in view, synonymous words are carefully discriminated in numerous instances, the distinctive meaning of each being carefully drawn out, and a comparison made between them, showing the points of difference. 4. Etymology. A leading and novel feature of this Abridgment is the introduction, in a reduced form, of the etymologies of the new edition of the Quarto Dictionary, which work has been declared by eminent philological authorities to be " the best general etymologicon we yet (iii) iy PREFACE. possess of the English language." The value of this portion of the volume to those who desire to gain a thorough knowledge of their mother-tongue does not need to be enlarged upon. 5. The Pronunciation is that of the Quarto, upon which great care was bestowed, distinguished orthdepists both in England and America having been consulted on doubtful points. The system of referring from the words in the vocabulary to the preliminary " Principles " is one which the consulter of the work will find exceedingly useful. 6. The Orthography, in disputed cases, — ■ and these embrace only a few limited classes of words, — is to a great extent given both ways, though with a clear indication of the form to be preferred on the principles of Dr. Webster. In every instance, the form preferred has been sanctioned by distinguished English grammarians and orthoepists, as Lowth, Walker, &c. Their claims to general adoption are based upon the fact that they are conformed to the acknowledged analogies of the language, and are designed merely to repress irregularities and remove petty exceptions. With both forms before him, every one can decide for himself which to adopt. 7. The Illustrative Engravings on wood, about six hundred in number, have been selected and engraved expressly for this work. They are intended, not for mere ornament, but to elucidate the meaning of words which cannot be satisfactorily explained without pictorial aid. " There is no knowledge of things," says Locke, " conveyed by men's words, when their ideas agree not to the reality of things. . . . The shape of a horse, or cassowary, will be but rudely and imperfectly imprinted on the mind by words ; the sight of the animals doth it a thousand times better. . . . Such things as these, which the eye distinguishes by their shapes, would be best let into the mind by draughts made of them, and more determine the signification of such words than any other words set for them, or made use of to define them." III. Appendix. — The range of the Dictionary has been much extended by the addition to it of various useful vocabularies appropriate to the work as a manual of popular reference, as will be seen by an inspection of the Table of Contents on the ensuing page. Most of these vocabularies are abridged from those given in the larger work, but they will be found sufficiently comprehensive for all the ordinary wants of the general reader. The " Etymological Vocabulary of Modern Geographical Names" has been very carefully revised and somewhat enlarged by the aid of recent works of great value, and in its present state possesses increased accuracy and usefulness. The " Concise Account of the Chief Deities, Heroes, etc., in the Greek and Roman Mythology " was given in the previous edition of this work, but has now received numerous additions and emendations which render it more worthy of the public favor. The " Vocabulary of Perfect and Allowable Rhymes " — a peculiar feature of this edition — is based upon the corresponding "Index" in Walker's " Rhyming Dictionary " ; but it is more copious and far more correct. Walker calls attention to the fact that " this collection of words," besides its designed and most obvious application, " is in some measure a dictionary of pronunciation, and may answer very useful purposes to foreigners and provincials, who, by understanding the sound of one word, may become ac- quainted with the pronunciation of a whole class." The " Glossary of Scottish Words and Phrases," with preliminary remarks on the peculiarities of Scottish pronunciation and orthog- raphy, — which is also a new and peculiar feature of this work, — has been prepared under the supervision of a native of Scotland, Mr. William Russell, who is well-known as an elocu- tionist and scholar. The evident superiority of this Glossary to all others of a similar kind, will doubtless cause it to be warmly welcomed by lovers of Scottish literature. As a whole, it is hoped that this volume may fairly lay claim to the character of a " National Dictionary," fully suited to meet the requirements of all who are seeking a standard reference-book of this nature. In conclusion, it is due to Mr. William G. Webster to state that the editor has had the benefit of his co-operation in some portions of the work. Dorchester, Massachusetts, August 10, 1867. P. S. Since the publication of the edition of 1867, so many words have been introduced into the language, and the signification of so many words previously in use has been modi- fied or enlarged, that it has seemed desirable to complete this work by copious additions. These find place in a Supplement which contains about 3,600 words with their definitions. For the most part they have been taken from the latest Supplement to "Webster's Una- bridged Dictionary; " but other and still more recent publications have been freely consulted. There are also added full tables of the Metric System of Weights and Measures, with ex- planatory illustrations. New Haven, September, 1884. CONTENTS. PAGE KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION, vi PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION, vii to xx Vowels, » vii VOWELS IN MONOSYLLABLES AND ACCENTED SYLLABLES, ...... vii REGULAR OR PROPER DIPHTHONGS, ...... X VOWELS IN UNACCENTED SYLLABLES, ............ xi SILENT VOWELS, XU Consonants, siii ASSIMILATION OF CONSONANTS, Xvii DUPLICATION OF CONSONANTS, Xviii Accent, • xviii DIVIDED USAGE, XViii DISSYLLABLES, XV1U TRISYLLABLES AND POLYSYLLABLES, ............ xix Syllabication, xx PRINCIPLES OE ORTHOGRAPHY, xxitoxxxiii OBSERVATIONS, XXI RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS, Xxiij LIST OF WORDS SPELLED IN TWO OR MORE WAYS, XXvii PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES, xxxiv to xxxviii LANGUAGES KINDRED TO THE ENGLISH, xxxviii ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK, xl A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, ... i to 834 METRIC SYSTEM, 835, 836 APPENDIX. A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES, 839 to 856 A VOCABULARY OF PERFECT AND ALLOWABLE RHYMES, . . 857 to 870 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES, . 871 to 880 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES, • 881 to 894 ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, , 895 to 910 Explanatory Index of Prefixes, Suffixes, and Formative Sylla- bles, 895 A Brief Alphabetical List of Geographical Names, with their Derivation and Signification, 902 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARIES OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES, 911 to 942 prefatory remarks, 911 elements of pronunciation of the principal modern languages of continental europe, 911 explanation of abbreviations and signs, 914 observations necessary to be borne in mind, 915 Vocabulary of Modern Geographical Names, 916 Vocabulary of Modern Biographical Names, 93? PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES, WITH THEIR DERIVATION, SIGNIFICATION, &c, 943 to 948 NAMES OF MEN, 943 NAMES OF WOMEN, 946 QUOTATIONS, WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, Etc., FROM THE GREEK, THE LATIN, AND MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGES, . 949 to 956 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING, 957 to 959 ARBITRARY SIGNS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING, .... 960 to 962 A CONCISE ACCOUNT OF THE CHIEF DEITIES, HEROES, Etc, IN THE GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY, 963 to 969 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF DR. WEBSTER, 969 to 970 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATIONS, . . 971 to 1000 SUPPLEMENT OF NEW WORDS 1001 to 106 ° KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION. VOWELS. REGULAR LONG AND SHORT SOUNDS. A, a, long, as in A, a, short, as in E, e, long, as in E, e, short, as in 1, 1, long, as in . I, I, short, as in . Ale, Fate, Chamber, Gray. Add, Fat, Have, Random Eve, Mete, Peace, Seizure. End, Met, Check, Leopard. Ice, Fine, Mire, Thrive. Ill, Fin, Admit, Tribute. O, o, long, as in . 0,6, short, as in U, u, long, as in . IJ, ii, short, as in Y, y, long, as in . Y, y, short, as in A, A, A, A, A, E,e E, e E,i t, as in Air, Share, Pair, Bear. 1,, Italian, as in . . Arm, Father, Far, Palm. i, as in .... Ask, Grass, Dance, Branch b, broad, as in . . All, Talk, Haul, Swarm. l, like short o,as in "What, "Wander, "Wallow. OCCASIONAL SOUNDS. O, 6, like short u, as O, o, like long 00, as O,o, like short 00, as O, 6, like broad a, as OO, 00, as in . . OO, do, as in . . like a, as in . . Ere, Th6re, Heir, Where. , like long a, as in Eight, Prey, Obey. , as in .... Ermine, Verge, Prefer. like long e, 1 like e, as in Pique, Machine, Police. Irksome, Virgin, Thirsty. TJ, u, preceded by r , ai U , u, like short 00, as tr, u, as in . . . e, i, o, (Italic) mark a letter as silent Old, Note, Loaf, Depose. Odd, Not, Torrid, Resolve. Use, Tube. Lute, Feudal. tTs, Tub, But, Study. Fly, Style, Sky, Edify. Cyst, Nymph, Lyric, Abyss. in Other, Done, S6n,W6n. in Prove, Do, Move, Tomb- in Bosom, Wolf, "Woman. in Order, Form, Stork. . Moon, Food, Booty. . "Wool, Frfbt, Good. i in Bude, Rumor, Rural. in Bull, Put, Push, Pull. . Urge, Burn, Furl, Concur. 1 Fallen, Token, Cousin, 1 Mason. REGULAR DIPHTHONGAL SOUNDS. Oi, oi, or Oy, oy (unmarked), as in Oil, Join, Moist, Oyster, Toy. Ou, ou, or Ow, ow (unmarked), as in Out, Hound, Owl, Vowel. CONSONANTS. C, c, soft, like 5 sharp, as in C, e, hard, like k, as in . Ch, ch (unmarked), as in Ch, ch, soft, like sh, as in Ch, ch, hard, like k, as in G, g, hard, as in ... G, g, soft, likey, as in S, s, sharp (unmarked), ask §, §,soft or vocal, like z, as in Hag, Amuse, Roseate. Cede, Cite, Accept. Call, Concur, Success. Child, Much, Touch. Chaise, Marchioness. Chorus, Echo, Distich. Get, Tiger, Begin. Gem, Engine, Elegy. Same, Yes, Rest. Th, th, sharp (unmarked), as Th, th,fat or vocal, as in . Ng, ng (unmarked), as in . N,n (See §82), as in . . . 3C, 5, likeg-z,as in . . . . Ph, ph,like/ (unmarked), as Qu, qu, like kw (unmarked), Wh, wh, like hw (unmk'd) Zh, zh, as in ... . Thing, Breath. Thine, Smooth. . Sing, Single. . Linger, Link, Ejist, Auxiliary. 3 in Phantom, Sylpr\. as in Queen, Conquest. as in What, Awhile . Vision (vizh'un.) sound%f^he?ombina«on J£ %*???* dl P h £ong, u . r ° f a triphthong, is marked, it is to be taken as representing the clTpeovle roZ s^ ToCnaJ ^l!^ or ^ tters *£«* «™ not m ^ked are to be regarded as silent ; as in aim, clean, SblefmrnStelv o^^hCT^ ^ c °^ med letters ce > ci > sc h »«, »\ or ti, occurring before a vowel in a SgiSan susp i'cion Infill an acc< P ted s y Ua ble, are generally equivalent to sh ; as in o'cean, ceta/ceous, so'cial, SuchTvliablel fare not ZS con'saenoe, nauseous, controversial, dissen'sion, Initial, oration, fictitious, &c r B s e ^pUS^sskm.ss? 1 ' ^ ey ^ na -r lly K? vonou * c f correctiy by a » Engiish «*«*- „ _ , ' uuuutIUi > or difficult cases, the appropriate respelling is used. %JiTr e T X l an ^ n I?" 8 " S ° UndS ° Ccurrin S * *he Dictionary, see pp. 911-15. be pronounced l^U^S^^Z^}^ In ^1^^ the French ow ' «"' ^ &C "' the letterS «* are not to nosVand the mouth at the samftim^ % \ $l J *° m ^ the TOwel as nasal > that is ' as P r0n0Ullce the «^ondary, by a lighter mark ; as in Su'per- Pl-e^hyphL^^^ ***» P««imlng tLir proper office, supply\he (▼i) transfer U<aval Academy April 16,1931 PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION, WITH EXPLANATIONS OF THE KEY. VOWELS. §1. The vowel sounds in monosyllables and accented »yllables are marked in the Dictionary by pointing the let- ters according to the Key. Each of the vowels will now be considered under three heads; viz., its regular long , and short, and its occasional sounds, as heard in monosyllables and in accented and unaccented syllables. I. VOWELS IN MONOSYLLABLES AND ACCENTED SYLLABLES. A. § 2. Regular long sound, marked A, a, as in ale ; heard also in pain, day, gaol, gauge, aye, break, veil, whey, &c. NOTE. — This sound of a is in most cases dipthongal, having a slight " vanish " in e annexed to its " radical " or initial sound, as in pay, where the y may be regarded as representing the vanish. Writers are not agreed as to the nature of the radical part, some considering it to be the sound of short e, while others assert that it is a distinct, though very similar, element, being like the other long Towels as compared with their true corresponding short sounds, of a slightly less open quality. — See § 11, and § 8, Note. §3. Regular short sound, marked A, a, as in add; heard also in plaid, bade, &c. Note. — This is a distinct element from the long a. Like the other shut or stopped vowels (e, I, o, u, 6"b), its sound is exceedingly sbort, and has a certain abrupt, explosive character, which is hardly found in any language but our own. With respect to its position in the scale of sounds, it is a palatal vowel, intermediate between d and 8, the tongue being raised higher than for a, and not so high as for 2. Occasional Sounds of A. § 4. Sound of a before r, in such words as air, care, fare, bear , prayer, parent, marked A, a. The letter e has tbe same sound in a few words, such as there, where, their, heir, &c. Two errors in opposite extremes are here to be avoided : 1. That of the vulgar, who pronounce where, whar ; bear, bar ; careful, earful, &c. ; 2. That of some among the educated classes, who pronounce pair, parent, &c, as if sjelt pay'er, pay'rent, &c. Some have considered the a in care as a distinct element ; this, however is not admitted by Smart, who maintains that it is our long a in/ate, and owes all its peculiarity to the subsequent r. Such , also, is the statement of Dr. Web- ster and most English orthoepists. The sound of r in these words is what Smart calls a "guttural vibration," — a sound which he represents by ur, and Dr. Webster by er. In care we touch lightly on the ct sound (the radical alone, without the vanish; see §2), and then pass fully and strongly into the guttural vibration (ca'ur or ca'er), draw- ing the two as closely as possible into the same syllable — bo closely that Smart (not aiming at philosophical exact- ness) speaks of the r as actually blending with the previous Vowel . In like manner, parent is sounded pd'ur-ent, or p&'- tr~ent; and fairy has the sound of fa'er-y., as the word was actually spelt by Spenser in his " Faery Queen." Smart refers, also, with approbation, to another mode of identify •> ing the sound in question ; viz., that of prolonging our short e before r. Thus, ther (with the e as in thSn), drawn out into long quantity, gives us there (th&r) ; and er (the first syllable in Srror) gives us ere or e'er (sir). Thus, in the view here presented, the initial sound should always be that of a in fate (the radical without the vanish; see §2), though the final impression upon the ear is that of an open or broad sound, in consequence of the " opening power " of the r. In primitive words like fare, lair, pair, and the others mentioned above, it is very important not to dwell so long on the a as to make it diphthongal ; for, if the close vanishing element of the vowel is retained, it is impossible for the open r to blend with it in the same syl- lable. But in derivative words likefayer, layer, payer, it is essential to preserve the terminational sound of the a, in order to keep up a distinction between the two classes. Some, however, especially in New England, give these words a slightly different sound; viz., that of our short a before the r, in air, pronounced aer, with a somewhat lengthened sound of the a. So harry, with the first sylla- ble protracted, gives us hairy. This sound is rather more open than the one mentioned above, and is apt, in the mouths of our common people, to become too broad and coarse. If well executed, however, it is scarcely at all in- ferior to the other in smoothness and grace. It is fre- quently heard among the well-educated in England ; there is a tendency in many to intermingle the two, and it often requires a nice ear to determine which is used. Dr. Web- ster, who adopted the former in his own practice, once remarked to the writer that he regarded the difference as unimportant, provided the New England sound be given without coarseness or undue breadth. § 5. Sound of the Italian a, marked A, a, as in arm, father, far ; heard also in ah, hearth, Hunt, guard, tire, &c Note. — This sound occurs in monosyllables and in the accented syllable of many words, before r final or r fol- lowed by another consonant (as in scar, tar, tart, yard, de-barf, de-part'), and in the derivatives of such words (as in scarred, tarry, of, or resembling, tar, debarring). But when a occurs in an accented syllable, before r followed by a vowel or by another r, in a word not a derivative, it has its regular short sound, as in arable, barrow, tarry, to delay. The Italian a is the most open of all the vowel sounds, and is one of the extremes of the vowel scale, the other extremes being e, and 6b. In its formation the mouth and throat are opened widely, and the tongue is left in its nat- ural position of rest. It was formerly much more common in English than it is at the present day. The loss of it to so great an extent has been an injury to our language, and any further exclusion of it is therefore undesirable. § 6. Sound of a in certain words (chiefly monosyllables) ending Inff, ft, ss, st, sk, sp, with a few in nee, and nt. marked A, a, as in staff, graft, pas$,last, ask, gasp , chance, chant, &c. Note. Down to the close of the last century, words of tvii) etmjL PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. this class were universally pronounced with the full Italian a. Some, especially among tne vulgar, gave this too broad- ly or with a kind of drawl (as pass like pahss, fast like fahst), so that talker, disgusted with this abuse, and having a prejudice against intermediate sounds, marked all such words in his Dictionary by the sound of short a, giving the vowel in past, staff, &c, the sound of that in pat, Stuffa (the island), &c. It will not be surprising — if we bear in mind the remark in § 3 on the extreme short- ness and abruptness of this sound— that this change was strongly condemned by the orthoepists. Jones declared it to be°"a mincing affectation;" and Mitford said, "No English tongue fails to express, no English ear to perceive, the difference between the sound of a in passing and in passive. No colloquial familiarity will substitute the one for the other." Still, the high character of Walker, and the increasing disgust for every thing like a drawl in speaking, gave currency to the change. It prevailed in London, and in some of the larger cities of America, until there sprung up, on both sides of the Atlantic, what Smart has called a " new school " and an " old school " on this subject. The extreme shortness of the a as marked by Walker, was still objected to ; and Smart, in his Dictionary, first published in 1838, censured Walker on this account, saying, u He allows no compromise between the broad Italian a, with which a vulgar mouth pronounces ass, and the sound nar- rower (if possible) than the a in at, with which an affected speaker minces the same word." He therefore spoke of a " medium sound " of the a in words of this class, saying, " We are apt, even in London, to give a slight prolongation to the vowel (a) which would, in other cases, be quite rus- tic." This prolongation has passed into America, and is now heard extensively among the followers of Walker in this country. It is a kind of drawl on the a in such words as last, past, fast, &c. Smart states, however, in a recent letter, that in England this prolongation is now wholly laid aside. "Custom with us," he remarks, "is much changed. It is no longer affectation to say ass; and grant, graft, &c. , at present indicate the pronunciation of well- educated London people under sixty-five or sixty years of age." In other words, Walker's extreme short sound of staff, like Staffa, and pass like passive, is now adopted by many Londoners as the true and only proper sound. The change introduced by Walker never had any great currency in this country, except in a few large cities and in places immediately affected by their influence. Our leading lexicographers, Webster and Worcester, declared against it. Many who were taught it in childhood have since laid it aside ; and there is an increasing disposition among our teachers and literary men to unite on some in- termediate sound between the extreme broadness, or length, of the a in father, and the extreme narrowness, or short- ness of the a in fat. That of Smart (mentioned above as now disused) was intermediate in quantity; and so also is an- other, which Fulton and Knight have introduced into their Dictionary, viz., a shortened sound of the Italian a. They give the word ii lard ,J as an example of the long Italian sound (as in father, &c), and " last " of their short Italian sound ; and mark with the latter the entire class of words now under consideration, such as staff, graft, pass, last, ask, gasp, and a few words in nee and nt, as dance and chant. In this way they guard against that undue prolon- gation of the a which offended Walker, and still retain in use one of the finest sounds of our language. This is the sound recommended in this volume, and marked A, a. Some might possibly prefer one a little less open , verging Slightly more towards that of a in an ; and there is cer- tainly room here for a diversity of taste and practice among those who agree in the main point of rejecting the extreme shortness of Walker's sound. If it be proposed, however, to give these words a sound intermediate in quality between the Italian a and our short a, one thing is important to be considered. Mr. Smart states, in answer to an inquiry on the subject, that., although he can exemplify such a sound he is not aware that any thing of the kind is used among the educated classes in England. The only alternative there seems to be between the Italian a and the extreme short sound of Walker ; and it is natural and desirable that those among us who reject the latter should adopt the same sound with those who led the way in that rejection upon the other side of the Atlantic. Any one who heard the lectures of Mr. Thackeray during his visit to this coun- try in 1855-6. and noticed his pronunciation with reference to this subject, must have been struck with the definite sound of the Italian a which he gave to all words of this class. He even gave that sound in the word answer, which though common in England, is comparatively rare in Amer- ica. A gentleman who held for many years a high diplo- matic station at the court of St. James, told the writer tliat, except among Londoners, he almost uniformly heard the Italian a in such cases, especially among the officers of government, and the nobility and gentry with whom he was led to associate. Such, also, is said by members of Oxford aud Cambridge to be the case now at those univer- sities ; and some of tne most eminent preachers of the king' dom, such as the Bishop of Oxford ( Wilberforce), have been mentioned in confirmation of this remark. It is for such reasons that the words in question are here marked with a shortened or brief sound of the Italian a, in accordance with the views and practice of Dr. Webster. § 7. Sound of broad a, marked A, a, as in all, talk, haul, swarm; heard also in sauce, awe, georgic,fork, groat, bought, &c. Note. — This has sometimes been called the German a, but is a broader and more guttural sound, being formed by a depression of the larynx, and a consequent retraction of the tongue, which enlarges the cavity of the mouth poste- riorly. § 8. Short sound of broad a, marked A, a, as in what, wander, wallow, &c. ; heard also in knowledge. Note. — This is the extreme short sound of broad a, and coincides with the sound of o in not. It differs, however, in quality as well as quantity from broad a, being a more' open sound ; that is to say, the aperture of the lips and the internal cavity of the mouth, though of the same shape in both cases, are somewhat larger for the former (a) than for the latter (a), while the position of the tongue remains unaltered throughout. Nor is this difference peculiar to a and a, ; it also exists between the other pairs of vowel sounds that have essentially the same organic formation , but differ in length or duration: in each case, that which is the briefer in quantity is the more open in quality of the two. There is a sound of a, as heard in salt, although, &c, which is intermediate between that in awe and that in ivhat. No distinctive mark is used to indicate this inter- mediate sound, but the inquirer is referred to this section from all words in the vocabulary in which the sound oc- curs. — See § 21, Note. § 9. An exceptional sound of a occurs in the words any, many. It is as if they were spelled en'y, men'y, being the regular short sound of e. E. § 10. Regular long sound, marked £ , e , as in eve , mete, &c. ; heard also in Csesar, beard, feet, leisure, people, key, machine, field, oesophagus, quay, &c. Note. — In the formation of this element, the tongue is raised convexly within the dome of the palate, pressing against its sides, and leaving only the smallest possible pas- sage through which a vowel sound can be uttered. E is therefore the closest lingual or palatal vowel, and is one of the extremes of the natural vowel scale, a and oo being the other extremes. § 11. Regular short sound, marked E. 6, as in end, me~t ; heard also in many, aphxresis, said, says, feather, hSifer, leopard, friend, asafatida, bury, guSss. Note. — This is not a short sound of the long e. It has usually been considered as the shut or extreme short sound of the a in fate ; but most orthoepists at the present day, while allowing it to be a nearly related sound, regard it as distinct, being slightly more open than the radical part of a, and lacking the vanish : both are intermediate between a and c, the tongue not being so much depressed as for the former, nor raised so high toward the palate as for the latter. — See § 2, and § 3, Note. Occasional Sounds of E. § 12. Sound of e like a (as in care, fair, bear, &c.,) marked E, 6, as in ere, thSre, hSir, Per, &c. This, as is stated in § 4, is the same sound with that of a in care. — See § 4. § 13. Sound of e like a, marked E, e, as in eh, eight, prey, vein, &c. — See § 2. Note. — This is essentially the sound which this letter generally has in the leading modern languages of Continen- tal Europe. § 14. Sound of e before r, verging toward the sound of u in urge, marked E, e, as in ermine, verge, prefer; heard also in earnest, mirth, myrtle, &c. PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. Note.— The case here contemplate i is that of e before r, in a monosyllable or in an iccented syllable in which the r is not followed by a vowel or by another r, or in derivatives of such words, when the syllable retains its accent, as in herd, defer, deferring, err, erring, term, "-lercy, maternal. When e occurs before r, followe vo wel or by another r, in a word not derived as abov , it either has the short sound, as in ferry, peril, perilous, heritage, ferule, or the long sound, as in period, hero, material. The vulgar universally, and many cultivated speakers both in England and America, give the e in such words the full sound of u in urge, as, murcy for mercy, turm for term, &c. But, in the most approved style of pronunciation, the organs are placed in a position intermediate between that requisite for sounding u and that for sounding e, thus making (as Smart observes) "a compromise between the two." In other words, this element is radically distinct from both u and e~, being less guttural than the former and less palatal than the latter, from which it was doubt- less originally evolved. I. § 15. Regular long sound, marked I, I, as in Ice ; heard also in aisle, height, eying, eye, vie, guile, buy, thy, rye, &c. ; in pint, in child, mild, wild; and in monosyllables ending with nd, as bind, find, hind, &c, except wind, meaning air in motion, and wind, to scent, to cause to lose or to recover wind or breath. Note. — This sound, though represented by a single character, is not a simple element, but a diphthong. It is composed of a and c as extremes, with the a accented, but made so very brief that the ear with difficulty recognizes the precise character of the sound. § 16. Regular short sound, marked I, 1, as in ill ; heard also in English, beaufin, been, sieve, women, busy, guinea, nymph, &c. Note. — This is not a short sound of long i. Many have considered it as the shut or extreme short sound of long e ; but it is really a distinct, though closely allied, element, and is so regarded by the best orthoepists at the present time. In its formation, the tongue is slightly relaxed from the position assumed for producing e ; this is the only dif- ference between the two sounds. — See § 3, Note, and § 8, Note. Occasional Sounds of I. § 17. Sound of i like that of long e, marked 1, I, as in pique, machine, caprice, &c. — See § 10. Note. — This is appropriately the sound of i in all for- eign languages. Most of the English words in which this sound is represented by this letter are from the French. § 18. Sound of i before r, verging toward u in urge, marked I, I, as in irksome, virgin, thirsty, &c, identical with that of e in ermine. Note. — J in this case is sounded by many speakers like ft, as vurgin for virgin. The observations made under § 14 as to short e in words like ermine, verdure, &c, apply fully to this sound of the i. §19. Regular long sound, marked O, o, as in old; heard also in hautboy, beau, yeoman, sew, roam, hoe, door, shoulder, grow, owe, &c. Note. — This sound of o is in most cases diphthongal, having a slight " vanish " in oo annexed to the " radical " or initial sound, as in below, where the w ma; be regarded as representing the vanish. The radical part of the sound is a simple element, intermediate with respect to the mode of its formation, between a and oo, the tongue being less depressed than for a, and the labial aperture greater than for oo. It is essentially the same element as that described in the next section, but of a slightly less open quality. The vanish of the o is omitted in unaccented syllables, as in o-phVion, to-bae'eo, &c, but ought not to be omitted else- where. This remark is important as bearing on a very prevalent error, which will be mentioned in the next sec- tion. §20. It is exceedingly common, in some parts of the Ifaited States, to'.<,hortcn the long o of certain words, as holt, most, only, &c, by dropping the vanishing element IX which belongs to the vowel, and giving to the radical por- tion a somewhat more open quality ; but this practice is wholly opposed to English usage. The provincialism here pointed out obtains, more or less widely, in respect to the following words, viz. : boat, bolster, bolt, bone, both, broke, broken, choke, cloak, close, a., coach, coat, coax, colt, colter, comb, dolt, folks, goad, hold, holm, holster, home, homely, hope, jolt, load, molten, most, molt, none, only, open, pole, polka, poultice, poultry, revolt, road, rode, rogue, soap, sloth, smoke, sofa, sol (the name of the note Gr of the musi- cal scale), spoke, v., spoken, stone, story, swollen (or swoln), throat, toad, xipholsterer, upholstery, whole, wholly, whole- some, wrote, yoke, yolk, and possibly a few others. Most persons in New England sound the o in a part or all of these words without the vanish, while some among the vulgar go farther, and give to a number of them almost the sound of short u, as, hum for home, &c. They should all, however, have the full sound of the o as heard in ac- cented syllables, though not in all cases with quite the same prolongation of the sound. Thus the full o of dome should be given to home ; of hole to whole ; of slope to hope ; of poach to coach; of moat to coat; of joke to spoke, cloak, smoke, and broke ; of hone to bone and stone ; and similarly in the other cases. Still the theoretic phonolo> gist can not but regard the true short o described in this section as an important and legitimate member of the fam- ily of vowel sounds, and must look upon its absence in the established orthoepy of our language as a defect and an anomaly. To him, therefore, its rise and growth in the popular speech are interesting facts, and its final preva- lence and admittance to equal rights with the other vowels is a thing he would rather desire than deprecate. § 21. Regular short sound, marked 6, o, as in 8dd, not; heard also in wander, knowledge, &c. — See §3, Note, and § 9. Note. — This is the shut or extreme short sound of broad a, and coincides with the sound of a in what. There is a medium sound of this letter which is neither so short as in not, nor so long as in naught. This medium sound is usu- ally given to the short o when directly followed by ss, st, and tli, as in cross, cost, broth; also in gone, cough, trough, off, and some other words. To give the extreme short sound to such words is affectation : to give them the full sound of broad a is vulgar. Occasional, Sounds of O. § 22. Sound of o like short u, marked O, 6, as in other, dove, &c. ; heard also in does, gun, flood, double, &c. — See § 31. § 23. Sound of o like 6b long, marked O, o, as in prove, do, move, tomb, &c. — See § 26. § 24. Sound of o like do short, marked O, o, as in bosom, wolf, woman, &c. — See § 8, Note, and § 27. NOTE. — This sound coincides with that of u in bull, which is also used for oo short. — See § 33. § 25. Sound of o like a (broad a), marked 6, 6, as in drder,fOrm, stGrk, &c — See § 7. Note. — The letter o generally has this sound when it occurs before r in a monosyllable (as in for, form, lord, north) or in an accented syllable when not followed by a vowel or by another r, as in fur'mer, dr'chard, abhor', and also in the derivatives of such words, as in formed, north- ern, abhor'ring. But when o occurs, in an accented syllable, before r followed by a vowel or by another r in a word not a derivative, it has its regular short sound, as in for'eign, or'ange, tor'rid. These two sounds of o, viz., the broad, like that of a in call, and the short, like that of a in what, have been confounded by some orthoepists ; but there is an obvious difference between them, not only in quantity, but also in quality, the short vowel being more open than, the broad. — See § 8, Note. OO. § 26. Regular long or open sound, marked OO, ob, as in moon, food; heard also in rheum, drew, to, canoe, man- ozuvre, group, rude, rue, recruit, &c. PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. NOTE . — This sound is the same element with the u of the Germans, Spaniards, and Italians, and coincides with the French ou in route. It is the closest labial vowel ; that is to say, in forming it, the lips are more nearly closed than for any other vowel, the sides being brought into contact with each other so as to leave only a small central aperture for the escape of the voice. § 27. Regular short sound of oo, marked OO, &b, as in wool, foot ; heard also in wolf, should, bull, &c. — See § 8, Note. § 28. The following words, room, root, roof, rood, broom, and soon, have properly the long sound of oo, as in food (see § 26) ; but many pronounce them with the short sound, as in foot (see § 27). New Englanders especially are often recognized abroad by their habit of pronouncing room, rdbm ; root, rcTot ; roof, rdbf ; ro~bd, rdbd; broom, bro"bm, and soon, sdbn. U. § 29. Regular long sound, marked U, -G, as in mute, Unit, &c. ; heard also in beauty, feodal, feud, pew, ewe, lieu, view, cue, suit, yeiv, you, yule, &c. Note . — This is a compound sound, formed of the vowel oo, with a slight sound of the consonant y or of the vowel £ or t before it. When the u begins a syllable, or is pre- ceded by any one of the palatal or labial sounds k, g,p, b, f, v, m, the sound of y is clearly perceived, as in the words usage, cube, gules, puny, burin, futile, mule. § 30. When the long u is preceded, in the same syllable, by any one of the consonants d, t, I, n, s, and th, it is peculiarly difficult to introduce the sound of y ; and hence negligent speakers omit it entirely, pronouncing duty, dooty ; tune, toon; lute, loot; nuisance, noosance; suit, soot ; thurible, thoorible, &c. The reason is, that, in form- ing these consonants, the organs are in a position to pass with perfect ease to the sound of oo, while it is very difficult in doing so to touch the intermediate y ; hence the y in such cases is very apt to be dropped. On this point Smart remarks, " To say tube (tyoob), lucid (lyoocid), with the u as perfect [i. e. with a distinct sound of y prefixed to oo] as in cube, cubic, mute, &c, is either northern or laboriously pedantic," — a description which applies to the vulgar in our Eastern States, and to those who are over-nice at the South. The practice of good society is to let the y sink into a very brief sound of long e or of short i, both of which have a very close organic relationship to consonant y. Special care must be taken not only to make this sound as brief as possible, but to pronounce it in the same syllable with the oo. We thus avoid the two extremes, of over- doing, on the one hand, by making too much of the y, and, on the other hand, of sounding only the oo after the man- ner of careless speakers. It ought to be added that wherever the sound of sh or of zh precedes the u, the y is omitted, as in sure, sounded Bhoor ; sugar, shdbgar, azure, azh'oor, &c. § 31. Regular short sound, marked tj, ii, as in but; heard also in sun, does, blood, touch, &c. Note. —This is not the short sound of long u. It is a distinct and simple element, and derives its peculiar gut- tural character from the influence of the pharynx and back part of the mouth In its organic formation, it is essen- tially the same sound as u in urge, but is shorter in quan- tity, and of a rather more open quality. — See § 3, Note, 2U1CI § Oj .NOTE. Occasional Sounds of U. § 32. Sound of u when preceded by r in the same syl- lable, marked U, u, as in rude, rumor, rural, &c. Note —All the English orthoepists agree that the u in this case drops the y or I which is generally an element of its compound sound when preceded, in the same syllable by any other consonant than r, and becomes simply ~o so that rue is pronounced ro~o ; rule, ro"ol ; ruby, robby &c. § 33. Sound of « like that of short oo (6t>), marked U u, as in bull, put, pus,',.. puU, sc. — See § 8, NOTE, and §27. § 34. Sound of u before r in such words as urge, burn, furl, concur, &c, marked tl, H ; heard also in worm, jour- ney, &c. NOTE. — This is often called the natural vowel, because it requires almost no effort to utter it, the mouth being slightly opened in the easiest or most natural and uncon- strained manner for the passage of voice in a nearly un- modified form. But the name is scarcely appropriate ; for the sound is altogether wanting in many languages, and — with the single exception of the English — it occupies a comparatively subordinate place in the vowel systems of the principal tongues in which it occurs. It has been more aptly termed the neutral vowel, with reference to its want of any strongly-marked distinctive character ; and this name is here adopted as, on the whole, preferable to any other. The sound differs from that of short u (with which it has often been identified) in length, and in a somewhat greater degree of closeness. (See § 8, Note.) It occurs, in monosyllables, before r not followed by a vowel (as in cur, fur, furl, hurt, burst, purr) ; in accented syllables, be- fore r final or r followed by one or more consonants different from itself (as in recur 1 , cur'few, fur'long, disbursed').; and in derivatives from any such words (as currish, furry, pur- ring, recurring). Except in the cases here specified, the letter u before r has its short sound, as in cur'ry, hur'ry. Y. § 35. Regular long sound, marked Y, y, as in fly, style, sky, edify, &c. Note. — This is the same sound as long i. — See § 15. § 36. Regular short sound, marked Y, y, as in cyst, nymph, lyric, abyss, coinciding with the sound of short i. — See § 16. Occasional Sound of Y. § 37. Yhas only one occasional sound; viz., in such words as myrrh, myrtle, in which it has, like the e and i in similar circumstances (see § 14 and § 18), very nearly the sound of u in urge. This is indicated in the Dictionary by respelling, the words in which y has this sound being very few in number. II. REGULAR OR PROPER DIPHTHONGS. OI or OY. § 38. The sound of oi or oy (unmarked), as heard in oil, join, oyster, &c. Note. — The elements of this diphthong are o as in cord (the same as broad a), and i as in fin (short i), with the accent on the former. Oy is always regular in English words, and oi is regular also, except in the following cases ; viz. , avoirdupois (av-wr-du-poiz'), connoisseur (kon-f's-soor'), shamois (sham'wy), choir (kivire), tortoise [tov'tis), tur- quois (sometimes pronounced txxv-keez*). Until near the beginning of the present century, oi was extensively pronounced like long i, as jine for join, rile for roil, &c. ; but this pronunciation is now confined ex- clusively to the lowest classes. OW. § 39. The sound of ow (unmarked), as heard In owl, vowel, flower, &c. Note. — This diphthong is compounded of the elements a and oo. the former of which is accented, but made ex- tremely brief. In a considerable number of words, ow represents the sound of long o ; in the single word knowl- edge and in its derivatives, it has the sound of short o. These are accordingly distinguished by the proper mark, as, blow, slow, know, knowledge, &c. OU. § 40. This diphthong has two leading sounds. (1.) That of ow in words derived from the Anglo-Saxon, as in out, hound, &c. (2.) That of oo in words derived from the French, as in soup, group, &c. § 41. The diphthong ou has also, In a number of words, PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. XI the sound of long o, as in sdul ; vi a few cases, the sound of the broad a, as in bougkt (bawt) •; sometimes that of short u, as in couple ; sometimes that of u in urge, as in adjourn (adjurn) ; and, in the three words could, would, should, that of 6b as in fool. These peculiarities are indi- cated in this Dictionary by the appropriate mark over the significant or sounded vowel, or by respelling. III. VOWELS IN UNACCENTED SYLLABLES. § 42. When an unaccented syllable ends in a consonant, its vowel, if single, has, in strict theory, its regular short or shut sound, though uttered somewhat more faintly, or with a less proportionate force, than in an accented syllable, as in os-sign', con'duct, con'Jtict, &c. In many words of this class, however, the vowel is apt to suffer a change or corruption of its distinctive quality, passing over into some sound of easier utterance. Thus the vowel sounds in the unaccented syllables ar, er, ir, or, yr (as in altar, offer, tapir, mirror, zephyr), are coincident with that of the second « in sulphur. As a general rule, a and o, in unac- cented syllables ending in a consonant, verge toward, or fall into, the sound of short u, particularly in colloquial discourse, as in h&Vlad, bar'racfc, yer'bal, he&'lam, capstan, l&Vap, Was, bal'last, hav'oc, meih'od, yis'tol, \en'om, cnm- pel', flag'on, bish/op, fA'lot, prov'os*. In such words, it would ordinarily be the merest pedantry or affectation to give the vowel its regular short sound. The vowel e, in unaccented syllables ending in a con- sonant, is, in some words, liable to be sounded like short i (as in barrel), and, in others, like short u (as in silent) ; but these changes are usually avoided by good speakers. It may here be remarked, that some of the diphthongs are similarly affected by the absence of accent. Thus at, which, in an accented syllable, is usually sounded like long a (as in corn-plain'), sinks into £ or i in an unaccented syllable, as in mountain, pronounced moun'tSn or moun / - tin. So ei, ey, and ie become changed in pronunciation into 1 (as in sur'feit, hon'eij, car'fied), and ou is sounded as U (as in griev'ous). It is also to be observed, that, in the unaccented sylla- bles of some words from the Latin, the vowel is long, though followed by a consonant in the same syllable, as in cantharides ; but, in such cases, the long mark is, in the Dictionary, placed over the vowel. § 43. When the unaccented syllable does not end in a consonant, two cases arise ; viz. , — (1.) The syllable may consist of, or may end in, a vowel, as in the words a-bound', di'-rect', e-vent', rao-lest', &c. (2.) The syllable may end in a consonant with final e mute at the close of words, as in xd'ti-mate, fi'nite, rep'- tile, &c. The former of these will, for the sake of brevity, be called No. 1, the latter No. 2. These will now be considered un- der each of the vowels. A. § 44. (No. 1. See § 43.) Here the a has properly a brief sound of the Italian a, as in Cu'ba, a-muse', .4-mer'i- ca; but, in familiar speech, it is almost always so slighted and obscured as to be indistinguishable from the neutral vowel, or u in urge, murmur, &c. In some words, like fi-e'ri-al, cAa-ot'ic, &c, the a has its regular long or name sound, somewhat shortened by the omission of the " van- ish." This is due to the influence of the subsequent vowel, which, in fluent utterance, refuses to take the Italian a before it without the intervention of one or more con- sonants. Some speakers in this country give the same brief sound of long a to this letter when it occurs in an initial unaccented syllable followed by a consonant in an accented syllable, as in a-bound', fa-tal'i-ty ; but this prac- tice is not sanctioned by the best orthoepists. In the ter- minations -a-ny and -a-ry, the a has usually the same sound as short « unaccented, as in mis'cel-la-ny, mo'ment- a-ry, &c. § 45. (No. 2. See § 43.) Here the a has sometimes its long sound, particularly in verbs ending in ate, as, dedi- cate, ed'u-cfite, &c. In other parts of speech, the sound of the a is more obscure, verging toward short e, as in ulti- mate, night'in-gale, preface, &c. In some instances it is apt to verge toward short i, as in vil'lage. § 46. (No. 1. See § 43.) Here the e has its long sound, slightly obscure or abridged, as in e-vent', e-mo'tion, so- ci'e-ty, &c. Care should be taken not to sink the e into an indefinite sound of short u, as, soci'uty for society, &c. § 47. (No. 2. See § 43.) Here, also, the e has usually its long sound a little shortened and slighted, as in obso- lete. In a few instances, it verges toward short t, as in college. I. There is great diversity in the case of this letter. Hence it is difficult to lay down general rules ; and, as Smart remarks, " The inquirer must be sent to the Dictionary to learn, in each particular case, the true pronunciation." § 48. (No. 1. See § 43.) 1, when final in a syllable, has more commonly its short sound, as in phl-los'o-phy, dl-rect', &c. But the i is usually long in the initial sylla- bles i, bi, chi, cli, cri, pri, tri, as in z-de'a, bi-ol'o-gy, crl- te'ri-on, prl-me'val, &c. § 49. (No. 2. See § 43.) In these terminations, usage is greatly divided. On the whole, the i is more generally short, as in ac-com'pllce, in'fi-nzte, fer'tzle, mar^-time, ad-a-man'tme, an'lse, pos'i-ttve, &c. ; but there are some important exceptions, as, cock / a-trzce,ex / zle,gen / tIle, con'- cu-bme, archive, &c. ; also all names of minerals ending in lite or ite; as, chrys'o-lzte, ste'a-tite, &c. Here the Dic- tionary must be consulted for the several words. Accord- ing to Smart and Cull, chemical terms ending in ide (as bromide, chloride, &c.) should be pronounced with the i long ; but all other orthoepists are unanimous in making the vowel short ; and the propriety of the latter mode of pronunciation is established by the fact that this whole class of words is not unfrequently spelt without the final e, thus, bromid, chlorid. o. § 50. (No. 1. See § 43.) Here the o has usually its long sound slightly abbreviated, and without its " vanish " (see § 19), as in o-pin'ion, croc'o-dile, to-bac'co, &c. Care should here be taken not to sink the o into short u, as care- less speakers often do, pronouncing o-phVion, wp-pin'ion, &c. An exception, however, is perhaps to be made in the case of the terminations -o-ny and -o-ry, in which, according to universal usage in England, the o is sounded like short u unaccented, as in mat'ri-mo-ny, prom'is-so-ry, &c. Yet most speakers in this country give the o in such words its long sound, slightly abbreviated, as in other unaccented syllables. The practice — too common among us — of lay- ing a secondary accent on the o is a fault which should be sedulously avoided. — See § 110. § 51. (No. 2. See § 43.) The o in these terminations has usually its regular long sound, as in tel'e-scope, ep'ode, &c. Sometimes it has the sound of short o, as in di'a-logue : in other cases, it verges toward short u, as in purpose. TJ. § 52. (No. 1. See § 43.) Here the « gencrallyhas its long sound slightly abridged, as in ac'ctt-rate, e-mol'w- ment, man-tt-mit', an'nw-al, dep'w-tize, w-til'i-ty. But when the u is preceded by d, t, or s, these combinations, du, tu, and su, are by the great majority of speakers changed into joQt) choo, and shoo or zhoo, respectively, as in ed'* PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. K-cate (ej'oo-kate), ha-bit'n-al (ha-blch'oo-al), sen'sw-ous (sen'shoo-us), vis'n-al (vizh'oo-ai). (See §§ 66, 77, 92, 93, 95 and 107.) In the notation of words of this class in the Dictionary, the regular pronunciation is generally given instead of the irregular, in conformity with the views of Dr. Webster ; but, in many instances, reference is made to the remarks contained in the present section. When the u is preceded by r, it simply drops the y sound, and is pro- nounced oo, as in er-u-di'tion (er-oo-dish/un). (See § 32.) § 53. (No. 2. See § 43.) The u in these terminations should generally retain its regular long sound (see §§ 29, 30) slightly abridged, as in graVi-tftde, in'sti-tute, rid'i- cf/le, trib'wte, im-post'hnme, sub'ter-fnge, &c. There are a few exceptions, as minute (mhVit), n., and let'twce (lef- tis). If the letter r precedes the u, the initial element of the vowel is dropped, as in ce'rase (se'roos), peruke (per'- ook), &c. (See § 32.) On the other hand, when the wis immediately preceded by the letter t, it should never be changed into mere oo, as grat'i-tood for grat'i-tude, in'sti- toot for in'sti-twte — a practice which prevails among the vulgar. The terminations dure, ture, and sure, though sometimes pronounced with the regular sounds of the letters, are more commonly pronounced joor, ckoor, and shoor or zhoor, re- spectively, as in the words tem'per-a-ture (tero/per-a-choor), ver'dwre (ver'joor), cy'no-swre (si'no-shoor), ex-po'swre (eks- po'zhoor). (See §§ 66,77,92, 93, 95, and 107.) When these terminations are immediately preceded by an accented syl- lable, many speakers change them still further into chur, jur, and shur, or zhur, as in na'twre (na'chur), ver'dz^re (ver'jur), cen'snre (sen'shur), ex-po'swre (eks-po'zhur). The Dictionary follows the practice of Dr. Webster in giving to dure and ture the regular sounds of d, t, and u (pronounc- ing v erd ure, vSrd'yoor, creature, kreet'yoor, &c), while sure is respelt shoor or zhoor, as in the examples given above. This, it is true, is an inconsistency ; but it is one of little moment, inasmuch as general usage is so fluctuating, and as reference is in most cases made to the present section. Y. § 54. (No. 1. See § 43.) Here y has usually its short sound, as in h#-poc / ri-s?/, my-thol'o-gy, van'i-t?/, iner'ri-h/, proph'e-cy, &c. ; but verbs ending in fy have the y long, as in jxxs'tiiy, m&g'm-iy, &c. also the three verbs, oc'- cu-py, mul'ti-pli/, proph / e-sy. § 55. (No. 2. See § 43.) The y in these terminations (which are few in number) is generally long, as in an'o- dyne, per'i-sti/le, ne'o-phyte, pros'e-li/te, &c. IV. SILENT VOWELS. § 56. Vowels which are printed in Italics are not to be sounded, as the e in used, burden, the i in cousm, &c. Some of these cases require a more particular consideration, and will now be mentioned. E final. § 57. The letter e is always mute when final, except in monosyllables containing no other vowel, in classical words, and in some words from modern foreign languages ; but, in a monosyllable or in an accented syllable of a word, though silent, it generally serves the purpose of indicating that a preceding single vowel followed by a single consonant, a con- sonant digraph, or the combined letters st or ng, has its reg- ular long sound, as in plane, hope, cube, inscribe, paste change. When a silent e follows c or g at the end of a word, it serves also to show that the consonant is to have its soft and not its hard, sound, as in ace, nice, age, huge, oblige. In a number of monosyllables (as bade, come, give were done, &c.) and in the accented syllables of a few words de- rived from them (as forbade' , become', forgive'), the e does not have its usual effect of lengthening the sound of the preceding vowel. In unaccented syllables, it sometime* keeps the vowel in its. l#ng sound, as in gen'tlle, su'pine, finite, ar' chive ; but in a great many instances it exercises no such influence, as in jus'tice, hos'ttle, mar'i-time, dod- trine, an'tse, gran'tte, plain 1 'Ave EN with B silent. § 58. Most words ending in en drop the e in pronuncia- tion, as, often (of'n), heaven (heav'n), even (ev'n), &c. One of the most prevalent errors of the present day, especially among our clergy (for the laity have fallen into it much less), is that of pronouncing the words even (ev'n) evwn, heaven (heav'n) heavnn or heaven, often (of'n) often, &c. Walker remarks with great keenness on this error, declar- ing it to be a "puerile and false pronunciation." If the writer is correctly informed, it is never heard among good speakers in England. The following are nearly all the words in which thee should be sounded: aspen, chicken, hyphen, kitchen, jerken, latten, lichen, marten, mynchen, paten, patten, platen, rowen, wicken, and yewen. The e is also sounded when preceded by the liquids I, ?n, n, r, as in wooden, omen, linen, siren, &c, though fallen, stolen, and swollen omit the e in pronunciation. With regard to Eden, bounden, heathen, mitten, sudden, and sloven, there is a diversity of usage among good speakers in this country, some suppressing, and some sounding, the e. ON with O silent. § 59. Many words ending in on preceded by c, ck, s, and t, omit the o in pronunciation, as in reckon (reck'n), bacon (bak'n), treason (treas'n), mutton (mutt'n), &c. ED with E silent. § 60. The termination ed is usually shortened in pro- nunciation by dropping the sound of the e (as in loved (lov'd), aimed (aim'd), diffused (diffus'd), &c), unless this letter is preceded by d or t (as in amended, contented, &c), when its omission is organically impossible. But in adverbs formed by adding ly, and in nouns formed by adding ness to words ending in ed, the e of this termination is uniformly sounded, as in assuredly, confusedly, renewedly, amazed- ness, composedness, &c. There are also some participial adjectives, and some adjectives not derived from verbs, in which the eis commonly sounded, as, aged, beloved, blessed, crabbed, cragged, crooked, crutched, cursed, cusped, deuced, dogged, hooked, jagged, learned, legged, naked, peaked, picked (sharp), ragged, rugged, stubbed, wicked, winged, wretched. The e is also pronounced in the derivatives formed from such adjectives, as, learnedly, blessedness; but is generally omitted in the compounds, as, full-aged (-ajd), sheath-winged (-wingd). In poetry, the meter often requires us to pronounce ed as a distinct syllable, when it would not be so pronounced in prose. In all cases where it should properly be sounded, its omission is a mark of great vul- garity. Note. — In reading the Scriptures and Prayer-book, some persons, chiefly among the clergy, make it a practice to pronounce the participial termination -ed, in most cases in which it is not preceded by a vowel (as in believed, re- vealed), as a distinct syllable. Thus, " Whom he did pre- destinate, them he also call-erf ,• and whom he call-erf, them, he also justifierf ; and whom he justifierf, them he also glo- rifierf." This usage was formerly a very prevalent one, but at the present time it is much more limited, and is commonly regarded as savoring of affectation or of an old- school education. EL with E silent. § 61. As a general rule, the e is sounded in these ter- minations, as in graveZ, leveZ, vessel, chapeZ, &c. To omit the e in such cases, pronouncing level lev'l, chapel chap'l, &c, is generally regarded as a vulgarism. The following are nearly or quite all the words of this kind in which the e is properly omitted ; viz., barbel, betel, chattel, drazeL PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. xm drivel, easel, grovel, hazel, mangel-wurzel, mantel, mis- pickel, mussel, navel, ousel, ravel, rivel, scovel, shekel, shovel, shrivel, snivel, swingel, swivel, teasel, toggel, towsel, weasel, and, according to a few orthoepists, model. CONSONANTS. B. § 62. The sound represented by this letter (which is un- marked) is heard in the words barn, rob, labor, table, &c. Note. — This sound is formed by the compression of vocalized breath, or voice, within the mouth, while the Kps are shut and the back nostrils are closed by covering them with the soft palate. When preceded by m, or fol- lowed by t, in the same syllable, b is generally silent, as in bomb, climb, tomb, debt, doubt, subt'le, &c. Accumb, dith- yramb, iamb, succumb, rhomb, /humb, are said to be excep- tions ; yet, in this country, the first and the fourth of these words are commonly pronounced without sounding the b. B is also silent in bdellium. C. § 63. C marked thus, £, 9, (soft c), has the sound of s, as in cede, trace, acid, cypress, &c. Note. — It takes this sound whenever it occurs before e (even if silent), i, or y. — See S, § 90. When the letters ce or ci are immediately preceded by an accented syllable, and are followed by a vowel in the next syllable, the c combines in pronunciation with the e or i to form the sound sh, as in ocean, social, saponaceous, &c. In some words, c alone has this sound, or, rather, the e or i is used twice, first combining with the c to represent the sound of sh, and then, in the same syllable, taking on its customary vowel sound, as in so-ci-aVi-ty. — See SH, § 95. § 64. C marked thus, -€, -e (hard c), has the sound of k when it comes before a, 0, u, I, or r, before k, s, or t final, and when it ends a word or a syllable, as in call, cot, cut, dot, crown, black, act, zinc, traffic, pic' ture,flac'cid, eth'ics. — SeeK, §78. § 65. Chas the sound of z in the. words sacrifice, sice, suffice, and discern, and in their derivatives. It is silent in the words czar, victuals, indict, and their derivatives, and also in the termination scle, as in muscle, corpuscle, &c. CH. § 66. Ch unmarked (English ch) has very nearly the sound of tsh, as in child, much, richer, speechless, &c. Note. — The compound sound signified by this digraph is not precisely equivalent to that represented by tsh. The ordinary sound of t is uttered with the tip of the tongue pressed against the gum of the upper front teeth. The first element of ch is uttered with the upper flat surface of the tongue, near the tip, applied to the gum at a point higher up, just where a relaxation of the contact produces the configuration requisite for sounding sh, the second constit- uent of the compound. The two elements are so closely blended in pronunciation that, like a diphthong, or com- pound vowel, they have the effect of only a single sound or beat upon the ear. When the letter t comes before u (= yoo) in an unac- cented syllable, and is at the same time preceded by an ac- cented syllable (as in nature), or when it is preceded by s or x in an accented syllable, and is immediately followed by ia (== ya) or io (= yo) in an unaccented syllable (as in Chris- tian, question, admixtion), both this letter and the y vir- tually following it are, by some speakers, preserved in their usual and appropriate sounds; thus, nature (nat'yoor) Christian (krist'yan), question (kwest'yun), admixtion (ad- mikst'yun), &c. But by others they are suffered to sink into the easier and closely allied sound of ch in church; thus, nature (na-choor), Christian (kris'chan), question (kwes'chun), admixtion (ad-miks'chun), &c. In regard to the pronunciation of words ending in teous, when this ter- mination is not under, but is immediately preceded by, the accent (as in boun'teous), usage is far from being uniform, Borne calling it t-yus (as bount'yus), others reducing it to chas (as boun'chus), while others corrupt it into che-us (as boun'cheus) ; but that mode which keeps both the t and the e in their customary sounds (as bounJte-us), is the most common, except in the single word righteous, which is properly pronounced rlt'yus, or rl'chus. § 67. Ch marked thus, £h, qh. (French ch), has the sound of sh, as in chaise, marchioness, machine, &c. — See SH, § 95. Most words of this kind are derived from the French. § 68. Ch marked thus, -Ch, -eh (Latin ch), has the sound of k, as in chorus, epoch, distich, &c. This is the us- ual sound in words derived from the ancient languages ; but cherub and charity, with their derivatives, are exceptions. Ch is always hard (like k) before I and r, as in chlorine, chrism. Note. — The prefix arch, denoting chief, is pronounced ark in archangel and its derivatives, and in words from foreign languages in which the other component part is not separately current in English, as, architecture, arcAipelago, architrave, &c. In all other cases, it is pronounced artch, as in arcA-bishop, arcA-enemy, arcA-fiend, &c. § 69. Ch is silent in the word drachm (though not in drachma, drak^ma), and also in scMsm, yacAt (yot), and their derivatives. § 70 . The sound of d (unmarked), as in dale, sad, rider, tradesman, &c. Note. — The sound of this letter is formed by pressing the end of the tongue against the upper gums, and then forcing up vocalized breath, or voice, into the mouth, the soft palate being raised to prevent its escape through the nose. This is the regular and usual sound of d ; but when this letter follows a whispered or non-vocal consonant in the same syllable, it uniformly takes the sound of t, as in hissed (hist). (See § 108.) B is silent only in the words Wednes- day and handkerchief. F. § 71. The sound of /"(unmarked), as in fame, leaf, def- inite, softly, &c. Note. — This letter, which is never silent, is uttered by applying the lower lip to the upper front teeth, and emit- ting the breath. F has only this one sound, except in the single word of, in which it has the power of v. In the compounds hereof, thereof, and whereof, many speakers preserve the customary and regular sound of the f; but good usage allows it to be sounded as in the simple word. G. § 72. G marked thus, G, g (g hard), has the sound of that letter in the word go ; as in get, gave, give, begun, keg, sluggish, smuggle, &c. Note. — This sound is produced by a compression of in- tonated breath, or voice, confined within the mouth by a contact of the root of the tongue with the posterior part of the palate, which is at the same time raised sufficiently to cover the back nostrils, or openings from the pharynx into the nose. G is hard before a (except in the single word gaol and its derivatives), o, u, h, I, and r, as in gate, gore, gum, ghastly, glad, grain. It is sometimes, though not usually, hard before e, i, and y, as in get, give, gibbous, muggy. This occurs chiefly in words from the Anglo-Saxon, and in a very few from the Greek. It is also, and always, hard at the end of words, and in the derivatives of such words, even when the g is doubled and followed by e, i, or y, as in crag, drug, fog, cragged, druggist, foggy. When a, 1, or %, is preceded in the same syllable by the sound of g, or of k, very many speakers, particularly in England, interpose a slight sound of e, as in card, kind, garden, guard, girl, guile, guise, sky. Some persons affect the introduction of a full and distinct sound of long e, or of consonant y, in such cases ; saying kee-ard or k-yard, kee-lnd or k-yJnd, ske-y or sk-yl,Scc. The practice of a very large portion, if not a majority, of the best speakers in the United States, and also of many educated persons in England, is to join the sound of the g or k to that of the a or I, without suffering any other sound to slip in between them. § 73. G marked thus, G, g (g soft), has the compound sound of j, as in gem, rage, engine, caged, &c. — See § 77- XIV PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. Note. — The letter g generally takes this sound when it comes before e, i, or y ; but there are some exceptions. (See the preceding section.) G has also its soft sound before a in the single word gaol (now commonly spelt jail), and in its derivatives and compounds. § 74. In a few words from the French, g retains the sound of zh, which it has before e and i in that language, as in rouge (roozh), mirage (lni-rizh'), &c. G is silent before m and n final, and also when initial be- fore n, as in phlegm, sign, gnat. For the office which g performs in such words as longer, stronger, &c, see § 82. GH. § 75. This digraph (which is unmarked) is sounded, at the beginning of a word, like g hard, as in ghastly, ghost, gherkin, &c. It is silent after the vowel i, as in high, sigh, weigh ; and it is generally silent before t, as in bought, fraught, taught, &c. The words draught and laughter, where it has the sound of/, are exceptions. In other cases, gh is generally pronounced like/, as in chough , cough, rough, tough, trough, enough, &c. ; but it sometimes has the sound of h, as in hough, lough, shough. In the word hiecough, it is usually pronounced like j>. H. § 76. This letter (which is unmarked) is a mere aspira- tion or breathing, and represents no fixed configuration of the vocal organs. Note. — It is an emission of unvocalized breath through whatever position of the mouth-organs is required by the succeeding element, the organs being always placed to form the next following letter before the h is pronounced. Thus , in he the tongue is put in a position to sound the e before the h is uttered ; and similarly in hall, hard, home, &c. It differs, however, from a mere whispered vowel, in being an expiration of breath through the open glottis, whereas in whispering a vowel the glottis is almost closed by the ap- . proximation of the vocal cords. In the following words, heir, heiress, herb, herbage, honest, honor, honorable, hour, with their derivatives, and also in hostler (more properly spelt ostler), h is silent. It is also marked as silent by most orthoepists in hospital, humor, and humble, with their derivatives. There is, however, an in- creasing tendency to sound the h in these words. H is silent after g initial, as in ghost, gherkin, &c. ; after r, as in rhyme, myrrh, &c. ; and also when preceded by a vowel in the same syllable, as in ah, eh, oh, buhl, Jehovah, &c. In many parts of England, the sound of this letter is almost always omitted where it ought to be uttered, and uttered where it ought to be omitted ; as ^ouse for house, happle for apple, &c. This very gross and vulgar error is rarely, if ever, heard among natives of the United States. J. §77. This letter (which is unmarked) has very nearly the sound of dzh, being precisely the same as that of g soft, as in jar, jeer, joke, &c. — See § 73. Note. — The sound of j, though almost identical with that of dzh, differs from it as the sound of ch in chin dif- fers from that of tsh. (See § 66, Note.) J" is never silent. In the word hallelujah, it has the sound of consonant y. In words in which d precedes a letter having regularly the sound ofy, and occurring in an unaccented syllable, as in modulate (mod'u-late), soldier (sold'yer), the sound of j is very often substituted for the combined sounds of the d and y (thus, mbj'oo-late, sol'jer) ; —just as the sound of ch is substituted for the combined sounds of t and y, in na- ture, question, righteous, &c. (See § 66, Note.) Smart remarks, " It is possible to preserve the pure sound of the t and d in nature and verdure ; yet nothing is more certain than that they are not preserved pure by the best and most careful speakers." § 78. This letter (which is unmarked) has one uniform sound, as heard in keep, king, kitchen, &c.,and is precisely equivalent to c hard. — See § 64. Note. — The sound represented by this letter differs from that of g in go (hard g) only in being a whispered and not a vocal utterance ; the organs are placed in the same posi- tion for forming both sounds. Before n, in the same sylla- ble, k is silent, as in knack, knell, knit, know, &c. It is also silent after c, as in back, barrack, &c. In regard to the pronunciation sometimes given to such words as kind, sky, &c, see § 72, Note. L. § 79. The sound of I (unmarked), as heard in left, bell, chalice, melting, &c. Note. — This letter has only one sound, which consists of an efflux of vocalized breath, or voice, over the sides of the tongue, while its tip is pressed against the gums of the upper front teeth. L is silent in many words, especially before a final consonant, as in almond , malmsey , palmer, alms, calm, walk, half, could, would, should, &c. M. §80. The sound of m (unmarked), as heard in make, aim, clamor, armed, &c. Note. — This letter has one uniform sound, produced by closing the lips, and letting the voice issue through the nose. It is silent when it precedes n in the same syllable, as in mnemonics. N. § 81. The sound of n (unmarked), as heard in nail, ten, panel, entry, &c. Note. — In the production of this sound, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the upper gums, as for d; but the voice, instead of being confined within the mouth, is suf- fered to escape uninterruptedly through the nose, the nasal passages being uncovered for that purpose. When final after / or m, n is uniformly silent, as in kiln, condemn, solemn, hymn, limn, &c. ; but it is generally sounded in the derivatives formed from such words by add- ing to them a termination beginning with a vowel, as in condemnatory, solemnize, hymnic, limner, &c. In the present participles of verbs ending in mn, as contemn, hymn, &c.,the n, though often unpronounced, is more properly sounded, as, contemning, hymning, &c. § 82. The sound of n as heard in linger, link, uncle, &c. (marked N, n). Note. — This is essentially the same sound as that repre- sented by ng ; but its length varies greatly according as it is followed by a whispered or a vocal consonant. When it is followed in the same syllable by the sound of k, as in link, it is cut so short by the instantaneous and perfect closure of the organs which form this pure mute as to add almost nothing to the length of the syllable. It is therefore undc sirable to respell words ending in nk by the use of ng ; and, in this volume, this is not done, a diacritical mark being placed below the n instead, as a sufficient indication of the true quality and quantity of the sound. But when this sound of n is followed by that of g in a separate syllable, as in the primitive words anger, finger, conger, hunger, it is long and sonorous, and increases the duration of the syl- labic utterance very perceptibly. As a general rule, the change of n into n takes place only before g and k (or before the equivalents of k, namely, c, q, andcc = ks). It takes place before k or its equivalents when any one of these letters fol- lows n in the same syllable, as in \ink, cingue, mina;, be- think, adunyue', phar'ynx; and before g or k, or an equiv- alent of k, when any one of these letters begins an unac- cented syllable and the n ends a preceding accented one, as in con/cord, congress, un'cle, &c. Penguin and a few other words are exceptions ; also words beginning with the prefixes in, non, quinque, and un ; as, in'come, non'con- form'ity, qmVguevalve, un'compound'ed, &c. It is to be observed that, if the n ends an unaccented syllable, and the g or k begins an accented one, the n invariably retains its regular sound ; as in con-cord'ant, con-gres'sional, &c. It is also to be observed that in most derivative words, like hanger, singer, wronger (from hang, sing, and wrong), the g is not sounded, but unites with the n to represent the sound which in the primitives just cited is represented by n alone. But in the comparative and superlative de- grees of the three following words, viz., long, strong, and young, and also in the words diphthongal and triphthongal (from diphthong and triphthong), the g is always, though very irregularly, pronounced, taking its hard sound, as in go ; thus, lon'ger, stron'ger, &c. It is further to be ob- served that there is a small class of words in which the n has its ordinary sound, as in nail, and the S its soft sound} kM«k PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. as in gem. Of this class, the words danger, stranger, gin- ger, and plunger are examples. § 83. The sound of ng (unmarked), as in sing, singer, singly, &c. Note. — This is a simple, elementary sound, and is not (as might be supposed) a compound sound made up of the sound of n in conjunction with that of g. In forming ng, the tongue is placed in the same position as for forming g; the nostrils, however, are not completely closed, but yet so much so as to produce a marked resonance (somewhat sim- ilar to the sound of n), which may be continued to any length, as in sing, bring, &c. — See § 82. § 84. The sound of p (unmarked), as heard in pay, ape, paper, aptly, &c. Note. — The position of the organs necessary for forming this sound is the same as for b, but the sound itself differs from that of b in being an utterance of the breath instead of the voice. P has but one sound ; it is silent when initial before n,s, And t, as in pneumatics, psalm, pshaw, ptarmigan. It is also silent or very indistinct when it occurs between m and t in the same syllable, as in tempt, exempt, &c. ; but when preceded by m in the same syllable and followed by t or by k in the next syllable, it is more properly sounded ; as in temp-ta'tion, exemp'tion, redemption, consumptive, sump'- tuous, bump' kin, pump 1 kin, &c, though, in colloquial ut- terance, it is very often suppressed in words of this class. It is also mute in the following words, and in their deriva- tives : viz., raspberry, receipt, sempstress, accompt, and corps. PH. § 85. This digraph (which is unmarked) occurs chiefly in words of Greek derivation, and has usually the sound of/, as in phantom, sylph, philosophy , &c. In Stephen it has the sound of v ; and, according to most orthoepists, it has the same sound in nephew (nev'ew), though in this country it has commonly its regular sound of f in that word. Before th initial, ph is silent, as in £>Athisis ; it is also si- lent in apophz/zegm. In diphthong , triphthong, ophthalmy, naphtha, and other allied words, together with their deriv- atives, the ph is often sounded as p, or the h may be re- garded as silent. Q. § 86. Q is followed in all cases by u, and these two let- ters, taken together, have usually the sound of kw, as in queen (kween), conquest (konk'west), &c. In a few words derived from the French, qu is sounded like k, as in co- quette, quadrille, &c. It has the same sound in the com- mon termination que, as in antique, oblique,. burlesque, &c. R. § 87. This letter (which is unmarked) may be viewed under three aspects : — (1.) R as in rip, trip, carol, &c. (sometimes called rough, trilled, dental, or initial r). In forming this sound, the tongue assumes nearly the same position as for d; but the voice, instead of being con- fined within the mouth, is suffered to flow freely over the tip of the tongue, producing a very slightly trilled and peculiarly liquid sound, closely resembling that of z in the mode of its formation, but not partaking of its harsh, buzz- ing quality ; the difference between the two sounds, in this respect, resulting from the fact that the tip of the tongue is approximated more closely to the upper gum for z than for r. R is sometimes strongly trilled or rolled by a forcible expulsion of the voice ; but in customary speech, it is very gently pronounced, and any marked vibration of the tongue should be carefully avoided as a pedantic affectation. The sound here described is heard in English in the two follow- ing cases: 1. When r is not preceded by a vowel, as in ream, dream, prompt, spring ; 2. When it stands between two vowels of which the first is short, as in baron, merit, spirit, florid. Often the r is doubled in the written word, as in barren, merry, torrid; but, in these cases, only one r is heard in the pronunciation, providing the preceding vowel is short. — See § 109. (2.) R as in far, form, terse, surge, &c. (sometimes called smooth, palatal, guttural, obscure, or final r). By most orthoepists at the present day, the letter r, when it occurs before any consonant, or when final, is regarded as a distinct element from the last, and as formed by a slight vibration of the back part, or root, of the tongue against the extremity of the soft palate. Many writers, however, do not admit any such distinction in the sound of r, maintaining that the value of the letter (apart from the obscure vowel element described in No. 3) is uniform in all situations. (3.) R, connected with a guttural vowel sound, as heard in such words as fare, mere, ire, ore, cure, poor, pure, &c. Here the character r represents two sounds : viz., an obscure vowel sound resembling that of u in urge, and a smooth or palatal r, so that the above words are pronounced faur (see § 4), meur, lur, &c. § 88. In the pronunciation of accurate speakers, r is never silent ; but when it occurs after a long vowel or a dipththong in the same syllable, as in here, fur, murmur, our, mire, &c, it is commonly and entirely suppressed, both in the United States and the south of England. In the northern counties of England, and in Scotland and Ire- land, with equal impropriety, it is, when so situated, always trilled. ■ § 89. In English usage, when the letter r is preceded in an accented syllable by a long vowel or a diphthong, and ii followed by a vowel in the next syllable, it uniformly repre- sents both the palatal, or smooth, and the dental, or trilled, sound of this letter, as in hero, iris, glory, lurid, pronounced her/ro, lr'ris, glor'ry, lur'rid. In the United States, this double power of the letter r is chiefly, though not invari- ably, restricted to the derivatives of words ending in r or re preceded by a long vowel or a diphthong, as in poorer (poor'rer), from poor; boring (bor'ring), from bore ; airy(W- ry), from air ; peerage (peer/rage), from />fier, wiry (wlr'ry), from wire ; securing (securing), from secure ; but, on the other hand, we say he'ro, i'ris, glo'ry, lu'rid, &c, because these words are not derived from any other words in the language. In Scotland, however, the universal practice is to join the r in all cases to the following vowel ; or, in other words, to give it only its dental or trilled sound; thus, pee' rage and he'ro, wi'ry&nd I'ris, bo'ring and glo'ry, secu- ring and lu'rid, &c. It is to be observed that those orthoepists who maintain that r has one invariable sound, assert that the only pecu- liarity in the English pronunciation of such words as hero, iris, &c, and in the English and American pronunciation of such words as poorer, boring, &c, consists in the inter- position between the r and the preceding vowel of an ob- scure vowel sound like that of u in urge, which obscure sound is omitted by the Scotch. § 90. S unmarked has its regular Bharp or hissing sound, as in same, yes, massy, resting, &c. Note. — This sound is an utterance of unvocal breath forced between the tip of the tongue and the upper gum, the tongue being placed in the proper position for sounding t and d. S always has this sound at the beginning, and frequently in the middle and at the end, of words. — See §108. § 91. S, when marked thus, §, §, has the buzzing sound of z in zeal, as in has, amuse, rosy, &c. — See § 108. Note. — There has been much diversity among orthoe- pists as to the sound of 5 in words commencing in dis, as disarm, disburse, &c. Walker laid down this rule : — "It [s] ought always to be pronounced like z when unaccented and followed by an accented flat mute [b, d, g hard, v], a PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. xvi liquid [I, m, n, r], or a vowel." Hence he gave pronuncia- tions like the following : disbud, dizbud ; disedify, diz- edify ; disjoin, de'zjoin ; dislike, cfelike ; dislodge, dzzlodge, &c. Scarcely any subsequent orthoepist has gone so far. Webster's Dictionary gives s the sound of z in the following words only : viz., disarm, disaster, discern, disease, disheir, dishonest, dishonor, dismal, disown, dissolve. There are a few verbs ending in se, which are also used as nouns or adjectives. To distinguish between them, the s is vocalized in the verb, and whispered in the noun or adjec- tive ; as close, a., and close, v. ; house, n., and house, y. ; use, n., and use, v. ; diffuse, a., and diffuse, v. § 92. When the letter s, having regularly its sharp or hissing sound, follows a liquid or another s, and precedes a letter having the sound of consonant y, as i in reversion, mansion, passion, and, in a few cases, when it precedes u (=yoo), as in sure, sugar, censure, sensual, the sounds rep- resented by these letters are exchanged for that of the sim- ple but very similar element represented by sh. Thus the ex- amples just given are actually pronounced re-ver'shun, man'- shun,pash'un, shoor, shoog'ar, cen'shoor, sen'shoo-al, though the theoretical pronunciation would be re-vers'yun, mans'- yun, pass'yun, s-yoor, s-yoog'ar, cens'yoor, sens'yooal. In a few words, s alone takes the sound of sh, as in nau- sea, Asiatic ; or rather the e or i, in such cases, does double duty, uniting with the s to signify the sound of sh, and at the same time retaining its usual vowel character. § 93. When 5 is preceded by a vowel in an accented syl- lable, and is followed by a vowel having regularly or theo- retically the sound of consonant y, these two letters are commonly pronounced like zh, as in adhesion, revision, ex- plosion, confusion, pleasure, visual, usury, &c. (See § 107.) So also in scission, abscission, rescission, though the s is not preceded by a vowel in the accented syllable. § 94. 5 is silent in the words aisle, isle, island, demesne, puisne, viscount, and generally at the end of French words adopted into English, as chamois, corps, vis-a-vis, &c. Sh. § 95. This digraph (which is unmarked) represents the simple sound \eard in shelf, flesh, usher, &c. Note. — This element is formed by a partial contact of the upper surface of the tongue, near the tip, with that side of the arch or dome of the palate which is just above the gums of the front teeth, and by an effusion of unvocal breath through the narrow aperture left for its escape. Or- ganically considered, the sound is intermediate between those of s and consonant y ; genetically considered, it has been evolved from the combination of these two sounds, which, in rapid utterance, do not easily maintain their dis- tinct character. Thus, if we pronounce the word special in three syllables, spec'i-al, and then try to reduce it to two, we shall find that it is difficult to articulate the c (= s) and the i (=y) by one continuous effort of the organs, and that the intermediate sh is naturally substituted as an easier and a closely allied sound. So with version, mission, sure, &c. In motion, and. other words ending in tion not preceded by 5 or by x, we may suppose the t to have been originally sounded like s, as in words of the same class in French ; or the process of development may have been, first, mo'ti-on (with the t kept pure) ; then mot'yun ; next mdt'shun or mo'chun (see § 66); and finally, by sinking the t, mo' shun. Sh is never silent. It is expressed : 1. By c, as in o-ce- an'ic, e-ma-ci-a'tion ; 2. By s, as in nau'se-ate, A-si-at'ic ; 3. By t, as in ne-go-ri-a'tion ; 4. By ce, as in o'cean ; 5 By », as in so'cial ; 6. By se, as in nau'seous ; 7. By si, as in tendon ; 8. By ti, as in captious ; 9. By the si implied in xi (=ksi), as m noxious ; 10. By the sy implied in su ( = 6yoo), as m men-su -ration (men-s/ioo-ra'shun) ; 11. By the sy implied in xu (=ksyoo), as in lux'u-ry (luk's/ioo-ry ; 12. By ch, as in cAaise, cAar'la-tan, ma-cAine' ; 13. By chs, as in fu'cAsi-a ; 14. By sc, as in con-sc?-en'tious ; 15. By sch, as Q7 SC n2 rl ' By *"'» ^ in con/s « ence - — See §§ 63, 92, In some words, particularly those ending in date and tiate, some orthoepists and speakers pronounce the vowel distinctly after the c or t sounded as sh; as, enunciate (e-nun'shi-ate), expatiate (eks-pa'shi-ate), &c. ; others pro- nounce it with a slight sound, as of a very brief or half- euppressed e, represented in the Dictionaries of Smart and Cooley by an apostrophe, thus, enunciate (e-nun'sh'ate), expatiate (eks-pa/sh'ate), &c. ; others, again, as Sheridan, Perry, and Dr. Webster, considering it an error to use the vowel twice, pronounce these terminations, and others like them, in one syllable ; as, enunciate (e-nun'shate), expa- tiate (eks-pa/shate), &c. In this Dictionary, however, these terminations are given in two syllables (-shl-ate), in accordance with what is believed to be the best and most general usage ; but a reference to the present section is generally appended to words of this class, that the inquirer may not be left in ignorance of the fact that there is a want of uniformity in their pronunciation. T. § 96. The sound off (unmarked) as heard in tone, note, noted, assets, &c. Note. — This sound differs from that of d (see § 70) only in being a whispered and not a vocal utterance ; that is to say, the position or configuration of the articulating organs is the same in both cases, but for d the breath, confined within the mouth by a close contact of the fore part of the tongue with the upper gum, is vocalized and rendered audi- ble in a sort of murmur heard before the organs separate, while for t it is kept pure or unvocal, and cannot therefore be heard until the contact is forcibly broken. Tis silent in the terminations ten and tie after s, as in fasten, listen, often, castle, gristle, throstle, &c. It is also silent in the words chestnut, Christmas, hostler or ostler, mistletoe, and mortgage. § 97. When t precedes any one of the diphthongs ia, ie, and io, and, at the same time, follows an accented syllable not ending in s or x, it assumes, in some words, the sound of sh, as in negotiation ; but, in most cases, the compound sound resulting from the coalescence oft and i is exchanged for that of sh, as in patient, station, partial, &c. When s or x precedes the t, this letter and the i following it either preserve their own sounds pure, or exchange them for the sound of ch in chin, as in question (kwest'yun or kwes'- chun), mixtion (miksVyun or miks'chun), &c. — See § 66, Note, and § 95. Th. § 98. Th unmarked has its sharp or whispered sound, as in thing, breath, author, athlete, &c. Note. — This is the sound made in lisping. It is pro- duced by putting the point of the tongue between the teeth, or by placing it against the back of the upper front teeth, and forcing out unintonated breath. Th has this sound generally at the beginning and at the end of words ; but there are some exceptions. § 99. Th marked thus, Th, til, has its soft, flat, or vo- cal sound, as in thine, then, with, mother, writhed, &c. Note. — This sound differs from the foregoing only in being an utterance of voice instead of simple breath. It occurs chiefly between two vowels in words purely English, as in leather, wither, heathen; also at the end of the verbs mouth, bequeath, and smooth ; and when followed by a final e mute, as in breathe, clothe, &c. Nouns which, in the singular, end in th sharp, usually preserve the same sound in the plural, as death, deaths ; sabbath, sabbatfis, &c. ; but in the plurals of the following seven words the th is vocal; viz., bath, cloth, lath, mouth, oath, path, and wreath, as, baths, cloths, laths, paths, &c. Some pronounce truths, in the plural, with the vocal sound (truths), but this is sanctioned by no orthoepist. Although th in with has its vocal sound, yet in the com- pounds herewith, therewith, and wherewith, it is, according to the orthoepists, pronounced with its sharp or whispered sound. Good, usage, however, allows it to retain in the compound the same sound that it has in the simple word. § 100. Th has the sound of t in phthisic (tiz'ik), thyme (tlm), and their derivatives ; and also in the proper names Thomas (tonkas) and Thames (temz). This is also its sound in all modern European languages except the Greek. In asthma and isthmus, it is said by the orthoepists to have the same sound ; but the great majority of speakers, in the United States at least, entirely suppress the th, pronoun- cing the former word az'ma or as'ma, and the latter ls'mu* or Iz'mus. — See § 108. PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. v. § 101. The sound of v (unmarked), as in vane, leave, tivil, &c Note. — This sound differs from that of f only in being an utterance of the voice instead of the breath, the organs assuming precisely the same position for both sounds. Vis, never silent, except in sevennigkt (sen'nit), which is also written sennight, and, according to some orthoepists, in the word twelvemonth, colloquially pronounced tweV- tnuntk. W. § 102. At the beginning of a word or of a syllable, as wet, worse, inward, this letter (which is unmarked) is a consonant, formed from, and nearly resembling, the vowel do, but requiring for its utterance a closer position, or greater contraction, of the labial aperture ; and this com- pression of the lips changes the quality of the sound, giv- ing it a buzzing and articulative, instead of a smooth and purely vocal, character. Note. — Some writers, however, maintain that the sound is merely that of a brief oo ; in other words, that it is no consonant at ah ; but a simple experiment will serve to show the incorrectness of this view. If w is the same as oo, the word woo must be equivalent to oo pronounced twice in succession ; but db-o~b' is evidently a word of two syllables, and woo, as universally pronounced, is confess- edly a monosyllable. Another consideration will help to establish the consonantal nature of w. Like the other con- sonants, it is capable of stopping or shutting a vowel, that is, of causing it to assume its regular short sound, as in the cockney pronunciation of very as vfi'wy, of marry as ma/wy, of horrid as ho'wid, flbc. After a vowel in the same syllable, iv is generally silent, as in glow, thrown, &c. ; though sometimes significant, as in flato. With e it unites to form a diphthong, which is generally sounded like long u, as in dew, few, new ; but it is sounded like o~o, or like u in rude, if the letter r stands before it, as in crew, shrew, &c. It is often joined with a preceding o to represent the diphthongal sound otherwise expressed by on, as in brow, cow, toion, &c. — See § 39. W is always silent before r in the same syllable, as in wring (ring), wrote (rot), awry (a-ry 7 ); also in the words answer (an'ser), sword (sord), toward (to'ard), two (too). It is often represented by u occurring before another vowel in the same syllable, as quail, query, languid, as- suage, &c. Wh. § 103. The true sound of these letters is in the reverse order, viz., hw, as they were written by the Anglo-Saxons ; e. g., whet is pronounced hwet. The h is here a free emis- sion of breath through the position taken by the lips in the formation of w, the vocal cords being all the while com- pletely relaxed. (See §76.) Many recent phonologists, how- ever, contend that the combination xvh represents a simple whisper of the ordinary w, to which it stands in the same relation as any surd consonant does to its corresponding so- nant. Those who hold this opinion not only wrongly appre- hend and describe their own pronunciation, but they over- look the fact, that, as a closer approximation of the lips in pronouncing oo-et changes the sound to wet, so hoo-et in like manner gives rise to whet ; and they forget that all words of this class originally began with an aspiration or a gut- tural, as their etymological history clearly shows. Thus what is from the A.-S. hwxt, 0. Sax. huat, Icel. hvater, &c. Compare also Scot, quhile and English while, Lat. quid and English what. In who, whole, ivhoop, whore, and then? derivatives, the w is silent. X. §104. This letter has two sounds; viz., its regular sharp sound (unmarked) like hs, as in expect, tax, &c, and its soft or flat sound (marked ~%., $) like gz, as in exist, example, &c. Note. — This latter sound usually occurs when the syl- lable which immediately follows the x begins with an ac- cented vowel, as in auxiliary, exert, exalt, luxurious, and sometimes also in the derivatives of such words, even though the x is under the accent, as in exemplary, exhala- tion, &c. In anxious, noxious, luxury, and a few other words, the b xvu 5 which is the second element of the x, and the following i or the first element of the following u, instead of retaining their usual sound of y, are generally exchanged for t.ie sound of sh; thus, ank'shus, nok'shus, luk'shoo-ry, &c. At the beginning of words, x has the sound of z as in xanthic (zan'-), xebec (ze'-), xylography (zl-), &c. Y. § 105. The sound of y (unmarked), as in yawn, year, young, beyond, &c. Note. — This sound — which is heard in English only at the beginning of a word or a syllable — is formed from the vowel e by a closer approximation of the tongue to the roof of the mouth, which destroys the pure vocality of the e. As w is often confounded with oo, so y is often confounded with c ; but it may be proved to be a distinct sound by an experiment on the word ye similar to that by which w was shown to be distinct from oo. — See § 102. In the middle or at the end of a syllable, y is a vowel, and has precisely the sound that i would have in the same situation. —See §§ 15, 16, 35, 48, 54, &c. 3f is often represented by ?', when this letter occurs in an unaccented syllable before another vowel, and, at the same time, follows an accented syllable, as in familiar, minion, poniard, &c. z. § 106. The regular and leading sound of this letter (which is unmarked) is heard in zone, maze, hazy, frozen, &c. It is the vocal or sonant form of s. (See § 90.) In a few words it takes the sound of zh, as in seizure (se'zhoor) &c (See § 107.) In rendezvous it is silent. Zh. § 107. This sound is the vocal correspondent of sh, and is uttered with the organs in precisely the same position. Note. — It has arisen, in all English words, from an at- tempt to pronounce the sound of z in maze (see § 106) and that of consonant y (see § 105) in immediate succession. On account of the vicinity of the contacts represented by zh and y, the effort to do this causes the tongue to assume the position reqtiisite for sounding zh, or nearly so ; and hence zh was naturally substituted as being a very similar sound of easier utterance. Thus, fu s ion may be supposed to have been originally pronounced fuz'yun, and then fu'- zhun; grazier, first graz'yer, and then grazh'er. — See § 95. The combination zh is used in works on pronunciation to indicate the sound here described, on account of the rela- tionship of this sound to that commonly expressed by the digraph sh. But the two letters zh never come together in the proper orthography of any English word. The sound for which they stand is represented by zi (when the z occurs in, or is immediately preceded by, an accented syllable, and the i is followed by another vowel and occurs in an unac- cented syllable, as in glazier) ; by the zy implied in zu ( = zyoo), as in azure ; by s in symposium, &c. ; by si in cer- tain situations (see § 93) ; by ti in the single word trans- ition, as sometimes pronounced; and by g in one or two words adopted from the French, as rouge. ASSIMILATION OF CONSONANTS. § 108. "When a whispered and a vocal consonant come together in the same syllable, it is generally very difficult, in fluent pronunciation, to preserve each in its regular and appropriate sound. Hence it frequently becomes necessary to change the character of the one or of the other, in order to make the combination readily pronounceable. This is generally done, in English, by assimilating the sound of the second consonant, whether whispered or vocal, to that of. the first. Thus, in chintz, the vocal consonant z assumes; the sound of its whispered correspondent s, in order to> unite with the whispered t. On the other hand, the s in wtnds is vocalized, or assumes the sound of z, for the sake of corresponding with the vocal d. Sometimes, though rarely, the sound of the first consonant is assimilated to that of the second, as in spasm, (spazm). This affinity between these two classes of consonants is an important fact, and one which needs to be familiarly known. For there are four very common inflectional ter- minations which invariably come under its influence, viz. : 1. Possessive forms ins, as wzairf's (maidz) ; 2. Plurals in s t PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. as tubs (tubz), groves (grovz) ; 3. -Sin the third person sin- gular of verbs, as loads (loadz), smooths (smoothz) ; 4. Pre- terits and participles in d preceded by e mute, as in dashed (dasht), ingulfed (ingulft). It is necessary to observe, that there are a few words end- ing in dth, as breadth, hundredth, &c, where the aspirate th is not assimilated to the vocal d; and also that, after ng, and the liquids I, m, n,r, — all of which are vocal conso- nants, — a whispered consonant can be pronounced with- out difficulty, and actually is pronounced, as in melt, terse, tempt (temt), fence, strength, &c. DUPLICATION OP CONSONANTS. § 109. In many words, a consonant is doubled between two vowels ; yet, in such cases, no more than one articula- tion is ever used in speaking. In banner, for example, we close the organs but once between the first and second syl- lables ; nor is it possible to use both of the letters n with- out pronouncing ban, then intermitting the voice entirely, opening the organs, and closing them a second time. Hence, in all cases, when the same consonant is written twice between vowels, as in banner, robbing, madden, let- ter, horrid, one of them only is represented by an articula- tion of the organs ; and the only reason for repeating the consonant is to indicate the fact that the preceding vowel has its short sound. But, although only one articulation is ever used, or, in fluent speech, possibly can be used, where a consonant is written twice, yet in some words the articulation is dwelt upon for an appreciable space of time, producing an appar- ent duplication of the sound. This effect takes place in many derived words in which the primitive ends or begins with the same letter as that with which a superadded suffix or prefix of English origin respectively begins or ends, as in soulless, foully, keenness, misstep, outtravel, unnatural. The same effect takes place in most compound words, in which the second part begins with the same sound as that with which the first part ends, as in post-town, head-dress, half-filled. — See §127. ACCENT. § 110. Accent is a particular stress or effort of voice upon certain syllables of words, which distinguishes them from the others by a greater distinctness and loudness of pronunciation. Accent is of two kinds, primary, as in in- tend', where the full force of the voice is on the last sylla- ble, and secondary, as in su'per-in-tend', where the first syllable is distinguished by a stress greater than that laid on the second and third syllables, though less than that laid on the last. In some words there are two secondary or subordinate accents, as in in-com/pre-hen'si-bil'i-ty. Note.— (1.) The general tendency of accent, whether primary or secondary, is to shorten all vowels but u, when further back than the penultimate syllable, as in ten'ement, neg'essariness, an'atom'ical, person 1 ifica'tion, &c. ; but we say lu'bricate, and not lub'ricate ; tru'culency, and not truc'- ulency; su'perabun'dant, and not" superabundant, &c This tendency generally fails, if the accented syllable is fol- lowed by two unaccented vowels, as in pe'ri-od, ma'ni-ac • or by two vowels of which the former only is unaccented as in de'vi-a'tion, o'ri-en'tal. (2.) The primary and secondary accents are, in certain cases, so nearly equal that we interchange them freely making," as Walker remarks, " the secondary principal and the principal secondary." He specifies violin, referee privateer, artisan, courtesan, charlatan, and might have added ambuscade, cavalcade, caricature, etiquette reverie confidante, governante, invalid, n., parachute, and others' Nearly all of these, except the first three, have now (accord- ing to able orthoepists) transferred the primary accent from the last to the first syllable, as in artisan, &c, under the operation of a principle which is stated in § 117. (3.) Many in this country give a marked secondary accent in certain words which properly have but one accent and that on a pre-antepenultimate syllable, as in ter'ri-to'ry diffi-cul'ty, cir'cum-stSn'ces, in'ter-gst'ing, &c. Thin droning fault may be corrected by giving the accented syl- lable a sharp percussion, which carries the voice lightly through the rest of the word. It is also a vulgar American custom, in many words having an unaccented initial sylla- ble followed by an accented one, to lay a nearly equal stress of voice on both, as in ex'act'ly. gl'gan'tic, i'taVic,po l lit t - ical, pre'cise'ly, sal'va'tion, stu'pen'dous. DIVIDED USAGE. § 111. In quite a large number of words, there is a di- versity of practice among good speakers as to the place of the primary accent. This arises mainly from a conflict be- tween certain great principles which' affect the seat of the accent. A few of these will now be mentioned, with a view to account for this diversity. It is all that can be done in a brief sketch like this. § 112. First Principle. — Derivatives take for a time, if not permanently, the accent of the original words from which they are formed, as resolve 1 , from resol'vo, aspect' (Shakespeare, Milton), from aspectus, Hindostan' ee , from Hindostan 1 ', &c. So also words derived from other English words by adding one or more syllables to their beginning or end, as within', from in, improp'er, from prop'er,po'et- ess, from po'et, pleas' antly , from pleas'ant, serviceable, from ser'vice, re-ad just'ment, from adjust', &c. § 113. Second Principle. — Ease of utterance has some influence in deciding the place of the accent. Ac'ceptable, receptacle, and u'tensil, fashionable in the days of Walker, have now taken the easier accentuation of accept' able, re- cept'acle, and uten'sil. Dis' crepant and discrepancy are marked discrep'ant and discrepancy by Richardson, Boag, Craig, Wright, Clarke, and others. Subal'tern (instead of Walker's sub'altern) is the accentuation of Richardson, Knowles, Barclay, Craig, Clarke, and many more. Dys- pep'sy has taken the place of dys'pepsy in the marking of Webster, Smart, Cull, Wright, Clarke, Cooley, &c, and is now the prevailing accentuation. On the same ground, ances'tral is preferred to an'cestral by Jameson, Webster, Boag, Clarke, and Cull, in conformity with campes'tral and other similar words. Confes'sor, like profes'sor, has superseded confessor m this country, and has the sup- port of Perry, Ash, Rees, Barclay, Boag, Clarke, Cull, Webster, and Worcester. Rem'ediless, from the difficulty of the sound, has been changed in this country into re- medy Hess, as sanctioned by Perry, Ash, Rees, Fulton and Knight, and Webster. Con'sistory has given way to con- sist'ory in the marking of Knowles, Barclay, Reid, Brande, Craig, Boag, Clarke, Cooley, and others. In like manner, ac'cessary and accessory (as marked in most English Dic- tionaries) are commonly pronounced in this country acces- sary and acces'sory, as recommended by Bailey and Ash. These may serve as instances of the application of this principle. It is an important one in its place ; and, though it may give rise for a time to a diversity of pronunciation (since some will cling to that which is older and harder), changes of this kind, which promote ease of utterance, will finally prevail. Dissyllables. § 114. Third Principle. — In words of two syllables, there is a tendency (though with numerous exceptions) to accent the former or penultimate syllable, as in a'gue, bar'^ on, com'mon, dis'cord, &c. Note. — (1.) This tendency meets with a powerful coun- teraction in Principle No. 1, viz., that of derivatives re- taining the accent of their primitives, as in amuse', deter', offend', &c. It is natural, in such formatives, to place the accent on the radical part of the word ; and hence some hundreds of our dissyllables, especially verbs and adverbs, have their accent on the last syllable. (2.) Still, there is a constant struggle (especially among the common people, who are unacquainted with the deriva- tion of words) to draw back the accent to the first syllable. Here arises another conflict, which produces a diversity of accent ; and the common people, being a majority, are, on PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. xix the whole, slowly gaining upon those who are tenacious of Principle No. 1. Hence con'nate and in'nate (instead of connate 1 and innate 1 ) are generally prevalent in this coun- try, and are now sanctioned by Reid, Boag, Craig, and others. AL'cove (for alcove') is more common among us, and it is so marked by recent English orthoepists, Boag, Craig, Cull, and others. Con'tents (for contents') has be- come the general usage of this country, as sanctioned by Cull, Clarke, Webster, and Worcester. Re'tail (for retail') is now the marking of a majority of the orthoepists. De'- tail (for detail') is less prevalent, but is sanctioned by Smart, Clarke, Cull, Cooley, &c. Pro'lix and pre'text (for prolix' and pretext') are widely prevalent (especially the for- mer), and are authorized by some recent lexicographers. Bom'bast (for bombast') is the accentuation of Walker, Bar- clay, Richardson, Cull, and Webster; it is admitted by Worcester, and is extensively used in this country. Bu'- reau (for bureau') was admitted by Dr. Webster, and is very generally applied to the article of furniture, while bureau' is sometimes used in reference to a department of the gov- ernment. Ac' cess (for access') is authorized by a number of orthoepists, and especially, among the later ones, by Knowles, Boag, Wright, Clarke, and Cull. (3.) No orthoepist has given any sanction, it is believed, to ro'mance and fi> nance (for romance' and finance'), or to re' search, and re' source (for research' and resource'), though these pronunciations are not infrequently heard in America. The two last ought especially to be discountenanced ; for search and source are English words, and should therefore remain (as they were from the first) the chief objects of thought. § 115. We have about eighty cases among our dissylla- bles in which the same word is used for a verb on the one hand, and a noun or an adjective on the other. To distin- guish between them, we accent the nouns and the adjec- tives on the first syllable, and the verbs on the last, as, a con'vert, to convert' ; a con'tract, to contract', &c. It is unnecessary to give the list in full, since the accent of nearly all these words has been long settled by general usage. Note. — There are a few cases of divided use in nouns, which will sooner or later be made to conform to the gen- eral rule. For example, usage will probably soon fix per- manently on per' feet for the adjective, and perfect' for the verb ; per'mit for the noun, and permit' for the verb ; pro'- test for the noun, and protest' for the verb ; per'fume for the noun, and perfume' for the verb; pro'ceeds for the noun, and proceed' for the verb ; de'tail for the noun, and detail' for the verb ; in'crease for the noun, and increase' for the verb ; re'tail for the noun, and retail' for the verb : sur'vey for the noun, and survey' for the verb. There is a tendency among many to accent the first sylla- ble of the noun ally, allies ; and, although without sanc- tion as yet from a single orthoepist, it would not be sur- prising if this tendency should prevail on the ground stated above, making the noun al'ly, al'lies, and the verb ally'. The noun cement has been extensively pronounced cem'ent, as distinguished from the verb to cement'; but Smart thinks this will not finally prevail ; and the tendency does certainly now seem to be toward cement' for the noun as well as the verb. § 116. We have a few dissyllables which are at once nouns and adjectives. These are distinguished by accent- ing the nouns on the first syllable, and the adjectives on the last. NOUNS. ADJECTIVES. Au'gust, the month. August', noble. Com'pact, an engagement. Compact', close. Ex'ile, banishment. Exile', small, slender. In'stinct, an im pulse. Instinct', animated. Min'ute, of time. Minute', very small. Su'pine, in grammar. Supine', indolent. The word gallant departs from the above rule. When it denotes a suitor, or " attentive to ladies," it is accented gallant', and is changed into gal'lant when it means high- spirited or daring. Trisyllables and Polysyllables. § 117. Fourth Principle. — In words of three or more Syllables, there is a strong tendency to accent the antepe- nult, or third syllable from the end, as in el'oquent, ac'ci- dent, opportunity. Note. — This tendency is counteracted by that of deriva- tion (Principle No. 1. See § 112) ; and here arises another " conflict," which, to some extent, arrays our scholars on the one side, and the body of the people on the other. Many scholars, for example, are strongly inclined to say contem'plate, demon' strate , confiscate, obdu'rate, &c. (for- getting that they come from participles, contempla'tus, dem- onstra'tus, &c), because by Latin rules their second sylla- ble is long ; while the mass of the people, who know noth- ing of Latin, and are governed by English analogies, are equally bent on saying con' template, demonstrate, ob'du- rate, &c. The latter pronunciation is now very extensively heard, and thus we have a " divided usage " in respect to these and similar words. There is a class of botanical and mineralogical terms ending in phyllous and phyllile (from Gr. v\kov, a leaf), as quadriphyllous, anthophyllite , &c, in which the same struggle is going on. Words having these terminations are differently accented by different au- thorities, and sometimes even by the same authority. Knowles, Gray, and Worcester are the only authorities who are self-consistent in their pronunciation of such words — Knowles accenting them all on the antepenult, Gray as uniformly, on the penult, and Worcester giving an alternative in every case, the penultimate accentuation being his preference. There can be no doubt that that mode of pronunciation which places the accent on the an- tepenult is most in accordance with the genius of our lan- guage ; and, in all probability, it will ultimately prevail over the learning or the pedantry of those who contend for the penultimate accentuation. In like manner, bal'cony (for bako'ny) has now, according to Smart, become the true English pronunciation, and is so marked by Knowles, Web- ster, Cull, Wright, Cooley, and many more. Ele'giac (for elegi'ac) is the general pronunciation of this country (in accordance with maniac and most other words in -iac), and has the sanction of Perry, Knowles, Wright, Clarke, Cull, Cooley, and Webster. Qvan'dary (for quan- da'ry), in accordance with boundary and nearly every other word of three syllables in -ary, is our prevailing pronunci- ation, and is sanctioned by Maunder, Cull, Craig, Clarke, Cooley, Worcester, and Webster. Many are disposed to re- duce vaga'ry to the same accentuation (va'gary). § 118. It is a just principle, laid down by Walker, that " when words come to us whole from the Greek or Latin, the same accent ought to be preserved as in the original." Hence the following words ought to be accented as here marked : viz., Abdo'men, hori'zon, deco'rum, diplo'ma, muse'um, sono'rous, acu'men, bituhnen, and, on like grounds, farra'go, and others. Yet the strong tendency of our language to accent the antepenultimate in all words of three or more syllables has caused this principle to be violated in some cases, as in am'azon, cic'atrix, min'ister, or'ator, pleth'ora, &c. § 119. Words of more than two syllables having the same orthography are generally distinguished by a differ- ence of accent, as at' tribute, n., and attrib'ute, v., miscon'- duct, n., and misconduct', v., o'verthrow, n., and over- throw' , v. In such cases, the nouns have the accent fur- ther from the end. § 120. With a very few exceptions, words of more than two syllables having the following terminations take the accent on the antepenult, or last syllable but two : — -cracy ; as, demoe'racy, theoe'racy ; -ferous ; as, somniferous, umbelliferous; -fluent ; as, affluent, cir cum' fluent ; -fluous; as, mellifluous, superfluous ,* -gonal; as, diag'onal, hexag'onal; -gony ; as, cosmog'ony, theog'ony ; -grapher; as, lexicog'rapher, stenog'rapher ; -graphy ; as, photog'raphy , typography ; -loger ; as, philol'oger, astrol'oger; -logist ; as, entomol'ogist, physiol' ogist^; -logy ; as, chronol'ogy, mythol'ogy ; -loquy ; as, col'loquy, solil'oquy ; -machy ; as, logom'achy, theom'achy ; -mathy ; as, chrestom'athy , polym'athy ; -meter ; as, barom'eter, hygrom'eter ; -rnetry ; as, altim'etry, geom'etry ,- -nomy ; as, astron'omy, econ'omy ; -parous ; as, ovip'arous, vivip'arout ; PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. pathy; as, ap'athy, antip'athy ; -phony ; as, antiph'ony, coloph'ony ; -scopy ; as, aeros'copy, deuteros' copy ; -strophe; as. apos'trophe, catas' trophe ; -tomy ; as, anat'omy, lithot'omy ; -trophy; as, at'rophy, hypertrophy ; -voinous, as, flammiv' omous, igniv' omous ; -vorous, as, carniv'orous, graminiv'orous. § 121. Words of more than two syllables, ending in -cate, -date, -gate, -fy, -tude, and -ty, preceded by a vowel, have, for the most part, the accent on the antepenult ; as, dep'recate, rus'ticate, recip 1 rotate ; an'tedate, elu'cidate, ac- com'modale ; prop'agate, delegate, fu'migate ; rar'efy, sanc'tify ; qui'etude, lat'itude ; soci'ety, acid'ity, dep'uty. § 122. The penultimate syllable is to be accented in al- most all words having the sound of sh, of zh, or of conso- nant y immediately before their last vowel or diphthong, except those words in which ch is sounded like 5/1 (as capu- chin, kap-yij -sheen 7 ) ; e. g., dona'tion, conces'sion,illu'sion, controversial, vermil'ion, opin'ion. The Terminations IC and ICS. § 123. Words ending in ic and ics (derivatives from words in ikos or icus, in Greek or Latin, or formed after the same analogy) have their accent on the penult ; as, epi- demic, scientific, Sec. The following words are exceptions, having the accent on the antepenult : viz., ag'aric, Ar'abic, arith'metic, ar'senic, n., cath'olic, choVeric, ephem'eric, her- etic, lu'natic, pleth'oric, pol'itic, rhet'oric, and tur'meric. Climacteric has usually the antepenultimate accent, though some pronounce it climacter'ic. In like manner, the nouns empiric and schismatic, and the noun and adjective sple- netic, are sometimes accented on the penult, and sometimes on the antepenult. The Terminations E-AL, E-AN, and E-UM. § 124. A part of the words having these terminations follow the English analogy, and take the antepenultimate accent; as, ceru'lean, hyperbo'rean, Hercu'lean, Mediterra'- nean, subterra'nean, Tarta'rean, marmo'rean ; petro'leum, perios'teum, succeda'neum. A part accent the penult; as, adamante' an,Atlante'an, colosse' 'an, empyre' an, Epicure' 'an, Europe'an, pygme'an ; mausole'um, muse'um. Orphean, being derived from Or'pheus (or'fus), is more properly ac- cented Or'phean. Most words ending in eal accent the ante- penult ; as, lin 1 eal, ethe 1 real, fune 1 real; but hymene'al and ide'al take the accent upon the penult. The Termination OSE. § 125. There is a considerable number of adjectives ending in ose, as animose, comatose, operose, &c, in the accentuation of which tbe dictionaries are at variance with each other, and many of them inconsistent with them- selves. But all words of this class, as Walker remarks, ought, from their form and derivation, to be pronounced alike. Walker bimself accents them all upon the last syl- lable, and in this he is followed by Worcester and Cooley ; but, in trisyllables having this termination, most recent authorities, following the natural tendency of the language, as well as the prevailing usage, give only a secondary ac- cent to the last syllable, placing the principal accent on the antepenult. (See § 110, Note, second paragraph.) As to dissyllabic adjectives ending in ose, as jocose, verbose, mo- rose, &c, they take the accent on the last syllable, with a few exceptions. § 126. In poetry, words are frequently used with an ac- centuation different from that adopted in ordinary speech, as in tbe following examples : — 'Twixt that and reason what a nice barrier' ! Forever separate, yet forever near. Pope. Ye icefalls ! ye that from the mountain's brow Adown enormous rav'ines slope amain. Coleridge. § 127. When two words of similar formation and the same accentuation are contrasted with each other, the ac- cent is transferred to the syllable of difference (unless this is already accented, as in em'inent, im'minent) . and the regularly accented syllable takes a secondary accent ; thus, undo' is pronounced un'do' when opposed to do or to out'- do> , and in'tervene' is pronounced intervene' when used antithetically to su'pervene' . So also with am'puta'tion and im'puta'tion, pi' en 1 nidi and tri'en'nial, op'pose' and sup'pose' ; ex'er'cise and ex'or'cise, al-le'ga'tion and al-li'- ga'tion; proph'et' and profit' ; do' nor' and do' nee r , guar- antor' and guarantee'. § 128. When separately pronounced, all monosyllabic words have their vowel as distinctly sounded as if under ac- cent. But in connected discourse, certain classes of mono- syllables, such as articles, prepositions, pronouns, conjunc- tions, and auxiliary verbs, are usually unemphasized, and their vbwel is liable to the same corruption of qiiality as that in an unaccented syllable of a word. But when used antithetically to other words, they are emphasized, receiv- ing a full and distinct stress of voice. Thus, the possessive pronoun their, when emphatic, should take the full sound of e; as, " Their (ther) interests, and not yours, are to be consulted." But when unemphatic, the sound becomes more obscure, verging toward, or falling into, that of the neutral vowel (u in urge) ; as, " They will not neglect their (thur) interests." So, also, there, when used as an adverb of place, is distinctly pronounced with the appropriate sound of the vowel ; as, "I shall be there (ther)." When, however, it serves merely to introduce a verb or a sentence, it takes the obscurer sound ; as, " There (thur) is no diffi- culty in the case." In like manner we say a, your, that, the, from, fOr, &c, when we pronounce the words by them- selves ; but in actual use they become nearly or quite ii, yur, thut, thu, frum, fur, &c. The following passage from the Spectator, No. 80, well illustrates this tendency to a corruption of the vowel sound in unemphasized monosylla- bles: — "My lords, with humble submission that that I say is this, that that that that gentleman has advanced is not that that he should have proved to your lordships." SYLLABICATION. § 129. Words are sometimes divided into syllables for the sole purpose of showing their proper pronunciation (as, a-dorn, o-void) ; and sometimes in order to exhibit their etymological composition merely, without the least regard to their pronunciation (as, ad-orn, ov-oid). In ordinary cases — as where a word requires to be divided at the end of a line — these modes of syllabication are to a certain extent combined. In the United States, the etymological principle is allowed to operate only in separating prefixes, suffixes, and grammatical terminations from the radical part of the word, where this can be done without misrepre- senting the pronunciation. In English practice, however, words are usually divided in such a manner as to show their constituent parts independently of the pronunciation (as, hypo-thesis, philosophy, belli-gerent, Sec), and a single consonant or a consonant digraph between two vowels goes to the latter (as, a-na-to-my, de-li-cate, ma-the -ma-tics, Sec). In this Dictionary, words are uniformly divided so as to represent their pronunciation in the most accurate manner ; but very frequently the root of a word may be exhibited to the eye without violating the orthoe'pical prin- ciple of syllabication, and, where this is possible, it has generally been done, more particularly in the case of ac- # cented syllables. PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. OBSERVATIONS. The English language, as being the offspring of two par- ent languages very different in form and spirit, and having been, in no inconsiderable degree, modified in its growth by influences from various other tongues, contains, as was in- evitable, very many anomalies ; and in no particular are these anomalies more numerous and striking than in its orthography, with the single exception, perhaps, of its orthoepy. Neither the Anglo-Saxon nor the Norman- French could boast of any great regularity in orthography, though the spelling of words in these two languages was far less arbitrary than it is in the modern English. When, therefore, the vocabularies of these two languages, widely different both in their orthographical structure and their phonological character, were combined, the result was a language in which the orthography has almost reached the extreme of irregularity. To such an extent, in fact, have the signs representing sounds been multiplied, that many of the letters are pronounced in several different ways, while the letters, or combinations of letters, for a single sound amount, in some cases, to scores. Indeed, it is com- puted that many words of no more than two syllables may be spelled in several thousand different modes, by the use of combinations actually employed in other words in the lan- guage. The word scissors, for instance, may be thus writ- ten, as is computed by Ellis, in nearly six thousand different ways. Of course, comparatively very few of these possible forms of spelling are ever employed in the case of any one word ; yet the causes of disorder mentioned above have operated so effectually, that the words in respect to which even the most careful writers are at variance are numbered by thousands, while those in which an orthography con- trary to analogy has been universally adopted are equally numerous. Bad, however, as is the orthography of the present day, it is order itself compared with that of a few centuries ago. It would, of course, be unreasonable to expect that there should be any general correspondence of orthographical forms in the works of different authors before the types of the printer gave prominence to certain forms, which finally became recognized as standards ; and manuscripts conclu- sively prove that the wildest license prevailed in spelling words. Even proper names, which would naturally re- ceive more attention, and be written with more care than any other class of words, are found recorded in great mul- titudes of forms, several variations being sometimes found in the same manuscript or work. Disraeli states that "Leicester has subscribed his own name eight different ways," and that " the name Villers is spelled fourteen dif- ferent ways in the deeds of that family." A still more re- markable instance is stated by Lower; namely, that the family of Mainwaring has the extraordinary number of one hundred and thirty-one variations of that single name, all drawn from authorized documents. But there is evi- dence that, in the midst of all this confusion, there were some writers who were attentive to the proper forms of words, and who were notable exceptions to the general rule. The spelling of the Ormulum, which was written in the thirteenth century, though strange and cumbrous, is very remarkable for its regularity ; and the author strenuously urges his copyists to follow hk orthography with the ut- most exactness. So also Chaucer, more than a century later, carefully revised and corrected his own works; and he enjoined upon his scribe to "write more trew" that which was intrusted to him, saying that he was obliged "it to correct and eke to rubbe and scrape," be- cause of the negligence and haste with which it had been copied. The invention of printing began a new era, though for a long time even this had little effect to fix the exterior form of the language. Indeed, much of the perverse orthog- raphy of books printed two or three centuries ago is to be attributed to the printer, who often inserted or expunged letters, as the length of the lines or convenience of spacing required. It is no uncommon thing to find, in the works of Chaucer, Spenser, and other early writers, or in books printed two or three centuries ago, the same words occur- ring in several different forms upon the same page. Even as late as the time of Shakespeare, orthography was very unsettled ; and, as Halliwell states, the name of the great bard himself was written in more than thirty different ways. The printers, however, were not solely, nor even chiefly, responsible for this confusion ; for it is certain that their arbitrary changes and deviations from uniformity would not have been tolerated had they been made in defiance of established usage ; and there is abundant evidence to prove that writers themselves were careless in the extreme. The fact must not be overlooked that in the writings of Wycliffe, Chaucer, and other early authors, there were still many remnants of the Semi-Saxon inflection, which have since utterly disappeared, and which gave to some words a va- riety of form to be attributed neither to the carelessness of the writer, nor to an unsettled orthography. The irregularities found in early books, though continu- ing for so long a time, were neither unnoticed nor looked upon with indifference. On the contrary, not only have numerous complete systems for the reformation of orthog- raphy been proposed, but various scholars have advocated, with more or less acuteness and learning, changes in re- gard to a great number of particular points. Sir Thomas Smith, Secretary of State to Queen Elizabeth, was the first who endeavored to introduce a regular system of orthog- raphy ; after him, William Bullokar brought forward an- other system ; a few years after this, Dr. Gill, Master of St. Paul's School, in London, a teacher of considerable emi- nence, proposed another scheme ; and, still later, Charles Butler devised a new method of spelling, and printed a book in which it was employed. These writers agreed essen- tially as to the manner in which they sought to attain the end proposed, their plan being to reduce the spelling of words to uniform principles and make it practically pho- netic, by the use of new characters, by applying various diacritical marks to the old letters, and by making the letters, or their combinations, represent certain definite sounds. It is needless to say, that these projects were never carried into practice. In the time of Charles I. , many changes were introduced, and it was very common, even among eminent scholars, to spell words according to their pronunciation, omitting such (xxi) PEINCIPLES OF OETHOGEAPHY. xxn letters as were deemed superfluous. These attempts at im- provement, being made upon no settled or uniform prin- ciples, had little or no permanent effect upon the language. Another elaborate plan was proposed, in the seventeenth century, by Bishop Wilkins, similar in its general charac- ter to those of Smith, Bullokar, Gill, and Butler, and equally unsuccessful. The celebrated Dictionary of Dr. Samuel Johnson, first published in 1755, has contributed more than any work written either before or since, to fix the external form of the language and to diminish the number of irregulari- ties ; for, though numerous inconsistencies are to be found in it, and many oversights, the learning of the author, and the sound judgment and practical wisdom which he dis- played, gave it at once an authority which it has not even yet entirely lost; and the orthography of the present day, though it has received some important modifications since his time, is substantially the same as that exhibited in his dictionary. The changes in the spelling of words, intro- duced by Dr. Johnson, were generally made in order to restore the ancient orthography, or to remove some anom- aly ; and perhaps the most important office performed by his work was its having settled usage definitely in favor of some one of the numerous forms in which many words were written, thus removing the cause of much confusion. Among the most prominent alterations made by him were the restoration of k to many words which had long been written without it, as in musick, rhetorick, and the like, and the insertion of u in the termination of many words which previously ended in or, as in ancestour, authour, er- rour, and others. The former of these changes, a revival of the " ancient practice," was not received with favor, nor was this spelling adopted by subsequent writers ; the latter, as it was thought to be justified by the analogy of the cor- responding termination eur in the French, through which language many, perhaps a majority, of the words affected by it were derived from the Latin, was generally followed. Johnson's practice in this respect, however, was not in har- mony with his theory ; for he wrote ODly about half the words of this class with the ending our, leaving the rest in or, though for no reason that would not equally apply to them all. Yet this notable inconsistency was not only overlooked, but was perpetuated, and still exists in the orthography of English writers. In the United States a different practice prevails, as will presently be mentioned. The scheme of Pinkerton, who, in 1785, under the name of Robert Heron, proposed to render the language more euphonious by adding vowels to words ending in conso- nants, and by pronouncing the silent final vowels of others, in a manner perfectly arbitrarj r , is too ridiculous to deserve further mention. About twenty years later another absurd plan was published by Elphinstone, who printed a book in order to introduce it, but without success. During the last century, several English divines, as Lardner, Benson, and others, employed in many words methods of spelling pecu- liar to themselves, chiefly such as had long been abandoned, as in writing ie for final y ; in adding e to words ending in 55 / and in the use of such forms as prseface, per sue, procede, sais (for says), and the like. So also Mitford used many singular forms, such a3 Hand, intire, endevor, meer (for mere), tho (for though), spred, &c. It is proper to men- tion here also the innovations of Archdeacon Hare, in the present century, who, on the ground of pronunciation, etymology, and analogy, employed in his works such forms as atchieve, compell, enure, firy (for fiery), forein, invey (for inveigh), highth, plouhman, smugler, and the like. He also omitted the hyphen in many compound words where it is usually inserted, and advocated the omission of the apostrophe in the possessive case, and the substitution of t for ed in those preterits in which the latter termination is pronounced like t; as in exprest,fixt, publisht, &c, for ex- pressed, fixed, published, &c. This substitution of t for ed, however, is not peculiar to Hare, since it is merely a return to the usage of the early writers. This spelling of the preterit is also not unfrequently found in modern poetry. Besides the imperfect attempts mentioned above, many plans have been devised at different times, for reducing the spelling of words to absolute uniformity and the greatest simplicity, by a complete reform in the method of repre- senting the sounds of words by written characters, that is, by employing a new alphabet in which each sign stands for one and only one definite sound, and each sound is rep- resented by one and only one character. Such a method of spelling was invented by Dr. Franklin, in the last cen- tury, though he never brought it to perfection, and scarcely used it, except in a brief correspondence with a friend. The most recent, and in every respect the most comprehen- sive and philosophical scheme of this kind, is that of which Mr. Alexander John Ellis, of Cambridge, England, has been the most prominent advocate and representative, and to a large extent the inventor. The alphabet in this system contains about forty characters, each of which represents but a single sound, so that a word written according to this method could be pronounced in only one way. Although this system has received great publicity, and has had many earnest supporters, it has gained no ground in the public favor, and has finally been abandoned by its author as a means of reforming orthography. The schemes ofLepsius, M'uller, and others who have endeavored to form philo- sophical alphabets of universal application, are hardly to be mentioned here, as they are but indirectly related to English orthography. In 1828, Dr. Webster published his Dictionary of the English Language, and the changes in spelling advocated by him have had no inconsiderable influence upon orthog- raphy, especially in the United States. These alterations were proposed by him chiefly on the ground of etymology and of analogy, from a desire, on the one hand, to make the words correspond, as far as practicable, with their primi- tive forms, so as to reveal more clearly their etymological affinities, and on the other to reduce as much as possible the number of anomalies and exceptional cases. Of the words whose orthography had been changed for the former reason, many were restored to their ordinary forms by Dr. Webster himself in the second edition of his work published in 1840, and others still were restored in subsequent edi- tions. The alterations of the second class have been re- ceived with favor and adopted by a large portion of the writers in the United States, and by some authors also in England. It is to be observed that many of Dr. Webster's deviations from the usage of his time were not innovations, but resto- rations of older forms which were once very generally em- ployed. The most important points in which his orthography differs from that of most other modern lexicographers, and in reference to which there is still difference of usage among scholars, are stated in the following list, in which the num- bers refer to the sections of the Rules for Spelling Certain Classes ofWords(seep. xxiii.), where the cases arementioned particularly. These are, the not doubling the final conso- nant in derivatives of words like travel, worship, &c. (§ 8); doubling the Mh installment, enrollment, &c. (§ 9) ; doub- ling the final letter in such words as fulfill, instill, &c. (§ 16) ; retaining the i in derivatives of villain(§ 27): writ- ing defense, offense, &c, for defence, offence, &c, and practice for practise (§ 27) ; writing the termination er for re in words like center, meter, &c. (§ 31) ; writing mold and molt without u (§ 34). With respect to certain cases, it seems proper to add a few words. Dr. Webster wrote the chemical terms ending in ide and ine, as chloride, chlorine, &c. (§ 32), without the final e in most cases, deeming the letter superfluous, and not demanded by usage, which was variable. This letter is retained in this volume, in accordance, with the almost PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. universal practice of the present day. The word written by Dr. Webster oxyd is now spelled oxide, for reasons stated in section 32 and under the word itself in the Dic- tionary. It may be remarked further with regard to words XX111 often written with the termination re, but which in this book are spelled with the ending er, that this orthography is but a restoration of the older spelling ; and the same is true of the substitution of the termination or for our. RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS. FOUNDED ON THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF DR. WEBSTER, AS EXHIBITED IN THIS VOLUME. § 1, The letters/ and I, at the end of monosyllables, and standing immediately after single vowels, are generally doubled ; as in staff, cliff, doff, puff; all, bell, hill, toll, null. The words clef, if, of, and sol, are exceptions. § 2. The letter s, at the end of a monosyllable, and standing immediately after a single vowel, is generally doubled, except when it is used to form the possessive case or plural of a noun, or the third person singular of a verb ; as in grass, press, hiss, moss, truss. The only import- ant exceptions are as, gas, has, was, yes, his, is, thus, and MS. § 3. Besides /, I, and s, the only consonants that are ever doubled at the end of a word are b, d, g, m, n,p, r, t, and z. The following list contains all, or nearly all, the words in which these letters are doubled; namely, abb, ebb; add, odd, rudd ; bigg, egg, snigg; lamm, scomm, mumm (to mask) ; inn, bunn ; xoapp ; gnarr, parr, err, birr, shirr, skirr, burr, hurr, murr, purr ; mitt , plitt , smitt, butt ; fizz, fuzz, buzz, huzz, muzz. Note. — The words let, net, and set are sometimes incor- rectly spelled lett, nett, and sett; and some other words which should have the final letter single are spelled, by some writers, with it doubled. § 4. A consonant standing at the end of a word imme- diately after a diphthong or double vowel is never doubled. The words ail, peat, haul, door, and maim, are examples. The word guess is only an apparent exception, as the u does not strictly form a diphthong with the e, but serves merely to render the g hard. § 5. Monosyllables ending, as pronounced, with the sound of k, and in which c follows the vowel, have usually k added after the c; as in black, fleck, click, knock, and buck. The words lac, sac, talc, zinc, ploc, roc, soc, arc, marc, ore, and fisc, are exceptions. Words of more than one syllable, ending in ic or iac, which formerly ended in k, also words derived from the Lat- in or Greek languages, or from other sources, and similar to these, or formed in an analogous manner, are now written without the k; as, maniac, elegiac, cubic, music, public. The word derrick is an exception. Words of more than one syllable, in which c is preceded by other vowels than i or ia, commonly end in ck ; as, arrack, barrack, hammock, hillock, wedlock. The words almanac, sandarac, limbec, xebec, manioc, and havoc, are exceptions. Almanac, lim- bec, and havoc, however, are sometimes written with k after the c, especially in England. § 6. In derivatives formed from words ending in c, by adding a termination beginning- with e,i,ovy, the letter k is inserted after the c, in order that the latter may not be inaccurately pronounced like s before the following vowel : as, colic, colicky; traffic, trafficked, trafficking, trafficker; talc, talcky ; zinc, zincky. § 7. In derivatives foi-med by adding a termination be- ginning with a vowel to monosyllables and words accented on the last syllable, when these words end in a single con- sonant (except x) preceded by a single vowel, that conso- nant is doubled: as, clan, clannish; plan, planned, plan- ning, planner; bag, baggage; hot, hotter, hottest; wit, witty; cabal', cabal'ler ; abet 1 , abet'ted, abet' ting, abet' tor ; begin', begin'ning, begin'ner ; infer', inferred', infer'ring. The consonant is doubled in these words in order to pre- serve the short sound of the vowel, as otherwise the latter would be liable to be pronounced long. Thus, planned, hottest, and abetted, would naturally be pronounced planed, hotest, and abeted, if the consonant were not doubled. Words of this class, in which the final consonant is pre- ceded by qu, followed by a single vowel, form no exception to the rule, since the u performs the office of the consonant w ; as, squab, squabbish, squabby ; squat, squatting, squat- ter; quit, quitted, quitting; acquit', acquit'ted, acquit' ting. The derivatives of the word gas (except gassing and gassy) are written with but one s; as, gaseous, gaseity, gasify. Excellence, as being from the Latin excellens, re- tains the double I, though one I has been dropped from the termination of excel'. Besides these, the only exceptions to the rule are those derivatives in which the accent of the primitive is thrown back upon another syllable : as, cabal', cab'alism, cab'alist; prefer' , prefl 'erence ; refer', reference; defer', deference. It is no exception to this rule that chan- cellor, and the derivatives of metal and crystal, as metalloid, metallurgy, crystalline, crystallize, and the like, are written with the I doubled, since they are derived respectively from the Latin cancellarius (through the French), and metallum, and the Greek Kpu'crnzAAos. So also the word tranquillity retains the double I as being from the Latin tranquillitas, while the English derivatives of tranquil, though often written with two Vs, are more properly written with only one, as tranquilize, tranquilizer, and the like. § 8. When a diphthong, or a digraph representing a vowel sound, precedes the final consonant of a word, or the ac- cent of a word ending in a single consonant falls on any other syllable than the last, or when the word ends in two different consonants, the final consonant is not doubled in derivatives formed by the addition of a termination begin- ning with a vowel : as, daub, daubed, dauber ; need, needy ; brief briefer, briefest; rev' el, rev'eled, rev'eling; trav'el, trav'eling, trav'eler; profit, profited; act, acted, actor; perform , performer ; stand, standing. The final consonant is doubled in the derivatives of a few words ending in g, in order to diminish the liability to its being pronounced like,;', before e or i : as, humbug, hum- bugged, humbugging ; periwig, periwigged. The word woolen is more generally thus written, in the United States, with one I ; but in England it is written ivoollen. Note. — There is a large class of words ending in a single consonant, and accented on some other syllable than the last, the final consonants of which are, by very many writers and lexicographers, doubled in their derivatives, unnecessarily and contrarily to analogy. This practice ap- pears to have arisen from a desire to prevent the vowel of the final syllable of the primitive from being inaccurately pronounced long in the derivatives. These words are chiefly those ending in I, with also a few of other terminations. The XXIV PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. following list, the words in which are chiefly verbs, includes the most important of those in regard to which usage varies : namely, apparel, barrel, bevel, bias, bowel, and its compounds, cancel, carburet and all similar words ending in uret, cavil, carol, channel, chisel, comprom.it, counsel, cud- gel, dial, dishevel, dowel, drivel, duel, empanel, enamel, equal, funnel, gambol, gravel, grovel, handsel, hatchet, im- peril, jewel, kennel, kidnap, label, laurel, level, libel, mar- shal, marvel, medal, metal, model, panel, parallel, parcel, pencil, peril, pistol, pommel, quarrel, ravel, revel, rival, rowel, shovel, shrivel, snivel, tassel, tinsel, trammel, travel, tunnel, unravel, vial, victual, worship. Worcester doubles the final letters of all these words, except parallel, in form- ing derivatives by the addition of terminations beginning with vowels, though he remarks, with respect to those end- ing in I, that " it better accords with the analogy of the language " to spell their derivatives with but one I. Smart retains the double consonant in this class of words solely on the ground that usage favors it, but remarks that " the doable p in worshipped, worshipper, &c, the second I in travelling, traveller, &c, are quite unnecessary on any 6ther score than to satisfy the prejudices of the eye." Cooley doubles the consonant in a majority of the deriva- tives of words of this class, but writes a single consonant in many, as in those of apparel, barrel, bevel, channel, drivel, gambol, &c. Perry wrote the derivatives of these words with but one I, according to the rule, and the same prac- tice was advocated by Walker. Conformity to the regular rule has been advocated also by Lowth and other eminent scholars. § 9. Derivatives formed from words ending in a double consonant, by adding one or more syllables, commonly re- tain both consonants: as, ebb, ebbing; odd, oddly; stiff, stiffness: fell, fellable ; skill, skillful, skillfulness ; will, willful, willfulness ; dull, dullness ; full, fullness. So also the double I is retained in the words installment, inthrall- ment, thralldom, and enrollment (from install, inthrall, thrall, and enroll), in order to prevent the false pronuncia- tion they might receive if spelled with one I. Many writers and lexicographers, especially in England, omit one I in these words, as also in the derivatives of skill, will, dull, and full, formed by adding the syllables ly and ness. The derivatives of pontiff are exceptions to the rule, be- ing written with only one/; as, pontific, pontifical, ponti- ficial, and the like. One I is also dropped in a few words formed by adding the termination ly to words ending in 11, in order to prevent the concurrence of three Vs ; as, ill, illy : dull, dully ; full, fully. Words similarly formed \>y adding the termination less, however, are written either with the three Vs, a hyphen being inserted before the ter- mination, or with two Vs, and without the hyphen ; as bell-less, or belless, skill-less or skilless, smell-less or smelless. § 10. In derivatives formed from words ending with silent e, the e is generally retained when the termination begins with a consonant : as, pale, paleness ; hate, hateful; incite, incitement ; chaste, chastely, chasteness ; move, move- ment. When, however, the e is immediately preceded by another vowel (except e), it is often dropped from the de- rivative : as, due, duly; argue, argument; true, truly; awe, awful; and the derivatives and compounds of these words. The words wholly, nursling, wisdom, abridgment, ac- knowledgment, lodgment, judgment, and the compounds of some of these, are exceptions. The last four, however, are written, by many authors, abridgement, acknowledgement, lodgement , judgement. § 11. In derivatives formed from words ending with silent e, when the termination begins with a vowel, the e is generally omitted, except in the cases mentioned in the next paragraph : as, bride, bridal: guide, guidance ; plume, plumage; use, usage; grieve, grievance; come, coming; shape, shaping; move, movable ; sale, salable ; fleece, fleecy ; force, forcible ; true, truism. The e is retained in the word hoeing, shoeing, and toeing (from hoe, shoe, and toe), in order to prevent a doubt as to the pronunciation, that might arise in case it were omitted. It is retained, also, in the words dyeing, singeing, springe- ing, swingeing, tingeing (from dye, singe, springe, twinge, tinge), to distinguish them from dying, singing, springing, swinging, tinging (from die, sing, spring, swing, ting). The word mileage, as commonly written, does not omit the e, though it is sometimes, and more correctly, spelled mil- age. The words lineage, lineal, and pineal, though appar- ently exceptions, are not really such, since they are derived not directly from fee and pine, but from the Latin linea (through the French), linealis, andpinea. The e, standing, in a derivative, before a termination beginning with a or o, and immediately after c or g, is retained in order to preserve the soft sounds of these consonants; as, peace, peaceable; notice, noticeable; manage, manageable; change, change- able ; advantage, advantageous ; outrage, outrageous ; mortgage, mortgageor. The latter word is sometimes very improperly written mortgagor, and pronounced mor'ga-jor. § 12. In derivatives formed from words ending in ie, by adding the termination ing, the e is dropped, and the i changed to y, in order to prevent two vs from coming to- gether: as, die, dying; hie, hying ; lie, lying ; tie, tying; vie, vying. § 13. In derivatives of words ending in y, preceded by a consonant, and formed by appending any termination ex- cept one beginning with i, the y is usually changed into i: as, icy, iciest, icily ; mercy, merciless; tidy, tidiness; mod* ify, modifies; foggy, fogginess; earthy, earthiness ; pity, pitiful. The derivatives of adjectives of one syllable ending in 2/, preceded by a consonant, are exceptions, and usually re- tain the y : as, shy, shyness ; sly, slyest ; dry, dryly ; spry, spryer, spry est ; wry, wryness. But the adjectives drier, and driest, from dry, are commonly written with i instead of y. Derivatives formed by adding the termination ship, as secretaryship, suretyship, ladyship, and the like, also re- tain the y, though some authors write them with 7', ac- cording to the rule. The words babyhood and ladykin are likewise exceptions. The y is also retained in the possessive case singular of nouns, when formed by adding s with the apostrophe ; as, country" 1 s, everybody's. § 14. Derivatives formed by affixing a termination to words ending in y preceded by a vowel, generally retain the y unchanged : as, gay, gayety, gayly ; play, player, plays ; sway, swayed; obey, obeying ; joy, joyful; enjoy, enjoyed; buy, buying ; gluey, glueyness. The words daily, laid, paid, said, saith, slain, and staid (from day, lay, pay, say, slay, and stay), with their com- pounds, are exceptions. Staid, however, is sometimes written stayed. Derivatives from words ending in uy, as .colloquies, from colloquy, are not exceptions to the rule, as u, in such cases, is not strictly a vowel, but stands for the consonant w. § 15. Derivatives formed by appending a syllable begin- ning with a vowel to words ending with a vowel sound, gen- erally retain the letter or letters representing such sound : as, huzza, huzzaed; agree, agreeable, agreeing ; weigh, iveighing ; dough, doughy; echo, echoed ; woo, wooes; bow, bowed ; beau, beauish. Derivatives of words of this class ending in silent e, as also those formed from words ending in double e, by adding a termination beginning with e, drop the final e : as, hoe, hoed; sue, sued; owe, owed; free, freer, freest; agree, agreed. The cases mentioned in sections 11, 12, and 13 are also exceptions. § 16. Derivatives formed by prefixing one or more sylla- bles to words ending in a double consonant commonly re- tain both consonants : as, tipstaff, rebuff, befall, inthrall, disinthrall, foretell, undersell, fulfill, enroll, emboss (from staff, buff, fall, thrall, tell, sell, fill, roll, boss). The word until is an exception, being always written with one I. Those words of this class which end in 11 are written by some authors, especially in England, with one I : as, be- fal, inthral, foretel, fulfil, enrol. The words distill and instill PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. XXT should be written with the I doubled, though they are often written distil and instil, with only one I. § 17o Compound words formed by joining two or more words commonly retain all the letters of the simple words ; as, stiff-necked, well-bred, dull-eyed, save-all, ivide-moutlied. There are numerous exceptions to this rule, many of them compounds which by long use have acquired the force of single words. They are the following : namely, some compounds of all and well; as, abnighty, almost, alone, already, also, although, altogether, always, withal, there- withal, ivherewithal, welcome, welfare; — compounds of mass; as, Candlemas, Christmas, Lammas, Michaelmas, &c. ; — words of which the second part is the adjective full; as, artful, hateful, rueful, ivoeful ; — also, the words chilblain, fulfill, namesake, neckerchief, numskull, pastime, standish, and wherever. § 18. The plural of nouns regularly ends in s, or, in certain classes of words, in es. When the noun in the singular ends with such a sound that the sound of s can unite with it, and be pronounced without forming a separate syllable, 5 only is added in form- ing the plural : as, sea, seas ; tree, trees ; woe, woes ; canto, cantos; virtue, virtues ; purlieu, purlieus ; claw, claws; cab, cabs; panic, panics ; bead, beads ; chief, chiefs ; bag, bags ; path, paths ; lock, locks ; bell, bells ; gem, gems ; fan, fans ; cup, cups ; ear, ears ; u,ct, acts. A few plurals from nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant, end in es ; as, echo, echoes; cargo, cargoes; embargo, embargoes ; motto, mot- toes ; potato, potatoes. Other nouns of this class gener- ally form their plurals regularly, though usage differs with regard to some of them. Those in which final o is preceded by a vowel form their plurals regularly. The plural of alkali is written alkalis or alkalies ; that of rabbi, either rabbis or rabbies. With regard to other nouns end- ing in i usage differs, though they are more properly writ- ten with the termination is. When the noun in the singular ends with such a sound (as that of ch, sh, j, s, x, or z) that the sound of s can not unite with it in pronunciation, but must form a separate syllable, e is inserted before s in forming the plural, unless the word ends with silent e, in which case the latter serves to form a separate syllable with s : as, church, churches'; rush, rushes ; age, ages ; lace, laces ; gas, gases ; case, cases; loss, losses ; box, boxes ; maze, mazes. To express the plural of a letter, figure, or any character or sign, or of a word mentioned without regard to its meaning, the letter 5, generally preceded by the apostrophe, is appended, as in the phrases, " The two Vs in all ; " " The two O's in 400 ; " " Two *'s in Orion ; " " The why's and wherefore's of the question." Some writers, however, omit the apostrophe in such cases, joining the s immediately to the letter, character, or word, as in the phrases " The two Is in all ; " " Two *s in Orion ; " " The pros and cons." Others still write the names of the letters with their proper plural endings, instead of the letters themselves ; as, the two ees, efs, ells, esses, and the like. The plurals of letters are also rarely expressed by simply doubling them, without adding any plural sign ; as, the two ee in bee, the two 11 in all ; but this practice is not to be commended, as ee, 11, &c, are properly read double e, double I, and the like. § 19. Nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant form their plural by adding es and changing y into i: as, mercy, mercies; lady, ladies; sky, skies; army, armies; pity, pities. This rule includes words ending in quy, in which u, being pronounced like w, is strictly a consonant ; as col- loquy, colloquies. The plural of. proper nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant, is formed by changing y into ies, according to the rule ; as, " The three Maries." Many writers, however, form the plural of such words by simply adding 5 : as, " The three Marys;" but for this practice there seems to be no good reason. When the singular of a noun ends in y preceded by a vowel (except u having the power of to), the plural Is regu- larly formed by adding s only : as, day, days; key, keys; money, moneys; attorney, attorneys; alloy, alloys; guy, guys. Some plurals of the latter class are often inaccu- rately written with the termination ies : as, monies, attor- nies, and the like. Note. — Nouns now ending in y formerly ended in is, and formed their plurals regularly by adding s : as, mem- orie, memories : mercie, mercies. Ywas finally substituted for ie in the singular, but the plural was not changed, and still retains its old form. § 20. The plurals of a few nouns ending in/or/e are irregularly formed by changing/or 7% into ves. The fol- lowing words, with their compounds, are the principal ex- amples: namely, life, lives; knife, knives; wife, wives; leaf, leaves ; sheaf, sheaves ; loaf, loaves ; beef, beeves ; thief, thieves; calf, calves; half, halves; elf, elves; shelf shelves ; self, selves ; wolf wolves. The plural of staff is sometimes written staffs, but more commonly staves, ex- cept when it. means a corps of officers, either military or civil, in which sense it is always written staffs. The plural of wharf is generally written tvliarfs in England ; in the United States it is more commonly, but improperly, written wharves, as it is also by some recent English writers. The plurals of hoof and turf, formerly written hooves and turves, are now written hoofs and turfs. ' The plurals of other nouns ending in/, fe, or ff, are formed regularly by the addition of 5 only. § 21. In the following nouns, the plural is distinguished from the singular only by a change of the vowel or vowel sound of the word : namely, man, men; woman, women; goose, geese ; foot, feel ; tooth, teeth; brother, brethren; louse, lice; mouse, mice. Compounds ending with these words form their plurals in the same manner: &s,foeman, foe- men; dormouse, dormice. Words which end in the sylla- ble man, and are not compounds, form then- plurals regu- larly, by adding s only: as, cayman, caymans; desman, desmans; firman, firmans ; talisman, talismans; Ger- man, Germans; Mussulman, Mussulmans. The plurals of talisman and Mussulman are sometimes, by a gross blunder, written talismen and Mussulmen. § 22. A few plurals end in en : namely, brother, breth- ren; child, children; ox, oxen. To these may be added the obsolete forms eyne, kine, shoon, hosen, housen (from eye, cow, shoe, hose, house), the first three of which, though they have received a slightly different form, end, as pro- nounced, with the sound of n. § 23. The words brother, die, pea, and penny, have each two plurals of different forms and with different significa- tions: as, brothers, male children of the same parent, also, members of the same society, association, class, or profes- sion ; brethren, members of the same religious or ecclesiasti- cal bod}", the word in this form being rarely used except in religious writings, or in scriptural language, where it also has the same meaning that brother has in ordinary lan- guage ; dies, implements for making impressions by stamp- ing, or for making screws, also the cubical parts of pedes- tals ; dice, the cubical blocks used in games of chance; peas, seeds of the pea -plant, when a definite number is mentioned ; pease, the same in bulk, or spoken of collect- ively ; pennies, the coins, especially when a definite num- ber is mentioned ; pence, the amount reckoned by these coins. See also these words in the Dictionary. The word acquaintance is written, in the plural, either acquaintance (supposed to be a corruption of acquaintants) or acquaint- ances, the two forms having little or no difference of mean- ing. § 24. A few words, mostly names of animals, have the same form in the plural as in the singular ; as, deer, sheep, trout, and the like. § 25 . Many words adopted from foreign languages re- tain their original plurals: as, datum, data; criterion, JXVL PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. criteria; genus, genera; larva, larvte ; crisis, crises; mat- rix, matrices ; focus, foci ; monsieur, messieurs. Many words of this class, while retaining the original plurals, have also a second, formed after the analogy of English words of similar termination : as, formula, form- ulae or formulas ; beau, beaux or beaus ; index, indices, or indexes; stratum, strata or stratums ; bandit, banditti or bandits ; cherub, cherubim or cherubs ; seraph, seraphim or seraphs. The plurals of the last two words are sometimes incorrectly written cherubims and seraphims, with double plural terminations, from ignorance or forge tfulness of the fact that, in Hebrew words, im is a plural ending. § 26. In certain loose compounds consisting of a noun followed by an adjective or other qualifying expression, the plural is commonly formed by making the same change in the noun as when it stands alone : as, court-martial, courts- martial; cousin-german, cousins-german ; son-in-law, sons- in-law. When, however, the adjective is so closely joined to the noun that the compound has the force of a simple word, the plural of the compound is commonly formed hke that of any other word of the same termination: as, cupful, cupfuls ; handful, handfuls. § 27. There are many words, besides those mentioned in the preceding paragraphs, in respect to which usage, even that of the best authors, is variable. The most important of these words are mentioned in this and the succeeding sections. The derivatives of the word villain, as villainous, vil- lainy, &c, though often written villanous, villany, &c, properly retain the i, according to the practice of many writers, like those of other words similarly ending in ain: as, mountainous, from mountain; captaincy , from captain ; and the like. The words connection, deflection, inflection, and reflec- tion, follow the spelling of the words connect, deflect, inflect, and reflect, though often written, especially in England, con- nexion, deflexion, inflexion, and reflexion. See Note under Connection, in the Dictionary. The word woe, though often written without the final e, should retain it, like most other nouns of one syllable and of similar form; as, doe, floe, foe, hoe, sloe, toe, and the hke. Monosyllables other than nouns, and words of more than one syllable, having a similar termination, omit the e ; as, do, go, no, so, canto, motto, potato. The words defense, expense, offense, and pretense are properly written thus, though often spelled with c instead of 5, for the 5 belongs to the words from which they are derived, and is also used in all their derivatives. See Note under Offense, in the Dictionary. The words drought and height were formerly written drouth and hight, and are still very often thus written in America. The verb practice is thus written like the noun, in preference to the form practise, though the latter spell- ing is used by many writers, especially in England. The difference in spelling between the noun and the verb is properly observed, in words of this kind, only in such as are accented on the last syllable, as device, devise. See Note under Practise, in the Dictionary. Derivatives of the Greek eSpa (seat, base, side ; pro- nounced hed'ra), as polyhedron, tetrahedron, octahedral, and the like, are properly thus written with h before the e of the termination, but are sometimes written polyedron, tetracdron, octacdral, &c, without the h. § 28. There is a class of adjectives ending either in able or in ible, of which a large majority have the termina- tion able- as, blamable, laudable, legible, mutable, naviga- ble, vendible. Many of them are from Latin words ending in abilis or ibilis ; some are from the French ; and not a few are formed by adding the termination to English words. Those from Latin words end respectively in able or ible, 8ccording as they are derived from words ending in abilis or ibilis: as, mutable (Lat. mutabilis); potable (hat. potabilis); credible (Lat. credibilis) ; vendible (Lat. vendibilis). Those formed from English words generally end in able, ; as, avoid- able, eatable, for dable, laughable, liable, salable, serviceable. There are a few words respecting which usage is variable : > as, addible or addable ; conversable or conversible ; in'fer- able or infer 'rible ; referable, or refer'rible. § 29. There is a class of words beginning with en or in, as enclose or inclose, enquire or inquire, ensure or insure, and the hke, many of which take either form of the prefix indifferently. They are chiefly derived from the Latin, either directly or through the French, the prefix in belong- ing to the former language, and en to the latter. In some of these words, en is to be preferred ; in others, in; in many of them, either may be used indifferently. See the List of Words Spelled in Two or More Ways, and the differ- ent words of this class in the Dictionary. § 30. There was formerly considerable diversity of usage in respect to the terminations ant and ent, both of which were in certain cases used almost indifferently ; as in the words confidant or confident, dependant or dependent, and the hke. Present usage, however, is definitely settled in favor of one or the other form, in nearly or quite every word of this class, though not always upon uniform princi- ples. In the few words in which both these terminations are retained, it is the more general practice to write the adjective with ent, and the common noun with ant, while the corresponding abstract noun ends in ence, as in the adjectives confident and dependent, the common nouns con- fidant and dependant, and the abstract nouns confidence and dependence. In the case of very many words, however, the adjective ends in ant, as also the common noun ; while the abstract noun ends in ance, as in the adjectives attend- ant and repentant ; the common nouns attendant and re- pentant ; and the abstract nouns attendance and repent- ance. It may be remarked that the terminations ant and ance belong properly to words derived from the French or from Latin verbs of the first conjugation ; ent and ence to words derived from Latin verbs of the other three conjuga- tions. Ence and ance were also formerly confounded in some words, the one or the other being used indifferently. § 31. There is a class of words ending in er, some of which are written by most authors with the termination re ; as, center, meter, theater, &c, which are often written cen- tre, metre, theatre, &c. Acre, chancre, lucre, nacre, massa- cre, and ogre, retain the termination re, in order to preserve the hard sound of the c and g. § 32. There are two classes of chemical words ending respectively, as more commonly written, in ide and ine, in regard to which usage has been variable. Most of them were formerly written without the final e ; but it is now the almost universal practice to retain it : as, bromide, chloride, iodide, sulphide ; chlorine, fluorine, salicine, stearine; and the hke. The word tannin is always written without the final e. Oxide is now generally written with the termina- tion ide, though formerly by many written oxyd, from the supposition that the y of the last syllable represented the v of the Greek 6£vs, from which the word is derived ; whereas the last syllable is simply the same as the termination of the words bromide, sulphide, and the like. See Note under Oxide , in the Dictionary. § 33. There is a class of words ending as pronounced, with the sound of long i, followed by z, some of which are differently written, by different authors, with either ise or ize to represent this sound : as, criticize or criticise ; civil- ize or civilise ; naturalize or naturalise ; patronize or pat- ronise. These words are mostly verbs, and are chiefly de- rived from Greek words ending in i£o, or from French words ending in iser or ise. There are a few from other sources, but formed in analogy with those derived from these languages. Those formed from Greek words have the termination ize; as anathematize, characterize, dramatize, PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. XXVll tantalize. The words catechise and exorcise are exceptions. Those formed in an analogous manner from English words are likewise written with ize ; as, albumenize, bastardize, memorize, sensitize. Those derived from the French verb prendre (participle pris or prise) end in ise ; as, apprise, comprise, emprise, enterprise, surprise. Of those formed from French words other than prendre, or which have cor- responding forms in the French, a majority end in ize, though in respect to some of them usage is variable ; as, civilize, formalize, organize, satirize. The following are the principal English verbs ending in ise : namely, adver- tise, advise , affranchise, apprise, catechise, chastise, circum- cise, comprise, compromise, criticise, demise, despise, devise, disenfranchise, disfranchise, disguise, divertise, emprise, en- franchise , enterprise , exercise, exorcise , franchise , manumise, misprise, premise, reprise, revise, supervise, surmise, sur- prise. It may be remarked that most of those in respect to which usage varies are more frequently written in Eng- land with the termination ise, and in the United States with the termination ize. § 34. The words mold and molt, and their compounds and derivatives, are written in this Dictionary with o in- stead of ou, in analogy with the words bold, bolt, colt, gold, &c, from which the u has been dropped. Most authors, however, write these words mould and moult, and their de- rivatives in like manner. § 35. There is a numerous class of words almost uni- versally written, in the United States, with the termination or, many of which are written, in England, with the termi- nation our ; as, candor, favor, honor, labor, rumor, vigor. English usage, however, is not uniform with respect to these words, many of them being written with or in English books. See the Observations on Orthography, prefixed to these rules. § 36. There is a small class of words ending with the syllable ped (from Lat. pes, pedis, foot), the termination of some of which was formerly, and is still frequently, written pede ; as, biped, centiped, milliped, palmiped, quad- ruped, soliped, and the like. The words biped and quadru- ped are universally written without the final e, and the others, according to the best usage, should be written in the same manner. A LIST OF WORDS SPELLED IN TWO OR MORE WAYS. The design of the following List is, in the first place, to present those words in reference to which present usage, in the United States or in England, sanctions more than one method of spelling the same word ; and, secondly, a consid- erable number of words, which, though not differently spelled by living reputable writers, yet are to be found in the orthography of the second column in the works of respectable authors of the last century, or the early part of the present century, and are, therefore, often presented to the eye of the modern reader. Such a list, it is thought, will be found very convenient for consultation. For any thing more full, a Glossary would be the appropriate resort. The first column, in the following List, presents the orthog- raphy recognized in the body of this Dictionary as the preferable one, or that in general use ; the second column, one less desirable, or the usage of former times. Those forms in the second column which a good writer at the present day would not probably employ, but which are found only in writings of the past, have a dagger prefixed. One class of words which might properly have been added, is, from their great number, omitted. It is that of words of more than one syllable ending in ic or ick ; as, music, musick, public, publick, &c. It is deemed sufficient to mention the class, and to state that the termination in ick is wholly disused. A similar remark is applicable to a por- tion of the words terminating formerly in our, now in or. Those of this class in the following List, in which both forms are given, are still sometimes used in both forms, the termination in or being that most favored in the United States, while our is the form generally preferred in England. Words of this class not given in the List are used only in or by living writers. Subject to a like remark is a class of words terminating in ise or ize ; as, systematise or systema- tize, &c, — the latter being the mode in which such words are spelled in America, and the former that adopted by English printers. When in this List the word in the first column is followed by or, as, " Abatis, or Abattis," it is im- plied that the second form is nearly, often quite, in as good use as the first. Abatis, or Abettor, Abreuvoir, Abridgment, Accessory, A.ccount, -ant, &c. Accouter, &c, or Acetimeter, or Ache, Achieve, Acknowledgment, Addible, Adipocere, Admittable, Adopter (Chem.), Adulterer, -ess, Adz, or iEdile, ^gis, iEolian, or Mrie, or Eyrie, ^Esthetic, -s, or Aghast, Agriculturist, Aid-de-camp, or Ajutage, or Alcaid, Alchemy, Alcoran or Koran, Alkahest, or Allege, Abattis. Abetter. Abbreuvoir. Abridgement. Accessary. [&c, tAccompt, -ant, Accoutre, &c. Acetometer. fAke. tAtchieve. [ment. Acknowledge- Addable. Adipocire. Admittible. Adapter. fAdultrer, -ess. Adze. Edile. Egis. Eolian. Eyry. Esthetic, -s. fAgast. Agriculturalist. Aide-de-camp. Adjutage. Alcade. fAlchymy. Alkoran. Alcahest. tAlledge. Alleluia, or ) Alleluiah, J Alloy, Alum, Almanac, Ambassador, or ] Embassador, J Ambegris, Ambs-ace, Amend, -ment, Amice, Ammoniuret, Amortize, -ment, Amphitheater, Anapest, Ancient, -ly, Andiron, Angiotomy, Ankle, Annotto, Antechamber, Anterior, Anti-emetic, Antihypnotic, Apostasy, Aposteme, or Apothegm, or Appall, Appallment, ( Allelujah, \ Halleluiah. fAllay. Allum. Almanack. ( Ambassadour, ( Embassadour. ( tAmbergrease, { Ambergrise. {Ambes-ace, Ames-ace. fEmend, -ment. •jAmess. Ammoniaret. Amortise, -ment. Amphitheatre. Anapaest. tAntient, -ly. fHandiron. Angeiotomy. Ancle. ( Anotta, Annatto, < Anota, Annotta, ( Arnotta,Arnotto. Antichamber. fAnteriour. Antemetic. Anthypnotic. Apostacy. Imposthume. Apophthegm. Appal. Appalment. Appareled, -ing, Appraise, -ed,&c.,o?- Apprise (to notify), Apricot, Arbitrament, Arbor, Archaeology, Ardor, Argol, or Armor, -er, &c, Arquebuse, Arrack, Artisan, Asafetida, ) Asafoetida, j Asbestus, or Ascendant, Ascendency, Askance, Askant, Assuage, Atheneum, or Attar, or A.ught, Author, &c, Autocracy, Autoptical, Awkward, Awm, or Ax, or Ay, or Apparelled, -ling. Apprize, -ed, &c. Apprize. fApricock. f Arbitrament. Arbour. Archaiology. Ardour. Argal. Armour, -er, &c. Arquebus, fHar- tArack. [quebuse. Artizan. Assafoetida. Asbestos. Ascendent. Ascendancy. Askaunce. Askaunt. fAsswage. Athenaeum. Otto. Ought. Authour, &c. Autocrasy. Autopsical. tAukward. Aum. Axe. Aye. xxviii PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. B- Butt, or But, Chine, Chime, Chimb. Byzantine, Bizantine. Chintz, Chints. Backshish, Bakshish, Buk- Chiseled, -ing, or Chiselled, -ling. Chuck-full. Bade (z.), tBad. [sheesh c. Chock-full, Baldric, Baldrick, Baw- Choir, tQuire. Balk, Baulk. [drick Caboose, Camboose, Co- Chorister, tQuirister. Balister, or Ballister. Cacique, Cazique. [boose Choke, tChoak. Baluster, Banister. Caddice, or Caddis. Choose, tChuse. Bandana, or Bandanna. Caesura, Cesura. Chore, Char. Bandoleer, Bandelier. Cag, or Keg. Cigar, Segar. Banderole, Bannerol, Band Caique, or Caic. Cimeter, ) Scimiter, J ( Scimetar. ( Scymetar. Banyan (Bot.), Banian. [rol . Caisson, or Caissoon. Bans, Banns. Calash, Caleche. Cipher, Cypher. [&e Barbacan, Barbican. Caldron, Cauldron. Clamor, -ous, &c. Clamour, -ous, Barbecue, Barbacue. Calendar, tKalendar. Clangor, Clangour. Barberry, Berberry. Calends, {Kalends. Clarionet, or Clarinet. Bark, or Barque. Caliber, or Calibre. Clew, or Clue. Barouche, Barouch. Calipash, Callipash. Clinch, Clench. Barytone, Baritone. Calipee, Callipee. Clinique, Clinic. Basin, Bason. Calipers, ' Callipers. Clinometer, Klinometer. Bass, or Base. Caliph, Calif, Kalif. Cloak, fCloke. Bass-viol, or Base-viol. Calk, or Caulk, Caique. Clodpoll, Clodpole. Bas-relief, Bass-relief. Calligraphy, Caligraphy. Clothe, -ed, &c, fCloathe, -ed, &c Bastinade, or Bastinado. Caloyer, or Kaloyer. Clough, Cloff. Baton, or Batoon, Baston. Caltrap, or Caltrop. Clyster, Glyster. Bateau, Batteau. Calyx, Calix. [let Cockswain, or Coxswain. Battledoor, or Battledore. Camlet, Camblet, Cham- Coeliac, or Celiac. Bauble, Bawble. Camomile, Chamomile. Cognizor, -zee, Cognisor, -see. Bazaar, or Bazar. Camphene, ( Camphine, { Camphogen. Coif, Coiffure, Quoif. Befall, Befal. tQuoiffure. Behavior, Behaviour. Camphor, Camphire. Colander, Cullender. Behoove, Behove. Candor, Candour. [&c . Color, Colour. Beldam, or Beldame. Canceled, -ing, &c, or Cancelled, -hug, Comb, Combe, or Coombe. Belligerent, BeUigerant. Cannel-coal, Canal-coal. Comfrey, Comfry, Cumfrey Benedict, or Benedick. Cannoneer, or Cannonier. Complete, tCompleat. Benumb, fBenum. Canny, Cannie. Complexion, tComplection. Bellfounder, fBelfounder, Canon ( Sp.), Canyon. Confectionery, fConfectionary. and similar compounds. Cantaloup, or Cantaloupe, Connection, Connexion. Bequeath, Bequeathe. Cantalever, or Cantilever. Contemporary, or Cotemporary. Bergamot, fBurgamot. Carbine, Carabine. Contra-dance, Country-dance. Berth (Nav.% Betel, Birth. Betle. Carbineer, ( Carbinier, Carabi- ( nier,Carabineer Controller, -ship, ( Comptroller, ( -ship. [troul. Beveled, -ing, or Bevelled, -ling. Carapace, Carapax. Control, tComptrol, Con- Bevile (Her.), Bevil, or Bevel. Caret, Caract, Carrat. Cony, Coney. Bezant, Byzant. [-ses,&c Caravansary, or Caravansera. Cooly, or Coolie. Biasing , -ed , -es , & c . , Biassing, -sed, Carcass, Carcase. Coomb, or Comb. Bigoted, Bigotted. Carnelian, Cornelian. [&c . Copaiva, or Copaiba. Bilge, Bulge. [ards. Caroled, -ing, &c, or Carolled, -ling, Copier, Copyer. Billiards, tBalyards, Balli- Cartography, Chartography. Copse, Coppice. Billingsgate, Bilingsgate. Cask (a vessel), Casque. Coquette, n., Coquet. Bin, Binn. Casque (helmet), Cask. Coranach, Coronach. Binnacle, tBinacle, Bittacle ■ Cassava, Cassada,Cassado Corbel, Corbeil. Bister, or Bistre. Cassimere, or Kerseymere. Corselet, Crosslet. Blende (Min.), Blend, Blinde. Caster, Castor. Cosy, Cosey Blessed (a.), or Blest. [&c . Catchup, or ) Ketchup, J Catsup. Cot, or Cote, (a hut). Blithesome, -ly,&c. , Blithsome, -ly, Cot, or Cott, (a bed). Blomary, Bloomary. Catechise, -er, or Catechize, -er,&c Cotillon, or Cotilion. Blouse, or Blowse. Cauliflower, Colliflower. Councilor, or Councillor. Bodice, Boddice. Causeway, Causey. Counselor, or Counsellor. Boil, n.f Bile. Caviare, or Caviar. Count, tCompt. Bombazet, or Bombazette. Caviler, -ed, &c, or Caviller, -led, &c . Courtesan, Courtezan. Bombazine, or Bombasine. Cayman, Caiman. Courtesy (Law), Curtesy, Curtsy. Bonnyclabber, Bonnyclapper. Ceil, -ing, -ed, fCiel, -ing, -ed. Cozen, -age, Cosen, -age. Bourgeois, or Burgeois. Center, Centre. Craunch, Cranch. Bourse, Burse. Centered, Centred. Cray-fish, or Craw -fish. Bouse, or Boose. Centimeter, or Centimetre. Creak (v.), Creek. Bousy, or Boozy. [&c . Centiped, Centipede. Creosote, ) Creasote, ) ( Kreosote, ( Kreasote. Boweled, -ing, &c, or Bowelled, -ling, Ceroon, or Seroon. Bowlder, Boulder. Cess-pool, or Sess-pool. Critique, Critic (a criti- Bowsprit, fBoltsprit. Chalcedony, Calcedony. Croup (buttocks), Crup. [cism). Brahman, ) Brahmin, j ( Brachman, { Bramin. Chameleon, Cameleon. [my . Cruet, Crewet. Chamois, Shamois, Sham - Crupper, Crouper. Brake ( Railways), Break. Champaign, Champain. Cruse (bottle), fCruise. Brazen, fBrasen. Champagne, tChampane. [&c . Cucurbit, or Cucurbite. Brazier, fBrasier. Channeled,-ing,&c or Channelled, -ling , Cudgeled, -er, -ing , or Cudgelled, -ler, Brier, Briar. Chant, -er, -ed, &c , Chaunt, -er, -ed , Cue (def. 1), Queue. [-ling. Brooch, Broach, Broche Chap, Chop. [&c . Cuerpo, tQuerpo. Bryony, Briony. Chase, Chace. Cuneiform, or Cuniform. Buccaneer, Bucanier. Check (n.), Cheque. Curb (def. 3), tKerb, Kirb. Buddhism, or Boodhism. Checker, -ed, &c, Chequer, -ed,&c . Cursed (imp.), Curst. [lasse. Buffet, or Beaufet. Chemist, Chymist,Chimis< . Curtal-ax, Curtle-axe, Curte- Buhrstone, Bun, or Burrstone. Bunn. Chemistry, | Chymistry, ( Chimistry. Cutlass, or Cyclopedia, or Cutlas. Cyclopaedia. Buncombe, Bunkum. Cherif, 1 Scherif, ) or f Sheriffe, ( Schereef. Cymar, Chimere, Simar. Bur, or Burr. Cyst, Cist. Burden, -some, tBurthen, -some Chestnut, Chesnut. Czar, -ina, Tzar, -ina. Burin, Burine. Chevron, or Cheveron. Burned (imp.), Burnt. Chicory, Chiccory. D. Burganet, or Burgonet. Chilioliter, Kiloliter. But-end, or Butt-end. Chiliometer, Kilometer. Dactyl, Bactyle. PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. xxix Damasken, Damaskeen. Embarkation, Embarcation. Envenom, tlnvenom. Damson, Damascene. Embassador, or \ Ambassador, j ( Embassadour, ( Ambassadour. Eolipile, iEolipile. Dandruff, Dandriff. Epaulet, or Epaulette (Fr.). Danegelt, or Danegeld. Embassy, Ambassy. Epauleted, -ing, Epauletted,-ting. Debarkation, Debarcation. [&c . Embassage, Ambassage. Equaled, -ing, or Equalled, -ling. Debonair, -ly, -ness, Debonnaire, -ly, Embed, -ded, &c, Imbed, -ded, &c Equiangular, tEquangular. Decrepit, Decrepid. Embezzle, &c, tlmbezzle, &c. Equivoque, or Equivoke. Defense, -less, &c, or Defence,-less,&c . Emblaze, flmblaze. Era, iEra. Deflection, Deflexion. Emblazon, -ed, &c , tlmblazon,-ed,&c .Error, &c, Errour, &c Deflour, Deflower. Embody, -ied, &c, lmbody,-ied,&c Escalade, tScalade. Delf, Delft, Delph. Embolden, -ed, &c , Imbolden,-ed,&c. Escapement, or Scapement. Delphin, or Delphine. Emborder, &c, flmborder, &c. Escarp {Fort.), or Scarp. [ote. Deltoid, fDeltoide. Embosom, or Imbosom. Eschalot, Shallot, or Shal- Demarkation, Demarcation. Emboss, -ed, &c, •flmboss, -ed, &c. Escheat, tExcheat. [toir. Demeanor, Demeanour. Embowel, -ed, ) -ing, J fEmbowellj -ed, Escritoire, Escritoir, Scru- Demesne {Law), Demain. &c, Escutcheon, ( Escocheon, ( Scutcheon. Dentiroster, Dentirostre. flmbowel, -ed,&c Dependent, Dependant. Emboweler, ) -ment, j Emboweller, &c Estafet, or Estafette. Dependence, Dependance. flmboweller, &c. Esthetics, or ^Esthetics, [pie. Deposit, tDeposite. Embower, -ed, &c, tlmbower, -ed,&c Estoppel, tEstopel, Estop- Desert {n.), tDesart. Embrace, -ed, &c, jlmbrace, -ed, &c.Estrich, Estridge. Deshabille, Dishabille. Embracer, -ment, flmbracer, -ment . Etiology, or iEtiology. Dessert, fDesert. Embrasure, fEmbrazure. Etui, or Etwee. Detecter, Detector. Embrocation, Imbrocation. Exactor, Exacter. Detortion, Detorsion. Embroil, -ed, &c, flmbroil, -ed, &c Expense, [&c, fExpence. [&c. Deuce, Deuse, Duse. Emerods, or \ Emeroids, J Emrods. Exsiccate, -ed, -ing Exiccate,-ed,-ing, Develop, -ment, Develope, -ment. Exsiccation, Exiccation. Dexterous, Dextrous. Emir, or Emeer. Exsuccous. Exuccous. Diaeresis, or Dieresis. Empale, -ed, &c, Impale, -ed, &c. Exudation, Exsudation. Diarrhea, or Diarrhoea. ( Empanelled , & c . Exude, &c, tExsude, &c- Diarrhetic, or Diarrhoetic. Empaneled, -ing, flmpanel,-led,&c , Eyrie, or ) Eyry, J Aerie. Dike, Dyke. &c, 1 fEmpannel, -led, Diocese, Diocess. 1 &c. Disheveled,-ing, or Dishevelled,-ling. Emperor, Emperour. J? Disk, or Disc. [-ing Empoison, Impoison. • Dispatch, -ed, -ing, or Despatch, -ed, Empower, -ed, &c, tlmpower, -ed,&c . Faeces, Feces, [-ting. Disseize, -in, -or, Disseise, -in, -or. Emprise, Emprize. Fagot, -ed, -ing, Faggot, -ted, Distention, or Distension. Empurple, flmpurple. Fairy, fFaerie, Faery. Distill, or Distil. Emu, Emeu. [&c Fakir, or Faquir. Distrainor, Distrainer. Enameled, -ing, &c. or Enamelled, -ling , Falchion, tFauchion. Diversely, Diversly. Enamor, -ed, -ing, ( Enamour, -ed, 1 -ing- Falcon, -er, -ry, JFaulcon, -er, -ry. Divest, -ed, &c, Devest, -ed, &c. Fantasy, tPhantasy. Docket {Law), fDoquet. Encage, -ed, &c, Incage, -ed, &c. Fantastic, fPhantastic. Doctress, or Doctoress. Encamp, -ed, &c. flncamp, -ed, &c Farthingale, Fardingaie. Dolor, -ous, Dolour, -ous. Enchant, flnchant. Fattener, fFatner. [&c. Domicile, Domicil. Enchiseled, -ing, or Enchiselled, -ling . Favor, -er, -ed, &c. , Favour, -er, -ed, Doomsday-book, Domesday-book. Encloister, Incloister. Fecal, Faecal. Dory, or Doree, Dorey. Encounter, &c, tlncounter, &c. Fecula, Faecula. Dormer-window, Dormar-window. Encroach, &c, flncroach, &c. Feldspar, ) Feldspath, j ( Felspar, { Felspath. Dote, Doat. Encumber, -ed, 1 tlncumber, -ed, \ &c. Dotage, tDoatage. &c. Felly, Felloe. Doubloon, tDoublon. Encyclopedia, or Encyclopaedia. Feoffor, or Feoffer. Dowry, fDowery. Endear, flndear. [&c Fervor, Fervour. Downfall, tDownfal. Endeavor, -ed, &c. Endeavour, -ed, Fetal, Foetal, Dram, and Drachm. Endow, &c, tlndow, &c. Feticide, Foeticide. Draff, Draugh. Endue, or tlndue. Fetus, Foetus. Draft, and Draught. Endure, -ance, flndure, -ance. Fetor, Foetor. Dragoman, Drogoman. Enforce, -ed, &c, flnforce, -ed, &c. Feud, -al, -atory, fFeod, -al, -atory. Dribblet, or Driblet. Engage, -ed, &c, jlngage, -ed, &c. Feudalize, -ism, tFeodalize, -ism. Drier, Dryer. [&c Engender, Ingender. Fie, ry- Driveler, -ing, or Driveller, -ling, Engorge, -ed, &c, flngoi'ge, -ed, &c Filbert, Filberd. [bustier. Drought, Drouth. Engross, flngross. Filibuster. Filigree, ) Fillagree, ) Fillibuster, Fli- Dryly, Drily. Enhance, flnhance. ( Filigrane, ( Filigrain. Duchy, Dutchy. Enigma, jiEnigma. Duchess, Dutchess, [-list. Enjoin, &c, tlnjoin, &c. Fillibeg, or Phillibeg. Dueler, -ing, -ist, or Dueller, -ling, Enkindle, -ed, &c, jlnkindle,-ed,&c. Finery {a forge), Finary. Dullness, Dulness. [geon. Enlarge. &c, jlnlarge, &c. Firman, Firmaun. Dungeon, Donjon, fDon- Enlist, ' tlnlist. Fishgig, or Fizgig. Dunghiil, fDunghil. Enroll, Enrol, or Inroll. Fives, or Vives. Duress, fDuresse {Fr.) Enrollment, f fEnrolment, In- ( rolment. Flageolet, Flagelet. Dye, &c. {color), Die, &c. Flavor, -ed, &c, Flavour, r ed, &c Dyke. See Dike. Enshrine, Inshrine. Flier, Flyer. Enshroud, Inshroud. Floatage {Law), Flotage. E. Ensphere, Insphere. Flotsam, or Flotson- Enstamp, Instamp. Flour {of grain), fFlower. Eavesdropper, tEvesdropper. Entail {Arch.), Entaile. Flower-de-luce, j Fleur-de-lis, { Flower-de-lis. Eccentric, -al, &c, •j\Excentric,-al,&c . Entangle, &c, flntangle, &c. Economy, (Economy. Enterprise, Enterprize. [&c. Fluke {Naut.), Flook. Ecstasy, Ecstacy,fExtasy Enthrone, -ed, &c. , flnthrone, -ed, Fluke (Zool.), Flowk, Flooc. Ecstatic, fExtatic. Entire, -ly, &c, Intire, -ly, &c. Fogy, Fogie, Fogey- Ecumenic, -al, (Ecumenic, -al. Eti title, -ed, &c, flntitle, -ed, &c. Font(T^o^.), Fount. Edematous, or (Edematous. Entrance, -ed, &c, tlntrance,-ed,&c. Forbade, fForbad. Edile, -ship, iEdile, -ship. Entrap, -ed, &c, Intrap, -ped, &c. Foray, or Forray. Eloign, -ment, Eloin, -ment. Entreat, -ed, &c, Intreat, -ed, &c. Fosse, Foss. Emarginate, Imarginate. Entreaty, Jntreaty. Founderyj or Foundry. Embalm, -ed, &c, tlmbalm, -ed, &c . Entresol, Entersole. Franc {coin), Frank. [etic. Embalmer, -ment, flmbalmer, -ment . Entwine, -ed, &c, Intwine, -ed, &c. Frantic, Frenetic, Phren- Embank, -ed, &c, Imbank, -ed, &c . Envelop {v.), Envelope. Frenzy, tPhrenzy. Embargo, tlmbargo. Envelope («.), or Envelop. Frieze {Arch.), Frize, Freese. Embark, -ed,&c. tlmbark,-ed, &c Envelopment, Envelopement. Frouzy, Frowzy. XXX PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. Frumenty, Furmenty, Fru - Haggess, tHaggis, Haggiss. Imbibe, tEmbibe. Frustum, Frustrum. [mety. Ha-ha, Haw-haw. Imbitter, Embitter. Fueled, -ing, or Fuelled, -ling. Haik, Hyke. Imbosom, Embosom. Fulfill, -ment, Fulfil, -ment. Hake, Haak. Imbrue, Embrue. Fullness, Fulness. Halberd, Halbert. Imbue, -ed, -ing, Embue, -ed, -ing. FurtheV, and Farther. Halibut, Holibut. Immarginate, or Emarginate. [&c. Furtherance, Fartherance. Hallelujah, Halleluiah, -luia. T , , . Hollo, Holloa. ^Panel, -ed, -mg, | Impannel, -led. | Empannel,-led. Furthermore, Farthermore. Halloo, Hallo, or Furthest, and Farthest. Halidom, Halhdome. Imparlance, Emparlance. [&c. Fuse(«.), Fuze. Halyard, Halliard. Impassion, Em passion. Fusil ( Gun.), Fusee. Handicraft, fHandcraft. Impeach, Empeach. [ling. Fusileer, or Fusilier. Handiwork, fHandwork. Imperiled, or Imperilled, -ing, Handsome, fHandsom. Implead, tEm plead. G. Handsel, fHansel. Imposthume, Impostume. Handseled, or Handselled. Impoverish, Empoverish. Gabardine, or Garberdine. Harbor, -ed, &c. Harbour,-ed,&c. Imprint, fEm print. Galiot, Galliot. Harebell, Hairbell. Incase, Encase. Garish, or Gairish. Harebrained, Hairbrained. Inclasp, Enclasp. Gallias, or Galleas. Harem, Haram. Inclose, -ure, &c. Enclose,-ure,&c. Gamboled, -ing, or Gambolled, -ling . Haricot, Harricot. Increase, tEncrease. Gamut, fGammut. Harrier, Harier. Incrust, Encrust. Gang (Min.), Gangue. Harry, Harrow (def. 4). Incumbrance, Encumbrance. Gantlet, or ) Gantlope, J t Gauntlet. Haslet, Harslet. Indefeasible, flndefeisible. Hasheesh, or Hashish. Indelible, jlndeleble. Gasteropod, Gastropod. Hatti-sherif, Hatti-scherif. Indict (Law.), tEndict, Endite. Gargoyle (Arch.), Gargoil, Gargle. Haulm, Halm, Haum, Hawm. Indictment ( fEndictment. ( fEnditement. Gauge, Gage. Haul, ■fHale. inuiciiueni, Gault, or Gait. Haunch, Hanch. Indite, -er, jEndite, -er. Gauntlet {Her.), or Gantlet. Hautboy, fHoboy. Indocile, jlndocil. Gayety, Gaiety. Hawser, Halser. Indoctrinate, JEndoctrinate. Gayly, Gaily. Headache, fHeadach. Indorse, -ed, -ing, Endorse, -ed, -ing. Gazelle, Gazel. Hearse, Herse. Indorser, -ment, Endorser, -ment. Genet, or Jennet. Hectoliter, or Hectolitre. Induce, -ment, tEnduce, -ment. Gerfalcon, Gyrfalcon. Hectometer, or Hectometre. Inferior, Inferiour. Germane, Germain, Ger- Hegira, Hejira. Inferable, or Inferrible. Germ, Germe. [man Height, -en, he, or Hight, -en, &c. Inflection, Inflexion. Ghibelline, Gibeline. Heinous, -ly, -ness, tHainous ,-ly , -ness .Infold , Enfold. Gibe, tJibe. Hematite, Haematite. Infoliate, Enfoliate. [-ment. Gimbals, Gimbols. Hematology, Haematology. Ingraft, -er, -ment Engraft, -er. Gimlet, tGimblet. Hemistich, tHemistick. Ingrain, Engrain. Girasole, or Girasol. Hemorrhoids, fEmerods. Ingulf, Engulf. Girt, or Girth. Heretoch, or Heretog. Inkle, Incle. Glair, Glare. Hermit, -age, tEremite, -age. Innuendo, Inuendo. [&c. Glamour, Glamer. Herpetolog} 7 , Erpetology. Inquire, -er,-y,&c. Enquire, -er,-y. Glave, Glaive. Hexahedron, fHexaedron. Inscribe, tEnscribe. Gloze, Glose. [ed. Hibernate, Hybernate. Inscroll, Enseroll. Gnarled, tKnarled, Knurl- Hiccough, Hiccup, Hickup. Insnare, Ensnare. Gore, fGoar. Hinderance, or Hindrance. Install, flnstal. Good-by, or Good-bye. Hindoo, -ism, or Hindu, -ism. Installment, or Instalment. Good-humor, Good-humour. Hip (of dog-rose), or Hep. Instate, fEnstate. Gormand, or Gourmand. Hipped-roof, Hip-roof. Instill, Instil. Governor, Governour. Hippogriff, Hippogryph. Instructor, Instructer. Graft, -ed, tGraff, -ed. Hippocras, Hippocrass. Insure, -ed, -ing, Ensure, -ed, -ing. Grandam, Grandame. Ho, fHoa. Insurer, -ance, Ensurer, -ance. Granddaughter, tGrandaughter. Hoarhound, Horehound. Intenable, Intenible. Granite, fGranit. Hockey, Hookey. Intercessor, flntercessour. Graveled, -ing, Gravelled, -ling. Hodge-podge, or Hotch-potch. Interior, tlnteriour. Gray, -ish, &c, Grey, -ish, &c. Hoiden, -ish, Hoy den , -ish . Inthrall , Inthral, Enthral. Grenade, Grenado, Gran- Holiday, and Holyday. Intrench, Entrench. Grenadier, tGranadier. [ade Hollo, Holloa, or Hollow. Intrust, Entrust. Greyhound, or Grayhound. Holster, Holdster. [mony. Inure, Enure. Grewsome, or Gruesome. Hominy, Homony, Horn- Inurement, Enurement. Griffin, or Griffon. Homeopathy, or Homoeopath y. Inveigle, jEnveigle. Grisly, or Grizzly. Homonym, Homony me. Inventor, Inventer. Groats, Grits, Grouts. Honeyed, Honied. Inwheel, fEnwheel. Grogram, Grogran. Honor, -ed, &c, Honour, -ed, &c. Inwrap, Enwrap. Grommet, Gromet. Hoop (v.), or Whoop. Inwreathe, Enwreathe. Grotesque, -ly, &c . tGrotesk, -ly, &c Hooping-cough, or Whooping-cough.Isocheimal, or Isochimal. Groundsel, or Groundsill. Hoopoe, or Hoopoo. Ixolite, or Ixolyte. Groveled, -er, -ing , or Grovelled, -er, Hornblende, Hornblend. Group, v., tGroupe. [-ling. Horror, fHorrour. J. Guaranty, or Guarantee. Hostelry, Ostelry. Guelder-rose, Gelder-rose. Hostler, Ostler. Jacobin, and Jacobine. Guelf. or Guelph. Hough, Hock. Jaconet, Jacconet. Guerrilla, Guerilla. Housewife, tHuswife. Jail,-er, &c. Gaol, -er, &c- Guilder (coin), Gilder. Howdah, Houdah. Jalap, Jalop. Jamb. Guillotine, Guillotin. Howlet, Houlet. [moc. Jam (Min.), Gulf, tGulph. Hummock, or Hommock,Hom- Janizary, Janissary. Gunwale, or JGunnel. Humor (def. 1), Humour. Jasmine, Jasmin. Gurnard, or ) Gurnet, J Gournet. Hurra, or Hurrah. Jaunt, -y, -ily, Jant, -y, -ily. Hydrangea, Hydrangia. Jean, Jane. [ating. Gypsy, Gipsy, Gypsey. Hypaethral, Hypethral. Jenneting, fJuneting, June- Gyrfalcon, Gerfalcon. Hyperstene, or Hypersthene. Jeremiad, or Jeremiade. Gyves, Gives. Hypotenuse, Hypothenuse. Jetsam, or Jetson, Jettison. Hyssop, Hysop. Jet tee, or Jetty, Jutty. H. Jeweled, -er, or Jewelled, -er. Hackle, Hatchell, or Heckle, Hetchel J^ Jewelry, Jointress. Jewellery. Jointuress. Hagbut, Haggard, Hackbut. Icicle, tlsicle. Jonquil, or Jonquille. tHagard. Illness, fllness. Jostle, or Justle. PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. xxxi Jowl, Jole. Mamma, Mama. Nombles, Numbles. Judgment, Judgement. Mandatary (ra.), Mandatory. Nonesuch, Nonsuch. J upon, er Juppon. Manikin, Mannikin. Novitiate, Noviciate, [ghau. Just, Joust. Maneuver, or Mantel (Arch.), Manoeuvre. Nylghau, Mantle. Nylgau, Neel- -rr Mantel-piece, ■**■• Marc (coin.), Mantle-piece. o. Mark. Kaffer, Kaffre, or Kafir. Margaron, or Margarone. Oaf, Auf, Ouph. Kale, Kayle. Marquee, Markee. Ocher, or Ochre, tOker. Kayle, Keel, Keil. Marque (letter of), Mark. Octahedron, Octaedron. Keelhaul, Keelhale. Marquess, or Marquis, [eschal. Octostyle, Octastyle. Keelson, Kelson . Marshal , tMariscbal, Mar- Odalisque, Odalisk. Keg, or Cag. Marshaled, -ing, or Marshalled, -ling. Odor, Odour. Kenneled, -ing, or Kennelled, -ling. Martin {Ornitk.), Marten. Offense, or Offence. Khan, Kaun, Kan. Martinet (Naut.), Martnet. Olio, tOglio. Kiln (n.), Kill. [Ohilogram. Martingale, fMartingal. [&c. Omber, or Ombre. Kilogram, or Kilogramme, Marveled,-ing,&c, or Marvelled, -ling, Omer, Homer. Kiloliter, or Kilolitre. Mark, Marque (Fr.). Oolong, Oulong. Kilometer, or Kilometre. ,, ,. tKnap(n.,rf C /.2). Mashn ' (Meslin, Mislin, Opaque, ( Mastlin. Opobalsam, Opake. Knob, Opobalsamtma. Koran, or Alcoran, Alkoran. Mastic, Mastich. Orach, or Orache. Kyanite, Cyanite. Matrice, or SaltiL, £T Orang-outang, f Orang-utan, ( Ourang-outang. Mattress, t Mauger, or Maul n.(mallet) & v Maugre. Orchestra, Orchestre. . Mall. Oriel, Oriol. Labeled, -ing, or Labelled, -ling. Mayhem, and Maim. Oriflamb, or Oriflamme. Labor, -ed, -ing, &c, or Labour, -ed, -ing, Meager, -ly, &c, or Meagre, -ly, &c. Orison, tOraison. Lachrymal, Lacrymal. [&c. Merchandise, fMerchandize. Osier, Ozier. Lac (coin), Lack. Meter, and Metre. Osprey, or Ospray. Lackey, Lacquey. Mileage, Milage. Otolite, or Otolith , Otohtte. Lacquer (n.), Lacker. Milleped, Millepede. Ottar (of roses), Otto, Attar. Lacquer, -ed, -ing , Lacker,-ed,-ing. Milligram, or Milligramme ( Fr. ) Outrageous, fOutragious. Lagoon, Lagune. Milliliter, or Millilitre. Oxide, Oxid, Oxyd, Ox- Lambdoidal, or Lamdoidal. Millimeter, or Millimetre. Oyes, Oyez. [yde. Landau, Landaw. Milrea, Millrea, ) fLandskip. Millreis, j Milrei. Landscape, P. Lantern, tLantkorn. Misbehavior, Misbehaviour. Lanyard, Laniard. Miscall, fMiscal. Packet, tPacquet. Lapsided, Lobsided. Misdemeanor, Misdemeanour. Painim, Paynim. Larum, or „ Alarum. Misspell, fMisspel, fMispel. Palanquin, or Palankeen. Launch, Lanch. Misspend, fMispend. Palestra, Palaestra- Leaven , tLeven. Misspent, fMispent. Palet, ) fMistate. [toe. Palette, j Pallet. Lecher, -y, -ous, -j-Letcher, -y, -ous. Misstate, Lecturn, Lectern, Lettern. Mistletoe, Misseltoe, Misle- Palmiped, Palmipede. Ledgement, ( Ledgment, Lege- Miter, -ed, or \ ment, Lige- Mizzen, Mitre, -d. Panada, Panade, Panado. Mizen. Pander, fPandar. Ledger, Leger. [ment. Mizzle, Misle, Mistle. Pandore, Bandore. Leger-line, Ledger-line. Moccasin, Moccason, Mog- Pandour, Pandoor. Leggin, or Legging. Mode ( Gram.), Mood. [gason. Panel (Laiv), Panuel. Lemming, Leming. Mocha-stone, Mocho-stone. Paneled, -ing, or Pannelled, -ling. Lettuce, Lettice. [-ler. Modeled, -ing, or £&£**: i-**-*. { Pantagraph, Pen- ( tagraph. Leveled, -ing, -er, or Levelled, -ling, Modillion, Libeled, -ing, &c. , or Libelled, -ling, ., . , Licence.' [&c. Mohammedan, i Mahomedan, Ma- Papoose, or \ hometan. Paralyze, Pappoose. License, Paralyse. Lickerish, Lickerous. Mohawk, or Mohock. [ses. Parceled, -ing, or Parcelled, -ling. Licorice, Liquorice. Molasses, Melasses, fMolos- Parcenary, Parcenery. Lief, Lieve. Mold, or Mould. Parlor, Parlour. Lilac, Lilach. Molt, or Moult. Parol (a.), or Parole. Linguiform, Linguaform. Moneyed, Monied. Parquet, or Parquette. Linnaean, or Linnean. Mongrel, tMungrel. Parsnip, or Parsnep. [quito. Linseed, tLintseed. Moresque, fMoresk. Parrakeet, Paraquet, Para- Linstock, or Lintstock. Morris, Morrice. Partible, Partable. Liter, or Litre. Mortgageor, or ) ( Lithonthriptic, Mortgager, j ( Lithonthryptic. Mosque, , , , Partisan , Mortgagor. Pashaj Pacha( fPartizan. Lithontriptic, Pashaw, Bashaw. tMosk. Pashalic, Pachalic. Llama (Zoo I.), Lama. „.. Lodestar, -stone. Mosquito, ( Musketo,Musqui-Pask, or \ to, Musketoe. Patrol («.), Pasque. Loadstar, -stone, Patrole. Loath (a.), Loth. Mustache, Moustache. Paver, Pavior, Paviour, Pavier. Lode (Min.), Load. Mullein, Mullen. Pawl, Paul. Lodgment, Lodgement. Multiped, Multipede. Pean, Paean. Logogriph, Logogryph. Mummery, Mommery. Peart, Peert. Longiroster, Longirostre. Murder, &c, Murther, &c. Pedicel, Pedicle. Louver, or Louvre, Loover. Murky, Mirky. Peddler, Pedler, Pedlar. Lower, Lour. Murrhine, Myrrhine. Pedobaptist, Paedobaptist. Luff, fLoof. Muscadel, Muscatel. Pemmican, Pemican. Lunet, and Lunette. Muscle (a shellfish), Mussel. Penciled, -ing, or Pencilled, -ling. Lunge, Longe. Musket, Musquet. Pennant, Pennon. Lustring, or Lutestring. Pentahedral, Pentaedral. Lye, Ley. JJ\ Peony, Paeony, Piony. Periled, -ing, or Perilled, -ling. ]yr Nankeen, Narwal, or Narwhal, Nankin. Peroxide, Peroxid,-yd,-yde. Narwhale. Persimmon, Persimon. Macaw, Macao. Naught, Nought. [&c Persistence, Persistance. Maccaboy, Maccoboy. Negotiate, -or, &c, Negociate, -or, Pewit ( Ornith.), Pewet. Maggoty, Maggotty. Neighbor, -ing, &c, Neighbour, -ing, Phantasm, tFantasm. Maim, and Mayhem (Law.), Net (a.), Nett, Neat. [&c. Phantom, fFantom. Mai-, Male- (prefix). Neb ( On.), or Nib. Phenomenon, Phaenomenott. Mall, or Maul. Niter, or Nitre. Phenix, Phoenix. Malkin, Maukin. Nobless, or Noblesse. Phial, or Vial. Mamaluke, or Mameluke. Nomads, or Nomadea. Philter, -ed, or Philtre, -d. xxxii PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. Phthisic, fTisic. Rabbi, Rabbin. Sciagraphy, or Sciography. Piaster, or Piastre. Raccoon , or Racoon , Rackoon. Scion, or Cion. Picked, or Peaked, Piked. Ruddock ( Ornith.), or Ruddock. Scirrhosity, Skirrosity. Picket, Piquet. Ramadan ( Ramazan, Scirrhus, { Rliamadan. [-ly. Scissors, Skirrhus. Pie, tPye. ' tScissars. Piebald, Pyebald. Rancor, -ous, -ly, Rancour, -ous. Sconce, tSkonce. Piepoudre, or Piepowder. Ransom , tRansoiue. Scot-free, Shot-free. Pimento, Pimenta. Rare {adj. ), fRear. Scow, Skow. Pimpernel, Pimpinel. Rarefy, Rarify. Scrawny, Scrauny, [Scythe. Pinchers, or Pincers. Raspberry, fRasberry. Scythe, tSithe, Sythe. Pistoled, -ing, or Pistolled, -ling. Rattan, Ratan. Seamstress, tSemstress, Semp- Placard, fPlacart. Raveled, -ing, or Ravelled, -hng. Sear, Sere. [stress. Plaice (Ichth.), Plaise. [senses. Raven (plunder), Ravin. Sedlitz, Seidlita. Plain, Plane, in some Raze, -ed, -ing, Rase, -ed, -ing. Seine, tSean. Plane-sailing, Plain-sailing. Rasure, Razure. Secretaryship, Secretariship. Plaster, fPlaister. Real (coin), Rial, Ryal. Seethe, ' tSeeth. Plait (t\), Plat. Rearward, tRereward. Seignior, Signior, Signor. Plat (».), or Plot. Recall, Recal. Seigniorage, -ory, Seignorage, -ory. Plethron, or Plethrum. Recompense, Recompence. Seizin, Seisin. Pliers, fPlyers. Reconnoiter, or Reconnoitre. Seleniuret, Selenuret. Plow, or Plough. Redoubt, fRedout. Sellender, Sellander. Plumber, fPlummer. Referable, or Referrible. Selvage, or Selvedge. Plumiped, Plumipede. Reflection, Reflexion. Sentinel, tCentinel. Pluviometer, Pluviameter. Reglet, or Riglet. [deer. Sentry, fCentry, Sentery. Point-device, or Point-devise. Reindeer, Raindeer, Rane- Sepawn, orSupawr , Sepon. Poise, fPoize. Re-enforce, Re-inforce. Sepulcher, or Sepulchre. Polacca, Polacre. Re-install, -ment, Re-instal, -ment. Sequin, Chequin, Zechin. Pole-ax, or Pole-axe. Relic, fRelique. Sergeant, or Serjeant. Poltroon, fPoltron. Remiped, Remipede. Set, (n.), Sett. Polyhedron, -drous , Polyedron,-drous.Renard, or Reynard. Sevennight, or Se : nnight. Polyglot (n.), Polyglott. Rencounter, or, Rencontre. Shad, Chad. Polyp, Polype. Rennet, or Runnet. Shah, Schah Pommel, Pummel. Replier, Replyer. Shawm, or Shalm. Pommeled, -ing, Pomelled, -hng. Reposit, Reposite. Shampoo, Champoo. Ponton, or Pontoon. Resin, and Rosin. Shard (def. 1), Sherd. Pony, Poney. Resistance, &c, fResistence. [&c. Sheathe {v.), tSheath. [Sheikh. Poniard, Poignard. Restive, -ly, -ness, tRestiff, Resty, Sheik, Shaik, Scheik, Porgee,Porgy(IcA/A.),Paugie. Retch (to vomit),' Reach. [-ler. Sherbet, Scherbet, Sarbot. Porpoise, ( Porpus, Porpess, Reveled, -ing, -er, or Revelled, -ling, Sherry, tShen-is. ( Porpesse. Reverie, or Revery. Shill-I-Shall-I, or Shilly-shafly. Portray, tPourtray. Ribbon, Riband, Ribband. Shore (n.), Shoar. Porteress, or Portress. Reversible, Reversable. Shorl, or Schorl. [-hrjg. Possessor, tPossessour. Rigor, -ous, &c, Rigour, -ous, &c. Shoveled, -er, -ing or Shovelled, -ler. Postilion, tPostillion. Risk, tRisque. Show, tShew. Potato, fPotatoe. [share. Rivaled, -ing, or Rivalled, -ling. Shrillness, fShrilness. Potsherd, Potshard, Pot- Riveted, -ing, Rivetted, -ting. Shriveled, -ing, or Shrivelled, -ling. Powter ( Ornith.), Pouter. Rcc ( Ornith.), Rock, Rukh. Shuttlecock, Shittlecock. Pozzolana, or Pozzuolana. Rodomontade, fRhodomontade. Shvly, -ness, Shilv, -ness. Practice (v.), or Practise. Rondeau, Rondo. Sibyl, Sybil. Praemunire, Premunire. Rony on , Runnion. [quelo. Sidewise, Sideways. Prsenomen, Prenomen. Roquelaure, or Roquelaur, Ro- Silicious, or Siliceous. Predial, Praedial. Rotunda, Rotundo. Sillabub, or Syllabub. Premise, Premiss. Route, Rout. Simoom, or Simoon. Pretense, or Pretence. Ruble (coin), or Rouble. Siphon, Syphon. Pretermit, or Praetermit. Ruche, or Rouche. Siren, fSyren. Pretor, Praetor. Rummage, fRomage. Sirloin, or Surloin. Profane, fProphane. Rumor, &c, Rumour, &c. Sirup, or Syrup, Sir op. Protector, Protecter. Rye, fRie. Sizar, Sizer. Programme, Program, [-yde. Skein, fSkain, Skean. Protoxide, Protoxid, -yd, c! Skeptic, Sceptic. Prunella, or Prunello. [ion. ' Skillful, -ly, -ness, or Skilful, -ly, -ness Pumpkin, Pompion, Pump- Sabian, Sabean, Sabaean. Skill-less, Skilless. Puppet, fPoppet. Saber, -ed, &c, or Sabre, -d, &c. Skull (cranium), fScull. Purblind, or Poreblind. Sackbut, Sacbut. Slabber, Slobber. Jb-urr, Pur. Sainfoin, Saintfbin. Sleight, Slight (def. 2), Purslane, Purslain. Salam, Salaam. Slyly, -ness, Slily, -ness. Putrefy, fPutrify. Salep, Saleb, Salop, Saloop. Smallness, fSmalness. Pygmy, Pigmy. Salic, Salique. Smolder, or Smoulder. Pyx, Pix. Saltpeter, or Saltpetre. Smooth, fSmoothe. Samester, Samestre. Snapped, (imp.), Snapt. [-ling. O Sandaled^ or Sandalled. Sniveled, -er, -ing, or Snivelled, -er, M "" Sandarac, or Sandarach. Socage, Scccage. Quadroon, Quateron. Sandever, or Sandiver. Socle, liocle. Quarantine, ( Quarantain. Sanskrit, or \ Quarantaine. Sapajo, sSajSf: [dilla. Solan-goose („.,, '. Soland-goose, and \ Solund-goose. Quarrel, or Can-el (an arrow). Sapodilla, - Sapadillo, Sappo- Solder, &c, or Soder, &c Quarreled, -ing, or Quarrelled, -hng. Sarcenet, or Sarsenet. Soliped, Sohpede. Quartet, Quartette, Quartett. Sat, Sate. Solvable, Solvible. Quaterfoil, ) Quaterfeuille, j Quatrefofl. Satchel, Satinet, Sachel. Somber, o" Sombre. Satinett. [krout. Somers? -..it, ) Sour-crout, Sour- Somerset, j ( Summersault, \ Summerset. Quay, -age, Key, -age. Sauer-kraut, or Questor, Quaestor. Savanna, Savannah. Sonneteer, Sonnetteer. Quinsy, Quinzy, Quinsey. Savior, or Saviour. Soothe (v.), tSooth. Quintain, Quintin, [tetto. Savor, Savour. Sorrel, and Sorel. Quintette, Quintet, Quintett, Quin- Scallop, -ed, -ing, Scollop, -ed,-ing. Souchong, Soochong. Quoin, Coin. Scath, or Scathe. Spa, tSpaw, fSpaa. Scepter, -ed, or Sceptre, -tred. Spelt, Spalt. P„ Scherif, Cherif, Shereef, Sherif. Specter, or Spectre. Schist, Shist. Spew, Spue. Rabbet <* Carp.), or Rebate, &c. Schorl, or Shorl. Spinach, or Spinage. PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. xxxiii Spinel, Spinelle. Tetrahedron , Tetraedron. Verderer, or Verderor. Spite, tSpight. Tetrastich, Tetrastic. Verdigris, Verdegris Splendor, Splendour. Theater, or Theatre. Vermin, tVermine. Sponge, tSpunge. Thole, Thowl, Thowle. Verst, Werst. Sprite, Spright. Thorp, Thorpe. Vertebra, Vertebei , Vertebre. Spirt, or Spurt. Thralldom, or Thraldom. Vervain, Vervine. Spunk, Sponk. Thrash, or Thresh. Vial, Phial. Staddle, Stadle. Threshold, Threshhold. Vicious, -ly, -ness, tVitious, -ly,-ness. Stanch, or Staunch. Throe («.), Throw (def. 6.). Victualed, -er, ( Victualled, -ler, ( -ling. Stationery, tStationary. Ticking (n.), Ticken. -iug, or Steadfast, tStedfast. Tidbit, Titbit. Vigor, -ous, &c, Vigour, -ous, otc. Steelyard, fStilyard. Tie (n. & v.), tTye. Villain (def. 1.), Villein. Stillness, fStilness. Tier, Tire (n., def. 1). Villainy, -ous, or Villany, -ous. Stockade. Stoccade. Tierce, Terce. Vise, Vice. Story (a floor), Storey. Tiger, -f-Tyger. Visitor, Visiter. Strait (n., def. 2). Straight. Tincal, Tinkal. "Visor, Vizor. Strengthened Strengthner. Tithe, Tythe. Vitiate, Viciate. Strew, fStraw. Toll (v.t., def. 2), Tole. Vizier, Visier, Vizir. Strop, n. Strap. Tollbooth, Tolbooth. Volcano, fVulcano. Stupefy, Stupify. Ton, and Tun. Sty, Stye. Tonnage, and Tunnage. w. Style, tStile. Tormentor, Tormenter. Styptic, Subpoena, Stiptic. Subpena. Tourmaline, j Tourmalin, Tur- Wadsett, \ maline. Wagon, Wadset. Waggon. Subtile (thin), Subtle. Toweling, or Towelling. Waive, Wave (v. t.). Subtle (artful), Subtile. Trameled, -ing, or Tramelled, -ling. Wale, (n., def. 2), Weal. Successor, tSuccessour. Tranquilize, or Tranquillize. Walrus, Walruss. Succor, Succour. Transferable, Transferable. Warranter, and Warrantor ( Law\ Suite, Suit(».), Transference, Transference. Warrior, tWarriour. Suitor, tSuiter. Transship, -ment, Tranship, -ment. Warwhoop, tWarhoop. Sulphureted, Sulphuretted. Trapan (a snare), Trepan. [-ling. Waucht, Waught. Sumac, or Sumach Shumac. Traveler, -ed, -ing, or Traveller, -led, Waywode, Waiwode. Superior, fSuperiour. Traverse, Travers. Waul (as a cat), Wawl. Suretyship, Suretiship. Travesty, Travestie. Wear (v., Naut.), Ware, Veer. Surname, Sirname. Treadle, Treddle. Wear, (n.), Weir, Wier. Surprise, &c, Surprize, &c. Trebuchet, or Trebucket. Weasand, Wezand. Survivor, -ship, Surviver, -ship. Treenail, Trenail, Trennei. Welsh, Welch. Swainmote, 1 Sweinmote, { Swanimote. Trestle, Tressel, Trussel. Whang, Wang. Trigger, Tricker. Whelk («.), Welk, Weal. Swale (v.), or Sweal. Trevet, or Trivet. Whippletree, Whiffletree. Swap, Swart (adj.), or Swop. Swarth. Tricolor. Trihedral, %££• ™ P po„nni,, ( Whippowill. } Whipperwill. Swathe (band- ) age,) or j Swath. Trod, Trode. Whisky, or Whiskey. Trousers, or Trowsers. Whoop, fHoop. Swiple, Swipel, Swipple. Troweled, or Trowelled. Whooping-cough, fHooping-cough. Swob, -ber, &c.,or Swab, -ber, &c. Truckle-bed, Trundle-bed. Whortleberry, Huckleberry. Swollen, Swoln. Tryst, Trist. Widgeon, Wigeon. Syenite, Sienite. Tumbrel, or Tumbril. Willful, -ly, -ness or Wilful, -ly, -ness. Sylvan, Silvan. Tumor, Tumour. Windlass, Windlas, Wind- Symploce, Simploce. Tunneled, -ing, or Tunnelled, -ling. Wintery, Wintry, [laca Synonym, Synonyme. Turquois, Turkois, Turcois. Wiry, fWiery. Syphilis, Siphihs. Turnip, Turnep. Witch-elm, Wych-elm. Turnsole, Turnsol. Witch-hazel, Wych -hazel. m Tutenag, Tutenague. Withe, With (n.). * • Tweedle, Twiddle. Wivern, or Wyvern. Tabard, Tabert, Taberd. Twibil, Twibill. Wizard, fWisard. Tabbinet, Tabinet. Tymbal, Timbal. Wizen, Wizzen, Weazen. Tabor, &c, Tabour, &c. Tyro, tTiro. Woe, Wo. Taffeta, or Taffety. Woful, or Woeful. Taffrail, Tafferel. •wj Wondrous, tWonderous. Tailage, Talliage, Taillage, Tallage * Woodbine, tWoodbind. Talc, Talk, Talck. Umber, Umbre. Woolen, -ette, or Woollen, -ette. Tallness, fTalness. Unbiased, Unbiassed. Worshiper ,-ed, &c ., or Worshipper, -ped. Tambour, Tambor. Unboweled, or Unbowelled. Wrack, Wreck (rfe/. 4). ( Tambourin, Tarn- and others of the same class. Wye, or Y. Tambourine, X borine, Tam- Unroll, Unrol. ( barine. Until, Untill. Y. Tarantula. Tarentula. Tarpaulin, { Tarpauling, ( Tarpawling. tt Yataghan, v * Yaup, Ataghan. Yaulp. Tasseled, -ing, or Tasselled, -ling. Vaivode, or Waiwode. lawl(w.), tYaul. Tasses, Tassets, Tasces. Valise, Vallise. [-ously.Yelk, or Yolk. Taut (IVav.), Taught. Valor, -ous, -ously Valour, -ous. Yttria, -urn, Ittria, -um. Tawny, Tawney. Vantbrace, Vantbrass, Vam- Tease, Teaze. Vapor, Vapour. [brace. z. Teasel, Teasle, Teazle. Vat, fFat. Teetotal, Teatotal. Veil, Vail. Zaffer, Zaffar, Zaffir, Zafifre. Tenable, Tenible. Vedette, Vidette. Zinc, Zinck. Tenor, Tenour. Vender, or Vendor. Zinciferous, or Zinkiferous. Tenuirosters, Tenuirostres. Venomous, •jVenemous. Zonnar, Zonar. Terror, tTerrour. C Veranda, Verandah. Zymometer, Zumometer. PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. PREFIXES. A. Aj a prefix to many English words, is in some cases a contraction of the prepositions on, in, at, of, to, for ; as in ttsleep for in sleep or on sleep, ablaze for in a blaze, aboard for on board, afoot for on foot, aground for on the ground, adays for on days, ado for to do, await for wait for. In other cases, it is contracted from the A.-S. in- separable particle ge- (in Gothic ga-), which forms verbs from verbs, substantives, adjectives, and is a sort of aug- ment to the past participle. Jn some cases, it only in- creases the force of the word, without any essential addi- tion of meaning, as in afar. — In some words of Greek origin, a is privative, giving to them a negative sense ; as in apathetic : before a vowel it becomes an ; as in an- onymous, from ovofia, name. In a few words of Latin origin, it is another form of the prefix ab (q. v.) ; as in avert. Ab, a prefix to words of Latin origin, and a Latin preposi- tion, as in abduct, is the same as the Greek oltto, Skr. apa, Goth, af, A.-S. and Eng. of. It denotes from, sep- aration, or departure. Before c and t, it is generally changed into abs, as in abscess, abscond, abstain, abs- temious. See A. Ad. [Cf. W. at, to, toward, Goth., Icel., and Eng. at.] A Latin preposition, signifying to, as in adhere. — In composition, the last letter is usually changed into the first letter of the word to which it is prefixed. Thus for adclamare, the Romans wrote acclamare ; for adgrediere, ag-grediere ; for adfirmare, a/firmare ; for adlegere, al- legere ; for adponere, apponere ; for adripere, ampere ; for adseribere, ascribere ; for adtinere, aftinere. Al. 1. In Arabic, an article or inseparable prefix, an- swering to the Italian il, and the Sp. el. Its use is to render nouns definite, like the English the; as. Alk.oran, the Koran, or the Book, by eminence ; alcove, alchemy, alembic, almanac, &c. 2. A form of the Latin prefix ad. See Ad. Amb. [Lat. ambi, amb, am, an (as in an?bidens, am- bages, araicire, anhelare), Gr. ajui^t, A.-S. emb, ymb, N. H. Ger. um.] About; around; — a prefix used in com- position in words derived from the Latin ; as in ambient, ambition, &c. Am'phi, n. [Gr. a\x^>C. See supra.] A prefix in words of Greek origin, signifying about, around, on both sides, _on all sides, &c. ; as in amphibious, amphitheater. A'na. [Gr. avd.] A prefix in words from the Greek, denoting on, upon, upward, up to, throughout, backward, back to, again, previously, or against; as in analogy, analytic, anatomy. Ant-, I [Gr. avTL, against.] A prefix in many words An'ti-. ) from the Greek, meaning against, over against, or opposed to ; as in antarctic, antidote, antipathy, an- tithesis. An'te. A Latin preposition, the Gr. avri, A.-S. & Goth. and (cf. Answer) ; much used in the composition of English words, especially in words from the Latin and Greek languages. It signifies before in place, in front; and figuratively, before in time. Examples are ante- _chamber, antecedent, antediluvian. A'po. [Gr. ano. See Ab.] A Greek preposition used in composition, and signifying from, away from, off, or asunder; as in apoplexy, apothecary, apologue. B. Be prefix, a3 in because, before, beset, bedeck, become, is originally the same word as by; A.-S. be and b\ or big, Goth. bi. It denotes nearness, closeness, about, on, at, and generally has an intensive force, though it is some- times apparently insignificant. Bl. [From Lat. bis, twice, which in composition drops the 5.] 1. In most branches of science, bi in composi- | tion denotes two, twice, doubly ; as, bi dentate, two- toothed ; biternate, doubly ternate, &c. 2. (Chem.) Bi in composition denotes that the com- pound contains two parts or equivalents of the first- mentioned ingredient to one of the other; thus, a bi- chromate of potash contains two parts of chromic acid to one of potash. Bis, adv. [Lat. bis, twice, for duis, from duo, two, like bellum from duellum.] Twice. See Bi. Cat/a. [Gr. Kara..] The Latin and English form of a Greek preposition used in composition to signify down,' downward , down upon, downright, completely , &c. ; as in cataclysm, catacomb, catalogue, cataract. It some- times drops the final vowel, as in catoptric ; and is some- times changed to cath, as in cataartic, cataolic. Qir'-eum« [Accusative of circus, a circle, Gr. /ctp/cos.] A Latin preposition, used as a prefix in many English words ; as in circumscribe, circumsnect, circumvent. In circuit, circuitous, &c, the m is dropped. •Com- or -Con-. [The same as cum, which is akin to Gr. o-uv, old Attic £vv.] A Latin preposition signifying with or against, used in composition as an inseparable prefix. The form com is used before the labials b, p, and on, and con before the other consonants. Before I, however, con or com is changed into col, as in collect, from colligere; before r into cor, as in corrupt, from corrumpere, cor- ruptum ; while before a vowel or h, the n or m is dropped, as in co-operate, coalesce, cohabit, &c. Con'tra. A Latin preposition, signifying against, in op- position, entering into the composition of some English words : as, contradict, contravene, &c. It is properly the ablative of an adjective, conterus (formed from con, with), which is not in use. In old English, it took the form counter ; as in counteract. Co. See Con. Coun'ter. See Contra. D. De. A Latin prefix denoting a moving from, separation ; as in debark, decline, decease, deduct, decamp. Hence, it often expresses a negative, as in arrange. Sometimes it augments the sense, as in deprave, despoil. It coin- cides nearly in sense with the French des and Latin clis. Di. 1. [Gr. Sis, twice.] In chemistry, a prefix denoting two equivalents of the substance indicated by the noun following that of which the prefix forms a part ; as, bi- chloride of mercury ; i. e., a compound formed of two equivalents of mercury and one of chlorine. 2. See DIS. Dl'a. [Gr. did, akin to Lat. dis.] A prefix denoting through, right through; as in diameter, diagram, dia- logue. Dis (91). A prefix or inseparable preposition, from the Latin (whence Fr. des), denoting separation, a parting from, as in distribute, disconnect ; hence it generally has the force of a privative and negative, as in disarm, dis- oblige, disagree. It sometimes passes into the forms di and dif; as in divert, differ, diffuse. Dys-. An inseparable prefix, from the Greek 8v.] A termination of verbs from the Greek, Ise. ) or of verbs formed on the same model, and de- moting to make, to cause to be, to become ; as, agonize, characterize, tantalize, criticise, exorcise. K. Kin. [A.-S. cyn, cynd, kin, kind, offspring, race ; Goth. kuni, Icel. kyn, aliied to Lat. genus, Gr. ■y e '" s> yovog.] A diminutive termination of English words, denoting small, from the sense of child ; as in lamb&in, manmirin, napkin, pipkin. L. Ee. A diminutive termination; as in crumbZe, bundle, girdie, joggle, fondle, dinip/e, throttle. Less. A terminating syllable of many nouns and some adjectives. It is the A.-S. leas, Goth. Idus, allied to Eng. loose, fr. A.-S. leosan, Goth, liusan, Eug. lose. Hence it is a privative word, denoting destitution ; as, a witZess man, a man destitute of wit ; childless, without children ; fatherless,' faithless ; penniless; lawless. Eet. [French dim. termination et, as in islet, eaglet, cir- clet, goblet, floweret, baronet, with I inserted, as in stream- let, branchlet, ringlet.] A termination of diminutives ; as, hamlet, a little house ; rivulet, a small stream. Eing. [A.-S.] A termination denoting state, condition, offspring, or progeny ; as iu hire^in^-, earthling, world- Zing-, foundling, darling, firstling, underling, starling, ground-ling, gosling, sapling. Ey . [0. Eng. lich, being an abbreviation of A. Sax. lie, like, Goth, leiks, Icel. ligr, I'kr.] A termination of adjectives ; as in lovely, manly, that is, loxe-like, man-like. It is also a termination of adverbs [0. Eng. liche, A.-S. lice, Goth. Itiko, Icel. liga]. M. Ment. A termination of nouns (formed often from verbs) j as, engagement, management, impediment. Mo-ny. [Lat. -monium, -monia.] A termination of nouns from the Latin, signifying action or an active fac- ulty, being, or a state of being, viewed abstractly ; as, ali- mony, matrimony, testimony. N. Ness. [A.-S. ness, niss, Goth, nassus.] A termination of abstract names, denoting state or quality ; as in blindness, goodness, greatness, sweetness. O. Oek. [A.-S. ca or -uca.] A diminutive termination of nouns ; as in bullock, hillock, mattock, paddock. Or. A termination of Latin nouns, denoting an agent; as in actor, creditor. It is annexed to many words of XXXV111 LANGUAGES KINDRED TO THE ENGLISH. English origin ; as in lessor. In general, or is annexed to words of Latin, and er to chose of English, origin. See Er. O-ry. [Lat. -onus.] A termination of words from the Latin, denoting of, or pertaining to; as, amatory, conso- latory, promissory, satisfactory. Ose, I [Lat. -o.sus, -us.] A' termination of English adjec- Ous. ) tives, many of which are derived directly from the Latin ; as, dubious, conscious, atrocious, operose, verbose. R. Ki-e. [Goth, reiki, dominion, A.-S. rice, or ric ; from the same root as Lat. regere, to rule, and region.] A termi- nation signifying jurisdiction, or a district over which government is exercised ; as, bishopric. S. Ship. [A.-S. scipe, scype, from scyppan, sceppan, to mold, form, shape.] A termination denoting state, office, dignity, profession, or art ; as in lordship, friendship, chancellors/*//*, stewards/*?/), horsemans/n/>. Some. [A.-S. sum, Goth, sama, like, the same.] A ter- mination of certain adjectives. It indicates a considera- ble degree of the thing or quantity ; as, mettlesome, full of mettle or spirit ; gladsome, very glad or joyous. Ster. [A.-S. estre, istre.] A termination, as in drugs^er, gamesfer, songster, spinster, denoting skill or occupation. It was originally applied to denote the female agent in an action. Thus, songster signified, at first, a female who sings; but the ending ster having at length, in a measure, lost its peculiar force, the feminine termination ess was appended to it ; thus, songster became songs*re« with a double ending. T, ) [A.-S.] A termination of abstract nouns of Anglo- Tli. ) Saxon origin ; as, depth, growth, strength, weaftA, drift, gift, theft. Tion. See ION. Tu.de. [Lat. -tudo.] A termination of abstract nouns from the Latin, signifying action or an active faculty, being, or a state of being; as, amplitude, fortftutfe, grati- tude, solitude. Ty. [Lat. -tas, -tatis, Fr. te.] A termination of words denoting action or an active faculty, being, or a state of being, viewed abstractly; as, antiquity, difficulty, hu- mility, necessity. U. Ure. [Lat. -ura.] A termination of words derived from the Latin (often through the Italian or French), and denoting action or an active faculty, being, or a state of being, viewed abstractly ; as, creature, fracture, legis- lature, nature, superstructure. W. "Ward, or Wardg. [A-S. -weard, -weardes ; Goth. v'airlhs, allied to Lat. vertere, to turn, versus, toward.] A suffix used in the composition of a large class of words, and denoting direction, or tendency to, motion toward, and the like ; as, in upward, onwards. LANGUAGES KINDEED TO THE ENGLISH. § 1. Anglo-Saxon, Teutonic, Indo-European. The English language is the descendant and representative of the Anglo-Saxon. It has lost very much of the inflection, and very many of the words, which belonged to the parent language ; and, on the other hand, it has borrowed words very largely, to the extent even of half its vocabulary, from other languages, especially the French and the Latin. Yet all the inflections that remain in it, and most of its formative endings, the pronouns and particles, and, in gen- eral, the words which are in most freauent and familiar use, have come to it from the Anglo-Saxon. With all its mixture of foreign elements, it is still a Teutonic language, like the German, Dutch, Swedish, Danish, and others. These again make one branch in that great family of lan- guages, which, as it extends from India westward, and cov- ers nearly the entire area of Europe, is called Indo-Euro- pean. Among all families of kindred tongues, the Indo- European is pre-eminent, both for the perfection of its or- ganic structure, and for the value of its literary monuments. The parent of the whole family, the one primitive Indo- European language, has left no such monument of itself; but its forms and roots may be made out, to a great ex- tent, by the scientific comparison of the languages which are descended from it. The main branches of the Indo- European family are the following : — § 2. I. The Indian. The Sanskrit of the four Vedas, the sacred books of the Brahman religion, is more ancient than the common or classical Sanskrit. Even the latter had ceased to be the language of common life as early as the third century before Christ. It was succeeded by the Prakrit dialects, one of which, the Pali, is the sacred lan- guage of the Buddhists in Ceylon and Further India. These, in their turn, were succeeded by the modern idioms of Northern Hindustan, the Bengali, Marat hi, Guzerathi, and others. The Hindustani (or Urdu), formed in the camps and courts of the Mohammedan conquerors of India, is largely intermixed with Persian and Arabic. The widely- scattered Gypsies speak, with great diversity of dialect, a language which is clearly of Indian stock. § 3. II. The Iranian. To this branch belong, 1. The Zend, which is believed to have been the language of an- cient Bactria, and is preserved in the Avesta, or sacred writings of the Parsis. 2. The Old Persian, which is seen in the cuneiform (or arrow-headed) inscriptions of Darius and Xerxes. The modern Persian has lost nearly all the ancient inflection, and with the Mohammedan religion has adopted a multitude of words from the Arabic. Other lan- guages belonging to this branch are those of the Kurds, the Afghans, the Ossetes (in the Caucasus), and the ancient and modern Armenians. The Indian and Iranian are often classed together as forming the Indo-Persian or Aryan branch of our family. § 4. III. The Greek. Of its numerous dialects, the first to receive literary culture was the Old Ionic or Epic, followed by the JEolic, the Doric, the New Ionic, and finally the Attic, which became at length, though with some change of form, the common language of literature and society. It is represented now by the Romaic or Modern Greek. The Albanian, spoken in a large part of modern Greece, is supposed to be a descendant of the ancient Illyrian. § 5. IV. The Latin. This is often joined with the preceding, as the Greco-Latin, or Classical branch. Closely akin to Latin were the other Italian languages — the Os- can, Umbrian, etc. — in Central Italy. The modern de- scendants of the Latin are called the Romance languages. They are the Italian, the Spanish, the Portuguese, the Pro- vencal (of Southern France, used in the middle ages as a literary language), and the French (originally the popular dialect of Northern France). All these contain a small proportion of Teutonic words, brought in by the barbarian conquerors of the Western Roman Empire. But another Romance language — that of the Wallac/iians, the descend- ants of the Romanized Dacians — is largely intermixed with borrowed words, taken chiefly from the neighboring Slavonic tribes. §6. V. The CELTIC. This branch is divided by strong- ly-marked differences into two sections: 1. The Gaelic, including the Irish (or native language of Ireland), the .Erse (or Highland Scotch), and the Manx (the corrupt id- iom of the Isle of Man). The last two are little more than dialects of the Irish. 2. The Cymric, including the Welsh (or native language of Wales), the Cornish (which was spoken in Cornwall, but went out of use in the last cent ury), and the Armorican (spoken in the French province of Britanny, the ancient Armorica). The oldest manuscript specimens of the Gaelic belong to the close of the eighth century : for the Cymric , the oldest which are at all copi- ous, aiv "Miree or four centuries later. LANGUAGES KINDRED TO THE ENGLISH. XXXIX § 7. VI. The Slavonic. The earliest monument is the version of the Bible, made in the ninth century, by the Greek missionaries Cyril and Methodius, into the Old Slavonic, the idiom spoken by the Bulgarians of that time. This widely-diffused class of languages divides itself into two principal sections : 1. The eastern and southern Sla- vonic, including the Russian, the Bulgarian, and the three lllyrian idioms, Servian, Croatian, and Slovenic. 2. The western Slavonic, including the Polish, the Bohemian ( with the Moravian and Slovack dialects), the Lusatian or Wen- dish, and the extinct Polabian. § 8. VII. The Lithuanian. The language of Lithu- ania has no monuments older than the middle of the six- teenth century ; but it has preserved in a surprising degree the ancient inflection and structure. To the same stock belong the Lettish of Courland and Livonia, which is much less ancient in its form, and the Old Prussian, which was once spoken on the coast of the Baltic east of the Vistula, but became extinct in the seventeenth century. The con- nection between this and the preceding branch is such that they are often classed together as the Letto-Slavic languages. §9. VIII. The Teutonic. Here again the earliest monument is a version of the Bible, made by Ulfilas, an Arian bishop of the fourth century, into his native Gothic (or Mceso- Gothic), the language spoken at that time by ttie Goths on the Lower Danube. This work is preserved only in fragments, but these are of considerable extent, and are of inestimable value to the philologist. Among the Teu- tonic languages we distinguish, — § 10. 1. The High Germanic, in upper or Southern Germany. The Old High German is seen in Otfrid's Krist. Notker's Translation of the Psalms, and other monuments, most of them in verse, from the eighth century to the end of the eleventh. The Middle High German, from the twelfth to the fifteenth century, has a rich poetical litera- ture, including the Nibelungen Not with its attendant epics, and the lyric poetry of the Minnesinger. The Nero High German is the language of Luther's Bible-version and of all German literature since the Reformation. § 11. 2. The Low Germanic, in Northern Germany and the Netherlands. Here belong, (a.) The Friesic, which was once spoken along the whole northern coast of Germany, from the Elbe westward. Its early monuments consist almost wholly of laws, beginning with the fourteenth cen- tury. For a long time it has existed only as a popular idiom, and is now confined to a few small and scattered localities, (b.) The Anglo-Saxon (sometimes called simply Saxon), which in the fifth and sixth centuries was trans- planted from North-eastern Germany to Britain, and has had its subsequent development and history in that island, (c.) The Old Saxon, which was spoken in Northern Germany between the Rhine and the Elbe, south of the narrow sea- coast region, which was occupied by the Friesic. It is known almost solely from the Heliand (i. e., Savior), a metrical narration of the gospel history, preserved in manuscripts of the ninth century. The language of the Netherlands in the same period can not have differed much from the Old Saxon, which may be regarded as the common parent of the two following idioms, (d.) The Dutch, or Low Dutch, j spoken in Holland, and used in literature since the last part of the thirteenth century. The Flemish, spoken in Flanders, is a dialect of the Dutch, (e.) The Low German, strictly so called (or Plattdeutsch), the idiom of the com- mon people in Northern Germany. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, it was used as a literary language ; but political circumstances, giving ascendency to the High Ger- man, have reduced it to the inferior position of a popular dialect. § 12. 3. The Norse, or Scandinavian. The Old Norse is also called Old Icelandic, as most of its abundant litera- ture (Eddas, Sagas, etc.) was composed in Iceland. Ihe oldest manuscripts in which it is preserved are of the thir- teenth century ; but many of its productions are of earlier origin, going back even to the heathen tines of Scandina- via. The modern Icelandic has adhered with rtmaikable fidelity to the forms of the ancient language. But the modern idioms of the Scandinavian mainland, the Kurdish, and, still more, the Danish (of which the Norwegian is only a dialect), have undergone extensive changes. § 13. Languages not kindred to the English. The Indo-European family has no isolated domain, but comes in contact with various other families of languages. It is bounded along its v\hole northern frontier by the Tartaric (or Tataric) family (called also the Turanian, or the Altaic), which includes the numerous and widely-different languages of the Manchoos, the Mongols, the Turks (in Asia and Europe), the Magyars (in Hungary), the Finns, and a multitude of other tribes. To the south-east, it touches on the so-called Dravidian family, the Tamil and its sister idioms in Ceylon and Southern India. In South-western Asia it is in contact with a more remarkable family, — the Semitic, — including the Hebrew, fcyriac, Arabic, and Ethiopic, with their ancient and important literatures. Even in Scuth-western Europe, it is doubtful whether the ancient Etruscan belonged to our family. It is perfectly clear that the ancient Iberian did not belong to it, which was once the prevailing language of the Spanish peninsula, and which still lives, on the two sides of the Pyrenees, in the strange language called Basque (Biscayan, or Euscarra). Whether the Indo-European has a primitive connection with any of the adjacent families, is a question which has not been, and perhaps never will be, decided by philologi- cal evidence. At all events, it is certain that between Welsh and Sanskrit, distant as they are in space and time, there is an infinitely closer connection than between the neighboring pairs of Russian and Finnish, German and Hungarian, or Greek and Hebrew. It is true that some languages of our family have borrowed particular words from languages pf other families. The English, for ex- ample, has taken from the Hebrew such words as shekel, cherub, seraph, jubilee, pharisee, cabala, etc. ; and from some of them has formed derivatives, such as seraphic, jubilant, pharisaical, pharisaism, cabalist, cabalistical, etc. But this borrowing can only occur where there are histori- cal conditions that favor it: even then it has its limits and its distinctive marks, and must not be confounded with a radical affinity between two languages. All etymologizing which assumes or implies a radical affinity between English °.nd Hebrew, English and Finnish, or the like, is, in the present state of philology, unscientific and illusory. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK. a. . stands for adjective. abbrev abbreviated. abl ablative. ace accusative. adv adverb. Agric Agriculture. Am., Amer. . . .America, American. Anat Anatomy. Antiq Antiquities. aor aorist. Ar Arabic. Arch Architecture. Arith Arithmetic. Armor Armorican. A.-S Anglo-Saxon. Astrol Astrology. Astron Astronomy. aug augmentative. Bib Biblical. Bot Botany. Braz Brazilian. Carp Carpentry. Catal Catalan. Celt Celtic. Cf. Confer (compare). Chald Chaldee. Cliem Chemistry. Chin Chinese. Ckron Chronology. Civ Civil. Colloq., coll. . .Colloquial, colloquially. Com Commerce, Common. comp compound, compound- compar comparative. [ed. Conch Conchology . conj conjunction. conlr contracted, contraction. Corn Cornish. corrupt corrupted, corruption. Copt Coptic. J> .....Butch. Dan Banish. dat dative. def. definition. dim diminutive. Eccl. . . . .Ecclesiastical. Eccl. Hist. . . .Ecclesiastical History. e. g exempli gratia (for ex- Elec Electricity. [ample). Eng England, English. Engin Engineering. Entom Entomology. equiv equivalent. esp especially. etym etymology. f. feminine. Fig Figurative, figuratively. Fort Fortification. fr from. Fr French. freq frequentative. fut future. Gael Gaelic. Galv Galvanism. gen generally, genitive. Geog Geography. Geol Geology. Geom Geometry. Ger German. Goth Gothic. Gr Greek. Gram Grammar. rxl) H. stands for High. Heb Hebrew. Her Heraldry. Hist History. Hort Horticulture. Hung Hungarian. hypoth hypothetical. Ichth Ichthyology. Icel Icelandic. i. e id est (that is). imp 4 m P ei, f ec *- inf. infinitive. intens intensive. inter j interjection. Ir Irish. It Italian. Join Joinery. L Low. hat Latin. Lit. , lit Literally, literally. Lit Literature. M. Middle. m masculine. Mach Machinery. Malay Malayan. Math Mathematics. Mech ■ Mechanics. Med Medicine. Metal Metallurgy. Metaph Metaphysics. Meteor Meteorology. Mil Military. Min Mineralogy. Mus .Music. Myth Mythology. N. New. n noun. Nat. Hist Natural History. Naut Nautical. neut neuter. Norm. Fr. ...Norman French. Numis Numismatics. O Old. Obs Obsolete. Opt Optics. orig original, originally. Ornith Ornithology. p participle. p. a participial adjective. Paint Painting. Paleon Paleontology. pass passive. Pathol Pathology. Per Persian. perh perhaps. pers person. Pg Portuguese. Philos Philosophy. Photog Photography. Phren Phrenology. Physiol Physiology. pi plural. Poet Poetry, poetical. Pol Polish. Polit. Econ. . .Political Economy. p. p participle past. p.pr participle present. Pr Provencal. pref. prefix. prep preposition. pret preterit. prin. stands for principally. Print Printing. priv privative. Prob., prob. ..probably. Pron.,pron... \ Pronunciation, pro- '•* I nounced; pronoun prop properly. Pros Prosody. Prov Provincial. q. v quod vide (which see). Rhet Rhetoric. Rom. . Roman. Rom. Cath. . B.oman Catholic. Russ Russian. Sax Saxon. [stood) sc scilicet (being under- Scot Scotland, Scottish. Script Scripture, scriptural. Sculp Sculpture. sing singular. Skr „... Sanskrit. Slav Slavonic. Sp Spanish. superl superlative. Surg Surgery. Surv Surveying. Sw Swedish. Syn S3 nonyms. Syr Syriac. term termination. Theol Theology. ' Trans Translation. Turk Turkish. Typog Typography. U.S United States. v verb. vb. n verbal noun. v.i verb intransitive. v. t .verb transitive. W. Welsh. Zo'dl Zoology. *#* In this Bictionary, words from foreign languages, both ancient and modern, are usually printed in Italics, though many of them are not ordi- narily so printed in other works ; as, Addendum, Alguazil, Alibi. %* Compound words, which in or- dinary writing and printing have their constituent parts separated by a hy- phen, are here distinguished from those which are usually and properly written and printed without one, by the use of a heavier hyphen than that em- ployed for the mere division of words into syllables ; as, Able-bodied. Words having prefixes or initial syllables which are commonly separated from the other syllables by a hjphen, are distinguished in the same way ; as, Re-enforce, Electro-magnetic. %* For the " KEY TO THE PRO- NUNCIATION ," see page vi. It is de- sirable that those who use this Bic- tionary should make themselves famil- iar with the Key, as they will then find it easy to understand the notation by which the pronunciation of every word is expressed. DICTIONAKY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Al. The first letter of the alphabet in most of the • known languages of the earth. It is naturally the first letter, because it represents the first Tocal sound naturally formed by the organs of speech ; namely, that heard in far, mast, &c. See Prin. of Pron., §§ 2-8, 44, 45. 2. An adjective, commonly called the indefinite article, and signifying one or any, but less emphatically. It is placed before nouns of the singular number denot- ing an individual object, before collective nouns, and also before plural nouns when the adjective few or the phrase great many is interposed. It is a contraction of the Anglo-Saxon an, or ane, one, and is substituted for an, for the sake of euphony, before all words beginning with a consonant sound, except words beginning with the sound of k and having the accent on any other syllable than the first ; as, a table, a woman, a year, a unit, a eulogy, a oneness, &c. Formerly, an was used before both vowel and consonant sounds. 3. (Mus.) The nominal of the sixth tone in the model major scale ( that in C), or of the first tone of the minor scale, which is named after it the scale in A minor. A sharp (A {), the name of a musical tone intermediate between A and B.— A fat (A \y), the name of a tone intermediate between A and G-. Aa-ron'i«, \ a. Pertaining to Aaron or to his priestly Aa-ron'ie-al, j office. A-baclt', adv. ( Naut. ) Backward, against the mast ; — said of the sails when pressed by the wind. Taken aback, taken by surprise ; unexpectedly baffled. Ab'a~eus, n. "[Lat.] (Arch.) 1. The upper plate upon the capital of a column, support- ing the architrave. 2. An in- strument for performing arith- metical calculations by means of sliding balls or counters. A-baft' (6), prep. (Naut.) Towards the stern from; back of ; farther back than. Ab-al'ien-ate (-al'yen-), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ABAEIEN- ATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ABALIENATING.] [Lat. abalie- nare ; ah and alienus, foreign. See Alienate.] (Law.) To_transfer the title of from one to another. Ab-aFien-a'tion, n. (Laio.) Act of abalienating. A-ban'don, v. t. [imp. & p. p. abandoned ; p. pr. & vb. n. ABANDONING.] [Fr. abandonner, fr. Lat. ad, and Low Lat. bandum, proclamation, interdiction.] To give up wholly and finally, or with a view never to resume. Syn. — To relinquish ; forsake ; desert ; surrender ; leave ; forego. — We leave what we may again resume, as an employ- ment; we abandon what we give up finally, as vice; we relin- quish what we have prized or sought, as a claim or hopes; we desert what we ought to adhere to, as duty ; we surrender (usu- ally under a necessity) what we have held as our own or in trust, as a fortress ; we renounce a thing publicly or as a duty, as allegiance or the world; we forego an enjoyment; we/or- sake what we have frequented, as society. A-ban'doned, p. a. Given up entirely, as to a vice. Syn. — Forsaken; deserted; profligate; depraved; corrupt; reprobate. — A reprobate is one so utterly abandoned as to leave no hope of his recovery; a profligate is one who is openly and shamelessly wicked; a man may be corrupt or de- ABB id in heart without showing it in his outward life, and ience he may not be forsaken or deserted by the virtuous. A-ban'don-ee', n. (Law.) One to whom a thing is abandoned. A-ban'don-er, n. One who abandons. A-ban'don-ment, n. Act of abandoning, or state of being abandoned ; entire desertion or relinquishment. A-base', v. t. [imp. & p. p. abased (a-basf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. ABASING.] [Fr. abaisser, from Lat. basis, base.] To bring low, as to the ground ; to cast down. Syn.— To depress; degrade; reduce; humiliate; humble. A-base'ment, n. Act of abasing, or bringing very low. Syn. — Humiliation ; depression; degradation. — Abasement is a humbling, as of the proud ; debasement is a corrupting; as of coin ; depression is a sinking down, as of spirits; degradation is a bringing down from a higher rank or grade, as of a peer. A-bash', v. t. [imp. & p. p. abashed (a-bash t') ; p.pr. & vb. n. ABASHING.] [Fr. abaisser. See ABASE.] T» destroy the self-possession of, as by exciting suddenly a consciousness of guilt, error, inferiority, or the like ; to strike with sudden shame or fear. Syn. — To confuse; confound. — We are confused when we lose our self-possession ; we are confounded when our faculties are overwhelmed and brought to a stand. A-bash'ment, n. Confusion from shame, fear, or the A-bat'a-ble, a. Capable of being abated. [like. A-bate', v. t. [imp. & p. p. abated ; p. pr. & vb. n. ABATING.] [Fr. abattre, from Lat. ab and batuere, to strike.] Literally, to beat or batter down ; hence, to bring down or reduce from a higher to a lower state, number, degree, or the like ; to diminish ; to lessen ; specifically (Law), (a.) to cause to fail, as a writ ; (b.) to destroy, as a nuisance ; (c.) to enter into a freehold after the death of the last possessor, and before the heir or devisee takes possession. A-bate', v.i. 1. To decrease ; to become less in strength or violence. 2. To be defeated ; to fail, as a writ. Syn.— To decline; subside; diminish. — Lessen, decrease, diminish, refer to quantity or size; decline is to fall off; abate supposes previous violence, as the storm abates; subside previ- ous commotion, as the tumult subsides. A-bate'ment, n. Act of abating, or state of being abated; decrease; specifically, (a.) a remitting, as of a tax ; (b.) failure, as of a writ ; (c. ) removal, as of a nui* sance ; (d.) entry of a stranger into a freehold after the death of the last possessor, before the heir or devisee. Syn. — Lessening; decline; deduction; reduction; mitiga- tion; diminution; discount. Ab'a-tis, \n. [Fr. See Abate.] (Fort.) A row of Ab'at-tis, J sharpened branches of trees turned outward for defense. A-bat'or, n. One who, without right, enters into a free- hold on the death of the last possessor, before the heir or devisee ; one who prostrates or removes a nuisance. Abattoir (a'batfwor'), n. [Fr.] A public slaughter- house in a city. Abb, n. [A.-S. ab, ob.] Among weavers, yarn for the warp. Hence, abb-wool is wool for the abb. a, e, &c, long; a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf , food, fdbt; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise", -eall, e"eho ; gem, get; a§; ejist ; linger, link"; this- 1 ABBA ABLE Ab'bd, n. A Syriac word meaning father, used to denote a religious superior. AbHoa-cy, n. The condition or privileges of an abbot. Ab-ba/tial, a. Pertaining to an abbey. AJbbd (ab'ba), n. [Fr.] Originally, an abbot ; but now an ecclesiastic without charge, devoted to teaching, liter- ature, &c. AbHbess, n. The governess of a nunnery. AbHbey, n. ; pi. AB'BEYg. 1. A residence of monks or nuns. 2. The dwelling of an abbot. 3. A church at- tached to a monastery, as Westminster Abbey. Syn.— Monastery; cloister; convent; nunnery; priory.— The distinctions will be found under the several words. AbHbot, n. [Lat. abba, gen. abbatis. See ABBA.] Head of a society of monks ; superior or governor of an abbey. AbHbot-sliip, n. The state or office of an abbot. Ab-bre'vi-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. abbreviated ; p. pr. & vb. n. ABBREVIATING.] [Lat. ab and breviare, to shorten.] To bring within less space ; to make briefer ; to reduce by contraction or omission. Syn.— To abridge; contract; curtail; compress; condense. Ab-bre'vi-a'tion, n. 1. The act of abbreviating. 2. The form to which a word or phrase is reduced by con- traction or omission; as Gen. for Genesis. 3. (Mus.) One dash, or more, through the stem of a note, di- p viding it respectively into quavers, semiquavers, or ^J demisemiquavers. ^ Ab-bre'vi-a/tor, n. One who abbreviates or reduces to a smaller compass. Ab-bre'vi-a-to-ry, a. Abbreviating ; shortening. Ab-bre'vi-a-tftre (53), n. 1. An abbreviation, 2. An abridgment or compend. A, B, C. The first three letters of the alphabet, used for the whole alphabet. Ab'di-eant, n. One who abdicates. Ab'di-eate, v. t. [imp. &p.p. abdicated ; p.pr. & vb. n. ABDICATING.] [Lat. abdicare, from ab and dicare, intensive form of dicer e, to say.] To give up right or claim to ; to withdraw from (as an office) with or with- out formal resignation. Syn. — To relinquish; renounce; forsake; quit. Ab'di-eate, v. i. To relinquish an office, right, power, trust, or the like, with or without resigning. Ab'di-ea'tion, n. The abandonment of a public office or of a right or trust, with or without a formal surrender. Ab'di-ea'tive, a. Causing, or implying, abdication. Ab'di-to-ry, n. [Low Lat. abditorium.] A place for secreting or preserving goods. Ab-do'men, n. [Lat.] 1. (Anat.) The belly, or the upper part of the belly. 2. (Entom.) The most pos- terior of the sections into which the body is divided. [The Lat. pi. Abdom'ina is sometimes used.] Ab-dom'i-nal, a. Pertaining to the abdomen. Ab-dom/i-mal, n. A kind of fish, like salmon, &c, with ventral fins back of the pectoral. Ab-dom'i-nous, a. Having a big belly ; pursy. Ab-duce', v. t. [imp. Ikp.p. abduced ; p.pr. & vb. n. ABDUCING.j [Lat. abducere, from ab and ducere, to lead.] To draw away ; to draw to a different part. Ab-diiet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. abducted ; p. pr. & vb. n. ABDUCTING.] [Lat. abductus, p. p. of abducere. See ABDUCE .] To take away by stealth or by unlawful force. Ab-diie'tion, n. The act of abducing or abducting ; a drawing or carrying away, especially of a person, by fraud, or stealth, or force. Ab-tTiie'tor, n. 1. A person guilty of abduction. 2. {Anat.) A muscle which serves to draw a part out or from the median line of the body. A-beam', adv. (Naut.) On the beam ; at right angles to the ship's keel. A-bear'ance, n. (Law.) Behavior ; demeanor. A'be-ce-da'ri-an, n. One who teaches or who learns the a, b, c, or letters of the alphabet ; an alphabetarian. A -bed', adv._ In bed ; on the bed. A-bele', or A'bel-tree, n. The white poplar. AHbel-mosk, n. The musk-mallow, or Syrian mallow. Ab-er'rance, n. [Lat. aberrare, aberrans, from ab and errare, to wander.] Deviation from rectitude. Ab-er'rant, a. 1. Straying from the right way. 2. Exceptional; abnormal. Ab'er-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of wandering ; deviation, es- pecially from truth or moral rectitude, or from the natural state. 2. [Med.) Alienation of mind. 3. (Astron.) A small periodical change of position in a star or other heavenly body. A-bet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. abetted ; p. pr. & vb. n ABETTING.] [0. Fr. abeter, from the root of bait. See Bait.] 1. To encourage or incite by aid or counte- nance; — used chiefly in a bad sense. 2. (Law.) To encourage to commit a crime, or assist in a criminal act. Syn. — To aid; support; sustain; help; assist; favor; fur- ther; succor; promote. A-bet'ment, n. Act of abetting or encouraging; support. A-bet'ter, I n. One who abets, aids, or encourages ; an A-bet'tor, j instigator. Syn. — Accomplice; accessary. — An abettor incites to a crime; an accomplice takes part in it; an accessary is involved in it by giving countenance or aid. A-bey'ance, n. [Fr. bayer, Old Fr. baer, beer, to gape, tarry.] 1. A state of suspension or temporary extinc- tion with the expectation of a revival. 2. (Law.) Ex- pectation or contemplation of law. Ab-hor', v. t. [imp. & p. p. abhorred ; p.pr. & vb. n. abhorring.] [Lat. abhorrere, from ab and horrere, to bristle, shiver.] 1. To regard with horror or detesta- tion. 2. To dislike or hate extremely. Syn.— To detest; loathe; abominate; shudder at. Ab-h.5r'rence, n. Detestation ; great hatred. Ab-hor'rent, a. 1. Abhorring, detesting ; hating ; struck with abhorrence. 2. Contrary ; repugnant ; in- consistent ; — with to. Ab-hor'rer, n. One who abhors or detests. A'bib, n. The first month of the Jewish year. A-bide', v. i. [imp. & p. p. ABODE ; p. pr. & vb. n. abiding.] [See Bide.] 1. To continue in a place. 2. To continue firm or stable, as to abide by a contract. Syn.— To sojourn; reside; dwell; stay; tarry; remain; hold to; persist. A-bide', v.t. 1. To stand firm under ; to endure or bear without shrinking, or patiently. 2. To await firmly. A-bid'er, n. One who abides, dwells, or continues. Ab'i-gail (42), n. A lady's waiting-maid. A-bll'i-ty, n. [Lat. habilitas, from habere, to have, to hold.] Quality, state, or condition of being able ; power to act, whether bodily, moral, inteUectual, conventional, or legal ; — in the plural, inteUectual capacity. Syn. — Force; might; potency; capability; faculty; talent; skill; dexterity; efficiency; address. — As to mental powers, ability is the generic term; capacity is the power of easily gain- ing or retaining knowledge; talent is the power of executing; dexterity, skill, and address relate to ease of execution. Ab'in-tes'tate, a. (Law.) Inheriting the estate of one dying without a will. [ity. Ab'ir-ri-ta'tion, n. (Med.) Want of strength ; debil- Ab'jeet, a. [Lat. abjectus, p. p. of abjicere, to throw away, from ab and jacere, to throw.] Sunk to a low condition ; hence, low in estimation ; despicable. Syn. — Mean; worthless; base; groveling; debased. Ab'jeet, n. One in a miserable state. Ab-jee'tion, n. Meanness of spirit ; baseness. Ab'jeet-ly, adv. -Meanly ; wretchedly ; basely. Ab'jeet-ness, n. State of being abject ; baseness. Ab-ju'di-eate, v.t. To give away in judgment. Ab-ju'di-ea'tion, n. Act of abjudicating. Ab'ju-ra'tion, n. The act of renouncing under oath, or solemnly. [tion. Ab-jil/ra-to-ry, a. Containing, or relating to, abjura- Ab-jiire', v. t. [imp. & p. p. abjured ; p. pr. & vb. n. ABJURING.] [Lat. abjurare, from ab and jurare, to swear.] To renounce under oath, or with great solemnity. Ab-jur'er, n. One who abjures or renounces. Ab'lae-ta'tion, n. [Lat. ab and lac, milk.] 1. A wean- ing of a child from the breast. 2. A method of grafting by approach or inarching. [of a tree. Ab-la'que-ate, v. t. To lay bare or expose, as the roots Ab-la'que-a'tion, n. [Lat. ablaqueatio.] The act or process of laying bare the roots of trees. Ab'la-tive, a. [Lat. ablativus, fr. ablatus, p. p. of avferre, to carry away, fr. ab and ferre.] Taking away or remov- ing ; — applied to the sixth case of Latin nouns, in which case are used words when the actions of carrying away or taking from are signified. Ab'la-tive, n. The sixth case of Latin nouns. A-blaze', adv. 1. On fire ; in a blaze. 2. In a state of _ ardent desire ; highly excited. A'ble (a'bl), a. [comp. abler ; superl. ABLEST.] [Lat. habilis. See Ability.] Having ability or competency of any or every kind ; possessing sufficient physical or mental power for the accomplishment of some object ; having property, means, skill, or the like, rendering competent for some end. a,e,&c.,fongv a, 6, kc, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ^re, veil, term ; pique,firm; s6n, 6r,dft,w9lf, ABLE-BODIED 3 ABSCISSA Syn.— Strong; powerful; efficient; effective; mighty; skill- ful; dexterous. A'ble-bod'ied (-bod'id), a. Having a sound, strong body; robust. Ab'lep-sy, n. [Gr. a/3Aei//ia.] Want of sight ; blindness. Ab'lu-ent, a. Washing clean ; cleansing ; purifying. Ab'lu-ent, n. ( Med. ) Something reputed to have the power of purifying the blood ; a detergent. Ab-lu'tion, n. [Lat. ablutio, fr. abluere, to wash away.] 1. Act of cleansing or washing. 2. Religious purifica- tion. 3. Water used in cleansing. A'bly, adv. In an able manner ; with ability or skill. Ab'ne-gate, v. t. [Lat. abnegare.] To deny and reject. Ab'ne-ga'tion, n. Denial and renunciation. Ab-ndrm'al, a. [Lat. ab and norma, rule.] Contrary to rule, law, or system ; irregular. Ab-norm'i-ty, n. State or quality of being abnormal or irregular. [board of. A-board', adv. In a vessel ; on board. — prep. On A-bode', imp. & p. p. of abide. See Abide. A-bode', n. [From abide.] State or place of residence. Syn. — Dwelling ; continuance ; habitation ; domicile. A-bol'ish, v, t. [Lat. abolescere, abolere, fr. ab and oles- cere, olere, to grow.] To do away with utterly ; to put an end to ; hence, to annul or destroy ; to make void. Syn. — To subvert ; overturn ; destroy ; nullify ; abrogate ; annul ; repeal. — Abolish, subvert, overturn, and destroy, ex- press under different images the same idea, that of doing wholly away with. We abrogate and annul by an authorita- tive act, as customs or a treaty, &c. ; we repeal by a legislative act, as laws ; we nullify when we set laws, &c, aside, without their being repea'.ed. A-b51'ish-a-ble, a. Capable of being abolished. A-bol'ish-er, n. One who abolishes. A-bol'ish-ment, n. Act of abolishing ; abolition. Ab'o-H'tion, (-lish'un), n. Act of abolishing, or state of being abolished ; a doing away with finally and for w ever ; — applied particularly to slavery. Ab'o-li'tion-igm (-lish'un-izm), n. The principles or measures of an abolitionist. Ab'o-li'tion-ist, n. One who favors abolition, especially the abolition of slavery. [abolitionism. Ab'o-li'tion-ize, v. t. To imbue with the principles of Ab'o-ma'sum, I n. [Lat.] The fourth stomach of a Ab'o-ma'sus, j ruminant animal. A-bom'i-na-ble, a. Worthy of, or causing, impreca- tion or abhorrence ; odious in the highest degree. Syn.— Execrable; detestable; loathsome; hateful; shocking. A-bom'i-na-bly, adv. In an abominable manner ; de- testably ; execrably. A-bom'i-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. abominated ; p. pr. & vb. n. ABOMINATING-.] [Lat. abuminare, abomi- nari, from ab and otnen, foreboding.] To turn from as ominous of evil ; to hate in the highest degree, as if with religious dread. Syn. — To hate ; detest ; loathe ; abhor. A-bSm/i-na'tion, n. 1. Act of abominating ; strong aversion or loathing. 2. An object of hatred and dis- gust. Ab'o-rig'i-nal, a. First, original, or primitive. Ab'o-rig'i-nal, n. A first or original inhabitant. Ab'o-rig'i-ne§, n. pi. [Lat., from ab and origo, origin.] The original inhabitants of a country. A-bor'tion, n. [Lat. abortio, from ab and oriri, to rise, to be born.] 1. The act of miscarrying ; expulsion of an immature product of conception. 2. The immature product of an untimely birth. 3. Any thing which fails to come to maturity. A-b6r'tive, a. 1. Immature ; rudimentary ; failing in its effect. 2. Pertaining to abortion. 3. Causing or procuring abortion. A-bound', v. i. [imp. & p. p. abounded; p. pr. & vb. n. ABOUNDING-.] [Lat. abundare, from ab and unda, wave, stream, crowd.] 1. To be in great plenty ; to be prevalent. 2. To be copiously supplied; to possess in abundance ; — usually with in or with. A-bout', prep. [A.-S. abutan, from butan, without, com- pounded of prefix be and u tan, outward.] 1. On every side of; all over or around. 2. Over or upon different parts of; through or over in various directions. 3. In contiguity or proximity to ; in connection with ; near, in place, time, quantity, or the like. 4. In concern with ; occupied upon ; hence, ready to ; on the point of; also, relating to ; touching. A-bout', adv. 1. On all sides ; around. 2. In circuit ; around the outside. 3. T ere and there ; in one place A B K A ABB A B and another. 4. Nearly ; approximately. 5. To a re- versed position ; in the opposite direction. A-bove' (a-buv'J^re^. [A.-S. abufan, from bufan, above, compounded of prefix be, and ufan.] 1. Higher in place than. 2. Surpassing or superior to in any respect ; more in number, quantity, or degree than. A-bove', adv. 1. Overhead ; in a higher place. 2. Be- fore in order of place. 3. Higher in rank or power. A-bove'-board, adv. Above the board or table ; not ^ concealed ; without trick or deception. Ab'ra-ea-dab'ra, n. Aabracadabka combination of letters with- abracadabb out sense , formerly used as \ \ \ \ c c A A \ \ B a charm against fevers, and a b b a c a d arranged as in the margin ; a b b a c a hence, unmeaning babble. a b e a c Ab-rade', v. t. [imp. & p. p. abraded ; p. pr. & vb. n. ABRADING.] [Lat. abrad- a ere, from ab and radere, to scrape, shave.] To rub or wear off. Ab-ra'§ion, n. 1. A rubbing or scraping off. 2. Sub- stance worn off by attrition. A -breast', adv. Side by side ; on a line. AJbreuvoir (a'broo'vwor'), n. [Fr.] A joint between stones in a wall. A-bridge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. abridged ; p. pr. & vb. n. abridging.] [Fr. abreger. See Abbreviate.] 1. To bring within less space ; to make shorter, especially by using fewer words. 2. To deprive ; to cut off ; — with of. 3. (Math.) To reduce to a more simple expression, as a compound quantity or expression. Syn. — To contract ; shorten ; condense ; compress ; cur- tail ; lessen; reduce; diminish. A-bridg'ment, n. 1. A cutting off, curtailing, or short- ening ; contraction or diminution. 2. A work abridged or epitomized. Syn. — Reduction ; restriction ; restraint ; compend ; com- pendium ; epitome ; summary ; abstract ; synopsis. — A com- pendium or epitome is a condensed abridgment ; an abstract or summary is a brief statement of a thing in its main points ; a synopsis is a bird's-eye view of a subject or work in its several parts. A-broach', adv. 1. Broached ; letting out liquor, or in a condition to do so. 2. In a state to be diffused or propagated. A-broad', adv. 1. At large ; without confinement, within narrow limits ; over a wide space. 2. Beyond or out of a house, camp, or other inclosure. 3. Beyond the bounds of a country ; in foreign countries. 4. Before the public w at large ; extensively. Ab'ro-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. abrogated ; p.pr. & vb. n. ABROGATING.] [Lat. abrogare, from ab and rogare, to ask, propose.] To annul by an authoritative act; to abolish by the authority of the maker or his successor; — applied to the repeal of laws, decrees, ordi- nances, the abolition of established customs, &c. Syn. — To abolish; repeal; revoke; rescind; cancel; annul. Ab'ro-ga'tion, n. The act of abrogating, annulling, or setting aside. Ab-ru.pt', a. [Lat. abruptus, p. p. of abrumpere, to break off, from ab and rumpere, to break.] 1. Broken, steep, craggy, as rocks, precipices, and the like ; precipi- tous. 2. Without notice to prepare the mind for the event; sudden. 3. Having sudden transitions from one subject to another ; unconnected. Syn. — Sudden; bold; broken; unconnected; unceremo- nious. Ab-riip'tioii, n. A sudden breaking off; a violent sep- aration of bodies. i Ab-rupt'ly, adv. In an abrupt manner ; suddenly. Ab-riipt'ness, n. S-tate of being abrupt; steepness; w suddenness ; great haste. Ab'scess, n. [Lat. abscessvs, from abscedere, to depart, separate.] A collection of pus or purulent matter in an accidental cavity of the body. Ab-sclnd', v. t. [Lat. abscindere, from ab and scindere, to rend, cut.] To cut off. Ab'sciss, n. ; pi. AB-scis'SEg. See ABSCISSA. Ab-s^Is'sa, n. ; pi. Lat. AB-spls's^E, Eng. AB-scls'SAg. [Lat. abscissas, p. p. of ab- scindere.] ( Geom.) One of the elements of reference by which a point, as of a curve, is referred to a system of fixed rectilineal s ~ coordinate axes. In the diagram, OX or PY is the abscissa of the point P of the curve, O Y or PX its ordinate, ihe intersecting lines OX and food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. ABSCISSION ABSTRUSELY OY being the axes of abscissas and ordinates respectively, and the point O their origin. Ab-scis/gion (-sizbyun), n. [Lat. abscissio. See Ab- scind.] 1. Act or process of cutting off. 2. The state of being cut off. 3. (Rhet.) A figure of speech, when, having begun to say a thing, a speaker stops ab- ruptly, as supposing the matter sufficiently understood. Ab-s«6nd', v. i. [imp. & pp. absconded ; p. pr. & vb. n. ABSCONDING.] [Lat. abscondere, from ab, abs, and condere, to lay up.] To secrete one"s self; — used especially of persons who withdraw to avoid a legal proc- Ab-seond'er, n. One who absconds. [ess. Ab'sence, n. [Lat. absentia, from absum, abesse, to be away from.] 1. A state of being absent or withdrawn from a place or from companionship. 2. Want ; destitu- tion. 3. Inattertion to things present ; heedlessness. Ab'sent, a. 1. Withdrawn from, or not present in, a place. 2. Inattentive to what is passing ; heedless. Ab-sent', v. t. [imp. & p. p. absented; p.pr. & vb. n. absenting.] To take or withdraw to such a dis- tance as to prevent intercourse ; — used with the recipro- cal pronoun. Ab'sen-tee', n. One who absents himself from his coun- try, office, post, or duty, and the like ; especially a land- holder who fives at a distance from his estate ; as, an Irish absentee. Ab'seii-tee'igm, n. State or habit of an absentee; the practice of living at a distance from one's estate. Ab-sSnt'er, n. One who absents himself. Ab-sintbe', n. [Pr., from Lat. absinthium, Gr. av|/tv- 6iov, wormwood.] A cordial of brandy tinctured with wormwood. Ab-siu'thi-an, a. Of the nature of wormwood. Ab-sin'tbi-ate, v. t. To impregnate with wormwood. Ab'so-lute, a. [Lat. absolutus, p. p. of absolvere. See Absolve.] 1. Freed or loosed from any limitation or condition ; uncontrolled ; unconditional. 2. Completed, or regarded as complete ; finished; perfect ; total. 3. Pos- itive ; clear ; certain ; authoritative ; peremptory. [Rare.] 4. Loosed from, or unconnected by, dependence on any other being ; self-existent ; self-sufficing. In this sense God is called the Absolute by the Theist. The term is also applied by the Pantheist to the universe. 5. (Philos.) Capable of being thought or conceived by itself alone ; unconditioned ; unrelated. 6. ( Chem.) Pure ; unmixed. 7. (Gram.) Not immediately dependent on the other parts of the sentence in government. Syn. — Unlimited; arbitrary; despotic; tyrannical; uncondi- tional; positive; peremptory; certain; unerring; infallible. Ab'so-lute-ly, adv. In an absolute manner ; positively ; arbitrarily. Ab'so-lute-ness, n. Quality of being absolute ; com- pleteness ; arbitrary power. Ab'so-lu'tion, n. 1. (Civ. Law.) An acquittal, or sentence of a judge declaring an accused person innocent. 2. (Rom. Cath. Church.) A remission of sin pronounced in favor of one who makes due confession thereof. Ab'so-Lu/tism, n. Absolute government or its princi- ples. Ab'so-lu-tist'i-e, a. Belonging to absolutism. Ab-sol'u.-to-ry, a. Absolving ; that absolves. Ab-solv'a-ble, a. Capable of being absolved. Ab-solv'a-to-ry, a. Containing absolution, pardon, or release ; having power to absolve. Ab-§olve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ABSOLVED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ABSOLVING.] [Lat. absolvere , from ab and solvere, to loose.] To set free or release from, as from some obli- gation, debt, or responsibility, or from that which sub- jects a person to a burden or penalty. Syn. — To release; set free; exonerate; acquit. — We speak of a man as absolved from something that binds conscience, as guilt or its consequences; exonerated from some load, as an imputation or debt ; acquitted with reference to a trial and a decision thereon. Ab-§olv'er, n. One who absolves. Ab-sorb', v. t. [imp. & p.p. absorbed; p.pr. & vb. n. ABSORBING.] [Lat. absorbere, from ab and sorbere, to suck in.] 1. To drink in ; to suck up ; to imbibe as a sponge. 2. Hence, to swallow up, or overwhelm ; to engross or engage wholly. Ab-sorb'a-bil'i-ty, n. Capacity of being absorbed ; quality of being absorbable. Ab-sorb'a-ble, a. Capable of being absorbed. Ab-sorb'ent, a. Sucking up ; imbibing. Ab-sorb'ent, n. A substance or a bodily organ which absorbs. Ab-sorp'tion (-sorp/shun), n. 1. Act or process of be- ing absorbed and made to disappear by mechanical means. 2. Process or act of being made passively to dis- appear in some other substance, through molecular or other invisible means ; as, the absorption of light, heat electricity, &c. Also, in living organisms, through the vital processes of nutrition and growth ; specifically , (a.) The imbibition by the tissues of nutritive material ; (b.) the removal from them of excrementitious substances by the blood-vessels and lymphatics; (c.) the passage from without into the blood-vessels or lymphatics of any liquid whatever. 3. Entire engrossment or occupation of mind. Ab-sorp'tive, a. Having power to absorb. Ab sorp-tiv'i-ty, n. Power or capacity of absorption. Ab-stain', v. i. [imp. & p.p. ABSTAINED \p.pr. Scvb. n. ABSTAINING.] [Lat. abstinere, from ab, abs, and tenere, to hold.] To forbear, or refrain, voluntarily, and espe- cially_from an indulgence of the passions or appetites. Ab-ste'mi-ou.s, a. [Lat. abstemius, from ab, abs, and temetum, strong wine.] 1. Sparing in diet ; refraining from a free use of food and strong drinks ; temperate ; abstinent. 2. Sparingly used, or used with temperance. 3. Devoted to, or spent in, abstinence. Ab-ste'mi-oiis-ly, adv. Temperately ; sparingly. Ab-ste'mi-oils-ness, n. Quality of being abstemious ; a sparing use of food or strong drink. Ab-sterge' (14), v. t. [Lat. abstergere, from ab, abs, and tergere, to wipe.] To make clean by wiping ; to cleanse by lotions or similar applications. [Rare.] Ab-ster'gent, a. Serving to cleanse ; detergent. Ab-sterse', v. t. To cleanse by wiping. Ab-ster'sion, n. Act of wiping clean, or a cleansing by lotions or similar applications. Ab-ster'sive, a. Having the quality of cleansing. Ab'sti-nence, n. [See ABSTAIN.] The act or practice of abstaining ; voluntary forbearance of any action, es- pecially the refraining from an indulgence of appetite, or from customary gratifications of animal propensities. Syn. — Temperance. —Abstinence is shown in refraining, . temperance in a moderate and guarded use. Ab'sti-nent, a. Refraining from indulgence, especially in the use of food and drink ; temperate. Ab-stra«t', v. t. [imp. Sep. p. abstracted ;p.pr. &vb. n. ABSTRACTING.] [Lat. abstractus, p. p. of abstrahere , to draw from or separate, from ab, abs, and trahere, to draw.] 1. To draw from or separate. 2. To draw off in respect to interest or attention. 3. To separate, as ideas, by the operation of the mind; to consider by it- self; to contemplate separately. 4. To epitomize or re- duce. 5. To take secretly for one"s own use from the w property of another ; to purloin. Ab'straet, a. 1. Distinct from something else ; sepa- rate. 2. Withdrawn from the concrete, or from particu- lars ; separate ; hence, difficult ; abstruse ; refined. Abstract idea, the idea of some quality as distinct from the object in which it inheres, as whiteness. — Abstract term, one expressing an abstract idea, as beauty, roundness. Ab'stra-et, n. 1. That which comprises or concentrates in itself the essential qualities of a larger thing, or of sev- eral things ; specifically, an inventory, summary, or epit- ome. 2. A state of separation from other things ; as, to consider a subject in the abstract. Ab'itra«t'r*" ly ' } adv - By itself > ^ a ^Parat 6 state . Ab-straet'ed-ness, n. The state of being abstracted. Ab-strac'tion, n. 1. Act of abstracting or separating, or the state of being separated. 2. (Metaph.) Act or process of leaving out of consideration one or more prop- erties of a complex object, so as to attend to others; analysis. Thus, when the mind considers the form of a tree by itself, or the color of the leaves as separate from their size or figure, the act is called abstraction. So, also, when it considers ivhiteness. softness, virtue, existence, as separate from any particular objects. 3. An idea or no- tion of an abstract or theoretical nature. 4. A sepa- ration from worldly objects ; a recluse life. 5. Absence of mind ; inattention to present objects ; heedlessness. 6. The taking surreptitiously for one's own use part _of the property of another. [Recent usage.] Ab'strae-ti'tioiis (-tlsh'us), a. Drawn from other sub- stances, particularly from vegetables, without fermenta- tion. Ab-straet'ive, a. Having the power of abstracting. Ab'stra-et-ness, n. State of being abstract. Ab-strii.se' (32), a. [Lat. abstrusus, p. p. of abstrudere, to thrust away.] Literally, thrust away ; hidden ; hence, hard to be understood. Ab-striise'ly, adv. Not plainly ; darkly. H,e,8tc.,long: a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, ve.il, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, dt>, wolf, ABSTRUSENESS ACCEPTANCE Ab-struse'ness, n. State or quality of being abstruse. Ab-surd/, a. [Lat. absurdus, proceeding from one tbat is deaf, or from that which is dull-sounding ; hence, in- congruous ; from ah and surdus, deaf.] Opposed to manifest truth ; inconsistent with reason, or tne plain dictates of common sense ; logically contradictory. Syn, — Foolish ; irrational; preposterous; ridiculous. — .46- surcl is stronger than foolish or irrational, but not so strong as preposterous, which supposes a total inversion of the order of things. Ab-siird'i-ty, n. 1. The quality of being absurd, or inconsistent with obvious truth, reason, or sound judg- ment. 2. That which is absurd. Syn. — Folly; unreasonableness; preposterousness. Ab-siird'ly , adv. In an absurd manner ; preposterously. Ab-siird'ness, n. Absurdity ; inconsistency. A-bmi'dance, n. [Lat. abundantia. See ABOUND.] An overflowing fullness ; ample sufficiency ; great plenty ; — strictly applicable to quantity only, but sometimes used of number. Syn. — Exuberance; plenteousness ; riches; wealth; afflu- ence. — We have a. plenty when we have enough ; but abundance is more than enough, it is an overflowing. Exuberance is still stronger, it is a bursting forth. A-biui'dant, a. Fully sufficient ; being in great quan- tity. Syn.— Plentiful; plenteous; exuberant; overflowing; co- pious; ample. A-bun'dant-ly, auv. Plentifully ; amply. A-biige', v. t. [imp. & p.p. abused; p.pr. & vb. n. ABUSING.] [Lat. abiisus, p. p. of abuti, from ab and uti, to use.] 1. To make an ill or improper use of; to use ill ; to misuse ; to use with bad motives, to wrong purposes, or in a wrong way. 2. To treat rudely, or with reproachful language ; to maltreat ; to revile. 3. To deceive or impose on. A-buse', n. 1. Ill use ; improper treatment or employ- ment ; application to a wrong purpose. 2. A corrupt practice or custom. 3. Rude or reproachful language addressed to a person ; contumely. Syn. —Misuse; maltreatment; reproach; derision; insult. A-bu'sive, a. 1. Practicing abuse ; offering harsh words or ill treatment. 2. Containing abuse, or being the in- strument of abuse. 3. Perverted; misapplied ; improper. Syn. — Scurrilous; insulting; reproachful; opprobrious; insolent; rude. A-bu/sive-ly, adv. In an abusive manner. A-bu'sive-ness, n. Quality of being abusive ; ill usage. A-biit', v. i. [imp. & p. p. ABUTTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ABUTTING.] [Fr. aboutir, from bout, end^ extremity. See But, n.] To terminate or border ; to be contiguous ; to meet. A-but'ment, n. That on which a thing abuts, or that which meets or abuts on any thing; hence, the solid part of a pier or wall, &c, which receives the thrust or lateral pressure of an arch, or from which it immediately springs. A-bu.t'tal, n. The butting or boundary of land. A-by§'mal, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, an abyss ; bottomless; unending. A-byss', n. [Gr. a^vcrcros, bottomless, from a priv. and /3i>a-cr6?, depth, bottom.] A bottomless depth; a gulf; hence, any deep, immeasurable space, and, specifically, hell, or the bottomless pit. A-byss'al, a. Belonging to, or resembling, an abyss. A-ea'ci-a (a-ka'shl-a), n. [Gr. anania, from a*??, point, originally the name of a thorny tree, found in Egypt.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of leguminous trees and shrubs, usu- ally with thorns and pinnate leaves, and of an airy, ele- gant appearance. 2. ( Med.) The inspissated juice of the unripe fruit of the Mimosa Nilotica. A-e'a-dem'i-e, \a. 1. Belonging to the school or Ae'a-dem'ic-al, ) philosophy of Plato. 2. Belonging to an academy or other institution of learning. le'a-dem'ie, n. 1. One holding the philosophy of Socrates and Plato. 2. A student in a college or uni- versity. Ae'a-dem'ic-al-ly, adv. In an academical manner. A-e'a-de-mi'cian (-mlsh'an), n. A member of an acad- emy, or society for promoting arts and sciences ; partic- ularly, a member of the French Academy. A-ead'e-my, n. 1. A garden or grove near Athens, be- longing originally to a person named Academus, where Plato and his followers held their philosophical confer- ences ; hence, the school of philosophy of which Plato was the head. 2. A school, or seminary, holding a rank between a university, or college, and a common school 3. A place of education of high rank ; a college or uni- versity. 4. A society of men united for the promotion of arts and sciences in general, or of some particular art or science ; as, the French Academy. 5. An institution for the cultivation and promotion of the fine arts, or some branch of science. A-e'a-leph, \n.; pi. Xc'a-lephs, a€'a-le'ph&, Ae'a-le'pha, S and AC'A-LE'PHANg. [Gr. a/caArj^ij, Ac'a-le'phan, ) a nettle.] (Zool.) A radiate animal of the class Medusae, or jelly-fishes ; — so called from the ^ stinging or nettling power they possess and exercise. Ac'an-tha'ceou.s (-tha/shus), a. Armed with prickles, as a plant. A-ean'tlius, n. ; pi. Eng. A-CAN'THUS-Eg, Lat. a-€aN'- THI. [Gr- UKavflos, from a-KYj, point, and ai>0os, flower.] 1. (Arc/i.) An ornament resembling the foliage or leaves of the acanthus ; — used in the capitals of the Corinthian and Composite orders. 2. (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous prickly plants. A-eat'a-lee'tie, n. [Gr. d/caTaArj/cro?, not defective at the end.] (Pros.) A verse which has the complete num- ber of syllables without defect or superfluity. A-eat/a-lec'ti-e, a. (Pros.) Not defective ; complete. A-eat/a-lep'tie, a. [Gr. dKa.Ta\r)irTo<; , from a priv. and KaTaXaixfiaveiv , to seize, comprehend.] Incapable of being certainly comprehended or discovered. A -can/line, 1 a. [Gr. a/cauAo?, from a. priv. and KavAd?, A-cau/loiis , j stalk.] Having no stem, but flowers rest- ing" on the ground. A-e-cede', v. i. [imp. & p. p. ACCEDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ACCEDING.] [Lat. accedere, from ad and cedere, to move.] To agree or assent, as to a proposition, or to terms proposed by another ; hence, to become a party, by agreeing to the terms of a treaty or convention. A-e-cel'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. accelerated ; p.pr. & vb. n. ACCELERATING.] [Lat. accelerare, from ad and celerare, to hasten.] 1. To cause to move faster ; to quicken the motion or action of. 2. To add to the natural or ordinary progression of. Syn. To hasten; expedite; further; dispatch. A-e-cel/er-a'tion, n. The act of accelerating, or the state of being accelerated ; increase of motion or action. A-e-cel'er-a-tive, ) a. Accelerating; quickening mo- A-e-cel'er-a-to-ry, j tion. A-e-^el'er-a'tor, n. One who, or that which, acceler- ates ; specifically, in English usage, a light van for car- w rying mails between the post-office and railway stations. A-e'cent, n. [Lat. accentus, from ad and cantus, song.] 1. A superior force of voice or of articulative effort upon some particular syllable of a word, distinguishing it from the others. (See Prin. of Pron. § 110.) 2. A mark used in writing to regulate the pronunciation. 3. A peculiar or characteristic modulation or modification of the voice. 4. Words , language, or expressions in general. 5 . ( Mus. ) A slight stress upon a tone to mark its position in the measure. 6. (Math.) A mark placed at the "right hand of a letter or number and a little above it, to distinguish magnitudes of a similar kind, but differing in value. A«-cent', v . t. [imp. & p. p. accented; p.pr. & vb. n. accenting.] To express or note the accent of; to pronounce, utter, or mark with accent. A-e-ceiit'n-al, a. Relating to accent. A«-cent'u-ate, v. t. To mark or pronounce with an accent or accents. A-e-cent/u.-a/tion, n. Act of placing accents in writing, or of pronouncing them in speaking. A-e-cept', v. t. [imp. & p. p. accepted ; p. pr. & vb. n. ACCEPTING.] [Lat. acceptare, from ad and capere, to take.] 1. To take or receive with a consenting mind, as an offer or present. 2. To receive or admit and agree to. 3. (Com.) To receive as obligatory and promise to pay ; as, to accept a bill of exchange. A-e-cept'a-ble, a. Capable, worthy, or sure of being ac- cepted or received with pleasure ; hence, pleasing to a receiver. Syn. — Agreeable; welcome; gratifying. A-e-£ept'a-ble-ness, j n. The quality of being accept- A-e-^gpt'a-bll'i-ty, j able or agreeable. A«-cept'a-bly, adv. In an acceptable manner. A-e-cept/ance, n. 1. The act of accepting ; favorable reception. 2. (Com.) (a.) An assent and engagement by the person on whom a bill of exchange is drawn, to pay it when due according to the terms of the acceptance. (b.) The bill itself when accepted. 3. An agreeing to terms or proposals by which a bargain is concluded and food, foot; urn, rude, pxill . ; cell, chaise, -eall; echo; gem, get; ag; ejist ; linger, link ; this. ACCEPTATION ACCORDING the parties bound ; the receipt or taking of a thing bought as that for which it was purchased, or as that agreed to be sent or delivered, or as owner. 4. (Law.) An agree- ing to the act or contract of another, by some act which binds the person in law. 5. Signification ; meaning ; acceptation. [ Obs.] Ae'cep-ta'tion, n. 1. Kind reception ; acceptance. [ Obs.] 2. Meaning or sense. Ae-cept'er, n. A person who accepts ; specifically, who accepts or receives a bill of exchange so as to bind him- self to pay it. See Acceptance. Ae-cess f ,or A-e'cess,w. [Lat. accessus. SeeAccEDE.] 1. A coming to, or near approach ; admittance ; admis- sion. 2. The means or way by which a thing may be approached. 3. Increase by something added ; addition. Ae-ces'sa-ry, a. 1. Additional ; accessory. 2. (Law.) Uniting in, or contributing to, a crime. Ae-ces'sa-ry, n. (Law.) He who is not the chief actor in the perpetration of an offense, nor present at its per- formance, but in some way accedes to or becomes con- cerned therein, either before or after the deed is com- mitted. Ae-ces'si-Dil'i-ty, n. Quality of being approachable. Ae-ces'si-lble, a. Easy of access or approach; ap- proachable. Ae-ces'sion (-sesh'un), n. 1. Act of acceding and be- coming joined. 2. Increase by something added ; that which is added. 3. (Law.) A mode of acquiring prop- erty, by which the owner of a corporeal substance, which receives an addition by growth, or by labor, has a right to the part or thing added, or the improvement, provided the thing is not changed into a different species. 4. Act of arriving at a throne, an office, or dignity. 5. (Med.) The commencement of a disease. Syii. — Addition; augmentation. A«-ces'sion-al (-sesh'un-), a. Additional. [Rare.] Ae'ces-so'ri-al, a. Pertaining to an accessory. Ae-ces'so-ri-ly, adv. In the manner of an accessory. Ae-ces'so-ri-ness, « • State of being accessory. Ae-ces'so-ry , a. 1. Aiding in producing some effect, or acting in subordination to the principal agent ; contrib- uting ; — used in a bad sense. 2. Additional ; accompa- nying. Ae-ces'so-ry, «. [See Accessary.] 1. (Law.) One who is guilty of a felonious offense, though not present at its perpetration. 2. That which belongs to some- _ thing else as its principal ; an accompaniment. Ae'ci-dence, n. A small book containing the accidents or rudiments of grammar. Ae'ei-dent, n. 1. An event which proceeds from an unknown cause, or is an unusual effect of a known cause, and therefore not expected ; chance ; casualty ; contingency. 2. pi. ( Gram.) The properties and quali- ties of the parts of speech, as gender, number, and case. 3. (Log.) A property or quality of a being which is not essential to it, as whiteness in paper. Ae'ci-dent'al, a. 1. Happening by chance, or unex- pectedly. 2. Non-essential; not necessarily belonging. Syn.— Casual; fortuitous; contingent; incidental.— A thing is accidental when it comes without being planned or sought, as a meeting; it is incidental when it comes in as secondary or out of the general course, as a remark; it is casual orfortwtous as opposed to what is constant and regular, as an occurrence ; it is contingent as opposed to what is settled and fixed, as an event. Ae'ci-dent'al, n. 1. Any thing happening accident- ally ; a casualty. 2. (Mus.) A sharp, flat, or natural, occurring not at the commencement of a piece of music as the signature, but before a particular note. Ae'ci-dent'al-ly, adv. By chance ; unexpectedly. A-e-elaim', v. t. [Lat. acclamare, from ad and clamare, to cry aloud.] 1. To honor or meet with applause. 2. To declare by acclamation ; to salute. Ae-elaim% ) n. A shout, expressive of assent, Ae'ela-ma'tion, ) choice, or approbation. Ae-elam^a-to-ry, a. Expressing applause. Ae-eli'mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. acclimated ; p.pr. & vb. n. acclimating-.] To habituate to a climate not native Ae'eli-ma'tion, n. The process of becoming, or the state of being, acclimated. Ae-eli'ma-tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. acclimatized; p. pr. & vb. n. ACCLIMATIZING.] To acclimate. Ae-eli'ma-ture, n, Act of acclimating. Ae-eliv'i-ty, n. [Lat. acclivitas, from ad and clivus, as- cent.] A slope or inclination of the earth, as the side <^f a hill, considered as ascending ; — opposed to declivt.y ; rising ground ; ascent Ae-eli'voiis, a. Rising with a slope, as a hill. Ae'eo-lade', n. [Lat. ad and co Hum, neck.] A cere- mony formerly used in conferring knighthood, consisting of an embrace and a blow on both shoulders, with a form of words. Ae-eom'mo-date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. accommo- dated ; p. pr. & vb. n. ACCOMMODATING.] [Lat. ac- commodare, from ad and commodare , to make fit.] 1. To render fit, suitable, or correspondent ; to adapt ; to conform. 2. To furnish with something desired, needed, or convenient. 3. To bring into agreement or harmony ; to reconcile. 4. To apply by way of analogy. Syn. — To suit ; conform ; harmonize ; compose ; adjust ; furnish. Ae-eom'mo-dat-ing, a. Affording, or disposed to af- ford, accommodation ; kind ; helpful. Ae-eom/mo-da'tion, n. 1. The act of fitting, or the state of being fitted; — followed by to. 2. Whatever supplies a want or affords ease, refreshment, or conven- ience ; — chiefly in the plural. 3. An adjustment of dif- ferences ; reconciliation. 4. Application of a writer's language, on the ground of analogy, to something not originally referred to or intended. 5. (Com.) (a.) A loan of money which is often a great convenience, (b.) A note or a fictitious bill drawn and accepted to raise money on, not bona fide given in payment of a debt, but lent merely to accommodate the borrower. An accommodation coach, or train, one running at such times, and making such stoppages, as best to accommodate igers. — An accommodation ladder, a light ladder hung over the side of a ship at the gangway. — An accommodation bill, or note, one to which a party has put his name without consideration, for the purpose of benefiting or accommodating some other person who is to provide for the bill or note when due. Ae-eom'uio-da'tor, n. One who accommodates. Ae-eom'pa-iii-meiit, n. That which accompanies; something that attends as a circumstance, or which is added by way of ornament to the principal thing, or for the sake of symmetry; specifically (Mus.), a part per- formed by instruments, accompanying another part or parts performed by voices ; also, the harmony of a fig- ured bass. Ae-eom'pa-nist, n. The performer in music who takes the accompanying part. Ae-eom'pa-ny (-kum'-), v. t. [imp. & p. p. accompa- nied; p. pr. & vb. n. accompanying.] [See Com- pany.] To go with or attend as a companion or asso- ciate ; to keep company with. Ae-eom'plice, n. 1. A co-operator or associate in gen- eral. 2. (Law.) An associate in a crime. Ae-eoni'plish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. accomplished ; p. pr. & vb. n. ACCOMPLISHING.] [Fr. accomplir, from Lat. ad and complere, to fill up.] 1. To finish entirely in time ; to complete. 2. To bring to pass ; to perform. 3. To furnish with whatever may serve to render a per- son or thing complete, &c. Syn.— To execute; fulfill; effect; realize. Ae-eom'plislied (-kom'plisht), p. a. Complete and perfected ; specifically, complete in acquirements, as the result usually of training. Ae-eom'plisli-ment, n. 1. Act of accomplishing. 2. That which constitutes excellence of mind, or ele- gance of manners, acquired by education ; acquirement ; attainment. Ae-eompt'ant (-komnV-), n. See Accountant. Ae-eord', n. [From Lat. cor, cordis, heart, after the an- alogy of concordia, discordia, &c] 1. Agreement or concurrence of opinion, will, or action; consent. 2. Harmony of sounds; concord; chord. 3. Agreement; just correspondence of things. 4. Voluntary or sponta- - neous motion ; — preceded by own. 5. (Laiv.) An agree- ment between parties in controversy, by which satisfac- tion for an injury is stipulated, and which, when execut- ed, bars a suit. Ae-eord', v. t. [imp. & p. p. accorded ; p. pr. & vb. n. ACCORDING.] 1. To make to agree or correspond. 2. To bring to an agreement, as persons, or to settle, ad- just, harmonize, or compose, as things. 3. To grant as suitable or proper ; to concede. Ae-eord', v. i. 1. To be in accordance; to agree. 2. To agree in pitch and tone. Ae-e6rd'ance, n. Agreement ; conformity. A-e-eord'ant, a. Corresponding ; consonant ; agreeing ; agreeable. Ae-eord'ant-ly , adv. In accordance .or agreement. Ae-e6rd'ing, p. a. In accordance or harmony with ; agreeable ; suitable. !, &c.,long; a,6, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re,veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, ACCORDINGLY Kf- According to has been called a prepositional phrase, but seems rather to have the participial sense of agreeing, followed by to, as in the line, " Hath honored me according to his will." — According as is an adverbial phrase, of which, the propriety has been doubted; but good usage sanctions it. Ae-eord'ing-ly, adv. In accordance with. A-e-eor'di-on, n. A small keyed wind-instrument, whose tones are generated by the play of wind upon metallic reeds. A«~eost' (21), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ACCOSTED ; p.pr. & vb. n. accosting.] [Lat. ad and costa, rib, side.] To address ; to speak first to. Ae-e6st'a-»le, a. Easy of access ; affable. jLccouchement (ak'koosh'mong'), n. [Fr.] Delivery in child-bed. A.ccoucheur (ak'koosh'ur'), n. [Fr.] A man who as- sists women in childbirth ; a man-midwife. Ae-eount', n. 1. A reckoning, enumeration, or record of some reckoning. 2. A detached written or printed statement of debts and credits in pecuniary transactions, and also of other things subjected to a reckoning or re- view. 3. A statement in general of reasons, causes, grounds, &c, explanatory of some event. Hence, the word is often used simply for reason, ground, considera- tion, &c. ; as, on no account, on every account, on all accounts. 4. A statement of facts or transactions ; a relation, narrative, or description. 5. A statement and explanation or vindication of one's conduct with refer - enca to judgment thereon. 6. An estimate or estima- tion. 7. Importance ; value ; advantage ; profit ; that is, a result worthy of estimation. Syn.— Narrative; narration; recital; description; detail.— In giving an account of a thing, if we make it a continuous story, it is a narrative or narration; if we dwell on minute particu- lars, it is a. recital or detail; if we picture a thing out, it is a description. Ae-eount', v. t. [imp. & p. p. accounted ; p. pr. & vb. n. ACCOUNTING.] [Lat. ac, ad, and computare, to reckon. See Count.] 1. To recKon or compute. 2. To hold in opinion ; to estimate. Syn.— To consider; regard; estimate; esteem. Ae-eount', v. i. 1. To render an account or relation of particulars. 2. To constitute a reason ; — with for. 3. To render reasons or answer for in a reckoning or judgment. A-e-eount'a-lbil'i-ty, n. The state of being accounta- ble, or liable to give account, and to suffer punishment or pay damages for wrong or injury done. Ae-eount'a-ble, a. Liable to be caUed to account, and to suffer punishment or pay damages for wrong or injury done. Syn. — Amenable; responsible. A-e-eount'a-lble-ness, n. Accountability. Ae-eount'ant, n. One who keeps, or is skilled in, ac- counts. A-e-eoiip'le (-kfip'l), v. t. [See Couple.] To join together ; to unite ; to couple. A-e-eou'ter, ) v. t. [imp. & p. p. ACCOUTERED, or A-e-equ'tre, j accoutred ; p. pr. & vb. n. accou- TEr'Ing or ACCOUTRING.] [Fr. accoutrer, from Lat. ac, ad, and consuere, to sew together.] To furnish with dress, equipage, or equipments, especially those of a sol- dier. A-e-eou'ter-ments, ) n. pi. Dress ; equipage ; trap- Ae-eou'tre-ments, ) pings ; specifically, military dress and arms ; equipage for military service. Ae-ered'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. accredited; p.pr. & vb. n. ACCREDITING.] [Lat. accreditus, p. p. of ac- credere, to assent to, from ad and credere to believe.] 1. To give trust or confidence to ; to credit. 2. To receive, as an envoy, in his pub he character, and give him credit and rank accordingly. 3. To send with cre- dentials, as an envoy. Ae-eres'cence, n. Gradual growth or increase. Ae-eres'cent, a. [See infra!] Growing, increasing. Ae-ere'tion, n. [Lat. accretio, Fr. accretion, from Lat. accrescere, to increase (Eng. accrue), from ad and crescere, to grow.] 1. An increase by natural growth, especially the increase of organic bodies by the internal accession of parts. 2. An increase by an accession of parts ex- ternally. 3. A growing together of parts naturally separate, as of the fingers or toes. A-e-eroaeh', v. i. [Fr. accrocher, from croc, crochet, hook, Eng. crook.] To hook, or draw to one's self as with a hook. ; Ae-erue' (32), v. i. [imp. & p. p. ACCRUED ; p. pr. & vb. n.'ACCRUlNG.] [Fr. accrue, increase ; acerb, p. p. ACEPHALOUS of accroitre. See Accretion.] To increase; to aug- ment ; to arise, proceed, or spring ; to be added, as in- crease, profit, or damage. Syn. — To spring up; follow ; arise. Ae-eru'ment, n. Addition ; increase ; augmentation. A-e'-eu-ba'tion, n. A lying or reclining on a couch, as practiced by the ancients at their meals, with the head resting on a pillow or on the elbow, and the feet of one extended behind the back of another. Ae-eum'Den-cy, n. State of being accumbent. Ae-eum'bent, a. Leaning or reclining, as the ancients did at their meals. A-e-cu/mu-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. accumulated ; p. pr. & vb. n. ACCUMULATING.] [Lat. accumulatus, p. p. of accumulare, from ad and cumulare, to heap.] To heap up in a mass; to collect or bring together. Syn. — To pile up ; amass; gather; collect. A-e-eu/mu-late, v. i. To grow to a great size, number, or quantity ; to increase greatly. A-e-eu. / m.u-la'tion, n. Act of accumulating, state of being accumulated, or that which is accumulated. Syn. —Pile; mass; heap. A-e-eu/mu-la-tive, a. Causing accumulation; accu- mulating ; cumulative. A«-eu'mu-la / tor, n. One who accumulates. Ae'eu-ra-cy, In. State of being accurate; pre- A-e'-eu-rate-ness, J cision which results from care ; exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model ; exact- ness ; correctness. Ae'eu-rate, a. [Lat. accuratus, p. p. and adj., from accurare, from ad and curare, to take care, from cura, care.] In careful conformity to truth, or to a standard, rule, or model; free from failure, error, or defect. Syn. — Correct; precise; just; nice. — A man is accurate or correct when he avoids faults; exact when he attends to all the minutise, leaving nothing neglected; i»'ecise when he does any thing according to a certain rule or measure. Ae'eu-rate-ly, adv. Ln an accurate manner. Ae-eurse', v. t. [imp. & p. p. accursed; p. pr. & vb. n. accursing.] To devote to destruction; to im- precate evil or misery upon ; to curse. A-e-eurs'ed,p..p. or a. (part, pronounced ak-kfirst', a. ak-kurs'ed). 1. Doomed to destruction or misery. 2. Worthy of a curse ; detestable ; execrable. Ae^eu-ga'tion, «. 1. Act of accusing. 2. That of which one is accused. A«-eu'ga-tive, a. 1. Producing or containing accusa- tions. 2. ( Gram.) Applied to the fourth case of Greek and Latin nouns, being that on which the action of a verb terminates or falls. Ae-eu'ga-tive, n. ( Gram.) The fourth case of Greek and Latin nouns, corresponding to the objective case in Ae-eu'ga-tive-ly, adv. 1. In an accusative manner 2. In relation to the accusative case. Ae-eu'ga-to-ry, a. Pertaining to, or containing, an ac- cusation. Ae-eiige', v. t. [imp. & p.p. accused ; p. pr. & vb. n. ACCUSING.] [Lat. accusare, from ad and causa, cause, lawsuit.] To charge with, or declare to have committed a crime, offense, or fault ; in law, to charge with an of- fense, judicially or by a public process. Syn. — To arraign; censure; impeach. — We censure^ or ac- cuse a man for what is wrong; we arraign him for trial; we impeach him for maladministration or impropriety. A-e-eug'er, n. One who accuses, or brings a charge. A-e-eus'tom, v. t. [imp. & p.p. accustomed; p.pr. & vb. n. accustoming.] To make familiar by use ; to habituate or inure. Ac-cus'tom-a-ry, a. Usual ; customary. Ace, n. [Lat. as, unity, unit, pound ; Gr. Doric as, ais, equiv. to eh, one.] 1. A single point on a card or die ; or the card or die so marked. 2. Hence, a very small quantity or degree ; a particle ; an atom. A-cel'da-ma, n. [Chald. khakel, Heb. khelek, field, and Chald. & Heb. dam, blood.] A field said to have lain south of Jerusalem, purchased with the bribe which Judas took for betraying his Master, and therefore called the field of Mood; — sometimes used in a figurative sense. A-cepli'a-lan, n. (Zo'dl.) An animal of the sub-king- dom Mollusca. SeeMOLLUSK. A-ceph'a-loiis, a. [Gr. axe^aAo? , from a priv. and K€. t. [imp. 8cp.p. acknowl- edged ; p. pr. & vb. n. ACKNOWLEDGING.] [0. Eng. aknowledge , from prefix a and knowledge.'] 1. To own, avow, admit, or confess a knowledge of; to recognize as a fact or truth. 2. To own or recognize with particular regard or in a particular character. 3. To own with gratitude; to own as a benefit. 4. To own, avow, or assent to in a legal form, to give validity. Syn. — To concede; confess; allow; recognize. — We ac- knowledge what we feel bound to make known, as a fault or a favor; we concede and allow what is claimed or asked; we recognize when at first we were doubtful; we confess what is wrong or may appear so. A-e-fcnowl/edg-ment (-nop-), n. 1. Act of acknowl- edging. 2. Something given or done in return for a favor. 3. A declaration or avowal of one's own act, to give it legal validity. A-elin'k, a. [Gr. a priv. and /cAtVeiv, to incline.] With- out inclination ; — said of the magnetic equator, or the fine near the earth's equator on which the magnetic needle is exactly horizontal, and has no dip. A-e'me, n. [Gr. a/c/j.17.] The height, top, or highest point, of a thing ; crisis. Ae'o-lyte, ) n. [Gr. clk6\ov9o<;, from dKo\ov0etv, to fol- A-e'o-lytli, ) low.] 1. A companion ; an associate. 2. (Astron.) An attendant or companion star. 3. (Eccl. ^ Hist.) An inferior church servant. A-e'o-nlte , n. Wolf's-bane, a poison. A'-eorn, n. [A.-S. secern, from mc, oak, and corn, corn, grain.] The seed or fruit of an oak. A-eot'y-le'don, n. [Gr. le, a. Capable of being acquired. Acquire', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ACQUIRED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ACQUIRING.] [Lat. acquirere, from ad and quarere, to seek for.] To gain, usually by one's own labor or ex- ertions. Syn. — To attain; obtain; procure; earn; win; secure. A-e-quTre'ment, n. The act of acquiring, or that which is acquired. Syn.— Attainment; gain; acquisition. 5,e,&c, long; &,8,8cc.,short; care, far, ask, all, what; e^re, veil, term; p5£que,firm; son, or, do, wolf, ACQUISITION ACqui-gi'tion, rc. 1. Act of acquiring. 2. The thing acquired, or gained ; acquirement. A-e-quig'i-tive,a. 1. Acquired. [Rare.] 2. Disposed to make acquisitions. Ae-quig'i-tive-ly, adv. In the way of acquisition. A-e-quIg'i-tive-ness, n. 1. State or quality of being acquisitive. 2. (Phren.) The organ which is supposed to give rise to this desire. Ac-quit', v. t. [imp. & p. p. acquitted ; p. pr. & vb. n. ACQUITTING.] [Fr. acguitter, from ac, for ad, and quitter, to forsake, from Lat. quietus, quiet. See QUIT.] 1. To set free ; to release or discharge, especially from an obligation, accusation, guilt, censure, suspicion, or whatever lies upon a person as a charge or duty. 2. Reflexively, to bear or conduct one's self. Syn.-- To clear; absolve. Ac-quit'ment, n. Act of acquitting, or state of being I acquitted; acquittal. [Ac-quit'tal, n. (Law.) Deliverance from the charge of an offense, by verdict of a jury or sentence of a court. Ac-quit'tance, n. 1. The act of acquitting or dis- charging from a debt, or other engagement or obligation. 2. A. writing which is evidence of a discharge ; a receipt in full, which bars a further demand. A-erage^, I v f< rp ma k e craZ y ; to impair ; to destroy. A'-ere (a/ker), n. [A.-S. acer, aster, Lat. ager, Gr. aypos. The primitive sense is an open, plowed, or sowed field.] A piece of land containing 160 square rods or perches, or _4840 square yards, or 43,560 square feet. A'-ere-age (a/ker-), n. A sum total of acres. Ac 'rid, a. Of a biting taste ; sharp ; pungent ; harsh. Ae'rid-ness, n. A sharp, harsh quality ; pungency. Ac'ri-nio'ni-ous, a. 1. Abounding with acrimony. 2. Sarcastic. Syn. — Sharp; severe; bitter; corrosive; caustic. Ae'ri-mo'iii-oiis-ly , adv. With sharpness or bitterness. Ae'ri-mo-ny, n. 1„ A quality of bodies which cor- rodes, dissolves, or destroys others. 2. Sharpness or severity, as of language or temper. Syn.— Asperity; harshness; tartness. —Acrimony springs from an embittered spirit; tartness from an irritable temper; asperity and harshness from disregard for the feelings of others. Ac'ri-tude (53), n. [Lat. acritudo, from acer, sharp.] An acrid quality ; biting heat ; acrimony. Ac'ro-a-mat'ic, ) a. [Gr. aKpoa/xanKo?, from a/cpo- A-e'i-o-a-mat'ic-al, J aaOai, to hear.] Designed only to be heard ; oral ; — applied to the esoteric teachings of Aristotle, which were confined to his immediate hearers or disciples, in distinction from his exoteric doctrines, which were taught by means of books. A-e'ro-at'i-e, a. [Gr. d/cpoanKos. See supra.] The same as ACROAMATIC. A-e'ro-bat, n. [Gr. a*po?, on high, and /3atvetv, to go.] One who practices high vaulting, rope-dancing, &c. Ac'ro-bat'ic, a. Belonging to an acrobat or to his ex- ercises. Ac'ro-gen, n. [Gr. a/cpo?, extreme, and yiyvea-6ai, to be born.] (Hot.) A plant of the highest tribe of Crypto- gams, including the ferns, &c. See CRYPTOGAMA. A-erog'e-iioiis. a. (Hot.) Increasing in growth from the extremity. A-cron'yc-al, «• [Gr. a.Kp6wKro<;, d/cpovvKno?, from aicpos, extreme, and vv£, night.] (Astron. ) Rising at sun- set and setting at sunrise, as a star; — opposed to cos- mical. A-crop'o-lis, n. The upper or higher part of a Grecian city ; hence, the citadel or castle, and especially the cita- del of Athens. [at the end of a. seed. Ac'ro-spire, n. [Gr. a/cpo? and cnreipa, spire.] A sprout A-eross' (21), prep. From side to side of; athwart ; quite over; crosswise of, or in a direction opposed to the length of. A-eross', adv. From side to side ; crosswise. A-eros'tie, n. [Gr. a/cpooTixov, from a«po?, extreme, and (TTt'xo?, order, line, verse.] A composition , usually in verse, in which the first or the last letter of every line, or of every word, read collectively, forma name or sentence. A-eros'tic-al-ly, adv. In the manner of an acrostic. Aet, v. i. [Lat. actus, p. p. of agere, to drive, lead, do.] 1. To exert power. 2. To be in action or motion ; to perform an action or actions. 3. To behave or conduct, as in morals, private duties, or public offices ; to demean one's self. ACULEATE A-et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ACTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ACT- ING.] 1. To perform, especially upon the stage. 2. Hence, to feign or counterfeit. 3. To perform the part ^of ; to assume the office or character of; to play. A-et, n. 1. That which is done or doing; performance; deed. Hence, in specific uses, (a.) The result of public deliberation, or the decision of a prince, legislative body, council, court of justice, or magistrate ; a decree, edict, law, judgment, resolve, award, determination, (b.) A book, record, or writing, containing laws and determina- tions ; any instrument in writing to verify facts, (c.) One of the larger or principal divisions of a play, (d.) A thesis maintained in pub he, in some English universi- ties, (e.) The time when masters and doctors complet* their degrees, at the university of Oxford, Eng. 2. A state of reality, or real existence, as opposed to a possi- bility, or possible existence. 3. A state of preparation, readiness, or incipient action. Ac-tin'ic, a. Belonging to actinism. Ac-tln'i-f orm, a. [Gr. d/crt'?, ray, and Lat. forma, ^ form.] Having a radiated form. Ae'tin-igm, n. A property in the solar rays which pro- duces chemical changes, as in photography. A-e'ti-nom'e-ter, n. [Gr. clktCs, ray, and /xeVpov, meas- ure.] ( Opt.) An instrument for measuring the intensity w of the sun's actinic rays. A-e'tion, n. X» Exertion of power or force, as when one body acts on another ; or the effect of power exerted on one body by another ; motion produced ; agency. 2. An act or thing done ; a deed ; especially, the result of an exercise of volition ; hence, conduct ; behavior ; demean- or. 3. The event or series of events, either real or im- aginary, forming the subject of a play, narrative, poem, or other composition. 4. (Orat.) Gesture or gesticula- tion. 5. (Law.) (a.) A suit or process, by which a de- mand is made of a right in a court of justice ; a claim made before a tribunal, (b.) A right of action. 6. ( Com.) A share in the capital stock of a joint-stock com- pany, or in the public funds ; in the pi., stocks. [A Gal- licism.] 7. (Paint. & Sculp.) The attitude or position of the several parts of the body. 8. An engagement be- w tween troops in war. Ac'tion-a-ble, a. Admitting a suit, or the bringing of an action at law which will he ; as, to call a man a thief ^is actionable. Ae'tion-a-hry. adv. In an actionable manner. Ae'tion-a-ry, \n. (Com.) A proprietor of stock in a A-e'tion-ist, ) joint-stock company ; one who owns ^ actions or shares of stock. Act'ive, a. 1. Having the power or quality of acting ; communicating action or motion ; — opposed to passive. 2. Constantly engaged in action ; hence, energetic ; dili- gent ; busy. 3. Requiring or implying action or exer- tion ; practical ; operative ; producing real effects ; — op- posed to speculative. 4. (Gram.) Expressing the transi- tion or passing of an action from an agent to an object, as certain verbs do ; transitive. Syn. — Brisk; alert; agile; nimble; sprightly; prompt; quick. — Agile and nimble relate to bodily movements, the others may apply either to the body or the mind. Aet'ive-ly, adv. In an active manner ; nimbly. A-et'ive-ness, \ n. Quality of being active; nimble- Ae-tiv'i-ty, j ness ; agility. A-et'or, n. One who acts ; especially, one who plays on ' the stage. Act'ress, n. A female who acts or plays. Act'u-al, a. [Lat. actualis.] 1. Existing in act, and truly and absolutely so ; really acted or acting ; carried out ; — opposed to potential, possible, virtual, or theoret- ical. 2. Existing at the present time ; present. A-et'u-al'i-ty, n. The state of being actual. A-efu-al-i-za'tion, n. A making actual or really exist- Aet'u.-al-ize, v. t. To make actual. [ent. Aet'iz-al-ly, adv. In act or fact ; really ; verily ; truly. A-et'u-al-ness, n. State or quality of being actual; actuality. A-et'u-a-ry, n. X. A registrar or clerk. 2. The man- ager of a joint-stock company, particularly of an insur- ance company. A-et'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. actuated ; p. pr. & vb. n. actuating.] To put into action ; to move or incite to action. Syn.— To move; impel; instigate; induce; rouse; animate. A-eii'le-ate, a. (Bot.) Having prickles, or sharp points ; pointed ; — used chiefly to denote prickles fixed in the bark, in distinction from thorns, which grow from the wood. food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, linfc ; this- ACUMEN 10 ADIPOCERE A-eu'men, n. Quickness of perception or discernment ; penetration of mind ; the faculty of nice discrimination. Syn. — Acuteness; astuteness; shrewdness; perspicuity; discernment. A-eu'mi-nate, v. t. To render sharp or keen. A-eu'mi-nate, v. i. To end in, or come to, a sharp point. A-eu'mi-nate, a. Having a long, tapering point. A-eu/mi-na/tion, n. A sharpening ; termination in a sharp point. Ae'u-puuet'ure , n. The introduction of needles into the living tissues for remedial purposes. A-eute', a. 1. Sharp at the end ; ending in a sharp point ; pointed ; — opposed to blunt or obtuse. 2. Hav- ing nice discernment ; perceiving or using minute dis- tinctions ; penetrating ; shrewd ; — opposed to dull or stupid. 3. Having nice or quick sensibility ; susceptible of slight impressions. 4. High, or shrill, in respect to some other sound ; — opposed to grave or low. 5. (Med.) Attended with symptoms of some degree of severity, and coming speedily to a crisis ; — opposed to chronic. Syn. — Penetrating; piercing; pointed; shrewd; subtle. A-eute'ly, adv. Sharply ; shrewdly ; keenly. Ad'age, n. [Lat. adagium, from adigere, to adduce ; ad and agere, to lead, do.] An old saying, which has ob- tained credit by long use. Syn.— Maxim; proverb; aphorism; axiom; saw. A.-da'gio (-jo), a. [It.] (Mus.) Slow; moving slowly, lei- surely, and gracefully. When repeated, adagio, adagio, it directs the movement to be very slow. A-dd'glo, n. A piece of music in adagio time. Ad'a-mant, n. [Gr. aSdfiag, -le, a. Capable or worthy of being admitted Ad-mls'sion (-mlsh / un), n. 1. Act or practice of ad mitting. 2. Power or permission to enter ; access. 3, The granting of an argument or position not fully proved Ad-mlt', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ADMITTED ; p. pr. & vb n. ADMITTING.] [Lat. admittere, from ad and mittere to send.] 1. To grant entrance to, whether into a place or into the mind. 2. To give evidence of a right of en trance. 3. To receive as true. 4. To be capable of. Syn. — To concede; grant; permit; allow. — Admit has the widest sense. We grant or concede what is claimed; we allow what we suffer to take place or yield ; we permit what we con- sent to. Ad-mit'tan^e, n. 1. Act of admitting. 2. Permis- sion to enter. 3. (Law.) Act of giving possession of a copyhold estate. Ad-mix', v. t. To mingle with something else. Ad-mix'tioii (-mlksVyun, 97), n. [Lat. admiztio.] A mingling of bodies ; a union by mixing different sub- stances together. Ad-mlxt'u.re, n. 1. A mixing. 2. What is mixed. food, ftfbt ; urn, ru.de, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, e«ho ; gem, get ; ag ; exist ; linger, link ; this. ADMONISH 12 ADVENTURE Ad-mon'ish, v. t. [imp. & p.p. admonished ; p.pr. & vb. n. ADMONISHING-.] [Lat. admonere,admonitum, from ad and monere, to remind, warn.] 1. To reprove gently, or with mildness. 2. To counsel against wrong practices. 3. To instruct or direct ; to inform. Syn. — To reprove; caution; rebuke; reprimand; warn; ad- vise. — We advise as to future conduct; we warn of danger or by way of threat; we actinonish with a view to one's improve- ment; we reprove, reprimand, and rebuke by way of punish- ment. Ad-mon'isli-er, n. A reprover; an adviser. Ad rno-ni'tion (-nish'un), n. Gentle or friendly re- proof or counsel ; advice. Ad-naon'i-tive, a. Containing admonition. Ad-mon'i-tor, n. One who admonishes- Ad-«ion'i-to-ry, a. Containing admonition ; admon- ishing. Ad-nas'cent, a. [Lat. adnascens, p. pr. of adnasci, ad- nalus, to grow to or on.] Growing to or on something else. Ad'nate, a. [See supra.] (Bot.) Growing close to astern. A-do' (23), n. [Prefix a, for to, and do.] Bustle ; trouble ; labor ; difficulty. Adobe (a-do'ba), n. [Sp.] An unburnt brick dried in the sun. Ad'o-les'cence, n. Youth ; the years between the ages of 14 and 25 in man, and of 12 and 21 in woman. Ad'o-les'cent, a. [Lat. adolescens, p.pr. of adolescere, to grow up to.] Growing ; advancing from childhood to manhood. A-dopt', v. t. [imp. & p. p. adopted ; p. pr. & vb. n. ADOPTING.] [Lat. adoptare, from ad and optare, to choose.] To select and take as one's own when not so before. A-dopt'er, n. 1. One who adopts. 2. (Chem.) A re- ceiver with two necks. A-dop'tion, n. 1. The act of adopting, or state of be- ing adopted. 2. The receiving as one's own what is new or not natural. A-dopt'ive, a. 1. Adopted ; as, an adoptive son. 2. Adopting ; as, an adoptive father. A-dor'a-hle, a. Worthy of adoration. A-dor'a-lble-ness, n. The quality of being adorable. A-dor'a-bly, adv. With adoration or worship. Ad'o-ra'tion, n. 1. Worship paid to a divine being. 2. Homage paid to one in high esteem. A-dore', v. t. [imp. & p. p. adored ; p. pr. & vb. n. ADORING.] [Lat. adorare, from ad and orare, to speak, pray, from os. oris, mouth.] 1. To worship with pro- found reverence. 2. To love in the highest degree. A-dor'ei*, n. A worshiper ; a lover. A-dorn', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ADORNED ; p. pr. & vb, n. adorning.] [Lat. adomare, from ad and ornare, to furnish, embellish.] To render beautiful ; to decorate. Syn.— To deck; embellish; set off; beautify; ornament. — We decorate and ornament for the sake of show; we embellish and adorn to heighten beauty. A-dorn'ment, n. Ornament ; embellishment. Ad-os'eu-la/tion, n. 1. The impregnation of plants by the falling of the farina on the pistil. 2. A species of budding or ingrafting. 3. (Physiol.) An impregna- tion by mere external contact, without intromission, as in fishes. [ward. A-down', prep. Down ; toward the ground. — adv. down- A-drift', a. or adv. [Prefix a and drift.] Floating at random ; at large. A-droit', a. [Fr. d droit, to the right, from Lat. directus, p. p. of dirigere, to direct.] Possessing or exercising skill or dexterity ; ready in invention or execution. Syn. — Skillful; expert; clever; dexterous; ingenious. A-droit'ly, adv. In an adroit manner. A-droit'ness, n. Dexterity ; readiness of body or mind. A-dry', a. Thirsty ; in want of drink. Ad'sci-ti'tioiis (-tlsh'us), a. [From Lat. adsciscere, as- ciscere, to take knowingly.] Taken as supplemental; ^ added; additional. Ad'u-la'tion, n. [Lat. adulatio, from adulari, to flat- ter.] Servile flattery ; sycophancy. Syn. — Flattery; compliment.— A man who respects himself may use the language of compliment, and perhaps of flattery but never of adulation. Ad'u-la/tor, n. A servile flatterer ; sycophant. Ad'u-la/to-ry, a. Flattering to excess. A-diilt', a. [Lat. adultus, p. p. of adolescere. See Ado- lescent.] Having arrived at mature years, or to full size and strength. A-du.lt', n. A person or thing grown to maturity. A-dul'ter-ant, n. A person or thing that adulterates. A-dul'ter-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. adulterated; p. pr. & vb. n. ADULTERATING.] [Lat. adulterare, from adulter, adulterer, unchaste ; ad and alter, other, properly one who approaches another on account of un- lawful love.] t To debase or corrupt or make impure by admixture of baser materials. Syn.— To contaminate; corrrupt. A-dul'ter-ate, a. 1. Tainted with adultery. 2. De- based ; corrupted. A-diU/ter-a'tion, n. Act of adulterating, or state of being adulterated. A-diil'ter-er, n. [Lat. adulter, with an additional Eng. termination.] A man who is guilty of adultery. A-dul'ter-ess, n. A woman who commits adultery. A-dul'ter-ine, or A-dul'ter-ine, a. Proceeding from adultery. A-dul'ter-ine, or A-dul'ter-ine, n. A child bom in adultery. A-diU'ter-ous, a. Pertaining to, or guilty of, adultery. A-dul'ter-y, n. 1. A violation of the marriage-bed. 2. [Script.) Violation of one's religious covenant. A-dult'ness, n. The state of being an adult. Ad-um'forant, a. Giving a faint shadow. Ad-umlbrate, v. t. [Lat. adumbrare, from ad and um- __ bra, shade.] To shadow faintly forth ; to typify. Ad'um-bra'tion, n. 1. The act of shadowing forth. 2. A faint resemblance. A-dun'ci-ty, n. [Lat. aduncitas, fr. aduncus, hooked.] Hookedness, or a bending in form of a hook. A-dust', a. [Lat. adustus, p. p. of adurere.] 1. Burnt or scorched ; hot and fiery. 2. Looking as if burnt or scorched. Ad-vance', v. t. [imp. & p. p. advanced ; p. pr. & vb. n. ADVANCING.] [0. Fr. advancer, from Lat. ab ante, fit. from before.] 1. To bring forward. 2. To raise to a higher rank. 3. To accelerate the growth or progress of; to forward ; to help on. 4. To offer or pro- pose. 5. To supply beforehand ; to pay for others, in expectation of re-imbursement. Syn. — To adduce; allege; proceed; heighten. Ad-vance', v. i. 1. To move or go forward. 2. To im- prove. 3. To rise in rank, office, or consequence. Ad-vance' (6), n. 1. Act of advancing or moving for- ward ; approach. 2. Improvement or progression, phys- ically, mentally, morally, or socially. 3. (Com.) Addi- tional price or profit. 4. A tender ; an offer ; a gift ; — specifically , a furnishing of something before an equiva- lent is received (as money or goods), toward a capital or stock, or on loan ; hence, the money or goods thus fur- nished. In advance, in front ; before ; also, beforehand; before an equivalent is received. Ad-vance', a. Before in place, or beforehand in time ; — used for advanced ; as, an advan ce-guard. Ad-vance'ment, n. 1. Act of advancing or state of being advanced ; progression ; improvement ; promotion. 2. That which a person has received from a parent liv- ing, in anticipation of what he might receive by inherit- ance. 3. Payment of money in advance. Ad-vanc'er, n. One who advances ; a promoter. Ad-van'tage (6), n. [See Advance.] 1. Any state, condition, circumstance, opportunity, or means particu- larly favorable to some desired end. 2. Superiority of state, or that which gives it ; benefit ; gain ; profit. Ad-van'tage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. advantaged ; p. pr. & vb. n. ADVANTAGING.] To benefit ; to promote. Ad-van'tage-ground, n. Ground that gives advan- tage or superiority ; vantage-ground. Ad'van-ta'geous (-ta/jus), a. Being of advanfege ; furnishing advantage, convenience, or opportunity to gain benefit ; gainful ; profitable ; useful ; beneficial. Ad'van-ta'geoiis-ly, adv. In an advantageous man- ner, [advantageous ; profitableness. Ad^an-ta'geoiis-ness, n. Quality or state of being Ad'vent, n. 1. A coming ; approach ; specifically, the first or the second coming of Christ. 2. A season of devotion including four Sundays before Christmas. Ad/ven-tl'tious (-tish/us), a. 1. Added extrinsically ; not essentially inherent ; accidental ; casual. 2. (Bot.) Out of the proper or usual place. Ad'ven-tl'tious-ly, adv. In an adventitious manner. Ad-vent'ive, a. Accidental ; adventitious. Ad-vent'u-al, a. Pertaining to the season of advent. Ad-vent'ure, n. [L. Lat. adventura, from Lat. adve- nire, future p. adventurus, to arrive.] 1. That of which one has no direction ; hazard ; risk ; chance. 2. An en- a, e, &c, long; a, e, &c. , short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, dcj, wolf ADVENTURE 13 AERONAUTISM terprise of hazard ; a bold undertaking. 3. A remark- able occurrence ; a striking event. 4. A thing sent to sea at the risk of the person sending it. Syn. — Incident; occurrence; contingency. Ad-v6nt'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ADVENTURED ; p.pr. & vb. n. ADVENTURING-.] 1. To put at hazard; to risk; to jeopard. 2. To run the risk of attempting. Ad-vent'ure, v. i. To try the chances ; to dare. Ad-vent'ur-er, n. One who adventures ; one who relies for success on his boldness or good fortune. Ad-vent'ure-some, a. Incurring hazard ; bold ; vent- Ad -vent 'ur-ous, a. 1. Inclined to adventure ; bold to encounter danger ; daring ; courageous ; enterprising. 2. Full of hazard : attended with risk. Ad-vent'iir-ous-ly, adv. Boldly ; daringly. Ad'verto (14), n. [Lat. adverbium, from ad and verbum, word, verb.] ( Gram.) A word used to modify the sense of a verb, participle, adjective, or other adverb, and usually placed near it. Ad-verb'i-al, a. Relating to or like an adverb. Ad-verb'i-al-ly, adv. In manner of an adverb. Ad'ver-sa-ry, n. [Lat. adversarius, turned toward. See Adverse .] One who is hostile or opposed. Syn. — Opponent; antagonist; enemy; foe. — Unfriendly feel- ings mark the enemy ; habitual hostility the adversary ; active hostility the foe. Opponents are those who are pitted against each other; antagonists, those who struggle in the contest with all their might. Ad'ver-sa-ry, a. Adverse ; opposed ; antagonistic. Ad-ver'sa-tive, a. Expressing contrariety, opposition, or antithesis between two connected propositions ; — ap- plied to the conjunctions but, however, yet, &c. Ad-ver'sa-tive , n. A word denoting contrariety or op- position ; an adversative word. Ad'verse (14), a. [Lat. adversus, p. p. of advertere. See Advert.] 1. Acting in a contrary direction ; conflict- ing. 2. Opposing desire ; contrary to the wishes, or to supposed good ; hence, unfortunate ; calamitous. Syn. — Hostile; conflicting; unfortunate; calamitous. Ad'verse-ly, adv. With opposition ; unfortunately. Ad'verse-ness, n. Opposition ; unprosperousness. Ad-ver'si-ty, n. Adverse circumstances; an event or series of events attended with severe trials or misfortunes. Syn. — Calamity ; affliction ; distress; misery. Ad-vert' (14), v. i. [imp. & p. p. adverted ; p. pr. & vb. n. ADVERTING.] [Lat. advertere', from ad and ver- ier e, to turn.] To turn the mind or attention. Syn. — To attend; regard; observe. Ad-vert'ence, In. Attention; notice; regard; eon- Ad-vert'en-cy, ) sideration. Ad-vert'ent, a. Attentive; heedful. Ad'ver-tige', v. t. or i. [imp. & p. p. advertised ; p. pr. & vb. n. ADVERTISING.] [From Lat. advertere. See Advert.] 1. To give notice, advice, or intelligence to ; to inform or apprise. 2. To make known through the press. Ad-ver'tige-ment, or Ad'ver-tige'ment, n. 1. Information. 2. Public notice through the press. Ad'ver-tis/er, n. One who advertises. Ad-vice', n. 1. An opinion recommended or offered, as worthy to be followed ; counsel ; suggestion. 2. Infor- mation as to the state of an affair or affairs ; notice ; in- telligence ; — commonly in the pi. Syn. — Information ; notice; admonition. Ad-vlce'-boat, n. A boat employed to convey dis- patches or information. [dient. Ad-vx§'a-hle, a. Fit to be advised or to be done ; expe- Ad-vlg'a-ble-ness, n. Fitness to be done; meetness ; propriety ; expediency. Ad-vige', v. t. [imp. & p. p. advised ; p. pr. & vb. n. ADVISING.] [Low Lat. advisare. See ADVICE.] 1. To give advice to ; to counsel. 2. To give information to ; to apprise ; to inform. Syn. — To apprise; acquaint; consult; consider. Ad-vige', v. i. To deliberate ; to weigh well, or consider. Ad-vig'ed-ly, adv. With full knowledge ; purposely. Ad-vlg'ed-ness, n. Deliberate consideration. Ad-vlge'ment, n. 1. Counsel. 2. Consultation ; de- liberation ; consideration. Ad-vig'er, n. One who gives advice ; a counselor. Ad-vl'go-ry, a. 1. Having power to advise. 2. Con- taining advice. Ad'vo-ca-cy, n. Act of pleading for or supporting ; vin- dication ; defense ; intercession. Ad'vo-eate, n. One who pleads any cause ; hence, spe- cifically, one who pleads the cause of another before any tribunal_or judicial court. Ad'vo-eate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. advocated ; p.pr. & vb. n. ADVOCATING.] [Lat. advocatus, p. p. of advo- care, to call to, from ad and vocare, to call.] To plead in favor of; to maintain by argument. Syn. — To defend; support; vindicate. Ad'vo-ea'tion, n. Act of advocating or pleading. Ad'vow-ee', n. [Ft. advoue, avoue, fr. Lat. advocatus.] One who has the right of presenting to a benefice. Ad-vow'gon, n. (Eng. Law.) The right of presenting or nominating to a vacant benefice or living in the _ church. A'dy-nam'te, a. (Med.) Pertaining to debility of the ^vital powers.; weak ; feeble. Ad'y-tum, n. ; pi. AD'Y-TA. [Lat.] (Arch.) A secret apartment, especially a secret place in ancient temples from whence oracles were given. Adz, In. A carpenter's tool Adze, I for chipping, formed with a thin arching blade, and its edge at right angles to the handle. iE'dlle, n. [Lat. xdilis, from cedes, temple.] An officer in ancient Rome who had the care of the public buildings, streets, public spectacles, &c. ^Eg'i-lops, n. [Gr. atyi'Atoi//, properly goat's eye, from cu£, goat, and i»ty, eye-] An abscess in the corner of the eye. iE'gis, n. [Gr. aiyi's-] A shield or defensive armor; hence, any thing that protects. iE-o'li-an, a. 1. Pertaining to iEolia or JSolis, in Asia Minor. 2. Pertaining to JMus, the god of the winds ; hence, pertaining to, or produced by, the wind. jEolian attachment, a contrivance often attached to a piano- forte, by means of which it is converted into a wind-instru- ment at the pleasure of the performer. — jEollan harp, a musi- cal instrument consisting of a box, on or within which are stretched strings, on which the wind acts to produce the notes; — usually placed at an open window. ^E-ol'ie, a. Pertaining to JEolia. A'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. aerated ; p. pr. & vb. n. aerating.] [See Air.] 1. To combine with carbonic _acid. 2. To supply with common air. 3. To arterialize. A'er-a'tion, n. 1. Act of combining with carbonic acid. 2. The process of respiration ; arterialization. 3. Exposure of soil to the free action of the air. A-e'ri-al, a. 1. Pertaining to the air, or atmosphere. 2. Consisting of air. 3. Produced by air. 4. Inhabit- ing or frequenting the air. 5. Having its place in the air ; high ; lofty. 6. Growing, forming, or existing in the air. Ae'rie (e'ry or a'ry),^. [L. Lat. a'cria, from Lat. area, an open space, a fowling floor ; for birds of prey like to buiid their nests on flat and open spaces on the top of high rocks.] The nest of an eagle, hawk, or other bird of prey. A/er-i-f i-ea'tion, n. The act of aerifying. A'ei--i-f6rm, a. Having the form of air, as gas. A'er-i-fy, v. t. [Lat. a'cr, air, and facere, to make.] To change'into an aeriform state. A/er-og'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. dbjp, air, and ypa^eiv, to write.] A description of the air. A'er-o-Hte, n. [Gr. ar/p, air, and At0os, stone.] A stone _ falling from the air or upper regions ; a meteoric stone. A'ei'-ol'o-glst, n. One who is versed in aerology. A/er-61'o-gy, n. [Gr. a-qp, air, and Aoyo?, discourse.] That science which treats of the air and its phenomena. A'er-o-man'cy, n. [Gr. a-qp, air, and ixavreta, prophe- sying.] Divination by means of the air and winds, or o/ substances found in the atmosphere. A'er-om'e-ter, n. [Gr. arjp, air, and /u.eVpov, measure.] An instrument for measuring the weight or density of air _and gases. A/er-o-met'rie, a. Pertaining to aerometry. A'er-om'e-try, n. The art or science of ascertaining the mean bulk of gases. A'er-o-naut/, n. [Gr. o.-qp, air, and vaimjs, sailor.] An aerial navigator ; a balloonist. A/er-o-naut'ie , a. Pertaining to aeronautics. A'er-o-naut'ics, n. sing. The science or art of sailing in the air by means of a balloon. ^/er-o-naut'igm, «• Tne practice of ascending and floating in the atmosphere in balloons. food, foot ; ftrn, rude, pull ; pell, chaise, «all, echo ; sera., get ; ag ; e^ist ; linger, link; this- AEROPHYTE 14 AFFLICTIVELY 5/er-o-phyte', n. [Gr. a-qp, air, and $vtov, plant.] A plant deriving its support from the air alone. A/er-6s'eo-py 5 n. [Gr. aepoa-icoivia, from arjp, air, and . t. [imp. & p.p. agglomerated ; p.pr. & vb. n. AGGLOMERATING.] [Lat. agglomerare, from ad and glomerare, to form into a glomus, a ball of yarn.] To wind, or collect into a ball; hence, ito gather into a mass. Ag-glom'er-ate, v. i. To collect into a ball or mass. Ag-glom'er-a'tion, n. Act of gathering, or state of being gathered, into a ball or mass. Ag-glu'ti-nant, a. Uniting, as glue. Ag-glu'ti-nant, n. Any viscous adhesive substance. Ag-glu'ti-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. agglutinated; p. pr. & vb. n. AGGLUTINATING.] [Lat. agglutinare, to glue to, from ad and glutinare, to glue.] To unite, or cause to adhere, as with glue or other viscous substance ; to unite by causing an adhesion of substances. Ag-glu'ti-na'tion, n. 1. Act of uniting, or state of being united, as by glue. 2. Union of several words in one compound vocable, as in the aboriginal languages of America. Ag-glu'ti-na/tive, a. Tending to unite. Ag'gran-dize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. AGGRANDIZED ; p. pr. & vb. n. AGGRANDIZING.] [Lat. ad and grandis, large, great.] 1. To enlarge ; — applied to things. 2. To make great or greater in power, rank, or honor. Syn.— To augment; exalt; promote; advance; increase. Ag-gran'dize-ment, or Ag'gran-dize'ment, n. The act of aggrandizing or state of beiDg aggrandized. Ag'gran-diz'er, n. One who aggrandizes. Ag'gra-vate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. aggravated ; p. pr. & vb. n. AGGRAVATING.] [Lat. aggravare, from ad and gravis, heavy.] 1. To make worse, more severe, more enormous ; to enhance. 2. To give coloring to in description ; to give an exaggerated representation of. 3. To provoke or irritate ; to tease. S3f- The last sense has been recently introduced, and though not uncommon, is of questionable propriety. Syn. — To heighten ; raise; increase; magnify. Ag'gra-va'tion, n. 1. Act of aggravating, or making worse. 2. That which aggravates. 3. Exaggerated representation. 4. Provocation ; irritation. [Modern _ and not legitimate.} Ag'gre-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. AGGREGATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. AGGREGATING.] [Lat. aggregare, to lead to a herd or flock, from ad. and grex, flock, herd.] To bring together ; to collect into a sum or mass. Syn. — To accumulate ; pile. Ag'gre-gate, a. 1. Formed by a collection of particu- lars into a whole mass or sum. 2. Formed into clusters. 3. {Laiv.) United in one body corporate, with a capac- w ity of succession and perpetuity. Ag'gre-gate, n. A sum, or assemblage of particulars. Syn. — Mass; assemblage; collection; sum total; lump. Ag'gre-ga'tion, n. Act of aggregating, or state of being aggregated ; collection into a sum or mass ; a w collection_pf particulars ; an aggregate. Ag'gre-ga/tive, a. Causing aggregation ; collective. Ag'gre-ga'tor, n. One who collects into a mass. Ag-gres'sion (-gresh'un), n. [Lat. aggressio, from ag- gredi, to go to, approach.] First attack, or act of hos- tility or injury ; first act leading to a war or controversy. Syn.— Attack; assault; invasion; encroachment. Ag-gres'slve, a. Tending to aggress ; making the first attack or encroachment. [sive. Ag-gress'Ive-ness, n. Quality or state of being aggres- Ag-gress'or, n. The one who first makes an aggression. Syn. — Assaulter; invader. — An aggressor is one who begins a quarrel or encroachment; an assaulter is one who makes a violent onset: an invader is one who enters by force into the possessions of another. Ag-griev'ance, n. Injury; grievance. Ag-grieve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. aggrieved; p. pr. & vb. n AGGRIEVING.] [Lat. ad and gravis, heavy.] To give pain or sorrow to ; to afflict ; hence, to oppress or injure ; to vex ; to harass. Ag-group', v. t. To bring together ; to group. A-ghast' {-gist'), a. or adv. [A contraction of agazed, p. p. of agaze.] Struck with amazement ; stupefied with sudden fright or horror. [motion. Ag'ile, a. [Lat. agilis, from agere, to act.] Quick of Syn. — Nimble; active; lively; brisk. Ag'ile-ness, ) n. Quality of being agile ; power to move A-^il'i-ty, )_ quickly ; quickness of motion. A'gi-o, n.;pl. a'gi-o§. [It. aggio, agio, same as agia, ease, comfort.] 1. {Com.) Difference in value between metallic and paper money, or between one sort of metal- lic money and another. 2. Premium ; sum given above _ the nominal value. A'gi-o-tage, n. The maneuvers of speculators to raise or depress the funds ; stock-jobbing. A-gist'ment, n. [L. Lat. agistamentum, from gistum, abode, lodging, from Lat. jacere, to lie.] (Law.){a.) The taking and feeding of other men's cattle, (b.) Price paid for such feeding. Ag'i-tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. agitated ; p. pr. & vb. n. AGITATING.] [Lat. agitare, to put in motion, to drive, intens. of agere.] 1. To move with a violent irregular action. 2. To disturb or excite. 3. To dis- cuss with great earnestness. 4. To consider on all sides •, to revolve in the mind, or view in all aspects. Syn. — To shake; excite; rouse; perturb; revolve; debate, Ag'i-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of agitating, or state of being agitated. 2. Perturbation of mind. 3. Discussion. Syn. — Disturbance; excitement; debate; deliberation. A^'i-ta'tive, a. Having power or tendency to agitate. Ag'i-ta'tor, n. One who agitates ; a disturber. Ag'nail, n. An inflammation round the nail ; a whitlow. Ag'nate, a. Related on the father's side. Ag'nate, n. Any male relation by the father's side. Ag-na'tion, n. Relation by the father's side. Ag-no'm,en,n. [Lat.] Among the Romans, a fourth name given on account of some exploit, as Scipio Africanus. jlff f nus--€as'ttis, n. [Gr. ay^o?, a willow-like tree, associ- ated with the notion of chastity from the similarity of its name to ayvos, chaste.] The chaste-tree, a kind of tree w so called from its imaginary power to preserve chastity. JLg'nus-De't, n. [Lat., lamb of God.] {Rom. Cath. Church.) A cake of wax bearing the figure of a lamb ; also a prayer beginning with these words. A-go', adv. or a. [Old Eng. agone.] Past ; gone. A-gog', a. or adv. [Corrupted and contracted from a-go- ing.] Highly excited by eagerness after an object. A-go'ing, p. pr. In motion ; going ; ready to go. Ag'o-nigm, n. Contention for a prize. Ag'o-nlst, n. [Gr. ayan/io-T^s. See Agonize.] One _ who contends for the prize in public games. Ag'o-nist'ie , 1 a. Relating to prize-fighting, or to any Ag'o-nist'ie-al, J violent contest bodily or mental. Ag'o-nize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. agonized ; p. pr. & vb. n. AGONIZING.] [Gr. vi£eo-0ai, ayu>vl£et.v .] To ^ writhe with agony ; to suffer violent anguish. Ag'o-nize, v. t. To distress with great pain ; to torture. Ag'o-niz-ing-ly, adv. With extreme anguish. Ag'o-ny, n. [Gr. aywia.] Pain that causes writhing or contortions of the body, like those in athletic con- tests ; hence, extreme pain of body or mind. Syn. — Anguish; pang. — Agony and pang denote a severe paroxysm of pain (agony being the greatest); anguish is pro- Ion ced suffering; the anguish of remorse, the pangs or agonies of dissolution. A-gra'ri-an (89), a. Relating or tending to equal divis- ion of lands. [property. A-gra'ri-an, n. One who favors an equal division of A-gra'ri-an-i§m, n. Equal division of land or property, or the principles of those who favor such a division. A-gree', v. i. [imp. & p.p. agreed ; p.pr. & vb. n. AGREEING.] [Lat. ad and grains, pleasing, agreeable.] 1. To harmonize in opinion, statement, or action. 2. To yield assent. 3. To come to terms. 4. To resem- ble. 5. To suit or be adapted in its effects. 6. (Gram.) To correspond in gender, number, case, or person. Syn. — To accede; assent; consent. A-gree'a-lbil'i-ty, n. Quality of being agreeable. A-gree'a-ble, a. 1. Agreeing or suitable ; conformable. 2. In pursuance, conformity, or accordance. 3. Pleas- ing, either .to the mind or senses. 4. Willing or ready to agree or consent. A-gree'a-ble-ness, n. The quality of being agreeable or suitable ; conformity. A-gree'a-bly, adv. 1. In an agreeable manner ; pleas- ingly. 2. In accordance ; conformably. A-gree'ment, n. 1. A state of agreeing, or being in harmony or resemblance. 2. {Gram.) Concord or correspondence of one word with another in gender, number, case, or person. 3. {Law.) Union of two or more minds in a thing done or to be done ; hence, a bar- gain, compact, or contract. Syn. — Union; concurrence; accordance; contract. A-gres'ti-e, \a. [From Lat. agrestis; ager, fieldj A-gres'tie-al, J Pertaining to the fields ; rural ; un- polished ; rustic. a,e,kc,,long; a, 6, &>c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, AGRICULTOR 17 ALATED Ag'ri-eiilt'or, n. A farmer ; a husbandman. Ag'ri-eult'ur-al, a. Relating to agriculture. Ag'ri-eiilt'ure, n. [Lat. agricultural, ager, field, and cultura, cultivation.] The art or science of cultivating the ground, especially in fields or in large quantities ; till age ; husbandry ; farming. Ag'ri-ciilt'ur-ist, n. One skilled in agriculture ; i husbandman ; farmer. Ag'ri-mo-ny, n. [Lat. agrimonia, from Gr. apye/xa^ a disease of the eye, which this plant was supposed to cure.' A genus of plants ; liverwort. A-gron'o-my, n. [Gr. aypos, field, and ve>eiv, to as sign.] Husbandry ; agriculture. A-ground', adv. On the ground ; stranded. A'gue, n. 1. Chilliness ; a state of shaking with cold, though in ordinary health. 2. (Med.) An intermittent _fever, attended by alternate cold and hot fits. A'gu-ish, a. Having the qualities of an ague ; chilly. All, inter j. An exclamation, expressive of surprise, pity, complaint, contempt, dislike, joy, exultation, &c, accord- ing to the manner of utterance. A-ha', interj. An exclamation expressing triumph, con- tempt, or simple surprise ; but the senses are distinguished by very different modes of utterance. A-head', adv. Farther forward; farther in front or in advance ; onward. A-hull', adv. With the sails furled and the helm lashed. Aid, v. t. [imp. & p. p. AIDED ;p.pr. & vb. n. AIDING.] [Lat. adjutare , to help, freq. of adjuvare, to help, from ad audjuvare, to help.] To support, by furnishing strength or means to effect a purpose, or to prevent or remove evil. Syn. — To assist; help; succor; support; relieve; sustain. Aid, n. 1. Help. 2. The person or thing that aids ; a helper. 3. An aid-de-camp. Syn. — Support; succor; assistance; relief. Aid'ance, n. Aid ; assistance ; help. _ Aid'-de-camp (Id'de-kong), n.; pi. AIDE s-de -GAMP. [B'r.] {Mil-) An officer selected by a general officer to _ assist him in his military duties. Aid'less, a. Helpless; unsupported; friendless.. Ai'gret, \n. [Fr.] 1. The small white heron. 2. A Ai'grette, ) tuft, as of feathers, diamonds, &c. Ail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. AILED ; p. pr. & vb. n. AILING.] [A.-S. eglan, to feel pain, egle, sharp, troublesome.] To affect with pain or uneasiness, either physical or mental ; _to trouble ; to be the matter with. Ail, v. i. To feel pain ; to be troubled. Ail, n. Disorder; indisposition; pain. Ai-lan'tus, n. [From ailanto, i. e., tree of heaven, the name of the tree in the Moluccas.] A genus of beautiful trees, natives of the East. One species has an offensive _odor. [Commonly, but improperly, spelt ailanthus.] Ail'ment, n. Morbid affection of the body ; disease. Aim, v. i. [Lat. cestimare, to estimate.] ^ 1. To point with _a missive weapon. 2. To direct the inte*ntion or purpose. Aim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. AIMED ; p. pr. & vb. n. AIM- ING.] To direct or point, as a weapon ; to direct to a _particular object. Aim, n. 1. The pointing or direction of any thing, esp. a missile weapon, to a particular point or object, with a view to strike or affect it, as of a spear, a blow, a dis- course, or remark. 2. The point intended to be hit, or object intended to be affected. 3. Purpose; intention. Syn. — Direction; end; scope; scheme. Aim/less, a. Without aim or purpose ; purposeless. Air(4),n. [Lat. a'cr, Gr. arjp, air.] 1. The fluid which we breathe, and which surrounds the earth ; the atmos- phere. 2. A particular state of the atmosphere, as re- spects heat, cold, moisture, and the like, or as affecting the sensations. 3. Any aeriform body ; a gas. 4. Air in motion; a light breeze. 5. Publicity. 6. (Mus.) A musical thought expressed in a pleasing and symmetrical succession of single tones ; a melody ; a tune ; an aria. 7. Peculiar look, appearance, manner, mien, or carriage of a person. 8. pi. An artificial or affected manner ; A show of pride. Air, v. t. [imp. & p. p. aired ; p. pr. & vb. n. airing.] 1. To expose to the air for the purpose of cooling, re- freshing, exhibiting, or purifying ; to ventilate. 2. To A expose to heat, for the purpose of drying or warming. Air'-bath, n. An arrangement for drying substances in A air of any desired temperature. Air'-b6d, n. A case of india-rubber cloth, or other ma- Air-pump. terial, made air-tight, and inflated through tubes closed A by stop-cocks. Air'-bl&d'der, n. A peculiar organ in some kinds of fishes, containing air, by which they are enabled to main- A tain their equilibrium in the water. Air'-cell§, n. pi. Cells containing air. i^ir'-gun, n. A gun discharged by the elastic force of air. Air'-hole, n. 1. An opening to admit or discharge air. „ 2. A hole produced by a bubble of air. Air'i-ly, adv. In an airy manner; gayly ; merrily. Air'i-ness,n. 1. Openness to the air. 2. Levity ; gayety. Air'ing, n. 1. A short excursion in the open air. 2. A Exposure to air and warmth. Air '-pipe, n. A pipe for drawing off foul air. Air'-plant, n. A plant nourished by air only. Air'-pump, n. A machine, vari- ously constructed, for exhausting the air from a closed vessel. ©2f* In the figure, a syringe, ABC, communicates, by means of a small pipe, E, with a receiver, or vessel, D. from which the air is to be exhausted Air'- shaft, n. A passage for air A into a mine. Air'-tight (-tit), a. So tight as not to admit air. Air'-ves'sel, n. A vessel in plants or animals which con- A tains air. Air'y, a. 1 . Having the nature or properties of air. 2. Belonging to air; high in air. 3. Exposed to the air. 4. Resembling air ; unsubstantial. 5. Without reality ; having no solid foundation. 6. Full of vivacity and levity. 7. (Paint.) Having the light and aerial tints true to nature. Aisle (II), n. (Arch.) (a.) The wing of a building, (b.) One of the lateral divisions of a Gothic church, separated from the middle of the nave by two rows of piers, (c.) A passage in a church into which the pews or seats open. A -jar', adv. Partly open ; as a door. Aj'u-tage, ) n. [Fr. ajoutage, a thing added ; Lat. ad Ad'ju-tage, j and juxta, near to, nigh.] A discharge- tube, as of a fountain. A-kim'bo, a. With a crook ; bent. A -kin', a. 1. Related by blood. 2. Allied by nature ; _ partaking of the same properties. Al'a-bas'ter, n. (Min.) (a.) A compact variety of sul- phate of lime, or gypsum, of fine texture, and usually white and semi-pellucid, (b.) A hard, compact variety of carbonate of lime. A-lack.', interj. [Corrupted from alas.] An exclamation expressive of sorrow. [gret or sadness. A-lack/a-day, interj. An exclamation expressive of re- A-la-e'ri-ty, n. [Lat. alacritas, from alacer, or alacris, lively, eager.] Cheerful readiness. Syn. — Briskness; liveliness; glee; hilarity; joy ousness. Al'a-mode', adv. According to the mode or fashion. Al'a-mode', n. A thin, glossy, black silk. A-lan'tus. See Ailantus. A-larm', n. [It. allarme from alV arme, to arms!] 1. A summons to arms. 2. Any sound or information intended to give notice of approaching danger. 3. Sud- den surprise with fear or terror, excited by apprehension of danger. 4. A mechanical contrivance for awaking persons from sleep, or rousing their attention. Syn. — Fright; terror; consternation; apprehension.— Alarm is the dread of impending danger; apprehension, fear that it may be approaching; terror is agitating and excessive fear; consternation is terror which overpowers the faculties. A-larm', v. t. [imp. & p.p. alarmed; p. pr. & vb. n. ALARMING.] 1. To call to arms for defense. 2. To fill with apprehension ; to disturb. A-larm'-bell, n. A bell that gives notice of danger. A-larm'-elock, n. A clock made to ring loudly at a particular hour. A-larm'ing-ly, adv. So as to alarm. A-larm'ist, n. One who intentionally excites alarm. A-larm'-post, n. A. place to which troops are required to repair in case of alarm. A-larm'- watch, n. A watch that can be so set as to strike frequently at a particular hour. A-la'rum, n. Same as Alarm ; — applied chiefly to a contrivance attached to a clock for sounding an alarm or calling attention. A-las', interj. [From Lat. lassies, weary, languid.] An exclamation expressive of sorrow, grief, pity, concern, or apprehension of evil. A-late', ) a. [Lat. alatus, from ala, wing.] Winged ; A-lat'ed, j having expansions like wings. food, fdbt ftrn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get 2 as. ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this. ALB 18 ALIENATE Albatross. Alb, n. [Lat. albus, white.] An ecclesiastical vestment of white linen, reaching to the. feet, and enveloping the entire person. Al-ba/ta, n. German silver. Al'ba-trdss,w. [Corrupt- ed from Sp. & Pg. alca- traz.] A very large, web- footed sea - bird, found chiefly in the Southern Ocean. Al-be'it, conj. or adv. "Although ; be it so ; not- withstanding. Al-bes'cent, a. [Lat. albescere, to grow white.] . Becoming white ; whitish. Al'bi-fi-ea/tion,^. [Lat. albus, white, and facere, to make.] Act of whitening, or making white. Al'bi-gen/seg, ) n.pl. (Eccl. Hist.) A party of reform- AFbi-geois', J ers, who separated from the church of Rome in the 12th century ; — so called from Albi, in Languedoc. Al'bi-nigm, n. The state or condition of an albino. Al-bi'no, n. ; pi. AL-Bl'NOg, n. [From Lat. albus, white.] Any person of a preternatural whiteness of the skin and hair, and a peculiar redness of the iris and pupil of the eye. Aj/bu-gin'e-ous, a. [Lat. albugo, whiteness, from albus, white.] Pertaining to the white of an egg, and hence to the white of the eye. Al'bum, n. [Lat. albus, white.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A white table or register, on which any thing was inscribed. 2. A blank book in which to insert autographs or lit- erary memorials. 3. A book at public places, in which visitors enter their names. Al-bu/men, n. [Lat., from albus, white.] 1. (Bot.) Nourishing matter stored up between the embryo and integuments of the seed in many plants, ti. (Physiol.) A thick, viscous substance, which forms a constituent part of both animal fluids and solids, and which exists nearly pure in the white of an egg. Al-bii/men-ize, v. t. (Photog.) To cover or impreg- nate with albumen. Al-bu'mi-iious, a. Pertaining to albumen. Al-bur'num, n. [Lat. , fr . albus, white.] The white and w softer part of wood next to the bark, called sap-wood. Al'-ea-liest, I n. A pretended universal solvent or men- Al'ita-liest, ) struum of the ancient alchemists. Al~eaid', n. 1. In Spain, the governor of a castle, fort, or the like. l Z. A jailer or warden. Al-eal'de, n. In Spain, a magistrate or judge. Al-eliem'i-e-al, a. Relating to alchemy. Al~eliem'ie-al-ly, adv. In the manner of alchemy. Al'-ehe-mist, n. One skilled in alchemy. [to it. AF-eSie-mist'i-e-al, a. Practicing alchemy, or relating Al'-ehe-my, n. [Ar. al-Mmia, which is taken from the Or. xif«' a ) which stands for x v M eta , from x u M°?7 juice, liquid, especially as extracted from plants.] Occult chemistry ; an ancient science which aimed to transmute the baser metals into gold, to find the panacea, or grand catholicon, the universal solvent, &c. Al'-eo-hol, n. [Ar. al-hohl, a powder of antimony to paint the eyebrows with. The name was afterward ap- plied, on account of the fineness of this powder, to highly rectified spirits.] Pure or highly rectified spirits ; more loosely applied to ardent spirits in general. AF-eo-hol'i-e, a. Relating to alcohol. Al'-eo-hol-ize, v. t. To convert into alcohol. AF-eo-hol'me-ter, n. [Alcohol and Gr. /aerpov.] An instrument for determining the strength of spirits. Al'-eo-ran, n. See Koran and Alkoran. Al'-eove, or Al-eove' (114), n. [Ar. al-gubba, arch, vault, from gabba, to arch.] A recess, or part of a room, separated from the rest by a partition, and containing shelves for books, a bed of state, or seats for company. Al'der, n. [A.-S. aler, Lat. alnus.] A tree of several varieties. Al'der-man, n. ; pi. al'der-men. [A.-S. ealdorman, aldorman, from ealdor, aldor, eald, aid, old, and man.] A magistrate or officer of a city or town corporation, _next in rank below the mayor. Ale, n. [A.-S. eale, from alan, to nourish, Lat. alere.] 1 . A liquor made from an infusion of malt by fermenta- tion. 2. A festival o English country places, so called from the liquor drank- [measures. Ale'-eon'ner, n. An officer who inspected ale-house Divination by means of a A woman who keeps an A-lec 'try-o-man/cy , cock. A-lee', adv. [Prefix a and lee, q. v.] (Naut.) On the _side opposite to the side on which the wind strikes. Ale'-hoof, n. Ground-ivy ; — formerly used in making _ale. Ale'-house, n. A house or place where ale is retailed. A-lem'bi-e, n. [Ar. al-ambiq, which was introduced into Ar. from Gr. aju./3i£ , cup, the cup of a still.] A chemical vessel, usually of glass or metal, used in distillation. A-lert' (14), a. [From It. alP erta, upon | one's guard ; erta, from Lat. ex, e, from, out of, and regere, to lead straight.] 1. Watchful ; vigilant ; active in vigilance ; hence, upon the alert, upon the watch, Alembic. guarding against surprise or danger. 2. Moving with celerity. Syn. —Brisk; prompt; lively; nimble. A-lert'ly, adv. Quickly ; nimbly ; briskly. A-lert'ness, n. Watchful activity or readiness. Syn. — Briskness ; watchfulness; promptitude. Ale'wife, n. ; pi. ALE'wivEg. _ ale-house. Ale'wif e, n. ; pi. ale/wTves. [Ind. Aloof.] An Amer- ican fish resembling a herring. AFex-an'drine, n. A verse of twelve syllables, or six Iambic feet ; — so called from a poem written in French on the life of Alexander. A-lex'i-pliar'mie , n. [Gr. dAe£(.$ gut-shaped ; dAAas, gut, and elSos, shape.] A thin membrane, situated be- tween the chorion and amnios in animals. Al-lay', v. t. [imp. & p. p. allayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. - ALLAYING.] [Partly from A.-S. alecgan, to lay down, confine, diminish, depress ; partly from Fr. oilier, to ally, to mix, as metals, Lat. alligare, to bind to something.] 1 . To make quiet or put at rest ; to pacify or appease. H. To abate, mitigate, repress, or subdue. Syn. — To check; appease; calm; Boothe; pacify; assuage. Al-lay', n. See Alloy. Al-lay'er, n. He who, or that which, allays. Al-lay 'ment, n. 1. Act of allaying or state of bein- allayed. t£. That which allays. AFle-ga'tion, n. 1. Positive assertion or declaration; affirmation, ii. That which is alleged, affirmed, or as- Al-lege' (al-lejO, v. t. [imp. & p.p. ALLEGED ; p.pr. & vb. n. ALLEGING.] [Lat. allegare, from ad and legare, to send, dispatch.] 1. To bring forward with positive- ness. 52. To produce, as an argument, plea, or excuse. Syn.— To declare; affirm; assert; urge; adduce; advance; cite; quote. Al-lege'a-Tble, n. Capable of being alleged. Al-le'gi-ara^e, n. [L. Lat. allegiantia, from Lat. alligare, to bind to, from ad and ligare, to bind.] The tie or ob- ligation which a subject owes to his prince or government ; w loyalty. AFle-gor'i-e, ) a. In the manner of allegory ; figura- Al'le-gor'i-e-al, ) tive ; describing by resemblances. AFle-gor'i-e-al-ly, adv. In an allegorical manner. Al'le-gor'i-e-al-ness, n. Quality of being allegorical. AFle-go-rist, n. One who teaches by allegory. Al'le-go-rize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. allegorized; p. pr. & vb. n. ALLEGORIZING.] 1. To form or turn into allegory. 2. To understand in an allegorical sense. Al'le-go-rize , v. i. To use allegory. Al'le-go-ry (50), n. [Gr. a\\y]yopia; aAAos, other, and ayopeveiv, to harangue, from ayopd, assembly.] A story or figurative discourse, in which the direct and literal meaning is not the real or principal one, but is designed to image forth some important truth with greater vivid- ness and force ; a figurative manner of speech or descrip- tion. Al-le-greVto, a. [It.] (Mus.) Quicker than andante, but not so quick as allegro. Al-le'yro, a. [It., merry, gay.] (Mus.) Quick, brisk, lively. — As a noun, a quick, sprightly strain or piece. AFle-Lu'iali, n. Praise to Jehovah. See HALLELUIAH. A.l~le-mdnde f , n. [Fr., German (dance).] A German waltz ; formerly a German dance in -|- or -^ measure, of a moderate movement. Al-le'vi-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ALLEVIATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ALLEVIATING.] [L. Lat. alleviare, from Lat- levis, light.] 1 . To make light or easy to be borne, in a literal sense, ti. To make light, in a figurative sense; hence, to remove in part ; to make easier to be endured. Syn. — To lessen; diminish; mitigate; assuage; allay.-' These words are all figurative. Alleviate supposes a load, as of care, which is lightened; mitigate, something fierce, which is made mild, as suffering; assuage, something violent, which is quieted, as sorrow ; allay, something excited, but now brought down, as grief; lessen and diminish refer to amount or degree. Al-le'vi-a/tion, n. 1 . Act of alleviating, or making more fight ; a lessening or mitigation. 2. That which miti- gates or makes more tolerable. Syn. — Mitigation ; diminution ; relief. Al-lev'i-a-tive, n. Something mitigating. food, fdbt ; firn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, eall, eeho; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist; linger, link ; tnish ALLEY 20 ALLY Al'ley n. ; pi. AL'LEYg. [Fr. allee, from alter, to go.] | Al-lot'ment, « 1. A walk in a garden. 2. A narrow passage, as dis- * tinct from a public street. Al'ley, n. [A contraction of alabaster, of which it was originally made.] A choice taw or large marble. All-fobl§'-day, n. The first of April, when it is a popu- " lar custom to play off tricks or make fools. All-fours/, n. pi. [From all and four.} A game at cards, ' ' which derives its name from the four chances of which it consists, for each of which a point is scored. The player who has all these is said to have all-fours. To go on all fours, to move on four legs, or on two legs and two arms or hands. All-hail', inter j. All health ; — a phrase of salutation, "expressing a wish of perfect health, or safety, to the per- son addressed. All-hal'low, ) n. All-Saints'-day, the first day All-hal'low§, > of November ; a feast in honor All-hal'low-nias, ) of all the saints. All-hal'low-tide, n. The time near All-Saints'. Al'li-a'ceoiis, a. [Lat. a Ilium, alium, garlic] Pertain- ing to garlic ; having the smell or properties of garlic. Al-11'aiice, n. [Fr. alliance, from allier, to unite ; Lat. alligare, to bind to something.] 1. State of being allied ; a union or connection of interests, especially between families by marriage, and states by compact, treaty, or league. 2. The compact or treaty which is the instru- ment of allying. 3. The persons or parties allied. Syii. — League; confederacy; affinity; coalition. Al'li-gate, v. t. To tie together ; to unite. Al'li-ga'tioiijrc. [Lat. alligatio, fr. alligare, to bind to, fr. ad and ligare, to bind.] (Arith.) A rule relating to the solution of questions concerning the compounding or mix- ing together of different ingredients, or ingredients of dif- ferent qualities or values. B3T" The rule is named from the method of connecting to- gether the terms by certain ligature-like signs. Al'li-ga'tor, n. [Corrupted ^^Mi$L{6 from Sp. el lagarto, the liz- ^|8fe^Mlli§5^ ard, from Lat. lacert us, equiv. gBgV to lacerta, lizard.] (Zobl.) A -=aeag H -r^ large carnivorous amphibi- ** }gk- E .---*, ous reptile, of the Saurian ,2 ■■■■'■ -;->; ■ family, peculiar to America. Al-li§'ioii(-Iizh / un),7i. [Lat. attisio, from alii d ere, to strike or dash against, from ad and Alligator. Ixdere, to dash against, to hurt by striking.] A striking against. Al-lit'er-a'tion, n. [Lat. ad and litem.] The repetition of the same letter at the beginning of two or more words immediately succeeding each other, or at short intervals. Al-lit'er-a-tive, a. Pertaining to alliteration. Al'lo-ea'tion, n. [L. Lat. allocatio, from Lat. ad and locare, to place.] Act of putting one thing to another ; hence, the admission of an article of account, or an al- lowance made upon an account ; — a term used in the ^English exchequer. JLl'lo-ea r tur,n. [Low Lat., P. is allowed.] (Law.) The allowance of a thing or proceeding, by a court, judge, or judicial officer. [of the pope to his clergy. APlo-eii'tioii, n. An address ; particularly an address Al-lo'di-al, a. (Law.) Pertaining to allodium; free- hold ; free of rent or service ; — opposed to feudal. Al-lo'di-um, n. [L. Lat., from 0. Ger. al, all, all, and &d, Ot, A.-S. ead, possession, property. It means, there- fore, all-property, or whole estate.] ( Law.) Freehold es- tate ; land which is the absolute property of the owner ; — opposed to feud. Al-16ii£je' (-ltinj/), n. [Fr., from allonger, to lengthen, strike ; Lat. longus, long.] A pass or thrust with a rapier or sword, as iu fencing. Al'lo-path'i-e, a. Pertaining to allopathy. Al-lop'a-thlst, n. One who practices medicine accord- ing to the rules of allopathy. Al-Iop'a-thy, n. [Gr. aAAo?, other, and 7rd0o?, suffer- ing, from Tracrxeu', ira9e~u>, to suffer.] Employment of medicines in order to produce effects different from those resulting from disease;— a term invented to designate the ordinary practice, as opposed to homeopathy. Al-lot', V. t. [imp. & p. p. ALLOTTED ; p. pr". & vb. n. allotting.] [Old Fr. allotir, alloter, from lot, share, Goth, hlants, A.-S. Mot.] 1. To divide or distribute, as by lot. 2. To distribute in parts or portions ; hence, to grant, as a portion ; to give, assign, or appoint in general. Syn.— To divide; assign; apportion. ^ : 1. Act of allotting. 2. Part allotted. Al'lo-trSp'i-e, a. Pertaining to allotropism. Al-16t'ro-pi§m, \ n. [Gr. aAAos, other, and rpono?, Al-16t'ro-py, ' way; fr. Tpeneiv, to turn.] (Chem.) The property of existing in two or more conditions which are distinct in their physical or chemical relations. Al-low', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ALLOWED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ALLOWING.] [Lat. ad and locare, to place.] 1. To give, afford, or yield. 2. To own or acknowledge. 3. To abate or deduct. 4. To grant license to ; to permit. Syii. — To grant; yield; admit; consent. Al-low', v.i. To make abatement or deduction. Al-low'a-hle, a. Capable of being, or proper to be, al- lowed, or permitted as lawful. Al-low'a-hly, adv. In an allowable manner. Al-low'ance , n. 1. Act of allowing, granting, or ad- mitting. 2. Permission or license ; usually slight appro- bation. 3. That which is allowed; a stated quantity, as of food or drink; hence, (Nant.) a limited quantity of meat and drink, when provisions fall short. 4. Abate- ment; deduction. 5. (Com.) A deduction from the gross weight of goods. Al-low'ance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. allowanced; p. pr. & vb. n. allowancing.] To put upon allowance. Al-loy', v. t. [imp. & p. p. alloyed ; p. pr. & vb. ». alloying.] [Fr. aloi, loi, good alloy, fixed standard of gold and silver, from Lat. lex, law, ad legem, accord- ing to law. This word has been confounded with allay, q. v., and the signification of the latter attributed to it.] 1. To reduce the purity of by mixing with a less valua- ble metal. 2. To abate, impair, or corrupt. Al-loy', n. 1. Any compound of two or more metals, as of copper and zinc to form brass. 2. A baser metai mixed with a finer. 3. Evil mixed with good. Al-loy 'age, n. 1. The act of alio} ing or mixing metals. 2. A mixture of different metals. All-saint§"-day,n. The first day of November ; a feast "in honor of all the saints. All-sdul§"-day, n. The second day of November ; a "Koman Catholic solemnity held to pray for the souls of the faithful. AU'spice, n. The berry of the pimento, an aromatic tree of the West Indies. It has been supposed to com- bine the flavor of cinnamon, nutmegs, and cloves ; hence the name. All-suf-fi'cient (-fish'ent), a. Sufficient to every thing. Al-lude', v. i. [imp. & p. p. ALLUDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ALLUDING.] [Lat. allud ere, from ad and ludere, to play.] To refer to something not directly mentioned ; to hint by remote suggestions ; to have reference. Syn. — To suggest; intimate; glance at; advert to. Al-lu/mi-nor, n. [Lat. illuminator, from illuminare y to illuminate, from lumen, fight.] One who colors or paints upon paper or parchment, giving light and orna- ment to letters and figures ; a limner. Al-liire', v. t. [imp. & p. p. allured ; p. pr. & vb. n. ALLURING.] [From ad and lure, q. v.] To attempt to draw to ; to tempt by the offer of some good, real or ap- parent. Syn.— To entice; decoy; seduce. — We are allured to evil by some promised good; we are enticed into it through our pas- sions; we are seduced when drawn aside from the path of rec- titude. Al-lure'ment, n. That which allures or entices. Al-lur'er, n. One who allures or decoys ; a tempter. Al-lu'gion, n. Indirect reference ; in rhetoric, a figure by which something is applied to, or understood of, an- other, on account of some similitude between them. Al-lii'srve, a. Hinting at ; referring to indirectly. Al-lu'sive-ly, adv. In an allusive manner. Al-Lu'sive-ness, n. Quality of being allusive. Al-lu'vi-al, a. X. Pertaining to, contained in, or com- posed of, alluvium. 2. Washed ashore or down a stream ; of fresh-water origin. Al-lu'vi-on, n. Same as Alluvium. AHu'vi-um, n. ; pi. AL-LU'vi-A. (Geol.) Deposits of earth, sand, gravel, and other transported matter, made by rivers, floods, or other causes, upon land not perma- nently submerged beneath the waters of lakes or seas. All-wige', a. Possessed of infinite wisdom. Al-ly', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ALLIED \p.pr. & vb. n. ALLY- ING.] [Lat. alligare, from ad and ligare, to bind.] X. To unite, or form a connection between, as between families by marriage, or between princes and states by treaty, league, or confederacy. 2. To connect or form a rela- tion between by similitude, resemblance, or friendship. Al-ly' (115), n. ; pi. AL-LIE§/. X. One who is united by a,e, Sec, long; &,&,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, dft, wolf, ALMAGEST 21 ALTILOQUENCE 2. One related compact, marriage, &c; a confederate to another by any tie. AFma-gest, n. [Gr. /u.eyia and jSrjra, the first two Greek letters.] The letters of a language ar- ranged in the customary order. Alpaca. Al'pha-bet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. alphabeted ; p. pr. & vb. n. alphabeting.] To arrange in the order of an w alphabet. [abecedarian. AFpha-bet-a/ri-an, n. A learner of the alphabet ; an AFpha-bet'ie, ) a. Pertaining to, furnished with, AFpha-bet'ie-al, J expressed by, or in tne order of, _ the letters of the alphabet. AFpha-bet'ie-al-ly, adv. According to the alphabet. Al'pine (-pin or -pin), a. Pertaining to the Alps, or to any lofty mountain. AFread'y, adv. [All and ready.] Before this time ; now. Al'so, adv. or conj. [From all and so.] In like manner ; " likewise ; too ; further ; in addition to. Alt, a. or n. [From Lat. altus, high, fit. grown great by nourishing, p. p. of alere, to nourish.] (Mus.) The higher part of the scale. See ALTO. Al'tar, n. [Lat. altare, altar, "from the same root as altus, high.] 1. A table or elevated place on which gifts and sacri- fices are offered to some deity. 2. In Christian churches, the communion table. Al'tar-piece, n. 1. A paint-, "ing placed over the altar. 2. Entire decoration of an altar. Al'ter, v. t. [imp. & p.p. al- "tered; p. pr. & vb. n. AL- _= tering.] [Low Lat. alter are, - from Lat. alter, another.] 1. To m± make some change in ; to vary in some degree, without an entire change. 2. To change entirely Altar. or materially. Al'ter, v. i. To become, in some respects, different; to vary ; to change. Al'ter-a-ble, a. Capable of being altered. Al'ter-a-ble-ness, ) n. Quality of being susceptible of AFter-a-bil'i-ty, ) change. AFter-a-bly, adv. In an alterable manner. Al'ter-ant, a. Producing a gradual change ; alterative. Al'ter-ant, n. A medicine which gradually corrects the " state of the body ; an alterative. AFter-a'tion, n. 1. Act of altering or state of being "altered; change. 2. The change made. Al'ter-a-tive, a. (Med.) Having power to restore the "healthy functions of the body without sensible evacua- tions. Al'ter-a-tive, n. A medicine which gradually induces "a change in the habit or constitution, and restores healthy w functions without sensible evacuations. AFter-eate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. altercated ; p. pr. & vb. n. ALTERCATING.] [Lat. altercare, altercari, from ^alter, another.] To contend in words ; to wrangle. AFter-ea/tion, n. Warm contention in words ; con- troversy ; dispute carried on with heat or anger. Syn. — Wrangle; dispute. — An altercation is an angry dis- pute between two parties ; a wrangle is a noisy altercation. Al-ter'nate (14), a. [Lat. alternants, p. p. of alternare.] Being by turns ; one following the other in succession of time or place ; hence, reciprocal. Al-ter'nate (14), n. That which happens by turns ; vi- ^ cissitude ; a substitute. AFter-nate , or Al-ter'nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. al- ternated ; p. pr. & vb. n. ALTERNATING.] To per- form by turns, or in succession ; to cause to succeed by ^ turns ; to change reciprocally. AFter-nate, or Al-ter'nate, v. i. To happen or to act by turns. Al-ter'nate-ly, adv. In reciprocal succession ; by turns. AFter-na/tion, n. 1. Reciprocal succession of things in time or place. 2. (Math.) The different changes or alterations of orders in numbers ; permutation. Al-ter'na-tive, a. Offering a choice of two things. Al-ter'na-tive, n. That which may be chosen or omitted ; a choice of two things. Al-ter'na-tive-ly, adv. In an alternative manner. Al-ter'na-tive-ness, n. Quality or state of being al- ternative. Al-the'a, n. [Gr. akdaia, from a\9etv, a\9aivei.v, to make to grow, to heal.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the common marsh-mallow and the garden hollyhocks. Al-tnough'^awl-thoO, conj. [From all and though, q. v.] Grant all this ; be it so ; allow all ; suppose that ; admit all that ; notwithstanding. Al-til'o-quence, n. [Lat. altus, high, and loquentia, a speaking.] Lofty speech ; pompous language. food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -eall, e-eho; gem, get; ag; e^ist ; linger, link ; this. ALTIMETER 22 AMBITION Al-tlm'e-ter, n. [Lat. altus, high, and metrum, meas- ure.] An instrument for taking altitudes by geometrical principles. Al-tim'e-try, n. The art of ascertaining altitudes by means of a proper instrument. Al-tis'o-nant, I a. [Lat. altus, high, and sonans, sound- Al-tis'o-noiis, j ing.] High-sounding ; lofty or pomp- ous. Al'ti-tude (53), n. [Lat. altitudo; altus, high, and a common termination, denoting state, condition, or man- ner.] 1. Space extended upward ; height ; the perpen- dicular elevation of an object above the ground, or above a given level, 2. (Astron.) The elevation of a star, or other celestial object, above the horizon, measured by the arc of a vertical circle intercepted between such point and the horizon. 3. Height of degree; highest point. Al'to, n. (Mus.) The part sung by the lowest female voices, between the tenor and soprano. In instrumental music, the tenor. Al'to-getii'erjarff. [From all and together.] 1. With united action ; conjointly. 2. Without exception ; wholly ; completely. Al'to-re-lie'vo, n. [It. alto rilievo.] (Sculp.) High re- lief; the figure standing out nearly detached from the background. Al'u-del, n. [Prob. of Arabic origin.] A chemical pot open at each end, used in sublimation. Al'um, n. [Lat. alumen.] A double sulphate of alu- mina and potassa. It is white, transparent, and very astringent. A-lu'mi-na, ) n. (Min.) One of the earths, consisting Al'u-mine, ) of two parts of aluminum and three of oxygen. A-lu'mi-nif'er-oiis, a. Producing or containing alum. Al'u-miii'i-um, ) n. [N. Lat. See Alum.] The metal- A-lu'nii-num, j he base of alumina ; a very light, white metal, with a bluish tinge, and not easily oxidized. A-Lu'mi-nous, a. Pertaining to, or containing, alum, or alumina. Al'um -isli, n. Having the nature of alum. jL-lum f nus, n. ; pi. A-JLUM'NI. A pupil ; a graduate of a college, or other seminary of learning. Al've-a-ry, n. [Lat. alvearium, alveare, from alveus, hollow vessel, bee-hive ; from alvus, belly, bee-hive.] 1. A bee-hive, or something resembling one. 2. The hollow of the external ear. Al've-o-lar, ) a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the Al've-o-la-ry, j sockets of the teeth. Al've-o-late, a. Pitted, like a honey -comb. Al^ve'o-lus, n. ; pi. al-ve' o-li. [Lat., a small hollow or cavity, dim. of alveus, a hollow, deep vessel, from al- vus, belly.] 1. A cell in a honey-comb. 2. The socket in the jaw, in which a tooth is fixed. Al'vine, a. [Lat. alvus, belly.] Pertaining to the lower belly or intestines. Al'way, ) adv. [From all and way, pi. ways.] 1. Per- Al'wayg, J petually ; throughout all time ; continually. 2. Constantly during a certain period, or regularly at stated intervals ; invariably. 133*- Alway is seldom used, except in poetry. Am. The first person singular of the verb to be, in the indicative mode, present tense. See Be. im'a-dou, b. [Fr., tinder, prop, lure, bait, sc. of the fire.] A spongy, combustible substance, prepared from a species of agaric which grows on old trees. A-main', adv. [Prefix a and main, q. v.] 1. Violently and suddenly. 2. (Naut.) Suddenly, or at once. A-mal'gam, n. [Lat. malagma, Gr. pakayixa, any emollient; nakdo-aeiv, to make soft.] 1. A compound of mercury, or quicksilver, with another metal. 2. A mixture or compound of different things. A-mal'gam-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. amalgamated ; p. pr. & vb. n. amalgamating.] 1. To compound or mix, as quicksilver, with another metal. 2. To mix, so as to make a compound. A-nial 'gam-ate, v. i. 1. To unite in an amalgam. 2. To coalesce, as a result of growth. A-mal'ga-ma'tion, n. 1. Act or operation of com- pounding mercury with another metal ; especially the process of separating gold and silver from their ores by mixing them with mercury. 2. The mixing or blending of different things or races. A-man'u-Sn'sis, n. ; pi. a-mXn'u-en'ser. [Lat., from prefix ab and manus, hand.] A person whose employ- ment is to write what another dictates, or to copy what another has written ; a copyist. Am'a-ranth, n. [Gr. andpavTos, from d priv. and fjiapaiveiv, to wither, decay ; so called because its flowers, when cropped, do not soon wither.] 1. (JSot.) A genus of ornamental annual plants of many species, with green, purplish, or crimson flowers in large spiked clusters. 2. An imaginary flower that never fades or perishes. 3. A color inclining to purple. Am'a-ranth'Ine, a. 1. Belonging to, consisting of, or resembling, amaranth. 2. Not fading or decaying, like the fabled amaranth of the poets. 3. Of a purplish color - Am, 1 a-ryVlis , n. [Name of a country girl in Theocritus and Virgil.] (JBot.) A family of beautiful plants, in- cluding the narcissus, jonquil, daffodil, and others. A-mass' (6), v. t. [imp. & p. p. amassed (a-masf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. AMASSING.] [L. Lat. amassare, amascere, from Lat. massa, mass.] To collect into a mass or heap ; to gather a great quantity of. Syn. — To heap up ; accumulate ; pile up ; gather. A-mass'ment, n. A heap ; accumulation. Am'a-teur' (am'a-tur'), n. [Fr., from Lat. amator, lover.] One who cultivates any study or art from taste or attachment, without pursuing it professionally. Am'a-tive, a. Full of love; amorous ; amatory. Am'a-tive-ness, n. [Lat. amare, to love, as if from amativus.] (Phren.) An organ supposed to influence se&ual desire ; propensity to love. Am/a-to'ri-al, ) a. Relating to, induced by, or express- Am'a-to-ry, j ive of, love. Am'au-ro'sis, n. [Gr. d/xaupcjai?, from d/xavpd?, dark, dim ; ju.aupos,dark, with a intens.] (Sled.) A loss or de- cay of sight, without any visible defect in the eye, usually from loss of power in the optic nerve. A-maze', v. t. [imp. & p.p. amazed ; p. pr. & vb. n. AMAZING.] [Prefix a and maze, q. v.] To confound with fear, sudden surprise, or wonder ; to confuse with terror and astonishment ; to astonish. A-maze', n. Astonishment ; perplexity ; amazement. A-maz'ed-ly, adv. With amazement. A-maz'ed-ness, n. Astonishment ; great wonder. A-maze'ment, n. A feeling of surprise and wonder ; perplexity arising from fear, surprise, or wonder. Syn. — Astonishment; admiration; perplexity; confusion. A-maz'ing-ly, adv. In an amazing degree. Am'a-zon, n. [Gr. d/ua£ujv, from d priv. and M a <>°s, the breast, from the fable that the Amazons cut off their right breast, so that they might more easily hurl the javelin.] One of a fabulous race of female warriors, who founded an empire on the coast of the Euxine ; — hence, ^a warlike or masculine woman ; a virago. Am'a-zo'ni-an, a. 1. Pertaining to or resembling an Amazon. 2. Belonging to the River Amazon, or to the country through which it flows. Am-bas'sa-dor, n. An envoy of the highest rank sent to a foreign government. See EMBASSADOR. Am-bas'sa-dress, n. A female ambassador ; the wife ^ of an ambassador. Am'ber, n. [From Ar. ''anbar, anbarum, a kind of per- fume ; orig. a fish, from which, it was believed, the gray amber, or ambergris, came ; afterward applied to the yellow amber.] (Min.) A yellowish resin found as a ^ fossil. By friction, it readily becomes electric. Am'ber, a. Consisting of, or resembling, amber ; of the color of amber. Am'ber-gris (-grees), n. [See Amber.] A fragrant substance used in perfumery, &c. It is a morbid secre- ^ tion of the intestines of the sperm-whale. Am/bi-dex'ter,«. [Lat. ambo, both, and dexter, right, dextra (sc. manus), the right hand.] One who uses both ^ hands with equal facility ; hence, a double-dealer. Am/bi-dex-ter'i-ty, n. 1. The power of using both hands with equal ease. 2. Double-dealing. Am'bi-dex'troiis , a. 1. Having the faculty of using both hands with equal ease. 2. Practicing duplicity. ArnHbi-ent, a. [Lat. ambiens, p. pr. of ambire, to go around. ] Encompassing ; surrounding. Am/bi-gu'i-ty , n. Quality or state of being ambiguous ; doubtfulness or uncertainty , particularly of signification. Am-big'u-oiis, a. [Lat. ambiguus, from ambigere, to wander about with irresolute mind.] Doubtful or un- certain, particularly in respect to signification. Am-big'u-oiis-ly, adv. In an ambiguous manner. Am-big'u-oiis-ness, n. Ambiguity. Am/bit, n. [Lat. ambitus.] Circuit or compass. Am-bl'-tion (-bish'un), n. [Lat. ambitio, a going around, especially of candidates for office to solicit votes ; hence, a, e, &c, long; a,e\ &c, short ; care, far.ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique.firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, AMBITIOUS 23 AMIANTHUS desire for office or honor; from ambire, to go around.] An eager and sometimes an inordinate desire of prefer- ment, honor, superiority, or power. Syn.— Eagerness; avidity; aspiration; greediness. Am-bi'tious, a. 1. Possessing, or controlled by, am- bition. 2. Springing from, or indicating, ambition. Am-bi'tious-ly, adv. In an ambitious manner. Am-bi'tious-ness, n. The quality of being ambitious. Am'ble, v. i. [Lat. ambulare, to walk, in L. Lat. to am- ble.] 1. To move, as a horse, by lifting together the two legs on one side ; to pace. 2. In a ludicrous sense, . to move affectedly. Am'ble, n. A peculiar gait of a horse, in which both w legs on one side are moved at the same time. Am/bler, n. A horse which ambles ; a pacer. Artx'bo, \n. [Gr. a^mv, any rising, a raised stage, JLm'bon, ) pulpit.] An oblong pulpit, in the early Christian churches. Am-bro'§ia (-bro'zha), n. [Gr. djujSpocna, prop. f. of dju.j8p6(rto?, d/a/Spo-ros, immortal, from d priv. and /3poTos, mortal, because it was supposed to confer immortality on those who partook of it.] 1. (Myth.) The food of the gods, which conferred upon those who partook of it eter- nal youth. 2. (Bot.) A genus of plants , including some coarse and worthless weeds, called rag-weed. Am-bro'gial, a. Partaking of the nature or qualities of ambrosia ; delighting the taste or smell ; delicious. Am-bro'§ian, a. Pertaining to St. Ambrose. Am/bro-type, n. [Gr. dp.£poTos, immortal, and rvno<;, impression.] (Pkotog.) A picture taken on a prepared glass, in which the lights are represented in silver, and the shades are produced by a dark background visible w through the unsilvered portions of the glass. Am1)ry, n. 1. An almonry. 2. A pantry. Ambg'-ace (amz'as), n. [0. Fr. ambes, ambs, Lat. ambo, both, and ace, q. v.] A double ace. Am'bu-lance, n. [From Lat. ambulare, to walk.] (Mil.) A flying hospital, so organized as to follow an ar- my in its movements, and in- tended to succor the wound- ed as soon as possible. Ambulance cart, a two- wheeled or four-wheeled vehi- cle, designed forthe conveyance of the wounded from a field of battle. Am'bu-lant, a. Walking; moving from place to place. Am'bu-la/tion, n. The act of walking ; walking about. Am/bu-la-to-ry, a. 1. Able or accustomed to move from place to place ; walking. 2. (Law.) r\ot fixed in its legal character, but capable of being altered, as a will. AmHbu-la-to-ry, n. Any part of a building intended for walking in, as the aisles of a church ; — specifically, a place inclosed by a colonnade or arcade, as a portico. Am'bu-ry, I n. [A.-S. ampre, a crooked swelling vein.] AnHbu-ry , j A soft swelling on a horse, full of blood. Am1)us-«ade', »i. [It. imboscata ; imboscar, to set in bushes, to place in ambush, from pref. in, itn, and bosco, L. Lat. boscus, buscus, a wood ; Eng. busk.] 1. A lying concealed, for the purpose of attacking an enemy by sur- prise ; 2. A concealed place in which troops lie hid, in order to attack an enemy unexpectedly ; ambush. Am/bus-eade', v. t. [imp. kp.p. ambuscaded; p. pr. & vb. n. ambuscading.] To lie in wait ; to attack ^ from a concealed position. Am'bush, n. [See Ambuscade.] 1 . Act of attacking an enemy unexpectedly from a concealed station. 2. A concealed station, where troops or enemies lie in wait to attack by surprise ; an ambuscade. 3 . Troops posted in a concealed place, for attacking by surprise. Am'bush, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ambushed ; p. pr. & vb. n' ambushing ] To he in wait for ; to surprise ; to place in ambush. A-rnel'io-rate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. ameliorated ; p pr. & vb. n. AMELIORATING.] [Lat. ad and meliorate. to make better.] To make better ; to improve. A-mel'io-rate, v. i. To grow better ; to meliorate. A-mel'io-ra/tion, n. Act of ameliorating, or state of being ameliorated ; improvement ; melioration. A-mel'io-ra-tive, a. Producing amelioration or im _provement. A'men' (in singing, pron. 'a'men'). [Heb., from amen firm, true ; Gr. d/A-qv.] An expression used at the end of prayers, and meaning, So be it. At the end of a creed Ambulance. it is a solemn asseveration of belief. When it introduces a declaration, it has the force of an adv., and is equiva- lent to truly, verily. It is used also as a noun, to denote Christ as being one who is true and faithful ; and as an adjective, to signify made true, verified, or fulfilled. A-me'na-bil'i-ty, ) 4 . . > , . , . A-me'na-ble-ness, I *" A state of bein ^ amenable - A-me'na-ble, a. [Fr. amener, to bring, esp. to bring to account, from a, for ad, and mener, to lead, from Lat. minare, to drive a n imals (properly by threatening cries) ; minari, to threaten ; minx, threats.] 1. Liable to be brought to account or punishment ; answerable ; respon- . sible. 2. Willing to yield or submit ; submissive. A-mend', v. t. [imp. & p.p. amended ; p.pr. & vb. n. AMENDING.] [From Lat. emendate, from e, ex, and mendum, menda, fault.] To change in any way for the better, as, (a.) By simply removing what is erroneous, corrupt, superfluous, faulty, and the hke; (b.) By sup- plying deficiencies ; (c.) By substituting something else in the place of what is removed. Syn. — To correct; reform; rectify. — To amend is literally to take away blots, and hence to remove faults; to reform is to form over again for the better; to correct is to make straight or right; to rectify is to set right. We rectify abuses, mistakes, &c; we correct errors; we reform or amend our fives. A-mend', v. i. To grow better ; to improve morally. A-mend'a-ble , a. Capable of being amended. [ive. A-mend'a-to-ry, a. Containing amendment ; correct- A/mende (a'mongd'), n. [Fr.] A pecuniary fine or pun- ishment ; reparation ; retraction. Amende honorable, formerly in France an infamous punish- ment, now a public recantation or apology for injury done. A-m&nd'er, n. One who amends ; a corrector. A-mend'ment, n. 1. An alteration or change for the better ; correction of a fault or faults ; reformation of life by quitting vices. 2. In public bodies, any altera- tion in a bill or motion by adding, changing, or omitting. 3. (Law.) The correction of an error in a writ or process. A-mends/, n. sing. & pi. Compensation for. a loss or injury ; recompense ; satisfaction ; equivalent. A-men'i-ty, n. [Lat. amcenitas, from amcenvs, pleas- ant.] Quality of being pleasant or agreeable, whether in ^respect to situation, climate, manners, or disposition. Am/exit, n. [Lat. amentum, thong or strap.] (Bot.) A species of inflorescence, consisting of a scaly sort of spike, as in the alder, birch, &c. ; a catkin. A-mer£ e' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. abierced ; p. pr. & vb. n. AMERCING.] [L. Lat. amerciate, from Lat. mer- ces, wages, penalty.] 1. To punish by a pecuniary pen- alty, the amount of which is not fixed by law, but left to the discretion of the court. 2. To punish, in general. A-merce'a-ble, a. Liable to amercement. A-merce'ment, n. (Law.) A pecuniary penalty in- flicted on an offender at the discretion of the court. A-mer'cer, n. One who amerces or fines. A-mer'i-ean, a. Pertaining to America: — in a re- stricted sense, pertaining to the United States. A-mer'i-can, n. A native of America ; — formerly ap- plied to the aboriginal inhabitants ; but now to the de- scendants of Europeans bom in America, especially to the inhabitants of the United States. A-mer'i-eaii-Igm, n. 1. A word, phrase, or idiom pe- culiar to America. 2. The love which Americans have for their own country, or the preference of its interests. A-mer'i-ean-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Americanized ; p. pr. & vb. n. AMERICANIZING.] To render American. Am'e-tbyst, n. [Gr. ap.e'0uo-To?, a remedy for drunken- ness, also the precious stone amethyst, supposed to have this power.] A subspecies of quartz, of a bluish violet color, of different degrees of intensity. Am'e-tliyst'Ine, a. Pertaining to, composed of, orre- _sembling, amethyst. A'mi-a-bil'i-ty, n. Amiableness ; loveliness. A'mi-a-ble, a. [Lat. amicabilis, friendly, with a mixtur* of the sense of amabilis, lovely.] Worthy of love ; de- serving of affection. Syn.— Lovely; charming; delightful; lovable. A'mi-a-ble-ness, n. The quality of deserving love ; _ loveliness ; agreeableness. A'mi-a-bly, adv. In an amiable manner. Am'i-an'tlms, n. [Gr. dixiavros \i8os (lit. unsoiled stone) ; from d priv. and fjuaiveiv, to stain, to defile ; so called from its incombustibility.] (Min.) A mineralsub- stance somewhat resembling flax. It is composed of deli- cate filaments, often long, and resembling threads of silk. food, ftfbt ; fxrn, rude, pull ; peU, chaise, -eall, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this. AMICABILITY 24 AMPLY It is incombustible, and bas sometimes been wrought into cloth and paper. Am/i-ea-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being amicable ; friend- liness ; amicableness. Am'i-ea-ble , a. [Lat. amicabilis, from amicus, friend, fr. amare, to love.] Harmonious in mutuai intercourse. Syn. — Friendly; peaceable; fraternal. — Amicable always supposes two parties, as an amicable arrangement. We cannot say of a single individual that he was amicable, though we can say he -wasfriendly. Am'i-ea-ble-ness, n. Quality of being amicable; friendliness ; kindness. Am'i-ea-bly, adv. In an amicable manner. Am'ice (am'is), n. [Lat. a7nictus, from amicire, to wrap about . ] 1 . A loose flowing garment like a cloak ; formerly worn by pilgrims, 2. ( Eccl.) An oblong piece of embroid- ered linen, made to wear on the bead, covering it like a hood, or to rest on the shoulders like a cape. A-mld', \prep. [Prefix a and mid, midst.] In the A-midst', ) midst or middle ; surrounded or encom- passed by ; among. [stern. A-mid'sliips, adv. Half-way between the stem and the A-miss', a. [Prefix a and miss.] Wrong; faulty; out of order ; improper. A-miss', adv. Wrongly; improperly; in a faulty manner. Am'i-ty, n. [Fr. amitic, from ami, Lat. amicus.] Friend- ship, in a general sense, between individuals, societies, or nations ; harmony ; good understanding. Am-mo'ni-a, n. [From sal ammoniac, which was first obtained near the temple of Jupiter Amnion, by burning camels' dung.] A volatile alkali of a pungent smell ; spirit of hartshorn. Am-mo'ni-ae, ) a. Pertaining to ammonia, or pos- Am'mo-nl'a-c-al, J sessing its qualities. Am-mo'ni-a-e , or Gum-am-mo'iii-ae, n. [Gr. afx.- fj.uivt.aK6v, a gum, said to distill from a tree near the tem- ple of Jupiter Ammon.] (Med.) The concrete juice of w an umbelliferous plant, brought from Persia. Am'mu-iii'tion, (-nlsh'un), 11. [Low Lat. admunitio, from ad and munire, to defend, fortify.] Military stores or provisions for attack or defense ; the articles which are used in charging fire-arms and ordnance of all kinds ; as powder, balls, bombs, various kinds of shot, &c. Am'nes-ty, n. [Gr. dju-vrjo-rta, a forgetting, from d priv. and ixm.vr)lpio<; , living a double life, from dixi0paxus. short at both ends, from djix<£i', on both sides, and 0paxus, short.] (Anc. Pros.) A foot of three syllables, the middle one long, the first and last short ; as, habere. Am-plii-e / ty-on'i-e, a. Pertaining to the council of the Amphictyons in Greece. Am-phie'ty-on§, n. pi. [Gr. 'A^iK-ru'oves. Prob. the word was orig. dju.$ucTioves, dwellers around, neighbors.] ( Gr. Hist.) An assembly or council of deputies from the different states of Greece. Am-phle'ty-o-ny, n. [See supra.] ( Gr. Hist.) An as- sociation of several neighboring states for the promotion of common interests. Am-phim'a-cer, n. [Gr. d^Va/cpos, long on both sides, from djiupi, on both sides, and fj.o.Kpos, long.] (Anc. Pros.) A foot of three syllables, the middle one short and the others long, as in castitas. Am-phip'ro-style, n. [Gr. d/A0t7rp6o-ri>Ao?, from d^t, on both sides, 'and irpoo-rv Acs, with pillars in front.] (Arch.) A double prostyle, or an edifice with columns in front and behind, but not on the sides. Am-pJiis'ci-I (-fish'i-I), \n. pi. [Gr. d/x^tV/cios, Am-pliis'ci-angt-ilsh'i-anz), j throwing a shadow both ways, from d/u., time.] An error in chronology, by which events are misplaced in regard to each other. An-aeh'ro-nist'ie , a. Involving an anachronism. An'a-elas'ties, n. sing. That part of optics which treats of the refraction of light ; — commonly called di- ^ op tries. An'a-eon'da, n. ( Herp.) A large snake of the Boa fam- ily, which lives in South America. A-nae're-on'tie, a. Pertaining to, or after the manner of, the Greek poet Anacreon ; amatory ; convivial. A-nae're-on'tie , n. A poem in the style of Anacreon ; a little poem in praise of love and wine. An'a-dem, n. [Gr. dvdSr)fj.a, from dvaSeiv, to tie up, to wreathe.] A garland or fillet ; a chaplet or wreath. JLn'a-di-plo'sis, n. [Gr. dvaSiTrAcocrt?, from dvd, again, and Sltt\ovv, to double.] (Rhet.) A repetition of the last word or words in a sentence or clause, at the beginning of the next, with an adjunct idea. A.n'ses-the'sis, n. [Gr. dv priv. and alerdrjo-i?, feeling.] (Med.) A state of insensibility produced by the inhala- tion of chloroform and other agents. An'nes-thet'i-e, a. (Med.) (a.) Capable of rendering insensible by being inhaled, (b.) Characterized by in- ^ sensibility. An'aes-thet'ie, n. (Med.) That which produces insen- sibility, as chloroform, &c. An'a-glyph, n. [Gr. dvdy\vov, from dvd, up, and ykvQeiv, to engrave.] An embossed or chased ornament, ^ usuaUy of metal and worked in relief, as a cameo. An'a-glyph'ie, ) a. Pertaining to the art of chasing Au'a-glyph'ie-al, ) or embossing in relief. An'a-glyp'tie, a. [Gr. dvdy\vnTog. See Anaglyph.] Relating to the art of carving, engraving, enchasing, or embossing plate. An'a-gog'ie-al, a. [From Gr. dvayayri, from dvd, up, and dyu,yri, a leading, from dyeiv, to lead.] Mysterious ; mystical ; spiritual. An'a-gog'ies, n. pi. Mystical interpretations, espe- cially of the Scriptures. An'a-gram, n. [Gr. avdypa/xfia, from dvd, back, again, and ypdfxfxa, letter.] A transposition of the letters of a name, by which a new word is formed. Thus, astrono- ^mers may be turned into moon-starers. An'a-gram-mat'ie, a. Pertaining to, or making, an w anagram. An'a-gram'ma-tigm, n. Act or practice of making w anagrams. An/a-gram'ma-tist, n. A maker of anagrams. An/a-gram'ma-tize , v. t. To transpose, as the letters ^ of a word, so as to form an anagram. An'a-gram'ma-tize, v. i. To make anagrams. A'nal, a. Belonging to or near the anus or opening at the lower extremity of the alimentary canal. An'a-le-e'ti-e, a. Collecting or selecting; made up of selections. An'a-le-ets, )n. pi. [Gr. dvaketcra, from dvd, up, and Ae- JLn' a-le-e'td , ) yeiv, to gather.] A collection of literary fragments. JLn'a-lem'md, n. [Gr. dvaXri^/xa, a support, or thing supported, from dva\afx[idveiv, to take up.] 1. ( Geom.) A projection of the sphere on the plane of the meridian, orthographically made by straight lines, circles, and ellipses, the eye being supposed at an infinite distance, and in the east or west point of the horizon. 2. An in- strument of wood or brass, on which this projection of the sphere is made, and having a horizon fitted to it. 3. A tabular mark, usually in the shape of the figure 8, de- picted across the torrid zone on an artificial terrestrial globe, to notify the sun's declination on any day in the ^year. An'a-lep'ti-e, a. [Gr. dvaArjn-TiKo?, from dvaXaix^dveiv, to take up.] Corroborating ; invigorating ; giving ^ strength after disease. An / a-lep'ti«, n. Restorative medicine. An'a-ldg'i-c-al, a. According to, or founded on, analogy. An'a-log'i-e-al-ly, adv. By way of analogy. An'a-log'i-e-al-ness, n. Quality of being analogical. A-nal'o-gigm, n. 1. An argument from cause to effect 2. Investigation by analogy. A-nal'o-gize, v. t. To explain or consider by analogy, A-nal'o-goiis, a. Having analogy ; correspondent. An'a-logue, n. A thing analogous to some other thing. A-nal'o-gy, n. 1. An agreement or likeness between things in some circumstances or effects, when the things are otherwise entirely different. 2. (Geom.) Equality, proportion, or similarity of ratios. A-nal'y-sis, n. ; pi. a-NAI/Y-ses. [Gr. dvaAucrt?, from dvakveiv, to unloose, from dvd, again, and Avetv, to loose.] 1. A resolution of any thing, whether an object of the senses or of the intellect, into its constituent or original elements ; — opposed to synthesis. 2. Hence, (a.) A syllabus, or table of the principal heads of a continued discourse, disposed in their natural order, (b.) A brief, methodical illustration of the principles of a science, (c.) (Chem.) Separation of a compound by chemical proc- esses into its constituents, (d.) (Logic.) The tracing of things to their source, and the resolving of knowledge into its original principles, (e.) (Math.) The resolving of problems by reducing them to equations. An'a-lyst, n. One who analyzes any thing. food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -call, e-eho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. ANALYTIC An'a-lyt'ie, ) a. Pertaining to An'a-lyt'ie-al, j analysis ; resolv- ing into component parts or first prin- ciples ; fond of analysis. An'a-lyt'ie-al-ly, adv. By way of analysis ; in an analytical manner. An'a-lyt'ies, n. pi. The science of analysis. An a-lyz'a-ble, a. Capable of being analyzed. An'a-lyze, v. t. [i?np. & p. p. ana- lyzed ; p.pr. & vb. n. ANALYZING.] [See Analysis.] To separate into the component parts ; to resolve into first principles or elements. Aii'a-lyz'er, n. One who, or that jtvhich , analyzes. j \\\ \ j \ jLn'a-indr'pho-sis, or jLn'a-mor- Ulj; pho'sis, n. [Gr. dvap-opfyuois, from \ dva.fjLop(j)ovv, to form anew.] 1. ( Persp. ) f \ A distorted representation of an im- . v age on a plane or curved surface, Anamorphosis. which, viewed from a certain point, or by reflection from a plane or curved mirror, appears regular and in pro- portion. 2. (Bot.) A morbid or monstrous development, or change of form, or degeneration. A^id'nas,n. [Malay, nanas, ananas.] The pine-apple. An'a-psest, n. [Gr. dvdnaio-TOs, struck back, an ana- paest, i. e., a dactyl reversed, or as it were struck back ; from dvanaLeiv, to strike back.] (Pros.) In Greek and Latin versification, a foot consisting of three sylla- bles, the first two short, the last long ; as, de-i-tas. In English versification, a foot containing two unaccented syllables, followed by an accented one ; as, in-ter-vene' ; ^ — the reverse of the dactyl. An'a-psest'ie, \a. Pertaining to an anapaest ; con- An'a-paest'te-al, j sisting of anapaests. JL-naph'o-t'ti, n. [Gr. dva(/>opd, fr. d^a^epetv, to carry up or back.] ( Rhet. ) Repetition of a word or of words at the beginning of two or more successive clauses of a sentence. An'areh, n. [Gr. avapxos, without head or chief, from dv priv. and apx 7 ?) beginning.] The author of anarchy. A-nareh'Le , ) a. Being without government ; law- A-nar-eli'i-e-al, j less ; confused. An'areh-Ist, n. One who promotes disorder ; an an- ^ arch. An'areh-y, n. 1. "Want of government in society ; law- lessness. 2. Confusion. An'a-sar'^d, n. [Gr. dvd, throughout, and o"dp£, gen. ^aapKos. flesh.] [Med.) Dropsy of the cellular tissue. An'a-sare'oiis, a. Dropsical. A-nas'to-mo§e, v. i. [imp. & p. p. anastomosed; p.pr. & vb. n. ANASTOMOSING.] (Anat. & Bot.) To in- osculate ; to communicate with each other, as the arte- ries and veins ; to unite as by anastomosis. A.-mas'to-mo'sis, n. ; pi. a-nXs'to-mo'ses. [Gr. dva- o-TOjuajcris, from dva.o-Top.ovv, to furnish with a mouth or opening.] (Anat. & Bot.) Inosculation of vessels, or the opening of one vessel into another, as an artery into another artery, or a vein into a vein. A-nds'tro-phc, n. [Gr. avao-rpo^ij, from dvao-Tpe^eiv, to turn back.] (Rhet.) An inversion of the natural or- der of words ; as, echoed the hills, for the hills echoed. A-nath'e-ma, n. ; pi. a-nath'e-mA!-;. [Gr. dvddep.a, any thing devoted, esp. to evil, dva07)p.a, a votive offering set up in temples, from dvo.Ti0evai, to dedicate, from dvd, up, and Tiflevai, to set.] 1. (Antiq.) An offering or present made to some deity, and hung up in a temple. 2. A ban or curse pronounced with religious solemnity by ecclesiastical authority, and accompanied by excom- munication. 3. Any person or thing anathematized. A-nath'e-ma-ti-za'tion, n. Act of anathematizing. Anath'e-ma-tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. anathema- tized; p. pr. & vb. n. ANATHEMATIZING.] To de- nounce with curses. An'a-tom'ie, ) a. Belonging to anatomy or dissec- An'a-tSm'ie-al, J tion. An'a-tom'ie-al-ly, adv. By means of dissection. A-n&t'o-mist, n. One who dissects bodies, or is skilled in anatomy. A-nat'o-mi-za'tion, n. The act of anatomizing. A-nat'o-mlze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. anatomized ; p. pr. & vb. n. anatomizing.] 1. To dissect. 2. To lay open the interior structure of; to analyze. Anchor. ANDROIDES A-n&t'o-my, n. [Gr. avarop-iq, dissection, from dvd, up, and re/Avetv, to cut.] 1. Art of dissection. 2. Science of the structure of animal bodies. 3. Act of dividing any thing, corporeal or intellectual, for the purpose of examining its parts. 4. Any thing dissected, or hav- ing the appearance of being so ; hence, a skeleton. An'ces-tor, n. One from whom a person is descended at any distance of time. Syn. — Forefather; progenitor. An-ces'tral, a. Relating to, or _ descending from, ancestors. An'ces-try , n. 1 . A series of an- cestors or progenitors ; lineage. 2. Hence, birth or honorable de- w scent. Aneli'or, n. 1. An iron instru- ment for holding a vessel at rest ««- stock; 6. shank; cP s> place.] A hermit ; a recluse ; a monk. Aneh'or-Ice, n. Ice formed at the bottom of running streams, and thus anchored to the ground; ground-ice. An-cho'vy, n. [A word of Iberian origin, lit. a dried or pickled fish, from Bisc. antzua, anchua, anchuva, dry.] A small sea-fish of the herring family. An'chy-lose, v. t. [Gr. dyKuAocris, crookedness, d^/cvAoCv, to crook, stiffen.] [imp. & p. p. anchylosed; p. pr. & vb. n. anchylosing.] To unite or fix immovably ; _to stiffen ; to make fast. An'cient (an'shent), a. [L. Lat. antianus, anteanvs, from Lat. antea, ante, before.] 1. Old; that happened or ex- isted in former times, usually at a great distance of time. 2. Of great age ; advanced in years. Syn.— Primitive; pristine: antiquated; obsolete. — A thing is ancient when it is old; it is antiquated, antique, and obsolete, when it is gone out of use or fashion. An'cient, n. 1. pi. Those who lived in former ages, as opposed to the moderns. 2. pi. Yery old men ; hence, governors. 3. The bearer of a flag; — now called an _ensign. Au'cient-ly, adv. In old times ; formerly. An'cient-ry, n. The honor of ancient lineage. An'cil-la-ry, a. [Lat. ancillaris, from ancilla, a female servant.] Subservient or subordinate, like a handmaid. An-cip'i-tal, a. [Lat. anccps, gen. ancipitis, two-headed, | double, from am, for amb, on both sides, and caput, head.] (Bot.) Compressed, and forming two opposite angles, as a stem of blue-grass. An'eo-ny, n. [Prob. from Gr. dy vos, fr. av-qp, description] A description of the winds. An'e-mol'o-gy, ft. [Gr dve/u.os, wind, Xo-yos, discourse.] The doctrine of winds, or a treatise on the subject. An'e-mom'e-ter, ft. [Gr. aj/e/aos, wind, and p.erpov, measure.] An instrument or machine for measuring the force and velocity of the wind. Aii'e-mom/e-try, ft. Measurement of the force and velocity of wind, by means of an anemometer. A-nem'o-ne, ft. [Gr. dveixuvt), from 6.vep.os, wind, — because easily stripped of its leaves by the wind.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of the crowfoot family ; wind-flower. A-nem'o-s-eope, ft. [Gr. ave/u.os, wind, and 0-k.ottsi.v , to view.] A weather-cock ; — usually applied to con- trivances for bringing down the indications of a wind- vane to a dial below, for accuracy and ease of inspection. An'e-roid, a. [Gr. d priv., vqpos, wet, moist, and elSos, form.] Dispensing with the use of quicksilver, as a w kind of portable barometer, shaped like a watch. An'e-roid, n. A portable barometer, shaped like a watch, which dispenses with the use of quicksilver. An'eu-rigm, n. [Gr. dvevpva/xa, a widening, an open- ing, from dvevpvveiv, to widen.] ( Anat.) A soft, pul- sating tumor, arising from the preternatural dilatation or rupture of the coats of an artery. A-new' (a-nu'), arft). Newly; over again ; afresh. An-fra€t / u.-os'i-ty, ft. State of being anfractuous, or full of windings and turnings. An-f raet'ii-ous , a. [Lat. anfractus,a, turning, a wind- ing, from an, for amb, and frangere, to break, p. p./rac- _tus, broken.] Winding ; full of windings and turnings. An'gel, ft. TGr. ayyeA.09, messenger, from dyyeWetv, to bear a message.] 1. A messenger. [Rare.] 2. A spirit, or a spiritual being, employed by God to commu- nicate his will to man ; a ministering spirit. 3. An evil spirit. 4. An ancient gold coin of England, worth about _ten shillings, and bearing the figure of an angel. An'gel, a. Resembling, or belonging to, angels, or par- _ taking of their nature or dignity. An'gel-et, ft. A small gold coin formerly current in _ England; a half-angel. An'gel-fish, w. A species of shark, taking its name from its pectoral fins, which are very large, and extend hori- zontally, like wings when ( spread. An-gel'i-e, ) a. Belonging An-geFi-e-al, J to,orresem- Angel-fish, bling, angels. An-|jel'i-e-al-ly, adv. Like an angel. An-gel'ie-al-ness, ft. Quality of being angelic. An'gel-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. ayyeAo? and Aoyos, discourse.] w A discourse on angels, or the doctrine of angelic beings. An'ger (82), h. [From Lat. angor, strangling.] 1. Pain of a sore or swelling. [Obs.] 2. A strong passion or emotion of the mind excited by a real or supposed injury to, or intent to injure, one's self or others. Syn. — Indignation; resentment; wrath; fury; rage. — An- ger is a stronger term than resentment, but not so strong as in- dignation, which is awakened by what is flagitious in character or conduct; nor as wrath, fury, rage, in which anger is wrought up to a still higher point in the order of these words. An'ger (ang'ger), v.t. [imp. & p. p. angered ; p. pr. & vb. ft. angering.] 1. To cause to smart. [Obs.] 2. To excite to anger ; to rouse to resentment. Syn. — To provoke; vex; displease; fret. Ans-gl'na, ft. [Lat.] Inflammation of the throat. Angina pectoris, a distressing affection of the chest. An'gi-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. dyyelov, vessel, and ypa(j)rj, description.] (Med.) A description of the vessels in the human body. An/gi-31'o-gy, ft. [Gr. dyyelov, vessel, and Aoyos, dis- course-] (Med.) A treatise or discourse on the vessels of the human body. An'gi-ot'o-my, ft. [Gr. dyyelov, vessel, and tojujj, cut- „ting.] (Anat.) A dissection of the vessels of the body. An'gle (ang'gl), u. [La,t..angu- lus, from Gr. dy/cuAo?, bent, crooked, angular: a-y/co?, a bend or hollow.] 1. A corner. 2. (Geom.) The difference of,B direction of two lines in the same plane that meet in a point, or that would meet if sufficiently c A E ri ht an ^ e . c A D extended ; or the difference of acute angle ; B A E, ob- direction of two planes intersect- tuse angle. ing, or tending to intersect, each other. 3. Fishing tackle ; a line, hook, and bait, with or without a rod. Angle of incidence (Opt.), the angle which a ray of light akes with a perpendicular to that point of the surface of any Angle of refraction, the angle makes with a perpe: medium on which it falls which a ray of light refracted makes with a perpendicular~to that point of the surface of the refracting medium on which it falls. — A right angle, one formed by a right line falling on another perpendicularly, or an angle of 90°, making the quar- ter of a circle. — An obtuse angle, one greater than a right angle, or more than 90°. — An acute angle, one less than a right an- gle, or less than 90°. — A rectilineal or right-lined angle, one formed by two right fines. — A curvilinear angle, one formed by two curved lines. — A mixed angle, one formed by a right line with a curved line. — Adjacent or contiguous angles, such as have one leg common to both angles, and are together equal to two right angles. — External angles, angles of any right-lined figure without it, when the sides are produced or lengthened. — Internal angles, those which are within any right-lined fig- ure. — Oblique angles, angles that are either acute or obtuse, in opposition to right angles. — A solid angle, the angle pro- duced by the meeting of three or more plane angles at one point. — A spherical angle, one made by the meeting of two arcs of great circles, which mutually cut one another on the surface of the globe or sphere. — Visual angle, the angle formed by two rays of light, or two straight lines drawn from the ex- treme points of an object to the center of the eye. An'gle (ang'gl), v. i. [imp. & p.p. ANGLED ; p. pr. & vb. ft. ANGLING.] 1. To fish with fine and hook. 2. Hence, to use some bait or artifice ; to intrigue. An'gle-toar, ) ft. A rolled bar of iron of an angular An'gle-i-ron, ) shape, for the edges of iron safes, &c. ; or to connect the side-plates of iron boilers, &c. An/gler, n. 1. One who fishes with a hook. 2. (Ichth.) w A kind of fish ; — called also fishing-frog. An/gll-eaii, a. [From Lat. Angli, the Angles, a Ger- manic tribe in Lower Germany. ] English ; pertaining to ^ England or the English nation. An'gK-ean, ft. A member of the church of England. An'gli-ean-i§m, ft. 1. Attachment to England or English institutions ; especially, strong partiality to the principles and rites of the English church. 2. The prin- ciples of the established church in England. [ner. A-n'cjli-q&, adv. [Lat.] In English ; in the English man- An'gli-fi§m, ft. An English idiom or expression. Aii'gli-cize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ANGLICIZED ; p. pr. & vb. ft. ANGLICIZING.] To render conformable to the ^English idiom, or to English analogies. An'glo-. [From N. Lat. Anglus, English.] A prefix meaning the same as English ; — ■ used in composition. Anglo-American, a descendant from English ancestors, born in America, or the United States, or pertaining to the descend- ants of Englishmen in America. — Anglo-mania-, an excessive or undue attachment to, or reverence for, England or English institutions. — Anglo-Norman, pertaining to the English Nor- mans, or an English Norman. — Anglo-Saxon, pertaining to the Saxons who settled in England; also, an English Saxon, or the language of the English Saxons. An'gor, ft. Intense bodily pain. An'gri-ly, adv. In an angry manner. Aii'gry, a. [See Anger.] 1. Inflamed, as a sore. _ 2. Touched with anger. 3. Showing anger. 4. Stimu- lated ; roused; vigorous. Syn. — Passionate; resentful; irritated; indignant; pro- voked; hot; raging; furious; tumultuous; wrathful; choleric; inflamed; infuriated. An-gull'li-form, a. [Lat. anguilla, eel, and forma, form.] In the form of an eel ; resembling an eel. An/guish, ft. [Lat. angustia, from angustns, narrow, difficult, from anger e, to press together.] Extreme pain, either of body or mind. Syn. — Agony; torture; torment; grief; pang; throe. An'gu-lar, a. 1. Having an angle or angles ; pointed. 2. Consisting of an angle ; forming an angle. 3. (Fig.} Sharp and stiff in character. An'gu-lar'i-ty, ft. The qualitv of being angular. An'gu-lar-ly, adv. With angles ; in the direction of the angles. food, fdt>t ; urn, ru.de, pull ; fell, chaise, -call, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist; linger, link ; tnis- ANGULARNESS 28 ANNUITY An'gu-lar-ness, n. Quality of being angular. An'gu-lat-ed (ang'gu-), a. Formed with angles. An/lie-la/tion, n. [Lat. anhelatio, from anhelare, to breathe with great difficulty.] Shortness of breath ; dif- ficult respiration. An-hy'droiis, a. [Gr. avvSpog, wanting water, from av priv. and v&up, water.] Destitute of water. An'il, n. [Ar. an-nil, for al-nil, the indigo-plant, from Skx.nila, dark-blue, indigo, nili, indigo -plant.] (Bot.) A shrub from whose leaves and stalks indigo is made. Aii'Ile, a. [Lat. anilis, from anus, old woman.] Old- womanish ; imbecile. A-nil'i-ty, ) n. State of being an old woman ; old age An'Ile-ness, ) of a woman ; dotage. An'i-mad-ver'sion, n. Remarks by way of criticism, censure, or reproof. Syn. — Strictures; comment; blame. In'i-mad-ver'sive, a. Having the power of perceiving. An'i-mad-vert' (14), v. i. [imp. & p. p. animad- verted ; p. pr. & vb. n. ANIMADVERTING.] [Lat. animadvertere, from animus, mind, and advertere, to turn to, from ad, to, and vertere, to turn.] 1. To turn the mind with intent to notice. 2. To consider or re- mark by way of criticism or censure. Syn. — To remark; comment. An'i-mad-vert' er, n. One who animadverts. An'i-mal, n. [Lat., fr. anima, breath, soul, animus, soul, mind ; Gr. a^e^os, wind, Skr. an, to breathe, five.] 1. An organized living being endowed with sensation and the power of voluntary motion. 2. An irrational being, as distinguished from man. An'i-mal, a. 1. Of, or relating to, animals. 2. Pertaining to the merely sentient part of a creature, as distinguished from the intellectual, rational, or spiritual part. 3. Consisting of the flesh of animals. -? J1 '!" m $l!" eu "i? ,r ' } a. Pertaining to animalcules. An'i-mal'-eu-line, j 6 An'i-mal'-cule, n. [Dim. of animal, q. v.] A little animal, especially one that is invisible, or nearly so, to the naked eye. [animalcules. An'i-mal'-cu-list, n. One versed in the knowledge of An'i-mdV-eu-lwm, n. ; pi. an'i-mal'cu-la. [See An- imalcule.] An animalcule. JS3» Animalculse, as if from a Lat. singular animalcula, is a gross barbarism. An'i-mal-flow'er, n. A name applied to several species of zoophytes. [ness. An'i-mal -i§m, n. The state of mere animals ; brutish- An-i-mal'i-ty , n. The state of animal existence. An'i-mal-i-za'tion, n. The act of giving animal life, or of converting into animal matter. An'i -mal-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. animalized ; p.pr. & vb. n. ANIMALIZING.] 1. To give animal life or properties to. 2. To convert into animal matter by the processes of assimilation. 3. To render or regard as merely animal or sentient. An'i-mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ANIMATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ANIMATING-.] [Lat. animate, from anima, breath, soul.] 1. To give natural life to. 2. To give powers to, or to heighten the powers or effect of. 3. To give spirit or vigor to. Syn. — To enliven; inspirit; stimulate; exhilarate; inspire; instigate; rouse; urge; cheer; prompt; incite; quicken ; glad- den. An'i-mate, a. Alive ; possessing animal life. An'i-mat-ed,y.a. 1. Endowed with animal life. 2. Full of life; enlivened; spirited; lively. [animated. An/i-ma'tion, n. Act of animating, or state of being Syn. — Vivacity; spirit; buoyancy; sprightliness ; liveli- ness; promptness. An'i-mos'i-ty, n. [Lat. animositas.] Violent hatred leading to active opposition ; active enmity. Syn. — Rancor; malevolence; malignity; rage; wrath. JLn f i-mus,n. [Lat., mind.] Intention; purpose; spirit; temper. An'ise, n. [Gr. avurov, avr^Qov, Ar. anisun,janisun.] A plant bearing aromatic seeds. Ank'er (82), n. [D.] A Dutch liquid measure, formerly used in England, and containing ten wine gallons. An'kle, n. [A.-S. ancleow, dim. of anke, bent, neck.] The joint which connects the foot with the leg. An'lace (45), n. [Either from Lat. anellus, annidus, ring (as hanging from one attached to the hilt), or from 0. H. Ger. laz, Lat. latus, side.] A short dagger worn in An'nal-ist, n. A writer of annals. [the 14th century. An'mx-al , n. 1 . A thing happening or returning yearly ; — especially, a literary work published once a year. 2. A thing, especially a plant, that lasts or lives but on© year or season. An'nu-al-ly, adv. Yearly ; year by year. An-nu'i-tant, n. A person who has an annuity. An-nu/i-ty, n. [L. Lat. annuitas, from annus, year.] A An'nalg, n. pi. [Lat. annalis (sc. liber), from annus, year.] 1. A history of events in chronological order, each event being recorded under the year in which it happened ; also the title of such a history. 2. A series of historical events. 3. An annual publication, contain- ing records of discoveries, transactions of societies, &c. An'nats, n. pi. [From Lat. annus, year.] (Eng. Bed. Law.) The first year's whole profits of a spiritual pre- ferment, anciently paid by the clergy to the pope, but in the reign of Henry VIII. transferred to the crown ; first- fruits. An-neal', v. t. [imp. & p. p. annealed ; p. pr. & vb. n. ANNEALING.] [A.-S. anselan, onselan, to kindle, to inflame, from the prefix an, on, and xlan, to kindle.] 1. To heat nearly to fluidity, and then cool slowly, for the purpose of rendering less brittle. 2. To heat, as glass or tiles, in order to fix colors. An-nex', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ANNEXED (an-nekst'); ' p. pr. & vb. n. ANNEXING.] [Lat. annectere, annexum^ to tie or bind to, from ad, to, and nectere, to tie, to fasten together.] 1. To unite at the end; to subjoin; to affix. 2. To add, as a smaller thing to a greater. 3. To connect, especially as a consequence. An'nex-a/tion, I n. 1. Act of annexing, uniting, or An-nex'ion, ) connecting; addition, union. 2. (Law.) Union of property with a freehold so as to be- come a fixture. An-nex'ment, n. 1. The act of annexing, or the state of being annexed. 2. The thing annexed. An-ni'hi-la-lble, a. Capable of being annihilated. An-nl'hi-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. annihilated; p.pr. & vb. n. ANNIHILATING.] [Lat. annihilare, from ad and nihilum, nihil, nothing.] 1. To reduce to noth- ing ; to cause to cease to be. 2. To destroy the form or peculiar distinctive properties of. An-ni'ni-la'tion, n. Act of reducing to nothing, or state of being reduced to nothing ; destruction. An'iii-ver'sa-ry (14), a. Returning with the year, at a ^ stated time, [each year. An'ni-ver'sa-ry, n. A day celebrated as it returns An-nom'i-na'tion, n. [Lat. annominatio, from ad and nomen, a name.] 1. A pun ; a paronomasia. 2. Alliteration. JLn-no'nd, n. [Lat., from annus, year.] A year's pro- eduction or increase; hence, provisions for a year's use. An'no-tate, v. i. [Lat. annotare, from ad and notare, to mark, from nota, mark.] To make annotations, com- ^ments, or remarks. An'no-ta'tion, n. A remark, note, or commentary on some passage of a book, intended to illustrate its mean- ing ; — generally used in the plural. An'no-ta'tor, n. A writer of notes ; a commentator. An-not'to, n. A species of red or yellowish-red djeing material, prepared from the seeds of a tropical tree. An-nounce', v. t. [imp. & p. p. announced ; p.pr. & vb. n. ANNOUNCING.] [Lat. annunciare , from ad and nunciare, to report, from nuncius, messenger.] To give public notice, or first notice of; to make known. Syn. — To proclaim; publish; advertise. — To publish is to make publicly known; to announce is to make known for the first time; to proclaim (literally, to cry aloud) is to give the widest publicity; to advertise is to make known through the public prints. An-noun^e'ment, n. Act of announcing or giving public notice ; proclamation ; declaration. An-nounc'er, n. One who, or that which, announces. An-noy', v. t. [imp. & p. p. annoyed ; p. pr. & vb. n. ANNOYING.] [Fr. ennuyer, 0. Fr: anoier, from Lat. in odio, in hatred.] To injure or disturb by continued or repeated acts. Syn. — To incommode; vex; disturb; pester; molest; teas*; bore; bother; plague. An-noy', n. Annoyance. [Poetical.'] An-noy'ance, n. 1. Act of annoying, or the state of being annoyed. 2. That which annoys. Syn. — Vexation; disturbance; injury; bore. An-noy'er, n. One who annoys or disturbs. An'nu-al (an/yu-al), a. 1. Returning or happening every year ; yearly. 2. Performed in a year ; reckoned by the year. 3 . Lasting or continuing only one year or a, e,&c, long; a, e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf. ANNUL 29 ANTECEDENCY sum of money, payable yearly, to continue for a given number of years, for life, or forever. An-niil', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ANNULLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ANNULLING.] [Low Lat. annullare, from Lat. ad, to, and nullum, nothing.] To make void or of no effect ; — used appropriately of laws, decrees, edicts, decisions of courts, or other established rules, permanent usages, &c. Syn. — To repeal ; nullify ; abolish; abrogate; revoke; can- cel; set aside. An'nu-lar, la. 1. Pertaining to, or having the form An'nu-la-ry, J of, a ring. 2. Banded or marked with circles, dots, &c. An'nu-lat'ed, a. Having rings or belts. An'nu-let, n. [From Lat. annulus, ring, with a dim. termination.] 1. A little ring. 2. (Arch.) A small, flat fillet, encircling a column, &c. 3. (Her.) A little circle borne as a charge in coats of arms. An-niii'ment, n. The act of annulling. An'nu-lose', a. Furnished with, or composed of, rings. An-nu'mer-ate (39), v. t. [Lat. annumerare, from ad and numerare, to number, from numerus, number.] To add to a number. An-nvi'naerji'tion, n. Addition to a former number. An-niin'ci-ate (-shl-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. annun- ciated ; p. pr. & vb. n. annunciating.] [Lat. an- nunciare. See Announce.] To announce. An-nxin'ci-a'tion (-shl-a/shun), n. 1. Act of an- nouncing. 2. Name of a festival celebrated by the church (March 25th,) in memory of the angel's announce- ment, on that day, to the Virgin Mary, that she should bear the Messiah. An-niin'ci-a/tor (-shi-aVtur), n. One who, or that which, announces ; specifically, a machine, connected by wires with the rooms in a hotel, to ring a bell, and desig- w nate the number of the room from which it was rung. An'o-dyne, n. Any medicine which allays pain, as an opiate or narcotic. An'o-dyne, a. [Gr. dycoSwos, from dv priv. and bSvvr), pain.]' Serving to assuage pain. A-noint', v. t. [imp. & p. p. anointed; p. pr. & vb. n. ANOINTING.] [Lat. inungere, to anoint, from in and unguere, to smear.] 1. To pour oil upon ; to smear or rub over with oil or unctuous substances ; also to spread over, as oil. 2. To consecrate, by unction, or the use of oil. 3. To smear or daub. A-noint'ed, n. The Messiah. A-noint'er, n. One who anoints. [being anointed. A-noint'ment, n. The act of anointing ; the state of A-n6m'a-li§m, n. A deviation from rule ; anomaly. A-nom/a-list'ie, ) a. 1. Irregular ; departing from A-nom/a-list'ie -al, ) common or established rules. 2. (Astron.) Pertaining to the angular distance of a planet from its perihelion. A-n5m'a-lou.s, a. [Gr. dvu>i*a\o<;, from dv priv. and 6/iaAd?, even, from 6^i6?, same.] Deviating from a gen- eral rule, method, or analogy ; abnormal ; irregular. A-nom'a-lous-ly, adv. Irregularly ; unequally. A-nom'a-ly, n. 1. Deviation from the common rule or analogy; irregularity. 2. (Astron.) (a.) Angular dis- tance of a planet from i L s perihelion, as seen from the sun. (b.) Angle measuring apparent irregularities in the motion of a planet. A-non', adv. [0. Eng. anoon, anon, onane, lit., in one (moment).] 1. Quickly; immediately. 2. At another time ; again. Ever and anon, now and then; frequently; often. A-non'y-moiis, a. [Gr. dvuivvjaos, from dv priv. and ovu/ia, for ovo/xa, name.] Wanting a name ; without the real name of the author ; nameless. A-non'y-mous-ly, adv. Without a name. An-6th'er, a. [From an, a. one, and other, q. v.] 1. Not the same ; different. 2. One more, in addition to a former number. 3. Any other; any different person, indefinitely ; any one else. eg- This word is often used without a noun, becoming a substitute for the name of a person or thing. It is also much used in opposition to one. It is frequently used with one, in a reciprocal sense; as, "love one another" that is, let one love another. A-not'ta, n. See Annotto. [ing a handle. An'sat-ed, a. [Lat. ansatus, from ansa, a handle.] Hav- An'ser-ine, a. [Lat. anserinus, from anser, a goose.] Pertaining to, or resembling, a goose, or its skin. An'swer (an'ser), v. t. [imp. & p. p. answered; p. pr. & vb. n. ANSWERING.] [A.-S. andswarjan, from and, against, and swarjan, to affirm.] 1. To speak or write in return to, as in return to a call or question, or to a speech, declaration, argument, &c. 2. In an intensive use, to respond to satisfactorily ; to refute. 3. To be or act in return to. Hence, (a.) To be or act in compli- ance with, in fulfillment or satisfaction of, as an order, obligation, demand, &c. (b.) To be or act in opposition to. (c.) To be opposite to ; to face, (d.) To be or act in accommodation, conformity, relation, or proportion to. An'swer (iin'ser), v. i. 1. To make response. 2. To make a satisfactory response ; hence, to be accountable, liable, or responsible. 3. To be or act in return. Hence, (a.) To be or act by way of compliance, fulfillment, re- ciprocation, or satisfaction, (b.) To be opposite, or to act in opposition, (c.) To be or act as an equivalent, or as adequate or sufficient, (d.) To be or act in conform- ity, or by way of accommodation, correspondence, rela- tion, or proportion ; to conform ; to suit. An'swer (an'ser), n. 1. Something said or written in return to a call, a question, an argument, an allegation, an address, or the like. 2. Something done in return for, or in consequence of, something else. 3. A solution, the result of a mathematical operation. An'swer-a-hle (an'ser-a-bl), a. 1. Capable of being answered ; — usually implying that the answer may be satisfactory. 2. Obliged to answer; liable to pay, in- demnify, or make good ; amenable ; responsible. 3. Correspondent; conformable; hence, comparable. 4. Suitable ; suited ; proportionate. 5. Equal ; correspond- ent; equivalent. [swerable. An'swer-a-ble-ness (an'ser-), n. Quality of being an- Aii'swer-a-toly (an'ser-), adv. Suitably ; agreeably. An'swer-er (an'ser-), n. One who answers or replies. An't. A colloquial contraction of am not or are not ; as in the phrases I anH, we anH, you an't, &c. He an't either follows the analogy of the others, or is a corrup- . tion of he is not. Ant, n. [Standing for amt, and a contraction of Eng. emmet.] An emmet ; a pismire. Ant-ac'id, n. ( Med. ) A remedy for acidity of the stom» ach, as an alkali or absorbent. An-tag'o-ni§m, n. [From Gr. avTaycavl^ecrOai, to strug< gle against, from dvri, against, and dyu>v, contest.] Op. position of action ; counteraction or contrariety of thinga or principles. An-tag'o-nist, n. One who contends with another, es- pecially in combat. Syn. — Enemy; adversary; opponent; foe. An-tag'o-nist'ie, a. Opposing ; acting in opposition. An-tag'o-nize, v. i. To act in opposition ; to contend. An-tal'gie, a. [Gr. dyri, against, and «Ayo?, pain.] AL leviating pain. An-tan'a-ela'sis, n. [Gr. avravaKXao-Ls, from olvti^ against, and dva.n\ao-i<;, a bending back and breaking.] (Rhet.) (a.) A play upon words ; as, whilst we live, let us live, (b.) A repetition of words, beginning a sentence, after a parenthesis. Ant/aph-ro-dig'i-a-e, a. [From Gr. dvri, against, and d^pofiicriaKog, belonging to venery, from 'A^poSirrj, the goddess of love, Venus.] (Med.) Having the quality of w extinguishing or lessening venereal desire ; antivenereal. Ant/aph-ro-dig'i-a-e, n. A medicine that lessens oi _ extinguishes the venereal appetite. Ant/aph-ro-dit'ie , a. Abating the venereal appetite, _ or efficacious against the venereal disease ; antivenereal. Aiit/aph-ro-dTt'ie, n. A medicine which abates the venereal appetite, or is good against the venereal disease, Ant-are'tie, a. [Gr. dvrapKTc/cd?, from dvri, against opposite, and «p/cros, bear.] Opposite to the northern or arctic pole ; relating to the southern pole or to the region near it, and applied especially to a circle, distant from the pole 23° 28'. Ant'ar-thrit'ie , a. [Gr. dvri, against, and dpOplri.'; (sc. vocro?), gout.] Counteracting w the gout. Anl/ar-thrlt'ie , n. A remedy against the . gout. Ant'-toear, } n. An Ant'-eat-er, ) ani- mal that feeds upon _ants. An'te-ced'ence, ) An'te-fed'en-cy, ) n. Act or state of preceding in time ; precedence. food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this- ANTECEDENT 30 ANTICONTAGIOUS Au'te-ced'ent, a. [Lat. antecedens, p. pr. of antetedere, fr. ante, before, aud cedere, to go.] Going before in time. Syn. — Prior; preceding; foregoing; previous. — Antecedent is specific, referring to something consequent ; foregoing, pre- ceding, and previous, are more general, being opposed to subse- quent ; prior, like priority, impbes a preference if there is com- petition, as, aprior claim. Au'te-ced'ent, n. 1. That which goes before in time. 2. pi. The earlier events of one's life. 3. ( Gram.) The noun to which a relative refers. 4. (Logic.) (a.) The first of two propositions in an enthymeme. (b.) The first and conditional part of a conditional or hypothetical proposition. 5. (Math.) The first of two terms of a ratio, or that which is compared with the other. An'te-ced'ent-ly, adv. Before in time ; previously. Aji'te-ees'sor, n. 1. One who goes before; a leader. 2. One who possessed land before the present possessor. An'te-cham'ber, n. A chamber leading to the chief apartment. An'te-chap'el, n. The part of the chapel through which is the passage to the choir or the body of it. An'te-eiir'sor, n. A forerunner. An'te-date, n. A date before the true time. An'te-date, v. t. [imp. and p. p. ANTEDATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ANTEDATING.] [From ante, before, and date.] 1. To date before the true time. 2. To anticipate ; to take before the true time. Au'te-di-lii'vi-an, a. Before the deluge ; pertaining to the times before the flood. An'te-di-lu'vi-an, n. One who lived before the flood. An'te-lope, n. [Or. avOaXoxp.] One of a group of ruminant quadrupeds , intermediate between the deer and goat. An'te-lu'eau, a. [Lat. antelu- canns, from ante, before, and lux, light.] Being before light;— a word applied to assemblies of Christians, jn ancient times of persecution, held before light in the morning. An'te-me-rid^i-an, a. Being before noon. An'te-mun'dane , a. Being before the creation of the world. JLn-teti'nd n. ; pi. an-ten'N&. [Lat. antenna, sail-yard.] (Zobl.) A movable, articulated organ of sen- sation, attached to the heads of i: sects and Crustacea. An / te-niip'tial(-nup / shal), a. Be- ing before marriage. a a, Antennas. An'te-pas'-ehal (-paVkal), a. Being before Easter. An'te-past, n. [Lat. ante, before, and pastus, pasture, food, from pascere, pastum,to pasture, feed.] A foretaste. An'te-pe-nult', ) n. [Lat. antepxnultimus, from An'te-pe-nult'i-tnd,) ante, before, pssne, almost, and ultimus, last.] ( Pros. ) The last syllable but two of a word. An'te-pe-niilt'i-mate , a. Of the last syllable but two . Au'te-pe-milt'i-mate, n. The third syllable from the end of a word ; the antepenult. An-te'ri-or, a. [Lat., compar. of ante, before.] 1. Be- fore in time ; prior ; antecedent. 2. Before in place. Syn.— Antecedent; previous; precedent; preceding; for- mer; foregoing. — Anterior is opposed to, and implies posterior ; the other words are opposed to subsequent. An-te'ri-or 'i-ty, n. State of being anterior ; precedence. An'te-room, n. A room forming the passage to another. An'thel-min'tie, a. [Gr. 7ros, man, and $ayetv, to eat.] Man- w eaters ; cannibals. An'thro-poph'a-gy, n. The eating of human flesh, or the practice of eating it ; cannibalism. An'ti-ac'id. See Antacid. An'tie, a. [Derived from antique, in allusion to the gro- tesque figures of antiques.] Odd ; fanciful ; fantastic ; lu- ^ dicrously wild. An'tie, n. 1. A buffoon or merry-andrew. 2. Odd ap ^ pearance or device. An'ti-ehrist, n. A great adversary of Christ ; the man __, of sin, described 1 John ii. 18. [tianity. An'ti-ehris'tian (-krlst'yan), n. An opposer of Chris- An'ti-ehrls'tian, a. Opposing Christianity. An-tlc'i-pate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. anticipated ; p. pr. & vb. n. ANTICIPATING.] [Lat. anticipare, from ante, before, and caper e, to take.] 1. To take or do before another, so as to prevent him. 2. To take up beforehand, or before the proper time. 3. To foretaste or foresee. Syn. — Expect. — Expect is stronger than anticipate. We may anticipate difficulties when we do not really expect them. An-tic'i-pa'tion, n. 1. Act of anticipating. 2. Pre- vious view or impression of what is to happen afterward. 3. Preconceived opinion, produced in the mind before the truth is known. 4. (Phil.) A conception generalized from experience and used to suggest the future. 5. (Mus.) The beginning of one or more tones of a chord with or during the chord preceding, forming a momen- tary discord. Syn. — Preoccupation ; preclusion; foretaste; prelibation ; antepast; pregustation ; preconception; expectation; foresight; forethought. An-tic'i-pa/tlve, a. Anticipating ; or containing antici- pation. An-tic'i -pa/tor, n. One who anticipates. An-tic'i-pa-to-ry (50), a. Taking before time. An'ti-eli'max, n. A sentence or expression in which the ideas fall, or become less important and striking, at the close ; — the opposite of climax. Aii'ti-cli'nai, a. [Gr. aim, against, opposite, andKAiVeiv, _ to incline.] Marking inclination in opposite directions. An'ti-ell'nal, n. The crest-line from which strata dip _in opposite directions, often called the anticlinal axis- An'tie-ly, adv. In an antic manner. An'ti-eon-ta'gious, a. Opposing contagion. a, e, &c, long; a, 6, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; sou, 6r, dg, wolf, ANTICOSMETIC 31 ANY An'ti-eog-met'ie, a. Injurious to beauty. An'ti-do'tal, a. Efficacious against poison or other evil. • r An'ti-dote, n. [Gr. avriborov (sc. 4>apixa.Kov), from dv- Tt'fioTo?, given against, from dvri, against, and SiSovcu, to give.] That which tends to counteract poison or other evil. An-ti-feb'rile, or An'ti-fe'brile, a. That has the quality of abating fever. An-ti-f gb'rile, or An'ti-f e'brlle, n. A medicine hav- ing a tendency to cure fever. An'ti-ma'son, n. One opposed to freemasonry. An'ti-ma'son-ry, n. Opposition to freemasonry. An / ti-mo-nar«h'ie-al, a. Opposed to monarchy. An'ti-mo'ni-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, antimony. An/ti-mo'ni-al, n. A preparation of antimony. An'ti-mo-ny, n. [Prob. corrupted from Ar. al-ithmi- dun, or al-uthmudun, antimony.] 1. A whitish, brittle metal used in medicine and the arts. 2. An ore of an- timony, consisting of sulphur and antimony. An'ti-no'mi-an, n. [Lat. Antinomi, pi. See ANTI- NOMY.] (JEccl. Hist.) One of a sect (originating about 1538) who were charged with maintaining, that, under the gospel dispensation, the moral law is of no use or obligation. An/ti-no'mi-an, a. Pertaining to the Antinomians. An'tl-no'mi-an-Igm, n. The tenets of Antinomians. An'ti-no-my, or An-tln'o-my, n. [Gr. avTivo^ia, from dvri, against, and to^os, law.] 1. Opposition of one law or rule to another. 2. A law or other thing op- posite or contrary. 3. (Metaph.) According to Kant, that natural contradiction which results from the law of reason, when, passing the limits of experience, we seek to know the absolute. An'tl-pa'pal, a. Opposing popery ; antipapistic. An'ti-pa-pist'ie , ) a. Opposing the papacy or pop- An'ti-pa-pist'ie-al, j ery ; antipapal. An'tl-par'a-ly t'ie , a. Opposing, or good against, palsy. An/ti-pa-tliet'i-e, )a. Having a natural contrariety An/ti-pa-tliet'ie-al, j or aversion. An-tip'a-thy, n. [Gr. dvTLirdOeia., from dvri, against, and ndOos, suffering, passion, affection, from Tra9elv : 7rdo)vrj, sound, voice.] ( Mus. ) An anthem or psalm sung alternately by a choir or con- gregation divided into two parts ; a response. A.n-ttpJi'ra-sis, n. [Gr. dn-i^pao-is , from dim, against, and $pdC,eLv, to speak.] (Rhet.) Use of words in a sense opposite to their proper meaning. An'ti-pliras'tie , ) a. Involving or relating to an- An'ti-phras'tie-al, J tiphrasis. An-tip'o-dal, a. Pertaining to the antipodes ; diamet- _ rically opposed. An'ti-pode, n. ; pi. AN'Tl-PODEg, or an-txp'o-de§i. [Gr. djmVovSj with the feet opposite, pi. ol di/ruroSes, from dvri, against, opposite, and iroi)?, 7rooos, foot.] One of those who live on opposite sides of the globe, and whose feet are, of course, directly opposite. An'ti-pope, n. One who usurps the popedom. An/ti-pre-lat'ie-al, a. Adverse to prelacy. An'ti-qua/ri-an, a. Pertaining to antiquity. An'ti-qua'ri-an, n. An antiquary. An'ti-qua'ri-an-igm, n. Love of antiquity. An'ti-qua-ry (44), n. One versed in antiquities. An'ti-quate , v. t. [Lat. antiquatus, p. p. of antiquare, from antiquus, old.] To make obsolete, old, or void. An'tT-quat-ed, p. a. Grown old, or out of fashion ; ob- solete ; out of use. An-tique' a. [Lat. antiquus, equiv. to anticus from ante, before.] _ 1. Old; ancient; of genuine antiquity. 2. Of old fashion. 3. Made in imitation of antiquity. An-tique', n. In general, any thing very old ; in a more limited sense, a remnant of antiquity ; relic. An-tique'ness, n. Quality or appearance of being an- tique. An-tiq'ui-ty(-tlk'wi-),w. [See Antique.] 1. Ancient times ; former ages. 2. The people of ancient times. «S. Great age ; quality of being ancient. 4. Any or all of the remains of ancient times. An-tls'ci-ang (an-tlsh'i-anz), ) n. pi. [Gr. dvri, against, An-tls'ci-% (an-tish'i-1), j opposite, and oma, shadow.] ( Geog.) The inhabitants of the earth living on different sides of the equator, whose shadows at noon _are cast in contrary directions. An'ti-seor-bu'tie, ) a. (Med.) Counteracting the An'tl-s-cor-bu/tie-al, j scurvy. An'ti-seript'ur-al, a. Not accordant with Scripture. An/tl-sep'ti-e, a. Opposing putrefaction. An'ti-sep'tie, n. 1. A substance which resists or cor- rects putrefaction. 2. ( Med. ) A remedy which coun- teracts a putrescent tendency in the system. An'ti-slav'er-y, n. Opposition to slavery. An'ti-so'cial, a. Averse to society or hostile to its ex- istence. An'tl-spag-mSd'ie, a. Opposing spasm. An'tl-spas'tie , a. [Gr. avTicnraaTiKo^ , fr. dv-riWao-i?, a drawing back.] (Med.) (a.) Causing a revulsion of fluids or humors, (b.) Counteracting spasm; antispasmodic. An'tl-sple-net'ie, a. Counteracting diseases of the spleen. An-tts'tro-pJie, n. [Gr. dvTicrTpo^, from dvri, against, and o-rpdcpeii/, to turn; crTpo^ij, a turning.] 1. (Rhet.) (a.) Repetition of words in an inverse order, (b.) The turning of an adversary's plea against him. 2. (Anc. Lyric Poetry.) That part of a song or dance, around the altar, which was performed by turning from the left to the right, in opposition to the strophe, which was per- _ formed by turning from the right to the left. An/tl-stroph'ie, a. Pertaining to the antistrophe. An-tlth'e-sis, n. ; pi. AN-TiTH'E-SEg. [Gr. dvu0eo-i5, from dvri, against, and fle'cri?, a setting, from TifleVai, to set.] 1. (Rhet.) An opposition of words or sentiments occurring in the same sentence ; contrast. 2. Hence, w any thing directly opposed to another. An'ti-tbefi* , \a. Pertaining to, or containing, an- An/ti-thet'i-e-al, ) tithesis. An/ti-trii^i-ta'ri-an, a. Opposing the doctrine of the ^Trinity. An / ti-trin / i-ta'ri-an-I§m, n. Opposition to the doc- w trine of the Trinity. An'tx-type, n. That which is prefigured by the type ; thus the paschal lamb was a type of which Christ is the ^ antitype. An / ti-typ'i<:-al, a. Relating to an antitype ; explain- ing a type. Ant'ler, n. [0. Fr. antoillier, and oilier, endouiller, prob. from Lat. ante, before.] A start or branch of a horn of a cervine animal, as of the stag or moose. A.n'to-no-tnii'qi-a, n. [Gr. avTovo^aaCa, fr. dvri, in- stead, and 6vofj.d£etv, to name.] Use of a proper name for an appellative, as " a Cicero'" for a great orator; or conversely , the use of a name denoting rank , office , &c . , _for him who holds it, as " his majesty " for the king. An'vil, n. [A.-S. anfilt, senfilt, onfilt.] An iron block, usually with a steel face, upon which metals are ham. mered and shaped. An-xi'e-ty (ang-zl'e-ty), n. [Lat. anxietas, from anxius, anxious.] Solicitude about some future or uncertain ^ event. Anx'ious (auk'shus, 82), a. [Lat. anxius, from angere, to cause pain, to torture.] 1. Greatly concerned or solicitous, especially respecting something future or un- known. 2. Accompanied with anxiety. Syn. — Disturbed; distressed; disquieted; uneasy. Anx'ious-ly, adv. With anxiety or solicitude. Anx'ious-ness, n. Great solicitude ; anxiety. A'ny (en'ny), a. [A.-S. anig, senig^ from an, ein, one, and the termination ig, ic] 1. One out of many, in- definitely. 2. Some; an indefinite number or quantity. E@*- This word was originally pronounced a'ny, which differs but little from the present pronunciation. (See §§ 2, 11.) It is often used as a pronoun, the person or thing being understood. A'ny, adv. To any extent ; at all. food, foot ; i\rn, rude, pull; fell, ^liaise, call, echo; gem, get; ag ; exist ; linger, link ; this. AONIAN 32 APOPLECTICAL Pertaining to the Muses, or to Aonia in jL-o'ni-an, a Bceotia. A'o-rlst, n. [Gr. dopia-rog, from d priv. and opos, bound- ary, limit.] (Gram.) A tense in the Greek language, which expresses an action as completed in past time, but leaves it, in other respects, wholly indeterminate. A'o-rist'i-e, a. Pertaining to an aorist, or indefinite tense ; indefinite. A-6r'ta, n. [Gr. doprr?, from deipeiv, to lift, heave.] The _ great artery from the heart. t"~~ rt ' al > I a. Pertaining to the aorta or great artery. A-ort'i*, ) A-pace', adv. Quickly ; hastily ; speedily ; fast. Ap'a-go'ge, n. [Gr. diray^yn, a leading away, from dwdyeiv, to lead away.] [Logic.) An indirect argument which proves a thing by showing the impossibility or ab- surdity of the contrary thing. — It corresponds to the ^reductio ad absurdum. Ap'a-gog'i-e-al, a. Proving indirectly by showing the absurdity of the contrary. A-part, adv. [Either from prefix a and part, or fromFr. dpart.] 1. Separately , in regard to space or company ; aside. 2. In a state of separation, exclusion, or of dis- tinction, as to purpose, use, or character, or as a matter of thought. 3. In two or more parts ; asunder. A-part'ment, n. [From Lat. ab, or a, from, and pars, ^partis, part.] A room in a building or house. Ap'a-thet'i-e, a. Void of feeling ; insensible ; indifferent. Ap'a-thist, n. One destitute of feeling. Ap'a-thy, n. [Gr. dndOeia, from d priv. and ttoJo?, suffering.] Want, or alow degree, of feeling ; privation of passion, or insensibility to pain ; — applied either to the body or the mind. Syn. —Insensibility; indifference; unconcern. Ape, n. [A.-S. apa, Skr. kapi. Gr. k^-05, KeiTroc.] X. (Zo'o'l. A quadrumanous mammal having teeth of the same num- ber and form as in man, and possessing neither a tail nor „_ cheek pouches. 2. One who imitates servilely, in allusion** _to the manners of the ape. ^^§|i§ Ape, v.*. [imp. & p. p. aped ; ^ p. pr. & vb. n. APING.] To " Ape".' imitate servilely ; to mimic. A-pealt', adv. On the point ; in a posture to pierce. A-pep'sy, n. [Gr. anemia,, from dneirTo?, uncooked, un- digested.] (Med.) Defective digestion; indigestion. A-pe'ri-ent (89), a. [Lat. aperiens, p. pr. of aperire, to open.] (Med.) Having the quality of opening; laxative. A-pe'ri-ent, n. (Med.) A laxative medicine. A-per'i-tive, a. Deobstruent ; aperient. Ap'er-ture (53), n. [Lat. apertura. See Aperient.] _An opening through some solid substance ; a hole. Ap'er-y, n. The practice of aping. A-pet'al-oiis, a. [Gr. ajreVaAo?, an-eTrjAo?, from a priv. _and niraXov, leaf.] (Bot.) Having no petals. A'pex, n. ; pi. A'PEX-Eg ; Lat. pi. AP'l-CEg. The top, tip, or summit of any thing. A-phaer'e-sis ) n. [Gr. dc/xupeo-is, from 6.<}>aipeiv, to take A-pher'e-sis ' awav,from d-rvo, from, and dipelv, to take.] ( Gram.) The taking of a letter or syllable from the beginning of a word. A-phel'ion (-Kl'yun), n. ; pi. a-phe-Li-a. [Gr. ds-d, from, and ijAios, sun.] (Astron.) Thatpoint of aplanet's or comet's orbit which is most distant from the sun, the ..opposite point being called the perihelion. A/phls, n.; pi. aph't-dez. [N. Lat.] (Entom.) The vme-fretter, or plant-louse ; a genu3 of hemipterous in- sects. Apli'o-ny, n. [Gr. d^wvi'a, from «(£covos, voiceless, from a priv. and vrj, voice.] (Met!.) A loss of voice. Aph'o-rigm, n. [Gr. aop<.a>6s, from dtpopi^eiv, to de- fine.] A precept or principle expressed in a few words ; a short sentence containing some important truth. Syn. — Axiom ; maxim; adage.— An axiom is a self-evident proposition of high importance; a maxim expresses some great Practical truth; an adage is a saying which has gained credit y long use. Aph'o-rist, n. A writer of aphorisms. Aph'o-rist'i-e, ) a. Having the form of an apho- Aph'o-rist'ioal, j rism. %* Apli'o-rist'i-e-al-ly, adv. In the form of aphorisms. Aph'tliong (afthong or ap'thong, 85), n. A letter or combination of letters having no sound. Aph'yl-loiis, or A-phyl'loiis, (117), a. [Gr. d^v'AAos, _from a priv. and \eyixar- tKo? full of phlegm; <£Ae'yp.a, flame, phlegm.] (Med.) Having the quality of exciting discharges of phlegm or w mucus from the mouth or nostrils. ip'oph-thegm ) (ap/o-them),??. A short, sententious, Ap'o-thegm \ instructive remark. Ap'o-ple-e'ti-e, ) a. [Gr. d.7ro7rAi7KTtKds, from dno, Ap'o-ple-e'ti-e-al, J from, away, and nhrjo-o-ziv, to a,e,&c, long; a,e\ &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son,6r, do,wol* APOPLEXY 33 APPELLEE strike.] 1. Pertaining to, or consisting in, apoplexy. 2. Predisposed to apoplexy. Ap'o-plSx'y, n. [Gr. a.TTonkt}i-La. See supra.] A dis- ease characterized by sudden loss of sense and voluntary motion, usually caused by pressure on the brain. A-pos'ta-sy, n- [Gr. diroaTaaia , from airo, from, and o-rrjj/ai, to stand.] An abandonment of what one has voluntarily professed ; a total desertion or departure from one's faith, principles, or party. A-pos'tate, n. One who has forsaken the faith, princi- ples, or party, to which he before adhered. A-pos'tate , a. Falling from the faith ; false ; renegade. A-pos'ta-tize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. apostatized;^. pr. & vb. n. APOSTATIZING.] To abandon one's faith, party, church, or profession. [with pus. A-pos'te-mate , v. i. To form into an abscess, and fill Ap'os-tem'a-tous, a. Pertaining to, or partaking of the nature of, an aposteme. Ap'os-teme, n. [Gr. a.-aoo-r-f\\xa, fr. anoa-rrniat , to stand off.] An abscess ; a sore filled with purulent matter. A-pos'tle (-poVsl), n. [Gr. awoaroKos , sent forth or away, from d7rocrTe'AAeiv, to send off or away.] 1. A person sent forth or deputed to execute some important business ; specifically, one of the twelve disciples of Christ sent forth to preach the gospel. 2. ( Civ. and Admiralty Law.) A brief letter dismissory sent by a court appealed from to the superior court, stating the case, &c. ; a paper sent up on appeals in the admiralty courts. A-pos'tle-ship (-pos'sl-), n. The office of an apostle. A-pos'to-late, n. Mission; apostleship. Ap'os-toFic, ) a. 1. Pertaining or relating to an Ap'os-tol'ie-al, j apostle, or to the apostles, their times, or their peculiar spirit. 2. According to the doc- trines of the apostles. Ap'os-tol'i-cigm, ) n. State or quality of being apos- A-pos'to-lic'i-ty, j tolical. A-pos'tro-phe, n. [Gr. anocrrpo^ , from ano, from, and a-Tpo(j)-q, a turning.] 1. (Rhet.) A turning away from the real auditory, and addressing an absent or imaginary one. 2. ( Gram.) (a.) The contraction of a word by the omission of a letter or letters, which omission is noted by a mark like a comma placed above the line ; as, calPd for called, (b.) The mark used to denote that a word is contracted. Ap'o-stroph'ic, a. Pertaining to an apostrophe. A-pos'tro-phize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. apostro- phized ; p.pr. & vb. n. apostrophizing.] 1. To address by apostrophe. 2. To contract by omitting a letter or letters. A-poth'e-ea-ry, n. [From Gr. anoO^Krj, repository, from dwo, from, and riflei'ai, to put ; 0-qK-q, box, chest.] One who prepares and sells drugs for medicinal purposes. In England, apothecaries also prescribe for diseases, act- ing as sub-physicians. Ap'o-thegm ) (ap'o-them), n. [Gr. airo^Qeyixa, from Ap'oph-thegm j dno, from, and ^Oey^a, saying, word.] A short, pithy, and instructive saying ; a senten- tious precept or maxim. [Apothegm is now the preva- lent spelling.] Ap'o-theg-mat'ic, ) a. In the manner of an Ap'o-theg-mat'le-al, j apothegm. [thegms. Ap'o-theg'ma-tist, n. A collector or maker of apo- Ap'o-the'o-sis, n. [Gr. a7ro0eWis, from dno, from, and 0e6?, god.] Act of elevating a mortal to the rank, and placing him among the number, of the gods ; deification. Ap'o-the'o-size, v. t. To exalt to the dignity of a deity ; to deify. Ap'o-zem, n. [Gr. ano^efxa, from airo^hv, to extract by boiling.] (Med.) A decoction. Ap-pall', v. t. [imp. & p. p. appalled ; p.pr. & vb. n. APPALLING.] [Fr. appalir, from ad and palir t to grow or make pale.] To depress or discourage with fear. Syn. — To dismay ; daunt ; terrify ; scare ; intimidate. Ap-pall', v. i. To occasion fear or dismay. Ap'pan-age, n. [Low Lat. appanagium, from apanare, to furnish with bread, from Lat. ad and panis, bread.] 1. The portion of land assigned by a sovereign prince for the subsistence of his younger sons. 2. Means of nourishing ; sustenance. Ap'pa-ra/tus, n. ; pi. Xp'pa-ra'tus or ap'pa-ra'tus- E§. [Lat., fr. apparare, to prepare, fr. ad and parare , to make ready.] Things provided as means to some end ; especially, a full collection or set of implements, or uten- •ils, for performing scientific experiments or operations. Ap-par'el, n. [Fr. appareil, from pareil, like, equal, match, from Low Lat. pariculus, dim. of Lat. par, equal, a pair.] Covering for the body. Syn. — Clothing ; clothes; dress; raiment; vesture; vest- ment.— The first three words are those familiarly used; an' parel and the rest are more formal. Ap-par'el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. APPARELED ; p. pr. & vb. n. appareling.] 1. To dress or clothe ; to attire. 2. To cover with something ornamental; to cover, as with^garments ; to adorn ; to embellish. Ap-par'ent (4), a. [Lat. apparens, p. pr. of apparere, to appear.] 1. Capable of being seen, or easily seen. 2. Beyond question or doubt. 3. Appearing to the eye, but not true or real. Syn. — Visible ; distinct ; plain ; obvious ; clear ; certain ; evident ; manifest ; indubitable ; notorious. What is obvious {literally, lying in our way) is certain beyond doubt or dispute; what is plain, clear, or evident, has ample proof or illustration. Apparent is sometimes used for clear, and sometimes for seem- ing, as, the difficulty was more apparent than real. Ap-par'ent-ly, adv. Visibly; evidently; in appearance only. Ap'pa-ri'tion (-rlsh'un), n. [See Appear.] 1. Ap- pearance ; visibility. 2. The thing appearing ; a visible object ; specifically, a preternatural appearance ; a ghost ; a specter. Ap-par'i-tor, n. [See Appear.] 1. An officer who attended magistrates and judges to execute their orders. 2. ( Law.) A messenger or officer who serves the process of a spiritual court. Ap-peal', n. [See infra.] 1. (Law.) (a.) Removal of a cause or suit from an inferior to a superior judge or court for re-examination or review, (b.) The mode of proceeding by which such removal is effected, (c.) The right of appeal. 2. A summons to answer to a charge. 3. A call upon a person for proof or decision, or to grant a favor. 4. Resort ; recourse. Ap-peal', v. i. [Lat. appellare, from ad and pellere, to drive.] 1. (Law.) To remove a cause from an inferior to a superior judge or court for the purpose of re-exam- ination or for decision. 2. To refer to another for the decision of a question controverted, or the counteraction of testimony or facts ; hence, to call on for aid. Ap-peal', v. t. [imp. & p. p. appealed ; p.pr. & vb. n. appealing.] (Law.) (a.) To remove, as a cause, from an inferior to a superior judge or court, (b.) To charge with a crime ; to accuse. Ap-peal'a-ble, a. Capable of being appealed, or called to answer by appeal. Ap-pear', v. i. [imp. & p.p. appeared; p.pr. & vb. n. APPEARING.] [Lat. apparere, to appear, from ad and parere, to come forth.] 1. To come or be in sight. 2. To stand in presence of some superior. 3. To be- come visible to the apprehension of the mind ; to be ob- vious or manifest. 4. To seem, in opposition to reality. Ap-pear'ance, ». 1. Act of coming into sight. 2. A thing seen ; a phenomenon. 3. Semblance, or apparent likeness. 4. Personal presence ; exhibition of the person. 5. Introduction of a person to the public in a particular character. 6. ( Laiv.) The act or proceeding by which a party proceeded against places himself before the court, and submits to its jurisdiction. _ Syn. — Coming ; arrival; presence; semblance; pretense; air; look; manner; mien ; figure; aspect. Ap-pear'er, n. One who appears. Ap-pea§'a-lble, a. Capable of being appeased or quieted- Ap-pea§'a-lble-ness, n. Quality of being appeasable. Ap-pea§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. appeased ; p. pr. & vb. n. APPEASING.] [Fr. appaiser, from Lat. ad and .pax, peace.] To make quiet. Syn. — To pacify; allay; assuage; compose; calm. Ap-pea§e'ment, n. Act of appeasing, or state of being Ap-pea§'er, n. One who appeases or pacifies. Ap-pea'slve, a. Having the power to appease. Ap-pel'lant, n. A person who makes an appeal. Ap-pel'late, n. Belonging to, or having cognizance of, appeals. Ap^el-la'tion, n. The name by which a person or thing is called ; title : address. Ap-pel'la-tive, a. [Lat. appellativus , from appellare, to name, to call.] Pertaining to a common name. Ap-pel'la-tive, n. A common, as distinguished from a proper name. Ap-p61'la-to-ry, a. Containing an appeal. Ap'pel-lee', n. ( Law.) (a.) The defendant in an appeal (b.) The person who is appealed, or prosecuted, by a private man for a crime. food, fdt>t ; firn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. APPELLOR 34 APPRENTICE Ap'pel-lSr', n. (Law.) The person who institutes an appeal, or prosecutes another for a crime. Append', v. t. [imp. & p. p. appended ; p. pr. & vb. n. appendix^.] [Lat. appendere , to hang to, from ad and pendere, to weigh, to hang.] 1. To hang or attach, as by a string, so that the thing is suspended. 2. To add, as an accessory to the principal thing ; to annex. Ap-pend'age, n. Something added as subordinate or incidental. Ap-pend'aut, n. Any thing appended to or connected with another as incidental. Ap-pend'ant, a. 1. Hanging; annexed. 2. (Laic.) Appended by prescription ; — said of a thing of inherit- ance belonging to another inheritance which is superior or more worthy. Ap-pend'ix, n. ; pi. AP-PEND'lx-Eg ; Lat. pi. ap-pen 1 DI-CE£. 1. Something appended ; an adjunct, or con- comitant. 2. Specifically , any literary matter added to a book, but not necessarily essential to its completeness. Ap'per-cep'tion, n. [From ad and perception.] (Metaph.) Perception that reflects upon itself; self-con- sciousness. Ap'per-tain', v. i. [imp. & p. p. appertained ; p. pr. & vb. n. appertaining.] [Lat. appertinere, from ad and perti mere, to pertain.] To belong, whether by nature, right, appointment, or custom ; to relate. Ap'pe-tence, In. 1. Strong natural desire; sensual Ap'pe-ten-py, ) appetite. 2. Tendency to seek or select. Ap'pe-tent, a. Desiring ; very desirous. [Rare.] Ap'pe-tlte, n. [Lat. appetitas, from appetere, to seek.] 1. Desire of gratification, either of the body or of the mind. 2. Specifically, a desire of food or drink. Ap'pe-tize, v. i. To create, or whet, an appetite. Ap'pe-tiz'er, n. Something which creates, increases, or whets, an appetite. Ap-plaud', v. t. or i. [imp. & p.p. APPLAUDED ; p.pr. & vb'.'n. APPLAUDING.] [Lat. applaudere, from ad and plaudere, to ciap the hands.] 1. To praise by clapping the hands, acclamation, or other significant sign. 2. To praise by words ; to commend. Syn. — To extol; cry up; magnify. Ap-plaud'er, n. One who applauds. Ap-plauge', n. [Lat. applaudere, p. p. applausus.] Act of applauding ; approbation and praise publicly ex- pressed by clapping the hands, beating with the feet, acclamation, huzzas, or other means ; commendation. Ap-plau'sive, a. Applauding ; containing applause. Ap'ple (57), n. [A.-S. ssppel, sepl.] 1. A well-known tree and its fruit. 2. The pupil of the eye. Ap-pK'a-ble, a. Capable of being applied; applicable. Ap-pli'ance, n. Act of applying, or thing applied ; in- strument or means. Ap'pli-ea-bil'i-ty, ) n. Quality of being applicable Ap'pli-ea-ble-ness, ) or suitable. Ap'pli-ea-ble, a. Capable of being, or fit to be, ap- plied ; suitable ; fit ; adapted . Ap'pli-eant, n. One who applies ; a petitioner. Ap'pli-eate, n. [Lat. applicata (sc. linea), from appli- care, to apply.] (Math.) A right line drawn across a curve, so as to be bisected by the diameter ; an ordinate. Ap'pli-eate, a. Applied or put to some use. Ap'pli-ea'tion, n. [See Apply.] 1. Act of applying or laying on, in a literal sense. 2. The thing applied. 3. Act of making request or soliciting. 4. Employment of means. 5. Act of fixing the mind ; intenseness of thought. 6. Act of directing or referring something to a particular case, to discover or illustrate agreement or disagreement, fitness, or correspondence. Ap'pli-ea-tive, a. Applying ; applicatory. Ap'pli-ea-to-ry (50), a. Including the act of applying. Ap'pli^ea-to-ry, n. That which applies. Ap-ply', v. t. [imp. & p.p. APPLIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. APPLYING.] [Lat. applicare, from ad and plicare, to fold.] 1. To lay or place ; to put, bring, or carry. 2. To use or employ for a particular purpose, or in a par- ticular case. 3. To make use of, declare, or pronounce, as suitable, fitting, or relative. 4. To engage and employ diligently, or with attention. [course. Ap-ply', v. i. 1. To suit or to agree. 2. To have re- Ap-pog'gia-tu'ra (-pod'ja-), n. [It., from apposspare, to lean, to rest.] (Mus.) A passing tone preceding an essential tone or an accented part of a measure, —gen- erally indicated by a note of smaller size. Ap-point', v. t. [imp. & p.p. appointed ; p. pr. & vb. n. APPOINTING.] [L. Lat. appunctare, to bring back to the point, restore, from Lat. ad and punctum, a point.] 1. To fix with power or firmness ; to establish. 2. To fix by a decree, order, command, resolve, decision, or mutual agreement ; to constitute ; to ordain ; to pre- scribe. 3. To allot, assign, designate, or set apart. 4. To provide with every necessary ; to equip. Ap-point', v. i. To determine ; to ordain. Ap-point'a-ble, a. Capable of being appointed. Ap'point-ee', n. A person appointed. Ap-point'er, n. One who appoints. Ap-point'ment, n. 1. Act of appointing or state of being appointed. 2. Stipulation; arrangement. 3. Decree ; established order or constitution. 4. Whatever is appointed for use and management ; — used in the plural. Ap-por'tion, v. t. [imp. & p.p. APPORTIONED; p. pr. & vb. n. APPORTIONING.] [L. Lat. apportionare, from Lat. ad and portio, portion.] To divide and assign in just proportion ; to divide or part out ; to assign in due proportion. Ap-por'tion-er, n. One who apportions. Ap-por'tion-ment, n. Act of apportioning ; a divid- ing into just proportions or shares. Ap-po§'er,n. An examiner ; an officer in the English _ Court of Exchequer. Ap'po-gite, a. [Lat. appositus, p. p. of apponere, to set or put to, from ad and ponere, to put, place.] Very w applicable ; well adapted ; suitable or fit ; relevant ; pat. Ap'po-glte-ly, adv. Properly ; fitly ; suitably. Ap'po-gite-ness, n. Fitness ; suitableness. Ap'po-gl'tion (-zish'un), n. 1. Act of adding ; accre- tion. 2. ( Gram.) The state of two nouns (one of which explains the other) put in the same case, without a con- necting word between them. [ment. Ap-praig'al, n. A valuation by authority ; anappraise- Ap-praige', v. t. [imp. & p. p. appraised ; p. pr. Ik, vb. n. APPRAISING.] [Lat. appretiare, from ad and pretiare, to prize, from pretium, value, price.] To set a value on ; to estimate the worth of, particularly by per- sons appointed for the purpose. eg- In America, this word is often pronounced, and some- times written, apprize. Ap-praige'ment, n. Act of appraising ; valuation. Ap-praig'er, n. One who appraises ; specifically, one appointed and sworn to fix the value of goods and estates. Ap-pre'ci-a-ble (-pre'shi-), a. Capable of being esti- mated or appreciated. Ap-pre'ci-ate (ap-pre'shl-at, 95), v. t. [imp. & p. p. APPRECIATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. APPRECIATING.] [Lat. appretiare. See APPRAISE.] 1. To set a price or value on ; to estimate justly or truly. 2. To raise the value of. [An Americanism.] Syn. — To esteem; estimate; value. — "We estimate things when we learn by calculation their real amount, as profits, &c. ; we appreciate when we prize them according to their true value or worth, as a man's services; we esteem when we regard them with moral approbation. Ap-pre'ci-ate, v. i. .To rise in value. Ap-pre'ci-a'tion (-pre-shi-), n. 1. A just valuation or estimate of merit, weight, or any moral consideration. 2. Increase of worth or value. Ap-pre'ci-a-tive (-sM-a-tiv), ) a. Having or implying a Ap-pre'ci-a-to-ry (-shi-a-), j just appreciation. Ap-pre'ci-a-tive-ly, adv. With just appreciation. Ap'pre-hend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. apprehended ; p. pr. & vb. n. APPREHENDING.] [Lat. apprehendere, from ad and prehendere, to lay hold of, to seize, from prze, before, and root nend.] 1. To seize or lay hold of. 2. To understand. 3. To entertain suspicion or fear of. Syn. — To catch; arrest; conceive; imagine; believe; fear j dread. Ap'pre-hend', v. i To be of opinion ; to believe. Ap'pre-hend'er, n One who apprehends. Ap'pre-hen'si-ble, a. Capable of being apprehended. Ap'pre-hen'sion, n. 1. Act of seizing or taking hold of. 2. Act of taking by legal process. 3. The mere contem- plation of things, without affirming, denying, or passing any judgment. 4. Opinion ; conception ; sentiment ; idea. 5. The faculty by which ideas are conceived. w 6. Distrust or fear at the prospect of future evil. Ap'pre-hen'slve, a. Fearful ; suspicious ; perceptive. Ap/pre-lien'sive-ly, adv. In an apprehensive man- ner: fearfully. Ap/pre-hen'sive-ness, n. The quality of being appre- hensive : fearfulness. Ap-pren'tice, n. [L. Lat. apprentices, from Lat. ap- prendere, equiv. to apprehendere, to comprehend.] One bound to another to learn a trade or art. Ap-pren'tice, v. t. [imp. Sop. p. apprenticed (ap- S, e, &c, long; a,g,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r,do, wglf, APPRENTICESHIP 35 ARANEOUS pren'tist) ; p. pr. & vb. n. apprenticing.] To bind out as an apprentice. Ap-pren'tice-ship, n. The condition of an appren- tice ; the time for which he serves. Ap-prl§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. apprised ; p. pr. & vb. n. APPRISING.] [Ft. apprise, ordinance by which the sentence of a superior judge is declared to an inferior, from apprendre, to learn, to teach. See APPREHEND.] To inform ; to give notice, verbal or written. Syn. — To acquaint; make known; communicate. Ap-prize', v. t. To seta value on. See Appraise. Ap-prize'ment, n. Same as Appraisement. Ap-priz'er, re. An appraiser. See Appraiser. Ap-proach', v. i. [imp. & p. p. approached ; p. pr. & vb. n. APPROACHING.] [Lat. ad and propiare, to draw near, from propius, comp. of prope, near.] 1. To come or go near, in place or time. 2. To draw near, in a figurative sense ; to approximate. Ap-proach.', v. t. 1. To cause to draw near. [Rare.] 2. To come near to ; to approximate. Ap-proach.', n. 1. Act of drawing near. 2. Access, or opportunity of drawing near. 3. A passage or avenue by which buildings are approached. 4. pi. (Fort.) The works thrown up by besiegers, to protect them in their advances toward a fortress. Ap-proach'a-ble, a. Capable of being approached ; ac- cessible, [able. Ap-proach'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being approach- Ap'pro-bate, v. t. [See Approve.] To express or _ manifest approbation of. [Rare.] Ap'pro-ba'tion, re. The act of approving ; consent to a tning on the ground of its propriety ; approval. Syn. — License; liking; attestation. Ap'pro-ba'to-ry, ) a. Approving ; containing appro- Ap'pro-ba'tive, j bation. Ap-pro'pri-a-ble, a. Capable of being appropriated. Ap-pro'pri-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. appropriated ; p. pr. & vb. n. APPROPRIATING.] [Lat. appropriare, appropriation, from ad and proprim, one's own.] 1. To set apart for a particular purpose, or for one*s self, to assign. 2. (Law.) To alienate, as an ecclesiastical benefice, and annex it to a spiritual corporation, sole or aggregate, being the patron of the living. Ap-pro'pri-ate (45), a. Set apart for a particular use or person; hence, belonging peculiarly. Syn. — Fit ; suitable ; proper ; adapted ; pertinent ; well- timed ; peculiar. Ap-pro'pri-ate-ly, adv. In an appropriate manner. Ap-pro'pri-ate-ness, re. Suitableness ; fitness. Ap-pro'pri-a'tion, n. 1. Act of appropriating or set- ting apart for a purpose. 2. Any thing, especially money, thus set apart. 3. (Law.) (a.) The sequester- ing of a benefice to the perpetual use of a spiritual cor- poration, sole or aggregate, being the patron of the living. Ap-pro'pri- a/tor, re. 1. One who appropriates. 2. (Law.) One who is possessed of an appropriated benefice. Ap-prov'a-ble , a. Worthy of approbation. Ap-prov'al, n. Act of approving ; approbation. Ap-prove', v. t. [imp. & p. p. approved ; p. pr. & vb. n. APPROVING.] [Lat. approbare, from ad andpro- bare, to approve, from probus, good.] 1. To be pleased with ; to think well of. 2. To prove. 3. To make or show to be worthy of approbation ; to commend. 4. (Law.) To improve by increasing the value or profits of. 5. To sanction officially. Ap-prov'er, n. 1. One who approves. 2. (Law.) One who confesses a crime and brings out his accomplices. Ap-prox'i-mate (45), a. 1. Near to. 2. (Chem. & Math.) Nearly approaching correctness. Approximate, v. t. [i??ip. & p. p. approximated ; p.pr. & vb. n. approximating.] [Lat. approximare, from ad amdproximare, to come near.] To carry or ad- vance near ; to cause to approach. Ap-prox'i-mate, v. i. To come near ; to approach. Ap-prox'i-ma'tion, n. An approach ; a coming near. Ap-prox'i-ma-tive, a. Approximating ; approaching. Ap'pulse, or Ap-piilse', n. [Lat. appulsus, from ad and pellere, pulsum, to drive.] 1. Act of striking against. 2. A touching, or very near approach. Ap-pixl'sion, n. A striking against by a moving body. Ap-pur'te-nance, n. That which appertains to some- thing else ; an adjunct ; an appendage. Ap-pur'te-nant, a. Belonging to by right. A'pri-cot, n. [From Lat. prxcoquus or prsecox, early ripe, through the Ar. al-birq&q and Sp. albarcoque.] A fine fruit, allied to the plum. A'pril, n. [Lat. Aprilis, from aperire, to open, as the month in which the earth opens for new fruit.] The _ fourth month of the year. A'pril-fobl, n. One sportively imposed upon on the _ first day of April. A'pron (a/purn or a'prun), n. 1. A cloth, or piece of leather, worn on the fore part of the body, to keep the clothes clean, or defend them from injury. 2. A piece of leather, or other thing, to be spread before a person riding in a carriage, to defend him from the rain, snow, w or dust ; a boot. ip'ro-pos' (ap'ro-po'), adv. [Fr.] 1. Opportunely ; w seasonably. 'Z. By the way ; to the purpose. Ap'sis, n.; pi. AP'si-DEg. [Gr.] 1. (Astron.) One of the two points in an elliptical orbit which are at the greatest < and least distance from the central \^ body. 2. (Arch.) The domed part of a church, where the altar is placed. Apt, a. [Lat. aptus, from apere, to fasten, fit ; Gr. air- ■reu/.] 1. Fit ; suitable. 2. Having a tendency ; liable. S. Disposed customarily. 4. Ready ; quick ; prompt. Syn. — Appropriate; suitable: qualified; inclined; disposed; dexterous; fitted. — One who is disposed or inclined to any thing is apt to do it. He who is apt at anv emplovment is qualified or dexterous. An apt quotation is one which "is appro- priate, suitable, or fitted to the case. Ap'ter-al, a. [Gr. anrepos, from a priv. and nrepov, wing.] 1. Destitute of wings. 2. Having no columns _ along the sides, but only in front. Ap'ter-ous, a. (Entom.) Destitute of wings ; apteral. Apt'i-tude (53), n. 1. Natural or acquired disposition w or tendency. 2. Readiness in learning ; docility ; aptness. Apt'ly, adv. Properly : fitly ; readily ; wittily. Apt'ness, n. Quality of being apt ; fitness ; readiness. Ap'tote, re. [Gr. airroirog, from a priv. and tttuto?, fallen, declined, from ninTeiv, to fall.] (Gram.) An _in declinable noun. A.'qtid,n. [Lat., akin to Skr. ap, water.] "Water; — a word much used in pharmacy and the old chemistry, in various significations, determined by the word or words annexed. Aquafortis (Chem.), same as nitric acid. — Aqua-marine, or aqua-marina, a fine variety of beryl; — formerly so called by jewelers on account of its color, resembling the green of sea- water.— Aqua regia (Chem.), the same as nitro-chloro-hydric acid. JL-qud'ri-um,n. ; pi. a-Q.tta'ri-1. [Lat.] 1. An arti- ficial pond for rearing aquatic plants. 2. A globe or tank of glass for keeping alive aquatic animals. A-qiiat'i-e, ) a. Pertaining to, inhabiting, or frequent- A-quat'i-e-al, j ing, water. A'qua-tint, I n. [It. acqua tinla, dyed water.] A A'qiia-tlnt'a, J method of etching on copper by means ^ of aqua fortis. Aq'ue-dnet (ak/we-dukt), n. [Lat. aquxduclus, from aqua, water, and ductus, a leading, from ducere, to lead.] _ An artificial conduit for water. A'qne-oiis (5/kwe-us), a. 1. Partaking of the nature of water, or abounding with it ; watery. 2. Made by means of water. Aqueous humor, a transparent fluid, forming part of the eye. A'qui-form, a. [Lat. aqua, water, and forma, form.] ^ In the form of water. Aq'ui-liiie (-lln or -lln), a. [Lat. aquilinus, from aquila, eagle.] 1. Belonging to the eagle. 2. Curving ; hooked ; ^prominent, like the beak of an eagle. Ar'afo, n. A native of Arabia. Ar'a-besque (ar'a-besk), re. A species of or- namentation after the Arabian manner, often intricate and fantastic from the intermingling of foliage, fruits, &c, with other objects, _real or imaginary. Ar'a-besque, a. In the manner of the Arabians ; relating to the style of ornament called arabesque. A-raTri-an, ) a. Pertaining to Arabia, or to S Ar'a-bi-e, i its inhabitants. Ar'a-bie, n. The language of the Arabians. Ar'a-bxst ? n. One versed in Arabic literature. Ar'a-ble, a. [Lat. arabilis, from arare, to plow.] Fit for tillage or plowing ; plowed. Arabesque. A-ra'ne-ou.s, a. [Lat. araneosus, from ara- nea, spider, spider's web.] 1. Resembling a cobweb. 2. Extremely thin and delicate, like a cobweb. food, foot ; ftrn, ru.de, pull ; fell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this. ARBALEST 36 ARCHLY Arlbal-est, I n. [Abbrev. of arcubalist, q. v.] A cross- Ar'bal-ist, j bow. Ar'bi-ter.n. [Lat.] {Law.) 1. A person appointed or chosen, by parties in controversy, to decide their differ- ences [In modern usage, arbitrator is the technical word.] 2. Any person who has the power of judging and determining, without control. Ar'bi-tra-ble, a. 1. Arbitrary. 2. Determinable. Ar-bit'ra-ment, n. \L.~LaX.arbitramentum.] 1. Will; determination ; decision. 2. Award of arbitrators. Ar'bi-tra-ri-ly, adv. By will only ; absolutely. Ar'bi-tra-ry, a. [Lat. arbitrarius, from arbitran, to hear, decide, from arbiter, q. v.] 1. Depending on will or discretion. 2. Founded not on the nature of things, but on mere will or choice. 3. Despotic ; absolute in power ; bound by no law. Svn. — Tyrannical; imperious; unlimited; capricious.— When a ruler has absolute, unlimited, or arbitrary power, he is apt to be capricious, if not imperious, tyrannical, and des- potic. ArHbi-trate, v. t. 1. To hear and decide, as arbitrators. 2. To decide, or determine generally. Ar'bi-trate, v. i. {imp. & p. p. arbitrated ; p.pr. & vb. n. arbitrating.] 1. To decide ; to determine. 2. To judge or act as arbitrator. Ar'bi-tra/tion, n. The hearing and determination of a cause between parties in controversy, by a person or per- sons chosen by the parties. Ar'bi-tr a/tor, n. 1. A person chosen by parties who have a controversy, to determine their differences. 2. The person chosen as umpire, by two arbitrators, when the parties do not agree. 3. One who has the power of deciding or prescribing without control. Ar'bi-tra/trix, n. A female who arbitrates or judges. Ar'bi-tress, n. A female arbiter ; an arbitratrix. Ar'bor, n. [Lat., a tree.] 1. A bower ; a seat shaded by trees. 2. A spindle or axis. Ar-bo're-oiis, ) a. Belonging to, growing on, or having ArHbor-al, ) the nature of, trees. Ar'bo-res'cence, n. The resemblance of a tree. Ar'bo-res'cent, a. [Lat. arborescens, p. p. of arbores- cere, to become a tree.] Resembling a tree; becoming tree-like. Ar 'bo-ret, n. A small tree ; a shrub. Ar'bor-i-eult'ure (-kfilt'yur), n. [Lat. arbor, tree, and cultura, culture. See Culture.] The art of cultivating trees and shrubs. ArHbor-ist, n. One who makes trees his study. Ar'bor-i-za'tion, n. A tree-like appearance, especially in minerals. Ar'bor-ize, v.t. To form tree-like appearances in. Ai'Tbor-oiis, a. Formed by trees. Ar'bus-cle ('ir'bus-sl), n. [Lat. arbuscula, dim. of arbor, tree.] A dwarf tree. Ar'bute, )n. [Lat. arbutus, akin to arbor, tree.] The jLr-bii'tiis, j strawberry-tree, a genus of evergreen shrubs, of the heath family, which has a berry resem- ..bling the strawberry. Arc, n. [Lat. arcus, bow, arch.] Part of the circumference of a circle or #< curve. Arc. Ar-cade', n. [L. Lat. areata, from Lat. arcus, bow, arch.] 1. A series of arches. ?. A walk arched above ; & range of shops along an arched passage. Ar-ed'num, n. ; pi. ar-ca'na. [Lat.] A secret. Arch, a. [Properly chief, eminent, viz., in art and roguery ; from the following.] Cunning or sly ; mis- chievous in sport ; roguish. Arch (68), a. [From Gr. prefix apxL-, from the same root as apxeiv, to be first, to begin.] Chief; of the first class ; principal ; — much used as a prefix in many compounded words, most of which are self-explaining ; as, arch-apos- % tle, arch-builder, arch-conspirator, &c. Arch, n. 1. A curve line or ««„,..~ ^H^l part of a circle. 2. Any work in that form, or cov- ered by an arch. Arch, v. t. or i. [imp. & p. p. arched (archt, 108); p. pr. & vb. n. ARCHING.] To #t form an arch. Ar'ehae-o-log'ie-al, a. Re- flating to archaeology. Ar'-ehae-oFo-gist, n. One ## versed in archaeology. Ar'ehse-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. Arch. apxatoAoyia, fr. apxalos, ancient, and A.6yos, discourse.] treatise on antiquities or The science of antiquities ; «■ ancient usages, customs, &c. Ar-eha'le, I a. Characterized by antiquity or obso- Ar-eha'i-c-al, I leteness ; ancient ; antiquated. Ar'eha-i§m, n. [From Gr. dpxaio?, ancient, ap\r), be- ginning.] 1. An ancient or obsolete word, expression, or idiom. 2. Antiquity of style or use. Areh-an'gel, n. An angel of the highest order. Areh'an-gel're, a. Belonging to archangels. Arch-bish'op, n. A chief bishop ; a metropolitan. Arch-bish'op-ri-e, n. The jurisdiction, place, or dio- cese of an archbishop. Arch-dea'-eon (-de / kn), n. An ecclesiastical dignitary .next in rank below a bishop. Arch-dea'-eon-ry, )n. The office and jurisdiction of Arch-dea/eon-ship, ] an archdeacon. Arch-du/eal, a. Pertaining to an archduke. Arch-du.ch'ess, n. A princess of the house of Austria. Arch-diich'y, n. The territory or jurisdiction of an archduke or archduchess. j> rch-duJke', w. A grand duke; a chief prince; now, strictly, a son of an Emperor of Austria. Arch-duke'dom, n. The jurisdiction of an archduke or archduchess. Arch'er, n. One who shoots with a bow ; a bowman. Arch'er-y, n. 4.rt of shooting with a bow and arrow. Arch'eg-court, n. An English ecclesiastical court of appeal. j Lr'ehe-typ / al, a. Constituting, or pertaining to, a model or pattern ; original. Ar'-ehe-type, n. [Gr. apxervizov, from dpxv, beginning, and TU7ro?, stamp, figure, pattern.] The original pattern or model of a work ; the model from which a thing is made. Arch-fiend', n. The chief of fiends. Areh'i-di-ae'o-nal, a. Pertaining to an archdeacon. Ar-eh'I-e-pis'-eo-pa-cy, n. Estate of an archbishop. Ar-eh'i-e-pis'eo-pal, a. Belonging to an archbishop. Ar'ehil, n. [Fr. orcheil, roccelle, N. Lat. (lichen) roccella, from Fr. roc, m., roche, f., Sp. roca, It. rocca, roccia, rock ; because it grows on rocks.] A violet dye obtained .from several species of lichen. Ar-ehim'e-de'an, a. Per- taining to Archimedes. Archimedean screw, or Ar- chimedes' screw, an instru- ment for raising water, formed by winding a flexible tube round a cylinder in the form of a screw. Ar'ehi-pel'a-go, n. [Gr. prefix dpxL-, equiv. to Eng. arch, q. v., and ne\ayo<;, sea.] Any body of water interspersed with many isles, or a group of isles. Areh'I-teet, n. [Gr. apxt-reKTuv , from prefix v$ia, from d priv. and o-$v£i?, As-phyx'y, ) throbbing pulse.] (Med.) Apparent death, or suspended animation. Asp'i-e,rc. [See Asp.] The asp. As-pir'ant, a. Aspiring ; ardently desirous of rising. As-pir'ant, n. One who aspires or seeks eagerly. As'pi-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. aspirated ; p. pr. & vb. n. ASPIRATING.] [Lat. aspirare, from ad and spirare, to breathe, to blow.] To pronounce with a breathing or ^full emission of breath. As'pi-rate (45), n. 1. A letter marked with a note of breathing. 2. A mark of aspiration (■) used in Greek; the rough breathing. 3. An elementary sound produced by the breath alone, without the voice ; a whispered, un- J, intonated, surd, or non-vocal consonant. As'pi-rate, a. Pronounced with a rough breathing. As'pi-ra'tion, n. [Lat. aspiratio, from aspirare.] 1. The pronunciation of a letter with a full or strong emis- sion of breath. 2. Act of aspiring or ardently desiring ; strong wish or desire. As-pire', v. i. [imp. & p. p. ASPIRED ; p. pr. & vb. n. aspiring.] [See Aspirate, v. t.] 1. To desire with eagerness ; to pant ; to long. 2. To rise ; to ascend. As-pir'er, n. One who aspires or seeks earnestly. A-squint', adv. [Prefix a and squint, q. v. Cf. ASKANT.] To the corner of the eye ; obliquely ; not in the straight # fine of vision. Ass ? n. [A.-S. assa, Lat. asinus.] 1. ( Zobl. ) A quad- ruped of the horse family, having a peculiarly harsh { bray, and long, slouching ears. The domestic ass is pa- tient to stupidity, and slow, but sure-footed. Hence, 2. A dull, heavy, stupid fel- low ; a dolt. As ; sa-f oet'i-da, n. See As- AFCETIDA. As-sail', v. t. [imp. & p.p. ASSAILED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ASSATLING.] [Lat. ad and salire, to leap, spring; assil- ire, to leap or spring upon.] 1. To attack with vio- lence, or in a hostile manner. 2. To attack morally, or with a view to produce changes in the feelings, conduct, existing usages, &c. Syn.— To assault; beset; fall upon. As-sail'a-ble, a. Capable of being assailed. As-sail'ant, n. One who attacks or assaults. As-sail'ant, a. Assaulting ; attacking ; assailing. As-sail'er, n. One who assails or attacks. As-sas'sin, n. [Ar. 'haskishin, one who has drunk of the hashish, q. v.] One who kins or attempts to kill by treachery or secret assault. As-sas'sin-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. assassinated ; p. pr. & vb. n. assassinating.] To murder by secret assault or by sudden violence. As-sas'sin-a'tion, n. The act of assassinating. As-sas'sin-a/tor, n. An assassin. As-sault', n [From Lat. ad and saltus, a leaping. Seo Assail.] 1. A violent attack with physical means, as blows, weapons, &c. 2. A violent attack with moral food, foot ; urn, ru.de, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this. ASSAULT 42 means, as words, arguments, appeals, and the like. 3. (Law.) An attempt or offer to beat another, accom- panied by a degree of violence, but without touching his person. If the blow aimed takes effect, it is a battery. Syn. — Attack; invasion; incursion; descent; onset; on- slaught; charge; storm. Assault', v. t. [imp. & p. p. assaulted ; p. pr. & vb. n. ASSAULTING.] 1. To attack with great physical violence. 2. To attack with moral means, or with a view of producing moral effects. Syn. — Assault is the strongest term, being literally to leap upon; to attack is to commence an onset; to invade is to enter upon forcibly or by arms; to assail is nearly the same as assault. As-sault'a-ble, a. Capable of being assaulted. As-sault'er, n. One who assaults or storms. As-say', n. [Lat. exagium, a weighing, a balance, from ex and agere, to put in motion, to lead, to drive. Cf. Gr. egdyiov, weighing, e£ay(.d£eiv, to examine.] 1. Trial; attempt. [Obs.] 2. (Chem.) Determination of the quan- tity of any particular metal, especially gold or silver, in an ore, or other metallic compound alloy. 3. The substance to be assayed. 4. A trial of weights and measures. As-say', v. t. [imp. kp.p. assayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. assaying.] [See supra.] To subject, as an ore or alloy, to chemical examination , in order to determine the amount of a particular metal contained in it. As-say', v. i. To attempt, try, or endeavor. As-say'er, n. One who tries or examines metals. As-sem'blage, n. 1. Act of assembling, or state of being assembled. 2. A collection of individuals, or of particular things. As-sem'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. assembled ; p. pr. & vb. n. assembling.] [Low Lat. assimulare, from Lat. ad and simul, together.] To bring or call together; to convene ; to congregate. As-sem'ble, v. i. To meet or come together ; to convene. As-sem'bly, n. A company of persons collected to- gether in one place, and usually for some common purpose. Syn.— Assemblage; company; meeting; collection ; group. As-sent', n. [See infra.] The act of assenting, admit- ting, or agreeing to any thing. Syn. — Consent. — Assent is an act of the understanding, consent of the will or feelings. We assent to a statement or a proposition ; we consent to a proposal. Assent, however, may apply to a case involving but little interest or feeling; a lady may assent to a gentleman's opening the window, but she must consent to marry him. As-sent', v. i. [imp. & p. p. assented ; p.pr. & vb. n. ASSENTING.] [Lat. assentire, assentiri, from ad and sentire, to feel, think.] To admit a thing as true ; to express an agreement, concurrence, or concession. As'sen-ta'tion, n. Assent by way of flattery or dis- simulation ; adulation. As'sen-ta'tor, n. A flatterer or dissembler. As-sent'er, n. One who assents. As-sert' (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ASSERTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ASSERTING.] [Lat. asserere, assertum, to join to one's self, to maintain, fr. ad and serere, to join together.] 1. To affirm positively ; to declare with assurance. 2. To maintain or defend by words or measures ; to vindi- cate. Syn. — To maintain; aver; affirm.— We assert against de- nial, as a right or claim ; we maintain against opposition, as the ground we have taken ; we affirm with a great confidence or firmness; we aver in a peremptory manner. As-ser'tion, n. 1. The act of asserting; affirmation. 2. Maintenance ; vindication. As-sert'ive, a. Positive ; affirming confidently. As-sert'or, n. An affirmer ; a maintainer. As-sert'o-ry (50), a. Affirming ; maintaining. As-sess', v. t. [imp. & p. p. assessed ; p. pr. & vb. n. assessing.] [Low Lat. assessare, from Lat. assi- dere, to sit by, in Low Lat. to assess, to tax. Cf. As- size.] 1. To charge a certain sum to, as a tax. 2. To fix the value or profits of, for the purpose of taxa- tion. 3. To determine, fix, or ascertain; to estimate. As-sess'a-ble, a. Liable to be assessed or taxed. As-s£ss'ment, n. 1. Act of assessing. 2. A valuation of property or profits of business, for the purpose of tax- ation. 3. The specific sum charged. As-s6ss'or, n. 1. One who sits by another, as next in dignity, or as an assistant and adviser. 2. One appointed to assess_persons or property for the purpose of taxation. As'ses-so'ri-al, a. Pertaining to assessors. As'sets, n. pi. [From Lat. ad and sat or satis, enough.] Property in possession or money due, as opposed to lia- bilities. ASSOCIATE As-sev'er-ate, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. asseverated \p.pr. & vb. n. asseverating.] [Lat. asseverate, to assert seriously or earnestly, from ad and severus, severe, seri- ous.] To affirm with solemnity ; to aver. [ment. As-sev'er-a'tion, n. Positive affirmation ; solemn aver- As'si-dii'i-ty, n. Constant or close application or at- w tention, particularly to some business or enterprise. As-sid'vi-ou.s, a. [Lat. assiduus, from ad and sedere, to sit.] 1. Constant in application or attention. 2. Per- formed with constant diligence or attention. Syn. — Unwearied; sedulous; persevering; indefatigable. As-sid'-u-ous-ly, adv. Diligently ; closely ; attentively. As-sid'u.-oiis-ness, n. Quality of being assiduous. As' si-en' to, n. [Sp. assiento, asiento, from asentar, to make an agreement.] A contract or convention between the king of Spain and other powers for furnishing slaves for the Spanish dominions in America. As-slgn' (-sin'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ASSIGNED ; p. pr. & vb. n. ASSIGNING.] [Lat. assignare, from ad and sig- nare, to mark, from signum, mark.] 1. To appoint ; to allot; to apportion. 2. To fix, specify, select, designate, or point out. 3. ( Law. ) (a. ) To transfer, or make over to another, (b.) To transfer to, and vest in, certain per- sons, called assignees, for the benefit of creditors. As-slgn' (-sin'), n. ( Law. ) A person to whom property or an interest is transferred. As-sign'a-ble ( -sln'a-bl), a. Capable of being assigned. As 1 sig-nat' (asln'ya', or aVig-nat'), n. [Fr., from Lat. assignatus, p. p. of assignare.] Paper currency, is- sued by the revolutionary government of France, based w on the security of the lands of the state. As'sig-na'tion, n. 1. Act of assigning or allotting. 2. An appointment of time and place for meeting ; — w used chiefly of love meetings. [assigned. As'sign-ee' (as'sl-ne'), n. One to whom something is As-sign'er, (as-sln'er), n. One who assigns. As-sign'ment (-sln'ment), n. 1. An allotting to a par- ticular person or use. 2. (Laiv.) (a.) A transfer of title or interest by writing, as of a lease, bond, note, or bill of exchange, (b.) The writing by which an interest is transferred, (c.) The transfer of the property of a bankrupt to certain persons called assignees, in whom it is vested for the benefit of creditors. As-sign-6r' (-sl-nor'), n. (Laxo.) A person who assigns or transfers an interest. As-sim'i-la-ble, a. Capable of being assimilated. As-sim'i-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. assimilated ; p. pr. & vb. n. ASSIMILATING.] [Lat. assimilare, from ad and similare, to make like; similis, like.] 1. To cause to resemble. 2. To convert into a like substance. As-sim'i-late, v. i. To become similar ; to be converted into the substance of the body. As-sim/i-la'tion, n. 1. Act of assimilating or bring- ing to a resemblance, or identity ; or a state of resem- blance or identity. 2. Conversion of nutriment into the substance of the body, whether in plants or animals. As-sim'i-la-tive, a. Having power of assimilating. As-sist', v. t. [imp. & p. p. assisted ; p. pr. & vb. n. ASSISTING.] [Lat. assistere, from ad and sistere, to cause to stand, to stand.] To give support to in some undertaking or effort, or in time of distress ; to succor. As-sist', v. i. 1. To lend aid ; to help. 2. To be pres- ent ; to attend. As-sist'ance, n. Help ; aid ; furtherance ; succor ; relief. As-sist'ant, a. Helping ; lending aid or support ; aux- iliary. As-sist'ant, n. One who assists or aids ; an auxiliary. As-slze', n. [From Lat. assidere, to sit by, from ad and sedere, to sit.] 1. Lit., a sitting. 2. An order or regu- lation, particularly about the weight of bread, &c. 3. (Law.) (a.) The periodical sessions of the judges of the superior courts in the counties of England ; — usually in the pi. (b.) Time or place of holding the court of assize ; — generally in the pi. As-size', v. t. [imp. & p. p. assized ; p pr. & vb. n. assizing.] To fix the weight, measure, or price of, by an ordinance or regulation of authority. As-slz'er, n. One who assizes, or fixes weights, rates, &c, by authority. . As-so'cia-bil'i-ty (-sha-), \n. The quality of being As-so'cia-ble-ness ( -sha-), } capable of association. As-so'cia-ble (-sha-), a. 1. Capable of being associated or joined. 2. Sociable ; companionable. 3. Liable to be affected by sympathy. As-so'ci-ate (as-s5'shi-at, 95), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ASSO- CIATED ; p. pr. &,vb. n. ASSOCIATING.] [Lat. associare, from ad and sociare, to join or unite ; socius, companion.] a,,e,&c.,long; a,6,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6rde,wolf, ASSOCIATE 43 ASYLUM 1. To join in company as a friend, companion, partner, or confederate. 2. To unite in the same mass. As-so'ci-ate (-shi-at), v. i. To unite in company. As-so'ci-ate (-shi-), a. 1. Closely connected or joined with some other, as in interest, purpose, employment, or office. 2. (Med.) Connected by habit or sympathy. As-so'ci-ate, n. 1. A companion; a mate; a fellow. 2. A partner in interest, as in business. 3. Any thing closely connected with another. As-so'ci-a'tion (-shl-a'shun), n. 1. Act of associating, or state of being associated ; union ; connection. 2. Union of persons in a company or society for some partic- ular purpose. [ation. As-so'ci-a'tion-al (-shi-), a. Pertaining to an associ- As-so'ci-a-tive (-shi-), a. Tending or pertaining to association. [kind of imperfect rhyme. As'so-nance, n. 1. Resemblance of sounds. 2. A As'so-nant, a. [Lat. assonans, p. pr. of assonare, to correspond to in sound, from ad and sonar e, to sound.] 1. Having a resemblance of sounds. 2. (Pros.) Per- taining to the peculiar species of rhyme called assonance ; not consonant. As-sort', v. t. [imp. & p.p. assorted; p. pr. & vb. n. ASSORTING.] [Lat. ad and sortiri, to cast or draw lots, from sors, sort is, lot.] 1. To separate and distrib- ute into classes. 2. To furnish with all sorts. As-s6rt 'merit, n. 1. Act of selecting and arranging things. 2. A number or quantity of things assorted. 3. A variety of sorts or kinds adapted to various wants, demands, or purposes. As-suage' (-swaj / ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. assuaged; p. pr. & vb. n. ASSUAGING.] [From Lat. ad and suavis, sweet.] To soften, in a figurative sense ; to allay or les- sen, as pain or grief; to appease, as passion or tumult. Syn. — To relieve; soothe; mitigate; alleviate; pacify. As-suage'ment (-swaj'-), n. Abatement; mitigation. As-suag'er, n. He who, or that which, assuages. As-sua'slve (-swa/siv), a. Mitigating ; softening ; easing. As-sume', v. t. [imp. & p. p. assumed; p.pr. & vb. ii. ASSUMING.] [Lat. assumere, from ad and sumere, to take.] 1. To take, or take upon one's self. 2. To take for granted, or without proof. 3. To pretend to possess. As-sume'| v. i. To be arrogant ; to claim unduly. As-sum'er, n. An assuming or arrogant person. As-sump'sit (as-sump / sit), n. [Pret. of Lat. assumere. See Assume.] (Law.) (a.) A promise or undertaking, founded on a consideration, (b.) An action to recover damages for a breach or non-performance of a contract or promise. As-sump'tion (84), n. 1. Act of taking to or upon one's self. 2. Act of taking for granted; supposition. 3. The thing supposed ; a postulate, or proposition as- sumed. 4. (Logic.) The minor proposition in a categor- ical syllogism. 5. The taking a person up into heaven. Hence (Rom. Cath. & Greek Churches), a festival in honor of the ascent of the Virgin Mary into heaven. As-sump'tive, a. That is or may be assumed. As-sur'ance (-shur'-), n. 1. Act of assuring; a dec- laration or pledge tending to inspire credit. 2. The state of being assured ; freedom from doubt. 3. Firmness of mind ; intrepidity. 4. Excess of boldness ; impudence. 5. Insurance; a contract for the payment of a sum on occasion of a certain event, as loss or death. 6. (Law.) Legal evidence of the conveyance of property. As-sure' (a-shur', 30), v. t. [imp. & p. p. assured ; p. pr. & vb. n. ASSURING.] [L. Lat. assecurare, from Lat. ad and securus, secure, sure.] 1. To make sure or cer- tain ; to render confident. 2. To confirm. 3. (Law.) To covenant to indemnify for loss. Syn. — To assert; declare; avouch; protest; insure. As-sur'ed-ly (-shur'-), adv. Certainly ; without doubt. As-sur'ed-ness, n. State of being assured ; certainty. As-sur'er, n. One who assures. As-sur'gent, a. [Lat. assurgens, p. pr. of assurgere, to rise up.] (Bot.) Rising upward obliquely. A-stat'i-e, a. [Gr. a priv. and icr-ravac, to stand.] (Elec- tro-Magnetism.) Having little or no tendency to take a fixed or definite position or direction. As'ter, n. [Gr. aar-qp, star.] (Bot.) A genus of plants with radiated compound flowers. As'ter-isk, n. [Gr. do-Tepiovcds , dim. of do-Trjp i star.] The mark [*] in printing and writing. As'ter-igm, n. [Gr. ao-repio-p-os , from da-rrip, star.^ 1. (Astron.) (a.) A constellation. [Obs.] (b.) A small clus- ter of stars, whether included in a constellation or not. 2. (Printing.) Three asterisks placed in this manner [***] to direct attention to a particular passage. A-stern', adv. 1. In, at, or toward, the hinder part of a ship. 2. Behind a ship, at any indefinite distance. As'ter-oid, n. [Gr. do-repotS^?, star-like, from do-r^p, star, and etSos, form.] (Astron.) One of the small planets w revolving between Mars and Jupiter. As'ter-oid'al, a. Pertaining to the asteroids. As-then'ie, a. [Gr. dcrBeviKos, from d priv. and crfleVo?, strength.] Characterized by debility. Asth'ma (ast'ma, as'ina, or az/ma, 100), n. [Gr. fr. aeiv, to blow.] A disorder of respiration, commonly attended with cough and difficulty of breathing. Asth-mat'ie , ) (ast-, as-, or az-), a. Pertaining to, or Asth-mat'ie-al, J affected by, asthma. As-ton'isli, v. t. [0. Eng. astone, astony, Latin atto- nare, from ad and tonare, to thunder. Cf. A.-S. stunian, Eng. stun.] To strike dumb with sudden fear, terror, surprise, or wonder ;. to amaze. As-tdn'isli-ing, a. Of a nature to excite astonishment. Syn. — Amazing; surprising; wonderful; admirable; mar- velous. As-toii'isli-ment, n. Confusion of mind from fear or surprise, at an extraordinary or unexpected event. Syn. — Amazement; wonder; surprise; admiration. As-tovuid', v. t. [imp. & p. p. astounded; p. pr. & vb. n. ASTOUNDING.] [From 0. Eng. astouned, astound, astoned, p. p. of astone, to astonish.] To astonish ; to strike dumb with amazement. A-strad'dle, adv. With the legs across a thing, or on different sides of it. As'tra-gal, n. [Gr. acrrpayaAos.] A little round mold- ing which surrounds the top or bottom of a column or a cannon. As'tral, a. Belonging to the stars ; starry. As'tral Lamp, n. An Argand lamp having the oil in a flattened ring surmounted by a ground glass shade. A-stray', adv. Out of, or from the right way ; wrong. As-triet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. astricted ; p. pr. & vb. n. ASTRICTING.] To constrict ; to contract. A-stride', adv. With one leg on each side; with the Astrolabe. As-tringe', v. t. [imp. & p. p. astringed ; p. pr. & vb. n. ASTRINGING.] [Lat. astringere, from ad and stringere, to draw tight, to strain. See Strain.] To bind fast ; to constrict ; to contract. As-trin'gen-cy, n. Quality of being astringent. As-triii'gent, a. Binding ; contracting ; strengthening ; „ — opposed to laxative. As-trin'gent, n. A medicine that has the property of causing vital contraction in the organic textures. As'tr o-la.be, n. [Gr. dt6s, falling.] (Math.) A line which ap- proaches nearer and nearer to some curve, but, though infinitely extended, would never meet it. As'ymp-tot'ie, \a. Pertaining to, or partaking of As'ymp-tot'ie-al, j the nature of, an asymptote. A--syri'de-ton, n. [Gr., from d priv. and o-vvSeros, bound together.] (Rhet.) A figure which omits the connective, as, veni, vidi, vici (I came, saw, conquered). At, prep. [A.-S. set, Goth, at, Lat. ad.] Primarily, this word expresses the relations of presence, nearness in place or time, or direction toward. From this origi- nal import are derived all the various uses of at, which denotes, — 1. The relation of an external or outward situation, or of attendant circumstances or appendages. 2. The relation of some state or condition. 3. The re- lation of some employment or action. 4. A relation of degree. 5. The relations of occasion, reason, conse- quence, or effect. [tabor. At'a-bal, n. [Ar. l at- tail, drum.] A kettle-drum; a At'a-glian (-gan), n. A long Turkish dagger. See Yat- Ate, pret._of Eat. See Eat. [aghan. Ath/a-na'sian (-zhan), a. Pertaining to Athanasius, _ bishop of Alexandria, or his doctrines. A'the-igm, n. A disbelief in the being of a God. A'the-Ist, n. [From Gr. aOeos, without god, from d priv. and 0e6?, god.] One who denies or disbelieves the exist- _ ence of a Supreme Being. A'the-ist'ie, i a. Pertaining to atheism ; denying a A'tlie-Ist'ie-al, j God ; impious. A'tlie-Ist're-al-ly, adv. In an atheisticaljnanner. Ath/e-ne'um ) n - ! Pi- Eng. ATH'E-NE'UMg, Lat. Atli'e-nae'um, j ath'e-N&'a. [Gr. 'AO^vaiov, a temple of 'A^Tjva, or Minerva, at Athens.] 1. In ancient Athens, a place where philosophers and poets declaimed and repeated their compositions. 2. An association of persons of literary or scientific tastes, for the purpose of mutual improvement. 3. A building where a library, periodicals, and newspapers are kept ibr public use. A-the'ni-an, a: Pertaining to Athens, in Greece. A-ther'ma-noiis, a. [Gr. d priv. and Oepfxaiveiv , to heat, from Oep/xa, heat.] ( Chem.) Not transmitting heat. A-thirst' (18), a. 1. Thirsty. 2. Having a keen desire. Ath/lete, n. [Gr. d^A^Tr??, from d6\elv, to contend for a prize, a0Ao?, aOKov, prize.] A contender for victory in wrestling or other games. Ath-let'ie , a. 1. Belonging to wrestling, boxing, and other manly exercises, which were practiced by the an- cients. Hence, 2. Strong ; lusty ; robust ; vigorous. A-thwart', prep. Across ; from side to side of. A-thwart', atft\ 1. Sidewise; obliquely. 2. In a man- ner to cross and perplex. A-tilt', adv. 1. In the position, or with the action, of a man making a thrust. 2. In the manner of a cask j tilted, or_ with one end raised. At/lan-te'an, a. Pertaining to or resembling Atlas, who was represented as bearing the world on his shoulders. At-lan'te§, n. pi. [See Atlantean.] Figures or half- figures of men, used instead of columns to support an entablature. At-lan'tLe, a. 1. ( Geog.) Pertaining to that division of the ocean which lies between Europe and Africa on the east and America on the west. 2. Pertaining to the isle of Atlantis. 3. Descended from Atlas. At'las, n. ; pi. AT'LAS-Eg. 1. A collection of maps in a volume ; — supposed to be so called from a picture of Atlas supporting the heavens, prefixed to some collec- tions. 2. A volume of plates illustrating any subject. 3. A work in which subjects are exhibited in a tabular form. 4. A large, square folio, resembling a volume of maps. 5. A kind of silk-satin. 6. A kind of large draw- ing paper. 7. (Anat.) The first vertebra of the neck. At'mos-phere, n. [Gr. dr^os, vapor, and o-Qalpa, sphere.] 1. (Physics.) (a.) The whole mass of aeriform fluid surrounding the earth, (b.) Any gaseous envelope or medium. 2. (Elect.) A supposed medium around an electrical body. 3. Pressure of the air on a unit of sur- w face. At'mos-pher'i-e, ) a. Relating to, existing in, or de- At'mos-pher'ie-al, j pendent on, the atmosphere. A -toll', n. [Malay. ; ator, order, rank.] A coral island, w consisting of a ring of coral reef surrounding a lagoon. At'om, «. 1. (Physics.) (a.) An ultimate indivisible particle of matter, (b.) An ultimate particle of matter not necessarily indivisible ; a molecule, (c.) A constit- uent particle of matter. 2. Any thing extremely small. A-t6m'i«-al I a ' Relatm S to > or consisting of, atoms. At'om-Igm, n. The doctrine of atoms. [losophy. At'om-ist, n. One who holds to the atomical phi- At'om-Ize, v. t. To reduce to atoms. A-tone', v. i. [imp. & p. p. atoned ; p. pr. & vb. n. atoning.] [From at one, i. e.. to be, or cause to be. at one.] 1. To agree ; to accord. [Obs.] 2. To stand as an equivalent ; to make reparation, compensation, amends, or satisfaction for an offense or a crime ; to expiate. A-tone', v. t. 1. To reconcile. 2. To expiate ; to an- swer or make satisfaction for. A'tone'ment, n. 1. Reconciliation after enmity or con- troversy. 2. Satisfaction or reparation made by giving an equivalent for an injury ; specifically, in theology, the expiation of sin made by the obedience and personal sufferings of Christ. A-ton'er, n. One who makes an atonement. A-ton'ie, a. 1. (Med.) Characterized by atony. 2. (Gram.) Unaccented. 3. Destitute of vocality ; surd. A-ton'ie, n. 1. ( Gram.) A word that has no accent. 2. An element of speech entirely destitute of vocality, or produced by the breath alone ; a whispered, surd, or voiceless consonant ; a breathing. 3. (Med.) A remedy for organic excitement or irritation. At'o-ny, n. [Gr. drovia, from a priv. and to^o?, tone, strength.] (Med.) Want of tone; weakness of every organ, particularly such as are contractile. A -top', adv. At or on the top ; above. At'ra-bi-la'ri-an, ) a. [Lat. atra bilis, black bile.] At'ra-foi-la'ri-ous, j Affected with melancholy. At/ra-bil'ioiis, a. Atrabilarious. [Rare.] At/ra-men'tal, ) a. [Lat. atramentum, ink, fr. ater, At'ra-men'tous, ) black.] Black, like ink ; inky. A-tro'cious, a. [Lat. atrox, cruel, fierce.] 1. Ex- tremely heinous ; full of enormous wickedness. 2. Characterized by, or expressing, great atrocity. Syn. — Flagitious; flagrant. — Flagitious points to an act as grossly wicked or vile; flagrant {literally, naming) marks the vivid impression made upon us by some great crime; atrocious represents it as springing from a violent and cruel spirit. If Lord Chatham, instead of saying, " The atrocious crime of being a young man," had used either of the other two words, his irony would have lost all its point, in his celebrated reply to Sir Robert Walpole, as reported by Dr. Johnson. A-tro'cioiis-ly, adv. Outrageously ; enormously. A-tro'cious-ness, ) n. Extreme heinousness ; enor- A-troc'i-ty, j mity, as of guilt. At'ro-phy, n. [Gr. drpo ^ j " f&ne to bear-] yielding or producing gold. Au gite, n. [Gr. auyirr;?, from avyr,, brightness.] A ' Au'ri-form, a. [Lat. auris, ear, and forma, form./ greenish mineral (called by Haiiy pyroxene), consisting ; "Ear-shaped. chiefly of silica, magnesia, and lime, and occurring as a i Au'rist, n. One skilled in disorders of the ear. constituent of lavas, trap, basalt, and many other rocks, i Au'ro-ebs, n. [Ger. aurochs, from ftr, ftre, Lat. urus. Gr. ,&c. , long; a, g, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf , AURORA 47 AVAILABLE ovpos, a wild ox, and ochs, ox.] ( Zo'dl.) The Bos urus, or bison, of Poland. Au-ro'ra, n. ; pi. au-ro / b.A2. [Lat., from aurea hora, golden hour, or Gr. avpio? aipa, morning hour, or from Skr. us/iasa, aurora.] 1. The dawn of day ; the redness of the sky just before the sun rises. 2. A species of crowfoot. Auro'ra borea'lis, (i. e., northern daybreak), a luminous meteoric phenomenon, witnessed only at night, and supposed to be of electrical origin ; popularly called northern lights. Au-ro'ral, a. Belonging to, or resembling, the aurora, "or northern lights. Aus'etil-ta'tion, n. [Lat. auscidtatio , from ausicula, "for auricula, dim. of auris, ear ] 1. Act of listening, 2. (Med.) A method of distinguishing diseases, particu- larly in the thorax, by obseiwing the sounds in the part, generally by means of a stethoscope. Au'spi-eate, v. t. [Lat. auspicare, auspicari, from aus- " pex, a bird seer, a contraction of avispex, from avis, bird, and specere, spicere, to view.] To give a favorable turn to in commencing. Au'spice, n.; pi. AU'spi-ces. [Lat. auspicium, from auspex. See supra.] 1. The omens of an undertaking, drawn from birds ; augury. 2. Protection extended ; favor shown ; patronage ; — generally in the pi. Au-spi'cial (-splsh'al), a. Pertaining to auspices. [Rare.] Au-spi'cioiis (-splsh / us), a. [See Auspice.] 1. Hav- "ing omens of success or favorable appearances. 2. Prosperous ; fortunate ; lucky. 3. Favorable ; propitious. Au-spi'cioiis-ly (-spish'us-), adv. With favorable to- "kens; prosperously; happily. Au-stere', a. [Gr. avo-T-qpog.] 1. Sour with astrin- "gency; having acerbity. 2. Severe in modes of judg- ing, or living, or acting. Syn. — Severe; rigid; harsh; rough; stern. Au-stere'ly, adv. Severely ; rigidly ; sternly. Au-stere'ness, ) n. Severity of manners or living ; Au-ster'i-ty, j strictness ; roughness. Au'stral, a. [From Lat. auster, the south wind.] Of or "tending to the south ; southern : being in the south. Au-tlien'ti-c, ) a. [Gr. avQevTucos , from av9ivrin<;, Au-then'tie-al, j contr. for avroOewnis, suicide, real author of any act, from aurds, self, and deivetv, Oevelv, to kill.] 1. Of approved authority ; to be relied on. 2. (Mus.) Having an immediate relation to the tonic, in distinction from plagal, having a correspondent relation to the dominant below the tonic. Syn.— True; certain; faithful; credible; reliable; genuine. Authentic and genuine were once used as convertible terms, but a distinction is now made between them, the former being opposed to false, and the latter to spurious, as an authentic his- tory, a genuine manuscript. Au-thcn'tie-al-ly, adv. "With marks of credibility. Au-tlien'ti-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. authenti- cated; p. pr. & vb. n. AUTHENTICATING.] To es- tablish by proof; to render authentic ; to prove to be genuine. Au-then'ti-ea/tion, n. Act of authenticating. Au'then-tic'i-ty, n. Quality of being authentic ; re- liability; genuineness. Au/tlior, n. [Lat. auctor, (sometimes erroneously, autor or author,) fr. augere, to increase, to produce.] 1. The beginner, former, or first mover of any thing ; hence, the efficient cause of a thing ; creator ; originator. 2. Specifically, one who composes or writes a book. Au'tlior-ess, n. A female author or writer. Au-thor'i-ta-tive , a. 1. Having authority. 2. Hav- ing an air of authority ; positive. Au-thor'i-ta-tive-ly,arfi\ With authority ; positively. -4n-thor'i-ty, n. 1. Legal or rightful power ; right to command or to act ; dominion. 2. The persons or the body exercising power or command, — chiefly in the pi. 3. Influence of character, office, or station, or mental or moral superiority, and the like. 4. Testimony ; witness ; or the person who testifies. 5. A precedent, a decision of a court, an official declaration, or an opinion, saying, or statement worthy to be taken as a precedent ; also, a book that contains them, or the name of its author. Syn. — Force; rule; sway,- command; dominion; control; influence; warrant. Au'thor-i-za/tion, n. Establishment by authority. Avi'thor-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. authorized ; p. pr. & vb. n. AUTHORIZING.] 1. To clothewith authority, warrant, or legal power ; to empower. 2. To legalize. 3. To establish by authority, as by usage or public opinion. 4. To give authority, credit, or support to. Au'thor-ship, n. The state of being an author. Au'to-bl-og'ra-pher, n. One who writes a lite of himself. [ing, autobiography. Au'to-bi'o-graph'ie-al, a. Pertaining to, or contain- Au'to-bi-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. civtos, self, and Eng. biog- raphy, q. v.] A memoir or biography of a person writ- ten by himself. Au-to-eh'thon n. [Gr. avroxOojv, from the land itself, from avro?, self, and x&oi/, gen. x 9oi, o An instrument, usually of iron, with a steel edge or blade, for hewing timber, chopping wood, &c. [axis. Ax'i-al, a. Pertaining, or having resemblance, to an Ax-if'er-ous, a. [Lat. axis and ferre, to bear.] (Bot.) Consisting of an axis, without leaves or other appendages. Ax'il, \n. [Lat.] 1. The armpit. 2. (Bot.) The angle Anc-Wla, ) between the upper side of a branch or leaf, and a stem or branch. Ax'il-lar, ) a. [See Axil.] 1. Pertaining to the Ax'il-la-ry, j armpit. 2. (Bot.) Situated in, or rising from, the axilla. Ax'i-om, n. [Gr. d£iw^a, from a£ toi)v, to think worthy, a£ios, worthy.] 1. A self-evident and necessary truth or proposition. 2. An established principle in some art or science. Syn. — Maxim ; aphorism ; adage. — Axioms are the founda- tions of science ; maxims are guiding principles in our prac- tical concerns. An aphorism is a detached sentence express- ing a weighty sentiment ; an adage is a saying of long-estab- lished authority. Ax'i-o-mat'ic, ) a. Pertaining to an axiom ; having Ax'i-o-mat'ie-al^ j the nature of an axiom. Ax'is, n. ; pi. ax'es. [Lat.] 1. The straight line, real or imaginary, on which a body revolves, or may be sup- posed to revolve. 2. (Anat.) (a.) The second vertebra of the neck ; (b.) A tooth-like process, on its upper sur- face, serving as a pivot on which the second vertebra turns. 3. (Bot.) The central part or column of a plant, around which the other parts are disposed. 4. A cen- tral or medial line between corresponding parts. Ax'le (aks'l), n. [A.-S. sex, eax. Cf. Axis.] 1. A transverse bar connecting the naves of the op- posite wheels of a carriage. 2. An axis. Ax'le-tree, n. An axle. Ay, ) (33), adv. Yes ; yea ; — a word Aye, j expressing assent, or an #< affirmative answer to a question. Aye('ai),rc. 1. An affirmative vote. _2. A voter in the affirmative. Aye (a), adv. [A.-S. a, aa, awa, Gr. aiei, del.] Always ; ever ; con- tinually ; for an indefinite time. B » Axle. Aye'-aye, n. (Zool.) A singular nocturnal quadruped found in Madagascar ; so called from its cry. A-za'le-a, n. ; pi. A-ZA/LE-As.. [Gr. d£a\eo<;, dry, so called because growing best in dry ground ] A genus of flowering plants. Az'i-mutli, n. [Ar. as-samt, pi. as-sumttt, a way or path.] An arc of the horizon intercepted between the meridian of the place and a vertical circle passing through the center of any object. Azimuth compass, a compass resembling the mariner's compass, but with a more accurate graduation of the card, and vertical sights.— llagnetical azimuth, an arc of the horizon, in- tercepted between the vertical circle passing through any object and the magnetic meridian. Az'i-muth-al, a. Pertaining to the azimuth. A-zo'ie, a. [Gr. d prfv. and &rj, life.] Destitute of any vestige of animal life. A-zote', n. [Gr. d priv. and &y, life.] ( Chem.) A kind of gas unfit for respiration ; nitrogen. A-zot'ic, a. Pertaining to ; formed or consisting of azote. Az'o-tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. azotized ; p. pr. & vb. n. AZOTIZING.] To impregnate with azote, or nitro- gen ; to nitrogenize. A-zo'tous, a. Nitrous ; as, azotous acid. Az'ure (azh'ur or a/zhur), a. [Per. lajawardov lajuward,. a blue color, lajawardi, lajuwardi, azure, the initial I having been dropped.] Of a sky-blue ; cerulean. Az'ure (azh'ur or a/zhur), n. 1. The fine blue color of the sky. 2. The blue vault above. 3. (Her.) A blue color, represented in engraving by horizontal lines. B. B(be), is the second letter, and the first consonant, in the English alphabet. (See Prin. of Pron., § 62.) It is etymologically convertible with m,p,f, v, and w, letters representing sounds having a close organic affinity to its own. In Music, B is the nominal of the seventh tone in the model major scale (the scale of C major), or of the second tone in its relative minor scale (that of A minor.) B[j stands for B flat, the tone or half-step, or semitone lower than B. Baa, n. The cry or bleating of sheep. Baa, v. i. To cry or bleat as sheep. Bab'foitt-met/al, n. A soft alloy of copper, zinc, and tin, named from the inventor. Bab'ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. babbled ; p. pr. & vb. n. BABBLING.] [D. babbelen, H. Ger. bappeln, bappern, Fr. babiller, It. babbolare.] 1. To utter words imperfectly or unintelligibly. 2. To prate ; to chatter: 3. To make a constant murmuring noise, as a small stream running over rocks. Bablble, v. t. To prate ; to utter. Bab'ble, \n. Idle talk; senseless prate; un- B&b'ble-ment, ) meaning words. BabTbler, n. 1. An idle talker ; a tell-tale. 2. One of a group of long-tailed, thrush-like birds, remarkable for their singular chattering notes. Babe, n. [W. baban, maban.] An infant ; a young child of either sex ; a baby. Ba'bel, n. [Heb. Babel, capital of Shinar, or Babylonia ; confusion, fr. balal, to confound, according to Scripture, but more prob. a contr. from Mth-bel, house of Belus, or Baal. See Gen. xi.] A confused combination of sounds ; confusion ; disorder. food, t&bt ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, eelio ; gem, get : ag ; exist ; linger, link ; tni*. BABOON 50 BADGE {Bot. Bab-dbn', ft. [0- En S- babion, bab- ian, prob. akin to babe.] A kind of monkey , having a long face, a broad, high muzzle, cheek pouches, dog- like tusks, or canine teeth, and naked callosities on the buttocks. Ba'by, n. [See Babe.] 1. An in- fant ; a babe. 2. A doll. Ba'by, a. Pertaining to, or resem- bling, an infant. Ba'by, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BABIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BABYING.] To treat like a young child. [baby. Banby-liobd, n- State of being a Ba'by-liouse, n. A place for chil- dren's dolls and babies. Ba'by -ish, a. Like a baby ; childish. Ba'by-jiimp'er, n. A suspensory Baboon, support for a child, attached to the ceiling of a room by a strap of vulcanized india-rubber, and used for exercise. Bab'y-lo'ni-an, I a. Pertaining to Babylon, or the an- Bab'y-lo'nish, ) cient kingdom of Babylonia. Bab'y-lo'ni-an, n. 1. An inhabitant of Babylonia. 2. An astrologer ; — so called because the Chaldeans were remarkable for the study of astrology. Bae, ) n. [Fr. bac, a ferry-boat, Arm. bag, bak, a bark, Back, ) D. bak, tray, bowl.] I. (Brewing & Distil- ling.) A large tub or vessel into which the wort, &c, is drawn for the purpose of cooling, straining, mixing, &c. It has different names, according to its position and use. 2. A broad, flat boat, for carrying carriages, cattle, &c, over ferries, by means of a rope stretched across. Ba^oa-lau 're-ate, n. [N. Lat. baccalaureatus , from baccalaureiis, a bachelor of arts, from Lat. bacca lauri, bayberry, from the practice of the bachelor's wearing a garland of bayberries. See Bachelor.] The degree of bachelor of arts. Ba-e'-ea-lau're-ate, a. Pertaining to a bachelor of arts. Baccalaureate sermon, in some American colleges, a farewell discourse delivered to a graduating class. Bae'-eate, a. [Lat. baccatvs, fr. bacca, berry Having a pulpy nature, like a berry. Bae'ea-ted, a. Having many berries. Ba-e'-eha-nal, ) n. [See infra.] A devotee of Bac- Bae'elia-na'li-an, j chus ; one who indulges in drunken revels. Bae'elia-nal, ) a. Beveling, or pertaining to revel- Bae'eha-na'li-an. } ing, in intemperate drinking. Ba-e'eha-nal§, \ n. pi. [Lat. Bacchanal, a place de- Hd^'-eha-na'li-d, j voted to Bacchus, Bacchanalia, a feast of Bacchus, the god of wine.] (Myth.) Feasts in honor of Bacchus ; hence, drunken feasts or revels. Bae-ehant',n. ; ~L&t.pl. BAC-CHAN'TEg. [Lat. baccans, p.pr. of bac.chari, to celebrate the feast of Bacchus.] 1. A priest of Bacchus- 2. A bacchanal ; a reveler. Ba-c-chaiite', n. 1. A priestess of Bacchus. 2. A female bacchanal. Ba-e'-elii-e, i a. Relating to Bacchus ; hence, jovial Bae'ehie-al, 1 with intoxication ; drunken. Bae-clf'er-ous, a- [Lat. baccifer, from bacca, berry, em&ferre, to bear.] Producing berries. Bae-crv'o-roiis, a. [Lat. bacca, berry, and vorare, to devour.] Subsisting on berries. B&ch'e-lor, n. [L. Lat. baccalarius, afterward changed to baccalaureus. See BACCALAUREATE. The orig. sense of the word is little, small, young, from W. bach, Ir. beag, beg.] 1. A man of any age who has not been married. 2. One who has taken the first degree in the liberal arts, at a college or university. 3. A young knight. B&cli'e-lor's-but'ton, n. An herbaceous perennial plant, the flower of which was formerly carried by coun- try fellows in their pockets to know whether they should succeed with their sweethearts. B&ch'e-lor-ship, n. State of being a bachelor. Back, n. [A.-S. bsec, bac. Cf. Sw. backe, hill.] 1. The upper or hinder part of an animal, from the neck to the loins. 2. The part opposed to the front ; the rear. 3. The outward or upper part of a thing, as opposed to the inner or lower part. 4. The part opposite to or most remote from that which fronts the speaker or actor, or the part out of sight. Back, adv. 1. To the place from which one came. 2. To or toward a former state, condition, station, or time. 3. Away from the front. 4. In a state of restraint or hindrance. 5. Again ; in return- Back, v. t. [imp. & p. p. backed ; p. pr. & vb, BACKING.] 1. To get upon the back of. 2. To sup- port, second or strengthen by aid. 3. To drive or force backward. 4. To furnish with a back. To back an anchor (Naut.), to lay down a small anchor ahead of a large one, to which it is fastened.— To back astern, in row- ing, to manage the oars in a direction contrary to the usual method. — To back the oars, to row backward with the oars. — To back the sails, to arrange them so as to take out the wind, and thus to cause the ship to move astern. — To back up, to sup- port or sustain. Back, v. i. To move or go back. To back out, or back down, to withdraw from an engage- ment or pledge. Back, a. In the rear ; remote. BackHbite, v. t. To speak evil of, in the absence of the person traduced. Back'bite, v. i. To censure or revile the absent. BackHbit/er, n. A secret calumniator or detractor. BackHbone, n. 1. The spine. 2. Firmness ; moral principle. B&ck'er, n. One who, or that which, backs or supports another. Back-gam'mon, n. [W. bach, little, and cammawn, cammon, combat.] A game played by two persons, upon a table, with box and dice. Back'ground, n. 1. Ground in the rear or behind. 2. A place of obscurity or shade. Back'hand'ed, a. 1. With the hand turned backward. 2. Indirect ; oblique. 3. Inclining to the left. Back'hand'ed, adv. With the hand directed back* ward. Back'Jiouse, n. A building behind the main or front building ; specifically, a privy or necessary. "Rark'liillte' I n ' ■*■ P* ece of armor for covering the back. Sack' sliisJi, ) n. [Pers. bakhshish, from bakhshidan, HacTt'sheesh, } to give.] In India, a present or gra- tuity of money. Back'side, n. Back or hinder part of any thing ; the rear. Back'sight (-sit), n. The first reading of the leveling staff, taken from any position of the leveling instrument. Back-slide', v. i. [imp. backslid ; p. p. backslid- den, BACKSLID ; p. pr. & vb. n. BACKSLIDING.] To fall back or off ; to apostatize. Back-slid'er, n. One who backslides ; a renegade. Back'staff, n. [So called from its being used with the observer's back toward the sun.] An instrument for- merly used for taking the altitude of the heavenly bodies. Back'-stayg, n. pi. (Naut.) Long ropes extending from the top -mast heads to both sides of a ship, to assist the shrouds in supporting the mast. Back'sword (-sord), n. A sword with one sharp edge. Back'ward, ) adv. [back and ward. See WARD.] 1. Back'wardg, J With the back in advance. 2. To- ward the back. 3. On the back, or with the back down- ward. 4. Toward or in past time. 5. By way of re- flection. 6. From a better to a worse state. 7. In a contrary or reverse manner, way, or direction ; contrarily. Back'ward, a. 1. Unwilling; averse; reluctant. 2. Dull ; not quick of apprehension. 3. Late or behind- hand in time. 4. Already past or gone. [ner. Back'ward-ly, adv. In a reluctant or unwilling man- Back'ward-ness, n. State or quality of being back- ward ; aversion ; reluctance. Back'wa-ter, n. 1. Water held back, as in a stream, by some"obstruction, as a dam. 2. Water thrown back by the turning of a water-wheel. Back -woods/man, n. An inhabitant of the forest in new settlements, especially on the western frontier ef the United States. Ba'-eon (ba'kn), n. [0. H. Ger. bacho, back, 0. D. baec, ham. Cf. Ger. bache, a wild sow, and bacher, a wild boar.] Hog's flesh salted or pickled and dried, usually in smoke. To save one's bacon, to preserve one's self from harm. Ba-eo'ni-an, a. Pertaining to Lord Bacon, or to his system of philosophy. Bad, a. [comp. worse ; superl. worst.] [Cf. Per. bad, Ger. bbse, 0. H. Ger. busi,posi, bad, Goth, bauths, deaf, dumb, dull.] Wanting good qualities, whether physical or moral ; evil ; ill ; vicious. **§■* | (bad, 57). The past tense of bid. See BID. Badge, n. [A.-S. beag, beah, bracelet, collar, crown, from beogan, bugan, to bow, bend.] 1. A distinctive mark, token, or sign worn on the person. 2. Some- thing that gives prominence or distinctiveness. ,. v. ^iiijj. ix/ p. p. aji.^a.s^u , p. pr. o& vo. n. ming mat gives prominence or uisuiiici/iv caeca. ,long; a,e,&c. ,short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re,vgil term, pique, firm; son, ordo, wolf, a,e,&c BADGER 51 BALIZE Bad'ger, n. [Corrupted from L. Lat. bladarius, bladerius, from bladum, bladus, blada, corn, of Celtic origin ; the badger was so called because be carried away bis store of corn from tbe fields of the peasants.] 1. A burrowing quadruped re- lated to tbe bear. It is a Indian Badger. clumsy animal, witb sbort, thick legs, and long claws on tbe fore feet. 2. (Eng. Law.) A person licensed to buy corn in one place and seU it in another Bad'ger, v. t. [imp. & p. p. badgered; p. pr. & vb. n. badgering.] To follow up with great eagerness, as the badger is hunted ; to pester or worry. Ba-dig'eon (ba-dlj'un), n. [Fr.] 1. A mixture of plaster and freestone, used to fill small boles in statues. 2. A mixture of saw-dust and glue, used by joiners to fill up defects in their work. Badinage (bad'e-niizh'), n. [Fr., from badiner, to joke.] Light or playful discourse. Bad'ly, adv. In a bad manner ; not well. Bad'ness, a. State of being bad ; want of good qualities, natural or moral. Baffle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. baffled : p. pr. & vb. n. BAFFLING.] [From Prov. Ger. baffen, baffen, to bark, chide.] 1. To treat with insult or mockery. 2. To check by shifts and turns. 3. To check by perplexing. Syn. — To balk; frustrate; disappoint; confound; defeat; elude; foil. Baffler, n. One who baffles. Bag, n. [Low Lat. baga, A.-S. bselg, bselig, bag, budget, belly, Goth, balgs, pouch, Ger. balg, case, skin.] A sack or pouch, used to hold, preserve, or convey any thing. Bag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BAGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BAG- GING.] 1. To put into a bag. 2. To seize or intrap. Bag, v. i. 1. To swell hke a full bag. Bagatelle (bag/a-tel'), n. [From 0. Fr. bague, bundle. Cf. Bag.] 1. A trifle; a thing of no importance. 2. A game played with balls and a rod on a board having holes at one end. Bag'gage, n. [See Bag.] 1. The tents, clothing, uten- sils, and other necessaries of an army. 2. Trunks, car- pet-bags, &c, containing tbe clothing, &c, which one carries with him on a journey ; luggage. Bag'gage, n. [Cf. Fr. bagasse, Sp. bagasa, It. bagascin, prostitute, from baga, bagua, bundle.] 1. A strumpet. 2. A playful, saucy young woman. Bag'ging, n. The cloth or materials for bags. Bagn'io (ban-yo), n. [It., from Lat. balneum, bath.] 1. A bath-house. 2. A brothel. Bag'pipe, n. A musical instru- ment, used in Scotland. I3SF" It consists of a leathern bag, which receives the air by a tube, which is stopped by a valve ; and of pipes, into which the air is pressed by the performer. Bag'pip'er, n. One who plays on a bagpipe. Bah, interj. An exclamation expressive of disgust or con- tempt; pah. Bail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BAILED ING.] [Lat. bajulare, to bear a burden, bajulus, he who bears burdens.] 1. (Law.) (a.) To set free from arrest, or custody, and deliver to the keeping of other persons, on their undertaking to be responsible for the appearance at a certain day and place of the person bailed. (b.) To deliver, for some special object or purpose, upon a con- tract, expressed or implied, that the trust shall be faith- fully executed. 2. To free from water. Bail, n. 1. (Law.) (a.) The person or persons who pro- cure the release of a prisoner, by becoming surety for bis appearance in court. (6.) The security given. 2. The handle of a kettle or similar vessel. Bail'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being admitted to bail. 2. Admitting of bail. Bail'-bond, n. ( Law.) (a.) A bond or obligation given by a prisoner and his surety, to insure the prisoner's ap- pearance in court, at the return of the writ, (b.) Special bail in court to abide the judgment. [mitted in trust. Bail-ee', n. (Law.) The person to whom goods are com- Bail'er, ) (126), n. (Law.) One who delivers goods to Bail'or, ) another in trust, for some particular purpose. Bagpipe. p. pr. & vb. n. BAIL- Bail'iff, n. [See Bail, v. t.] A sheriff's deputy, ap- pointed to make arrests, collect fines, summon juries, &c. Bail'i-wick, n. [0. Fr. baillie, jurisdiction of a baiUff, and A.-S. wic, a termination signifying station, residence.] (Law. ) Tbe precincts in which a bailiff has jurisdiction. Bail'ment, n. (Law.) A delivery of goods hi trust. Bait, n. [See infra.] 1. Any substance used to catch fish, &c ; a lure. 2. Any thing serving to allure ; entice- ment; temptation. 3. Refreshment taken on a journey. Bait, v. t. [imp. & p p. baited ; p.pr. & vb. n. bait- ing.] [A.-S. batan, from bitan, to bite.] 1. To put on c: in, as on a hook or in an inclosure, to allure fish, fowls, &c. 2. To give food and drink to, upon the road. Bait, v. i. To stop to take refreshment on a journey. Bait, v. t. [See supra.] To provoke and harass. Baize, n. [Perhaps from Eng. base, of little comparativ* value.] A coarse woolen stuff, with a long nap. Bake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. baked (bakt, 108) ; p. pr. &| vb. n. BAKING.] [A.-S. bacan, Skr. patsk.] 1. To heat. 1 dry, and harden, by natural or artificial means ; specifi- cally, to prepare for food, in a close place heated, [baked. Bake, v. i. 1. To do the work of baking. 2. To be Bake'house, n. A house or building for baking. Bak'er, n. 1. One whose occupation is to bake bread, biscuit, &c. 2. A small portable tin oven. [Amer.] Baker's dozen, thirteen in number. Bak'er-y, n. . 1. The trade of a baker. 2. A place used for baking ; a bakehouse. Bak'ing, n. The quantity baked at once. Bak'shish, n. See Backshish. Bal'ance, n. [Lat. bilanx, bilancis, having two scales, from bis, twice, and lanz, plate, scale.] 1. An apparatus for weighing bodies. 2. That which is necessary to make two quantities or sums equal. 3. Act of com- paring or weighing ; estimate. 4. An equipoise or just proportion. 5. A wheel in a watch serving to regulate the motion of the other wheels. 6. (Astron.) A sign in the zodiac, called Libra. Bal'ance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. balanced ; p. pr. & vb. n. BALANCING.] 1. To bring to an equipoise, or equilibrium ; to weigh in a balance. 2. To render equal in importance, force, proportion, &c. 3. To compare in relative force, importance, value, &c. ; to estimate. 4. To settle and adjust, as an account. 5. (Dancing.) To move toward, and then back from, reciprocally. Bal'ance, v. i. 1. To be in equipoise. 2. To hesitate. 3. (Dancing.) To move toward a person opposite, and then back. Bal'an-cer, n. One who balances, or uses a balance. Bal'ance-sheet, n. (Book-keeping.) A paper giving a summation and balance of accounts. Bal'eo-ny, n. [From 0. H. Ger. balcho ,palcho , Eng. balk, beam.] A kind of gallery on the outside of a building. Bald, a. [Perhaps the p. p. of to ball, to reduce to the roundness or smoothness of a ball, by clearing away the hair. But cf. also Sp. baldo, baldio, bare; W. moel, Gael. & Ir. maol, bald.] 1. Destitute of the natural or common covering, as of hah, feathers, foliage, &c. 2. Destitute of suitable ornament ; unadorned. Bal'da-ehin (baPda-kin), n. [From Bald ach, for Bag- dad, It. Baldacco, a city in Turkish Asia whence came rich silks such as were used in canopies.] (Arch.) (a.) A structure in form of a canopy, (b.) A canopy or orna- ment over doors, thrones, &c. Bal'der-dash, n. [Prob. in its primary sense, the froth or foam made by barbers in dashing their balls backward and forward in hot water. But cf. W. baldorduss, a prat- tling.] 1. A worthless mixture, especially bad mixed liquor. 2. A senseless jargon of words ; ribaldry. Bald'ness, n. State of being bald. Bald'pate, n. A pate without hair ; a bald person. Bal'drie, n. [0. H. Ger. balderich,A.-S. belt, Lat. balteus, girdle.] A girdle, or belt, worn pendent from one shoulder across the breast, and under the opposite arm. Bale, n. [0. H. Ger. balla, Icel. bollr, ball, round pack.] A bundle of goods corded for transportation. Bale, v. t. [imp. & p.p. baled ; p.pr. & vb. n. BAL- ING.] To make up in a bale. Bale, n. [A.-S. beal, balo, Goth, balos.] Misery ; calam- ity ; misfortune ; sorrow. Bale'-fire, n. A signal-fire ; an alarm-fire. Bale'ful, a. 1. Full of bale or misery ; calamitous. 2. Full of grief or sorrow ; woful ; sad. 5- Jrl- *f *' \ n. [Lat. balista, ballista.] A cross-bow. . Ba-lize' (-leez'), n. [Fr., from pal, stake, pale, Lat. pa- lus.] A pole raised on a bank. food, fo"bt ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, «all, e«ho; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; thi». BALK 52 BANDORE Balk (bawk), n. [A.-S. bale, Ger. balken, beam.] 1. An iinpiowed ridge or strip. 2. A great beam, or rafter, or timber. 3. (Mil.) One of tbe beams connecting the suc- cessive supports of a trestle-bridge or bateau-bridge. 4. A hindrance or disappointment. Balk (bawk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BALKED (bawkt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. BALKING.] [From balk, beam ; orig. to put a beam in one's way, in order to stop or hinder.] 1. To leave untouched in plowing. 2. To disappoint ; to frus- trate. Balk (bawk), v. i. To stop abruptly in one's course. Balk'er (bawk'er), n. One who balks. Balk'y (bawk'y), a. Apt to turn aside or stop abruptly. Ball, n. [0. H. Ger. balla,palla. Cf. Bale.] 1. Any round body, or one nearly so. 2. Any part of the body that is round or protuberant. 3. (Print.) A cushion formerly used to put ink on the types in the forms. 4. A well-known and familiar game. ' Ball and socket joint, a joint in which a ball moves within a socket, so as to admit of motion in every direction. Ball, n. [Fr. bal, Ger. ball, a dancing ; from Gr. fiaWeiv, to toss or throw, or 7rdAAeiv, ndWeaOai, to leap, bound.] A social assembly for the purpose of dancing. Ball, v. i. [imp. & p.p. balled ; p. pr. & vb. n. ball- ing.] To form, as snow, into balls, as on horses' hoofs, or on the feet. Bal'lad, n. [It. ballata, a dancing song, from ballare, to dance. See Ball.] A popular song, narrative or senti- mental, in simple, homely verses. Bal'last, n. [Either from A.-S. bat, boat, and hlsest, load ; or of Celt, origin, lit. sand -load, the first syllable having been taken from Ir. beal, sand. Cf. W. balasam, ballast.] 1. (Naut.) Any heavy substance, &c, placed in the hold of a vessel, to steady it. 2. Gravel, broken stone, &c, laid on the bed of a railroad to make it firm and solid. Bal'last, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ballasted ; p. pr. & vb. n. BALLASTING.] To load or furnish with ballast. Ball'-cock, n. A contrivance which allows water to enter a cistern, but shuts of itself by means of a float- ing ball, when the cistern is full. Bal'let, n. [Fr., from bal. See BALL, dancing-party]. A theatrical exhibition with music, dancing, decorations, &c. JBal-lis'td,n. ;pl. bal-lis'T^. [Lat. from Gr. fidWetv, to throw.] A machine or engine, in the form of a cross- bow, used by the ancients in war for throwing stones. Bal'lis-ter, or Bal-lis'ter, n. [Lat. ballista.] A cross- bow. Bal-lis'li-e, a. [See supra.] Pertaining to the ballista. Bal-lxs'tles, n. sing. The science of projectiles. Bal-loon', n. [Augm. of Fr. balle, Sp. bala, It. balla. See Bale and Ball.] 1. A bag, made of silk or other light ma- terial, and filled with hydrogen ^ gas or heated air, so as to rise and float in the atmosphere. 2. (Arch.) A ball or globe on the top of a pillar. 3 . ( Chem. ) A spherical glass receiver. Bal-ldon'ist, n. An aeronaut. Bal'lot,7i. [Fr. ballote, Sp. ba- lota, a little ball. See Ball.] 1. Originally, a ball used in voting ; hence, a written or printed vote. 2. Act of voting by balls or tickets. 3. Whole amount of votes cast. Ballot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BALLOTED ; p. pr. & vb. n, BALLOTING.] To vote or decide by ballot. Bal'lot-oox, n. A box for receiving ballots. Ball'-valve, n. (Mach.) A ball, placed in a circular cup with a hole in its bottom, and operating as a valve. BaU'-vein (-van), n. (Mining.) A sort of iron ore, found in loose masses of a circular form. Balm, (bam) n. [Lat. balsamum, Gr. fi6.kcra.tJ.ov balsam 1. A kind of aromatic plant. 2. The 'resinous Balloon. q. v.j and odoriferous sap or juice of certain trees. 3. Any fragrant or valuable ointment. 4. Any thing which heals, or which soothes or mitigates pain. Balm of Gilead a plant of the terebinthine family, and the balsam obtained from it. Balm, i\ «. 1. To anoint with balm. 2. To assuage Balm'y (bam/y), a. 1. Having the qualities of balm; odoriferous; aromatic; soothing. 2. Producing balm. Bal'sam, n. [Lat. balsamum, Gr. fidKo-a/jiov.] 1. An aromatic resinous substance, containing an essential or volatile oil. 2. (Bot.) (a.) A species of tree, (b.) A pop. ular annual garden plant ; balsamine. 3. (Med.) A mixture composed of natural balsams and other articles. Bal-sam'i-e, I a. Having the qualities of balsam ; con- Bal-sam'i-e-al, j taming, or resembling, balsam. Bal-sam'i-e, n. That which has the properties of a bal- sam. Bal'sa-mxf'er-oiis, a. [Lat. balsamum andferre, to bear.] Producing balsam. Bal'sa-mliie, n. [Gr. /SaAo-d^uvos, of balsam, q. v.] (Bot.) The touch-me-not, or garden -balsam. Bal'sa-mous, a. Having the quality of balsam. Bal'us-ter, n. [From Lat. balaustium, Gr. PaAavo-Tiov, flower of the wild pomegranate, on account of the simi- larity of form.] (Arch.) (a.) A small column or pilaster, used as a support to the rail of a staircase, &c. (b.) The lateral part of the volute of the Ionic capital. Bal'u.s -trade, n. [See Baluster.] A row of balus- ters, joined by a rail. Bal'za-rine', n. [Fr.] A fight mixed material of worsted and cotton, for ladies' dresses. Bam, n. [Probably a contraction of bamboozle.] An im- position ; a cheat. [ Vulgar.] Bam, v.J. To cheat ; to wheedle. [ Vulgar.] Bam-too', «. [Malay.] (Bot.) A plant of the family of grasses, growing in tropical countries. Bam-bdo'zle, v. t. [Said to be of Gypsy origin.] To play tricks upon. [Low.] Ban, n. [Fr. ban, L. Lat. bannus,bannum,bandum,0, H. Ger. ban. Cf. ABANDON.] 1. A public proclamation or edict. 2. (pi.) Public notice of a marriage proposed, or of a matrimonial contract. 3. Interdiction ; prohi- bition. 4. A curse. 5. A pecuniary penalty for offend- ing against a ban, or for the commission of some crime, Ban, n. [Serb, ban, Buss. & Pol. pan, a master, lord.] A title given to the viceroy of Croatia. Ban, v. t. [See Ban, n.] To curse; to execrate. Ba-na'na, n. [Sp. banana, banano, bananas, Fr. banane.] (Bot.) A spe- cies of the plantain-tree, and its fruit. Band, n. [A.-S. banda, from bindan, to bind. See Bind.] 1. Any liga- ment or belt with which a thing is bound, tied, or fastened, or by which a number of things are confined to- gether. 2. (Arch.) (a.) Any broad, flat, low molding, (b. ) Any continuous tablet or series of ornaments, &c, on a building, (c). In Gothic architec- ture, the molding which encircles pil- Banana, lars and small shafts. 3. Means of union or connection between persons. 4. A linen ornament worn about the neck by clergymen. 5. A company of persons united in any common design, especially a body of armed men. Band, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BANDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. banding.] 1. To bind, tie, or mark with a band. 2. To unite in a troop, company, or confederacy. Band, v. i. To confederate for some common purpose. Band'age, n. [See Band.] 1. A fillet, roller, or swathe, used in dressing and binding up wounds, &c. 2. Some- thing resembling such a fillet. Band'age, v. t. [imp. k-p.p. bandaged; .p. .pr. Scvb.n. BANDAGING.] To bind T.ith a bandage. Ban-dan'a, ) n. [Sp. bandana, from bandano, a neck- Ban-dan'na, } erchief made of bast.] A species of silk or cotton handkerchief. BandTjox, n. A slight paper box for bands, caps, bon- nets, or other light articles. Bandeau (biin'do), n. ; pi. BANDEAUX (ban'd5z). [Fr.] A narrowband or fillet ; a head-dress. Ban'de-role, n. [Fr., from bandiere, banner.] A small flag, carried on the masts of vessels, or on military weapons. B&n'dit, n. ; pi. BANDITS or BAN-DIT'Ti. [It. bandito, p. p. of bandire, to proclaim, to banish. See ABANDON.] A lawless or desperate fellow ; a robber ; a brigand. Band-let, \ n. [See Band.] (Arch.) Any little band Band'e-let, ) or flat molding. Ban'dog, n. [band and dog, i. e., bound dog.] A large, fierce kind of dog, kept chained. Ban'do-leer', n. [Fr. bandouliere, from bande, band.] 1. A large leathern belt, thrown over the right shoulder, and hanging under the left arm, worn by ancient mus- keteers for sustaining their fire-arms. 2. A small leath' er case for powder. Ban'dore, or Ban-dore', n. [Gr. iravSovpa, a musi- ,e,hc.,long; a,6,&c.,sAo«; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, BANDROL 53 BAR cal instrument, invented by Pan.] A musical stringed instrument, very similar in form to a guitar. Band'rol, j See Banderole. Ban'ner-ol, J Ban'dy, n. [Fr. bande, p. p. of bander, to bind, to bandy, from bande. See Band] 1. A club bent at the lower part for striking a ball. 2. The play with such a club. Ban'dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bandied ; p. pr. & vb. n. BANDYING.] 1. To beat to and fro, as a ball in play- ing at bandy. 2. To give and receive reciprocally ; to exchange. 3. To toss about ; to agitate. Ban'dy-16g, n. [bandy and leg.] A crooked leg. Ban'dy-legged (-legd), a. Having crooked legs. Bane, n. [A.-S. bana, Goth, banga, stroke, wound, Gr. eVeiv, to slay.] 1. A deadly poison ; hence, any fatal cause of injury or destruction. 2. Ruin ; destruction. Bane'f ul. a. Having poisonous qualities ; noxious. Bane'f ul-ly, adv. In a baneful manner. Bane'f ul-ness, n. Quality of being baneful. Bang, v. t. [imp. & p. p. banged; p.pr. & vb. n. BANGING.] [Icel. banga, to beat, Goth, banja, stroke.] To beat, as with a club or cudgel ; to handle roughly. Bang, n. A blow, as with a club ; a heavy blow. Ban'ian (or ban-yan'), n: [Skr. pan, to sell, panya, salable, banik, merchant. Cf. punya, holy, the banian- tree being held sacred.] 1. A Hindoo merchant. 2. A morning gown. 3. The Indian fig-tree. See Banyan. Banian days (Naut.), days in which sailors have no flesh meat. Ban'ish, v. t. [imp. & p.p. banished ; p. pr. & vb. n. BANISHING.] [Low Lat. bannire, bannisare, bannizare. See Ban.] 1. To condemn to exile ; to compel to leave one's country. 2. To drive away ; to compel to depart. Syn. — To exile, expel. — A man is banished when forced to depart; exiled when sent from his own into a foreign country; expelled when forcibly ejected, usually with disgrace. Ban'ish-er, n. One who banishes. [banished. Ban'ish- ment, n. Act of banishing, or state of being Ban'is-ter, n. [A corrupt, of baluster.] A baluster. Ban'jo, n. [Corrupt, of bandore.] A stringed musical in- strument, resembling both the guitar and tamborine. Bank (82), n. [A.-S. banc. See Bench.] 1. A ridge of earth. 2. Any steep acclivity. 3. An elevation in the sea ; a fiat ; a shoal. 4. A bench, or a bench of rowers, in a galley. 5. {Com.) A collection of money deposited by a number of persons for a particular use. 6. Place where such a collection of money is deposited. 7. A company of persons concerned in a bank, whether a private association or an incorporated company. Bank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. banked (bankt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. banking.] To raise a mound or dike about ; to inclose, defend, or fortify with a bank. [banking. Bank, v. i. To deposit money in a bank; to carry on Bank'a-ble, a. Receivable at a bank, as bills; or dis- countable, as notes. Bank'-bill, n. 1. In America, a promissory note of a bank payable to the bearer on demand, and forming part of the currency ; a bank-note. 2. In England, a note, or a bill of exchange, of a bank, payable to order, and usually at some future specified time. Such bills are negotiable, but form, in the strict sense of the term, no part of the currency. Bank'-bobk, n. A book in which a person's bank ac- counts are entered. Bank'er, n. One who keeps a bank ; one who receives and remits money, negotiates bills of exchange, &c. Bank'ing, n. The business of a banker. Bank'-note, n. A promissory note issued by a bank or banking company, payable to bearer on demand, and intended to circulate as money. S3- Such notes, in America, are popularly termed bank-bills. Bank'rupt, n. [Fr. banqueroute, It. banco rotto, bank- ruptcy, from Fr. banque, It. banco, bank, and Norm. Fr. roupt, It. rotto, Lat. ruptus, broken, p. p. of rumpere, to break.] 1. A trader who breaks or fails, or becomes unable to pay his debts ; an insolvent trader. 2. Any individual unable to pay his debts. Bank'rupt, a. Unable to pay debts ; insolvent. Bank'rupt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bankrupted; p.pr. & vb. n. bankrupting.] To break in trade ; to make insolvent. Bank'rupt-cy, n. 1. State of being bankrupt; insol- vency. 2. Act of becoming a bankrupt ; failure in trade. Bank'-stock, n. A share or shares in the capital stock of a bank. Ban'ner, n. [Fr. banniere, bandiere, from bande, band. Cf. Goth, bandva, bandvo, a sign.] A military i principal standard of a prince or state ; a pennon ; a streamer. Ban'ner-et, n. [From Low Lat. banneretus. See Ban- ner.] Orig. a military rank conferred only on such as were able to bring a certain number of vassals into the field ; hence, a rank corresponding to this. Ban'nock, n. [Gael, bonnach.] A cake made of oat, rye, pease, or barley meal. Ban'quet (bank/wet), n. [Fr. banquet, feast, banquette, a Utile seat. Banquet is originally a sitting, and hence & feast.] A feast ; a rich entertainment. Ban'quet. v. t. [imp. & p. p. banqueted; p. pr. & vb. n. banqueting.] To treat with a feast or rich entertainment. Ban'quet, v . i. To regale one's self with good eating and drinking ; to feast. Ban'quet-ei- (bank'wet-er), n. One who banquets. Banquette (ban-ket'), n. [Fr., from banc, bench, seat. See Bank.] (Fort.) A little raised way, running along the inside of a parapet, on which musketeers stand to fire upon the enemy in the ditch or in front of it. Ban'sliee, ) n. [Gael, bean-shith, fairy, from Gael. & Ben'shie, j Ir. bean, woman, and sith, fairy.] An Irish fairy that warns of impending death. Ban'tam, n. A very small variety of fowl, with feath- ered legs, brought, probably, from Bantam, in Java. Ban'ter, v. t. [imp. Szp.p. bantered; p. pr. & vb. n. BANTERING.] [Prob. corrupted from the Fr. badi- ner, to joke.] To play upon in words and in good humor. Syn. — To rally; joke; jest; sport; ridicule; deride. — We banter in good humor, turning the laugh upon a person for something he has done or neglected to do. We rally when we attack a person with ridicule, raillery, or sarcasm. This is always more pungent, and often ill-natured. Ban'ter, n . Humorous raillery ; pleasantry. Ban'ter-er, n. One who banters or rallies. Bant'ling, n. [Corrupt, from the Ger. bankling, bastard, from bank, bench, prop, a child begotten on a bench, and not in the marriage- bed. Cf. Bastard.] A young or small child ; an infant. Ban'yan, or Ban-yan', n. A kind of fig-tree, whose branches drop shoots to the ground, which take root and form new stocks, till they cover a space of many hundred feet in circumference. Ba/o-bab, n. [Ethiopic] The largest known tree in the world, a native of tropical Africa. The trunk is from 20 to 30 feet in thickness, while the branches are often 70 feet long, and form a hemispherical head , of 150 feet in diameter. Bap'tigm, n. [Gr. /?a7TT<.o-|u.a, Baobab. from (3a.TTTLj (sc. olicia, or a-rod), fr. Jia-siVi-ea, ( /BacaAiKos, royal, from fia.o-i\ev<;, king.] 1. Orig. the palace of a king ; afterward, and hence, any large hall or court of justice. 2. A church, chapel, or cathedral. Ba-gil'i-e, ) a. 1. In the manner of a public edifice Ba-gil'i-e-al, j or cathedral. 2. (Anat.) Pertaining to the middle vein of the right arm. JSa-sll'i-edn, n. [See supra.] ( Med. ) An ointment com- posed of wax, pitch, resin, and olive-oil. Bag'i-lisk, n. [Gr. /WcAio-ko?, dim. of /SacriAev?, a king ; so named from some prominences on the head resembling a crown.] 1. A fabulous serpent, called a cockatrice, and said to be produced from a cock's egg brooded by a serpent. Its breath, and even its look, were thought to be fatal. 2. (Nat. Hist.) A genus of lizards. 3. (Mil.) A large piece of ordnance. Ba'sin (bd/sn), n. [L. Lat. bacchinus, from bacca, a water vessel. Cf. D. bah, trough, bowl, and Ger. bach, brook, orig. a cavity where the water flows, 0. Eng. beck.] 1. A hollow vessel, to hold water for washing, and for vari- ous other uses. 2. Any hollow place containing water. 3. A hollow vessel of different kinds used in the arts or manufactures. 4. ( Geol. ) A formation-, where the strata dip inward, on all sides, toward the center. 5. ( Physical Geog.) (a.) A circular or oval valley, (b.) The entire tract of country drained by a river. Ba'sis, ii.; pi. BA/ser. [Gr. jSao-ij. See Base.] 1. That on which a thing rests. 2. Groundwork or first principle. Bask (6), v. i. [imp. & p. p. basked (baskt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. basking.] [Cf. D. bakeren, Ger. bdehern, Eng. bake.] To lie in warmth ; to be exposed to genial 'heat. Bask, v. t. To warm with genial heat. Bas'ket, n. [W. basgawd, basged, bascod, basg, plait- ing.] 1. A vessel made of twigs, rushes, or other flexible things, interwoven. 2. The contents of a basket. Bas'ket-fish, n. A kind of star -fish. [basket-work. Bas'ket-hilt, n. A hilt having a covering wrought like Ba'son (ba'sn), n. See Basin. Basque (bask), n. [Prob. so called because this fashion of dress came from the Basques.] A part of a lady's dress, resembling a jacket with a short skirt. Bas-relief ' (bd-re-leef ), n. See Bass-relief. Bass, n. sing. & pi. [A.-S. bears, baers, Lat. perca, Gr. irepicT).] A fish of several species, much esteemed for food. Bass, n. [A corruption or modification of bast, q. v.' The tiel-tree, or its bark, which is used for mats, &c. Bass, n. (Mus.) The lowest part in a musical composi- tion. [Written also base.] Bas'set, or Bas-set', n. [See Base, n.] A game at cards, resembling the modern faro. [outcrop. Bfts'set, n. ( Geol. ) Emergence of strata at the surface ; Bas'set, v. i. [Cf. 0. Fr. basset, somewhat low, dim. of bas, low, and basil.] (Geol.) To crop out. Bas'set, a. Inclined upward. Bas'set-ing, n. Upward direction of a vein or stratum. Bas'so,n. [It. See Base, a.] (Mus.) (a.) The bass or lowest part, (b.) One who sings this part. Bas'so-r'i'Vi-e'vo. [It.] See Bass-relief. Bas-soon', n. [It. bassone, augm. of basso, low. See Base , a.] ( Mus. ) A wind instrument with eleven holes, which are stopped by the fingers, as in flutes. Bas-sdon'ist, n. A performer on the bassoon. Bass'-re-lief (bas're-leeP), n. [Fr., from bas, low, and relief, raised work. See Relief.] Sculpture, whose figures do not stand out far from the ground on which they are formed. Bass'- vi'ol, n. (Mus.) A stringed instrument used for playing the bass or gravest part ; the violoncello. Bast, ii. [A.-S. biest, 0. H. Ger. bast, past.] Inner bark of the lime-tree, and hence matting, cordage, &c, made of the bark. Bas'tard, n. [From 0. Fr. bast , N. Fr. bat, a pack-saddle used as beds by the muleteers, and the term, ard, art. 0. Yv.fils de bast, son of the pack-saddle.] 1. Anillegit- imate or spurious child. 2. (a.) An inferior qimlity of soft brown sugar, (b.) A large size of mold, in which sugar is drained. Bas'tard, a. 1. Illegitimate. 2. Lacking in genuine- ness ; spurious ; adulterate. Bas'tard-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bastardized; p. pr. & vb. 11. bastardizing.] To make or prove to be a bastard. Bas'tar-dy, n. State of being a bastard ; illegitimacy. Baste, v. t. [Cf. Icel. beysta, to strike, powder.] 1. To beat ; to cudgel. 2. To sprinkle flour and salt and drip butter or fat on, as on meat in roasting. Baste, v. t. [imp. & p. p. basted : p. pr. & vb. n. basting.] [From 0. H. Ger. bestan, to sew.] To sew slightly, or with long stitches. Bas-t'ile' (bas-teeP or bas'teel), n. [0. Fr. bastille, for- tress, from bastir, to build.] Orig., a temporary wooden tower used in warfare ; hence, any tower or fortification. 133*- The name has been specifically applied to an old fortifi- cation in Paris, long used as a state prison, but demolished ia 1789. Bas'ti-nade', ) n. [From 0. Fr. baston, now baton, a Bas'ti-na'do, } stick or staff. Cf. Baste.] A sound beating or cudgeling ; specifically , a punishment among the Turks, Chinese, and others, consisting in beating an offender on the soles of his feet. Bas^i-nade', ) v. t. To beat with a cudgel, especially Bas'ti-iia'do, ) on the soles of the feet. Bas'tion (bast'yun), n. [From 0. Fr. & Sp. bastir, It. bast ire, to build.] (Fort.) A part of the main inclosure which projects to- ward the exterior, consisting of the faces and the flanks. Bas'yle, n. [Gr. /3acr<.?, base, and " A, Bastion. {,'Atj, wood, a base.] ( Chem.) An electro-positive ingredient of a compound. Bat, n. [A.-S. bat, allied to beatan, to beat.] 1. A heavy club, used in playing ball. 2. A sheet of cotton prepared for filling quilts or comfortables. 3. A piece of a brick. Bat, v. i. To manage a bat, or play with one. Bat, ii. [Corrupt, from 0. Eng. back, backe, Scot, back, backie, bird.] {Nat. Hist.)' One of a class of mammals having a body resembling that of a mouse, and a kind of wings made by a membranous expansion stretching from the fore extremities to the tail. Batch, n. [From bake, A.-S. bacan.] 1. The quantity of bread baked at one time- 2. Any business dispatched at once, or any quantity of things so united as to have like qualities. Bat. a,e,&c.,Zong7 &,e,8tc, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; sou, or, do, wolf , / BATE 57 BAY Bate, v t. [imp. kp.p. bated ; p. pr. & vb. n. BAT- ING.) [Abbreviated from abate, q. v.] 1. To lessen; to abate. 2. To allow by way of abatement or deduction. Bateau (bat-o'), n. ; pi. bateaux (bat-oz')- [Fr.] A ligbt boat, long in proportion to its breadtb, and wider in the middle tnan at the ends. Bateau-bridge, a floating bridge supported by bateaux. Bat'-fowl'ing, n. A mode of catching birds at night, by torch-light. Bath, n.; pi. BATH§. [A.-S. baeth, Skr. bad, vad, to bathe.] 1. A place to bathe in. 2. Act of exposing the body, for purposes of cleanliness, health, &c, to water or vapor. 3. ( Chem.) A medium, as heated sand, through which heat is applied to a body. 4. A Hebrew measure containing 7 gallons and 4 pints, as a measure for liquids ; and 3 pecks and 3 pints, as a dry measure. Order of the Bath, a high order of British knighthood. Bath'-brielc, n. A brick made of calcareous earth for cleaning knives. Bathe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bathed; p. pr. & vb. n. bathing.] 1. To wash by immersion. 2. To moisten with a liquid. Bathe, v. i. 1. To be, or lie, in a bath. 2. To immerse, as in a bath. Bathe, n. The immersion of the body in water ; bath. Bath'er, n. One who bathes. Bath'ing-tulb), n. A vessel for bathing. Ba/thos, n. [Gr. /3a0o?, from jSaflu's, deep.] (Rhet.) A ludicrous descent from the elevated to the mean. Bat'ing, prep., or, more properly, & participle. With the exception of; excepting. Bat'let, n. [From bat.] A small bat for beating linen when taken out of the buck. Jidtoti (bti-tong/), \ n. [Fr. baton.] A staff or trun- Ba-tdbn' (ba-toon'), j cheon, used for various pur- poses^ Ba-tra'elxi-an, a. (Zool.) Pertaining to animals of the order Batrachia, which includes the frog and related animals. Ba-tra'ehi-an, n. (Zool.) An animal of the order Ba- trachia. Bat's'-wlng, n. A gas-burner, the flame from which is shaped like a bafs wing. Bat-tal'ia (bat-taFya), n. [Lat., battle, combat. See BATTLE.] Disposition or arrangement of troops, brig- ades, regiments, battalions, &c, as for action. Bat-tal'ion (-tal'yun), n. [Fr. bataillon. See BAT- TALIA.] (Mil.) A body of infantry ; in the British army about eight hundred men, under the command of a lieutenant-colonel. In the United States service, an ag- gregation of from two to ten or twelve companies. Bat'tel (bat'tl), n. [See Battle.] (Law.) A species of trial in which a person accused of felony was allowed to fight with his accuser, and make proof thereby of his guilt or innocence. Bat'tel, v. i. 1. To stand indebted, at the buttery, at Oxford, Eng., for provisions and drink. 2. To reside at the university. Bat'tel, n. [From 0. Eng. bat, increase, and A.-S. dssl, deal.] Provisions taken by Oxford students from the buttery, and also the charges thereon. Bat'tel-er, ) n. [See Battel, n.] 1. A student at Bat'tler, j Oxford who stands indebted at the buttery for provisions and drink. 2. One who resides at the university. Bat'ten, v. t. [imp. & p. p. battened ; p. pr. & vb. n. battening] [See Battel.] 1. To fatten. 2. To fertilize, as land. Bat'ten, v. i. To grow fat ; to live in luxury. Bat'ten, n. [From Fr. baton, stick.] 1. A narrow piece of board, or scantling. 2. The movable bar of a loom. Bat'ten, v. t. To form or fasten with battens. [to. Bat'ten-ing, n. Battens fixed to walls for nailing laths Bat'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BATTERED; p. pr. & vb. n. BATTERING.] [Lat. batnere, to strike, beat.] 1. To beat repeatedly and with violence, so as to bruise, shake, or demolish ; specifically, to attack with artillery. 2. To wear or impair with beating or by use. Bat'ter, v. i. (Arch.) To slope gently backward. Bat'ter, n. (Arch.) A backward slope in the face of a wall. Bat'ter, n. [From batter, v. t.] A mixture of several in- gredients, beaten up with some liquid, used in cookery. BS,t'ter ) BSts'fp' \ n ' One who holds the bat in cricket. Bat'ter-er, n. One who batters or beats. Bat'ter-ing-ram, n. 1. (Mil.) An engine used to beat down the walls of besieged places. 2. A blacksmith's hammer, suspended, and worked horizontally. Bat'ter-y, n. [Fr. batttrie, from buvore. See Batter. j- 1. Act of battering. 2. (Mil.f (a.) Any place where cannon "Battering-ram. are mounted, for battering a fortification or attacking an enemy, (b.) A body of cannon taken collectively. 3. (Elec.) A number of coated jars, so connected that they may be charged and discharged simultaneously. 4. (Galv.) An apparatus for generating galvanic electric- ity. 5. (Law.) The unlawful beating of another. Bat'ting, n. Cotton or wool in sheets ; bat. Bat'tle, n. [Lat. battalia, battualia, fighting and fenc- ing exercises, from batuere, to strike, to beat.] A fight or encounter between enemies or opposing forces. A drawn battle, one in which neither party gains the victory. — A pitched battle, one in which the armies are previously drawn up in form, with a regular disposition of the forces. Syn. — Combat; fight; engagement. — Combat is a close en- counter, and may be (like fight) between single individuals; a battle is more general and prolonged; engagement supposes large numbers on each side engaged or intermingled in the conflict. Bat'tle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. battled ; p. pr. & vb. n. BATTLING. ]_ To contend in fight. Bat'tle-ar-ray', n. Order of battle. Bat'tle-ax, )n. (Mil.) A kind of ax for- j Bat'tle-axe, j merly used as an offensive 1 weapon. /f9 Bat'tle-door (bat'tl-dor),n. [Corrupted from [l|ff|>- Sp. battallador , a great combatant, from batal- lar, to combat.] An instrument of play, with a handle and a fiat board, used to strike a shuttlecock. Bat'tle-ment, n. [Either from battle, or fr. Low Lat. bastilla, bastillus, tower, fortifica- tion.] (Arch.) An indented parapet, originally used only on fortifications. Bdt'tue, n. [Fr., from battre, to beat.] 1. Act of beating woods, &c, for game. 2. The game itself. Bau'ble, n. [Fr. babiole, It. babbola, a child's plaything ; Lat. babulus, foolish.] A trifling piece of finery ; a gew-gaw. [Written also bawble.] U@** A fool's bauble was a short stick with a head ornamented with ass's ears fantastically carved on it. Bawd, n. [From Goth, balths, Eng. bold.] A person who keeps a brothel, and con- ducts criminal intrigues ; — usually applied to females. Bawd, v. i. To procure women for lewd purposes. Bawd'i-ly, adv. Obscenely ; lewdly. Bawd'i-ness, n. Obscenity ; lewdness. Bawd'ry, n. 1. Practice of procuring women for the gratification of lust. 2. Obscenity. 3. Illicit intercourse- Bawd'y, a. Obscene ; filthy ; unchaste. Bawd'y-liouse, n. A house of prostitution. Bawl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BAWLED ; p. pr. k vb. n- BAWLING.] [Icel. baula, to low, A.-S. bellan, Ger. belle.n, to bark ; Lat. balare, to bleat.] To cry with ve- hemence, as in calling or exultation, or as a child from pain or vexation. Bawl, v. t. To proclaim by outcry ; to cry. Bawl, n. A loud, prolonged cry. Bawl'er, n. One who bawls. Bay, a. [Lat. badius.] Red or reddish, inclining to a chestnut color ; — applied to the color of horses. Bay, n. [Low Lat. baia, Ir. & Gael, badh or bas;h.] 1. An inlet of the sea, usually smaller than a gulf, but of the same general character. 2. (Arch.) A principal compartment or division in the architectural arrange- ment of a building. 3. A low inclosed place in a barn for depositing hay. Bay, n. [Lat. baca, bacca, berry.] The laurel-tree ; hence, in the pi., an honorary garland or crown, anciently made of branches of the laurel. Bay, n. [See infra.] A state of being obliged to face an antagonist when escape has become impossible. Bay, v. i. [0. Fr. abayer, fr. Lat. ad and baubari, to bark moderately.] To bark, as a dog at his game. Bay, v.t. To bark at. Battle-ax. Battlement. food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, echo; gem, get; a§ ; exist; linger, link; this. BAYADERE 58 BEARING Sword bayonet. I bayonet. Common Ba'ya-dere', n. [Pg. bailadeira, from bailar, to dance.] A 'female dancer in the East Indies. Bay'ard, n. [From bay, and the termination ard. See Bay, a.] Properly a bay horse, but often any horse. BayHber-ry, n. (Bot.) (a.) The fruit of the bay-tree. (b.) The fruit of the wax myrtle, and the plant itself. Bay'o-net,«. [So called, it is said, because first made at Bayonne.] (Mil.) A short, pointed instrument of iron, fitted to a gun. Bay'o-net, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BAYONETED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BAYONETING.] 1. To stab with a bayonet. 2. To drive by the bayonet. Bay'ou, (bl'oo), n. [Fr., from Lat. botellus, a small sau- sage".'] The outlet of a lake ; a channel for water. [ South- ern States.] Bay'-rum, n. A fragrant liquor obtained by distilling the leaves of the bay-tree. Bay'-salt, n. Salt obtained from sea-water, by evapora- tion by the heat of the sun. Bay'-tree, n. A species of laurel. Bay'- will 7 do w, n. (Arch.) A projecting window form- ing a bay or recess in a room. Ba-zaar', \ n. [Per. bazar, market.] 1. In the East, a Ba-zar', J market-place, or assemblage of shops, for the sale of goods. 2. A spacious hall or suite of rooms for the same purpose. Bdell'ium (dtPyum), n . [Gr. 6Se'AA.iov,Heb. Vdolakh.] A gummy, resinous exudation from an Oriental tree. Be, v. i. and auxiliary, [imp WAS ; p. p. BEEN ; p. pr. & vb. n. BEING.] [A.-S. beon, beonne, Skr. bhu, to be, Lat. fui, I have been. This verb is defective, and its defects are supplied by verbs from other roots, is, was, which have no radical connection with be.] 1. To exist logically, or in thought. 2. To exist actually, or in the world of fact. 3. To exist in some particular state, or in some relation. 4. To pass from one state or relation to another ; to become. Let be, to omit, or leave untouched; to let alone. Beach, n. [Cf. Dan. & Sw. bakke, hill, margin.] A sandy or pebbly shore ; strand. Beach, v. t. To run upon a beach. Bea'-eon, n. [A.-S. beacen, becen.] 1. A signal-fire to notify the approach of an enemy. 2. (Naut.) A signal or conspicuous mark on an eminence near the shore, or in shoal water, as' a guide to mariners. 3. That which gives notice of danger. Bea'-eon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. beaconed ; p. pr. & vb. n. beaconing.] To give light to, as a beacon. Bea 'con-age, n. Money paid to maintain a beacon. Bead, n. [A.-S. bead, prayer, from biddan, to pray.] 1. A little perforated ball, to be strung on a thread, and worn for ornament ; or used to count prayers, as by Ro- man Catholics. 2. Any small globular body. Bead, v. t. To ornament or distinguish with beads. Bead'ing, n. (Arch.) A molding in imitation of beads. Bea'dle (bS'dl), n. [A.-S. bydel, bsedel, from beodan, to command, bid.] 1. A messenger or crier of a court. 2. An officer in a university, who precedes pub he proces- sions. 3. (Church o/Eng.) An inferior parish officer having a variety of duties. Bea'dle-ship, n. The office of a beadle. Bead'-roll, n. (Rom. Cath. Church.) A catalogue of deceased persons, for whom prayers are to be counted oft on the beads of a chaplet ; hence, a catalogue in general. Beads/-man, n. ; pi. beads'-men. A man employed in praying, who drops a bead at each prayer. Bea'gle, n. [Prob. of Celtic origin, and so named from littleness ; Ir. & Gael, beag, small, little, W. bach.] A small hound, formerly used in hunting hares. Beak, n. [Ir. & Gael, bee, TV. pig; D. bek,It. becco, Sp. pico.] 1. (Nat. Hist.) The bill or nib of a bird, tur- tle, &c. 2. Any thing ending in a point, or projecting like a beak. Beaked (beekt), a. Having a beak; ending in a point, or having a process, like a beak. Beak'er, n. [Lat. bacar, bacrio, wine-glass.] A large drinking-cup or vessel. Beam, n. [A.-S. beam, beam, post, tree, ray of light, Goth, bagms, N. H. Ger. baum, tree.] 1. Any large piece of timber, long in proportion to its thickness. 2. A main timber of a building, ship, loom, plow, or other structure. 3. The part of a balance, from which the Bcales hang. 4. The pole of a carriage. 5. The straight part or shank of an anchor. 6. A collection of parallel rays from any luminous body. Beam, v. t. To send forth ; to emit. Beam, v. i. [imp. & p. p. beamed ; p. pr. & vb. n. BEAMING.] To emit rays of light ; to shine. Beam'-en/gliie, n. A steam-engine having a working- beam to transmit power. Beam'y, a. 1. Emitting rays of light ; radiant. 2. Resembling a beam in size and weight ; massy. Bean, n. [A.-S. bean. Cf. Gr. nvavos, TV. ffaen.] A well- known leguminous plant, and its seed, of many varieties. Bean'-fly, n. A beautiful fly, of a pale purple color, found on bean flowers. Bean'- goose, n. A species of goose, probably so called from its fondness for beans. Bear, v. t. [imp. BORE (formerly BAKE) ; p.p. BORN, BORNE ; p.pr. & vb. n. bearing.] [A.-S. beran, beo- ran, geberan, Goth, bairan, gabairan, Lat. ferre, Gr. 4>epeiv, Skr. bhri.] 1. To support or sustain. 2. To support and remove ; to convey. 3. To possess and use, as power. 4. To possess or carry, as a mark of authority or distinction ; to wear. 5. To' possess mentally ; to en- tertain. 6. To endure ; to tolerate ; to suffer. 7. To sustain, or be answerable for. S. To show or exhibit; to relate. 9. To carry on, or maintain. 10. To admit or be capable of. 11. To behave ; to act. 12. To af- ford; to supply with. 13 . To bring forth; to give birth. to. Ggf- In the passive form of this verb, usage restricts the p. p . born to the sense of brought forth, while borne is used in the other senses of the word. In the active form, borne alone is used as the past participle. To bear a hand (Xaut.), to assist ; to make haste, be quick. — To bear date, to be dated. — To bear the bell. See Bell. — To bear down, to overthrow or crush by force. — To bear out, to maintain and support to the end. Bear, v. i. 1. To produce, as fruit ; to be fruitful. 2. To press. 3. To take effect ; to succeed. 4. To be situated, as. to the point of compass, with respect to something else. 5. To relate or refer to. To bear away, or vp (Navt.,) to change the course of a ship, and make her run before the wind. — To tear back, to retreat. — To bear down upon (Aauf.), to drive or tend to. — To bear off (Naut.), to steer away from land or from another vessel. — To bear up, to be supported; to stand firm.— To bear upon, to act upon or be in position to act upon. — To bear with, to endure; to be indulgent to. Bear, n. [A.-S. bera.] 1. ( Zool. ) A wild quadruped of , the genus Ursus. E3=- Among the species are the brown bear of Europe, the white polar bear, the grisly bear of the Rocky Mountains, the black bear of North America. 2. ( Astron . ) One of two con- stellations in the northern Black Bear, hemisphere, called respectively the Greater and Lesser Bear, or Ursa Major and Ursa Minor. Bears and bulls, in cant language, gamblers in stocks. A bear is one who contracts to deliver, at a specified future time, stocks which he does not own; a bull is one who contracts to take them. Bear'a-hle, a. Capable of being borne ; tolerable. Beard, n. [A.-S. beard, Ger. bart, Lat. barba,W. barf.] 1. The hair that grows on the chin, Ups, and adjacent parts of the face. 2. Any thing that resembles the beard of the human face ; particularly, the long stiff hairs on a plant ; the awn. Beard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEARDED; p. pr. & vb. n. BEARDING.] 1. To seize, pluck, or pull the beard of. 2. To set at defiance. Beard'ed, a. Having a beard. Beard'less, a. Without a beard ; youthful. Bear'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, bears, sustains, or carries. 2. Specifically, one who assists in earning a body to the grave. 3. ( Com.) One who holds a check, note, draft, or other order for the payment of a sum of money. Bear'-gar'den, n. 1. A place where bears are kept for sport. 2. A rude, turbulent assembly. Beftr'ing, n. 1. The manner in which a person bears himself. 2. The situation of an object, with respect to another object ; hence, relation. 3. Act of producing or giving birth. 4. (Arch.) Span of a beam, rafter, or other piece of timber. 5. (Her.) Any single emblem or charge in an escutcheon. 6. (Mach.) (a.) The part in contact with which a journal moves, (b. ) That part of a shaft or axle which is in contact with the supports. a,,e,kc.,long; a.,e\&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf , BEARISH 59 BED Syn. — Deportment; gesture; mien; behavior; direction; relation; tendency; influence. Bear'ish, a. Partaking of the qualities of a bear. Bear'§'-fobt, n. ( Bot.) A species of hellebore. Bear'-skln, n. 1. The skin of a bear. 2. A coarse, shaggy, woolen cloth for overcoats. Bear'- ward, n. A keeper of bears. Beast, n." [0. Fr. beste, beeste, now bete, Lat. bestia, H. Ger. bestie.] Any four-footed animal, which may be used for labor, food, or sport; as opposed to man, any irra- tional animal. Syn. — Brute. — They are called beasts, as mere animals governed by animal appetite, and brutes, as destitute of reason and moral feeling. Hence we say, figuratively, a drunkard makes himself a beast, and then treats his family like a brute. Beast'li-ness, ». The state or quality of being beastly ; brutality ; filthiness. Beast'ly, a. Pertaining to, having the form and nature of, or resembling, a beast ; brutal ; filthy. Beat, v. t. [imp. beat ; p. p. beat, beaten ; p. pr. & vb. n. BEATING.] [A.-S. beatan, Lat. batuere.] 1. To strike repeatedly. 2. To break, bruise, or pulverize by beating. 3. To form by beating. 4. To scour or range over. 5. To overcome in contest. 6. To indicate by the signal of beating a drum. To be beat out, to be extremely fatigued. — To beat time, to measure or regulate time in music by the motion of the hand or foot. — To beat up, to attack suddenly. Syn. — To strike ; pound ; bang ; buffet ; maul ; drub ; thump; baste; thwack; thrash; pommel; break; bruise; bray; conquer; defeat; vanquish; overcome. Beat, v. i. 1. To strike repeatedly. 2. To throb ; to pulsate. 3. To come or act with violence. 4. To be in agitation or doubt. 5. (Naut.) To make progress against the direction of the wind, by sailing in a zigzag line or traverse. To beat about, to try to find. —To beat up for, to go about to enlist men for the army. Beat, n. 1. A stroke, or the manner of giving one ; a blow. 2. A recurring stroke; a pulsation. 3. (Mus.) (a.) The rise or fall of the hand or foot, in regulating the divisions of time, (b.) A transient grace -tone, struck immediately before the one it is intended to orna- ment. 4. A round or course, which is frequently gone over. 5. A place of habitual or frequent resort. Beat, a. Weary ; tired ; fatigued. Beat'en, p. a. Made smooth by beating or worn by use. Beat'er, n. 1. One who beats, cr strikes. 2. An in- strument for pounding. Be'a-tlf'ie, ) a. [See Beatify.] Imparting or com- Be'a-tif 'ie-al, ) pleting blissful enjoyment. Be'a-tif 'ic-al-ly, adv. In a beatific manner. Be-at'i-fi-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of beatifying. 2. (Rom. Cath. Church.) An act of the pope declaring a person beatified after death ; the first step toward canonization. Be-at'i-fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. beatified ; p. pr. & vb. n. BEATIFYING.] [Lat. beatificare, from beatus, happy, and face re, to make.] 1. To pronounce or re- gard as happy, or as conferring happiness. 2. To bless with the completion of celestial enjoyment. 3. (Rom. Cath. Church.) To declare, by a decree or public act, that a person is received into heaven. Beat'ing. n. 1. Act of giving blows; punishment by blows. 2. Pulsation; throbbing. 3. (Naut.) Process of sailing against the wind by tacks in a zigzag direction. Be-at'i-tude (53), n. [Lat. beatitudo, from beatus, happy.] 1. Felicity of the highest kind. 2. The dec- laration of blessedness made by our Savior in regard to particular virtues. 3. (Rom. Cath. Church.) Beatifica- tion. Beau (bo), n. ; pi. Fr. BEAUX, Eng. BEATJS (boz). [Fr., from Latin belius, pretty, fine.] A man of dress ; a fine, gay man ; a lady's attendant or suitor. Beau I-de'al (bo I-dS'al). [Fr., beautiful ideal.] A conception of perfect or consummate beauty. Beau'isli (bo / ish). a. Like a beau ; foppish ; fine. Beau 3Ionde (bo niond). [Fr., fine world.] The fashion- able world. Beau'te-oiis (bu'te-us), a. [From beauty, q. v.] Yery fair, or very handsome ; beautiful. Beau'te-ous-ly (bu'te-us-ly), adv. In a beauteous manner. Beau'te-oiis-ness (bu'te-us-nes), n. State or quality of being beauteous ; beauty. Beau'ti-fl-er, n. One who, or that which, beautifies. Beau. 'ti-f \\\ (bu'ti-ful), a. Having the qualities which constitute" beauty. Syn. — Handsome; pretty paratively small, which please by their Pretty applies to things com- delicacy and grace, as pretty girl, flower, cottage. Handsome is more striking and the pleasure greater, as a handsome woman, tree, villa; it im- plies suitableness, and hence we speak of a handsome fortune or ofier. Beautiful implies all the higher qualities which de- light the taste and imagination. Beau'ti-fiil-ly(bu / ti-fal-ly), adv. In a beautiful manner. Beau'ti-f ul-ness (bii'ti-ful-nes), n. The quality of be- ing beautiful ; beauty. Beau'ti-fy (bu'ti-fy), v. t. [imp. & p. p. beautified ; p.pr. & vb. n. beautifying.] [Eng. beauty and Lat. facere, to make.] To make or render beautiful. Syn. — To adorn; grace; ornament; embellish ; deck. Beau'ti-fy (bQ'ti-fy), v. i. To become beautiful. Beau'ty (bu'ty,) n. [Fr. be aute, from beau. See Beau.] 1. An assemblage of graces or of properties which pleases the sight or any of the other senses, or the mind. 2. A particular grace, feature, ornament, or excellence. 3. A beautiful person, especially a beautiful woman. Beau'ty-spot, n. A patch or spot placed on the face to heighten beauty. Bea'ver (b5'ver), n. [A.-S. beofer, befer, Lat. fiber.] 1. (Zool.) An amphibious, ro- dent quadruped. 2. The fur of the beaver. 3. A hat made of the fur. 4. A cloth, some- times felted, used for making overcoats, hats, &c. Bea'ver, n. [Fr. baviere, It. baviera, from Fr. bave, It. ba- ' Beaver. va, slaver; hence, lit., that part of the helmet which catches the drops or dribblings.] Part of a helmet in front, so constructed that the wearer could raise or lower it to eat and drink. Bec'a^fi'co (-nVko), n. ; pi. bec'ca- Fl'cOEg. [It. beccafico, from beccare, to peck, and fico, a fig.] ( Ornith.) A small bird which feeds on figs, grapes, &c, and is highly prized for the deli- cacy of its flesh. Be-ealni' (be-k'am'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BECALMED; p.pr. & vb.n. BECALM- ING.] 1. To render calm; to appease. 2. To keep from motion by want of wind. Be-eame', imp. of become.- See Become. Be-eau§e', conj. [0. Eng. bycause, from by and cause, q. v'.] By or for the cause that ; on this account that ; for the reason that. Be-chauce', v. t. To befall ; to happen to ; to occur to. Be-cliarm', v. t. To charm; to captivate ; to enchant. Beck, n. [A.-S. beacen, becen, sign, beacnian, becnian, to beckon. Perhaps beck is only a contr. of beckon.] A significant nod, or motion of the head or hand. Beck, v. i. To nod, or make a sign with the head or hand. Beck, v. t. To notify or call by a nod, or a motion of the head or hand ; to intimate a command to. Beck'on (bek'n), v. i. [See Beck.] To make a sign to another, by nodding, or with hand or finger, &c. Beck'on (bek'n),!'. t. [imp. & p.p. BECKONED ; p.pr. & vb. n. BECKONING.] To make a significant sign to ; hence, to summon. Be-eloud', v. t. [imp. & p. p. beclouded; p. pr. & vb. n. beclouding.] To cause obscurity or dimness to ; to make dark or gloomy ; to overshadow. Be-eome' (-kum 7 ), v. i. [imp. became ; p. p. be- come ; p. pr. & i-6. n. becoming.] [Prefix be and come, q. v. ; A.-S. becuman, to come to, to happen ; Goth, begviman.] To pass from one state or condition to another ; to enter into some new state. To become of, to be the fate of; to be the end of. Be-come' (-kum/), v. t. To suit or be suitable to ; to be congruous with ; to befit. Be-eom'ing, a. Appropriate or fit ; congruous ; suit- able ; graceful ; befitting. Be-eom'ing-ly, adv. After a becoming manner. Be-eom'iiig-iiess, n. State or quality of being be- coming ; suitableness. Bed, n. [A.-S. bed, bedd, Goth, badi.] 1. An article of furniture to sleep or take rest on. 2. Matrimonial connection ; marriage. 3. A plat of ground in a gar- den, usually a little raised above the adjoining ground. 4. Bottom of a stream, or of any body of water. 5. ( Geol.) A layer, seam, or stratum. 6. Place on which any thing rests. food, foot ; urn, ru.de, pull ; fell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link j this. BED 60 BEFRIEND Bed of justice ( Fr. Hist.), a visit of the king to a refractory parliament for the purpose of causing his decrees to be regis- tered;— so called from his occupying the throne (called lit, bed) on such occasions.— To be brought to bed, to be delivered of a child. — To make the bed, to put it in order. — From bed and board (Law), a phrase applied to a separation by partial divorce of man and wife, without dissolving the bands of matrimony. Bed, v. t. [imp. &p. p. bedded ; p. pr. & vb. n. bed- ding.] 1. To place in a bed. 2. To plant and inclose or cover. 3. To lay or put in place of rest and security, surrounded or inclosed. Bed, v. i. To go to bed ; to cobabit. Be-dab'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bedabbled ; p. pr. & vb. n. BEDABBLING.] To sprinkle or wet with moisture. Be-dag'gle, v. t. To soil with mud or dirty water. Bedash', v. t. [i?np. & p. p. bedashed ; p. pr. & vb. n. BEDASHING.] To wet by dashing or throwing water or other liquor upon. Be-daub', v. t. [imp. & p. p. bedaubed ; p. pr. & vb. n. bedaubing.] To besmear or soil with any thing thick and dirty ; to daub over. Be-daz'zle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bedazzled; p. pr. & vb. n. bedazzling.] To dazzle or make dim by too strong a light. Bed'-biig, n. An offensive bug which infests beds. Bed'-cham / ber, n. A chamber for a bed. Bed'clotheg, n. pi. Blankets, sheets, coverlets, &c., for a bed. Bed'ding, n. 1. Materials of a bed, whether for man or beast. 2. ( Geol.) State or position of beds and layers. Be-deck', v. t. [imp. & p. p. bedecked ; p. pr. & vb. n. bedecking.] To deck, ornament, or adorn. Be-dev'il, (-deVl), v. t. To throw into utter confu- sion, as if by the agency of evil spirits. Be-dew' (-du'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. bedewed ; p. pr. & vb. n. bedewing.] To moisten with dew, or as with dew. [bed. Bed'f el-low, n. One who lies with another in the same Be-dight' (be-dif), v. t. [be and dight.] To deck with ornaments ; to set off. [Rare.] Be-dim', v. t. [imp. & p. p. bedimmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. bedimming.] To make dim ; to obscure or darken. Be-di'zen, or Be-diz'en, v. t. [be and dizen.] To dress or adorn tawdrily or with false taste. Bed'lam, n. [Corrupted from Bethlehem, a religious house in London, afterward a hospital for lunatics.] 1. A mad-house. 2. An insane person. Bed'lam-ite, n. An inhabitant of a mad-house ; a madman. Bed'ou-'in (bed'oo-een), n. [At. bedawi, rural, living in the desert, from badw, desert, from bada, to live in the desert.] One of a tribe of nomadic Arabs living in tents, and scattered over Arabia, and parts of Africa. Bed'-piece, ) n. (Mach.) The foundation framing or B6d'=plate, ) piece, by which the other parts are held in place ; — called also base-plate and sole-plate. Be-drag'gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bedraggled; p. pr. & vb. n. BEDRAGGLING.] To soil, by dragging in dirt, mud, &c. ; to bedaggle. Be-drench, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bedrenched ; p. pr. & vb. n. bedrenching.] To drench ; to soak ; to wet through ; to saturate. Bed'rid, ) a. [bed and ride, p. p. rid, ridden.] Con- Bed'rid-den, j fined to the bed by age or infirmity. Bed'room, n. An apartment for a bed. Be-drop', v. t. To sprinkle, or cover as with drops. Bed'side, n. The side of the bed. Bedstead, n. A frame for supporting a bed. Bed'-tick, n. A case of cloth, for inclosing the mate- rials of a bed. Bed'-time, n. Usual hour of going to bed. Be-diick', v. t. To duck ; to immerse in water. Be-dung', v. t. To cover with dung. Be-dust', v. t. To sprinkle, soil, or cover with dust. Be-dwarf', v. t. To make a dwarf of; to stunt. Be-dye', v. t. To dye or stain. Bee, n. [A.-S. beo.] 1. (Entom.) A well-known four- winged insect of many genera and species. 2. An as- semblage of persons who meet to labor for the benefit of an individual or family. [Amer.] 3. pi, (Naut.) Pieces of plank bolted to the outer end of the bowsprit. Bee'=bread, n. A brown, bitter substance, the pollen of flowers, collected by bees, as food for their young. Beech, n. [A.-S. bece, boc, Latin fagus, Gr. 4>r)y6<;, W. ffawydd. ] ( Bot. ) A tree of the genus Fagus. Beech'en (bech'n), a. Consisting of, or pertaining to, the wood or bark of the beech. Bee'-eat'er, n. ( Ornith. ) A bird that feeds on bees. Beef, n. [Fr. bazuf, ox, beef (flesh), fr. Lat. bos, bovis, ox, Gr. /3ovs, gen. /3oos ; Pr. bou, J.bue,8p.buey, Pg. boy, boi.\ 1. An animal of the genus Bos, including the bull, cow, and ox, in their full-grown state. [In this, which is the original sense, the word has a pi. , beeves.] 1, neck ; 2, shaking-piece : ribs; 5, clod ; 6, Drisket ; 7, flank loin, sirloin ; 9, rump; 10, round; 11, leg; 12, foot; 13, udder; 14, shin; 15, cheek. 2. The flesh of an ox, bull, or cow, or of bovine animals generally, when killed. [In this sense, the word has no plural.] Beef, a. Pertaining to, or consisting of the flesh of, the ox, or bovine animals. Beef'-eat'er, n. [beef and eater. Corrupted, in its second meaning, from bvffetier, a keeper of the buffet.] 1. One who eats beef; hence, a large, well-fed person. 2. One of the yeomen of the guard, in England. 3. ( Ornith.) A South African bird, that feeds on the mag- gots hatched under the skin of oxen, antelopes, &c. Beef 'steak, n. A slice of beef broiled, or for broiling. Bee'-glue, n. A soft, unctuous matter, with which bees cement the combs to the hives, and close up the cells ; — called also propolis. Bee'-lilve, n. A case or box used as a habitation for bees. Bee'- line, n. The shortest line from one place to an- other, like that of a bee through the air. Bee'-moth, n. (Entom.) A moth whose eggs produce larves which occasion great mischief in bee-hives. Been (bin). The past participle of be. See Be. Beer, n. [A.-S. beor, bear, Icel. bior, D. & Ger. bier.] 1. A fermented liquor made from any malted grain, with hops and other bitter flavoring matters. 2. A fermented extract of the roots and other parts of various plants, as spruce, ginger, sassafras, &c. Beer'y, a. Of, or resembling, beer ; affected by beer. Bee§'-wax, n. The wax secreted by bees, and of which their cells are constructed. Beet, n. [A.-S. beta, bete, Lat. beta.] (Bot.) A plant, having a succulent root much used for food, and also for making sugar. Bee'tle (be'tl), n. [A.-S. bytl, bitl, biotul, mallet ; beatan, to beat ; bitel, the insect beetle, from bitan, to bite.] 1. A heavy mallet or wooden hammer. 2. ( Zool.) Any coleopterous insect characterized by having four wings, the outer pair being stiff cases for covering the others when they are folded up. 3. A machine used to pro- duce figured fabrics by pressure from corrugated rollers. Bee'tle (be'tl), v. t. To produce ornamental figures on, by the use of the instrument called a beetle. Bee'tle (be'tl), v. i. [Cf. A.-S. beotan, beotjan, to threaten.] To hang or extend out ; to jut. Bee'tle-browed (-broud), a. Having prominent brows. Bee'tle-head'ed, a. Having a head like a beetle; dull, stupid. Beeve, «. [See Beef.] A bull, ox, or cow. IS3P - Rarely used in the singular. See Beef, n., No. 1. Be-fall', v. t. [imp. befell ; p.p. befallen ; p. pr. & vb. n. befalling.] To happen to ; to occur to. Be'fall', v. i. To come to pass ; to happen. Be-fi't', v. t. To be suitable to ; to suit ; to become. Be-fogged' (-fogdO, a. Involved in a fog. Be-fobl'^. t. [imp. & p.p. befooled; p.pr. & vb. n. BEFOOLING.] To fool ; to infatuate; to deceive. Be-fore', prep, [be and fore. A.-S. beforan .] 1. In front of; preceding in space. 2. Preceding in time. 3. Pre- ceding in dignity, order, rank, right, or worth. 4. In presence or sight of; facing. 5. In the power of. Be-fore', adv. 1. On the fore part ; in front. 2. In time preceding ; already. Be-fore'band, adv. 1. In a state of anticipation or pre-occupation. 2. By way of preparation or prelimi- nary. Be-f5re'hand, a. In comfortable circumstances as regards property ; forehanded. Be-fore'time, adv. Of old time ; formerly. Be-foul', v. t. To make foul ; to soil ; to dirty. Be-friend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. befriended ; p. pr. & a,e,&c, long; a,e,&c.,sAorJ/ care, i»r, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, BEFRINGE 61 BELIE vb. n. befriending,] To act a3 a Mend to ; to favor ; to aid, benefit, or countenance. Be-fringe', v.t. To furnish with a fringe. Beg [or ba), n. [Turk, beg, which is pron. bay.] The governor of a town, city, or district in Turkey and some other parts of the East ; a bey. Beg, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BEG- GING.] [Cf. A.-S. biddan, 0. S. biddian, Goth, bidjan, the letter d having perhaps been dropped, and i or j changed into g. But it is much more probable that beg is only a modification of to bag, since mendicants carry with them bags, into which they put the provisions given to them.] 1. To ask earnestly, with humility or in char- ity. 2. To take for granted. Syn. — To entreat; solicit; implore; beseech; supplicate. Beg, v. i. To ask alms or charity ; to practice begging. Be-gan', pret. of begin. See BEGIN. Be-get', v. t. [imp. begot, begat; p. p. begot, BEGOTTEN ; p. pr. & vb. n. BEGETTING.] [be and get] To procreate, as a father or sire ; to generate ; to get ; to produce. Be-get'ter, n. One who begets. Beg'gar, n. [0- Bng. more prop, begger, from beg.] One who begs or entreats earnestly, or with humility : specifically , one who lives by begging ; a mendicant. Beg'gar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. beggared ; p. pr. & vb. n. "BEGGARING.] 1. To reduce to beggary ; to impoverish. 2. To make destitute ; to exhaust. Beg'gar-li-ness, n. State of being beggarly. Beg'gar-ly, a. In, or partaking of, or resembling, the condition of a beggar ; extremely indigent ; mean ; poor. Beg'gar-y, n. A state of extreme poverty or indigence. Be-gild', v. t. To cover or overlay with gold. Begin', v. i. [imp. began ; p. p. BEGUN ; p. pr. & vb. n. BEGINNING.] [A.-S. beginnan, ginnan, Goth, du- ginnan. The orig. sense of ginnan is to cut, split.] 1. To have an original or first existence ; to take rise ; to commence. 2. To do the first act ; to take the first step. Be-gln', v. t. 1. To enter on; to commence. 2. To trace from as the first ground. Be-gin'iier, n. One who begins ; specifically, a young or inexperienced practitioner ; a tyro. Be-gln'ning, n. 1. The first cause ; origin ; source. 2. That which is first ; first state ; commencement. 3. The rudiments, first ground, or materials. Be-gird', v. t. [imp. begirt, BEGIRDED ; p. p. BE GIRT ; p. pr. & vb. n. begirding.] 1. To bind with a band or girdle ; to gird. 2. To surround, as with a band ; to encompass or inclose. Be-gnaw' (be-naw'), v. t. To bite or gnaw. Be-goiie' (21), inter j. Go away ; depart. Begot', p. p. of beget. See Beget. Be-got'ten, Be-grea§e', or Be-grease', v. t. To daub with grease. Be-grime', v. t. [imp. & p. p. begrimed; p. pr. & vb. n. begriming.] To soil with grime or dirt. Be-grudge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEGRUDGED ; p.pr. & vb. n. begrudging.] To envy the possession of. Be-gulle' (-gil'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. beguiled ; p. pr & vb. n. beguiling.] 1. To delude by artifice; to im- pose on. 2. To evade by craft. 3. To cause to pass without notice. Syn. — To delude; deceive; cheat; insnare; amuse. Be-gulle'ment, n. Act of beguiling or deceiving. Be-gull'er, n. One who, or that which, beguiles. Be-gun', p.p. of begin. See Begin. Be-half (-hatf), n. [Perh. from pref. be and half, in- terpreted for my half that is, for my part ; but more prob. a corrup. of the A.-S. beliefs, profit, benefit, con- venience. See Behoof.] Advantage; convenience; benefit ; interest ; profit ; support ; defense. Be-have', v. t. [imp. & p. p. behaved ; p. pr. & vb. n. BEHAVING.] [Prefix be and have ; A.-S. behabban, to restrain, to detain.] To carry ; to conduct ; to manage ; to bear ; — used reflexively. Be-have', v. i. To act ; to bear or carry one's self. Be-hav'ior, (-haVyur), n. [See Behave.] Manner of behaving, whether good or bad ; conduct ; deportment. Syn. — Conduct, deportment. — Behavior is the mode in which we have or bear ourselves toward others ; conduct is the mode of our conducting or leading ourselves forward, and in- volves the general tenor of our actions. The former, like de- portment, is shaped chiefly by circumstances; the latter is a development of the man. Behavior in society; conduct of life. Be-head', v. t. [imp. & p. p. beheaded ; p. pr. & vb. n. beheading.] To sever the head from; to take off the head of ; to decapitate. Be-held', imp. & p. p. of behold. See Behold. Be'he-moth, n. [Heb. behemoth, beasts, animals, par- ticularly of the larger kind, pi. of Vhemah, beast. Cf. Egypt, p-ehe-moout, i. e., water-bull.] An animal de- scribed in the book of Job, xl. 15-24, and variously sup- posed to be the ox, the elephant, the crocodile, the mas- todon, and the hippopotamus. Behest', n. [be and hest ; A.-S. behses.] That which ia willed or ordered ; command : mandate ; injunction. Behind', jorej?. [be and hind; A.-S. behind an.] 1. On the side opposite the front or nearest part ; at the back of; on the other side of; as, behind a door; behind a hill or rock. 2. Left after the departure of another. 3. Left at a distance by, in progress of improvement ; hence, inferior to. Be-hind', adv. 1. At the back part; in the rear. 2. Toward the back part or rear ; backward. 3. Not yet brought forward or exhibited to view ; remaining. 4. Backward in time or order of succession ; past. Be-hind'hand, a. 1. In arrear ; in a state where ex- penditures have preceded the receipt of funds, or are in- adequate to the supply of wants. 2. In a state of back- wardness, in seasonableness or appropriateness. Be-hold', v. t. [imp. &p.p. beheld (p. p. formerly beholden, now used only as a p. a.) ; p. pr. & vb. n. BEHOLDING.] [A.-S. behealdan, to behold, to hold in sight, from pref. be and bealdan, gehealdan, to hold, keep.] To fix the eyes upon ; to look at ; to see with at- tention. Be-hold', v. i. To direct the eyes to an object ; to look. Be-hold'en (be-hold'n), p. a. [The p. p. of behold, used in the primitive sense of the simple verb hold.] Obliged ; bound in gratitude ; indebted. Be-hold'er, n. One who beholds ; a spectator. Be-liold'ing, a. Obliged; under obligation. [Improp- erly used for beholden.] Behoof, n. [See Behoove.] That which is advan- tageous ; advantage ; profit ; benefit. Be-hdove', v. t. [A.-S. behofian, from 0. Sax. biheffian, 0. H. Ger. biheffan, to take, contain.] To be necessary for ; to be fit or meet for, with respect to necessity, duty, or convenience. Be-hove', and its derivatives. See Behoove. Be'in'g, p. pr. of be. See Be. Be'ing, n. 1. Existence in fact or in thought. 2. That which exists in any way. Be-la'foor, v. t. 1. To work diligently upon. 2. To beat soundly ; to cudgel. Be-late', v. t. [imp. & p. p. belated ; p. pr. & vb. n. belATING.] To retard or make too late. Be-lay', v. t. [imp. & p. p. belayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. belaying.] (Naut.) To make fast, as a rope, by taking several turns with it round a pin or cleat. Be-lay'ing-pin, n. (Naut.) A strong pin round which ropes are wound when they are belayed. Belch (66), u. t. [imp. & p. p. BELCHED (belcht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. belching.] [A.-S. bealcjan. Cf. belcan, to inflate.] 1. To throw up from the stomach with vio- lence ; to eruct. 2. To eject violently from within. Belch, v. i. 1. To eject wind from the stomach. 2. To issue with violence. Belch, n. Act of belching ; eructation. Bel'dam, ) n. [Fr. belle-dame, fine or handsome lady; Bel'dame, J — a term of respectful address, therefore used to elderly people ; hence the meaning was corrupted.] 1. Grandmother. 2. An old woman in general, espe- cially an ugly old woman ; a hag. Be-lea'guer (-le'ger), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BELEA- GUERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. beleaguering.] [be and leaguer, n. ; Ger. belagern, fr. pref. be, and lagern, to en- camp.] To surround with an army so as to preclude escape ; to besiege ; to blockade. Syn. — To block up; besiege; environ; invest; encompass. Be-lem'nite, n. [Gr. /3e\etxviTns, from fiiXefxvov, dart, from /3aAAeii/, to throw.] (Paleon.) A small calcareous fossil, cylindrical and hollow, tapering to a point ; the thunderstone. Bel-esprit (bel'es-pree'), n. ; pi. BE AUX-E SPRITS (boz'es-pree'). [Fr.] A fine genius, or man of wit. Bel'fry, n. [M. H. Ger. bervrit, bercvrit, N. H. Ger. bergfriede, burgfriede, from Ger. berg, mountain, or burg, castle, citadel, and friede, peace, security.] 1. A mova- ble tower, erected by besiegers for attack and defense. 2. A bell-tower. 3. A cupola or turret, or a room in a tower, in which a bell is hung. Be-lle', v. t. [imp. & p. p. BELIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BELYING.] 1. To give the he to ; to show to be false. food, foot ; firn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get ; a§; e^ist ; linger, link ; this BELIEF 62 BENEATH 2. To give a false representation or account of. 3. To tell lies concerning ; to slander. 4. To counterfeit. Be-lief, n. [From believe, q. v.] 1. An assent of m i n d to the truth of a declaration, proposition, or alleged fact, on the ground of evidence, of internal impressions, or of arguments and reasons furnished by our own minds. 2. The thing believed ; a tenet, or body of tenets. Syn. — Credence; trust; faith; credit; confidence. Be-liev'a-ble, a. Capable or -worthy of being believed. Be-lieve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. believed ; p. pr. & vb. n. BELIEVING-.] [Prefix be and A.-S. lefan, lyfan, to al- low, permit.] To be persuaded of the truth of; to regard as true ; to place confidence in ; to credit. Be-lieve', v. i. 1. To have a firm persuasion, which often approaches to certainty. 2. To think ; to suppose. Be-liev'er, n. One who believes or credits; esp., one who believes in the Scriptures as a revelation from God. Be-like', adv. It is likely ; probably ; perhaps. Be-Kt'tle, v. t. To make little or less in a moral sense ; to lower in character. [American. Rare.] Bell, n. [A.-S. belle, bellan, to bellow, to make a loud noise.] 1. A hollow metallic vessel which gives forth a clear, ringing sound on being struck. 2. Any thing in the form of a bell, as the cup or calyx of a flower. To bear away the bell, to win the prize at a race where the prize was a bell; hence, to be superior in something. — To bear the bell, to be the first or leader, in allusion to the bell-wether of a flock, or the leading horse of a team or drove that wears bells on his collar. — To bell the cat, to encounter and cripple one of a greatly superior force;— a phrase derived from the fable of the mice resolving to put a bell on the cat, to guard them against his attack. Bel'la-don'na, n. [It., prop, fine lady.] Deadly night- shade, formerly employed as a cosmetic. Belle, n. [Fr., from Lat. bellus.] A young lady of supe- rior beauty and much admired. JBelles-lettres (bel-let'ter), n. pi. [Fr.] Polite or ele- gant literature ; the humanities. Bell'-f low-er, n. A genus of plants ; — so named from the shape of the flower, which resembles a little bell. Bell'-f ound'er, n. One who founds or casts bells. Bell'-f ound'er-y , ) n. A place where bells are founded Bell'-f ouiid'ry, ) or cast. Bei'li-eose', a. [Lat. bellicosus.] Disposed to conten- tion; pugnacious. Bel-Kg'er-ent, a. [Lat. bellum, war, and gerens, p. pr. of gerere, to wage.] 1. Waging war. 2. Tending to, or disposed for, war. [on war. Bel-lig'er-ent, n. A nation, power, or state, carrying Bel-lip'o-tent, a. [Lat. bellipotens, from bellum, war, andpotens, powerful, p. pr. of posse, to be able.] Pow- erful or mighty in war. Bell'man, n. ; pi. bell'men. A man who rings a bell, especially to give notice of any thing in the streets ; — formerly a watchman. Bell'-met'al (-nieMi or -me^al), n. An alloy of copper and tin ; — used for making bells, &c. Bel'low, v. i. [A.-S. bellan.'] 1. To make a hollow, loud noise, as a bull. 2. To bawl ; to vociferate ; to clamor ; to roar. Bel'low, n. A loud outcry ; roar ; vociferation. Bel'lows (bel'lus), n. sing. & pi. [A.-S. bselg, bag, belly, bellows, blast-belg, a blast-bag, bellows ; Goth, balgs, a leather bag or bottle. It is allied to Lat. follis. The root is contained in 0. H. Ger. and A.-S. belgan, to swell.] An instrument for propelling air through a tube, for vari- ous purposes. Bel'lows-fish, n. {Ichth.) A kind offish distinguished by a long, tubular snout, like the pipe of a beUows ; — called also trumpet-Jish. BeU'-rlng'er, n. One whose business is to ring a bell. Bei'lu-ine, a. [Lat. belluinus, from bellua, beast.] Per- taining to, or like, a beast ; brutal. Bell'-weth'er, n. A wether or sheep which leads the flock, with a bell on his neck. Bel'ly, n. [A.-S. bsrlg, bsclig. See Bellows.] 1. That part of the body which contains the bowels, or intestines; the abdomen. 2. The part of any thing which resembles the belly in protuberance or cavity. Bel'ly, v. i. To swell and become protuberant. Bel'ly-band, n. A band that encompasses the belly of a horse ; a girth. Be-long' (21), v. i. [imp. & p. p. BELONGED; p. pr. & vb. n. BELONGING.] [Prefix be and 0. Eng. long, v. i., to belong.] 1. To be the property of; to be the concern or proper business of; to appertain. 2. To be a part of, or connected with. 3. To be native to, or to have a legal residence. Be-long'ing, n. That which pertains to one, as a qual- ity or endowment. Be-16ved' (be-lQvd' as a p., be-luv'ed as an a., %0),p.p. or a. Greatly loved; dear to the heart. Be-low', prep, [be and low.] 1. Under in place; be- neath ; not so high. 2. Inferior to in rank, excellence, or dignity. 3. Unworthy of ; unbefitting. Be -low', adv. 1. In a lower place, with respect to any object ; beneath. 2. On the earth, as opposed to the heavens. 3. In hell, or the regions of the dead. 4. In a court of inferior jurisdiction. Syn. — Beneath. — Below is opposed to on high; beneath is opposed to above. A person who is below us at table is not beneath us. Below has not, therefore, like beneath, the sense of unbecoming or unworthy of. We say, beneath (not below) the character of a gentleman, beneath contempt, &c. This dis- tinction 6hould not be overlooked. Belt, n. [A.-S. belt, Lat. balteus.] 1. That which en- girdles a person or thing ; a band or girdle. 2. That which restrains or confines like a girdle, or which resem- bles a girdle. Belt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BELTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BELT- ING.] To encircle as with a belt ; to encompass. Belt'ing, n. 1. The material of which belts are made. 2. Belts taken collectively. Be-lu'ga, n. [Russ. bieluga, prop, signifying white fish, from bielyi, white.] {Ichth.) A fish of the cetaceous order and dolphin family, from 12 to 18 feet in length. Bei/ve-dere', n. [It., lit. a beautiful sight, from bello, bel, beautiful, and vedere, to see.] 1. (It. Arch.) A small structure on the top of an edifice, open to the air on one or more of its sides. 2. A summer-house on an eminence in a park or garden. Be-maze', v. t. To bewilder ; to confuse. Be-mire' v. t. To drag, encumber, or soil, in the mire. Be-moan', v. t. [imp. & p. p. bemoaned ; p. pr. & vb. n. bemoaning.] To express deep grief for by moan- ing ; to lament ; to bewail. Be-mock', v. t. To treat with mockery ; to ridicule. Ben, or Ben'-nut. [Per. & Ar. bahmen, behman, an herb with leaves like ears of corn ; a medicine of two-fold nature; Per. & Ar. baihan, the flower rosa canina.] (Sol.) The seed or fruit of a species of Moringa, from which a valuable oil is extracted. Bench (66), n. [A.-S. bene, Icel. beckr, W. bank.] 1. A long seat. 2. A long table at which mechanics and others work. 3. The seat where judges sit in court. 4. The persons who sit as judges ; the court. Bench'er, n. 1. One of the senior members of a society who have the government of one of the inns of court. 2. An alderman of a corporation. Bench'-mark, n. (Leveling.) One of a number of marks along a line of survey indicating a series of levels at different elevations. Bench'- war'rant, n. (Laiv.) A process issued by a court against a person guilty of some contempt, or in- dicted for some crime. Bend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bended or bent ; p. pr. & vb. n. BENDING.] [A.-S. bendan, a modification of bindan, to bind.] 1. To crook by straining; to curve. 2. To turn out of the direct course to some certain point. 3. Hence, to incline or exercise closely or with interest; to exert ; to apply. 4. To render submissive ; to sub- due. 5. (Naut.) To fasten, as one rope to another; or as a sail to its yard. To bend the brow, to knit the brow; to scowl; to frown. Bend, v. i. 1. To be moved or strained out of a straight line ; to bow. 2. To be inclined with interest, or closely ; to be directed. 3. To bow in prayer, or in submission. Bend, n. 1. A turn or deflection from a straight line or direction; a curve ; an incurvation. 2. (Naut.) A knot by which one rope is fastened to another or to an anchor. 3. (Her.) One of the honorable ordinaries, made by* two lines drawn across from the dexter chief to the sinister base point. 4. ( Leather- Busin ess.) A butt. Bend'a-ble, a. Capable of being bent. Bend'er, n. One who, or that which, bends. Be-neath', or Be-neath', prep. [A.-S. beneodh, bene- odhan, from prefix be and neodhan, downward.] 1. Lower in place, with something directly over or on ; under. 2. (Fig.) Under, as from the effect of pressure. 3. Lower in rank, dignity, or excellence than ; hence, unworthy of; unbecoming. Be-neath', or Be-neath', adv. 1. In a lower place. 2. Below, as opposed to heaven, or to any superior region. Syn. — Below. — Beneath is opposed to above ; below to higher in place or state, as beneath (not below) notice. See Below. 5,e,&c.,ton£, a,«, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son,dr,do, woli BENEDICT 63 BERNARDINE B&n'e-diet, | n. [From Benedick, one of the characters Ben'e-dick, J in Shakespeare's play of " Much Ado About Nothing."] A married man, or a man newly married. [of St. Benedict. Ben'e-di-et'ine, a. Pertaining to the order of monks BSn'e-dlet'Ine, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of an order of monks, known from the color of their dress as Black Friars, established by St. Benedict in the 6th century. Ben/e-dle'tion, n. [Lat. benedictio, from benedicere, benedictus, to speak well of, to bless, from bene, well, and dicer e, to speak.] 1. Act of blessing. 2. Blessing, prayer, or kind wishes uttered in favor of any person or thing ; specifically, the short prayer which closes public worship. Ben'e-fae'tion, n. [Lat. bene/actio, from benefacerc, to do good to one, from bene, well, and facer e, to do.] 1. Act of conferring a benefit. 2. A benefit conferred, especially a charitable donation. Bgn'e-f ae'tor, n. One who confers a benefit. Ben'e-f ae'tress, n. A woman who confers a benefit. Ben'e-fice, n. [Lat. beneficium, from beneficus, benefi- cent, from bene, well, and facere, to do.] 1. Lit., a benefit, advantage, or kindness. 2. (Church of Eng.) An ecclesiastical living; — usually confined to parson* ages, vicarages, and donatives. [preferment. Ben'e-ficed (-fist), a. Possessed of a benefice or church Be-nef 'i-cence, n. The practice of doing good ; active goodness, kindness, or charity. Syn. — Benevolence. — Benevolence is literally well- willing, beneficence is literally well-doing. The former may exist with- out the latter, but beneficence always supposes benevolence. Be-nef i-cent, a. Doing good ; performing acts of kind- ness and charity ; characterized by beneficence. Syn. — Bountiful; liberal; generous; munificent. Be-nef i-cent-ly, adv. In a beneficent manner. Ben'e-fi'cial (-i'lsh'al), a. 1. Conferring benefits ; use- ful; profitable. t£. (Law.) Receiving, or entitled to re- ceive, advantage, use, or benefit. Ben'e-fi'cial-ly (-flsh'al-), adv. In a beneficial or ad- vantageous manner. Ben'e-fi'ci-a-ry (-fish.' i-), a. [L&t.beneficiariics.] Hold- ing some office or valuable possession, in subordination to another. Ben'e-f I'ci-a-ry ( -flshl-), n. 1 . A feudatory or vassal ; hence, one who holds a benefice, and uses its proceeds. 2. One who receives any thing as a gift, or is maintained by charity. Ben'e-fit, n. [Lat. benefactum, from benefacere; See Benefaction.] 1. An act of kindness ; a favor conferred. 2. Whatever contributes to promote pros- perity and personal happiness, or adds value to property. 3. A performance at a theater or elsewhere, the proceeds of which are given to a particular person or object. 4. (Law;.) Benefit of clergy. See Clergy. Syn. — Advantage ; profit; service; use; avail. Ben'e-fit, v. %. [imp. & p. p. benefited ; p. pr. & vb. n. benefiting.] To do good to ; to advantage ; to ad- vance in health or prosperity ; to be useful to. Ben'e-fit, v. i. To gain advantage. He'ne-plaq'i-to. [It., pleasure.] (Mus.) At pleasure. Be-nev'o-lence, n. [Lat. benevolentia.] 1. Disposition to do good; good will; charitableness. 2. An act of kindness. 3. A species of contribution or tax, illegally exacted by arbitrary kings of England. Syn. — Kindness ; benignity ; tenderness. — Kindness and tenderness lean to the side of natural feeling; benevolence is considerate kindness, and often overrules mere impulse; be- nignity is condescending kindness, as the benignity of God. Be-nev'o-lent, a. [Lat. benevolens, from bene, well, and volens, p. pr. of volo, I will, I wish.] Having a dis- position to do good ; possessing love to mankind, and a desire to promote their prosperity and happiness. Syn. — Beneficent ; munificent. — Originally, benevolent meant well-wishing, and beneficent -well-doing ; but now (with a slight tinge of the original sense) they differ in their outward exercise chiefly in degree; a beneficent act being one on a larger scale than a benevolent one, while a munificent act is greater and more imposing than either. Be-nev'o-lent-ly, adv. In a benevolent manner. Ben-gal'- Light (-lTt),n. A kind of firework, producing a steady and vivid blue-colored fire. [gal. Ben-gal'ee, n. The language or dialect spoken in Ben- Be-nlght' (-nit'), v. t. 1. To involve in night or dark- ness. 2. To involve in moral darkness, or ignorance. Be-nign' (be-nin'), a. [Lat. benignus, contr. from benig- enus, from bonus, good, and genus, kind.] 1. Of a kind or gentle disposition. 2. Exhibiting or manifesting kindness, gentleness, favor, &c. 3. Having salutary qualities. Syn. — Kind ; propitious ; favorable ; salutary ; gracious ; wholesome; liberal; generous. Be-nig'nant, a. Kind, gracious ; favorable. Be-nlg'nant-ly, adv. With benignity ; graciously. Be-nig'ni-ty, n. [Lat. benignitas7] 1. Quality of being benign ; condescending kindness ; graciousness. 2. Sa- lubrity ; wholesome quality. Be-nign'ly (-nin'-), adv. Favorably; graciously. Ben'i-gon (bena-zn), n. Blessing; benediction. Ben'shee, n. See Banshee. Bent, imp. & p.p. of bend. See Bend. Bent, n. 1. State of being inclined from a straight line ; flexure ; curvity. 2. Leaning or bias ; propensity ; in- clination ; disposition. 3. Particular direction or ten- dency. Bent, )n. [A.-S. beonet, Ger. binse.] 1. (Bot.) Bent'-grass, j A grass of the genus Agrostis. 2. A stalk of coarse, withered grass. Be-niimb' (-num'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. benumbed ; p. pr. & vb. n. BENUMBING.] [Pref. be and numb, q. v. ; A.-S. benmman, p. benumen, to take away, to stupefy.] To deprive of sensation or sensibility. Ben'zine, n. Same as Benzole. Ben-zo'k, a. [See Benzoin.] Pertaining to, or ob- tained from, benzoin. Ben-zoin', n. [Cf. Per. banast, binasat, banasab, bana- sib, terebinth resin, from ban, wan, terebinth grain, and isab, an excrescence on the body.] A fragrant resinous substance, obtained from a tree of Sumatra, Java, &c. Ben'z51e,n. [Eng. benzoin and Lat. oleum, oil.] (Chem.) An oily substance obtained from bituminous coal, and possessing great solvent powers. Ben'zo-Hne, n. Same as Benzole. Ben'zoyl, J n. [N. Lat. and Ger. benzol, and Gr. vArj, Ben'zule, ) wood, matter.] (Chem.) A compound rad- ical, consisting of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen ; the base of benzoic acid. Be-plas'ter, v. t. To plaster over ; to bedaub. Be-pow'der, v. t. To sprinkle or cover with powder. Be-praige', v. t. To praise greatly or extravagantly. Be-queath', v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEQUEATHED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BEQUEATHING.] [A.-S. becvedhan, from pref. be and cvedhan, to say, to speak ; Goth, qvithan, Eng. quoth.] 1. To give or leave by will ; — said of personal property. 2. To hand down ; to transmit. Syn. — To devise. — Devise is properly used to denote a gift by will of real property. Bequeath is properly applied to a gift by will of a legacy; i. e., of personal property. In popular usage, bequeath is sometimes enlarged so as to embrace devise ; and it is sometimes so construed by courts. Be-queath'er, n. One who bequeaths. Be-quest', n. [From bequeath.] (Law.) Something left by will, appropriately personal property ; a legacy. Be-rate', v. t. To rate, or chide, vehemently ; to scold. Be-reave', v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEREAVED, bereft ; p. pr. & vb. n. BEREAVING.] [be and reave, q. v. ; A.-S. bereaftan.] 1. To make destitute ; to deprive. 2. To take away from. [tion. Be-reave'ment, «. State of being bereaved ; depriva- Be-reav'er, n. One who bereaves. Be-reft', p. p. of bereave. See Bereave. Berg, n. [See Burgh and Borough.] A large mass or mountain of ice. Ber'ga-mot, n. [From the town of Bergamo, in Italy.] 1. (Bot.) A species of orange-tree, having a fruit of fine taste and odor, from the rind of which an essential oil of delicious odor is extracted. 2. The essence or perfume itself. 3. A delicious variety of pear. 4. A variety of snuff perfumed with bergamot. 5. A coarse tapestry. Ber'gan-der, n. [From berg, for burroiv, and gander, a male goose.] (Ornith.) A species of duck said to bur- row and breed in holes under cliffs ; shell-drake. Berg'mas-ter, n. [A.-S. beorg, hill, and Eng. master.] The chief officer among the Derbyshire miners. Berg'meal, n. [Ger. berg, mountain, and mehl, meal.] (Min.) An earthy substance resembling fine flour ; it is composed of the shells of infusoria. Be-rhyme' (-rim'), v. t. To mention in rhyme or verse ; — used in contempt. Ber'Kn, or Ber-lin'. A four-wheeled carriage, like a chariot, invented at Berlin, Prussia. Ber'nar-dme, a. Pertaining to St. Bernard, and the monks of the order. Ber'nar-dine, n. (Eccl.) One of an order of monks named after St. Bernard. food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; exist; linger, link ; this. BERRY 64 BETAKE Ber'ry, n. [A.-S. beria, berie, Goth, basi.] 1. (Bot.) A small pulpy fruit containing seeds scattered throughout it, as the strawberry, currant, &c. 2. One of the eggs of a fish. Ber'ry, v. i. To bear or produce berries. Ber'ry, v. t. To impregnate with eggs or spawn. Bertli (14), »■ [From the root of btar, like birth, nativ- ity. See Birth.] 1. [Naut.) The place where a ship lies when she is at anchor, or at a wharf. 2. A place in a ship to sleep in. 3. Official situation, position, or employment. GeT" To give the land or any object a wide berth, is to keep at a distance from it. Bertli, v. t. 1. To give an anchorage to, or a place to he at. 2. To allot or furnish berths to. [plant. Ber'tram, n. [See Bartram.] Bastard pelhtory, a Ber'yl, n. [Gr. pripvWos, Ar. ballawr, or bilawr, beryl, crystal, Per. bullur, buliir, crystal.] (Ma.) A green or bluish-green mineral of great hardness. It is identical with the emerald, except in color. Ber'"y 1-line, a. Like a beryl. Be-s-erib'ble, v. t. To scribble over. Be-seech/, v. t. [imp. & p. p. besought ,• p. pr. &. vb. n. BESEECHING.] [Pref. be and seek, q. v.] 1. To ask or entreat with urgency. 2. To ask earnestly for. Syn. — To entreat; solicit; implore; supplicate. — Beg sup- poses simply a state of want; to beseech, entreat, and solicit, a state of urgent necessity; to implore and supplicate, a state of overwhelming distress. Be-seecli'er, n. One who beseeches. Be-seecli'ing-ly, adv. In a beseeching manner. Be-seem', v. t. To be fit for, or worthy of; to become ; to befit. Be-set', v. t. [imp. & p. p. BESET; p. pr. & vb. n. be- setting.] [be and set; A.-S. besettan.] 1. To put or place, on, in, or around. 2. To stop up, as a road ; to waylay ; to blockade. 3. To hem in or press on all sides, so that escape is difficult. Syn.— To surround; inclose; environ; besiege; encircle; encompass; embarrass; urge; press. Be-set'ment, n. The state of being beset, as in ice. Be-set'ting, p. a. Habitually attending, or pressing. Be-shrew' (-shru 7 ), v. t. To wish a curse to ; to exe- crate. Be-side', prep, [be and side, by the side.] 1. At the side of. 2. Aside from ; out of the regular course or order ; out of. 3. Over and above ; distinct from. [In this use besides is now more common.] To be beside one's self, to be out of one's wits or senses. Be-side§', j adv. More than that; over and above! Be-side', j moreover ; in addition. tgjf It is now considered an error to use beside as an adverb for besides. Be-side§', prep. Over and above ; separate or distinct from ; in addition to. See Beside, prep. &3~ This word, though radically the same as beside, and a corruption of it, ought not to bo confounded with it; for it is rarely used in the senses explained under beside, except in the third sense. Be-siege', v. t. [imp. & p. p. besieged ; p.pr. & vb. n. besieging.] To beset or surround with armed forces, for the purpose of compelling to surrender. Syn.— To beleaguer; beset; environ; hem in; invest; block tip; encompass. Be-sieg'er, n. One who, or the party that, besieges. Be-slab'ber (collog. be-slob'ber), v. t. To beslaver. Be-slav'er, v. t. To defile with slaver ; to beslabber. Be-slob'ber, } v. t. To soil or smear with snittle run- Be-slub'ber , j ning from the mouth. [ Vulgar.] Be-smear', v. t. [imp. & p.p. besmeared; p. pr. & vb. n. besmearing.] To smear with any viscous, glu- tinous matter. Be-smoke' (20), v. t. 1. To foul with smoke. 2. To harden or dry in smoke. [soot. Be-smut', v. t. To blacken with smut; to foul with Be'gom, n. [A.-S. besma,0. H. Ger. pesamo.] A brush of twigs for sweeping ; a broom. Be-s6rt', v. t. To sort out or arrange in different classes or kinds ; hence, to suit, fit, or become. Be'sot', v. t. To make sottish by drink ; hence, to make dull or stupid. Be-sdt'ted-ly, adv. In a besotted manner. [tion. Be-sot'ted-ness, n. State of being besotted; infatua- Be-s6ught' (be-sawt/), p.p. of beseech. See Beseech. Be-span'gle (-spang'gl), v. t. To adorn with spangles, or with brilliant particles. Be-spat'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bespattered ; p. pr. & vb. n. BESPATTERING.] 1. To soil by spattering ; to sprinkle with water, or with dirt and water. 2. To asperse with calumnj' or reproach. Be-speak', v. t. [imp. bespoke ; p. p. bespoke, be- spoken; p.pr. & vb. n. BESPEAKING.] 1. To speak for, order, or engage, beforehand. 2. To indicate or show beforehand. 3. To speak to ; to address. [Poet.] 4. To betoken ; to show. Be-spew' (-spu'), v. I. To soil or daub with spew. Be-spit', v. t. [imp. bespit ; p. p. BESPIT, BESPIT- ten ; p. pr. & vb. n. bespitting.] To daub or soil with spittle. Be-spoke', imp. & p. p. of bespeak. See Bespeak. Be-spot', v. t. To mark with spots. Be-spread',1'. t. [imp. & p. p. bespread; p.pr. & vb. n. BESPREADING.] To spread or cover over. Be-sprink'le, v. t. [imp. & p. p. besprinkled; p. pr. & vb. n. BESPRINKLING.] To sprinkle over; to scatter over. Best, a. superl. [A.-S. besta, best, contracted from betest, betst, Goth, batista. This word has no connection in origin with good. See BETTER.] 1. Having good qual- ities in the highest degree; most good. 2. Most ad- vanced ; most correct or complete. Best, n. Utmost ; highest endeavor. At best, in the utmost degree or extent applicable to the case. — To make the best of, to permit the least possible in- convenience. Best, adv. 1. In the highest degree ; beyond all other. 2. To the most advantage ; with the most success, profit, ease, benefit, or propriety. 3. Most intimately or par- ticularly ; most correctly. Be-stain', v. t. To mark with stains ; to discolor. Be-stead', v. t. [imp. & p. p. bestead.] To be in the stead or place of; hence, to place, dispose, or cir- cumstance, as to condition, convenience, benefit, and the like ; to assist ; to serve. Bes'tial(btst / yal), a. [Lat. bestialis, from bestia, beast.] 1. Belonging to a beast, or to the class of beasts. 2. Having the qualities of a beast ; below the dignity of reason or humanity. Syn. — Brutish; beastly; brutal; carnal; vile; low; depraved; sensual. Bes-tial'i-ty (best-yaP-), n. 1. The quality of a beast ; brutism. 2. Unnatural connection with a beast. Bes'tial-Ize, v. t. To make bestial, or like a beast. Bes'tial-ly, adv. In a bestial manner. Be-stick', v. t. [imp. & p. p. bestuck ; p.pr. k, vb. n. besticking.J To stick over, as with sharp points. Be-stir', v. t. [imp. & p. p. bestirred ; p. pr. & vb. n. BESTIRRING.] To put into brisk or vigorous action. Be-stow', v. t. [imp. & p.p. BESTOWED ;p.pr. & vb. n. bestowing.] [be and stow, a place. See Stow.] 1. To lay up in store ; to deposit for safe keeping. 2. To make use of ; to apply. 3. To give, confer, or impart. Be-stow'al, n. Act of bestowing; disposal. Be-stow'er, n. One who bestows. Be-stow'ment, «. 1. The act of bestowing; bestowal. 2. That which is bestowed ; donation. Be-strad'dle, v. t. To bestride. Be-strauglit' (-strawf), a. [Prefix be and slravght, prop. p. p. of stretch; but stravght is used here for dis- traught, distracted, so that bestravght is equiv. to bedis- traught, bedistracted.] Out of one's senses; distracted; mad ; crazy ; demented. Be-strew' (-stru 7 or -stro'), v. t. [imp. BESTREWED ; p. p. BESTREWED, BESTROWN ; p. pr. & vb. n. BE- STREWING.] To scatter over ; to besprinkle ; to strow. Be-strlde', v. t. [imp. bestrid or bestrode ; p.p. BESTRID, BESTRIDDEN ; p. pr. & vb. n. BESTRID- ING.] To stride over; to stand or sit with anything between the legs, or with the legs extended across. Be-strode', imp. of bestride. See Bestride. Be-strown', p. pr. of bestrew. See Bestrew. Be-stuck', imp. & p. p. of bestick. See BESTICK. Be-stild', v. t. To set or adorn with studs. Bet, n. [A.-S. bad, pledge, stake, badian, to pledge, pawn, wed, pledge, weddian, to promise ; Goth, vidan, to bind.] That which is staked, or pledged, in a contest, to be won either by the victorious party himself or by another person in consequence of his victory ; a wager. Bet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. betted ; p pr. & vb. n. BET- TING.] To stake or pledge upon the event of a contest; to wager. Be-take', v. t. [imp. betook ; p. p. betaken (be- tak'n); p. pr. & vb. n. betaking.] To have recouree to ; to apply ; to resort. a.ej&c.jfongv a, 6, &c. lS hort; c 4re, f iir, ask. all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm, son, or, do wolf, BETEEM 65 BIAS Be-teem', t». i. To allow ; to permit ; to suffer. [Obs.] Be'tel (bS'tl), n. [Malabar, beetla-codi, Skr. & Malay, patra, Malabar leaf, from its growing in Malabar.] (Bot.) A species of pepper, the leaves of which are chewed by the inhabitants of the East Indies. Be'tel-mit (bS'tl-), n. The nut of the areca palm, chewed in the East with betel leaves (whence its name) and lime. BStli'el, n. [Ileb. beth-el, house of God.] 1. A chapel for dissenters. [Eng.] 'Z. A house of worship for sea- men. [Amer.] Be-think', v. t. [imp. & p. p. bethought ; p. pr. & vb. ft. bethinking.] To call to mind ; to recall. Syn. — To recollect; remember; reflect. Be-thought' (-thawt'), imp. & p.p. of bethink, q. v. Be-tlcle', v. t. [imp. betid or betided ; p. p. BETID ; p. pr. & vb. n. BETIDING.] [be and tide; A.-S. tidan, to happen.] To happen to ; to befall ; to come to. Be-tide', v. i. To come to pass ; to happen. Be-tlme', \adv. [be and time; that is, by the proper Be-time§', j time.] 1. In good season or time ; sea- sonably. 2. In a short time ; soon. Be-to'ken (-to'kn), v. t. [imp. &>p.p. betokened; p. pr. & vb. n. BETOKENING.] 1. To signify by some visible object. 2. To foreshow by present signs. Syn. — To presage ; portend; indicate; mark; note. Bet'o-ny, ft. [Lat. betonica, vettonica.] A plant used to dye wool of a fine dark-yellow color. Be-tobiv', imp. of betake. See Betake. Be-tray', v. t. [imp. & p. p. betrayed ; p. pr. & vb. n. BETRAYING.] [From be and 0. Fr. tra'ir, trahir, from Lat. tradere, to give up, from trans, over, and dare, to give.] 1. To give up treacherously or faithlessly. 2. To violate the confidence of; to deceive by treachery. 3. To disclose or discover, as something intended to be kept secret, or which prudence would conceal. 4. To mislead, or expose to inconvenience not foreseen. 5. To show or to indicate. 6. To fail in respect to reliance placed in or upon. Be-tray'al (be-trn'al), n. Act of betraying. Be-tray'er, n. One who betrays ; a traitor. Be-troth', v. t. [be and troth, i. e., truth, q. v.] 1. To contract to any one, in order to a future marriage ; to af- fiance. 2. To contract with for a future spouse ; to es- pouse. 3. To nominate to a bishopric, in order to conse- cration. Be-troih'al, ft. Act of betrothing; betrothment. Be-trotli'meiit, ft. A mutual engagement between two parties for a future marriage between the persons be- trothed ; espousals ; betrothal. Bet'ter, a.; compar. of good. [A.-S., bett, bet, betera, betre ; Goth, baiiza, from bats, good, akin to Skr. bhadra, glad.] 1. Having good qualities in a greater degree than another. 2. Preferable in regard to rank, value, use, fitness, acceptableness, safety, or in any other respect. 3. Improved in health. To be better off, to be in a better condition. Bet'ter, ft. 1. Advantage, superiority, or victory. 2. Improvement ; greater excellence. 3. One who has a claim to precedence ; a superior ; — usually in the pi. Bet'ter, adv. ; compar. of -well. 1. In a superior or more excellent manner. 2. More correctly. 3. In a higher or greater degree ; more. Bet'ter, v. t. [imp. & p.p. BETTERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. bettering.] To increase the good qualities of. Syn.— To improve; meliorate; mend; amend; correct; emend; reform; rectify; advance; promote. Bet'ter, n. One who bets ; a bettor. Bet'ter-ment, n. 1. A making better; improvement. 2. (Law.) An improvement of an estate which renders it better than mere repairing ; — generally in the pi. Bet'tor, ft. One who bets. B5t'ty, n. [Probably a cant word, from Betty, for Eliza- beth.] A short bar used by thieves to wrench doors open. Be-tween', prep. [From pref. be, equiv. to Eng. by, and twain, two.] 1. In the intermediate space of, without regard to distance ; betwixt. 2. From one to another of. 3. Belonging in common, or in partnership to two of; shared by two or both of. 4. With relation to two, as involved in an act or attribute of which another is the agent or subject. 5. In intermediate relation to, in re- spect to time, quantity, or degree. Syn. — Among. — Between applies properly to only two parties; as, a quarrel between two men, two nations. Among always supposes more than two. It is, therefore, a gross blunder to bpeak of dividing a thing among two persons. Be-tween'-deeks, ft. (Naut.) The open space between two decks of a ship. ~Be-twix.t f ,prep. [From pref. be and twyg, twy, tweo, twe, two.] 1. In the intermediate space of; 2. From one to another of. Bev'el, ft. [Fr. beveau, Sp. baivel.] 1. A slant of a surface at an angle greater or less than a right angle. 2. An instru- ment for adjusting the surfaces of work to the same inclination. Bev'el, a. Having the form of a bevel -,^= slanting. Bevel. A bevel angle, any angle other than one of 45° or 00°. Bev'el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. beveled ; p. pr. & vb. n. BEVELING.] To cut to a bevel angle. Bev'el, v. i. To slant or incline off to a bevel angle, or from a direct line. Bev'er-age, n. [From Lat. bibere, to drink, Low Lat. beveragium. See Beaver.] Liquor for drinking. Bev'y, ft. [Prob. from Arm. beva, life, to five, to be alive, bev, living, W. bywyd, life, byw, to live, alive, so that the orig. meaning is life, a life, living, lively beings.] 1. A nock of birds, especially quails. 2. A company; an assembly or collection of persons, especially ladies. Be-wail', v. t. [imp. & p. p. bewailed; p. pr. & vb. ft. BEWAILING.] To express deep sorrow for, as by wailing ; to grieve for ; to mourn ; to iament. Be-wail', v.i. To express grief or sorrow. Be-ware', v. i. [be and ware. See Ware, Wary.] To restrain or guard one's self; hence, to be cautious; to take care ; to take heed. H@~ This wc, d is now never used except in the imperative mode. Be-wil'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bewildered ; p. pr. & vb. n. BEWILDERING.] [be and wild.] To lead into perplexity or confusion ; to confound for want of a plain road. Syn. — To perplex; puzzle; entangle; confuse; lead astray. Be-wil'der-ment, ft. State of being bewildered. Be-witch' , v. t. [imp. & p. p. bewitched (108); p. pr. & vb. n. BEWITCHING.] 1. To gain an ascendency over by charms or incantation ; to affect by witchcraft or sorcery. 2. To charm or fascinate ; to please to such a degree as to take away the power of resistance. Be-wltcli'er-y, n. The resistless power of any thing that pleases ; charm ; fascination. Be-witch/ing-ly, adv. In a manner to bewitch. Be-witch'ing-ness, n. Quality of being bewitching. Be-witch'ment, n. Power of charming ; fascination. Be-wray' (-ra/), v. t. [imp. & p. p. bewrayed ; p.pr. & vb. ft. BEWRAYING.] [Pref. be and A.-S. ivregean, wre- gan, to accuse, to betray.] To disclose perfidiously; to betray. Bey (ba), n. A governor of a town or particular district of country in the Turkish dominions ; also, in some places, a prince ; — the same as beg. See Beg. Be-yond', prep. [A.-S. begeond, from pref. be and ge- ond, yond, yonder, Goth, jaind.] 1. On the further side of. 2. Before, in place, or time. 3. Out of reach of ; further than ; past. 4. In a degree exceeding or surpassing; above, as in dignity, excellence, or quality of any kind. Be-yond', adv. At a distance ; yonder. Be-zant'ler, ft. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. antler.] The second antler of a stag. Bez'el, ft. [Cf. Chald. bezal, limits, confines.] The part of a ring which encompasses and fastens the stone. Be'zoar, ft. [Per. bad-zahr, from bad, wind, and zahr poison; i.e., that which, like the wind, drives away poison.] A calculous concretion found in the stomach of certain ruminant animals. Bezoar mineral, an oxide of antimony. Bi'as, ft. [Fr. biais, N. Catalan, biax, slope. Cf. Arm. bihais, bihays, beskel, oblique fine, bias.] 1. A weight on the side of a bowl which turns it from a straight line. 2. A leaning of the mind ; propensity toward an object. 3. A wedge-shaped piece of cloth taken out of a garment to diminish its circumference. Syn. — Bent; prejudice: prepossession; inclination. Bi'as, adv. In a slanting manner ; crosswise ; athwart : diagonally. Bi'as, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BIASED (bl'ast) ; p. pr. & vb. n. biasing.] To incline to one side ; to give a particu- lar direction to ; to prejudice ; to prepossess. food, foot urn, rude, pull 5 cell, chaise, call, eeho ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link •, tids. BIAXAL 66 BIG Bi-ax'al, \ a. [From Lat. bis, twice, and axis.] ( Opt.) Bi-ax'i-al, j Having two axes. Bib, n. [Frorn Lat. fci&ere, to drink, because it receives the drink that tne child slavers from the mouth.] A small piece of cloth worn by children over the breast. Bi-ba/cious, a. [Lat. bibax, from bibere, to drink.] Addicted to drinking. Bi-ba'fei-e, a- (Chem.) Capable of combining with two parts or equivalents of a base; or containing two equiv- alents of a base to one equivalent of acid. Bib'ber, n. A. man given to drinking ; a tippler. Bi'ble, n. [Lat. biblia, Gr. j8t/?Aia, pi. of /?i/?Ai'ov, dimin. of Pifikos, book.] The Book, by way of emi- nence ; the volume that contains the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments, [writings. Bib'li-eal, a. Pertaining to the Bible, or to the sacred Bib liog'ra-pher, n. [Gr. fitfkLoypafas, fr. /?i/?Aiov, book, and ypa ety, to write.] One who is versed in bib- liography, or literary history. Bib'li-o-gr&ph'ie, { a. Pertaining to bibliography, Blb'li-o-graph'i-e-al, ) or the history of books. Bib li-o-graph'ie-al-ly, adv. In a bibliographical manner. BiVli-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. 0tpki.oypaLa.'] A history or description of books and manuscripts. Bib li-61'a-try, n. [Gr. (itpkiov and karpeia, service, worship.] Homage paid to books, especially to the Bible ; or a belief in the verbal inspiration of the Bible. Bib'Ii-o-mancy, n. [Gr. (ii0kiov and navreia, divin- ation.] Divination performed by selecting passages of Scripture at hazard. Blb'li-o-ma/ni-a, n. [Gr. Qi&klov and p-avia., mad- ness.] A rage for possessing rare and curious books. Bib'li-o-ma'ni-a-e, n. One who has a rage for books. Bib'li-o-ma-nl'a-e-al, a. Pertaining to a passion for books, especially such as are curious and rare. Bib'li-o-pliile, n. [From Gr. ^i^kiov and (fikelv, to love.] One who loves books. Bib'li-o-plio'bi-a, n. [From Gr. pt-Pkiou and <£>o/?ei- o-Qai, to fear.] A dread of books. Bib'li-op'o-list, ) n. [Gr. /ji^AiottqSA?}?, from fiifikiov Blb'li-o-pole', J and n-coAeiV, to sell.] A bookseller. Bib'li-o-the'-eal, a. [Lat. bibliother.alis,fc.Gx.pi^kio- Orjicyi, library, from ftt.(3kiov, book, and 0*?k?j, case, box.] Belonging to a library. BIb'list, n. [See Bible.] 1. One who makes the Scriptures the sole rule of faith. 2. A biblical scholar. Bib'li-loiis, a. [Lat. bibulus, from bibere, to drink.] Having the quality of imbibing fluids or moisture ; spongy ; porous. Bl-eap'sn-lar, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. capsular, q. v.] (Bot.) Having two capsules, containing seeds, to each flower. Bi-earTbo-nate, n. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. carbo- nate, q. v.] ( Chem.) A carbonate containing two equiva- lents of carbonic acid to one of base. Bice, ) n. [Fr. & Pr. 6/5, It. bigio, light-gray, tawny.] Blse, j (Paint.) A pale blue color, prepared from the native blue carbonate of copper, or from smalt. BI-ceph'a-loiis, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Gr. /cecf>aAr? head.] Having two heads. Bi-eliro'mate, a. [See Chromate.] (Chem.) Hav- ing two parts of chromic acid to one of the other in- gredients. Bi-cip'i-tal, )a. [Lat. bicers bicipitis ; bis, twice, and Bi-fip'i-tous, j caput, heau.J 1. Having two heads ; double-headed. 2. (Anat.) Having two heads or ori- gins, as a muscle. 3. (Bot.) Dividing into two parts. Biek'er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BICKERED ; p. pr. & cib. n. BICKERING.] [W. bicra; bicre, conflict, skirmish.] 2. To skirmish. [Obs.] 2. Especially, to contend in words or petulant altercation. 3. To move quickly ; to be tremulous, like flame or water. Syn. — To quarrel; scold; wrangle; contend; quiver. Bick'er-er, n. One who bickers. BI~eol'or, ) a. [Lat. bi color ; bis, twice, and color, Bi-eol'ored, i color.] Of two colors. Bi'-eorn, ~\ a. [Lat. bicornis, from bis, twice, and Bi'-cdrnrd, > cornu, horn.] Having two horns or Bi-e6r'nous, ) antlers ; crescent-like. Bl-cdr'po-ral, a. Having two bodies. Bi-eor'po-rate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and corpus, body.] (Her.) Double-bodied. Bl-crii/ral, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. crural, q. v Having two legs. Bi-eus'pid, ) a. [Lat. bis, twice, and cuspis, point, Bl-eiis'pid-ate, ) cuspidatus, pointed.] Having two points. Bid, v. t. [imp. bib or bade; p. p. bid, bidden; p. pr. & vb. n. BIDDING.] [A.-S. biddan, Ger. bitten, to pray, ask, request; A.-S. beodan, to offer, to com- mand, Goth, biuaan, Ger. bieten, to command, bid.] 1. To offer ; specifically, to offer to pay, as for a thing put up at auction. 2. To declare, as a wish, a greeting, a threat, or defiance, and the like. 3. To order; to di- rect ; to command. 4. To invite ; to request to come. To bid fair, to offer a good prospect; to make fair promise. Bid, n. An offer of a price, especially at auctions. Bid'der, n. One who bids or offers a price. Bid'der-y=ware, n. A kind of metallic ware made at Biddery in Hindostan, composed of copper, lead, tin, and spelter. Bid'dy, n. 1. A domestic fowl; a chicken. [Colloq.] Si. [A diminutive form of Bridget.] A domestic, or ser- vant-girl. [ Colloq.] Bide, v. i. [A.-S. bidan, Goth, beidan.] To dwell per- manently ; to inhabit. Bide, v. t. 1. To endure ; to suffer. Si. To wait for. Bi-den'tal, a. Having two teeth. Bi-den'tate, a. Having two teeth or tooth -like processes. Bi-det' (bl-det/ or bl-da/), n. [Cf. Gael, bideach, very little, diminutive, bidein^a, diminutive animal, W. bidan, a weakly or sorry wretch.] 1. A small horse. Si. An article of bedroom furniture, used in washing the body. Bl-en/ni-al, a. [Lat. biennalis and biennis; biennium, a space of two years ; bis, twice, and annus, year.] 1. Happening, or taking place, once in two years. Si. (Bot.) Continuing for two jears, and then perishing, as certain plants. Bi-en'ni-al, n. (Bot.) A plant that lasts for two years, and then perishes. Bi-en'ni-al-ly, adv. Once in two years ; at the return of two years. Bier, n. [From the same root as to bear.] A frame of wood for conveying the dead to the grave. Biest'ingg, n. pi. [A.-S. beost, byst, or bysting.] The first milk given by a cow after calving. [Written also beestings.] Bi-fa'cial, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and fades, face.] Hav- ing the opposite surfaces alike. Bi-f a'ri-oiis, a. [Lat. bifarius, from bis, twice, and/an, to speak or say.] 1. Twofold; in two rows. 2. (Bot.) Pointing two ways. Bi-f a/ri-oiis-ly, adv. In a bifarious manner. Blf'er-oiis, a. [Lat. bifer, from bis, twice, and/erre to bear.] Bearing fruit twice a year. Biffin, n. 1. A sort of apple peculiar to Norfolk, Eng. [Sometimes called beaufin ; but properly beefin (it is said), from its resemblance to raw beef.] 2. A baked apple crushed down into a flat, round cake. Bi'fid, \ a. [Lat. bifidus, fr. bis, twice, and findere, Bif 'id-ate, j perf. tense fidi, to cleave or split.] (Bot.) Two-cleft ; opening with a cleft. Bif'i-lar, a. [Lat. bis, twice, snadfilum, thread.] Two- threaded ; involving the use of two threads. Bi-flo'rate, la. [Lat. bis, twice, and ftos, flower, fio- Bi-flo'roiis, ) rere, to bloom.] (Bot.) Bearing two flowers. Bi-fo'li-ate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. foliate.] (Bot.) Having two leaves. Bl-fo'li-o-late, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and folium, leaf.] (Bot.) Having two leaflets, as some compound leaves. Bi-fo'rate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and foratus, p. p. of fo- rare, to bore or pierce.] (Bot.) Having two perforations. Bi'f 6rm, ) a. [Lat. biformis, from bis, twice, and Bl'fdrmed, ! forma, shape.] Having two forms, bod- ies, or shapes. Bi-f 6rm/i-ty, n. A double form. Bi-front'ed (-fr unfed), a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. fronted.] Having two fronts. Bi-ffir'eate, la. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. furcate, Bi-fi\r'-ea-ted, j furcated.] Forked ; divided into two branches. [branches. Bi-fur-ea'tion, n. A forking, or division into two Bi'fur'-etmr, a. [Lat. bifurcus, from bis, twice, and furca, fork.] (Bot.) Two-forked. Big, a. [Oontr. from W. beichiog, beichiaivg, burdened, with child, from baich, burden.] 1. Having largeness of size, bulk, or magnitude. 2. Great with young; preg- nant; hence, figuratively, pregnant as with something a,,e,&,c.,long; a,6,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; sdn,6r,do,W9lf, BIGAMIST 67 BILLOW portentous; ready to produce. 3. Having greatness, fullness, importance, inflation, distension, &c, whether in a good or bad sense. Syn. — Bulky; large; great; proud; arrogant. Big'a-mist, n. One who has committed bigamy, or has two wives or husbands at once. BIg'a-my, n. (Law.) The crime of having two wives or husbands at once. Bi-gem'i-nate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and geminatus, p. p. of geminare, to double.] (Bot.) Having a forked petiole, with several leaflets at the end of each division ; — said of a decompound leaf. Big'gin, n. 1. [Fr. bcguin, probably from the cap worn by the nuns called Beguines.] A child's cap or hood, or something worn about the head. 2. [0. Eng. bigging, from big, to build.] A building. [Obs.] 3. [See Pig-gin.] A small wooden vessel. 4. A contriv- ance for holding coffee-grounds (being a small bag or a metallic vessel minutely perforated at the bottom) through which boiling water is poured. Bight (bit), n. [From Goth, biugan, to bend, A.-S. bugan, Cf. A-S. byge, bige, a bending, corner, bay.] 1. ( Geog.) A bend in the sea-coast forming an open bay. 2. (Naut.) The double part of a rope when folded ; a round, bend, or coil any where except at the ends. Big'ness, n. Quality of being big, esp. in the literal sense. Big'ot, n. [Fr. bigot, a bigot or hypocrite, a name origi- nally given to the Normans in France. From the ex- clamation, " Ne se, Bigot : ' (Not so, by God) made use of by the Norman Duke Rollo, on a certain oc- casion. Cf. Sp. bigote, a whisker ; hombre de bigote, a man of spirit and vigor ; It. s-bigottire, to terrify, appall. Wedgwood suggests that bigot is from Beghard, or Be- guard, one of a class of monks, noted for the strictness of their principles.] One obstinately and unreasonably wedded to a particular religious creed, opinion, practice, or ritual. Big'ot-ed, a. Obstinately and unreasonably devoted to a system or party, and illiberal toward the opinions of others. [ciously. BIg'ot-ed-ly, adv. In the manner of a bigot ; pertina- Big'ot-ry, n. 1. Perverse or blind attachment to a particular creed, or to certain tenets ; excessive preju- dice. 2. The practice or tenet of a bigot. Big'- wig, n. A person of consequence. [Cant.] Hijou (be'zhJb'), n. ; pi. BIJOUX (be'zhob'.) [Fr., prob- ably from Arm. bizou, ring, from biz, finger.] A trinket, or a little box ; a jewel. Bi-jou'try (be-zhob'try), n. [Fr. bijouterie.] Small articles of vertu, such as jewelry, trinkets, &c. Bl-ju'gate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and jugatus, p. p. of ju- gare, to join.] (Bot.) Having two pairs, as of leaflets. BIj'u-gous, or Bi-ju'gous, a. (Bot.) Bijugate. Bi-la'M-ate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. labiate, q. v.] (Bot.) Having two lips, as the corols of flowers. Bi-lam'el-late, ) a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. Bi-l&m'el-la'ted, J lamellate, q. v.] (Bot.) Formed of two plates. Bi-lat'er-al, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. lateral.] Having two sides ; pertaining to the two sides of a central organ or axis. Bi-lat'er-al'i-ty, n. State or quality of being bilateral. Bil1>er-ry, n. [Corrupted from blueberry.] (Bot.) (a.) A shrub of the whortleberry family, (b.) The fruit or berry, which has a bluecolor. Bil1>o, n. ; pi. bil/boe§. [From Bilboa, in Spain, where they were fabricated.] 1. A long bar or bolt of iron with a shackle sliding on it, and a lock at the end ; used to confine the feet of prisoners, 2. A rapier. Bile, n. [Lat. bills.] A j'ellow, greenish, bitter, viscid, nauseous fluid secreted by the liver. Bilge, n. [A different orthography of bulge, q. v.] 1. The protuberant part of a cask. 2. (Naut.) The broadest and flattest part of a ship's bottom. Bilge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BILGED; p. pr. & vb. n. BILGING.] (Naut.) To suffer a fracture in the bilge ; to spring a leak by a fracture in the bilge. B51ge'- wa/ter, n. (Naut.) Water which enters a ship, and lies upon her bilge or bottom. Bilg'y, a. Having the smell, &c, of bilge-water. Bil'ia-ry (bihya-ry), a. (Med.) Pertaining to the bile : conveying the bile. Bi-lixi'gual, ) a. [Lat. bilinguis, from 5/5, twice, and Bi-lin'guar, ) lingua, tongue, language.] Containing two languages. [languages. Bi-lira/guoiis, a. Having two tongues, or speaking two Bil'ioiis (bihyus), a. [Lat. biliosus, from bilis, the bile.] Pertaining to the bile ; disordered in respect to the bile] dependent on an excess of bile. Bi-Kt'er-al, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and litera, letter.J Consisting of two letters. Bilk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bilked ; p. pr. & vb. n. bilk- ing.] [Cf. Goth, bilaikan, to mock or deride ; pref. bi, equiv. to be, q. v., and laikan, to leap or exult. Bilk in 0. Eng. signifies nothing.] To disappoint, deceive, or defraud, by non-fulfillment of engagement. Bill, n. [A.-S. bile, beak, proboscis, Ir. & Gael, bil, bile, mouth, lip, bird's bill.] 1. The beak of a fowl. 2. The note of a bird. Bill, n. [A.-S. bill, bil; Skr. bhil, to split, 0. H. Ger. billon.] 1. A hook-shaped cutting instrument, fitted with a handle, like a hatchet. 2. An ancient kind of battle-ax, consisting of a broad, hook-shaped blade, having a short pike at the beak and another at the summit, and attached to the end of a long staff. 3. A pickax, or mattock. 4. (Naut.) The point of the fluke of an anchor. Bill, n. [Lat. bulla, any thing rounded, L. Lat., seal, stamp, letter, edict, roll.] 1. (Law) (a.) A written declaration of some wrong suffered, or of some fault committed by another against a law. (b.) In England an obligation given for money under the hand, and sometimes the seal, of the debtor, without a condition or forfeiture for non-payment. EgT" In the United Stales, it is usually called a note, a note of hand, or a. promissory note. (c.) A proposed or projected law. 2. An advertisement posted in some public place. 3. An account of goods sold or delivered, or services rendered, with the price an- nexed to each article. 4. Any paper, containing a statement of particulars. Bill of credit, (a.) within the constitution of the United States, a paper issued by a state, on the mere faith and credit of the state, and designed to circulate as money. (6.) Among merchants, a letter sent by an agent or other person to a mer- chant, desiring him to give credit to the bearer for soods or money. — Bill of entry, a written account of goods entered at the custom-house. -B ill of exchange {Com.), a written order or request from one person to another, desiring the latter to pay to some person designated a specified sum of money. It is frequently called a draft. — Bill of health, a certificate from the proper authorities as to the state of health of a ship's company, at the time ot her leaving port. — Bill of lading. a written account of goods shipped, signed by the master of the vessel. — Bills oj pains awl penulties, a legislative act inflicting a punishment less than death on persons supposed to be guilty of treason or felony, without any conviction in the ordinary course of judicial proceedings. — Bill of sale, a formal instrument for the conveyance or transfer of goods and chattels. — Bill of sight, a form of entry at the cus- tom-house, by which good's may be provisionally landed for examination. Bill, v. i. [From bill, a beak.] To join bills, as doves ; to caress in fondness. Bill'-lbobk, n. A book in which a person keeps an account of his notes, bills, bills of exchange, and the like. [bills. BHl'-1bro / ker, n. One who negotiates the discount of Bil'let, n. [Fr. billet, dim. of Fr. & Norm. Fr. bille. See BILL, a writing.] 1. A small paper or note in writing, or a short letter. 2. A ticket from a public officer directing soldiers at what house to lodge. Bil'let, n. [Fr. billot, block, from bille, log, a ball made of bone. Cf. Bill, a writing.] 1. A small stick of wood. 2. (Arch.) An ornament in Norman work, re- sembling a billet of wood. Bil'let, v. t. limp. &,p. p. billeted ; p. pr. & vb. n. BILLETING.] [From b illet, a ticket.] (Mil.) To direct, by a ticket or note, where to lodge. Hence, to quarter, as soldiers in private houses. Billet-doux (MMe-dob'), n. [Fr. billet, note, anddoux, sweet.] A love-note or letter. Bill'-hobk:, n. A small hatchet with curved edge. Bill'iard (-yard), a. Pertaining to the game of billiards. Bill'iard§, n. pi. [Fr. billard, from bille, ball.] A game played withjvory balls, on a rectangular table. Bil'iingg-gate, n. [From a fish-market of this name in London, celebrated for foul language.] Foul or profane language ; ribaldry. Bill'ion (bihyun), n. [From Lat. bis, twice, and L. Lat. millis,'FY. million, a million.] According to the French method of numeration, a thousand millions, or 1,000,- 000,000 ; according to the English method, a million of millions, or 1,000,000,000,000. See Numeration. Bill'man, n. ; pi. BILL'MEN. One who uses a bill or hooked ax. Bil'low, n. [Ger. bulge, from the root belgen, to swell.] food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link; this. BILLOWY 68 BIRTH A great wave or surge of the sea, occasioned usually by violent wind. Bil'low-y, a. Swelling, or swelled into large waves. Bill'- stick' er, n. One who posts up bills, or placards, in public places. Bil'ly, n. A watchman's club. [ Cant.] Bi'lobed, ) a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. lobed, lobate, Bl-lo'bate,} q. v.] (Bot.) Divided into two lobes. Bl-lde'n-lar, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and locvlus, a little place, dim. of locus, place.] (Bot.) Divided into, or containing, two cells. Bi-ma/noiis, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and manus, hand.] ( Zobl. ) Having two hands. Bi-me'di-al, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. medial, q. v.] (Geom.) When two lines commensurable only in power (as the side and diagonal of a square) are added together, and the sum is incommensurable in respect to either, the sum is called by Euclid a bimedial line. Bi-men'sal, J a [Lat M ^ twice> and Eng- menm l, J5i-mes t"" al - \ q. v.] Occurring once in two months. Bin, n. [A.-S. binn, manger, crib, W. benn, men, wain, cart.] A box or inclosed place, used as a repository of any commodity. Bi'na-ry, a. [Lat. binarius, from bini, two by two, two and two.] Compounded of two ; double. Binary arithmetic, that in which two figures only, and 1, are used, in lieu of ten. — Binary compound (Chem.), a com- pound of two elements. Bi'nate, a. [N. Lat. binatus, from Lat. bini, two and two.] (Bot.) Being double or in couples; growing in pairs. Bind, v. t. [imp. BOUND ; p. p. BOUND, formerly BOUNDEN; p. pr. & vb. n. BINDING.] [A.-S. bindan, Goth, bindan, Skr. bandh.] 1. To tie together, or con- fine with a cord, band, ligature, chain, &c. 2. In a more general sense, to confine, restrain, or hold by physical force or influence of any kind. 3. To prevent or restrain from customary or natural action. 4. To protect or strengthen by a band or border. 5. To sew or fasten together, and inclose in a cover. 6. To place under legal obligation to serve. To bind over, to oblige by bond to appear at a court. — To bind up in, to cause to be wholly engrossed with. Bind, v. i. 1. To contract ; to grow hard or stiff. 2. To be restrained from motion, or from customary or natural action. 3. To be obligatory. Bind, n. A stalk of hops, so called from its winding round a pole or tree, or being bound to it. Bind'er, n. 1. A person who binds; one whose trade is to bind, as books. 2. Any thing that binds ; abandage. Bind'er-y, n. A place where books or other articles are bound. [An Americanism] Bind'ing, a. Having power to bind or oblige ; obligatory. Bind'ing, n. 1. Act of fastening with a band. 2. Any thing that binds, as a bandage, the cover of a book, or something used to secure the edge of cloth from rav- eling. BInd'-weed, n. (Bot.) A plant of differ- ent species, of the genus Convolvulus. Bin'na-ele, n. [For bittacle, corrupt, from Fr. habitacle, habitation ; Lat. habitacu- lum, from habitare, to dwell.] (Naut.) A box containing the compass of a ship, and a light to show it at night. Bin'o-ele (bln'o-kl), n. [Lat. bini, two and two, and oculus, eye.] (Opt.) A telescope, fitted with two tubes joining. Bi-noe'u-lar, a. 1. naving two eyes. 2. With, or per- taining to, both eyes. 3. Adapted to the use of both eyes. Bi-no-e'u-late, a. Having two eyes. Bi-no'mi-al, n. [Lat. bis, twice, and nomen, name.] (Alg.) An expression consisting of two terms connected by the sign plus or minus ; as, a -\- b, or 7 — 3. Bi-no'mi-al, a. Consisting of two terms ; — pertaining to binomials. Bi-og'ra-pher, n. [See Biography.] One who writes the life of a particular person. Bi'0-gra.ph'ie, ) a. Pertaining to, or containing Bi'o-graph'ie al, i biography. [laphy. Bi'o-graph'ie-al-ly, adv. In the manner of a biog- BI 6g'ra phy, n. [Gr. / <.'os, life, and ypd^eiv, to write.] J . The history of the life and character of a particular person. 2. Biographical writings in general. Bi'o-log'ie-al, a. Pertaining to biology. Binnacle. BI-51'o-gy, n. [Gr. /?i'o?, life, and Adyos, discourse.] The science of life ; — often applied to a theory based on the assumption that there is a life-force, which obeys laws analogous to those of magnetism , and through which one individual may, under certain conditions, control the mental states and actions of another. Bi-pa'rous, or Bip'a-roiis, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and par ere, to bring forth.] Bringing forth two at a birth. Bi-par'ti-ble, I a. [Lat. bis, twice, and parti bi 'lis, par- BI -par 'tile, j tilts, divisible.] Capable of being di- vided into two parts. Bi-par'tite, or Bip'ar-tlte, a. [Lat. bipartitvs, p. p. of bipartite, from bis, twice, and partire, to divide.] 1. Having two correspondent parts, as a legai contract, one for each party. 2. Divided into two parts, as a leaf. Bi'par-ti'tion (-tlsh'un), n. Act of dividing into two parts. Bi'ped, n. [Lat. bipes, from bis, twice, and pes, pedis, foot.] An animal having two feet, as man. Bi-pe'dal, \ a. Having two feet, or the length of two Bi'ped, j feet. Bi-pen'nate, ) a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. pen- Bi-pen'na-ted, j nate, q. v.] Having two wings. Bi-pet'al-oiis, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. petalous, q. v.] (Bot.) Having two fiower-leaves or petals. Bi-pin'nate, ) a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. pinnate, Bi-pin'na-ted, j pinnated.] (Bot.) Twice pinnate. Bi'pin-nat'i-f id, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. pinnat- ifid.] (Bot.) Doubly pinnatifid. Bi-pli'eate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and plicare, to fold.] Twice folded together. Bi'pont, I a. Relating to books printed at Deux- Bi-pont'ine, j ponts, or Bipontium, in Holland. Bl-quad'rate, ) n. [Lat- bis, twice, and Eng. quadrate, Bi'quad-rat'ie, j q. v.] (Math.) The fourth power, arising from the multiplication of a square number or quantity by itself. Bl'quad-rat'ie, a. Pertaining to the biquadratic, or fourtn power. Bl-ra'di-ate, ) a. [Lat. bis, twice, and EDg. radiate, Bi-ra'di-a'ted, J radiated, q. v.] Having two rays. Birch (18), n. [A.-S. birce, Icel. bivrk ; 0. H. Ger. piri- cha ; Russ. bereza.] A tree of several species. The smaller branches of the common European birch, being tough and slender, were formerly much used for rods, especially in schools. Birch, 1 a. Made of birch ; consisting of birch ; per- Birch'^n, ) taining to birch. Bird (18), n. [A.-S. bird, or brid, j"onng of any animal, brood. Cf. Eng. breed and brood.] Properly, a chicken ; the young of a fowl ;. and hence, in modern use, a two- legged, feathered, flying animal, oviparous and verte- bra ted. Bird, v. i. To catch or shoot birds. BIrd'-eage, n. A cage for keeping birds confined. BIrd'-eall, n. 1. A little stick cleft at one end, in which is put a leaf of some plant, for imitating the cry of birds. 2. A very short metal cy Under, having a cir- cular plate with a small aperture in the center fastened to each end ; — used to decoy birds. Bird'-fan'ci-er, n. One who rears or collects rare or curious birds, or keeps them for sale. Bird'-lime, n. A viscous substance used to catch birds. Bird-of-par'a-dise, n. A perching bird of several spe- cie? , found in New Guinea. Bird'g'-eye, a. Seen from above, as if by a flying bird ; hence, general ; not entering into details. Bird'§'-eye Ma/ple. Wood of the sugar -maple, full of little knotty spots somewhat resembling birds' eyes. Bird'g'nest, n. The nest in which a bird lays eggs. Bl'reme, n. [Lat. biremis; bis, twice, and remus, oar.] A r vessel with two tiers of oars. Birth (18), n. [A.-S. beordh, byrd, from beran, be or an, to Bird-of-paradise. bear, bring forth; Goth, gabaurths.] 1. Act of com- ing into life, or of being born. 2. Lineage ; extrac- tion ; sometimes noble extraction. 3. Natural state or position. 4. Act of bringing forth. 5. That which is born, or produced, whether animal or vegetable. 6. Origin ; beginning. a,e,&c.,Zong7 a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ^re, veil, term; pique, firm; son,6r,do,w9lf, BIRTHDAY 69 BITUMINIZE New birth (Theol.), regeneration, or the commencement of a religious life. Birth'day, n. 1. The day in which any person is born. 2. The anniversary of one's birth. Birtli'-mark, n. Some peculiar mark or blemish on the body at birth. [of origin. Birth'place, n. The place where a person is born ; place BIrth'right (-rlt), n. Any right or privilege to which a person is entitled by birth. Bis'euit (bls'kit), n. [Lat. bis, twice, and coctus, p. p. of coquere, to cook, bake.] 1. A kind of unferniented bread baked hard. 2. A kind of small, baked cake, usually fermented, made of flour, milk, &c. 3. Earthen ware or porcelain which has undergone the first baking, be- fore it is subjected to the process of glazing. Meat biscuit, matters extracted from meat by boiling, com- bined with flour. Bi-se-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. bisected ; p.pr. & vb. n. BISECTING.] [Lat. bis, twice, and secure, sectum, to cut.] 1. To cut or divide into two parts. 2. ( Geom.) To divide into two equal parts. Bi-sec'tion, n. Act of bisecting. BI-seg'ment, n. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. segment, q. v.] One of the parts of a line, or other magnitude, divided into two equal parts. Bi-sex'u-al (-sek'shu-al), a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. sexual" q. v.] (Bat.) Being of both sexes. BIsli'op, n. [A.-S. bisceop, biscop, Goth. aipiskaupus,fr. Gr. €7T(.'v means of an acid. — To bite the dust, or the ground, to fall in the agonies of death. Bite, v. i. 1. To seize or wound with the teeth or mouth. 2. To cause hurt, pain, or injury of any sort. Bite, n. 1. Act of seizing with the teeth or mouth. 2. The wound made by the teeth, or by something analo- gous. 3. A morsel ; a mouthful. 4. The hold or pur- chase of a tool. 5. A cheat, a trick. 6. A sharper; one who cheats. Bit'er, n. One who, or that which, bites. Bit'ing, a. Sharp ; severe ; sarcastic ; caustic. Bit'ing-in, n. (Etching.) The process of corroding me- tallic plates, by means of an acid. BItt, v. t. (Naui.) To put round the bitts. Blt'ta-ele (blt'ta-kl), n. [See Binnacle.] The box for the compass on board a ship. Bit'ter, a. [A.-S. biter, Goth, baitrs ; from bite, v. t.] 1. Having a peculiar, acrid, biting taste, like wormwood. 2. Causing pain or smart to the sense of feeling. 3. Causing, or fitted to cause, pain or distress to the mind. 4. Characterized by sharpness, severity, or cruelty. 5. Mournful ; distressing ; pitiable. Syn. — Sharp; severe; cruel; calamitous; poignant; re- proachful. Bit'ter, n. [See Bitts.] (Naut.) A turn of the cable which is round the bitts. Bit'ter-ish, a. Somewhat bitter. Bit'ter-ish-ness, n. Quality of being moderately bitter. Blt'ter-ly, adv. In a bitter manner. Blt'tern, n. [Eng. bittor, bittour, L..Lat. butio, butor, butorius, for N. Lat. botaurus,bostaurus, Lat. taurus.} (Ornith.) A wading- bird of Europe, related to the herons. It makes a singular noise, which has been thought to resemble the lowing of a bull. Blt'tern, n. [From bitter.] 1. The brine which remains in salt works after the salt is concreted. 2. A very bitter compound of quassia, cocculus indicus, &c. Bit'ter-ness, n. 1. State or qual- ity of being bitter, either in a fit- Bittern. eral or figurative sense. 2. A state of extreme impiety. Bit'terg, n. pi. A liquor, generally spirituous, in which bitter herbs or roots are steeped. Bit'ter-spar, n. A sparry mineral, consisting of car- bonate of lime and carbonate of magnesia. W3?~ It is itself tasteless ; and is called bitter-spar because ft. contains magnesia, the soluble salts of which are bitter. Bit'ter- sweet, n. (Bot.) A slender, climbing plant, whose root, when chewed, produces first a bitter, then a sweet taste. Bitts, n. pi. [From the same root as bite. Cf. BIT, n.] (Naut.) A frame of two strong pieces of timber on which to fasten the cables. Bi-tu/men, n. [Lat. bitumen.] Mineral pitch, a sub- stance having a pitch-like odor, and burning readily with a bright flame, without any residue. Bi-tu'mi-nate, v. t. [imp. k,p. p. bituminated _; p. pr. & vb. n. BITUMINATING.] To impregnate with bitu- men. Bi-tu.'mi-nize, v. t. [imp. &>p. p. bituminized ; p. pr. & vb. n. BITUMINIZING.] To form into or impreg- nate with bitumen. food, foot; firn, rude > pull; cell, chaise, -eall, e-elio ; gem, get; a§ ; exist; linger, link ; this. BITUMINOUS 70 BLAMELESS BI-tu'mi-nous, a. Haying the qualities of bitumen ; compounded with bitumen ; containing bitumen. BI'valve, n. [Lat. bis, twice, and valva, valve.] 1. (Zo'dl.) A molluscous animal, having a shell consisting of two parts or valves ; or a shell consisting of two parts, which open and shut. 2. (Bot.) A pericarp in which the seed-case opens or splits into two parts or valves. BI' valve, ) a. Having two valves which open and Bi'valved, I shut, as the oyster, or which open at Bl-valv'oiis, f maturity, as the seed-vessels of cer- Bi-valv'u-lar, J tain plants. Bi'ven'tral, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. ventral, q. v.] Having two bellies. Biv'i-oiis, or Bi'vi-ous, a. [Lat. bivius ; bis, twice, and via, way.] Having, or leading, two ways. Hlv'oua-e (biv'wak), n. [Fr., from H. Ger. beiwache ; bei, by, near, and wache, watch, guard.] [Mil.) (a.) The guard or watch of a whole army, (b.) An encamp- ment without tents or covering. Hlv'oua^ (-wak), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BIVOUACKED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BIVOUACKING-.] To watch or be on guard, as a whole army ; to encamp without tents or covering. Bl'-week'ly, a. Occurring once in every two weeks. JBizarre (be-z'ar'), a. [Fr., of Basque-Iberian origin.] Odd in manner or appearance ; fantastical ; whimsical. Blab, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blabbed; p. pr. & vb. n. BLABBING.] [Ger. blappen , blappern , plappern , 0. Eng. blabber, to talk idly.] To utter or tell unnecessarily, or indiscreetly. [to tattle. Blab, v. i. To talk thoughtlessly or without discretion ; Blab, n. One who blabs ; a babbler ; a telltale. Blab'ber, n. A tattler ; a telltale. Black, a. [A.-S. blxc, blac, black. This word ought not to be confounded with A.-S. blac, Eng. bleak. See Bleak.] 1. Destitute of light, or incapable of reflecting it ; of the color of soot or coal. 2. In a less literal sense, very- dark or gloomy. 3. (Fig.) Dismal, gloomy, or forbid- ding, like darkness ; destitute of moral light or goodness. Black, n. 1. The darkest color, or rather a destitution of all color. 2. A negro ; a person whose skin is black. 3. A black dress, or mourning. In black and white, in writing or print. Black, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLACKED (blakt) ; p. pr. & vb n. BLACKING.] To make black; to blacken. Black'-art, n. Conjuration ; magic. ragf This name was given in the middle ages to necromancy, under the idea that the latter term was derived from niger, black, instead of ve/cpos, a dead person, and /xajreta, divina- tion. Black'a-mo~or,w. [blark and moor.] A negro : a black. Black'ball, n. 1. A composition for blacking shoes, boots, &c. 2. A ball of black color, used as a negative in voting. Black'ball, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLACKBALLED ; p. pr. & vb. n/BLACKBALLlNG] To reject by putting black- balls into a ballot-box. BlackOjer-ry, n. The berry of the bramble ; a popular name applied to different species of the genus Rubus. and their fruit. Black'bird, n. (Ornith.) In England, a species of thrush, a singing-bird with a fine note, but very loud. In America, this name is given to different birds, as to the Quisculus versicolor, or crow blackbird, and to the Argc- laius phctniceus, or red blackbird. Blackboard, n. A board to write or draw on with chalk. Blackbird. Black'-bobk (27), n. 1. One of several books of a po- litical character, published at different times and for different purposes ; — so called either from the color of the binding, or from the character of the contents. 2. A book kept at a university for the purpose of registering crimes and misdemeanors. 3. Any book which treats of necromancy. Black'-eat'tle, n. Cattle of the bovine genus reared for slaughter, whatever their color may be. [Eng.] Black'eock, n. ( Ornith.) A large bird, called also black- grouse and black-game. Black'-eur'rant, n. (Bot.) A garden fruit, used for jellies, jams, &c, of a black color. Black'en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blackened; p pr. & vb. n. blackening.] [See Black, v. t.] 1. To make or render black. 2. To make dark ; to darken. 3. To sully, as reputation ; to make infamous. Black'en, v. i. To grow black or dark. Black'flsh, n. 1. A fish caught on the rocky shores of New England ; the tautog. 2. A small kind of whale. Black'-f liix, n. A mixture of carbonate of potash and charcoal. [der. Black'-frFar, n. (Eccl.) A friar of the Dominican or- Black'- grass, n. A kind of coarse grass. Black'guard (blag'g'ard), n. [Orig. the guard of the devil ; thence, a fit attendant on the devil, and then a dirty fellow of the meanest kind.] 1. The scullions and lower menials of a court. [Obs.] 2. Hence, a person of low character, accustomed to use scurrilous language. Black'guard (blag'gard), v. t. [imp. Sep. p. black- guarded ; p. pr. & vb. n. BLACKGUARDING.] To re- vile in scurrilous language. [guard. Black'guard-i§m, n. Conduct or language of a black- Black'tng, n. A preparation used for blacking shces, boots, &c, variously 7 made. [dark. Black'ish, a. Somewhat black; moderately black or Black'-jack, n. 1. A mineral ore, called also false galena. It is the sulphuret of zinc, or zinc-blende. 2. A species of oak, called also barren oak. Black-lead', n. [From its color, and from making a mark on paper like lead.] A mineral composed of car- bon ; plumbago ; graphite. Black'leg, n. A notorious gambler and cheat. Black'-let'ter, n. The old English or modern Gothic letter, in which early manuscripts were written, and the first books were printed. Black'-let/ter, a. 1. Written or printed in black-let- ter. 2. Studious of books in black-letter ; that is, of old bocks. Blaek'ly, adv. Darkly ; gloomily ; atrociously. Black'- mail, n. 1. A certain rate of money", cattle, or other thing, anciently paid to certain lawless men, for protection from pillage. 2. Extortion of money from a person by threats. [Amer.] Black'-mar'tin, n. A bird belonging to a sub-family of the swallows. Black'ness, n. The quality of being black, in a literal or a figurative sense. [suet, &c. Black'-pud'ding, n. A kind of sausage made of blood, Black'-rod, n. The usher belonging to the order of the Garter ; so called from the black rod he carries. [Eng.] Black'riist, n. A disease of wheat. Black'smith, n. A smith who works in iron, and makes iron utensils ; an iron-smith. Black'-snake, n. A serpent of a black color; two species are found in America. [molasses. Black'- strap, n. A mixture of spirituous liquor and Black'tail, n. A kind of perch. Black'thorn, n. (Bot.) A spiny plant bearing a small black fruit. It is much used for hedges. Black'- vom'it, n. A vomiting of dark-colored matter ; or the substance so discharged ; one of the most fatal symptoms in yellow fever. Black TVal'nut- A well-known American tree, the wood of wtiich is of a dark color. Blad'der, n. [A.-S. blsedre, bladdre. The root is A.-S. blawan, to blow, flare.] (Anat.) A bag or sac in animals, which serves as the receptacle of some secreted fluid. Blade, n. [A.-S. Used, that which springs forth, as a shoot, branch, leaf, fruit.] 1. Properly , the leaf, or flat part of the leaf, of any plant, especially of gramineous plants. 2. The cutting part cf an instrument. 3. The broad part of an oar. 4. (Avat.) The scapula, or scap- ular bone. 5. A bright, sharp-witted, dashing fellow; a_rake. [shoulder. Blade'-bone, n. The scapula, or upper bone in the Blad'ed, p. p. 1. Having a blade or blades. 2. (Min.) Composed of long, narrow plates. Blain, n. [A.-S. blegen , from blawan, to blow, flare.] An inflammatory swelling or sore ; a pustule ; a blister. Blam'a-ble, a. Deserving of censure ; faulty ; culpable ; reprehensible ; blameworthy. Blam'a-ble-ness, n. State of being blamable. Blam'a-bly, adv. In a manner deserving of censure. Blame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blamed ; p. pr. & vb. n. BLAMING.] [Fr. blamer, from Gr. pkao-^^elv, to speak ill. See Blaspheme.] To censure; to express disap- probation of; to find fault with. Blame, n. 1. Expression of disapprobation. 2. That which is deserving of censure or disapprobation. Syn.— Censure; reprehension ; condemnation; reproach; fault; sin; crime; wrong-doing. Blame'ful, a. Meriting blame ; reprehensible. Blame'less, a. Without fault ; not meriting censure. a,e,&c.,Zon^, aje^c.s/torf/ care, far, ask, all, what; ere .veil, term; pique,firm; son, or, do, wolf, BLAMELESSLY 71 BLEAR-EYEDNESS. Syn.— Spotless; faultless ; stainless ; irreproachable; inno- cent; guiltless. Blame'less-ly, adv. Innocently; without fault. Blame'less-ness, n. Freedom from fault or blame. Blam'er, n. One who blames, or censures. [censure. Blame'wor'thi-ness, (-wur-), n. Quality of deserving Blame'wor-thy (-wiir-), a. Deserving blame ; censur- able ; culpable ; reprehensible. Blanch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blanched (blancht); p. pr. & vb. n. BLANCHING.] [Fr. blanckir, from blanc, white. Cf. Blank.] 1. To take out the color, and make white ; to whiten. 2. To make white by stripping off the peel. 3. (Fig.) To give a favorable appearance. Blanch, v. i. To grow or become white. Blanch/er, n. 1. One who blanches or whitens. 2. One who anneals and cleanses money. JBlanc-niange ) (blo-monj'), n. [Fr., lit. white food, J&lanc-rnanger ) from blanc, white, and manger, to eat.] A preparation of dissolved isinglass, or sea-moss, milk, sugar, cinnamon, &c, boiled till thick. Bland, a. [Lat. blandus.] Producing a pleasing impres- sion by soft or soothing qualities. Syn. — Mild; soft; gentle; courteous. Blan-dil'o-quence, n. [Lat. blandiloquentia ; blandus, mild, and loqui, to' speak.] Fan, mild, flattering speech. Bland'ish, v. t. [imp. & p.p. blandished ; p. pr. & vb. n. BLANDISHING.] [0. Eng. blandise, Lat. blandiri, from blandus, mild, flattering.] To flatter by kind words or affectionate actions ; to soften ; to caress. [ressingly. Bland'ish, v. i. To act or speak affectionately, or ca- Blaiid'ish-er, n. One who flatters with soft words. Blaiid'ish-ment, n. Words or actions expressive of affection or kindness ; artful caresses. Bland'ness, n. State or quality of being bland. Blank, a. [Ger. blank, shining, bright, white, Icel. blankr, allied to Ger. blinken, to shine, glitter.] 1. Of a white or pale color. 2. Hence, pale from fear or terror ; dispirited ; dejected. 3. Lacking something ; void ; empty. 4. Without mixture with any thing else ; pure. Blank cartridge, a cartridge filled with powder, but without ball. — Blank indorsement (Law), one which omits the name of the person in -whose favor it is made. — Blank verse, verse or poetry without rhyme; particularly the heroic verse of five feet without rhyme. Blank, n. 1. Any void space; a void space in any written or printed instrument. 2. A ticket in a lottery on which no prize is indicated. 3. A paper unwritten; a blank ballot. 4. A paper containing the substance of a legal instrument, with vacant spaces left to be filled with names, date, &c. 5. The point of a target at which aim is taken, marked with a white spot. 6. (Meek.) A piece of metal prepared to be made into something by a farther operation, as a coin, a woodscrew, nuts, &c. Blaiik'et, n. [Fr. blanchet, from blanc, white. See Blank.] 1. A coarse, loosely woven cover, to protect from cold. 2. (Print.) Woolen cloth, or white baize, to lay between the tympans. 3. A kind of pear. Blaiik'et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blanketed ; p. pr. & vb. n. BLANKETING.] 1. To cover with a blanket. 2. To toss in a blanket by way of punishment. Blank'et-ing, n. 1. Cloth for blankets. 2. The pun- ishment of tossing in a blanket. Blank'ly, adv. In a blank manner ; with paleness. Blank'ness, n. State of being blank ; confusion. Blare, v. i. [Ger. blarren, bldrren, D. blaren, to bleat, to cry, weep.] To sound loudly ; to roar. Blare, n. Noise; loud sound. Blar'ney, n. [Cf. Ir. bladar, bladaireacht , flattery.] Smooth, deceitful talk ; flattery. [Irish.] Blar'ney, v t. To deceive or flatter by smooth talk. Blaspheme' v. t. [imp. &>p.p. blasphemed ; p. pr. & vb. n. BLASPHEMING.] [Gr. /5Aao-;irj/j.eiV. The first syllable, /?Aacr, stands for Bkd-pt., from Bkd\bi<;, damage, injury, from PkaTrreiv, to damage ; the last syllable is the Gr. d.) A chronic inflammation Blear'-eyed-ness, ) of the margins of the eyelids, with a gummy secretion of the sebaceous humor. food, foot ; urn, rtjde, piull ; cell, chaise, -eaBi, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this. BLEAK-EYED 72 BLOCKADER Blear-eyed (-Id), a. Having sore eyes ; dim sighted. Bleat, v. i. [A.-S. Ma-tan.] To cry as a sheep. Bleat , n. The cry or noise of a sheep. Bled, imp. & p. p. of bleed. See BLEED. Bleed, v. i. [imp. & p. p. bled ; p. pr. & vb. n. bleed- ing.] [A.-S. bledan. See Blood.] 1. To lose blood, by whatever means. 2. To die a violent death, or by slaughter. 3. To drop, as blood, from an incision; to lose sap, gum, or juice. 4. To pay or lose money. [Colloq.] The heart bleeds, a phrase denoting great sympathy or pity. Bleed, v. t. 1. To take blood from by opening a vein. 2. To lose, as blood ; to let drop, as juice, sap, or gum. 3. To draw money from one. [Colloq.] [rhage. Bleed'ing, n. A running or issuing of blood ; a hemor- Blem'ish,r. t. [imp. & p. p. blemished (108) ; p.pr. & vb. n. BLEMISHING.] [0. Fr. blemir, blesmir ; bleme, blesme, pale, wan, from Icel. blami, a bluish color, from bla, blue, so that 0. Fr. blemir properly signifies to beat one (black and) blue, and to render blue or dirty.] 1. ' To mark with deformity ; to mar, or make defective, either the body or mind. 2. To tarnish, as reputation or char- acter ; to defame. [or moral. Blem'ish, n. Any mark of deformity, whether physical Syn. — Spot; speck; flaw; deformity; stain; defect; fault; taint; reproach; dishonor; imputation; turpitude; disgrace. Blench, v. i. [imp. & p. p. blenched (108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. blenching.] [SeeBLANCH.] To shrink; to start back, from lack of courage or resolution ; to flinch. Blench, v. t. To baffle ; to disconcert ; to break. Blend, v . t. [imp. Ik, p. p. blended ; p. ^r. & vb. n. BLENDING.] [A.-S. Man dan and blendan, to blend, blin- dan, bhndjan, to blind, Goth, Mandan, to mix, Ger. blen- den, to blind.] To mix together ; hence, to confound, so that the separate things mixed can not be distinguished. Blend, v. i. To be mixed; to be united. Blende, n. [Ger. , because it dazzles, from Menden, to blind, dazzle. See supra.] (Min.) An ore of zinc, consist- ing of zinc and sulphur. Blend'er, n. One who blends. Blen'ny, n. [Gr. PXevvos, PeXewos, from fi^ivva, slime.] (Icht'i.) A fish of different species, usually of small size, — so called from the shining mucus covering their skin. Blent, p. p. of blend. See Blend. Bless? v - ?• [imp. & p. p. BLESSED or BLEST ; p. pr. & vb. n. blessing.] [A.-S. bletsjan,blessjan ; Midhs, bliss, joy, from Midhe, blithe.] 1. To make happy, blithesome, or joyous. 2. To invoke a blessing upon. 3. [Bib.) To prai?e, or glorify, for benefits. Bless'ed(30),a. 1. Enjoying happiness or bliss ; favored with blessings ; happy. 2. Imparting happiness or bliss. 3. Enjo;. ing, or pertaining to, spiritual happiness. 4. Halloaed by associations ; heavenly. Bless'ed-ness, n. State of being blessed ; heavenly joys. Single blessedness, the unmarried state. Syn. — Happiness ; beatitude; felicity; bliss; joy. Bless'er, n. One who blesses. Bless'ing, n. 1. A means of happiness; that which promotes prosperity and welfare. 2. A wish of happiness pronounced ; a benediction. Blest, a. 1. Made happy. 2. Making happy ; cheering. Blet, n. [Fr. blette.] A decayed spot on fruit. Ble'ton-ism, n. The supposed faculty of perceiving and indicating subterraneous springs and currents by sensa- tion ; — so called from one Bleton. Blet'ting, n. The spotted appearance of over-ripe fruit from incipient decomposition. Blew (blu), imp. of blow. See Blow. Blight (blit), n. [See infra.] 1. Mildew ; decay ; — applied as a general name to various injuries or diseases of plants, causing the whole or a part to wither. 2. (Fig.) That which frustrates one's plans or withers one's hopes. 3. A species of plant-louse, destructive to fruit-trees. Blight, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blighted ; p. pr. & vb. n. blighting.] [Prob. contr. from a hypoth. A.-S. be- h/itan, to alight, fall upon, blast, fr. A.-S. lihtan,alihtan, to alight, descend. Cf. Eng. to light upon, to fall on, strike.] To affect with blight ; to blast: to frustrate. Blind, a. [A.-S. blind, Goth, blinds; allied to Mend, to mix, because obscurity arises from mixture. See Blend.] 1. Destitute of the sense of seeing. 2. Not having the faculty of discernment ; unable to understand or judge. 3. Morally depraved. 4. Having such a condition as a thing would have to a blind person : indiscernible ; out of public view ; private, hidden; unseen. 5. Undiscern- ing; undiscriminating ; inconsiderate. Blind, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blinded ; p. pr. & vb. n. blinding.] 1. To deprive of sight or discernment. 2. To obscure to the eye or understanding ; to deceive. Blind, n. 1. Something to hinder sight or keep out light ; a screen. 2. Something to mislead the eye or the understanding. Blind'er,w. 1. One who blinds. 2. One of the broad pieces of leather on a bridle near the eyes of a horse, to hinder him from seeing on the side. Bllnd'fold, a. Having the eyes covered ; blinded; hav- ing the mental eye darkened. Bllnd'fold, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blindfolded ; p.pr. & vb. n. blindfolding.] To cover the eyes of; to hinder from seeing. BHnd'ly, adv. 1. Without sight or understanding. 2. Without discernment or examination. Blind'-man'g-bulF, n. A play in which one person is blindfolded, and hunts out the rest of the company. BKnd'ness, n. State or quality of being blind. Blind'- side, n. Side on which one is most easily assailed. Blind'- worm (warm), v. A small reptile without feet, like a snake; — called also slow-worm. Its eyes being very minute, it has often been supposed to be blind Blink, v. i. [Ger. blinken,blicken, to glance ; A.-S. Mican, to shine.] 1. To wink ; to see with the eyes half shut, or with frequent winking. 2. To glimmer, as a lamp. Blink, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blinked (blinkt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. blinking.] To shut out of sight ; to avoid, or purposely evade. Blink, n. 1. A glimpse or glance. 2. (Navt.) The dazzhng whiteness about the horizon occasioned by the reflection of light from fields of ice at sea. Blink'ard, n. [From Mink and termination ard.] 1. One who blinks. 2. That which twinkles, as a dim star. Blink'er,^. 1. One who blinks. 2. A blind for horses ; hence, whatever checks or obstructs sight or discernment. Bliss, n. [See Bless.] The highest degree of happiness. Syn. — Blessedness; felicity; beatitude; happiness; joy. Bliss'f ill, a. Full of joy and felicity ; supremely happy. Blass'fiil-ly, adv. In a blissful manner. Bliss'ful'iiess?. n. Exalted happiness : bliss. Blis'ter, n. [A corruption and modification of plaister, plaster, q. v.] 1. A thin, watery bladder on the skin. 2. Any tumor made by the separation cf the film or skin, as on plants ; or by the swelling of the substance at the surface, as on steel. 3. A vesicatory ; a plaster applied to raise a blister. BHs'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLISTERED : p. pr. & vb. n. blistering.] 1. To rake blisters upon. 2. To give pain to, as if by a blister. Blis'ter, v. i. To rise in blisters. Blithe, a. [A.-S. Midhe, Goth, bleiths.] Gay ; merry, joyous ; sprightly : mirthful. Blithe'iy , adv. In a blithe, or gay, joyful manner. Blitiie'ness, n. Quality of being blithe. Blltke'fome, a. Gay ; merry ; cheerful ; blithe. Blitne'some-ness, n. Quality of leing blithesome. Bloat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bloated.; p. pr. & vb. n. BLOATING.] [Perh. from p. p. of blow, to swell ; bloiced, blowt, bloat.] 1. To cause to swell or become turgid, as with water, air, &c. 2. To puff up ; to make vain. Bloat, v. i. To grow turgid, as by effusion of liquid in the cellular membrane ; to puff out ; to swell. B16to'ber-Hp, n. A thick lip. Block, n. [Ger. Mock, Icel. MUkkr. Fr. bloc] 1. A solid mass of wood, stone, &c. 2. The mass of wood on which criminals are beheaded. 3. The wooden mold on which hats, bonnets, &c, are shaped. 4. A connected mass or row of buildings. [Amer.] 5. A square, or portion of a city inclosed by streets. [Amer.] 6. A system of one or mere pulleys or sheaves, arranged in a frame. 7. Any obstruction, or cause of obstruction. Block, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLOCKED (blokt); p.pr. & vb. n. BLOCKING.] 1. To hinder egress or passage from or into : to stop ; to obstruct. 2. To secure or support by means of blocks. To block out, to begin to reduce to shape. Blockade', «. [It. Moccata. See Tlock.] The shutting up of a place by troops or ■ B10CK w- ships, with a view to compel a surrender from hunger and want, without regular attacks. Block-ade', v. t. [imp. & p. p. blockaded; p. pr. & vb n. BLOCKADING.] To shut up, as a town or for- tress, by troops or ships, so as to compel a surrender from hunger and want ; to confine. i Block-ad'er, n. One who blockades. a, e, &c, long; a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, BLOCKHEAD 73 BLOWER Block-house. 8. The juice of any B15ck'h6ad, n. A stupid fellow ; a dolt. Block'-house, n. ( Mil. ) A kind of edifice of heavy timber or logs for military defense, having its sides loop-holed for musketry. Block'ish, a. Like a block ; de- ficient in understanding ; stupid ; dull. [manner. Blo«k'ish-ly, adv. In a stupidjj Bloek'ish-ness, n. Stupidity. ~~ Block'- tin, n. Tin in blocks or ingots. Blom'a-ry (bloom'-), n. [See Bloom, a mass of iron.] (Manuf.) The first forge through which iron passes after it is melted from the ore. Blonde, n. [Fr. blond, blonde. Cf. A.-S. blonden-feax, fair-haired, prop, blended-haired. See Blend.] A per- son with fair complexion, light hair, and light blue eyes. Blonde, _ In. [Fr. blonde, from its color. See supra.] Blond'-lace, J A fine kind of lace made of silk. Blonde, a. Of a fair color or complexion ; fair. Blood (blud), n. [A.-S. blOd, Goth. blOth, Icel. blodh. Cf. Lat. flutare, for fuitare, to flow.] 1. The fluid which circulates through the arteries and veins of men and animals. 2. Hence, relation by natural descent ; kindred; consanguinity. 3. Descent ; lineage ; especial- ly, honorable birth. 4. The shedding of blood ; murder ; destruction. 5. Temper of mind ; disposition ; state of the passions. 6. Excited feeling ; passion. ©3F* Often, in this sense, accompanied with cold or warm, or other qualifying word. Cold blood denotes deliberation, or an absence of sudden passion. Warm blood denotes a temper inflamed or irritated. 7. A man of fire or spirit ; a rake thing, especially if red. Blood (blud), v. t. [imp. & p. p. blooded ; p. pr. & vb. n. blooding.] 1. To let blood from; to bleed. 2. To stain with blood. 3. To inure to blood, as a hound. [blood. Blood'-guilt'i-ness, n. The guilt or crime of shedding Blood'- gullt'y (blSd'yJU/y), a. Guilty of murder. B16 od'-lieat, n. Heat equal to the temperature of blood, or about 93° Fahr. Blood'-horse, n. A horse whose blood is derived from the purest stock. [perature. B16od'=liot, a. As warm as blood in its natural tem- Blood'-hound, n. A fero- cious, bloodthirsty variety of dog, remarkable for the acute- ness of its smell , and employed to pursue men or animals by tracing them by the scent of their tracks. [manner. B16od'i-ly, adv. In a bloody Blood'i-ness, n. 1. State of being bloody. 2. Disposition to shed blood ; blood-thirsti- ness. "Blood-hound. Blood'less, a. 1. Without blood ; dead. 2. Without shedding of blood. 3. Without spirit or activity. B16od'less-ly, adv. Without bloodshed. Blood'-let'ter, n. One who lets blood, as in diseases ; a phlebotomist. Blood'-let'ting, n. {Med.) Act of letting blood by opening a vein ; venesection ; phlebotomy. [descent. Blood'-re-la'tion, n. One connected by blood or Blood'root, n.. A plant so named from the color of its root. Blood'shgd, n. The shedding or spilling of blood ; slaughter ; waste of life. [derer. Blood'^hed'der, n. One who sheds blood ; a mur- Blood'shed'ding, n. The crime of shedding blood. Bio od'-shot, i a. Red and inflamed by a turgid state Blood'-shot'ten, j of the blood-vessels, as in diseases of the eye. Blood'-spav'in, n. (Far.) A dilatation of the vein that runs along the inside of the hock of a horse, forming a soft swelling. Bloo 3 '-stone, n. (Min.) (a.) A green silicious stone sprinkled with red jasper, as if with blood ; hence the name. ib.) Hematite; a brown ore of iron. Blood'-siick'er, n. Any animal that sucks blood ; specifically applied* to the leech. Blood'-thirst'i-ness, n. Thirst for shedding blood ; a murderous disposition. Blood'- thlrst'y, a. Desirous to shed blood ; murderous. Blood'- ves'sel, n. Any vessel in which blood circulates in an animal body ; an artery or a vein. Blood'- warm, a. Warm as blood ; lukewarm. Blood'y (b'iud'-j, a. 1. Stained with or containing blood. 2. Given to the shedding of blood ; murderous. 3. At- tended with bloodshed. Blood'y, v. t. To stain with blood ; to make bloody. Blood'y-fliix, n. The dysentery. [position. Blood'y-mind'ed, a. Having a cruel, ferocious dis- Bldbm, n. [Goth, bloma. The root is A.-S. blovan, to blow, blossom. Cf. Blossom.] 1. A blossom ; the flower of a plant. 2. The opening of flowers in general. 3. An opening to higher perfection, analogous to that of buds into blossoms. 4. The delicate, powdery coat- ing upon certain newly -gathered fruits. 5. [A.-S.Wuwia, a mass or lump, isenes bloma, a lump or wedge of iron.] Ajnass of crude iron undergoing the first hammering. Bloom, v. i. [hup. & p. p. bloomed ; p. pr. & vb. n. BLOOMING.] 1. To produce blossoms ; to flower. 2. To be in a state of healthful, growing youth and vigor ; to_show beauty and freshness, as of flowers. Bloom'er, n. [So called from the introducer, Mrs. Bloomer.] 1. A costume for ladies, consisting of a very short dress, with long, loose drawers gathered round the ankle, and a broad-brimmed hat. 2. A woman who wears such a costume. [beauty, and vigor- Blobm'ing, a. 1. Flowering. 2. Thriving in health, Blobm'ing, n. 1. (Manuf.) The process of making blooms, as of iron. 2. A clouded appearance which var- nish sometimes assumes upon the surface of a picture. Blbbm'y, a. Full of bloom ; flowery ; flourishing with the vigor of youth. Blos'som, n. [A.-S. blosma and blostma. Cf. BLOOM.] The flower of a plant, or the essential organs of repro- duction, with their appendages. Blos'som, v. i. [imp. & p. p. blossomed ; p. pr. & vb. n. blossoming.] 1. To put forth blossoms; to bloom ; to blow ; to flower. 2. To flourish and prosper. Blot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLOTTED; p. pr. & vb. n. BLOTTING.] [Icel. bletta.] 1. To spot, stain, or be- spatter. 2. To stain with infamy ; to disgrace ; to dis- figure. 3. To obliterate so as to render invisible; to obscure. 4. To cause to be unseen or forgotten. Syn.— To obliterate; expunge; erase; efface; destroy; can- cel; tarnish; disgrace. Blot, n. 1. A spot or stain, as of ink on paper ; blur. 2. An obliteration of something written or printed. 3. A spot in reputation ; disgrace ; reproach ; blemish. Blotch, n. [Cf. Blot and Bloat.] A pustule or eruption upon the skin. Blot'ter,n. 1. One who, or that which, blots. 2. (Coot.) A waste-book, in which are registered all accounts or transactions in the order in which they take place. Blot'ting-pa/per, n. A kind of unsized paper, serving to imbibe wet ink. Blouge ) (blouz), n. [Fr. blouse; — of Oriental origin: Blowge j Pers. baljad, a garment, or simple cloth.] A light, loose over-garment. Blow, n. [0. II. Ger. pluohl.] 1. A blossom ; a flower. 2. A mass, or bed of flowers. Blow, n. [Goth, bliggvan.] 1. Act of striking; more generally, the stroke. 2. A sudden or severe calamity. 3. An egg deposited by a fly in flesh, or the act of de- positing it. 4. (Naut.) A violent wind ; a gale. A blow or blow-out, a drunken frolic— At a blow, suddenly) at one effort. — To come to blows, to engage in combat. Blow, v. i. [A.-S. blovan, to blossom, 0. II. Gcv.pluohan.] 1. To flower ; to blossom ; to bloom. 2. To sustain, produce, or cause to blossom. Blow, v. i. [imp. BLEW ; p. p. BLOWN ; p. pr. & vb. n. BLOWING.] [A.-S. bldvan.] 1. To produce a current of air with the mouth ; hence, to move, as air. 2. To breathe hard or quick ; to pant: to puff. 3. To sound on being blown into. 4. To brag. [Amer. Low.] To blow over, to pass away without effect. — To blow up, to be broken and scattered by the explosion of gunpowder. Blow, v. t. 1. To throw or drive a current of air upon. 2. To drive by a current of air. 3. To sound, as a wind instrument. 4. To spread by report ; to publish. 5. To deposit, as eggs by flies. 6. To form by inflation ; to swell by injecting air. 7. To put out of breath. To blow hoi and cold, to favor a thing at one time and treat it coldly at another; or to appear both to favor and oppose. — To bloio off', to suffer to escape. — To blow up, (a.) To fill with air. (b.) To puff up. (c.) To kindle, (d.) To burst, or scatter, by the explosion of gunpowder, (e.) To abuse or scold violently. [Colloq.] — To blow upon, to bring into disfavor or discredit. Blow'er, n. 1. One who blows; a smelter. 2. (Mech.) A contrivance for driving a current of air into something. 3. A steam -jet to exhaust partially a chimney and create food, i&bt ; urn, rude, pull ; sell, chaise, -call, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this. BLOW-PIPE 74 BOARD a blast-draught. 4. A plate of metal used to increase the current of air in a chimney or through a fire, by closing the upper part of the fireplace. Blow'-pipe, n. An instrument by which a current of air is driven through the flame of a lamp, so as to direct the flame and concentrate the heat on some object. Blowge (blouz), n. See Blouse. Blow'y, a. [From blow.] Windy. Blowze (blouz), n. [From the same root as blush, q. v.] A ruddy, fat-faced woman. Blowzt-d (blouzd), a. Ruddy-faced ; blowzy. [ruddy Blow'zy (blou'zy), a. Coarse and ruddy-faced ; fat and Bliib'foer, n. [See BLEB.] The fat of whales and other large sea animals, from which oil is obtained. Bluo'ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BLUBBERED; p. pr. & vb. n. blubbering.] To weep noisily, or so as to dis- figure the face. peg- Blub'foer, v. t. To swell or disfigure the face with weep- Bliid'geon, n. [Cf. Blow, n.] A short stick, with one end loaded, or thicker and heavier than the other. Blue, n. [A.-S. bleoh, bled, Icel. Mar, D. blaauw, 0. H. Ger. blao,plao.] 1. The color of the clear sky; one of the seven primary colors. 2. (pi.) [Contracted from blue devils.] Low spirits ; melancholy. [Colloq.] Blue, a. 1. Of the color called blue. 2. Low in spirits; melancholy. 3. Severe or over-strict in morals. Blue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blued ; p. pr. & vb. BLUING.] To make blue ; to dye of a blue color. [flowers. Blvie'toell, n. A plant which bears blue bell-shaped Blue'her-ry, n. (Bot.) A kind of whortleberry com- mon in America. Blue'Mrd, n. ( Ornitk.) A small bird, very common in the United States. The upper part of the body is blue. Blue'-lbobli:, n. 1. A parliamentary publication, so called from its blue paper covers, — such being commonly used ; also a book containing a list of fashionable ad- dresses. [Eng.] 2. A book containing the names of all the persons in the employment of the government, with the amount of their pay. [Amer.] Blvie'-foot/tle, n. 1. (Bot.) A plant which grows among corn. It receives its name from its blue bottle-shaped flowers. 2. A fly, with a large blue belly. Blue'-breast, n. A small species of European bird. Blue'-dev'ilg (-deVlz), n. pi. Lowness of spirits; hy- pochondria. [ Colloq.] Blue'-fish, n. 1. (Ichth.) A fish, often called dolphin, found in the Atlantic. 2. A fish allied to the mackerel, but larger, common off the Atlantic States ; —called also horse-mackerel. Blue'-Kght (-lit), n. A composition, burning with a blue flame, used as a night signal in ships, &c. Blue'ly, adv. With a blue color. Blue'ness, n. Quality of being blue. Blue'=pe ; ter, n. [A corruption of blue repeater, one of the British signal flags.] (British Marine.) A blue flag with a white square in the center, used as a signal. Blue'-pill, n. (Med.) A pill of prepared mercury, used as an aperient, &c. Blue'-stock'ing, n. A literary lady ; a female pedant. US* This term is derived from the name given to a certain literary association in Dr. Johnson's time, consisting of ladies as well as gentlemen. One of the leading members was a Mr. Stillingfleet, who always wore blue stockings. Hence these meetings were sportively called bluestocking clubs, and the ladies who attended them, bluestockings. Blue'-vit'ri-ol, n. ( Chem.) Sulphate of copper. Bluff, a. [Cf. 0. Eng. bloughty, swelled, puffed.] 1. Rude or coarse in manner or appearance ; blustering. 2. Roughly frank ; outspoken. 3. Steep ; bold ; like a bluff. Bluff , n. 1. A high bank presenting a steep or precipi- tous front. 2. A game of cards. Bluff , v. t. To frighten or deter from accomplishing one's ends. [Amer. Loiv.] Bluff 'ness, n. Quality of being bluff. [land. Bluffy, a. Having bluffs, or bold, projecting points of Blu'ing, n. 1. Act of rendering blue. 2. Something to giyc a bluish tint, as indigo. Blu'ieh, a. Blue in a small degree. Blun'der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. blundered ; p. pr. & vb. it. blundering ] [Allied to blend, q. v.] To mis- take grossly ; to err through want of care or deliberation. Blun'der, n. A gross mistake. ^ Syn.— Error; mistake; bull. —An error is a wandering from the right; a mistake is the m ^-taking of one thing for another, through haste, &c.; a blunder is something more gross, a blending ox confusion of things through carelessness, ignorance or stupidity. An error may be corrected; a mistake may be rectified ; a blunder is always blamed or laughed at. A bull is a verbal blunder containing a laughable incongruity of ideas Blun'der-lbuss, n. [Probably corrupted from D. don- derbus, Ger. donnerbuchse , thunder-tube or box, gun, musket.] 1. A short gun, with a large bore, capable of holding a number of balls, and intended to do execution without exact aim. 2. A stupid, blundering fellow. Bluii'der-er, n. One who is apt to blunder. [ders. Blun'der-head, n. A stupid fellow ; one who blun- Blunt, a. [Cf. Prov. Ger. bludde, a dull knife, Sw. & Icel. blunda, to sleep.] 1. Having a thick edge or point ; dull. 2. Dull in understanding. 3. Abrupt in address ; unceremonious. Blunt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLUNTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. blunting.] 1. To dull the edge or point of. 2. To repress or weaken, as any appetite, desire, or power of the mind. Blunt'ly, adv. In a blunt manner ; unceremoniously. Blunt'ness, n. 1. Want of edge or point; dullness. 2. Abruptness or coarseness of address. Blur, 11. 1. That which obscures without effacing; a stain ; a blot. 2. A dim, confused appearance or vision. 3. A blot, stain, or injury, as to character, &c. Blur, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLURRED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BLUR- RING.] [Probably contracted from Scot, bludder, bluther, to blot, disfigure ; Sw. pluttra, plottra, to scrawl, scrib- ble.] 1. To obscure without quite effacing. 2. To cause imperfection of vision in ; to dim. 3. To blemish. Syn. — To spot; blot; disfigure; disgrace; stain; sully. Blurt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blurted; p. pr. & vb. n. BLURTING.] [Scot, bluiler, to make a rumbling noise, to blurt.] To utter suddenly or unadvisedly ; to divulge inconsiderately. Blush, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BLUSHED (blusht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. BLUSHING.] [A.-S. ablisian, to blush, blysa, torch, blysige, little torch.] 1. To have a red or rosy color. 2. To redden in the cheeks or face, as from a sense of shame, confusion, or modesty. Blus:h, n. 1. A red or rosy tint. 2. A red color suffus- ing the cheeks or the face. 3. Sudden appearance ; glance ; view. Bliis'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BLUSTERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. blustering.] [Allied to blast, q. v.] 1. To blow fitfully with violence and noise, as wind. 2. To talk with noisy violence ; to swagger. Bliis'ter, n. 1. Fitful noise and violence, as of a storm. 2. Noisy and violent or threatening talk. Syn. — Noise; boisterousness; tumult; turbulence; confu- sion; boasting; swaggering; bullying. Blus'ter-er, n. A swaggerer ; a bully. Bo'a, 11. [Lat. boa, bova, a kind of water-serpent, which was supposed to suck cows, from bos, bovis,ox, cow ; but probably so called from its size.] 1. (Zool.) A genus of serpents. It includes the largest species of serpent, the Boa-constrictor. 2. A round fur tippet ; — so called from its resemblance to the boa-constrictor. Bo'a-eon-strle'tor,?!. [N. Lat. constrictor, from Lat. conslrin- gere, to draw or bind together.] {Zool. ) A large and powerful ser- pent, sometimes thirty or forty feet long, found in the tropical parts of America, which crushes I its prey to death in its coils. Boar, n. [A.-S. bar.] The male of swine not castrated ; specifi- cally, the wild hog. Boa-constrictor. Board, n. [A.-S. bord, Goth, baurd. Cf. A.-S. bred, board, plank, table, from the root of brad, broad.] 1. A piece of timber sawed thin, and of considerable length and breadth compared with the thickness. 2. A table to put food upon. 3. Hence, food ; entertainment ; — us- ually as furnished for pay. 4. A council, or any author- ized assembly or meeting. 5. (Naut.) (a.) The deck of a vessel, (b.) The interior of a vessel, (c.) The side of a ship, (d.) The line over which a ship runs between tack and tack. 6. A table or frame for a game. 7. Paper made thick and stiff like a board. 8. (pi.) The stage in a theater. Board and board (.Naut.^, side by side. — By the board, over the side. Hence {Fig.), to go by the board, to suffer complete destruction. Board, v. t. [imp. & p.p. boarded; p.pr. & vb. n. boarding.] 1. To lay, spread, or cover with boards. 2. To go on board of, or enter. 3. To furnish with food, for compensation. 4. To place at board, for com- pensation. Board, v. i. To obtain food or diet statedly for compen- sation. L, e, &.c,long; a, 6, be, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, BOARDER 75 BOISTEROUS Board'er, n. 1. One who takes his meals at another's table for pay. 2. (Naut.) One who boards a ship. Board'ing-house , n. A house for boarders. Boar d'ing- school (-skdbl), n. A school in which the scholars receive board and lodging as well as instruction. Board'-wa'geg, n. pi. Wages allowed to servants to keep themselves in victuals. Boar'ish, a. [From boar.} Swinish ; brutal ; cruel. Boast, v. i. [imp. & p.p. BOASTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BOASTING.] [0. Eng. host. Cf. Ger. bausen, bauschen, bausten, to swell.] To vaunt one's self; to exalt, or ex- travagantly praise one's self. Syn.— To brag; vaunt; vapor; glory. Boast, v. t. 1. To speak of with pride, vanity, or exul- tation. 2. Iieflexively , to magnify or exalt one's self. Boast, n. 1. Expression of ostentation, pride, or vanity. 2. The cause or occasion of boasting. Boast'ex*, n. One who boasts ; a braggart ; braggadocio. Boast'f ill, a. Given to boasting. Boast'f ul-ly, adv. In a boastful manner. Boast'f ul-ness, n. State or quality of being boastful. Boat (20), n. [A.-S. bat, Icel. batr.) 1. A small open vessel, usually moved by oars, or rowing, but often by a sail. 2. Hence, any vessel ; usually with some epithet descriptive of its use or mode of propulsion. Boat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BOATING.] To transport in a boat. Boat, v. i. To go in a boat. Boat'a-ble, a. Navigable for boats, or small craft. Boat'-bill, n. A species of wading bird, a native of the tropical parts of South America. It has a bill four inches long, not unlike a boat with the keel uppermost. Boat'-hobk, n. {Naut.) An iron hook with a point on the back, fixed to a long pole, to pull or push a boat. BSat'^nan \ n ' A man who mana S es a boat - Boat'swain (colloquially, bo'sn), n. [A.-S. batswan; bat, boat, and swan, swain, servant.] (Naut.) An officer who has charge of a ship's boats, sails, rigging, colors, &c, and who also performs various other duties. Bob, n. [An onomatopoetic word.] 1. Any thing that plays loosely, or with a short, abrupt motion, as at the end of a string. 2. Bait used in angling, as for eels. 3. The ball or weight at the end of a pendulum or a plumb-line. 4. A short, jerking action. Bob, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bobbed ; p. pr. & vb. n. bob- bing.] 1. To move in a short, jerking manner. 2. To strike with a quick, light blow. 3. To gain by fraud. 4. To delude. 5. To have the hair cut short. Bob, v. i. 1. To have a short, jerking motion. 2. To angle with a bob, or with a jerking motion of the bait. Bob'bin, n. [Lat. bombus, a humming, because it makes a humming noise.] A small cylindrical piece of wood, with a border at one or both ends, on which thread is wound ; a kind of spool. Bob bin-et', or Bob'bin-6t' of lace wrought by machines. Bob-lin'-eoln(-kun), ) n. (Or- Bob'olink, j nith.) The rice-bird, rice-bunting, or reed-bird ; an American sing- ing-bird. Bob'stayg, n. pi. (Naut Ropes or chains to confine the bowsprit of a ship downward to the stem or cutwater. Bob'tail, n. 1. A short tail, or a tail cut short. 2. The rabble ; used in contempt. Bock'ing, n. A kind of baize or drugget ; — so called from the town of Booking, Eng. Bode, v. t. [imp. & p. p. boded ; p. pr. & vb. n. bod- ing.] [A.-S. bodian, bod, command. See Bid, v. t.] To indicate by signs, as future events ; to portend ; to presage ; to foreshow. Bods, v. i. To foreshow ; to presage. Bod'ice, )n. [Properly the plural of body.] Stays; a Bod'diee, ) corset. Bod'ied (bod'id), a. Having a body ; — usually in com- position, [poreal. Bod'i-less, a. Having no body or material form ; incor- Bod'i-ly, a. 1. Having or containing a body ; corpo- real. 2. Pertaining to the body. [pletely. Bod'i-ly, adv. 1. Corporeally. 2. Entirely; com- Bod'kin, n. [W. bidogyn, a dim. of bidog, bidaiog, hanger, short sword.] 1. A dagger. [Obs.] 2. _ A pointed instrument for making holes, &c. 3. An in- [See supra.] A kind Bobolink. strument with an eye, for drawing tape or ribbon through a loop. Bod'y, n. [A.-S. bodig.] 1. The material substance of an animal, whether living or dead. 2. The principal part, as of an animal, tree, army, country, &c, in dis- tinction from parts subordinate or less important. 3. A person ; a human being. 4. A collective mass of indi- viduals ; a corporation. 5. A number of things or par- ticulars taken together ; a system. 6„ Any mass or por- tion of matter. 7. (Paint.) Consistency; thickness. 8. Strength, or characteristic quality. Bod'y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bodied; p. pr. & vb. n. BODYING.] To produce in definite shape ; to embody. Bod'y— elotiieg, n. pi. Clothing or covering for the body, as for a horse. Bod'y— eoat, n. A gentleman's dress-coat. Bod'y-eoFor, n. (Paint.) Color that has body, or con- sistence, in distinction from a tint or wash. Bod'y-guard, n. A guard to protect or defend the per- son ; a life-guard. Bod'y- snatch/er, n. One who robs graves of dead bodies for the purposes of dissection. Boe-o'tian, a. ( Geog.) Pertaining to Boeotia, which was noted for its moist, thick atmosphere; or to its inhabi- tants, who were noted for dullness and stupidity. Bog, n. [Ir. & Gael, bog, soft, moist.] A quagmire cov- ered with grass or other plants ; a marsh ; a morass. Bog, v. t. To whelm or plunge, as in mud and mire. Bo'gey, "j n. [See Bug.] A hobgoblin ; a bugbear; a Bo'gy, I specter ; a frightful apparition ; a nursery Bo'gle, f ghost or demon, whose name was formerly Bog'gle, J used to frighten children. Bog'gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. boggled ; p. pr. & vb. n boggling.] [See Bogle, n.} To exhibit hesitancy. Syn.— To doubt; hesitate; waver; vacillate; shrink. Bog'gler, n. One who boggles. Bog'gyi a - Containing bogs ; full of bogs ; swampy. Bog'-ore, n. (Min.) (a.) An ore of iron found in boggy or swampy land, (b.) Bog manganese. Bog'-spav'in, n. (Far.) An encysted tumor on the in- side of the hough. Bog'- trotter, n. One who lives in a boggy country ; — formerly applied in derision to Irish robbers. Bo'gus, a. [A corruption of Borghese, the name of a noted swindler.] Spurious; — a cant term originally applied to counterfeit coin, and hence denoting any thing counterfeit. [Amer.] Bo-hea', n. [From Wu-'i, pronounced by the Chinese bu-i, the name of the hills where this kind of tea is grown.] An inferior kind of black or green tea, especially the former. B3r*- The name is sometimes applied to black tea in general. Bo-lie'mi-aii, a. 1. Pertaining to Bohemia or its in- habitants. 2. Pertaining to the gypsies. 3» Pertaining to, or characteristic of, hack-writers for the press. Bo-he'mi-an, n. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Bohe- mia. 2. A gypsy. 3. A needy writer for the press ; a hack-author ; — sometimes applied to politicians, artists, dancers, &c, who lead a sort of nomadic life, like the gypsies, and five by their wits. Boil, v. i. [Lat. bullire, allied to A.-S. weallan, Goth, bu- lan, to ferment, boil.] 1. To be agitated by the action of heat; — used of liquids. 2. To be similarly agitated by any other cause ; to bubble ; to effervesce. 3. To be hot or fervid ; to be moved or excited. 4. To suffer boil- ing in water or other liquid. To boil away, to evaporate by boiling. — Boiling point, the temperature at which a fluid is converted into vapor, with the phenomena of ebullition. Boil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOILED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BOIL- ING.] 1. To cause to bubble or be agitated by the appli- cation of heat. 2. To form by boiling. 3. To subject to the action of heat in a boiling liquid. Boil, n. [A.-S. byle, bile, sore.] A hard, painful, inflamed tumor, which commonly suppurates. 83p- Formerly written bile, which conforms to the Anglo- Saxon orthography. Boil'er, n. 1. One who boils. 2. A vessel in which any thing is boiled. 3. (Mech.) A strong metallic ves- sel, in which steam is generated for driving engines, or other purposes. Boil'er-y, n. A place and apparatus for boiling, as salt. Boil'ing, n. Act or state of agitation by heat ; ebullition ; act of subjecting to the action of heat, as a liquid. Bois'ter-oiis, a. [0. Eng. boistous, Icel. bistr, stormy, furious, Scot, boist and boast, to threaten. Cf. W. bwyst, food, foot; ftrn, r|ide, pull ; yell, ylxaise, «all, e«ho; gem, get; a§; ejist; linger, link ; this- BOISTEROUSLY 76 BONFIRE ■wild, savage. See Boast and Bister.] 1. Exhibiting tumultuous violence. 2. Involving, threatening, indi- cating, or possessing might. [Obs.] 3. Noisy; turbu- lent. Syn. — Loud; roaring; violent; stormy; furious; tumultu- ous; impetuous; vehement. Bois'ter-oiis-ly, adv. In a boisterous manner, [terous Bois'ter-ous-ness, n. State or quality of being bois- Bold, a. [A.-S. bald, bold, Goth, balths.] 1. Forward to meet danger. 2. Exhibiting or requiring spirit and contempt of danger. 3. In a bad sense, too forward ; over-assuming or confident ; lacking proper modesty or restraint; rude. 4. Taking liberties in composition or expression. 5. Markedly conspicuous. To make bold, to take liberties; to use freedom. Sj T n.— Courageous; daring; brave; intrepid; fearless; daunt- less; valiant; manful; audacious; stout-hearted; high-spirited; adventurous; confident; strenuous; forward; impudent. Bold'ly, adv. In a bold manner. Bold'ness, n. The quality of being bold. Syn. — Courage; bravery; intrepidity; dauntlessness ; hard- ihood; assurance. Bole, n. [Sw. bed. Dan. bid. Cf. L. Ger. boll, round.] 1. The body or stem of a tree. 2. A measure. See Boll,. Bole, 11. [Gr. /3d)Aos, clod.] A kind of fine, compact, or earthy clay. Boll, n. [Cf. Bowl, n.] 1. The pod or capsule of a plant, as of flax ; a pericarp. 2. A Scotch measure, for- merly in use, containing two, four, or six bushels. Boll, v. i. To form into a pericarp or seed-vessel. Bo-Iogn'a Sau'sage (bo-lon'ya). [From Bologna, in Italy.] A large sausage made of bacon, veal, and pork- suet, chopped fine. Bol'ster (20), n. [A.-S. bolster. Cf. bolla, a round ves- sel.] 1. A long cushion ; — generally laid under the pil- lows. 2. A pad used as a support, or to hinder pressure, or the like ; a compress. 3. Any cushion, pad, bag, or support. Bol'ster, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOLSTERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. bolstering.] 1. To support with a bolster. 2. To hold up ; to maintain. Bolt (20),??. [A.-S. bolt, Icel.bolti.] 1. An arrow; a dart. 2. A strong pin, used to fasten or hold something in place. 3. A thunder-bolt. 4. A shackle. 5. Twenty- eight ells of canvas. Bolt, v. t. 1. To fasten or secure with a bolt. 2. To fasten ; to restrain. 3. To blurt out ; to utter or throw out. 4. To swallow without chewing. Bolt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOLTED; p. pr. & vb. n. BOLTING.] [0. Fr. bulter, L. Lat. buletare, M. H. Ger. biuteln.] 1. To sift; to separate, assort, or purify br- other means. 2. To examine as by sifting. Bolt, r.i. 1. To start forth like a bolt ; hence, to move abruptly. 2. To spring suddenly aside. 3. To desert, as a party or organization. [Amer.] Bolt, adv. With sudden meeting or collision. Bolt'er, ii. One who, or that which, bolts. Bolt'-head, n. ( Chem.) A long glass vessel for distilla- tions ; — called also a matrass or receiver. Bolt'-rope, n. (Naut.) A rope to which the edges of sails are sewed to strengthen them. Bolt'sprit, n. [A corruption of bowsprit.] (Naut.) See Bowsprit. Bolus, n. [Lat., bit, morsel.] (Med.) A rounded mass of any thing ; a large pill. Bomb (Mm), n. [Gr. /?6ju/?o9, a humming or buzzing noise, a hollow, deep sound.] (Mil.) A hollow ball or shell of cast iron filled with explosive materials, to be discharged from a mortar. Bom-bard' (bum-b'ard / ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. bom- barded ; p. pr. & vb. n. BOMBARDING.] To attack with bombs. Bom'bar-dier', n. (Mil.) A person employed in throw- ing bombs : an artillery -man. Bom-bard'ment, n. An attack with bombs. Bom'bast (bum'bast, 114), n. [L. Lat. bombax, cotton, bombasium, a doublet of cotton.] 1. Cotton, or any soft, fibrous material, used as a padding. [Obs.] 2. (Fig.) An inflated style ; fustian. BomTbast. o. High-sounding; inflated: turgid. Bom-hast'ie, a. Characterized by bombast; high- sounding; inflated. Bdm bast'ie-al-ly, adv. With inflation of style. Bom'ba-zei', ) n. [Cf. Bombazine.] A sort of thin Bom'ba-zette', i woolen cloth. Bom'ba-zine' I (bum'ba-zeen'), n. [Lat. bombycinum, a Bom'ba-s/ine' ) silk or cotton texture, from bombyx, Gr. /36>0u£, silk, cotton.] A twilled fabric, with a silk warp, and a worsted weft. [Sometimes spelt bombasin.] Bom'bie, a. [Lat. bombyx, silk-worm.] Pertaining to, or obtained from, the silk- worm. Bomb'-ketch I (bum'-), n. (Naut.) A strong vessel, Bomb'-ves'sel ) carrying mortars to be used in bom- bardments at sea. [bombs. Bomb'-probf (bum'-), a. Secure against the force of B6mb'-shell (bum'-), n. A bomb, or hollow globe of irou, filled with powder. See Bomb. Bom-byc'i-noils, a. [Lat. bombycinus, from bombyx, transparent Fig. 1. {Arch.) Flemish Bond. silk.] Being of the color of the silk-worm ; with a yellow tint. Bo'na-part'e-an, a. Pertaining to Bonaparte. Bo'na-part'igm, n. The policy or manners of Bona- parte, [parte. Bo'na-part'ist, n. One attached to the policy of Bona- JBon'bon (or bong'bong), n. [Fr., from bon, good.] Sugar confectionery ; a sugar-plum. Bond, 11. [A.-S. bond, bound, for- bunden, p. p. of bindan, to bind.] 1. That which binds, fastens, or confines, as a cord, chain, &c. ; a band ; a ligament. 2. (pi.) State of being bound. 3. A binding force or influence. 4. An obliga- tion imposing a moral duty. 5. (Laiv.) A writing under seal by which a person binds himself, his heirs, executors, and administra- tors, to pay a certain sum on or before a future day appointed. 6. (Arcli.) Union or tie of the several stones or bricks forming a wall. Syn. — Chains ; fetters ; captivity } imprisonment. Bond, a. [See supra.] In a state of servitude or captivity. Bond, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BONDED; p. pr. & vb. n. BONDING.] To secure payment of, by giving a bond. Bonded goods, goods left in charge of the officers of customs, for the duties on which bonds are given at the custom-house. Bond'age, n. 1. State of being bound, or under re- straint. 2. Binding power or influence ; obligation. 3. (Old Eng. Law.) Yillenage. Syn. — Thralldom ; captivity ; bond-service ; slavery ; servitude ; imprisonment. Bond'ed-ware'house, n. A warehouse in which bonded goods are stored. Bond'maid, n. A female slave. Bond'man, n. ; pi. bond'men. 1. A man slave. 2. (Old Eng. Laiv.) A villain, or tenant in villenage. Bond'-serv'ant, n. A slave ; a bondman. [slavery. Btmd'-serv'ice, n. Condition of a bond-servant; Bond'-slave,'». A person in a state of slavery. Bonds/man, n. ; pi. bonds'men. 1. A slave ; a bond- man. [Obs.] 2. (Law.) A surety ; one who is bound, or who gives security for another. Bond'- stone, n. (Masonry.) A stone running through a wall from one face to another, to bind it together. Bonds/wom'an, ) n. [bond and woman.] A woman Bond'wom'an, j slave. Bond'-tim/ber, n. Timber worked into a wall to tie or strengthen it longitudinally. See Bond. Bone (20), n. [A.-S. ban, Goth, bain.] 1. (Anat.) A firm, hard, whitish substance, composing the skeleton in the higher orders of animals. 2. An integral portion of the skeleton. 3. Any thing made cf bone, as castanets. A bone of contention, subject of dispute. — A bone to pick, or gnaw, something to occupy or divert. — To make no bones, to make no scruple. [Low.] Bone,r. t. [imp. Sep. p. boned \p.pr. & vb. n. BON- ING.] 1. To take out bones from. 2. To put whale- bone into. Bone'-black, n. (Chem.) A black, carbonaceous sub- stance into which bones are converted by calcination in close vessels. [fertilizer. Bone'-du.st, n. Ground or pulverized bones, used as a Bone'- earth, n. (Chem.) The earthy residuum after the calcination of bone, consisting chiefly of phosphate of lime. Bone'set, n. (Bot.) A medicinal plant ; thoroughwort. Bone'-set'ter, n. One who sets broken and dislocated bones. Bone'-spav'in, n. (Far.) A bony excrescence, on the inside of the hock of a horse's leg. Bon'fire, ». [0. Eng. bone/ire, either from Fr. bon, good, and jSre, or related to Dan. baun, beacon.] A fire made to express public joy and exultation, or for amuse- ment. a., e, &c, long; a, 6, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do,, wolf, BONITO 77 BORAX Bo-ni'to, n. [Sp., from Ar. bainit and baintth.] (Ichth.) A fish of the Tunny kind, growing to the length of 3 feet. Bon-mot (bong'rno'), n. [Fr. bon, good, and mot, word.] A witty repartee ; a jest. Bdn'net, n. [Fr. bonnet, Sp. & Pg. bonete. Originally the name of a stuff.] 1. A cap or covering for the head, in common use before the introduction of hats, and still used by the Scotch. 2. A covering for the head, worn by women. 3. {Fort.) A part of a parapet considerably elevated to screen the otner part and its terre-pleine, usually from enfilade fire. 4. (Naut.) An addition to a sail. 5. A plate or a dome-shaped casing, tt. A frame of wire netting over a locomotive chimney. Bon'net-ed, a. 1. Wearing a bonnet. 2. (Fort.) Protected by a bonnet. [plum ply. Bmi'ni-ly, adv. [See Bonny.] Gayly ; handsomely; Bon'iiy, a. [Fr. bon, bonne, good. Of., however, Gael. & Ir. bain, baine, white, fair.] 1. Handsome ; beautiful. 2. Gay; merry; blithe. 3. Plump; well-formed. BoJi'iiy-'Claiyber, n. [From Ir. bainne, baine, milk, and clabar, mud, mire.] 1. Sour buttermilk. [Irish.] 2. The thick part of milk that has become sour. Bon Ton (bong tong). [Fr., good tone, manner.] The height of the fashion ; fashionable society. Bo'nus, n. [Lat.,good.] 1. (Law.) A premium given for a loan, charter, or other privilege. 2. An extra dividend paid out of accumulated profits. 3. A sum of money paid to an agent, iu addition to a share in profits, or to stated compensation. Bon-vlvant (bong'vG-vong'), n. [Fr. bon, good, and vivant, p. pr. of vivre, to five.] A good fellow ; a jovial companion. Bon'y, a. 1. Consisting of bone, or of bones ; full of bones ; pertaining to bones. 2. Having large or prom- inent bones. Boa'ze (bon'ze), n. [Corrupted from Japan, busso, a pious man.] A priest of many different Oriental sects. Boo'by, ii. [Fr. boubie ; Sp. bobo, Russ. bdba. Several birds of this species are looked upon as very stupid.] 1. (Ornith.) (a.) A water-fov/1 allied to the pelican. It is found among the Bahama Isles, and on various coasts of the Atlantic, (b.) The brown gannet. 2. A dunce ; a stupid fellow. Bdb'by-liiit, n. A kind of sleigh, with a covered top. [Local, Amer.} Bob'by-hutch, n. A clumsy, covered carriage. Bobdh/igm, n. See Buddhism. Boole (27), n. [A.-S. bde, from bdee, beoce, beech, Ger. buche, because the ancient Saxons and Germans in gen- eral wrote on beechen boards.] 1. A collection of sheets of paper, or similar material, blank, written, or printed, bound together, 2. A literary composition, written or printed. 3. A subdivision of a literary work. 4. (Mer.) A volume in which accounts are kept. Without book, (a.) By memory; without notes. (6.) "With- out authority. Book, v. t. [imp. & p.p. booked (bdbkt) ; p.pr. & vb. n. booking.] To enter, write, or register in a book. Bobk'-bind'er, n. One who binds books. Bdbk'-bind'er-y, n. A place for binding books. Bdbk'-btiid'ing, ii. Art or practice of binding books. Bbbk'-ease, «. A case with shelves for holding books. Bdbk'ish, a. Given to reading ; fond of study. Bdbk'ish-ness, n. Addictedness to books. Bobk'-keep'er (109), n. One who keeps accounts. Bdbk'-keep'ing, n. The art of recording mercantile transactions in a regular and systematic manner ; the art of keeping accounts. Bobk'land, I n. ( Old Eng. Laws. ) Charter land held Bock'land, j by deed under certain rents and free services. Bbbk'-learned (60), a. Versed in books ; ignorant of men, or of the common concerns of life. Bobk'-learn'ing, n. Learning acquired by reading ; usually as_distinguished from practical knowledge. Bobk'-mak'er, n. One who writes and publishes books ; particularly a compiler. Bdbk'-mak'ing, n. The practice of writing and pub- lishing books ; compilation. Bobk'-mark, n. Something placed in a book to assist in finding a particular page or place. Bdbk'-sell'er, n. One whose occupation is to sell books. Boj>k'-shelf , n. A shelf to hold books. Bbbk'-shop, n. A shop where books are sold. Bojjk'-stall, n. A stand or stall, for retailing books Book' stand, n. 1. A stand or place for the sale of books in the streets ; a book -stall. 2. A stand or sup- port to hold books. Booh'store, n. [Amer.] A shop where books are kept for Hule. Book' worm (-warm), n. 1. A worm or mite that eate holes in books. 2. A student addicted to books. Boom, n. [See Beam.] 1. (Naut.) A long pole or spar used for extending the bottom of sails. 2. A chain cable, or connected line of spars extended across a river or other water. 3. A pole set up in shallow water, to mark out the channel. 4. A hollow roar, as of waves or cannon; the hollow cry of the bittern. 5. (pi.) That space on the upper deck of a ship, where the boats, spare spars, &c, are stowed. Boom, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BOOMED ; p. pr. & vb. n. booming.] 1. [From the n.] To rush with violence, as a ship under a press of sail. 2. To make a hollow sound or roar, as of waves or cannon. 3. [W. bwmp, a hollow sound. Cf. D. bommen, to drum, to sound as an empty barrel, A.-S. bymian, to blow or sound a trumpet.] To cry with a hollow note, as the bittern. Boom'er-ang, n. A missile weapon used by the natives of Australia. When thrown for- ward from the hand with a quick rotatory motion, it describes very remarkable curves, and finally Boomerang, takes a retrograde direction , so as to fall near or in the rear of the one who threw it. Boon, n. 1. [Lat. bonus, good.] Gift ; benefaction ; grant ; present. 2. [A.-S. ben, Icel. bun, baen.] A prayer or petition. Boon, a. [Fr. bon. See supra.] 1. Gay ; merry ; jovial- 2. Kind ; bountiful. Boor, n. [A.-S. geb&r, D. boer, N. H. Ger. bauer ; from A.-S. bHan, to inhabit, cultivate ; Skr. bhu, pres. bhavami, to be, Gr. poi, Lat./w/.] A countryman; a peasant; a clown ; hence, a rude and illiterate person. [illiterate. Bobr'ish, a. Like a boor ; clownish ; rustic ; awkward ; Boor'ish-ly, adv. In a boorish or clownish manner. Boor'ish-ness, n. Clownishness ; rusticity. Bob§e, 1 v. i. [From D. buis, Ger. buclise, box, cup, jar.] Booze,) To drink excessively. [Vulgar.] Bdbs/er, n. One who drinks to excess ; a tippler. Boost, v. t. [Cf. Boast, v. ?'.] To lift or push from behind ; to push up. [Low.] Boo'gy, ) a. [See Boose, v. ?.] A little intoxicated; Bdb'zy, J fuddled. [Colloq.] Boot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOOTED; p. pr. & vb. n. BOOTING.] [A.-S. but, compensation, betan, to improve, amend, Goth, blta, advantage, profit, bZtan, bOtjan, to profit. See Better.] To profit ; to advantage. Boot, n. That which i.3 given to make an exchange equal ; profit ; gain ; advantage. Boot, n. [Fr. botte, Ger. botte, butte, butte, tub, cask, A.-S. butte, bytte, byden, Eng. butt, Gr. /3o0ti;, /3ims, /BuTtvTj, flask.] 1. A covering for the foot and leg. 2. A kind of rack for the leg, formerly used to torture criminals. 3. A receptacle covered with leather at either end of a coach. 4. An apron or cover for a gig or other carriage, to defend from rain and mud. 5. (pi.) A ser- vant at hotels who blacks the boots. [ Colloq.] Boot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. booted; p. pr. & vb. n. BOOTING.] To put boots on. Bobt'-erlmp, n. A frame or last used by boot-makers for drawing and shaping the body of a boot. Bdbt-ee', n. A half or short boot. Bdbtn, n. [Icel. bUdli, Pol. buda, W. bwth.] A tem- porary shelter of boards, boughs of trees, or other slight materials. Bdbt'-jack, n. An instrument for drawing off boots. Bbbt'less, a. [From boot, advantage.] Unavailing ; un- profitable ; useless. Bdbt'-tree, I n. An instrument to stretch and widen Bdbt'-last, ) the leg of a boot. Bbbt'y, ii. [Icel. byti, Ger. beute, Fr. butin, from Icel. byta, to distribute, exchange, Ger. beuten, to barter, cap- ture.] Spoil taken in war, or by violence ; plunder. Bo-peep', n. A play to amuse children, by peeping from behind any object, and crying out bo ! Bo-rac'i-e, a. Pertaining to, or produced from, borax. Bo'ra-eoiis, a. (Chem.) Relating to, or obtained from, borax. Bor'age (bur'rej), n. [Low Lat. borago, from borra, hair of beasts, flock; so called from its hairy leaves.] A plant, formerly esteemed as a cordial. Bo'rate, n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the combination of boracic acid with a base. Bo'rax, n. [Ar. buraq, niter, saltpeter, from baraqa, to food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, echo j gem, get ; ag ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this- BORDER 78 BOUGIE shine.] (Chem.) Biborate of soda; a salt formed by a combination of boracic acid with soda. Bor'der, n. [A.-S. bord, Fr. bord. See Board.] The outer part or edge of any thing. Syn. — Edge; verge; brink; margin; brim; rim; boundary. ■ Bor'der, v. i. 1. To touch at the edge ; to be contigu- ous or adjacent. 2. To come near to. Bor'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bordered; p.pr. & vb. \ n. bordering.] 1. To make a border for ; to adorn with a border. 2. To touch at the edge or boundary. Bor'der-er, n. One who dwells on a border. Bore, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bored ; p. pr. & vb. n. BORING.] [A.-S. borian, allied to Lat. forare.] 1. To perforate or penetrate, as a solid body, by turning au auger, gimlet, or other instrument. Hence, to form a round hole in. 2. To weary by tedious iteration or by dullness ; to trouble ; to vex. Bore, t'. ?'• 1. To pierce or enter by boring. 2. To be pierced or penetrated by an instrument that turns. 3. To carry the nose to the ground ; — said of a horse. Bore, n. 1. The hole made by boring ; hence the cavity or hollow of any fire-arm ; the caliber. 2. One who, or that which, wearies by ceaseless repetition or dullness. Bore, n. [Ger. bor, 0. H. Ger. por, height, top, from 0. H. Ger. burjan, pur j an, poran, to erect, ascend. Cf. Icel. byrja, to begin, A.-S. byrjan, to touch ; allied to A.-S. beran, beoran, Eng. to bear.] (Physical Geog.) (a.) A tidal flood of great height and force formed at the mouths of some rivers, (b.) Avery high and rapid tidal flow, when not so abrupt. Bore, imp. of bear. See BEAR. Bo're-al, a. [Lat. borealis, from Boreas, the north wind.] Northern ; pertaining to the north, or the north wind. Bor'er, ». 1. One who bores ; an instrument for boring. 2. (Zool.) (a.) A genus of sea-worms that pierce wood, (b.) One of several species of worms, or the insects producing them, which penetrate trees. Born and Borne, p. p. of bear. See Bear. Bo'ron, n. [See Borax.] ( Chem.) An elementary sub- stance, nearly related to carbon. Bor'ough (bur'ro), n. [A.-S. buruh, burh, burg, Icel. borg, Ger. burg, Lat. burgus, Gr. Trvpyo?, Goth, baurgs, from bairgan, A.-S. beorgan, to hide, save, defend, to be prom- inent.] An incorporated town that is not a city ; in England, a town or village that sends members to par- liament ; in Scotland, a body corporate, consisting of the inhabitants of a certain district, erected by the sovereign, with a certain jurisdiction ; in America, an incorporated town or village, as in Pennsylvania and Connecticut. B6r'ougli-En / glisli(bur'ro-mg / glish), n. (Eng. Law.) A customary descent of estates to the youngest son, in- stead of the eldest ; or, if the owner leaves no son, to the youngest brother. Bor'row (bor'ro), v. t. [imp. So p. p. BORROWED; p. pr. & vb. n. BORROWING.] [A.-S. borgian, fr. borg, bork, pledge ; from the same root as Borough.] 1. To take from another on trust, with the intention of returning or giving an equivalent for. 2. To take from another for one's own use ; to appropriate. Bor'row-er, n. One who borrows. Bort, n. Minute fragments of diamonds used to make powder for lapidary work. Bose'age, n. [From Ger. busch, bosch, 0. Eng. busk, Eng. bush.] 1. Wood; underwood; a thicket. 2. (Paint.) A landscape representing thickets of wood. Bosh, n. [Prov. Eng. bosh, dash, show. Cf. Ger. bosse, joke, trifle.] Mere show ; hence, empty talk ; nonsense; folly. [Colloq.] Bosk, n. [See BOSCAGE.] A thicket or small forest. Bosk'y, a. Woody ; bushy ; covered with boscage. Bog'om, )i. [A.-S. busum, bosem.] 1. The breast of a human being. 2. The breast, as the seat of the pas- sions, affections, and operations of the mind. 3. Em- brace; affectionate inclosure. 4. Any inclosed place; the interior. 5. The part of the dress worn upon the breast. US" In composition, intimate; confidential; familiar; dear; as, bosom-friend, 6oso/«-lover, oosom-secret, &c. Bog'om, v. l. [imp. & p. p. bosomed ; p. pr. & vb. n. bosoming.] . 1. To inclose in the bosom ; to keep with care. 2. To hide from view ; to embosom. Boss, n. [From Ger. butz, butzen, something cloddy or stumpy, point, tip ; boszen, to beat.] 1. A protuber- ant ornament on any work; a stud, a knob. 2. Any protuberant part. 3. (Mech.) (a.) The enlarged part of a shaft, on which a wheel is keyed, or at the end, where it is coupled to another. (6.)" A swage or die used for shaping metals. Boss, n. [D. baas, master.] A master workman or su- perintendent. [Amer.] Boss, v. t. 1. To cover or ornament with bosses ; to stud. 2. To direct or superintend. [Low.] Boss'y, a. Containing, or ornamented with bosses ; stud- ded, [called. Boss'y, n. [Cf. Lat. 60s, cow.] A calf ; — familiarly so Bo-tan'i-e, ) a. Pertaining to botany ; relating to, or Bo-tan'i-e-al, J containing, plants. Bo-tan'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a botanical manner. B6t'an-ist, n. One skilled in botany. Bot'a-nize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. botanized ; p. pr. & vb. n. botanizing.] To seek for plants for the pur- pose of botanical investigation. B6t'a-ny, n. [Gr. fioraviq, herb, plant, from poa-Ketv, to feed, graze.] The science which treats of the structure of plants, their classification, &c. Botch, n. [Cf. Fr. bosse, It. bozza, a swelling. Cf. Boss and Patch.] 1. A large ulcerous affection. 2. A patch of a garment. 3. Work done in a bungling man- ner ; a clumsy performance. Botch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. botched (bfitcht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. BOTCHING.] 1. To mend or patch in a clumsy manner. 2. To express or perform in a bungling man- ner. 3. To mark with botches. Botch'er,n. A clumsy workman at mending ; a bungler. Bdt'-fly, n. (Entom.) An insect of many different species, some of which are particularly troublesome to domestic animals, on which they deposit their eggs. Both (20), a. & pron. [A.-S. bit; bulb, btitvu, for batva, both the two.] The one and the other ; the two. CO*- It is generally used adjectively with nouns: but with pronouns, and often with nouns, it is treated substantively, and followed by of. It frequently stands as a pronoun. Both, conj. It precedes the first of two co-ordinate worda or phrases, and is followed by and before the other. Both'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOTHERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. bothering.] To tease or perplex. See Pother. Both'er, n. One who, or that which, bothers : state of perplexity or annoyance. [Colloq.] [bothered. [Loio.] Both'er-a'tion, n. Act of bothering, or state of being Bot'ry-oid, ) a. [Gr. jSoTpo?, a cluster of grapes, and Bot'ry-old'al, ) etoos, form.] Having the form of a bunch of grapes. Bots, ) n. pi. [Prob. from bite, because they bite and Botts, ) gnaw the intestines of horses.] (Entom.) Small worms, larves of the bot-fly, found in the intestines of horses. Bot'tle, n. [Fr. bouteille, Low Lat. buticula, pvtida, botilia, from Fr. botte, cask. See Boot, n., a covering for the leg.] 1. A hollow vessel with a narrow mouth, for holding liquors. 2. The contents of a bottle. Bot'tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bottled ; p. pr. & vb. n. BOTTLING.] To inclose in bottles. Bot'tle-green, n. A dark shade of green, like that of a green glass-bottle. Bot'tle-hold'er, n. One who aids a boxer, by giving him refreshment and attention between the rcurds. Bot'tom, n. [A.-S. botm, Ger. boden, D. bodcm, Icel. botn. Cf. Gr. nvOfji-qv, bottom, allied to PaOvs, deep.] 1. The lowest part of any thing. 2. That upon which any thing rests or is founded, in a literal or a figurative sense ; foundation ; base. 3. Low land formed by alluvial de- posits along a river ; a dale; a valley. 4. (Naut.) The keel of a vessel, and hence, the vessel itself. 5. Power of endurance; stamina. 6. Dregs or grounds. Bot'tom, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bottomed ; p. pr. & vb. n. bottoming.] 1. To found or build. 2. To fur- nish with a seat or bottom. Bot'tom, v. i. To be based. Bot'tom- glade, n. A low glade ; a valley ; a dale. Bot'tom-land, n. See Bottom, No. 3. Bot'tom-less, a. Without a bottom ; hence, fathomless. Bot'tom-ry, n. [From bottom.] (Mar. Law.) A con- tract by which a ship is hypothecated and bound as se- curity for the repayment of money advanced or lent for the use of the ship. Boudoir (bob'dwor), n. [Fr., from bouder, to pout, to be sulky.] A lady's private room. Bough (bon), n. [A.-S. boga, from beogan, bugan, to bow, bend. Cf. Bow.] An arm or large branch of a tree. Bdught (bawt), imp. & p. p. of buy. See Buy. Boufjie (bob-zhe'), n. [Fr., wax-candle, bougie, from Bugia, a town of North Africa, from which these candles were first imported into Europe.] (Surg.) A long, flexi- ble instrument, that is introduced into the urethra, esoph- agus, &c, to remove obstructions, or for other purposes. a, e,8cc.,long; a,e,&c.,sW*; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, dr, d£,wol$ BOUILLON 79 BOWSPRIT Bouillon (bobPyong), n. [Fr., from bouillir, to boil. See BoiL.j Broth ; soup. Boul'der, n. See Bowlder. Boulevard (bocPle-var'), n. [Fr., from Ger. bollwerh, Eng. bulwark, q. v.] Originally, a bulwark ; now applied to the public walks or streets occupying the site of de- molished fortifications. Bounce, v. i. [imp. & p. p. bounced (bounst); p. pr. & vb. n. BOUNCING-.] [D. bonzen, bons, blow, bounce, Low Lat. bombizare, to crackle, from Lat. bombus, Gr. |36|U.)3os, a hollow, deep sound. See Bomb.] 1. To leap or spring suddenly. 2. To beat or thump. [violently. Bounce, v. t. To drive against any thing suddenly and Bounce, n. 1. A sudden leap or bound. St. A heavy, sudden blow or thump. 3. A bold lie. Baim'cer, n. 1. One who bounces. St. A bold lie. 3. A liar. 4. Something big. Boun'cing, a. Stout ; plump and healthy ; lusty. Bound, n. [Prob. of Celtic origin. Of. Arm. bonn, boundary, limit, and boden, bod, a tuft or cluster of trees, W. bbn, stem, stock.] External or limiting line of any object or space; limit; confine; extent; boundary. Bound ; n. A leap ; a spring ; a jump. Bound, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bounded ; p. pr. & vb. n. BOUNDING.] 1. To limit ; to terminate ; to fix the furthest point of extension of; to restrain ; to confine ; to circumscribe. 2. To mention the boundaries of. Bound, v. i. [Fr. bondir, from Lat. bombitare, to buzz, hum, from Lat. bombus, Gr. /36m/3o?, a hollow, deep sound.] 1. To move forward by leaps ; to leap ; to jump ; to spring. 2. To rebound, as an elastic ball. Bound, imp. & p. p. of bind. Made fast ; confined ; restrained; — often used in composition. [go, &c. Bound, a. Destined ; tending ; going, or intending to Bound'a-ry, n. [See Bounder and Bound.] That which indicates or fixes a limit ; especially, a visible mark. Bound'en^boumPn), a. [From bind.] Made obligatory ; imposed as a duty ; obligatory ; binding. Bound'less, a. Without bounds or confines ; infinite. Syn. — Unlimited; unconfined; immeasurable ; illimitable. Boun'te-oiis (66), a. [See Bounty.] Disposed to give freely ; generous ; munificent. Boun'te-ous-ly, adv. Liberally ; generously. Boun'te-ous-ness, n. Liberality ; munificence. Boun'ti-ful, a. Free in giving ; munificent ; generous. Boun'ti-f ul-ly, adv. In a bountiful manner. Boun'ti-f ul-ness, n. Quality of being bountiful. Boun'ty, n. [Fr. bonte, Lat. bonitas, from bonus, good.] 1. Goodness. [Obs.] ti. Liberality; generosity; mu- nificence. 3. That which is given liberally. 4. A pre- mium offered or given to encourage some object. Bou-quet' (bcTo'ka/ or bdcPka), n. [Fr. for bousquet ; bosquet, thicket.] 1. A nosegay ; a bunch of flowers. ti. An agreeable perfume or aromatic odor. Bour-geois' (bur-jois'), n. [Prob. from a type-founder of that name, who invented this type.] (Print.) A small kind of type, in size between long primer and brevier. IHT* This line is printed in bourgeois type. Hoxirgeois (bobr-zhwaw'), n. [Fr. See Borough.] A man of middle rank in society ; a citizen. [France.] Houryeoisie (bdbr'zhwaw'zee'), n. [Fr.] The middle classes of a country, particularly those concerned in trade. Bour'geon (bur'jun), v. i. [Fr. bourgeonner, of Celtic origin.] To put forth buds ; to shoot forth, as a branch. Bourn, ) n. [Fr. borne. See Bound, n. In the sense Bourne,) of stream, A.-S. burna, brunna,fr. beornan, bi/rnan, brinnan, to burn, because the source of a stream seems to issue forth bubbling and boiling from the earth.] 1. A bound ; a limit ; hence, goal. ti. A stream or riv- ulet ; a burn. Hourse (bobrss), n. [Fr., from Gr. Pvpara, skin, because a purse was made of skin or leather.] A French exchange. Bout, n. [Same as 0. Eng bought, bend, of which it is only a different spelling and application. See Bight.] 1. A conflict; contest; attempt; trial. 2. As much of an action as is performed at one time ; a turn. J&outs-rim6s (bob're'ma'), n. pi. [Fr. bout, end, and rime, rhymed.] Words that rhyme, given to be formed into verse. Bo'vlne, a. [Low Lat. bovinus, from Lat. bos, bovis, ox, cow.] Pertaining to cattle of the ox kind. Bow, (bou), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOWED ; p. pr. & vb. n. bowing.] [A.-S. b^gan, beogan, Goth, bivgan, Skr. bhudj, to be ber.t.] 1. To bend; to inflect; to make crooked or curved. 2. To cause to deviate from a natu- ral condition ; to turn ; to incline. 3. To bend, as the head or body, in respect, homage, or condescension. 4. To cause to bend down ; to depress ; to subdue. Bow (bou), v. i. To bend, in token of reverence, respect, or civility. Bow (bou), n. 1. An inclination of the head, or the body, in token of reverence, respect, civility, or submission. 2. (Naut.) The rounded part of a ship forward; the stem or prow. Bow (b5), n. [See supra, and cf. BOUGH. See Bow, to bend.] 1. Any thing bent, or in form of a curve. ti. A weapon, by means of which an arrow is propelled. 3. One of several different kinds of instruments or things having a curved form, as a fiddle-stick. Bow'--e6m/pass-e§, n. pi. 1. A pair of compasses, with an arched plate of metal riveted to one of the legs, upon which the other leg slides. '2. A small pair of compasses furnished with a bow-pen. Bow-drill, n. A drill worked by a bow and string. Bow'el (hou'el), n. [Lat. botellus, a small satisage, dim. of botulus, sausage, orig. intestine.] 1. One of the intes- tines of an animal ; an entrail ; a gut ; — chiefly in the pi. '<£. Hence, fig., the interior part of any thing. 3. The seat of pity ; hence, tenderness, compassion. Bow'el, v. t. To take out the bowels of; to eviscerate. Bow'er (bou'er), n. [From bow.] 1. One who bows or bends. St. (Naut.) An anchor carried at the bow of a ship. 3. [Ger. bauer,a, peasant, from the figure some- times used for the knave in cards.] One of the two highest cards in the game of euchre. Bight bower, the knave of the trump suit v the highest card in the game. — Left bower, the knave of the other suit of the same color as the trump, being the next to the highest in value. Bow'er, n. [A.-S. bixr, from Goth, bauan, to dwell, A.-S. bUan. See Boor.] 1. Anciently, a chamber. 2. A country-seat; a cottage. 3. A shelter or covered place in a garden ; an arbor. Bow'er-y, a. Covering, as a bower ; containing bowers. Bow'- hand, n. 1. (Archery.) The hand that holds the bow; the left hand. Si. (Mus.) The hand that draws the bow, i. e., the right hand. Bow'ie-knif e (-nlf), n. A peculiar kind of knife, worn as a weapon ; — named from its inventor, Col. Boivie. Bow'-knot (bo'not), n. A knot in which a portion of the string is drawn through in the form of a loop or bow, so as to be readily untied. Bowl, n. [A.-S. bolla, any round vessel. Cf. W. bdl, belly, bwl, rotundity.] 1. A concave vessel to hold liquors. 55. The hollow part of any thing. Bowl, n. [From Lat. bulla, any thing rounded by art. Cf. L. Ger. boll, round.] A ball used for rolling on a level surface in play ; a ball. Bowl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOWLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. bowling.] 1. To roll, as a bowl. 2. To pelt with any thing rolled. To bowl out, in cricket, to knock down one's wicket by bowl- ing. Bowl, v. i. 1. To play with bowls. St» To roll the ball on a level plane. 3. To move rapidly, smoothly, and like a ball. Bowl'der (boPder), n. [See Bowl, ball.] 1. A large pebble. St. ( Geol.) Amass of any rock, whether rounded or not, that has been transported by natural agencies from its native bed. [Written also boulder.] Bow'-legged (bo'legd), a. Having crooked legs. Bowl'er (\>oV~), n. One who plays at bowls. Bow'line, n. [Prop, the line of the bow or bend, a slant- ing sail to receive a side wind.] (Naut.) A rope used to keep the weather edge of the sail tight forward, when the ship is close-hauled. [bowls. Bowl'ing-alley, n. A covered place for playing at Bowl'ing-green, n. A level piece of ground kept smooth for bowling. Bow'man (bo'man), n.; pi. bow'men. A man who uses a bow ; an archer. [crawfish. Bow'-net, n. A contrivance for catching lobsters and Bow'-oar (bou / -), n. 1. The oar used by the bowman in a boat. St. One who rows at the bow of a boat. Bow'-pfin, n. A metallic ruling-pen, having the part which holds the ink bowed out toward the middle. Bow'-saw, n. A saw with a narrow blade set in a strong frame, and used for cutting curved forms from wood. Bow'-shot, n. The space which an arrow may pass when shot from a bow;. Bow'sprit (bS'sprit or bou'sprit), n. [bow (of a ship) and sprit, q. v.] (Naut.) A large spar, which projects over the stem of a vessel , to carry sail forward. food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -call, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. BOWSTRING 80 BRAKE Bow'strlng, n. 1. The string of a bow. 2. A string used by the Turks for strangling offenders. Bow'strlng, v. t. To strangle with a bowstring. Box, n. [A.-S. box, from L. Lat. buxis, Lat. puxis, pyxis, Gr. 7n>£is, a box, esp. of box-wood.] 1. A case or recep- tacle of any size. 2. The quantity that a box contains. 3. An inclosed space with seats in a place of public amusement. 4. A money-chest. 5. A small house. 6. (Mach.) (a.) A cylindrical, hollow iron, used in wheels, in which the axle-tree runs. (b.) A hollow tube in a pump, closed with a valve ; the bucket of a lifting pump. 7. The driver's seat on a carriage. 8. A present. In a box, in an embarrassing position; in difficulty. Box, n. [A.-S. box, Lat. buxus, Gr. wi;£os.] A tree or a shrub flourishing in different parts of the globe. The dwarf box is much used for borders in gardens. Box, n. [Cf. Gr. ttv£, with clinched fist.] A blow on the head or ear with the hand. B5x, v. t. [imp. & p. p. boxed (bokst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. boxing.] 1. To inclose in a box. 2. To furnish with boxes. 3. To strike with the hand or fist. To box the comjjass, to name the points of the compass in their order. Box, v. i. To fight with the fist. Box'er, n. One who fights with his fist. Box'liaul, v. t. [imp. & p. p. boxhauled ; p. pr. & vb. jj.'boxhauling.] (Naut.) To wear, as a ship, in a particular manner, when close-hauled, short round on to the other tack ; — so called from the circumstance of bracing the headyards aback. Box'- tree, n. The tree variety of the plant called box. Box'-wobd, n. The wood of the box-tree, very hard and smooth, and much used by engravers, turners, &c. Boy, n. [Prov. Ger. bua, bue, N. H. Ger. bube, D. boef. Cf. Lat. pupus, Dan. pog, Sw. pojke, Arm. bagel, bugul, child, boy, girl, Per batch, child, boy, servant ; A.-S. & Dan. p'ige, Sw. piga, Icel. pika, a little girl.] A male child, from birth to the age of puberty ; a lad. Some- times it is used in contempt or familiarity for a man. Boy'hobd (27), n. State of a boy, or of immature age. Boy'isli, a. Resembling a boy in manners or opinions ; childish ; puerile. Boy'ish-ly, adv. In a boyish manner. Boy'ish-ness, n. Manners or behavior of a boy. Brae'-eate, a. [Lat. braccatus, wearing breeches, from braccx, breeches, q. v.] ( Ornitli.) Furnished with feath- ers which conceal the feet. Brace, n. [From Lat. brachia, the arms (stretched out), pi. of bracliium, arm.] 1. A prop or support; espe- cially ( Carp.), a piece of timber extending across a cor- ner from one piece of timber to another. 2. That which holds any thing tightly or firmly. 3. (Print.) A verti- cal curved line connecting two or more words or lines, thus boll > I 4, A pair; a C0U P le - 5. A thick strap, ' bowl. ) which supports a carriage on wheels. 6. (Naut.) A rope reeved through a block at the end of a yard, by which it is turned about. 7. (pi.) Straps that sustain pantaloons, &c. ; suspenders ; gallowses. 8. A bit-stock. 9. State of being braced or tight. Brace, v. t. [imp. & p. p. braced (brast); p. pr. & vb. n. BRACING.] 1. To furnish with braces ; to sup- port ; to prop. 2. To tighten ; to put in a state of ten- sion. 3. To place in a position for bracing. 4. (Naut.) To move around by means of braces. Brace'let, n. [Fr., from Lat. brachium, arm. Cf. Brace. ]_ 1. An ornament for the wrist. 2. Apiece of defensive armor for the arm. Bra'cer, n. That which braces ; a band or bandage. Braeh'i-al, or Bra'-elii-al, a. [Lat. brachialis ; bra- chium, arm.] 1. Belonging to the arm. 2. Of the nature of an arm ; resembling an arm. Braelx'y-eal/a-lee'tie, n. [Gr. /SpaxvKaTaXrj/mKos; /3paxvs, short, and /caTaA-qK-riKos, incomplete, from Kara- Ajjyctv, to leave off.] ( Gr. & Lat. Pros.) A verse want- ing two syllables at its termination. Bra-ehyg'ra-phy, n. [Gr. (3pa X v<;, short, and ypdeiv, to write.] Art or practice of writing in short hand ; ste- nography. Brack'en, n. Fern. See Brake. Brack'et, n. [0. Fr. braguet, dim. of brache, Lat. bra- chmm, arm.] 1. (Arch. & Engirt.) A small projecting support, fastened to a wall or other surface. 2. (pi.) (Naut.) Short, crooked timbers, resembling knees. 3. (Mil.) Cheek of a mortar carriage, made of strong plank. 4. (Print.) One of two hooks [ ],used to inclose a refer- ence, explanation, note, &c. ; —called also crotchets. Brack'et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BRACKETED ; p. pr. & vb. n. bracketing.] To place within brackets; to connect by brackets. Brack'et-ing, n. (Arch.) A series of ribs, or brackets, for supporting cornices, &c. [wall. Brack'et-Hglit, n. A gas-light projecting from a side- Br&ck'ish, a. [D. & L. Ger. brak, brackish. Cf. Ger. brack, refuse, trash.] Saltish, or salt in a moderate de- gree, as water. Brack'isli-ness, n. Quality of being brackish. Bra-et, n. [Lat. bractea, a thin plate.] (Bot.) A small leaf or scale, from the axil of which a flower proceeds. Brte'te-ate ) a ' (Bot ^ Furnisned with bract s j bracted. Braet'ed, a. (Bot.) Furnished with bracts. Brad, n. [Cf. Dan. braad, prick, sting, Icel. broddr, any pointed piece of iron or steel, brydda, to prick.] A kind of nail, with a slight projection at the top on one side in- stead of a head. [of brads. Brad'-awl, n. An awl to make holes for the insertion Brag, v. i. [imp. & p. p. bragged; p. pr. & vb. n. BRAGGING.] [Cf. Icel. bragga, to adorn, Ger. prachen, to make a show, boast, pracht, bracht, breaking, show, splendor, Fr. braguer, flaunt, boast, W. bra grata, to swell out.] To praise one's self, or what belongs to one's self, in an ostentatious manner. Syn.— To swagger; boast; vapor; bluster; vaunt; flourish. Brag, n. 1. A boast or boasting. 2. The thing boasted of. 3. A game at cards. Brag'ga-do'ci-o (-do'shi-o), n. [From Braggadocchio, a boastful character in Spenser's Faery Queen.] 1. A braggart ; a boaster. 2. Empty boasting ; mere brag. Brag'gart, n. [0. Fr. bragard, flaunting, vain, brag- ging. See supra.) A boaster ; a vain fellow. Brag'gart, a. Boastful ; vainly ostentatious. Brag'ger, n. One who brags : a, boaster. Brah'ma, n. [See infra.] '(Myth.) The first person in the trinity of the Hindoos ; the creator. Brah'man, ) n. [Skr. Brahman, Bramin, and the first Brah'min, J deity of the Hindoo triad, Bruhmd.} A person of the upper or sacerdotal caste among the Hin- doos. [Written also Brachman, Bramin.] Brah-man'i-e, Brali-man'ie-al, Brah-min'ie, Brah-min'ie-al, Brah'man-i§m, ) n. The religion or system of doc- Brah'miii-i§m, ) trines of the Brahmans. Braid, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BRAIDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BRAIDING.] [A.-S. bredan.] 1. To weave or entwine together ; to plat. 2. To mingle by rubbing in some fluid or soft substance. Braid, n. A string, cord, or other texture, formed by weaving together different strands. Brail, n. [From Lat. braca, bracpp, breeches, a Gallic word. See Breeches.] 1. (Falconry.) A piece of leather to bind up a hawk's wing. 2. (pi.) (Naut.) Ropes employed to haul up, or truss up, sails, for the more ready furling of them . Brail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. brailed ; p. pr. & vb. n. BRAILING.] (Naut.) To haul up into the brails, or to truss up with the brails. Brain, n. [A.-S. bragen. Cf. Gr. Ppey/xa, upper part of the head.] 1. (Anat.) (a.) The whitish, soft mass which occupies the upper cavity of the skull, and is considered to be the center of sensation and perception, (b.) The anterior or cephalic ganglion in insects and other inverte- brates. 2. The understanding. E3f- In the latter sense, often used in the plural. Brain, v. t. To dash out the brains of; to destroy. Brain'-f e'ver, n. An inflammation of the brain. Brain'less, a. Without understanding ; witless. Brain'-pan, n. The bones which inclose the brain; the skull ; the cranium. Brain'-slck, a. Disordered in the understanding. Brake, n. [L. Ger. brake, brushwood, Dan. br'dgne, bregne, fern, W. brwg, wood, brake.] 1. (Bot.) A fern of different genera. 2. A place overgrown with brakes. 3. A_thicket ; a place overgrown with shrubs and brambles. Brake, n. [From the root of break.] 1. An instrument to break flax or hemp. 2. The handle by which a pump or fire-engine is worked. 3. A contrivance for confining refractory horses while the smith is shoeing them ; also, an inclosure to restrain cattle, horses, &c. 4. (Mil.) (a.) That part of the carriage of a movable battery, or engine, which enables it to turn, (b.) An ancient engine of war Pertaining to the Brahmans, or their doctrines and worship ; re- lating to the religion of Brahma. a, e, &c.,long; a, e, &c., short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, d<>, wolf, BRAKEMAN 81 BRAZEN analogous to the cross-bow. 5. (Agric.) A large, heavy harrow for breaking clods after plowing. 6. A piece of mechanism for retarding or stopping motion by means of friction, as of a railway carriage. 7. A cart or carriage without a body, used in breaking horses. Brake'man, n. ; pi. brake'men. One whose business is to manage a brake. Bralt'y, a. Full of brakes or brambles ; rough ; thorny. Bram'fole, n. [A.-S. brembel, brember.] (Bot.) One of several different species of the genus Rubus, includ- ing the raspberry and blackberry ; hence, any rough, prickly shrub. Bram'lbly, a. Pertaining to, resembling, or full of brambles. Bra'min, n. See Brahman. Bran, n. [Fr. bran , excrement, dirt, 0. Fr. & 0. Sp. bren, bran, W. bran, brann, Ir. & Gael, bran.] The proper coat of the seed of wheat, rye, or other farina- ceous grain, separated from the flour by bolting ; — often applied to all refuse sifted out of flour or meal. Branch, n. [Fr. branche, Ger. bran/ce, claw, Ir. & Gael. brae, W. braich, arm.] 1. A limb; a bough growing from a stem, or from another branch or bough. 2. Any arm or part shooting or extended from the main body of" a thing, as a smaller stream running into a larger one ; a ramification. 3. Any member or part of a body or sys- tem ; a section or subdivision ; a department. 4. A line of family descent, in distinction from some other line or lines from the same stock ; any descendant in such a line. 5. (Law.) A warrant or commission given to a pilot. Branch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BRANCHED (brancht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. branching.] 1. To shoot or spread in branches ; to ramify. 2. To divide into separate parts or subdivisions. To branch out, to speak diffusively, or with many words. Branch, v . t. To divide as into branches. Bran'ehi-al, a. [From Gr. fipdyxiov, gill.] Pertaining to, or performed by means of, gills, as of fishes. Branch'i-ness, n. Fullness of branches. Bran'-ehi-o-podg, n. pi. [Gr. Pp6.yxi.ov, gill, and wou?, 7ro56s, foot.] (Zool.) An order of Crustacea, generally very small or minute ; — so named from their feet having been supposed to perform the function of gills. Branch/let, n. A little branch ; a twig. Branch'y, a. Full of branches. Brand, n. [A.-S. brand, brond, brand, sword, from brin- nan, byrnan, beornan, to burn.] 1. A burning or partly burnt stick or piece of wood. 2. A sword, so called from its glittering brightness. [Poet.] 3. An iron used for burning a mark on something, as a cask, or a crimi- nal. 4. A distinctive mark made by burning with a hot iron ; hence, figuratively, quality ; kind ; also, any mark of infamy ; a stigma. Brand, v. t. [imp. & p. p. branded ; p. pr. & vb. n. BRANDING.] 1. To burn or impress a mark with a hot iron. 2. To stigmatize as infamous. Brand'- goose, n. [See Brant.] (Ornith.) A species of wild goose, usually called, in America, brant. Bran'died, a. Mingled, flavored, or treated with brandy. Brand'ing-i'ron (-I'urn), ) n. An iron used to brand Brand'-T'ron (-l'urn), ) with. Bran'dish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. brandished (108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. BRANDISHING.] [From brand, a sword, q. v.] To wave, as a weapon ; to shake or flourish. Bran'dish, n. A flourish, as with a weapon, whip, &c. Bran'dish-er, n. One who brandishes. Brand'ling, n. [So called from its color. See Brand.] ( Zool.) A small red worm, used as bait for small fish. Brand'-new, a. [See Brand.] Quite new, as if fresh from the fire. Bran'dy, n. [Contracted from 0. Eng brandwine, Ger. brantwein, brantewein, i. e., burned wine.] An ardent spirit distilled from wine or other liquors. Bran'gle, n. [Scot, brangle, to shake, menace ; prob. a modification of wrangle, q. v.] A wrangle ; a squabble. Bran'gle, v.i. To wrangle; to dispute; to squabble. Brank, n. [Probably of Celtic origin.] 1. Buckwheat. [Eng.] 2. [Cf. Branch.] A bridle for scolds. Bran'lin, n. [From brand, q. v., probably on account of the dark-colored marks on the sides of this fish, re- sembling those burned by a brand-iron.] (Ichth.) A species of fish of the salmon kind. Bran'-new (109), a. See Brand-neW. Bran'ny, a. Consisting of, or resembling bran. Brant, n. [It. branta, brenta, D. & Ger. brentgans. Prob. It. branta is for branca, branch, so that it signifies a branch goose, same as 0. & Prov. Eng. tree-goose, Ger. baumgans.] ( Ornith.) A species of wild goose ; — called also brent and brand-goose. See Brand-GOOSE. Brash, a. [Cf. Ger. barsch, harsh, sharp, tart, impetu- ous.] 1. Hasty in temper. 2. [Arm. breslc, brush, frag- ile.] Brittle, as wood or vegetables. [Local, Amer.] Brash, n. [See Brash, a., 2.] 1. A rash or eruption. 2. Refuse boughs of trees ; truck. 3. (Geol.) Broken and angular fragments of rocks underlying alluvial de- posits. 4. Broken fragments of ice. Bra'gier (bra/zher), n. [From brass.] 1. An artificer who works in brass. 2. [Fr. brasier, braisier, from braise, embers, live coals.] A pan for holding coals. Brass, n. [A.-S. bras, W. pres. Cf. Icel. bras, cement, solder, Lith. waras, brass.] 1. A yellow alloy of cop- per and zinc. 2. Impudence ; a brazen face. [Colloq.] 3. pi. Utensils, ornaments, or other articles made of brass. Brass'-foand, n. A company of musicians who per- form on instruments of brass. Brasse, n. [A.-S. bears, baers. Cf. L. Ger. brasse.] The pale, spotted perch. Brass'i-ness, n. Quality or appearance of brass. Brass'-leaf , n. Brass made into very thin sheets. Brass'y, a. 1. Pertaining to brass ; hard as brass ; the color of brass. 2. Impudent ; impudently bold. [Colloq.] Brat, n. [A.-S. bratt, cloak, rag, W. brat, bratt, clout, rag, Ir. & Gael, brat, cloak, veil, apron, rag.] A child, so called in contempt. Bra-va'do, n. [Sp. bravada,bravata. See Brave.] 1. An arrogant menace ; a boast or brag ; boastful or threatening behavior. 2. A boasting fellow. Brave, a. [Fr. brave, Sp., Pg., and It. bravo, courageous. This word seems to be of Celtic origin.] 1. Of noble or admirable courage ; uniting boldness with generosity and dignity. 2. Excellent ; beautiful. Syn. — Courageous ; gallant ; daring ; valiant ; valorous ; bold; heroic ; intrepid ; fearless ; dauntless ; high-spirited. Brave, n. 1. A brave person ; specifically, an Indian warrior. 2. A hector ; a bully. Brave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BRAVED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BRAVING.] To encounter with courage and fortitude ; to_set at defiance ; to defy ; to challenge ; to dare. Brave'ly, adv. In a brave manner. Brav'er-y, n. 1. Quality of being brave; fearlessness of danger ; undaunted spirit. 2. Showy appearance ; ostentation. Syn. — Courage ; heroism ; intrepidity ; gallantry ; valor; fearlessness; dauntlessness; hardihood; manf'ulness.— Courage (from cor, heart) is that firmness of spirit which meets danger without fear; bravery defies or braves it, and shows itself in outward acts; audacity is bravery running out into rashness. Bra'vo, n. ; pi. bra/voe§. [It. See Brave.] A daring villain ; a bandit ; an assassin or murderer. Bra'vo, interj. Well done ! expressive of applause. Brawl, v. i. [Fr. brailler, W. bragal, to vociferate, brag ; broliaw, to brag, boast, brawl, boast. Cf. Broil..] 1. To quarrel noisily and indecently. 2. To complain loudly ; to scold. 3. To roar ; as water. Syn.— To wrangle; squabble; contend. Brawl, n. A noisy quarrel ; loud, angry contention. Syn. — Noise; quarrel; scurrility; uproar. Brawl'er, n. A noisy fellow ; a wrangler. Brawn, n. [From 0. H. Ger. brato, ace. bratun, braton, fatness.] 1. The flesh of a boar. 2. Full, strong mus- cles ; muscular strength ; hence, the arm. Brawn'i-ness, n. Quality of being brawny. Brawn'y, a. Having large, strong muscles. Syn. — Muse ulous; muscular; fleshy; strong; bulky. Bray, v. t. [imp. & p.p. brayed ;£>. pr. k,vb. n. BRAY- ING.] 1. [0. Fr. brayer; Icel. bralca, to break, bralca, to crack, A.-S. bracan, to rub.] To pound, beat, or grind small. 2. [See BRAY, v. i.] To make or utter with a harsh, grating sound. Bray, v. i. [Fr. braire, to bray. Cf. BRAG.] 1. To ut- ter a harsh cry, as an ass. 2. To make a harsh, grating noise. [sound. Bray, n. The harsh sound of an ass ; any harsh, grating Bray'er, n. One who brays like an ass. Bray'er, n. [From bray, to grind. See Bray, v. t. 1.] (Print.) An instrument for mixing or spreading ink. Braze, v. t. [From brass, q. v.] 1. To solder with an al- loy of brass and zinc. 2. To cover or ornament with brass. 3. To harden to impudence. Bra'zen (bra/zn), a. 1. Pertaining to, proceeding from, or made of, brass. 2. Impudent. Brazen age (Myth-), the age which succeeded the silver age, when men had degenerated from primitive purity. — Brazen sea (Jewish Antiq.), a large vessel of brass, cast on the plain of Jordan, and placed in Solomon's temple. food, f dot ; urn, r\jde, pull ; cell, chaise, eall, echo ; 6 gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. BRAZEN 82 BREATHE Bra'zen (bra'zn,) V. i. To be impudent ; to bully. Bra'zen-f aced, (bra'zn-i'ast), a. Impudent ; bold to ex- cess ; shameless. Bra'zen-ly, adv. In a bold, impudent manner. Bra'zier (bra/zher), n. [See Brasier.] 1. An artificer who works in brass. 2. A pan to hold coals. Bra-zil'-wdod, n. [Pg. braza, a live coal, or glowing fire. This name was given to the wood from its color.] A very heavy wood, of a red color, growing in other tropical countries, and used for dyeing red. Breach, n. [A.-S. brice, bryce, Fr. breche,Ger. brecke. See Break.] 1. Act of breaking, or state of being broken. 2. The gap or opening made by breaking. 3. A breaking or infraction, as of a law, or any obligation or tie. 4. A breaking up of amicable relations. Syn.— Rent; cleft; chasm; rift; disruption; fracture; aper- ture; gap; break; infraction; infringement; violation; quar- rel; dispute; contention; difference; misunderstanding. Breach, v. t. (Mil.) To make a breach or opening in the walls of, by means of artillery. [cattle. Breach'y, a. Apt to break fences ; — applied to unruly Bread, n. [A.-S. bread, breod. The root is either A.-S. breovan, imp. bredv, to brew, bake, or, better, A.-S. breotan, imp bredt, to break, for an older breodan, imp. bread.] 1. Food made of flour or meal. 2. Provisions in general. Bread'-corn, n. Corn or grain of which bread is made, as wheat, rye, &c. Bread'- fruit (32), n. (Bot.) The fruit of a tree, found in the isles of the Pacific. When baked, it somewhat resembles bread, and is eaten as food. The name is also applied to the tree. Bread'stuff , n. Bread-corn ; meal ; flour. [Amer.] Breadth (108), n. [A.-S. brado, braed, from brad, broad. See Broad.] 1. Distance from side to side ; width. 2. (Paint.) Quality of having colors and shadows broad and massive, and the arrangement of objects such as to produce an impression of largeness and simple grandeur. Break, v. t. [imp. broke (brake, obs.); p. p. broke or broken ; p. pr. & vb. n. breaking.] [A.-S. & Goth. brikan, Icel. braka, allied to Lat. frangere, for fragere, Skr. bhandj, in which the letter r has been dropped, Gr. priyi/vvat, where the initial consonant has been omitted.] 1. (a.) To strain apart ; to part by. Hence, to lay open by breaking. And (Fig.) to lay open, as a purpose ; to disclose or divulge, (b.) To infringe or violate, (c.) To interrupt ; to terminate, (d.) To destroy the completeness of. 2. To dash or shatter to pieces. 3. Hence, (a.) To shatter or crush, without separation of parts ; to bruise. (b.) To weaken, impair, or subdue, (c.) To diminish the force of. And (Fig.) to impart cautiously, (d.) To tame ; to make tractable, (e.) To make bankrupt. (/.) To de- stroy the official character of ; to cashier. With prepositions or adverbs : — To break down, to crush; to overwhelm. — To break in, to force in; also, to train; to discipline.— To break of, to cause to reform, or abandon.— To break off, to separate by breaking; to interrupt ; to put an end to. — To break open, to open by- breaking. — To break out, to take or force out by breaking. — To break over, to transgress ; to disregard. — lo break up, to separate into parts; to put an end to. With an object : — To break the back, neck, &c, to dislocate the same. — To break bulk, to begin to unload; also, to transfer in detail, as from boats to cars. — To break cover, to burst forth from a pro- tecting concealment. — To breakfast, to partake of food after abstinence, especially in the morning. — To break ground, to open the earth as for planting ; to commence excavation. Hence (Fig.), to begin to execute any plan ; (Xaut.), to release the anchor from the bottom.— To break the heart, to crush or overwhelm with grief. — To break a house, (Law), to remove any part of the house or of its fastenings, with violence and a felonious intent. — To break the ice, to overcome obstacles and make a beginning.— To break jail, to escape from con- finement in jail. — To break a jest, to utter a jest.— To break joints, to lay bricks, shingles, &c, so that the ioints in one course shall not coincide with those in the preceding course.— To break a path, road, or the like ; to open a way through obstacles by force. — To break upon a wheel, to execute or pun- ish, as a criminal, by stretching him out upon a cart-wheel or frame, and breaking his limbs with an iron bar. Syn.— To dispart; rend; tear; crash; shatter ; batter ; vio- late; infringe; demolish; destroy. Break, v. i. 1. To come to pieces ; to burst asunder. 2. To open spontaneously, or by force from within. 3. To come to view ; to appear ; to dawn. 4. To burst forth violently. 5. To become weakened ; to lose health or strength. 6. To fail in business. 7. To change the gait. 8. To exceed the natural compass or power, as the voice. 9. To fall out ; to terminate friendship. With prepositions or adverbs : — To break away, to disengage one's self abruptly; also, to be- come dissipated, as the clouds. — To break down, to come down by breaking ; to fail in any undertaking. — To break forth, to issue suddenly, as sound, light, &o. ; — with in or unto ; to give vent to. — To break in, or in upon, to enter violently or unexpectedly. —To break loose, to extricate one's self forcibly. — To break off, to become separated with suddenness and vio- lence; to desist. — To break out, to burst forth ; to appear sud- denly;— also, to show itself in cutaneous eruptions,— said of certain diseases; to become covered with cutaneous eruptions, — said of a patient. — To break up, to become separated into parts or fragments. Hence, to be dissolved; to disperse.— To break with, to fall out; to part friendship. Break, n. [A.-S. brzec. See supra.] 1. An opening made by fracture or disruption. 2. An interruption ; a pause. 3. In writing or printing, a dash, or a blank or unfinished fine. 4. The first appearing of light in the morning; the dawn. 5. An interruption of continuity. 6. A kind of large, four-wheel carriage. Break'a-ble, a. Capable of being broken. Break'age (45), n. 1. A breaking. 2. An allowance for things broken in transportation. Break'down, n. 1. Act of breaking down, as of a car- riage. 2. A riotous dance, terminating a ball. [ Colloq.] Break'er, n. 1. One who, or that which , breaks. 2. (Naut.) A small, flat water-cask, used in boats for bal- last and for emergencies. 3. pi. Waves breaking into foam against the shore, a sand-bank, or a sunken rock. Break'fast (brek/fast), n. The first meal in the day. Break'fast, v. i. [imp. & p. p. breakfasted ; p. pr. & vb. n. breakfasting.] To break one's fast in the morning. [morning. Break'fast, v. t. To furnish with the first meal in the Break'-neck, n. A steep place, endangering the neck. Break'-neck, a. Producing danger of a broken neck. Break'wa-ter, n. Any structure or contrivance, to break the"force of waves. Bream, n. [Fr. brcme, brame, from 0. H. Ger. brahsema, brahsina, brach.se.] (Ichth.) A certain fish inhabiting lakes and deep water, extremely insipid, and little valued Bream, v. t. [Cf. Broom, and Ger. ein schiff brennen.) (Naut.) To burn filth, as grass, seaweed, &c, off from. Breast, n. [A.-S. breost, Icel. briost, Goth, brusts, Ger. brust. The root is 0. H. Ger. brestan, A.-S. berstan, Eng. burst, so that the word properly signifies a thing bursting beyond the adjacent surface.] 1. The fore part of the body, between the neck and the belly. 2. The pro- tuberant glands, in females, in which milk is secreted. 3. The seat of consciousness, and of the affections and passions ; the heart. To make a clean breast, to make full confession. Breast, v. t. To meet with the breast, or manfully. Breast'-bone, n. The bone of the breast to which most of the ribs are attached ; the sternum. Breast'-hobk, n. (Naut.) A piece of timber in the form of a knee, placed across the stem of a ship. Breast'ing, n. (Engin.) The curved channel in which a breast-wheel turns. [breast. Breasfknot (-not), n. A knot of ribbons worn on the Breast'pin, n. A pin worn for a fastening, or for orna- ment, on the breast ; a brooch. Breast'plate, n. 1. Defensive armor worn upon the breast. 2. A strap that runs across a horse's breast. 3. (Jeivish Antiq.) A part of the vestment of the high priest, consisting of a folded piece of rich, embroidered stuff set with twelve precious stones, on which were en- graved the names of the twelve tribes. Breast'-plow, I n. A kind of plow, driven by the Breast'-plough, ) breast, used to cut or pare turf. Breast'rail, n. The upper rail of a balcony or of the breastwork on a quarter-deck. Breast'- wheel, n. A water-wheel, which receives the stream of water at about half its height. Breast'work ( -wurk), n. 1. ( Fort. ) A defensive earth- work breast-high. 2. (Naut.) A railing on the quarter- deck and forecastle. Breath, n. [A.-S. brsedh.] 1. Air respired. 2. Act or power of breathing naturally or freely. 3. Power of respiration; hence, life. 4. Time to breathe; respite; pause. 5. A single respiration, or the time of making it ; a single act ; an instant. 6. A very slight breeze. Breath'a-ble, a. Capable of being breathed. Breathe, v. i. [imp. & p. p. breathed; p. pr. & vb. n. BREATHING.] [From breath, q. v.] 1. To re- spire ; hence, to live. 2. To take breath ; to rest. 3. To pass, as air ; to exhale ; to emanate. Breathe, v. t. 1. To respire. 2. To inject or infuse by breathing. 3. To emit by the breath ; to utter softly. 4. To exhale ; to emit, as breath. 5. To cause to sound a, e, S.c. , long , a , e, &c. , short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, BREATHER i by breathing. 6. To promote free respiration in; to exercise. 7. To suffer to take breath, or recover the natural breathing. S. To put out of breath. 9. [W. brathu, to pierce.] To give air or vent to ; to open. Breatn'er, n. One who breathes. Breatii'ing, n. 1. Respiration. 2. Air in gentle mo- tion. 3. Any gentle influence or operation. 4. Aspira- tion; secret prayer. 5. Exercise. 6. Utterance. 7. Breathing-place; vent. 8. (a.) (Gram.) Aspiration; the sound expressed by the letter h. (b.) ( Gr. Gram.) A mark placed over the initial vowel of a word to indicate aspiration. — Rough breathing ( spiritus asper), a mark ['], signifying that the letter over which it is placed is to be pronounced as if preceded by h, as livax (hl-e-nai). Smooth breathing (spiritus lenis). a mark ['], indicating the absence of the sound of h, as teVai (I-e-nai). Breath'Iess, a. 1. Out of breath. 2. Dead ; expired. Breath'less-ness, n. State of being breathless, or ex- hausted with exercise. Breccia (bret'cha), n. [It. See Breach.] (Geol.) A rock composed of angular fragments, united by a cement, and presenting a variety of colors. Bree'ci-a/ted (brek'shl-), a. Consisting of angular fragments cemented together. Breecli, n. [See Breeches.] 1. The lower part of the body behind. 2. The hinder part of any thing, esp. the part of a fire-arm, behind the bottom of the bore. Breech, v. t. [imp. & p. p. breeched ; p. pr. & vb. n. BREECHING.] 1. To put into breeches. 2. To fit or furnish with a breech. 3. To fasten with breeching. Breech'eg (brlch'ez), n. pi. [A.-S. broc, pi. brec, breec, Ir. brog, D. broek, Lat. braca, bracse, braces;.] A garment worn by men, covering the hips and thighs ; — sometimes, but less properly, used in the sense of pantaloons. To wear the breeches, to usurp the authority of the husband; — said of a wife. [Colloq.] Breech'ing (brlch'ing), n. 1. That part of a harness which comes round the breech of a horse. 2. (Naut.) A strong rope fastened to a cannon, to prevent it from recoiling too much in battle. Breech'-load'ing, a. (Mil.) Receiving the charge at the breech instead of the muzzle. Breed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BRED; p. pr. & vb. n. BREEDING-.] [A.-S. bredan. Cf. W. brwd, hot, warm, brydiaio, to heat. See Brood.] 1„ To procreate ; to generate ; to beget ; to hatch. 2. To bring up ; to nurse and foster. 3. To instruct ; to form by education. 4. l'o occasion ; to produce. 5. To give birth to. Breed, v. i. 1. To bear and nourish young. 2. To be generated, or to grow, as young before birth. 3. To have birth ; to be produced. 4. To raise a breed. To breed in and in, to breed from animals of the same stock that are closely related. Breed, n. 1. A race or progeny from the same parents or stock. 2. A race of men or other animals, which have an alliance by nativity, or some distinctive qualities in common. 3. Progeny; offspring ; — applied toother things than animals. Breed'er, n. One who, or that which, breeds. Breed'ing, n. 1. Formation of manners. 2. Deport- ment or behavior ; manners. Syn. — Education ; instruction; nurture; training. Breeze, ) n. [A.-S. briosa, brimse. Cf. Ger. brausen, Breeze'-fly, ) Icel. brtisa, Sw. brusa, Dan. bruse, to hum, buzz, murmur.] ( Entom.) A kind of fly of vari- ous species, noted for buzzing about animals, and tor- menting them by sucking their blood . The name is also given to different species of bot-flies. [Written also breese and brize.] Breeze, n. [Fr. brise, It. brezza, Sp. briza, brisa. a breeze from north-east. Cf. Fr. bise, 0. H. Ger. bisa, north wind ] 1. A light wind ; a gentle gale. 2. (Fig.) An excited state of feeling ; a quarrel. ( Colloq. ) Breeze, v. i. To blow gently. Breez'y, a. Fanned with gentle winds or breezes. Brent, n. A brant, or brand-goose. See Brant. Breast'-sum'mer, n. (Arch.) A summer or beam placed breast-wise to support a superincumbent wall. Breth'ren, n. ; pi. of brother. It is used almost exclu- sively, in solemn and scriptural language, in the place of brothers. See BROTHER. Brett, n. A long, four-wheel pleasure-carriage, with a calash top, and seats for four, besides a driver's seat. Breve, n. [Lat. brevis, short. See Brief.] 1. (Mus.; A note, equivalent to two semibreves, or four minims. , ^ I 2. (Law.) A brief. See Brief. 3. (Print.) A ' 3 BRIDE-CAKE curved mark [~] used to indicate the short quantity of a vowel, or some particular quality of its sound. - Br ( e " v t 6t '> n - [ Fr -> from Lat. brevis, short. See Brief.] 1. A royal or imperial warrant, granting a favor, privi- lege, title, or dignity. 2. (Mil.) A commission in the army at large, in distinction from a commission in a particular regiment or corps. [brevet Bre-vgt', v. t. (Mil.) To confer rank or title upon by Bre-vet', a. (Mil.) Taking rank by brevet. Bre'-vi-a-ry, n. [Lat. breviarium, from brevis, short.] 1. An abridgment; a compend ; an epitome; a brief account or summary. 2. A book containing the daily service_of the Roman Catholic or Greek church. Bre-vier', n. [Probably so called from being originally used in printing a breviary.] (Print.) A small kind of printing type, in size between bourgeois and minion. pp" This line is printed in brevier type. Brev'i-ped, a. [Lat. brevis, short, and pes, pedis, foot] ( Ornith.) Having short legs, as certain birds. Brev'i-pen'nate, a. [Lat. brevis, short, and penna- tus, winged, feathered, from penna, feather, wing.] ( Or- nith.) Short- winged ; — applied to a division of birds, including the ostrich, cassowary, swan, &c. Brev'i-ty, n. [Lat. brevitas, from brevis, short.] 1. Shortness of duration. 2. Contraction into few words ; shortness ; conciseness. Brew (brjj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BREWED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BREWING.] [A.-S. breovan, Icel. brugga, allied to Lat. frigere, Gr. 4>pvyeiv, to roast, fry, broil.] 1. To boil or seethe. 2. To prepare, as a liquor, from malt and hops, or other materials, by steeping, boiling, and fermentation. 3. To prepare by boiling, mingling, &c. 4. To contrive ; to plot. Brew(brii), v. i. 1. To perform the business of brew- ing. 2. To be in a state of preparation ; to be forming, or gathering. Brew'age (bru'-), n. Malt liquor ; drink brewed. Brew'er (bru/er), n. One who brews. Brew'er-y, / (brn'-), n. A house where brewing is Brew'-house, \ carried on. Brew'ing (bribing), n. 1. The act or process of pre- paring liquors from malt and hops, &c. 2. The quantity brewed at once. Brew'is (bru'is), n. [A.-S. briw, es, broth, frumenty, from breova?i, Eng. brew.] 1. Broth ; pottage. [Obs.] 2. Bre_ad soaked in gravy, or prepared in water and butter. BrI-a're-an, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, Briareus, a giant with a hundred hands ; hence, hundred-handed. Bribe, n. [Fr. bribe, a hunch of bread, scrap, leaving3 of meals (that are generally given to a beggar), 0. Fr. briber, brifer, to eat gluttonously, to beg ; Cf. W. briw, fragment, bara briw, broken bread.] 1. A gift bestowed or promised with a view to pervert the judgment or cor- rupt the conduct. 2. That which seduces ; allurement. Bribe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BRIBED ; p. pr. & vb. n. bribing.] 1. To influence or corrupt by gifts. 2. To gain by a bribe. Bribe, v.i. To give a bribe to a person. Brib'er, n. One who, or that which, bribes. Brlb'er-y, n. Act or practice of bribing. Brick, n. [Either from A.-S. brice,&. breaking, fragment, or, better, from Armor, priek, clayey, ^r^clay.] 1. Clay and sand, tempered with water, molded into regular forms, dried in the sun, and usually burnt. 2. Bricks collectively. 3. A good fellow; a merry person. [Low] A brick in his hat, used of a person intoxicated. Brick, v. t. [imp. & p.p. bricked (brlkt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. BRICKING.] To lay or pave with bricks. Brick'bat, n. A piece or fragment of a brick. See Bat, No. 4. [baked or burnt- Brick'-kiln (-kll), n. A kiln, in which bricks are Brlck'-lay'er, n. One who builds with bricks. Brick'-laylng, n. The art of building with bricks. Brick'-nog^ing, n. Brick-work carried up and filled in between timber framing. Brick'-tea, n. Fresh tea-leaves saturated with fat, or with an alkaline solution, and pressed into large cakes. Brick'- work (-wiirk), n. A structure of bricks. Brid'al. a. [From bride, q. v.] Belonging to a bride, or to a wedding ; nuptial ; connubial. Brid'al, n. The nuptial festival ; marriage. Bride, n. [A.-S. bryd, Goth, bruths, Icel. brildhr, W. priawd, a married person, Skr. praudha, bride. Cf. Skr. pri, to love.] 1. A woman recently married. 2. A woman espoused, or contracted to be married. [ding. Brlde'-eake, n. Cake made for the guests at a wed- food, foot; urn, riide, pull ; cell, fkaise, -eall, e-eho ; gem, get; ag; ejist; linger, link; this- BRIDE-CHAMBER 84 BRISKNESS Bride'-cham'ber, n. The nuptial apartment. Bride'grobm, n. [Orig. and prop, bndegoom, from A.-S. brydguma, from bryd, bride, and gvma, man.] A man newly married, or about to be married. Bride'-maid, 1 n. A woman who attends on a bride Bride§'-maid, } at her wedding. Bride'-man, n. ; pi. bride'-men. 1 A man who at- Bride§'-man, n.; pi. BRIDES-MEN. J tends upon a bridegroom and bride at their marriage. Brlde'well, n. A house of correction ; — so called from a hospital near St. Bride's or Bridget's well, in London, which was subsequently turned into a work-house. Bridge, n. [A.-S. brycg, bryc, brig, Icel. bryggja.] 1. A structure erected to make a continuous roadway over a watercourse, ravine, railroad, or the like. 2. Some- thing analogous to a bridge, as a support for the strings of a violin, the upper, bony part of the nose, &c. Bridge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bridged ; p. pr. & vb. n. bridging.] To build a bridge or bridges over. Bridge'-board, n. {Arch.) A board on which the ends of the steps of wooden stairs are fastened. Bridg'ing-joist, n. (Arch.) (a.) A joist sustained by transverse beams below; — called also a binding-joist. (b.) A joist nailed or fixed to the flooring boards. Bri'dle, n. [A.-S. bridel.] 1. An instrument with which a horse is governed and restrained. 2. A restraint ; a curb; a check. 3. (Chin.) Part of a gun-lock. 4. (Naut.) A short piece of cable, intended to enable a ship, when moored, to veer with the wind and tide. Bri'dle, v. t. [imp. & p.p. bridled; p. pr. & vb. n. bridling.] 1. To put a bridle upon. 2. To restrain, guide, or govern ; to check, curb, or control. Bri'dle, v. i. To hold up the head, and draw in the chin, as an expression of pride, scorn, or resentment. Bri'dle-path, \ n. A path or way for travelers on Bri'dle-way, J horse-back. Bri'dler, n. One who bridles. Bri-ddbn', n. [Fr. bridon, from bride. See BRIDLE.] [Mil.) The snaffle and rein of a military bridle, which acts independently of the bit. Brief, a. [Fr. brief, bref, Lat. brevis, short.] 1. Short in duration. 2. Short" in expression ; using few words. Syn.— Short; limited; concise; succinct; summary; com- pendious; laconic. Brief,?!. 1. An epitome ; a short or concise writing ; a statement in few words. 2. (Law.) (a.) An abridg- ment of a client's case, (b.) A writ summoning a man to answer to any action. Apostolical brief, a letter of the pope relating to public affairs. Briefless, a. Having no brief; without clients. Briefly, adv. Concisely ; in few words. [writing. Briefness, n. Shortness; conciseness in discourse or Bri'er, n. [A.-S. brier, brer, Ir. briar, Gael, preas, W. prys, prysg.]. [Written also briar.] 1. A prickly plant or shrub. 2. (Bot.) The sweet-brier and the wild- brier, species of the rose. Bri'er-y, a. Full of briers ; rough ; thorny. Brig, n. [Abbreviation of brig- antine, q. v.] A vessel with two masts , square-rigged. Hermaphrodite brig, a two masted vessel, square-rigged for- ward and schooner-rigged aft. Bri-gade', n. [Fr. brigade, Sp. brigada, It. brigata, troop, crew, brigade, prop, and orig. a contending troop, from 0. _ Fr. brigue, It. briga, trouble, ^ quarrel.] (Mil.) A division of troops, commanded by a gen- eral officer, or brigadier, and consisting of an indeter- minate number of regiments, squadrons, or battalions. Brigade major, an officer who may be attached to a brigade to assist the brigadier in his duties. Bri-gade', v. t. [imp. & p. p. brigaded ; p. pr. & vb. n. brigading.] (Mil.) To form into a brigade, or into brigades. Brig/a-dier'-gen'er-al, n. [Fr.,fcombrigade.] (Mil.) The general officer who commands a brigade, in rank next below a major-general. Brig'and, n. [L. Lat. brigans, alight-armed soldier, W. brigant, summit, highlander, plunderer, brigantiad, high- lander, depredator, from brig, top, summit, hill.] A law- less fellow who lives by plunder ; a robber ; a freebooter. Brig'and-age, n. Theft ; robbery ; plunder. Brig'an-tine, n. [Fr. brigantin, originally a piratical vessel. See Brigand.] A kind of small brig. Bright (brit), a. [A.-S. beorht, byrht, briht, Goth, bairhts, Icel. biartr ; Skr. bhrctdsh, to shine, Goth, bairhtjan, ga- bairhtjan.] 1. Shedding much light. 2. Transmitting light. 3. Having qualities that render conspicuous or attractive, or that affect the mind as light does the eye. 4. Having a clear, quick intellect ; sparkling with wit. 5. Manifest to the mind, as light to the eyes. Syn.— Shining ; splendid ; luminous ; brilliant ; resplen- dent ; effulgent ; refulgent ; radiant ; sparkling ; glittering ; lucid ; beamy ; clear ; transparent ; translucent ; limpid. Brighton (brit'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. brightened ; p. pr. & vb. n. brightening.] 1. To make bright or brighter ; to increase the luster of, 2. To make illustri- ous, or more distinguished. 3. To shed light upon ; to make cheerful. 4. To make acute or witty. Bright'en (bri^n), v. i. To grow bright, or more bright. Briglit'ly (brit'-), adv. Splendidly ; with luster. Bright'ness (brlt'-),n. 1. The quality of being bright. 2. Acuteness, applied to the faculties. Syn. — Splendor ; luster ; radiance ; resplendence ; bril- liancy ; effulgence ; glory ; clearness ; transparency. Bright's' Di§-ea§e'. (Med.) A granular disease of the cortical part of the kidneys ; — so called from being first described by Dr. Bright, of London. Brill'iance, ) n. Great brightness, whether in a literal Brill'ian-cy, I or tropical sense ; splendor. Brlll'iaiit't'brll'yant), a. [Fr. brillant, p. pr. of briller, to shine or sparkle, from Lat. beryllus, a precious stone. See Beryl.] 1. Sparkling with luster; glittering. 2. Distinguished by qualities which excite admiration; splendid ; shining. Brill'iant, n. A diamond of the finest cut, formed so as to reflect and refract the light. Brill'iant-ly, adv. In a brilliant manner ; splendidly. Brim, n. [A.-S. brymme, bremme.] Rim, or border, of any thing ; the edge or margin. Brim, v. i. To be full to the brim. Brim'f ill, a. Full to the top ; completely full. Brim'mer, n. A bowl full to the top. Brim'ming, a. Full to the top or brim ; brimful. Brim'stone, n. [From A.-S. bryne, a burning, fire, and stone.] A hard, brittle, inflammable substance, of a lemon-yellow color ; sulphur. Brin'ded, a. [Equiv. to branded. Cf. brand and A.-S. brinnan, byrnan, beornan, to burn.] Having different colors ; variegated ; streaked. Brin'dle, n. [A diminutive form of brind, the root of brinded.] The state of being brinded ; spottedness. Brin'dled (brln/dld), a. Spotted ; variegated ; brinded. Brine, n. [A.-S. bryne, a burning, salt liquor, from brin- nan, byrnan, to burn.] 1. Water impregnated with salt. 2. The ocean or sea. 3. Tears, so called from their salt- ness. [evaporation. Brine'-pan, n. A pit of salt water, for forming salt by Bring, v. t. [imp. & p. p. brought ; p. pr. & vb. n. BRINGING.] [A.-S. bringan, Goth, briggan, bringgan.] 1. To convey to a person or thing ; to fetch. 2. To make to come; to procure ; to draw in. 3. To induce ; to prevail on ; to influence. 4. To convey ; to carry. To bring about, to effect ; to accomplish. — To bring back, to recall.— To bring clown, to humble or abase. — To bring forth, to produce ; to make manifest. — To bring in, to introduce ; to produce, as income ; to induce to join. — To bring off, to bear or convey away ; to procure to be acquitted. — To bring on, to cause to begin ; to cause to exist. — To bring out, to expose ; to detect. — To bring over, to bear across. Also, to convert ; to draw to a new party; to cause to change sides, or an opinion. — To bring to, to resuscitate.— To bring under, to subdue; to re- press. — To bring up, to nurse; to educate.— To bring to (Naut.), to check the course of, as a ship, by arranging the sails in a certain manner. — To bring by the lee, to incline rapidly to lee- ward of the course. Bring'er, n. One who brings or conveys. Brin'ish, a. Like brine ; salt ; somewhat salt ; saltish. Brin'ish-ness, n. Saltness ; the quality of being saltish. Brink (82), n. [Dan. & Sw. brink, declivity, hill, Icel. bringr, hillock, W. bryn, hill, bryncyn, hillock.] Edge, margin, or border of a steep place, as of a precipice ; verge. Brin'y, a. Pertaining to brine, or to the sea ; salt. Brisk, a. [W. brysg, from brys, haste, quick, hasty.] 1. Full of liveliness and activity. 2. Full of spirit or life; effervescing, as liquors. Syn. — Active ; lively ; agile ; alert ; nimble ; quick ; sprightly; prompt; vivacious; gay. Brisk'et, n. [W. brysced, Armor, brusk, bruched; Fr. brichet, brechet, breast-bone.] The breast of an animal; or that part of the breast that lies next to the ribs. Brisk'ly, adv. In a brisk manner. I Brisk'ness, n. Quality of being brisk. a.,e,8c.c.,long, •&, e\ &c.,sAo?^c&r6^far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son,6r,dQ,W9lf, BRISTLE 85 BRONCHOCELE Bris'tle (bris'l), n. [A.-S. hristl and byrst.] 1. A short, stiff, coarse hair, as of swine. 2. (Bot.) A species of pubescence on plants, in form of a stiff, roundish hair. Bris'tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bristled ; p. pr. & vb. n. bristling.] 1. To erect the bristles of. 2. To fix a bristle to. Bris'tle, v. i. 1. To rise or stand erect, like bristles. 2. To have standing thick and erect, like bristles. To bristle up, to show anger or defiance. Bris'tly (brls'ly), a. Thick set with bristles, or with hairs resembling bristles ; rough. Bris'tol-board, n. A kind of fine pasteboard, made with a smooth and sometimes glazed surface. Bris'tol-brick, n. A sort of brick used for cleaning steel ; — so called because originally manufactured at Bristol, England. Bris'tol-dra-mond, 1 n. (Min.) Rock crystal, or crys- Bris'tol-stone, J tals of quartz, found in a rock near the city of Bristol, England. Bri-tan'ni-a, n. A metallic compound or alloy, consist- ing of 100 parts of block-tin, with 8 of antimony, 2 of bis- muth, and 2 of copper. Brit'ish, a. Pertaining to Great Britain or its inhabi- tants ; — sometimes restricted to the original inhabitants. Brit'ish-giim, n. A substance of a brownish color, and very soluble in cold water, formed by heating dry starch at a temperature of about 600° Fahr. Brit'tle (brlt-'tl), a. [From A.-S. bryttan, breotan, to break.] Easily broken ; apt to break ; fragile. Brit'tle-ness, n. Aptness to break ; fragility. Britz'ska (bris'ka), n. [Russ. britshka, Pol. bryczka, dim. of bryka, freight-wagon.] A kind of long carriage, with a calash top. Broach, n. [Fr. broche, spit, Sp. broca, It. & L. Lat. brocca, It. brocco. Cf. Lat. brochus,brocchus, a projecting tooth, and W. proc, thrust, stab.] 1. (Mech.) A tool of steel, generally tapering, for smoothing or enlarging holes in_metal. 2. A brooch. See Brooch. Broach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. broached; p.pr. & vb. n. broaching-.] 1. To pierce, as with a spit. 2. To tap ; to pierce, as a cask, iu order to draw the liquor ; hence, to let out. 3. To open for the first time, as stores. 4. To make public ; to give out ; to put forth. Broa-eh'er, n. 1. A spit; a broach. 2. One who broaches. Broad (brawd), a. [compar. broader ; superl. broad- est.] [A.-S. brad, Icel. breidhr, Goth, braids.] 1. Wide ; extended in breadth, or from side to side. 2. Extended, in the sense of diffused. 3. (Fig.) Having a large measure of any thing or quality ; — applied to any subject, and retaining the literal idea more or less clearly, the precise meaning depending largely on the substantive. As broad as long, the same one way as another. Syn.— "Wide; large ; ample; extensive ; vast; comprehen- sive; vulgar; coarse; gross; obscene. Broad'- ax, ) n. An ax with a broad edge, for hewing Broad'- axe,) timber. Broad'-brim, n. 1. A kind of hat like those worn by the"Friends or Quakers. 2. A Quaker. [Colloq.] Broad'east, n. (Agric.) A casting or throwing seed from the hand for dispersion in sowing. Broad'east, adv. By scattering or throwing at large from the hand. Broadcast, a. 1. Dispersed upon the ground with the hand, as seed in sowing. 2. Widely spread or diffused. Broad Church. (Eccl.) A body of men holding liberal or comprehensive views of Christian doctrine and fellow- ship ; — applied esp. to a portion of the church of Eng. Broad'eloth, n. A fine kind of woolen cloth for men's garments, exceeding 29 inches in width. Broad'en, v. i. To grow broad. [prehensive. Broad'en L t\ a. To make broad ; to render more com- Broad'-gauge, n. A wide distance (usually 6 or 7 feet) between the rails on a railway, in contradistinction from the narrow gauge of four feet eight inches and a half. Broad'ish, a. Rather broad ; moderately broad. Broad'ly, adv. In a broad manner. Broad'ness, n. Quality of being broad ; breadth. Broad'-pen'nant, n. (Naut.) A square piece of bunt- ing carriedjat the mast-head of a commodore's vessel. Broad'-piece, n. A piece of gold coin broader than a guinea ; applied, in the reigns of James I. and Charles I. to a 205. piece. Broad'- seal, n. The public seal of a country or state. B'oad'side, n. 1. A discharge of all the guns on one side of a ship at the same time. 2. {Naut.) The side of a ship above the water, frem the bow to the quarter. 3. {Print.) A sheet of paper containing one large page, or printed on one side only. Broad'sword (brawd'sord), n. A sword with a broad bladejrad a cutting edge. Bro-eade', n. [From It. broccare, L. Lat. brocare, Fr. brocher, to prick, to figure, to stitch. See Broach.] Silk stuff, variegated with gold and silver, or enriched with flowers, &c. ; — also applied to other stuffs wrought and enriched in like manner. Bro-cad'ed, a. 1. Woven or worked, as brocade. 2. Dressed in brocade. BrS'kage', } n ' [See Broke > Broker.] Brokerage. Broe'ard, n. [Perhaps from Brocardica, a collection of ecclesiastical canons by Burkhard, Bishop of Worms, called by the Italians and French Brocard.] An elemen- tary principle or maxim ; a canon. Brd'-ea-tel', ) n. [Sp. brocatel, Fr. brocatelle, It. bro- Bro'^a-tel'lo, ) catello.] 1. A kind of coarse brocade, commonly made of silk and cotton, used chiefly for tapes- try, linings for carriages, &c. 2. A marble, clouded and veined with white, gray, yellow, and red colors. Broe'co-li, n. [It., pi. of broccolo, sprout, cabbage sprout, dim. of brocco, splinter. See Broach.] A vari- ety of the common cabbage, resembling the cauliflower. Brochure (bro-shur'), n. [Fr., from brocher, to stitch.] A printed and stitched work containing only a few leaves ; a pamphlet. Brock, n. [A.-S. broc, W., Corn., & Armor, broch, Ir. broc, brochd, brech, Gael, broc] A badger. See Badger. Bro'gan, or Bro-gan.', n. A stout, coarse shoe. Brogue (brog), n. [Ir. & Gael, brog, shoe, hoof. Cf. Breeche§.] 1. A stout, coarse shoe. 2. A corrupt dialect or manner of pronunciation. Broi'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. broidered ; p. pr. & vb. n. BROIDERING.] [Fr. broder, W. brodiaw, to em- broider.] To embroider. [Obs.] Broil, n. [Of Celtic origin : W. brwg, covering, growth, brake, wood, brog, a swelling out, Armor. brilg, brilk, brake, heath, heather. Cf. Brake.] A noisy quarrel, either between individuals or in the state. Syn. — Feud; contention; fray; affray; tumult; alterca- tion; dissension; discord. Broil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BROILED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BROILING.] [See supra.] To dress or cook over coals or on a gridiron. [greatly heated. Broil, v. i. To be subjected to the action of heat ; to be Broil'er, n. 1. One who excites broils. 2. A gridiron. Bro'kage, n. The same as Brocage ; brokerage. Broke', v. i. [See Broker.] 1. To transact business for another. [Rare.] 2. To act as go-between in love matters. Broke (20), imp. & p. p. of break. See BREAK. Brok'en (brok'n, 20), p. a. [From break.] 1. Parted by violence. 2. Made weak; infirm. 3. Subdued; humbled; contrite. Brok'en-heart'ed, a. Crushed by grief or despair. Brok'en-ly, adv. In a broken, interrupted manner. Brok'en-wliid'ed, a. Having short breath or disor- dered respiration, as a horse. Bro'ker, n. [0. Eng. brocour, Norm. Fr. broggour, Fr. brocanteur. Probably derived from brock in the same manner as badger, which means brock and broker.] One who transacts business for another ; an agent employed to effect bargains and contracts between other persons, for a certain compensation. Bro'ker-age, n. 1. The business or employment of a broker ; brocage. 2. The fee or commission given or charged for transacting business as a broker ; brocage. Bro'ma, n. [Gr. /3paj/xa, food, from /?i/?pu>cr/ceiv, to eat.] 1. Aliment. 2. A chocolate preparation from the seeds or beans of the cocoa. [gen. Bro'mic, a. ( Chem.) Compounded of bromine and oxy- Bro'mlde (49), n. (Chem.) A compound of bromine with a metallic or combustible base. Bro'mine, n. [From Gr. Ppu/xos, bad smell, stink, so called from its odor.] (Chem.) One of the elements, related in its chemical qualities to chlorine and iodine. JBron'-ehi, } n. pi. [Gr. /Spoyxta, fipoyxos, windpipe.] Bron'^lii-d, [ (Anat.) The ramifications of the wind- Hr&n'-ehi-se, ) pipe in the lungs. Broii'ehi-al 1 (82), a. (Anat.) Belonging to the bron- Bron'ehie, J chiae, or ramifications of the windpipe. Bron-^hl'tis, n. [See Bronchi.] (Med.) An inflam- mation of any part of the bronchial membrane. BrSn'eho-cele, n. [Gr. fipoyxos, windpipe, and k*?A.tj, food, fd*bt ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, -eall, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist -, linger, link ; this- BRONCHOTOMY 86 BRUTE tumor.] (Med.) A morbid enlargement of the thyroid gland ; — called also goiter. Bron-ehot'o-my, n. [Gr. £pdyx°s> windpipe, and to/xij, a cutting.] ( Surg. ) An incision into the windpipe or larynx ; — called also tracheotomy, or Laryngotomy. Bronze (bronz or bronz), n. [Prob. fr. It. bruno, brown.] 1. An alloy of copper with tin, to which other metals are sometimes added, especially zinc. 2. A statue, medal, or other work of art cast in bronze. 3. A brown color ; the color of bronze. Bronze (bronz or bronz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. bronzed ; p. pr. & vb. n. BRONZING.] 1. To give the appearance of bronze; to make brown, or of the color of bronze. 2. To make hard or unfeeling ; to brazen. Brooch, n. [See Broach.] 1. An ornament, in various forms, with a pin or loop, for attaching it to a garment ; usually worn on the breast ; a bosom-pin. 2. (Paint.) A painting all of one color. Brood, v. i. [imp. & p. p. brooded ; p. pr. & vb. n. brooding.] [A.-S. brod. See Breed.] 1. To sit on and cover eggs or young, as a fowl ; hence, to sit quietly. 2. To remain a long time in anxious thought ; to muse. Brood, v. t. To sit over, cover, and cherish. Brood, n. 1. Offspring; progeny. 2. That which is bred or produced. Brook (27), n. [A.-S. broc. The root is A.-S. bracan or brecan, Eng. to break, so that it signifies water breaking through the earth.] A small natural stream of water. Brook, v. t. [A.-S. brucan, to eat, enjoy, use, bear, Goth. brukjan, allied to A.-S. brecan, Eng. to break, q. v.] To bear ; to endure ; to be contented with. Brook'let, n. A small brook. Broom (28), n. [A.-S. brdm. Cf. Bramble.] 1. A genus of leguminous plants. 2. A besom, or brush with a long handle, for sweeping floors, &c. ; — so called from being originally made of the broom plant. Brdbm'-eorn, n. (Bot.) A species of Sorghum, or Guinea-corn, bearing a head of which brooms are made. Br dbm' stick, n. The handle of a broom. Brdbm'y, a. Full of broom ; consisting of broom. Broth (21), n. [A.-S. brodh, from breovan, to brew.] Liquor in which flesh or any thing else is boiled. Broth'el, n. [A form of bordel, orig. a little hut, from Goth, bawrd, Icel. bord, Eng- board.] A house of ill-fame. Br 6th'er(bruth / er ),n.; pi. brOth-'ers or brethren. [A.-S. brodhor, brodhur, Goth, brothar ,%rodhir , Lat. /ra- ter, Ir. brathair, W. brawd, pi. broder, brodyr, Slav. & Buss. braV, Pol. & Serb, brat, Bohem. bratr, Ski-, bhra- tar, bhratri, 0. Pers. brata, Gr. ^panjp, ^parcop, a clans- man. The common plural is brothers; in the solemn style, brethren is used.] 1. He who is born of the same father and mother with another, or of one of them only. 2. One closely united to another by some common tie or interest. 3. One who resembles another in manners or traits of character. IE®" In Scripture, the term brother is applied to a kinsman by bipod more remote than a son of the same parents. Broth'er-hobd (27), n. 1. State of being a brother. 2. An association for any purpose ; a fraternity. 3. A class of individuals of the same profession or occupation. Broth'er-in-law, n. The brother of a husband or wife ; also, a sister's husband. Broth'er-li-ness, n. State of being brotherly. Broth'er-ly (bruth'er-ly), a. Pertaining to brothers ; becoming brothers ; kind ; affectionate. Brougham (bropv<;, Skr. bhru.] 1. The ridge over the eye, with the hair that covers it. 2. The forehead. 3. General air of the countenance. 4. The edge of a steep place. To hn.it the J to frown ; to scowl. BrowHbeat, v. t. [imp. browbeat; p. p. brow- beaten; p. pr. & vb. n. browbeating.] To bear down with haughty, stern looks or arrogant assertions. Brown, n. A dark color inclining to red or yellow, re- sulting from the mixture of red, black, and yellow. Brown, a. [compar. browner ; superl. brownest.] [A.-S . brun, Icel. brunn, 0. H. Ger.prun,¥r. & Pr. brun, It., Sp., & Pg. bruno. The root is A.-S. beornan, byrnan, Eng. burn.] Of a dark or dusky color, of various shades, inclining to red or yellow. Brown, v. t. [imp. & p. p. browned ; p. pr. & vb. n. BROWNING.] To make brown ; to give a brown color to. Brown'-brgad, n. 1. A coarse wheaten bread made of unbolted meal. 2. A dark-colored bread made of wheat or rye, mixed with Indian meal. [Amer.] Brown'-coal, n. "Wood coal, or lignite. Brown'Ie, n. [So called from his supposed tawny or swarthy color.] A good-natured spirit, supposed to per- form important domestic services by night. [Scot.] Brown'ish, a. Somewhat brown ; inclined to brown. Brown'ness (109), n. Quality of being brown. Brown'-stout, n. A superior kind of porter. Brown'-stiidy, n. Mental abstraction ; serious reverie. Browge, v. t. [See infra.] To eat or nibble off, as the ends of branches of trees, shrubs, &c. Browge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. browsed ; p. pr. & vb. n. browsing.] To feed on the tender branches or shoots of shrubs or trees. Browse (browss), n. [0. Fr. brost, broust, 0. H. Ger. broz, prozzen, to sprout, Armor, brous, brons, sprout, bud, broust, brousta, to eat, graze.] The tender branches or twigs of trees and shrubs, fit for the food of cattle and other animals. Browg'er, n. An animal that browses. Bru'in, n. [D. bruin, brown, from his color.] A bear. Briiige (bruz, 32), v. t. [imp. & p. p. bruised ; p. pr. &"vb. n. BRUISING.] [0. Fr. bruiser, bruser, to break, shiver, A.-S. brysan, to bruise ; Ir. & Gael, bris, to break.] 1. To injure or crush, as by collision of, or against, a solid body ; as used of animals or vegetables, to injure a part of, as by a blow, without laceration ; to contuse ; as applied to minerals, drugs, &c, to crush, or reduce to fragments. 2. To fight with the fists ; to box. Bruige, n. An injury to the flesh of animals, to plants, or'other bodies ; a contusion. Briiig'er (bryiz'er), n. 1. One who, or that which, bruises. 2. A boxer. [Low.] Bruit (brut), n. [Fr. bruit, It. bruito, Low Lat. brugitus, W. brud, brivth, Fr. & It. bruire, L. Lat. brugire, to rustle, roar, rattle.] Beport ; rumor ; fame. Bruit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BRUITED ; p. pr. & vb. n. bruiting.] To report ; to noise abroad. Bru'mal (32), a. [Lat. brumalis, from bruma, winter.] Belonging to the winter. Bru-nette', n. [Fr., brownish, dim. of brun, brune, brown, q. v.] A girl or woman with a brown or dark complexion. Brunt, n. [A.-S. bront, boiling, foaming, raging. Cf. Burn.] 1. The heat, or utmost violence, of an onset. 2. The force of a blow ; shock. 3. A sudden effort, con- tact, or engagement. Brush, n. [0. Fr. brosse, broce, broche, Sp. broza, bruza, It. brusca, 0. H. Ger. brusta, bursta, burst, borst, bristle, from 0. H. Ger. bursta, bristle.] 1. An instrument of bristles, &c, used for various purposes, as removing dust, laying on colors, &c. 2. Branches of trees lopped off; brushwood. 3. A thicket of shrubs or small trees. 4. A skirmish ; a slight encounter. 5. Any thing re- sembling a brush. Brush, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BRUSHED (brusht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. BRUSHING.] 1. To apply a brush to, according to its particular use. 2. To pass lightly over, as a brush. 3. To remove or gather by brushing, or some like act. To brush up, to make clean or bright with a brush; to cleanse. Brush, v. i. 1. To move nimbly in haste. 2. To move or skim over with a slight contact. Briish'er, n. One who, or that which, brushes, [ness. Brush'i-ness, n. Quality of resembling a brush ; shaggi- Brush'- wheel, n. A wheel without teeth, sometimes used in light machinery to turn another wheel, by means of bristles, or something brush-like, or soft, as cloth or buff-leather, attached to the circumference ; — also used for polishing metals, &c. Brush'- wood, n. 1. A thicket or coppice of small trees and shrubs. 2. Small branches cut from trees. Brush'y, a. Besembling a brush ; rough ; shaggy. Brus'tle (brus'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. BRUSTLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BRUSTLING.] [A.-S. brastlian, fr. brastl, a crack- ing, breaking, fr. berstan, to burst.] To make a small, crackling noise ; to rustle ; to vapor, as a bully. [ Obs.] Bru'tal (32), a. [See Brute .] 1. Pertaining to a brute. 2"." Like a brute ; savage ; cruel ; inhuman. Bru-tal'i-ty, n. Quality of being brutal ; inhumanity ; savageness ; cruelty. Bru'tal-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. brutalized; p. pr. &."vb. n. brutalizing.] To make brutal. Bru'tal-ly, adv. In a brutal manner ; cruelly. Br iite (32), a, [Lat. brutus.] 1. Not having sensation; senseless; unconscious. 2. Not possessing reason ; irra- tional. 3. Not connected with intelligence ; unintelli- a,e,8cc.,long; a,e, &c.,short; cave, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique,flrm; son, or, do, wolf , BRUTE 87 BUFFALO gent; animal. 4. Characteristic of beasts ; bestial. 5. Destitute of sentiment and sensibility ; rough. Brute, n. [See supra.] 1. A beast ; any animal destitute of "reason. 2. A low-bred, xmfeeling person. • Bru'ti-fy, v. t. [Lat. brutus, brute, and facere, to make.] [imp. & p.p. brutified; p. pr. & vb. n. brutify- ing.] To make a brute of ; to brutalize. Bru/tish, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a brute ; hav- ing some of the qualities or characteristics of brutes. Syn. — Ignorant; untaught; insensible; stupid; unfeeling; savage; cruel; brutal; barbarous; inhuman; ferocious; gross; carnal; sensual; bestial. Bru'tish-ly, adv. In the manner of a brute. Bryi'tisli-ness, n. Quality of being brutish ; stupidity ; insensibility ; brutality. [actions of a brute Bru'tigm, n. The nature or characteristic qualities or Bry'o-ny, n. [Gr. ,8pviovia, (Spvwvr), fr. ffpvetv, to swell.] (Bat.) A genus of climbing plants of different species. Bub,«. A brother. [Colloq. or low.] See BuBBY. Bub'ble, n. [D. bobbel. Cf. Lat. bulla.] 1. A small vesicle of water or other fluid inflated with air. 2. Any thing that wants firmness or solidity ; a delusive scheme ; a dishonest speculation. Bub'ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BUBBLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BUBBLING.] 1. To rise in bubbles. 2. To run with a gurgling noise. 3. To make a bubbling or gurgling sound. [Rare.] Bub'ble, v. t. To cheat ; to deceive, or impose on. Buh'bler, n. 1. One who cheats. 2. A kind of fish so called from the singular grunting noise which it makes. Biib'bly, a. Abounding in bubbles ; bubbling. BubHoy, n. [Cf. Prov. Ger. biibi, It. poppa, 0. Fr. poupe, a woman's breast, teat.] A woman's breast. [Low.] Biib'by, n. [A corruption of brother.] Brother; — a word applied to small boys. [ Colloq.] Bii'bo, n.; pi. bu'bSes. [Gr. 0o '/Jiiv, the groin, a swell- ing in the groin.] 1. (Anat.) The groin. 2. {Med.) An inflammation , with enlargement, of a lymphatic gland, particularly in the groin. Bu-bon'o-cele , n. [Gr. /3ov,3wv, groin, and Ky^y, tumor.] (Med.) A tumor in the groin ; inguinal rupture, [cheek. Bue'eal, a. [Lat. bucca, cheek.] Pertaining to the Bue'ea-neer', ) n. [Fr. boucanier, from boucaner, to Bue'a-nier', j smoke or broil meat and fish, to hunt wild beasts for their skins, boucan, a smoking-place for meat or fish, gridiron for smoking ; a word of Amer. ori- gin.] A pirate ; a freebooter ; — applied esp. to the pirat- ical adventurers who formerly infested the West Indies. B3= The name was first given to the French settlers in Hayti or Hispaniola, whose business was to hunt wild cattle and swine. Bue-ci'nal, a. [Lat. buccina, a crooked horn or trum- pet.] Trumpet-shaped. Bu-cen'taur, n. [Gr. fiovs, ox, and Kevravpos centaur, q. v.] 1. ( Myth.) A fabulous monster, half ox and half man. 2. [Ital. bucentoro.] The state barge of Venice, used in going to the ceremony of espousing the Adriatic. Bu'-ehu., n. (Bot. ) A plant used for diseases of the bladder. Buck, n. [L. Ger. buke, probably from bake, book, beech, because formerly lye was usually made of the ashes of this tree.] 1. Lye in which cloth is soaked in the oper- ation of bleaching ; also the liquor in which clothes are washed. 2. The cloth or clothes soaked or washed. Buck, v. t. [See supra.] 1. To soak or steep in lye ; to wash or steep in lye or suds. 2. (Mining.) To break up or pulverize, as ores. Buck,n. [A.-S. bucca, buc, Ger. bock, Fr. bouc, W. bwch. The root is perh. contained in Ger. bochen, to beat.] 1. The male of the fallow deer, of the goat, the sheep, the rabbit, and hare. 2. A gay, dashing young fellow. Biick'-bas'ket, n. A basket in which clothes are carried to the wash. Buek/board, \n. A rude four-wheeled vehicle, con- Buck'wag'on, j sisting of a long board resting on the two axletrees, and carrying a seat or seats placed trans- Tersely upon it. Buck'et, n. [A.-S. buc. Cf. Fr. baquet, tub, bucket, from bac, bale. See Bac, n.] 1. A vessel for drawing or carrying water or other liquids. 2. (Mach.) One of the cavities on the rim of a water-wheel, int© which the water rushes, causing it to revolve. 3. The float of a paddle-wheel. [States. Biick'eye, n. (Bot.) A tree, indigenous in the Western Buck. Biick'ish, a. Pertaining to a buck, or to gay young fel- lows ; foppish. Buck'le (buk'l), n. [Lat. buccula. a little cheek or mouth, dim. of bucca, cheek.] 1. An instrument attached to a belt or strap, and used for fastening things together. 2. A curl, or a state of being curled or crisped, as hair. Buck'le (bQk'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. buckled ; p. pr. & vb. n. buckling.] 1. To fasten with a buckle. 2. To prepare for action ; to set stoutly at work. Buck'le (b&k'l), v. i. 1. To bend; to bow. 2. To struggle ; to contend. To buckle to, to bend to; to apply with vigor to. Biick'ler, n. [See Buckle.] A kind of shield, anciently used in war. Buck'-mast, n. [For beech-mast, q. v., from Scot. buck. beech, and mast.] The mast or fruit of the beech- tree. Buek'ra, n. [In the language of the Calabar coast, buckra means " demon, a powerful and superior being."] A white man;— a term used by the blacks of the Afri- can coast, the West Indies, and the Southern States. Biick'ra, a. [See supra.] White ; as, buckra yam. Biick'ram, n. [Fr. bougran, 0. Fr. boucaran, from Fr. bouracan, barracan, &c, by transposing the letter r. See Barracan.] A coarse linen cloth, stiffened with glue. Buck'ram, a. 1. Made of buckram. 2. Stiff; precise. Biick'skin, n. 1. The skin or leather of a buck ; a kind of leather. 2. pi. Breeches made of buckskin. Biick'stall, n. A toil or net to take deer. [species. Buck'ttibrn, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants, of many Buck'wheat, n. [From Scot, buck, beech, and wheat.] ( Bot .) A plant, the seed of which is used as a grain. Bu-col'ic, ) a , [Q r . (jovk.o\ik6<;, from )3ou/c6Aos, cow- Bu-eol'ie-al, j herd, herdsman.] Relating to the life and occupation of a shepherd ; pastoral ; rustic. Bu-eol'i-e, n. A pastoral poem', representing rural affairs, and the life, manners, and occupation of shepherds. Bu-^ra'ni-d, n. pi. [Lat.] (Arch.) Sculptured orna- ments, representing ox-skulls adorned with wreaths, &c. Bud, n. [D. bot, H. Ger. butze , butz , core of a fruit, bud.] 1. An undeveloped branch or flower. 2. A prominence on certain animals of inferior grades, which grows into an animal, precisely as a bud in a plant grows into a flower. Bud, v. i. [imp. & p. p. budded ; p. pr. & vb. n. BUD- DING.] 1. To put forth buds. 2. To begin to grow, or to issue from a stock in the manner of a bud, as a horn. 3. To be in bloom, or growing like a young plant. Bud, v. t. To insert, as the bud of a plant, under the bark of another tree, for the purpose of raising, on any stock, a species of fruit different from that of the stock. Bud'dhi§m (bdbd'izm), n. The doctrine originally taught by the Hindu sage, surnamed Buddha, in the 6th century B. C, and adopted as a religion by the greater part of Central and Eastern Asia and the Indian Islands. Bud'dhist (bobd'ist), n. A votary of Buddhism. Bud'dhist, \ a. Relating to, or connected with, Bud- Bud-dhist'i-e, ( dhism, or its founder. Bude'- light (-lit), n. [From Bude, the residence of the in- ventor.] An intense white light, produced by burning a purified coal-gas in a compound Argand lamp of a pecu- liar construction. Budge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BUDGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. BUDGING.] [Fr. bouger, to stir, move ; It. bulicare, to boil, bubble, from bulire, bollire, to boil, bubble up.] To move off; to stir ; to wag. Budge, n. [From Lat. bulga, a leathern bag or knap- sack, a Gallic word.] Lamb-skin fur, used formerly as an edging and ornament, especially of scholastic habits. Budge, a. [From budge, n.] 1. Lined with budge : hence, scholastic. 2. Austere or stiff. 3. [From budge, to move or stir.] Brisk; stirring. [Obs.] Biidg'er, n. One who budges. Budg'et, n. [See Budge, n.] 1. A bag or sack, with its contents ; hence, a stock or store. 2. The annual financial statement made in the House of Commons. Biid'let, n. A little bud or shoot. Buff, n. [Fr. bceuf, beef, 0. Eng. buff, buffe, buffah \ 1. A sort of leather, prepared from the skin of the buf- falo, and also of oxen, elks, and other animals, di'essed in oil. 2. A military coat, made of buff-skin or similar leather. 3. A color between light pink and light yellow. 4. (Med.) A grayish, viscid coat or crust observed on blood. 5. (Mech.) A wheel covered with buff leather, and used in polishing. 6. The bare skin. Buff , a. 1. Made of buff leather. 2. Of the color of buff leather ; between light pink and light yellow. Buf'fa-lo, n. ; pi. BUF-'FALOEg. [Lat. bubalus, Gr. fiovPaXoq, a kind of African stag ; also, a wild ox.] 1. food, f tfbt ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -call, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link j this. BUFFALO-ROBE BULL-HEAD (Zool.) A kind of wild ox found in most of the warmer countries of the eastern con- tinent. 2. A buffalo -robe. OQf- The name is erroneously applied to the bison of North America. See Bison. Biiffa-lo-robe, n. The skin of the bison, or so-called buffalo, of North America, prepared with the hair on. Buffer, ?i. (Mech.) A cush- ion, or apparatus to deaden the concussion between a moving body and one on which it strikes, as at the ends of a railway carriage. Buffet, n. [Fr. buffet, It. bu-fetto, L. Lat. bufetum. Cf. Sp. bufia,& leather bag to carry wine, wineskin. Prob. buffet, bufete, orig. meant a wineskin, and then a board or table where wine in skins was placed and sold.] A cup- board, sideboard, or closet, at one side of a room, for the display of plate, china, and other like articles. Buffet, n. [0. Fr., from buffe, blow, It. buffetto, fillip ; 0. Fr. bufeter. to beat.] 1. A blow with the hand ; a cuff. 2. Tiolent force or resistance, as of winds and waves. Buffet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BUFFETED ; p. pr. & vb. n. buffeting.] 1. To box ; to beat; to cuff; to slap. 2. To contend against. [way by buffeting. Buffet, v. i. 1. To play at boxing. 2. To make one's Buf fet-er, n. One who buffets ; a boxer. Huffo,n. [It. Seeinfra.] The comic actor in an opera. Buf-fdbn', it. [Fr. bouffon, Sp. buf one, It. buffone, buffo, either from Fr. bouffer, to puff out, to blow, to puff, because the buffoons puffed out their cheeks for the amusement of the spectators ; or from buff, to strike, be- cause they amused them by buffing or cuffing each other ; or from It. buffa, Sp. bufa, joke, trifle, nonsense.] A man who amuses others by low tricks, antic gestures, jokes, and other vulgar pleasantries ; a droll ; a mimic ; a harlequin ; a mountebank ; a clown. Buf-fobn'er-y, n. The arts and practices of a buffoon ; low jests ; ridiculous pranks ; vulgar tricks and postures. Buf-f oou'ieli, a. Like a buffoon. Buffy, a. Resembling buff; having the appearance of the blood known as the buff. Bug, n. [Perhaps from W. bivg, hobgoblin, scare-crow ; or allied to Armor, pouch, dirty, ugly. See infra.] An in- sect of many species ; esp., an hemipterous insect of the ge- nus, or family , Cimex, having a beaked or sucking mouth. Bug, ) n. [W. bwg, bwgan, from bw, a terrifying Biig'bear, [ object.] Something frightful, as a spec- Bug'a-boo, ) ter ; any thing imaginary that frightens. Bug'gi-ness, n. State of being infested with bugs. Bug'gy, a. Abounding with bugs. Bug'gy, n. 1. A light one-horse chaise. [Eng.] 2. A light one-horse, four-wheel vehicle, usually with one seat, and with or without a calash top. [Amer.] Bu'gle, I n. [From bugle, Bu'gle-h6rii, j (Lat. buculus, a young bullock, steer, dim. of bos, ox,) a sort of wild ox, buffalo.] A musical wind instrument used in hunting or for military music. Bu'gle (bu'gl), n. [L. Lat. bugulus, a female ornament, Ger. bvgel, a bent piece of metal or wood.] An elongated glass bead. Bu'gle, n. [Ft. bugle, It. bugola, Lat. bugillo.] (Bot.) A deciduous, herbaceous plant, a native of Europe. It is used in medicine. Bu'gler, n. One who plays on a bugle. Bu'gloss, n. [Gr. povyKuxrcros, ox-tongue, (3ovs, ox, and y\£>o- The lar S est or Dlunt end of a tnin S- But'ler, n. [Fr. bouteillier, boutillier, a bottle-bearer. See Bottle.] A servant whose principal business is to take charge of the liquors, &c. Bilt'ler-age, n. ( Old Eng. Law.) A duty on wine im- ported by foreigners or merchant strangers ; — so called because originally paid to the king's butler for the king. But'ler-ship, n. The office of a butler. Biit'ment, n. [Abbreviation of abutment, q. v.] {Arch.) A buttress of an arch. See Abutment. Butt, ) n. [Fr. but, butt, aim, butte, knoll, bout, 0. Fr. But, ) bot, end, extremity. Cf. Gael, buta, butt, mark, bot, mound, W. bot, any round body, pwt, any short thing.] 1. The larger end of a thing, as of a piece of timber ; an end ; a limit ; a bound. 2. A mark to be shot at; an object of aim. 3. One at whom ridicule, jests, or contempt is directed. 4. A push or thrust given in fencing or by the head of an animal. 5. [See Boot, n.] A large cask or vessel, also called a pipe. 6. The thickest and stoutest part of tanned ox-hides. 7, ( Carp.) A kind of hinge ; — used in hanging doors, &c, and so named because screwed to the edge of the door, or the part which butts against the casing, and not, like other hinges, on the face of it. 8. A short piece of land left unplowed at the end of a field. 9. The metal ring at the ends of the hose of a fire-engine. Butt, | v. i. [Fr. bouter to push, butt. See BOUTADE.] But, J 1. To join at the butt, end, or outward extrem- ity ; to be bounded ; to abut. 2. To thrust the head forward. [ra m . Butt, v. t. To strike by thrusting the head against, as a Butte (but or bit), n. [Fr.] An isolated peak or abrupt elevation of land. Biit'ter, n. [A.-S. buter, Lat. butyrum, Gr. fiovropov, from /36vs, ox, cow, and rvpos, cheese.] 1. An oily, unctuous substance obtained from cream by churning. 2. Any substance resembling butter in degree of consist- ence, or other qualities. Biit'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. buttered ; p. pr. & vb n. buttering.] To cover or spread with butter. Biit'ter-eup, n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Ranun cuius, or crowfoot, having bright yellow flowers. Biit'ter-fly, n. [So named from the color of a yellow species.] (Entom.) A lepidopterous insect of different species, especially one of the family Papilio. Biit'ter-fly- valve, n. (Mech.) A species of valve, con- sisting of two semicircular clappers or wings hinged to a cross rib. Biit'ter-is, n. [Same as buttress , in a different application.] ( Far. ) An instrument used for paring the hoof of a horse. But'ter-miLk, n. The milk that remains after the but- ter is separated from it. Biit'ter-nut, n. 1. (Bot.) An American tree and its fruit, so called from the oil contained in the latter. 2. The nut of a tree found in South America ; — called also the Savuari nut. Biit'ter- tree, n. (Bot.) A tropical tree, the seeds of which yield a substance very closely resembling butter. But'ter-y, a. Having the qualities, consistence, or ap- pearance, of butter. But'ter-y, n. 1. An apartment where butter, milk, pro- visions, &c. , are kept. 2. A room in some colleges where liquors, fruit, and refreshments are kept for sale to the students. 3. A cellar in which butts of wine are kept. Biitt'-hinge, n. See Butt. Butt'-joint, \n. (Carp.) A joint between two Biit'ting-joint, j pieces of timber or wood, at the end of one or both. Biit'tock, n. [From butt, end, q. v.] 1. The rump, or protuberant part of the body behind. 2. (Naut.) Th« convexity of a ship behind, under the stern. Biit'ton (but'n), n. [Fv.bouton, from bout, end, extrem- ity.] 1. A small ball; a knob. 2. A catch, used to fasten together the different parts of dress. 3. A bud ; a germ of a plant. 4. A piece of wood or metal turning on a nail or screw, to fasten doors, &c. 5. (Assaying.) A. round mass of metal remaining in the cupel after fusion. To hold by the button, to detain in conversation to weariness ; to bore ; to button-hole. Biit'tou (bfiVn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BUTTONED ; p. pr. & vb. n. buttoning.] To fasten with a button or buttons. [or buttons. Bilt'ton, v.i. To be fastened by a button But'ton-hole, n. The hole in which a button is caught. Bilt'ton- hole, v. t. To hold by the but- ton or button-hole ; to detain in conver- sation to weariness ; to bore. Biit'ton-mold, i n. A disk of bone, Bilt'ton- mould ,) wood , or other ma- terial , which is made into a button by cov- ering it with cloth of some kind. Bilt'ton- wood (27), n. (Bot.) The west- ern plane-tree, a large tree growing in. North America, producing rough balls, from which it is named. Bilt'tress, n. [From Fr. bouter, to push, butt, put. See Butt.] (Arch.) A projecting support to the exterior of a wall ; a prop ; a support. Bilt'tress, v. t. To support by a buttress ; to prop. Butt'- weld, n. (Mech.) A weld formed by forcing to- gether the flattened ends of two pieces of iron or steel, at a welding heat. Bu'ty-ra'ceous, ) a. [From Lat. butyrum. See But- Bu'ty-roiis. J TER.] Having the qualities of but- ter ; resembling butter. [butter. Bu-tyr'i-e, a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, Biix'om, o. [A.-S. bocsum, from bedgan, biigan, to bow, bend, and the adj. term, sum, equiv. to Eng. some.} 1. Yielding; pliable. [Obs.] 2. Brisk; jolly; frolicsome. Biix'om-ly, adv. In a buxom manner ; briskly. Biix'om-ness, n. Quality of being buxom ; jollity. Buy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bought (bawt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. BUYING.] [A.-S. bycgan, bygan, to buy, Goth, bugjan, to buy, to sell.] 1. To purchase ; to acquire by paying a price for. 2. To procure by a consideration given, or by something deemed worth the thing bought. To buy off, (a.) To influence to compliance, (b.) To detach by a consideration given. — To buy out, to purchase the in- terest of in a stock or partnership, by which the seller is sepa- rated from the company, and the purchaser takes his place. — To buy on credit, to purchase, on a promise to make payment at a future day. — To buy the refusal, to give money for the right of purchasing, at a fixed price, at a future time. Buy, v. i. To negotiate or treat about a purchase. Buy'er, n. One who buys ; a purchaser. Buzz, v. i. [imp. & p. p. buzzed; p. pr. & vb. n buzzing.] [An onomatopoeia.] To make a low, con- tinuous, humming sound, as bees ; hence, to speak with a low, humming voice. Buzz, v. t. 1. To make known by buzzing. 2. To spread, as report, by whispers. Buzz, n. 1. A continuous, humming noise, as of bees. 2. A whisper ; a report spread secretly or cautiously. Buttress. si, e,&c, long; &,8,8cc.,short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique,firm; son, or, do, wolf, BUZZARD 93 CACHEXY Buz'zard, n. [From. Lat. buteo, a kind of falcon or hawk.] 1. ( Ornith.) A bird of prey, of the Falcon fam- ily. 2. A blockhead ; a dunce. Biizz'er, n. One who buzzes ; a whisperer. By (35), prep. [A.-S. be, bi, big, Goth. & 0. H. Ger. bi, N. H. Ger. bei. Cf. Be, a prefix.] 1. In the neighbor- hood of; near or next to ; close to. 2. Near to in motion, without contact or without stopping ; hence, from one to tbe other side of; past. 3. With, as instrument, means, way , and the like; through means of ; with aid of ; through. rag- To the meaning of by, as denoting means or instrument, belong, more or less closely, most of the following uses of the word: (a.) It jpoints out the author or producer. (&.) In an oath or adjuration, it indicates the being or thing appealed to. (c.) According to; by direction^ authority, or example of. (rf.) At the rate of (e.) In comparison, it denotes the measure of excess or inferiority ; in change, the measure of increase or diminution, &c. (f.) It expresses continuance or duration. ($r.) As soon as; not later than. &c, by itself singly or separately. — To come by, to get posses- sion of; to obtain. — To do by, to treat, to behave toward. — To set by, to value, to esteem. — To stand by, to aid, to support. — By the head (JVaut.), having the bows lower than the stern.— By the lee, the situation of a vessel, going free, when she has fallen off so much as to bring the wind round her stern, and to take her sails aback on the other side. — By the run, all together. 'Ry, adv. 1. Near; in the neighborhood; present. 2. Passing near ; going or gone past. By. ) n. A thing not directly aimed at ; an object by Bye, j the way, and the like. By the bye, in passing; by way of digression; apropos to the matter m hand. By, a. Out of the co mm on path ; aside ; — used in com- position, giving the meaning of something aside or inci- dental, a collateral matter, a thing private. Bye, n. [A.-S. by, bye, dwelling, from byan, buan, to dwell.] 1. A dwelling. 2. In certain games, the station of an individual player. By'-end, n. Private end or interest ; secret purpose. By'-gone (21), a. Past ; gone by. By'.gone, n. Something gone by or past ; a past event. By'-law, n. [A.-S. bilage, a private law, from bi, by, and lagu, law.] A local or subordinate law ; a private law or Bv'-name,w. A nickname ; a sobriquet. [regulation. By/-path, n. A private path ; an obscure way. By '-play , n. A scene which is carried on aside, and com- monly in dumb show, while the main action proceeds, with a view, ordinarily, to enhance the sport. By'-stand'er, n. [by and stander, equivalent to slander- by.] A looker-on ; a spectator. By'- word (bi'wurd), n. A common saying; a proverb. Byz'ant, )n. [From Lat. Byzantius, Byzantinus; Byz'an-tine, ) from Byzantium.'] (Numis.) A gold coin of the value of fifteen pounds sterling, so called from being coined at Byzantium. By-zan'tine, or Byz'an-tine, a. Of or pertaining to Byzantium. c. C(ce), the third letter in the English alphabet, and the second consonant, has two sounds, one close, like K ; the other a sibilantr, precisely like S. The digraph ch has three sounds, the first equivalent to tsh, as in church; the second equivalent to sh, as in chaise ; the third equiv- alent to k, as in chorus. See Prin. of Pron. §§ 63-69. (Mus.) C after the clef is the mark of common time, in which each measure is a semibreve, corresponding to -^. C is also the name of a note in the scale ; the key note major, and the third minor, of the natural scale. ■Cab, n. [An abbreviation of cabriolet, q. v.] A kind of covered carriage, drawn by one horse. ■Cab, n. [Heb. gab, from gabab, to hollow.] A Hebrew dry measure, containing two and five sixths pints. Ca-bal', n. [Heb. gabbalah, reception, tradition, myste- rious doctrine, from gabal, to take or receive.] 1. A number of persons united to promote their private views in church or state by intrigue ; a junto. 2. Secret arti- fices of such a junto ; intrigue. Syn. — Party ; faction. — Cabal and faction differ from party, being always used in a bad sense. A cabal intrigues se- cretly to gam power; a faction labors more or less openly to change or break down the existing order of things. Ca-bal', ) n. [See supra.] 1. Secret tradition, or a Cab'a-la, ) mysterious kind of science among Jewish rabbins. 2. Secret science in general ; mystery. Ca-bal', v. i. [imp. & p. p. CABALLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CABALLING.] To unite in secret artifices. Syn. — To plot; intrigue; conspire. Cab'a-ligm, n. Secret science of the cabalists. [cabala. Cab'a-list, n. A Jewish doctor conversant with the Cab'a-list'ie, ) a. Pertaining to the cabala ; con- Cab 7 a-list'ie-al, j taining an occult meaning. [lists. Cab'a-list'ie-al-ly, adv. In the manner of the caba- Ca-bal'ler, n. One who cabals. Cab'al-liine, a. [Lat. cabaltinus, from caballus, nag, Gr. KajSaAArj?.] Pertaining to a horse. Cab'bage, n. [0. Eng. cabbish, from Lat. capitatus, hav- ing a head, from caput, capitis, head..] 1. A genus of plants of different varieties, common as a garden vegeta- ble. 2. Cloth purloined by one who cuts out garments. Cab'bage, v. i. To form a head in growing. Cab'bage, v. t. [imp. Sep. p. CABBAGED ; p.pr.&vb. n. CABBAGING.] [From the noun; prop, and orig., to cut off the heads of cabbages, and occasionally also such as are not our own, but belong to others.] To purloin, as pieces of cloth, after cutting out a garment. Cab'bage-roge, n. A species of rose having a thick, compacted form, like a cabbage. Cab'in, n. [W. caban, dim. of cab, cot, tent.] 1. A small room. 2. A cottage ; a hut or small house. 3. An apartment in a ship for officers and passengers. Cab'in, v. i. [imp. & p. p. cabined ; p. pr. & vb. n. CABINING.] To five in a cabin ; to lodge. Cab'in, v. t. To confine in a cabin. Cab'in-boy, n. A boy whose duty is to wait on the officers and passengers in a ship. Cab'in-et, n. [Dim. of cabin. See Cabin.] 1. A small room ; a closet. 2. A private room in which consulta- tions are held. 3. The select or secret council of a prince or executive government. 4. A piece of furni- ture, consisting of a chest or box, with drawers and doors. 5. A safe place for valuables. Cab'in-et-coun'cil, n. Confidential council of a prince or executive magistrate. Ca'ble (ka'bl), n. [L. Lat. capulum, caplum, a rope, from capere, to take, D., Dan., Sw., & Ger. kabel.] A large, strong rope or chain, used to retain a vessel at anchor, and for. other purposes. Ca'ble, v. t. To fasten with a cable. Ca-b5b', n. [Per. cobbob, meat roasted.] 1. A small piece of meat roasted on a skewer. 2. A leg of mutton stuffed with white herrings and sweet herbs. Ca-bdose', n. [The first part seems to be allied to W. cab, cabin, booth, and the second part to Eng. booth, or Ger. buse, a kind of ship, or Ger. buchse, Eng. box; or it may be a mere termination.] [Written also camboose.] (Naut.) {a.) A house on deck, where the cooking is done ; commonly called the galley, (b. ) A box that cov- ers the chimney in a ship. Cab'ri-o-let' (kab^io-la/) n. [Fr. cabriolet, dim. of cab- riole, a goat-leap, caper, from Lat. capreolus, wild goat. It is so called from its skipping lightness.] A one-horse pleasure-carriage with two seats, having a calash top, and a covering for the legs and lap. Ca-ea'o {or ka'ko),^. [Mexican cacauatl.] The choco- late tree, found in South America and the West Indies. Cach'a-lot, n. [Ger. kaschalot, Greenland kigutilik.] (Zoo I.) The sperm whale. Cache (kash), n. [Fr., from cacher, to hide.] A hiding- place for concealing and preserving provisions which it is inconvenient to carry. Ca-ehS«'tie, )a. Having, or pertaining to, a bad Ca-ehec'tie-al, j state of body. Cachet (kash^), n. [Fr., from cache, cacher. See Cache.] A seal, as of a letter. Lettre de cachet, a sealed letter, formerly much used as an instrument of imprisoning those who gave offense to the king of France or his chief ministers. Ca-ehex'y, n. [Gr. Ka\e^Ca, from Kait6s, bad, ill, and eft?, state.] A depraved condition of the system fo~od, foot ; urn rude, pull ■ cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; ag j exist ; linger, link ; this CACHINNATTON 94 CALAMITOUS Ca-cli'in-na'tion »■ [Lat. cachinnatio, from cachinnare, to laugh aloud.] Loud or immoderate laughter. €a-cique',n. SeeCAZiQUE. C&ck'le (kak'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. cackled ; p. pr. & vb. n. CACKLING.] [L. Ger. kakein,T>. gagelen, gag- gelen, H. Ger. gackeln, gackern.] 1. To make a noise like a goose or hen. 2. To laugh with a broken noise, like the cackling of a goose ; to giggle. 3. To talk in a silly manner ; to prattle. Cack'le (kak'l), n. 1. The broken noise of a goose or hen. 2. Idle talk ; silly prattle. C&ck'ler, ft. 1. A fowl that cackles. 2. A tattler. Ca-e'o-ehym'y, ft. [Gr. KaKoxvjxia., from kclkos, bad, and x^iu-os, juice.] {Med.) A vitiated state of the humors of the body, especially of the blood. Ca«'o-de'mcn, n. [Gr. ko.ko8oliij.iov, from kokos, bad, and Sai>cov, demon.] 1. An evil spirit. [Obs.] 2. (Med.) The nightmare. ■€&■€' o-e'the$, ft. [Lat., from Gr. to KaKo-qOes, from kokos, bad, and t^os, custom, habit.] 1. A bad custom or habit ; a bad disposition. 2. (Med.) An incurable ulcer. Ca-eog'ra-phy, ft- [Gr. kclkos, bad, and yparj, writ- ing.] Bad spelling or writing. Ca-eopli'o-noiis, a. Harsh sounding. Ca-eopli'o-ny, ft. [Gr. KaKofyiovia., from kclkos, bad, and <£cov77, sound.] 1. (Rhet.) A disagreeable sound of words. 2. (Merf.) A bad voice; an altered state of the voice. 3. (Mus.) A combination of discordant sounds. Ca-e'tus, ft. ; pi. cac'tus-es, or VA-e'Ti. [Gr. Ka/cTos, a prickly plant.] (Bot.) A genus of tropical American plants, remarkable for having thick, fleshy stems, gener- e.lly without leaves, and often armed with spines. Cal'a-mlne, n. [From Lat. cadmia, d having been, as it often is, changed into I. See Cadmia.] (Min.) The silicate of zinc ; — formerly the carbonate of zinc. Ca-lam/i-toiis, a. 1. Suffering calamity ; miserable. 2. Producing calamity ; making wretched. Syn.— Deplorable ; distressful ; afflictive; wretched ; sad; grievous; baleful; disastrous; adverse; unhappy; severe. a,e,&c., long; a, 6, bc.^hort; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re,veil, term; pique .firm; son, 6r, do. wolf. CALAMITOUSLY 95 CALK Ca-lam'i-toiis-ly, adv. In a calamitous manner. •Ca-l&m'i-toiis-iiess, n. Quality of producing misery ; wretchedness ; distress. ■€a-lam'i-ty, n. [Lat. calamitas, orig. injury of crops, from calamus, reed, straw of grain, stalk, blade.] Any great misfortune or cause of misery . gyn. — Disaster ; misfortune ; mishap ; mischance. — Ca- lamity is either private or public, and is a somewhat continuous state ; disaster (lit., ill-starred) is a sudden and distressing event or stroke, as if from some hostile planet. Misfortune, mishap, mischance, are words which diminish in force accord- ing to the order in which they stand. ■€aVa-mus, n.,-pl. cal'a-mi. [Lat. calamus, reed, Gr. ccaAa/xo?.] 1. (Bot.) The Indian cane, a plant of the palm family. 2. (Bot.) A plant, commonly called sweet flag. 3. Any thing made of the stalk of reeds or reed- like plants. -€a-lash', n. [Fr. caleche, of Slavonic origin ; most prob. from Serbian kolitsa, n. pi., dim. of kola, n. pi., carriage, prop. pi. of kolo, wheel.] 1. A light carriage with low wheels, having a top that can be raised or lowered, seats for four inside, a separate seat for the driver, and often a movable front, so that it can be used either as an open or close carriage. 2. A hood or top of a carriage which can be thrown back at pleasure. 3. A covering for the head, in the form of a hood or carriage-top, worn by ladies. Cal'-ear, n. [Lat. calcaria, lime-kiln, from calx, lime.] 1. ( Glass Manuf.) A kind of oven, or reverberatory fur- nace. 2. (Bot.) A hollow tube into which a petal is lengthened at the base ; a spur. Cal-ea/re-oiis, a. Partaking of the nature of lime-stone, consisting of, or containing, carbonate of lime. ■Cal'ce-a'ted, a. [Lat. calceatus, p. p. of calceare, to shoe, fr. calceus, shoe.] Fitted with, or wearing, shoes ; shod. ■€al-cif er-oiis, a. [Lat. calx, gen. calcis, lime, and/erre, to bear.] Containing carbonate of lime. -€aFci-form, a. [Lat. calx, calcis, lime, and forma, form.] _In the form of chalk or lime. •CaFei-fy, v. i. [From Lat. calx, lime, and facere, to make.] To change into a stony condition, in which lime is a principal ingredient, as in the formation of teeth. -€al-ciii'a-lble , a. Capable of being calcined. -€al'£i-iiate, v. t. To calcine. See Calcine. -GaFfi-na'tion, n. The operation of calcining. •Cal-pln'a-to-ry, n. A vessel used in calcination. -€al-cliie', or GaFcine, v. t. [imp. &/>. p. CALCINED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CALCINING.] [From Lat. calx, lime.] 1. To reduce to a powder, or to a friable state, by the action of heat. 2. To oxidize, as a metal. Cal-clne', or -€aFcme, v. i. To be converted into a powder or friable substance. Cal-cln/er, n. One who, or that which, calcines. CaFpite, n. [Lat. calx, lime.] (Min.) Carbonate of lime. CaFci-um, n. [Frorn Lat. calx, lime.] (Ciiem.) The metallic basis of lime. ■Cal-e'-slii/ter, n. [From Ger. kalk, lime, and sinter.] A loose and porous variety of calcite. ■€al/-eu-la-ble, a. Capable of being calculated, or ascer- tained by calculation. •€al'-eu-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. calculated ; p. pr. & vb. n. calculating.] [Lat. calculatus, p. p. of calculate , fr. calculus, pebble, counter.] 1. To ascertain or determine by arithmetical or mathematical processes. 2. To ascertain by reckoning the peculiarities or attend- ant circumstances of. 3. To fit or prepare by the adap- tation of the means to the end. Syn. — To compute; reckon; count; estimate; rate.— Cal- culate is generic, referring to the operation as a whole; compute relates to the obtaining of a gross sum or amount; reckon and count to the details in so doing. — In calculating an eclipse, we go through many computations which require us to reckon and * count. Cal'-eu-late , v. i. To make a calculation. 133" In the XL S., calculate is often improperly used for intend or purpose; as, a man calculates to go a journey. CaFeu-la'tion, n. The art, act, or result of calculating ; computation ; reckoning. Cal'-eu-la'tive, a. Pertaining to calculation. CaF-eu-la'tor, n. One who computes or reckons. •€aF-cu-lous, a. [Lat. calculosus.] 1. Like stone ; hard ; gritty. 2. Affected with the gravel or stone. ■CM'-eu-lus,, n. ; pi. eXz'ev-z.1. [Lat. See Calculate.] 1. (Med.) Any hard, solid Concretion, formed in any part of the body, usually in the organs that act as reser- voirs, and in the excretory canals. 2. (Math.) A method of computation ; one of the branches of mathematics. Cal/droii (kawPdrun), n. [Lat. caldartum, a vessel of 'warm water for bathing, from caldus, calidus, warm, hot.] A large kettle or boiler, of copper or other metal. GaFe-fa'cient, a. [Lat. calefaciens, p. pr. of calefacere, to make warm or hot.] Making warm ; heating. GaFe-fa'cient, n. (Med.) A substance that excites warmth in the parts to which it is applied. -€aFe-f a-e'tion, n. 1. Act of warming or heating. 2. State of being heated. -€aFe-fae'tive, a, Same as Calefactory. ■CaFe-f a-e'tor , n. A small kind of stove. GaFe-f Jie'to-ry, a. Making warm or hot. CaFe-fy, v. i. [Lat. calefteri, from calefacere.] To grow hot or warm. GaFe-fy, v. t. To make warm or hot. •GaFen-dar, n. [Lat. calendarium, an interest or ac- count book. See Calends.] 1. An orderly arrange- ment of the divisions of time, as days, weeks, months, &c, forming part of an almanac. 2. An almanac. 3. An enumeration of persons or things. Calendar month, a solar month, as it stands in almanace. GaFen-dar, v. t. To enter or write in a calendar. GaFen-der, n. [A modification of cylinder, q. v.] 1. A machine or hot press, used to make cloths, paper, &c, smooth, even, and glossy, or to give them a wavy ap- pearance. 2. One who pursues the business of calender- ing. 3. One of a sect of dervises in the East, so named from the founder of the order. GaFen-der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. calendered; p.pr. & vb. n. calendering.] To press between rollers for the purpose of making smooth, glossy, and wavy. -CaFendg, n. pi. [Lat. calendx, from calare, to call, pro- claim ; Gr. Ka\e.lv, Eng. to call, q. v.] The first day of each month among the Romans. •Cal'en-ture (53), n. [Sp. calentura, heat, fever, from calentar, to heat, caliente, hot, from Lat. calere, to be warm.] (Med.) A furious delirium caused by the heat of the tropical sun at sea. Ga-les'cence, n. [Lat. calescens, p. pr. of calescere, to grow warm.] Growing warmth ; increasing heat. Galf (kaf), n. ; pi. cXLVES. (kavz). [A.-S. cealf, Icel. kalfr, Goth, kalbd, f., heifer, Ir. colpa, colpach, heifer, bullock.] 1, The young of the cow. 2. An ignorant, stupid per- son. 3. The thick, fleshy part of the leg behind, below the knee. GaFi-ber, \ n. [From Lat. qua libra, of what pound, of GaFi-tore, J what weight.] 1. Weight of a bullet, or other projectile. [Obs.] 2. Diameter of a round body, as of a bullet or column. 3. Diameter of the bore, as of a cannon, or of any tube. 4. (Fig.) Mental capacity. -€&Fice, n. See CHALICE^ •Cal'i-eo, n.; pi. cal'i-coer. [So called because first imported from Calicut, in the East Indies.] 1. Plain white cloth made from cotton. [Eng.] 2. Printed cotton cloth, coarser than muslin. [Amer.] -CaFi-du-et, n. [Lat. color, heat, and ductus, from du- cere, to lead.] A pipe used to convey heat. Ga'lif , n. See Caliph. Ga-llg'i-notis, a. [Lat. caliginosus, from caligo, mist, darkness.] Affected with darkness or dimness ; dark. Ga-Kg'ra-phy, n. See Calligraphy. CaFi-pash', n. [Fr. carapace. Cf. Sp. galapago, fresh- water tortoise.] That part of a turtle which belongs to the upper shell, containing a gelatinous substance of a dull greenish tinge. •CaFi-pee', n. [See Calipash.] That part of a turtle which belongs to the lower shell, containing a gelatinous substance of a light yellowish color. •€aFi-per§ (kaPI-perz), )n.p>. Compas -€al'iper--e6m'pass-e§, ) with curved legs, | for measuring the caliber, or diameter, of round bodies. ■Ca'lipli, n. [Ar. khalifah, from khalafa, to succeed.] Successor or vicar ; — a title given | to the acknowledged successors of Moham- med. [Written also calif] CaFipli-ate , ) n. Office or dignity of a caliph ; c ■CaFif-ate, ( government of a caliph. ■€aFis-tlien/i-e, a. Pertaining to calisthenics. ■€aFis-tlien.'i-es, n. sing. [Gr. KaAos, beautiful, and trtfeVos, strength.] Art, science, or practice of healthful exercise of the body and limbs, to promote strength and graceful movement. •€a'Iix, n. A cup. See CALYX. -Calk: (kawk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. calked ; p. pr. & vb, n. CALKING.] 1. [Prob. corrupted from Fr. calfater, calfeutrer, Sp. calafetear, from Ar. galafa, to fill up crev- ices with the fibers of palm-trees , or with moss .] To drive oakum into the seams of, as of a ship, or other vessel, to prevent their leaking. 2. [See infra.] To furnish the food, foot ; ftrn, rude, pull ; fell, cliaise, -call, e-elio ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; tnls. I CALK 96 CAM shoes of with sharp points of iron, to prevent their slip- ping on ice ; — said of a horse or ox. Calk (kawk), n. [Cf. A.-S. calc, shoe, hoof, Lat. calx, heel, calcar, spur.] 1. A sharp -pointed piece of iron on a shoe for a horse or an ox, used to prevent the animal from slipping. 2. An instrument with sharp points, worn on the sole of the shoe or boot to prevent slipping on the ice. [Amer.] [Written also calker, calkin, cork.] Calk'er (kawk'er), n. One who calks. See Calk. Calk'in (kal'kin or kawMn), n. See Calk. Calk'ing-i'ron (kawk'-ing-l/urn), n. An instrument like a chisel, used in calking ships. -Call, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CALLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CALLING.] [Icel. kalla, Lat. calare, Gr. Ka\eiv, /ce'Aecrflai, D. kallen, to talk, prate.] 1. To invite or command to come or he present, 2. To give a name to ; to name. 3. To name or designate, as for an office, duty, or em- ployment. 4. To utter in a loud voice. Syn.— To convoke; to summon; to bid.— Call is generic; summon and convoke imply some right or authority, as to sum- mon a witness or convoke an assembly ; to bid supposes superior- ity, as to call a servant and bid him do something. Call, v.i. 1. To speak in a loud voice; to cry out. 2. To make a brief stay or visit. Call, n. 1. A vocal address, of summons or invitation. 2. A public claim or demand; a requisition. 3. A divine summons that is, or seems, supernatural. 4. A short visit. 5. (Hunting.) A note blown on a horn. 6. (Naut.) A whistle or pipe, used to summon the sailors to their duty. 7. (Fowling.) A noise or cry in imitation of a bird, or a pipe to call birds by imitating their voice. Call of the house (Legislative Bodies), a calling over the names of the members, to discover who is absent. Call'er, n. One who calls. Cal'lid, a. [Lat. callidus, from callere, to be thick- skinned, from callum, callus, hardened, thick skin, trop. hardness, callousness.] Crafty ; cunning. [Rare.] CaFli-graph/i-e, ) a. Of, or pertaining to, callig- CaFli-grapli'ie-al, J raphy. Cal-lig'ra-pliist, n. An elegant penman. Cal-lig'ra-pliy, n. [Gr. KaAAiypa<£ia, fr. /eaAo?, beauti- ful, and ypafyeiv, to write.] Fair or elegant penmanship. Call'ing, n. 1. A summons, or invitation. 2. Usual 'occupation, or employment ; vocation ; business. Cal-K'o-pe, n. 1. (Myth.) The muse that presides over eloquence and heroic poetry. 2. A kind of steam -organ, in which the tones are produced by steam instead of wind. Itl'li-pK'f ' } n - See Calipash, Calipee. Cal'li-per§, n. pi. See Calipers. CaFlis-then'i-es, n. See Calisthenics. Cal-16s'i-ty, n. A horny hardness of skin. Cal'lous, a. [Lat. callosus, callous, from callum, callus.] 1. Hardened ; indurated. 2. Hardened in mind. Syn.— Obdurate ; hard; hardened ; indurated; insensible; unfeeling; unsusceptible. See Obdukate. Cal'lous-ly, adv. In a callous or hardened manner. Cal'lous-mess, n. State or quality of being callous. C&l'low, a. [A.-S. calo, calu, allied to Lat. calvus, bald.] Destitute of feathers ; naked; unfledged. ■€dVlus, n. [Lat.] (Med.) (a.) Any preternatural hard- ness in the body, particularly of the skin, (b.) The new growth of osseous matter between the extremities of frac- tured bones, serving to unite them. Calm (kam), a. [compar. CALMER ; superl. CALMEST.] 1. Not stormy. 2. Undisturbed by passion ; not excited. Syn.— Still; quiet; undisturbed; tranquil; peaceful; serene; composed; unruffled; sedate; collected; placid. Calm (kam), n. [Prob. from Gr. /cav/ua, burning heat, from jcaietv, to burn ; either because during a great heat there is generally also a calm, or because the hot time of the day obliges us to seek for shade and quiet.] Freedom from motion, agitation, or disturbance. ^ Syn. — Tranquillity; stillness; quiet ; serenity; placidity. Calm (kam) v. t. [imp. & p. p. calmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. calming.] 1. To render still or quiet, as the elements. Z. To deliver from agitation or excitement. ^ Syn.- To appease; allay; tranquillize; compose; assuage. Calm'ly (kam/-), adv. In a calm or quiet manner. Calm'ness (kam/-), n. State or quality of being calm. -tai'o-mgl, n. [Gr. *aAos, beautiful, and (ue'W black, in allusion to its properties and color. Cf. Ethiops Min- eral. The last syllable was afterward interpreted as being derived from Gr. ^At, Lat. mel, honey.] ( Chem.) A mild chloride of mercury, much used as a medicine. Ca-lor'ie, n. [From Lat. color, heat.] (Physics.) The Caltrop. A kind of pipe, principle of heat, or the agent to which the phenomena of heat and combustion are ascribed. CaFo-rif'ie, a. [Lat. calorificus, from color, heat, and facere, to make.] Possessing the quality of producing heat ; causing heat ; heating. Calorific rays, the invisible heating rays which emanate from the sun, and from burning and heated bodies. Ca-lor'i-fi-ea/tion, n. The production of heat, espe- cially animal heat. Cal'o-rim'e-ter, n. [Lat. color, heat, and Gr. fierpov, measure.] An apparatus for measuring the amount ol heat contained in bodies. CaFo-rim'e-try, n. (Chem.) The measurement of quantities of heat contained in bodies. Ca-lor'i-mo'tor, n. [Lat. color, heat, and motor, a mover, from mover e, to move.] A kind of galvanic bat- tery, producing powerful effects. -Ga-lotte', I n. [Fr. calotte, dim. of 0. Fr. cole, a flat cap, Ca-lote', j prob. from Lat. galea, helmet.] 1. A skull- cap. 2. The cap of a sword-hilt. CaPo-type, n. [Gr. /caAos, beautiful, and twos, stamp, type.] ( Photog. ) A method of taking photographic pict- ures on prepared paper. Ca-loy'er, n. [Gr. /caAos, beautiful, good, and yepuv, an old man.] One of a sect of monks of the Greek church. C&l'trap, ) n. [A.-S. coltrseppe ; It. Cal'trop, ) calcatreppo, calcatrep- polo, star -thistle, from calcare, to tread, and tribolo, star-thistle, steel- trap, from Lat. tribulus, caltrop, a kind of thorn or thistle.] 1. A genus of plants, having a prickly fruit composed of five nuts united in a whorl. 2. (Mil.) An instrument with four iron points, so arranged that, three of them being on the ground, the other projects upward. Cal'u-met, n. [Lat. calamus, reed, used by the American Indians for smoking tobacco, and also as a symbol or instrument of peace and war. Ca-liim'iii-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. calumniated ; p. pr. & vb. n. CALUMNIATING.] [Lat. calumniari.] To accuse falsely and knowingly. Syn. — To asperse ; slander; defame; vilify; traduce ; belie; bespatter ; blacken ; backbite ; libel; lampoon. Cal-iim/ni-a/tion, n. False accusation of a crime or offense ; slander. [slanders. Ca-lum'ni-a'tor, n. [Lat.] One who calumniates, or Ca-liim'xii-ous, a. Containing or implying calumny ; slanderous ; defamatory. Ca-lum'iii-oiis-ly, adv. Slanderously. Cal'um-ny, n. [Lat. calumnia.] False accusation of a crime or offense, knowingly or maliciously made or re- ported; defamation. Syn.— Slander; defamation; libel. —Calumny properly de- notes the originating or first uttering of such a charge; the re- maining words apply to this, and also to the circulation of the charge when originated by others. Cal'va-ry, n. [Lat. calvarium, calvaria, skull, from cal- vus, bald.] 1, A place of skulls ; particularly the place of Christ's crucifixion. 2. (Rom. Cath. Countries.) A kind of chapel, often on a hill, wherein are represented the mysteries of Christ's passion and death. Calve (kav), v.i. [From calf.] To bring forth a calf. Cal'vin-igm, n. The tenets or doctrines of Calvin and his followers. Cal'vin-Ist, n. trines of Calvin. CaFvin-Isfie, ) a. Pertaining to Calvin, or to his Cal'vin-ist'i-e-al, J opinions in theology. Calx, n. ; Eng. pi. calx'e§ ; Lat. pi. CAL'- fE§. [Lat. calx, limestone, A.-S. calc, cealc, allied to Gr. x«^ 1 £j -'"os> small stone, gravel. See Chalk.] (Chem.) The earthy residuum which remains after the calci- nation of a metal or mineral. Cal'y--ele (kal/i-kl), n. [Lat. caly cuius, dim. of calyx .] (Bot.) (a.) A row of small leaf- lets, at the base of the calyx, (b.) The outer covering or crown_of a seed. Ca'lyx, n. : Eng. pi. ca'lyx-es ; L&t. pi. CAZ'Y-pE§. [Lat. calyx, Gr. *dAv£, from KaAvirreiv, to cover.] (Bot.) The outer covering, or leaf -like envelope of a flower. Cam, n. [W. cam, crooked, bent.] (Mach.) A projecting part of a wheel or other moving piece, so shaped as to give an alternating or variable motion to another piece pressing against it. One, who embraces the theological doc- Calyx. e,&c.,Jott£; a,6,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re,veil,t§rm; pique, firm; s6n,6r,do, W9lf t CAMAIEU 97 CANDELABRUM Camel. Ca-ma'ieu (ka-ma/yoo), n. A stone engraved in relief. See Cameo. Cam'ber, n. [Lat. camera, vault, arch. See Chamber.] (Arch.) An arch or convexity on the top of a beam, or of an aperture. Cam'bist, re. [Lat. cambire, to exchange.] A banker ; one who deals in exchange, or is skilled in the science. CamHbist-ry, n. The science of exchange, weights, C&m/blet, n. See Camlet. [measures, &c. Cam-bqge', n. See Gamboge. Cam-bdose', n. (Naut.) A ship's cook-room or kitchen. See Caboose. Cam'brel, re. See Gambrel. CamTbrte, n. [From Cambray, in Flanders, where it was first made.] 1. A fine, thin, and white fabric of flax or linen. 2. A fabric, made of cotton, of various colors, in imitation of linen cambric. Came, imp. of come. See Come. Cam'el, re. [Lat. camelus, Gr. Kaju.ijA.os, Hebrew gamal, Ar. gamal, jamal,jemel.] 1. (Zob'l.) A large ruminant quadruped, used in Asia and Africa for car- rying burdens and for riding. 2. (Naut.) A contrivance for lifting ships over shoals or bars. ■€a-mel'li-d, n. [From the Jesuit Camelli, who is said to have brought it from the East.] (Bot .) A genus of beautiful plants, of which the species Japonica is most cultivated for ornamental purposes. Ca-mel'o-pard, or Cam'el-o-pard, re. [Lat. camel- opardalus, camelopardalis, Gr. /cap-TjAoTrcipSaAis, from jca/xrjAos, a camel, and 7rap5aA.i?, pard, leopard ; so named because he has a neck and head like a camel, and is spot- ted like a pard.] ( Zool. ) A ruminant quadruped, inhab- iting the deserts of Africa ; remarkable for its long neck ; the giraffe. It is the tallest of animals, its head being often eighteen feet above the ground. Cam'e-o, re. ; pi. cam'e-os. [It. cameo, cammeo, from Lat. gemma, gem, jewel.] A precious stone, or a shell carved in relief. Cam'e-ra, n. [Lat.] 1. (Arch.) An arched or vaulted roof, covering, or ceiling, 2. The form of the camera obscura used by photographers. Cam'e-ra-lis'tics, re. sing. [Lat. camera, vault, arch, Low Lat. chamber, conclave, treasury.] The science of finance or public revenue. ■Cdm'e-rd Lii'ei-dd. [Lit., lucid chamber, from Lat. camera, chamber, and lucidus, lucid, light.] (Opt.) An instrument which gives by reflection a picture that may be thrown down on paper or canvas so as to be conven- iently traced. ■Cdtn'e-rd Ob-s-eii'rd. [Lat., literally dark shamber.] (Optics.) An apparatus in which the images of external objects, received through a double convex glass, are thrown upon a white surface placed on the focus of the glass within a darkened chamber or box. Cam/i-sade' In. [Fr. camisade, from 0. Fr. camise, Cam'i-sa'do, ) shirt.] [•Obs.] (Mil.) (a.) A shirt worn by soldiers over their uniform, in order to be able to recognize one another in a night attack, (b.) An attack by surprice at night. Cam'let, re. [From Lat. camelus, Eng. camel; Gr. Ka/m-rjAcor?) (sc. Sopa), a camel's skin, or garment made of it.] A stuff originally made of camel's hair, now fre- quently of hair and silk, or of wool and thread. Cam'o-mile, re. [From Gr. xa^at-M-TiAoi/, strictly earth- apple, so called from the smell of its flower.] (Bot.) A bitter plant of different species, used in medicine. Camp, n. [Lat. campus.] 1. Ground on which tents, huts, &c, are erected for shelter. 2. Arrangement of tents, huts, &c, for shelter. 3. Whole company or body of persons encamped in the same spot. Camp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. camped ; p. pr. & vb. re. CAMPING.] To afford rest or lodging for, as an army, or travelers. [camp. Camp,_r. i. To rest or lodge ; to pitch tents, &c. ; to en- Cam-paign' (kam-pan'), re. [From Lat. Campania, the country about Naples, so called from its being plane and level (campestris).] 1. A large, open plain ; an extensive tract of ground without considerable hills. 2. (Mil.) The time that an army keeps the field. Cam-paign' (kam-pan'), v. i. To serve in a campaign. Cam-paign'er (-pan'-), n. One who has served in an army several campaigns ; an old soldier ; a veteran. Cam-pan'i-f orm, a. [Low Lat. campana, bell, and Lat. forma, form.] (Bot.) In the shape of a bell. Cam'pa-nol'o-gy, re. [Low Lat. ca?npana, bell, and Gr. Aoyos, discourse.] Art of ringing bells, or a treatise on the art. Cam-pan'u-late (45), a. [From Low Lat. campanula, dim. of campana, bell.] (Bot.) Bell-shaped. Camp'-bed' stead, n. A bedstead made to fold up with- in a narrow space, as used in war. Cam-pes'tral, 1 a. [From Lat. campester, campestris, Cam-pes'tri-an, j from campus, field.] Pertaining to, or growing in, a field, or open ground. Cam-pbene',re. [A contraction of camphogen.] (Chem.) Pure oil of turpentine. [Sometimes written camphine.] C&m'phire, n. An old mode of speUing camphor. Cam'plior, n. [Gr. Ka(f>ovpd, Kap-mov, from Ar. & Per. kafru, Hind, kapura, Malay, kapur, Skr. karpura.] The solidified sap of different species of an East Indian tree. Cam'plior- ate, v. t. To impregnate with camphor. Cam-ph6r'i« , a. Pertaining to camphor, or partaking of its qualities. Cam'pi-on, n. [Probably from Lat. campus, field.] (Bot.) A plant bearing poisonous berries. Rose-campion, a handsome garden flower. Camp'-meet'ing, n. A religious meeting, held chiefly by Methodists, in some retired spot, where they encamp for continuous devotion during some days. Camp'- stool, n. A stool with cross-legs to fold up. Cam'- wheel, n. ( Mach.) A wheel, or a part of a wheel, of irregular outline, employed to produce a variable or alternating motion in machinery. Cam'- wood (27), n. [Perh. an abbrev. of Campeachy wood.] A hard red dye-wood, from Sierra Leone. Can, n. [A.-S. canne, from Lat. canna, reed, a small ves- sel, Gr. Kavva, or koWti.] A cup or vessel for liquors, in modem times made of metal. Can, v. i. [imp. could.] [A.-S. cunnan, Goth, kunnan, Icel. kunna, 0. H. Ger. kunnan, N. H. Ger. konnen. Cf. Cunning.] To be able ; to have power, either physical or moral. It is an auxiliary verb which modifies the meaning of another. Syn. — Can but ; can not but. — " lean but perish if T try," means it is the utmost that can befall me; "7 can not out think," &c, means, "I can not (morally) but do it" — that is, can not help it. This latter idea of constraint is a very com- mon one, and should always be expressed by the words can not but. Can but is properly used (as above; only where we refer to the worst that can happen. American writers sometimes overlook this distinction. Canaille (ka-naP or ka'na'y'), re. [Fr., properly and originally a pack of dogs, from Lat. canis, dog.] The lowest class of people ; the rabble ; the vulgar. Ca-nal', n. [Lat. canalis, originally adj. from canna, reed, pipe.] 1. An artificial water-course, particularly one con- structed for the passage of boats or vessels. 2. (Anat.) A duct for the passage of liquids or solids. Can'al-<:oal, re. See Cannel-coal. Canard (ka-nar' or ka-n'ard'), n. [Fr.] An extravagant and ridiculous fabrication. Ca-na'ry, n. Wine made in the Canary Isles. Ca-na'ry-bfrd (18), n. ( Ornith.) A small, singing-bird of the Finch family, a native in the Canary Islands. Can'cel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. canceled : p. pr. & vb. n. CANCELING.] [Lat. cancellare, to make like a lattice, to cross out, from cancelli, dim. of cancer, lattice.] 1. To cross and deface the fines of; to blot out. 2. To annul, or destroy. 3. (Print.) To suppress and reprint, for the sake of substituting other matter. Syn.— To obliterate; deface: erase; efface; expunge; abol- ish; revoke; abrogate; repeal; do away; set aside. Can'cel, n. (Print.) (a.) The suppression and reprinting of a page or more of a work. (b. ) The part -thus altered. Can'^el-la'ted, a. Marked with cross lines. Can'cel-la'tion, n. 1. Act of canceling or defacing by cross fines. 2. (Math.) The operation of striking out common factors, as in both the dividend and divisor. €an'cer,«. [Lat.] 1. Thecrab. [See Crab.] 2. (Astron.) A sign in the zodiac, somewhat resembling a crab in form, and°denoting the northern limit of the sun"s course in summer. 3. (Med.) A livid, scirrhous tumor, usually terminating in an ulcer, and very rarely cured. Can'fer-ate, v. i. To grow into a cancer. [cancer. Can'cer-a'tion, re. A growing cancerous, or into a Can'^er-oiis, a. Like, or consisting of, a cancer; af- fected with cancer. Can'-eri-f 6rm (82), a. [Lat. cancer and forma, form.] 1. Having the form of a crab. 2. Like a cancer ; can- cerous, [ties of a crab. Can'-erine, a. [From cancer, q. v.] Having the quali- Can'de-lanbrum, re. ; Lat. pi. cAn' DE-LA' BRA; Eng. food, foot ; urn, rude, pnll ; cell, cnaise, «all, e«ho ; gem, get ; ag ; ejist ; linger, link ; tnis. 7 CANDENT 98 CANON-LAW pi. cXn/DE-la'BRUMS. [Lat. from candela, candle.] 1. (Antiq.) (a.) A tall candlestick, (b.) A stand by which lamps were supported. 2. A branched, highly ornamented candlestick ; a chandelier. Can'dent, a. [Lat. candens,-entis, p. pr. of candere, to be of a glittering whiteness.] Heated to whiteness ; glow- ing with heat. Can'did, a. [Lat. candidus, from candere, to be of a glowing white.] I.White. [Obs.] 2. Free from undue bias ; characterized by an impartial spirit. Syn.— Fair; open; ingenuous; impartial; just; frank: art- less; unbiased; equitable. — A man ist fair when he puts things on a just or equitable footing; he is candid when he looks impartially on both sides of a subject, doing justice especially to the motives and conduct of an opponent; he is open and fran k when he declares his sentiments without reserve; he is inyenuous when he does this from a noble regard for truth. Can'di-da-cy, n. The position of a candidate. Can'di-date, n. [Lat. candidatus, clothed in white, a candidate, fr. candidus, white, because those who sought offices in Home were clothed in a white toga.] One who seeks, or who is selected for some office or preferment. Can'did-ly, adv. "Without trick or disguise; ingenu- ously ; openly ; frankly. •Can'did-ness, n. Openness of mind ; frankness. Can'dle, n. [A.-S. candel, fr. Lat. candela, fr. candere, to be white.] A cylinder of tallow, wax, spermaceti, paraffine, or other combustible substance, inclosing a wick, and used to furnish light. Can'dle-eoal, n. See Cannel-COAL. Can'dle-llght ( -lit), n . The light of a candle. Can'dle-mas, n. [ Candle and mass, A.-S. candelmsesse.] A festival on the second day of February, in honor of the purification of the "Virgin Mary ; — so called from the great number of lights used on that occasion. Can'dle-stick, n. A utensil to hold a candle ; original- ly it was a stick or piece of wood. Can'dor,rc. [Lat., from candere, to be white.] Openness of heart ; freedom from prejudice or disguise. Syn. — Fairness; impartiality; ingenuousness; sincerity. Can'dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. candied; p. pr. & v. b. n. candying.] 1. To conserve or boil in sugar. 2. To form into congelations or crystals, as sugar. ■Can'dy, v. i. 1. To change into sugar, or become im- pregnated or covered with sugar. 2. To be formed into congelations or crystals. Can'dy, n. [Ar. & Per. gand, sugar, sugar-candy, from Skr. khanda, a piece, sugar in pieces or lumps, sugar- cane, treacle, from khand, khad, to break.] A prepara- tion of sugar or sirup ; a conserve, or confection of sugar. ■Can'dy- tuft, n. [From being first discovered in Candia.] (Bot.) An annual plant, cultivated in gardens. Cane,n. [Lat. canna. See Can, n.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of several species belonging to different genera. Among these are the reeds, as the bamboo, rattan, &c. ; also the sugar-cane. 2. A reed, or light, slender piece of wood or other material, used as a walking-stick ; a staff. 3. A lance or dart made of cane. Cane, v. t. [imp. & p. p. caned ; p. pr. & vb. n. CAN- ING.] 1. To beat with a cane. 2. To make or furnish with cane or rattan. Cane-brake, n. A thicket of canes. Ca-nt-e'u-ld, ) n. [Lat. canicula, a little dog, dim. of Can'i-eule, I canis, dog.] (Astron.) A star in the con- stellation of Canis Major ; the Dog-star, or Sirius. Ca-nl-c'u-lar, a. Pertaining to, or measured by, the rising of the Dog-star. Ca-nine', a. [Lat. caninus, from canis, dog.] Pertain- ing to dogs ; having the properties or qualities of a dog. Canine teeth, the sharp, pointed teeth, on each side, between the incisors and grinders; — so named from their resemblance to a dog's teeth. Can'is-ter, n. [Lat. canistrum, Gr. Kavatrrpov, from Kdi>T), Kawa., reed.] 1. A small basket of rushes, reeds, or willow twigs, &c. 2. A small box or case for holding tea, coffee, &c. Can'is-ter-phot, n. (Mil.) A number of small iron balls in layers inclosed in a case fitting a gun. Can'lter (82), n. [Lat. cancer, which was orig. pron. like the Eng. canker.} 1. An ulcer or a collection of ulcers in the mouth. 2. Any thing which corrodes, corrupts or destroys. 3. (Hnrt.) A disease incident to trees. 4. (Far.) A disease of the horse's foot. 5. A kind of wild, worthless rose ; dog-rose. 6. A caterpillar. Can'ker, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cankered ; p. pr. & vb. n. cankering.] 1. To eat; corrode; corrupt; consume. 2. To infect rr pollute. CanTker, v. i. 1. To be or become venomous or malig. nant. 2. To waste away or grow rusty. Can'kered, a. Having a crabbed, unkind, venomous, or malignant temper. Can'ker-ous, a. Corroding like a canker. C&n'ker-rash, n. (Med.) A variety of the scarlet fever, in which the throat becomes ulcerated. Can'ker-worm (-warm), n. A worm or larve destruc- tive to certain trees and plants ; — called also span- worm, green looper, &c. Can'nel-eoal, n. [A corruption of candle-coal.] (31in.) A kind of hard black coal. It burns readily, with a clear, yellow flame, and on this account has been used as a substitute for candles. Can'ni-bal, n. [A corruption of Sp. Caribales (equiv. to Eng. Caribbees), which was afterward changed into N. Lat. Canibales, in order to express their canine or rabid appetite for human flesh.] A human being that eats human flesh ; a man-eater. Can'ni-bal-igm, n. Act or practice of eating human flesh by mankind ; hence, murderous cruelty ; barbarity. Can'non, n. [From Lat. can- na, reed, pipe, tube.] 1. A large hollow metal cylinder closed at one end, and va- riously mounted, used for throwing balls by the force Cannon, of gunpowder. 2. (Mech.) A hollow cylindrical piece through which a revolving shaft passes. Can'non-ade'. n. The act of discharging cannon and throwing balls, by way of hostile attack. Can'non-ade', v. t. [imp. & p. p. cannonaded ; p.pr. & vb. n. CANNONADING.] To attack with heavy Can'non-ade', v. i. To discharge cannon. [artillery. Can'non-luall, n. A ball, usually made of cast iron, to be thrown from cannon. Can'non-eer', ) n. A man who manages cannon; an Can'non-ier', J artillery-man. Can'non-ry, n. Cannon collectively ; artillery. Can'non- g'not, n. 1. A ball for cannon. 2. The dis- tance a cannon will throw balls. Can'not. [can and not.] To be unable. i%3~ These words are usually united in writing and printing, because they are commonly pronounced as a single word, the twon's not being sounded separately, or dwelt upon by the articulating organs. Sec Prin. of Pron., § 109. Can'nu-lar (kan'u-lar), a. [From Lat. cannula, dim. of canna, reed, tube.] Having the form of a tube; tubular. Ca-noe' (lea-nob'), n. [From canaoa, in the language of the "Caribbees.] A boat formed of the trunk of a tree, excavated, or of bark or skins. Can'on, n. [Lat. canon, a measuring line, rule, model, list, roll, Gr. navwv.] 1. A law or rule, especially an ecclesiastical law, or rule of doctrine or discipline. 2. The genuine books of the Scriptures. 3. A catalogue of saints. 4. (Mus.) A continued fugue ; around. 5. A person who possesses a prebend or revenue allotted for the performance of divine ser- vice in a cathedral or collegiate church. 6. (Print.) The lar- gest size of type having a specific name; — so called from having been used for printing the can- ons of the church. Canon Type. -€andn, ) (kan'yun), n. [Sp. canon, a tube or hollow.] Can'yon, J A deep gorge, ravine, or gulch, worn by water-courses. [Local, Amcr.} Can'on-ess, n. A woman who enjoys a prebend. Ca-non'i-e, ) a. Pertaining to a canon ; according to Ca-non'ie-al, ) the canon or rule. Ca-non'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a canonical manner. Ca-non'i-e-al-ness, n. The quality of being canon- ical; canonicity. Ca-non'i-e-alg," n. pi. The full official dress of the clergy. Ca-non'i-e-ate, n. The office of a canon ; canonry. Can'on-ic'i-ty, n. State of belonging to the canon, or genuine books of Scripture ; canonicalness. Cau'on-ist, n. A professor of canon law. Can'on-istl-e, a. Of, or relating to, a canonist. Can'on-i-za'tion, n. (Rom. Cath. Church.) 1. Cere- mony or act of placing the name of a deceased person in the catalogue of saints. 2. The state of being canon- ized or sainted. Can'on-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CANONIZED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CANONIZING.] (Rom. Cath. Church.) To place upon the catalogue of saints. [church of Rome. Can'on -law, n. (Eccl.) The law sanctioned by the or revenue allotted for Aa a, e, &c. , long; a, e, &c, sliort; care, far, ask, alL what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, d CAiNONRY 99 CAP-A-PIE Canopy. Can'on-ry, ) n. An ecclesiastical benefice, in a cathe- Can'on-ship, J dral or collegiate church, which has a prebend annexed to it. Can'o-py, n. [Gr. nuivtanelov, a net over a bed to keep off gnats, fr. Ktavuty, gnat.] 1. A covering over a throne, or over a bed'; more generally, a covering over the head. 2. (Arch.) An ornamental pro- jection, in the Gothic style, over doors, windows, arches, niches, and the like. Can'o-py, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cano- pied ; p. pr. & vb. n. CANOPYING.] To cover with a canopy. Cant, v. t. 1. To incline, or place upon the edge, as a cask. 2. To give a sud- den turn or impulse to, as to any thing resting upon its edge. 3. To cut off an angle from. Cant, n. [Ger. kante, Icel. Jcantr, It. & Sp. canto, edge, angle, W. cant, circle, Lat. cantkus, iron ring round a carriage-wheel, a wheel, Gr. Kavdog, corner of the eye. felly of a wheel.] 1. An angle; edge. [Obs.] 2. An inclination from a horizontal line. 3. A thrust, push, or other impulse, with a sudden jerk. ■Cant, v. i. [imp. & p. p. canted ; p. pr. & vb. n. canting.] 1. To speak in a whining voice, or an affected, singing tone. 2. To make whining pretensions to goodness. Cant, n. [Prob. fr. Lat. cantus, chant.] 1. An affected, sing-song mode of speaking. 2. A word or phrase hackneyed, corrupt, or peculiar to some profession ; re- ligious phraseology. 3. The secret language spoken by gypsies, thieves, tramps, and beggars. [language. Cant, a. Affected, inelegant, or vulgar ; — applied to Can't. A colloquial contraction for can not. Can'ta-leup, ) n. [So called from the castle of Canta- Can'ta-loiipe, j lupo, in Italy, where they are said to have been imported from Armenia.] A small, round, ribbed variety of muskmelon, of a very delicate flavor. Can'ta-lev'er, \n. [From cancan ex- Can'ti-lev'er, f ternal angle, and lever, a supporter of the roof-timber of a house.] (Arch.) A bracket for supporting a balcony, the eaves of a house, &c. Cantalever. Can-tan 'ker-oiis, a. Very vile or bitter; perverse; malicious; contentious. [Colloq.] ■€an-ta'td, or ^an-ta'td, n. [It., from cantare, to sing, equiv. to Lat. cantare, intens. form of canere, to sing.] (Mus.) A poem set to music. Can-teen', n. [Sp. cantina, cellar, bottle-case, either fr. contr. It. canovsttina, dim. of canova, cellar, or fr. canto, corner.] A vessel used by soldiers for carrying liquor for drink. [Written also cantine.] Can'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. cantered ; p. pr. & vb. n. CANTERING.] To move, as a horse, in a moder- ate gallop, raising the two fore feet nearly at the same time, with a leap or spring. Can'ter, v. t. To ride upon a canter. Can'ter, n. [An abbrev. of Canterbury-gallop , said to be derived from pilgrims riding to Canterbury at this pace.] A moderate gallop. Cant'er, n. 1. One who cants or whines; a beggar. 2. One who makes hypocritical pretensions to goodness. Can'ter-lbur'y (-ber'ry), n. A receptacle for music, portfolios, &c, being a stand with divisions in it. -Can'ter-four'y-tale, n. A fabulous story ; — so called from the tales of Chaucer. ■€an/tha-rls,n.; pi. can-thar'i-des. [Lat. & Gr.] (Entom.) A coleopterous insect or beetle, used for blis- tering; Spanish-fly. Cant'-hdblc (27), n. A wooden lever with an iron hook at the end, for canting or turning over heavy logs. [Amer.] Can'ti-cle (kan / tl-kl), n.; pi. can'ti-cles,. [Lat. can- ticulum, dim. of canticum, song, from canere, to sing.] 1. A little song. 2. pi. The Song of Songs, or Song of Solomon, one of the books of the Old Testament. Can'ti-ley'er, n. See Cantalever. Can'til-late, v. t. [Lat. cantillare, dim. of cantare, intens. form of canere, to sing.] To chant. Can'til-la'tion, n. A chanting ; recitation with musi- c.iT modulations. Can-fine', n. See Canteen. Can'tle (kan'tl), n. [Dim. of cant, n.] 1. A fragment, corner, or edge of any thing. 2. The hind-bow, or pro- tuberance of a saddle. Cant'let, n. [Dim. of cantle, q. v.] Apiece. Can'to, n.; pi. can'tos. [It. canto, from Lat. cantus, singing, song, from canere, to sing.] 1. One of the chief Canvas-back. to divisions of a poem of some length ; a book. 2. (Mus.) The soprano, or highest part. Can'ton, n. [Fr., from L. Lat. cantonus, corner, corner- stone, district, aug. of 0. Fr. cant, It. & Sp. canto, edge, corner. See Cant, n.\ 1. A small portion or district of territory, constituting a distinct state or govern- ment ; as, the cantons of Switzerland. 2. A distinct part, or division. Can'ton, v. I. [imp. & p. p. cantoned ; p. pr. & vb. n. cantoning.] 1. To divide into small parts or districts, as territory ; to divide into distinct portions. 2. To allot separate qtiarters to, as to troops. [tons. Can'ton-al, a. Pertaining to a canton ; divided into can- Can'ton-ize, v. t. To divide into cantons. Can'ton-ment, n. A part or division of a town or vil- lage, assigned to a particular regiment of troops. Can-toon', n. A kind of strong stuff or fustian. Can'vas, n. [From Lat. cannabis, cannabus, Gr. Kavva- /3i?, Kavva/3os, hemp.] 1. A coarse cloth made of hemp or flax, used for tents, sails of ships, painting, &c. 2. The sails of a vessel. Can'vas-lbaek, n. ( Ornith.) A spe- cies of sea-duck, highly esteemed for the delicacy of its flesh. It derives its name from the color of the plu- mage on its back. Can'vass, v. t. [imp. & p. p. can- vassed (kan/vast); p. pr. & vb. n. CANVASSING.] [From canvas, sig- nifying in 0. Eng. a sieve, a strain- ing cloth.] 1. To sift; to strain; to examine thoroughly. 2. To take up for discussion debate. 3. To go through in the way of solicitation Can'vass ; v. i. To solicit votes or interest. Can'vass, n. 1. Close inspection to know the state of. 2. Examination in the way of discussion. 3. A seek- ing, solicitation, or effort to obtain some thing. Can'vass-er, n. 1. One who solicits votes, or subscrip- tions. 2. One who examines the returns of votes. Can'y, a. [See Cane.] Consisting of cane, or abound- ing with canes. Can'yon, n. See Canon. ■Can-zo'ne, n. [It., a song, from Lat. canere, to sing.] (Mus.) A song or air in two or three parts, with passages of fugue and imitation. [Rare.] Can'zo-net', n. [It. canzonetta, dim. of canzone, q. v.] (Mus.) A little or short song, in one, two, or three parts. Caout'chqu-e (koiychook), w. [A South American word.] An elastic substance, obtained from the milky juice of several tropical plants ; — also called India rubber and gum elastic. Cap, n. [A.-S. cappe.] 1. A covering for the head. 2. Any thing resembling a cap in form, position, or use. To set one's cap for, to take measures to gain the affections or favor of a man with a view to being married to him. Cap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. capped (kapt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. CAPPING.] 1. To cover the top or end of. 2. To render complete ; to consummate. 3. To provide with a cap. To cap verses, to name alternately verses beginning with a particular letter. Ca/pa-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being capable ; capacity. Ca'pa-ble, a. [L. Lat. capabilis, fr. Lat. capere, to take.] 1. Possessing ability, qualification, or susceptibility ; having capacity. 2. Possessing intellectual power. Syn.— Adapted; suited; able; competent; qualified; fitted; efficient; effective; skillful. Ca'pa-ble-ness, n. State or quality of being capable ; capacity ; capability. Ca-pa'cious, a. [Lat. capax.] 1. Having capacity ; abl« to contain. 2. Having ability or qualification to take large views of things. Syn. — Large ; roomy; spacious; extended; broad; compre- hensive; liberal. Ca-pa'cious-ly, adv. In a capacious manner or degree. Ca-pa'cious-ness, n. Quality of being capacious. Ca-p&c'i-tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. capacitated ; p. pr. & vb. n. CAPACITATING.] To render capable; to qualify. Ca-pac'i-ty, n. [Lat. capacitas, from capax.] 1. Power of receiving or containing ; extent of room or space. 2. Power of the mind to receive ideas, knowledge, &c. 3. Ability ; element of power. 4. Outward condition or circumstances; character. 5. (Law.) Aptitude or qual- ification, as of age, residence, &c, necessary for certain purposes. 6. ( Geom.) The solid contents of a body. Syn. — Ability; faculty; talent; capability; skill; efficiency. Cap-a-pie (kap'a-pee'). [0. Fr.] From head to foot. food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get; a§; e^ist; linger, link ; this CAPAEISON 100 CAPSULE Ca-par'i-son, n. [Sp. caparazon, coTer for a saddle, coach, &c, from capa, cloak, cover, and arzon, the bows of a saddle, or from L. Lat. caparo, Fr. chaperon, hood, and the Sp. term, azon.] 1. A covering laid over the saddle or harness of a horse ; trappings. 2. Gay or rich clothing. Ca-par'i-son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. caparisoned ; p. pr. & vb. n. CAPARISONING.] 1. To cover v* ith a caparison or decorated cloth, as a horse. 2. To adorn with rich dress ; to dress. Cape, n. 1. [Lat. caput, head, top, extremity.] A neck of land extending into the sea ; a headland. 2. [Fr. cape.] Part of a garment hanging from the neck behind and over the shoulders. Cap'el-let, n. [Fr. capelet.~\ ( Far. ) A wen-like swelling on the point of the elbow of a horse. Ca'per, v. i. [From Lat. caper, a he-goat.] To leap or jump about in a sprightly manner ; to spring ; to dance. Ca'per, n. A frolicsome leap or spring ; a skip ; a jump. Ca'per, n. [Lat. capparis, cappari Gr. K..pr. & vb. n. caricaturing.] To make a caricature of. Car'i-ea-tur'ist, n. One who makes caricatures. ■€a'ri-es, n. [Lat. , rottenness, allied to Skr. en, to break.] ( Med. ) An ulceration of bone. Car'i-nate, I a. [Lat. carinatvs, from carina, keel.] Car'i-na/ted, j (Bot.) Shaped like the keel of a ship. Car'i-ole, n. [It. carriuola, dim. of car, carro, Lat. car- rus. See Car.] A small, open carriage, somewhat re- sembling a calash. See Carry-aix. Ca'ri-os'i-ty, n. Ulceration of a bone ; caries. Ca'ri-oiis, a. Affected with caries. Carl, n. [A.-S. carl, Icel. karl, man, Ger. Icerl, fellow.] 1. A rude, rustic, rough man. 2. A kind of hemp. Car'liiie, ) n. [Fr. carlingue, escarlingue, Sp.,Pg., & It. Car'ling, j carlinga.] (Naut.) A timber, ranging fore and aft, from one deck beam to another, directly over the keel, serving as a foundation for the body of the ship. Car'man, n. ; pi. car'men. A man who drives a cart. Car'mel-ite, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A monk of an order estab- lished on Mount Carmel, in Syria, in the twelfth century. Car-min'a-tive, a. [N.Lat. carminativus (anno 1622), from carminare, to card, hence to cleanse.] Expelling wind from the body ; warming. Car-min'a-tive , n. (Med.) A medicine which tends to expel wind, or to remedy colic and flatulencies. Car'mine, n. [Contr. from L. Lat. carmesbius, purple color, Eng. crimson, q. v.] A beautiful pigment, of a rich red or crimson color, prepared from cochineal. Car'nage (45), n. [From Lat. caro, carnis, flesh.] 1. The flesh of slain animals. 2. Slaughter ; massacre ; murder ; havoc. Carnal, a. [Lat. carnalis, from caro, carnis, flesh.] 1. Pertaining to flesh ; fleshly ; sensual. 2. Given to sen- sual indulgence ; lustful ; lecherous ; libidinous. Car'nal-ist, n- One given to sensuality. Car-nal'i-ty, n. State of being carnal ; sensuality. Car'nal-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. carnalized ; p.pr. & vb. n. carnalizing.] To make carnal. Car'nal-ly, adv. According to the flesh. Car'nal-mind'ed, a. Worldly-minded. Car-na'tioii, n. [Lat. carnatio, fleshiness, from caro, carnis, flesh.] 1. Flesh-color. 2. (Paint.) That part of a picture which represents the flesh without drapery. 3. (Bot.) A species of clove- pink. Car-nel'ian (-yan), n. [N. Lat. carneolus, fr. carneus, fleshy; — from its flesh-red color.] (Mm.) A variety of chalcedony, of a clear, deep red, or a reddish -white color. Car'ne-oils, a. [Lat. carneus, from caro, carnis, fi.esh.] Consisting of, or like, flesh. Car'ney, n. [From Lat. carneus, fleshy.] (Far.) A dis- ease of horses, in which the mouth is so furred that they can not eat. Car'ni-fi-ea'tion, n. A turning to flesh. Car'ni-fy, v. i. [L. Lat. carnificare, from caro, carnis, flesh, and facere, to make.] To form flesh. Car'ni-val, n. [It. carnevale, farewell to meat, from Lat. caro, carnis, flesh, and vale, farewell.] A festival cele- brated with merriment and revelry in Roman Catholic countries for a number of days before Lent. -Car-niv'o-rd, n. pi. [Lat. (sc. animalia), neut. pi. of car- nivorus, from caro, carnis, flesh, and vorare, to devour.] CARNIVOROUS 103 CARVING (Nat. Hist.) An order of animals which subsist on flesh, as the hyena. Car-nlv'o-roils, a. [See supra.] Feeding on flesh. Car-nos'i-ty, n. 1. A fleshy excrescence. 2. Fleshiness. Car'ob, «. [Av. kharriib.] (Bot.) A leguminous evergreen tree, a native of Spain, Italy, and the Levant. Car'ol, n. [L. Lat. carola, dim. of Lat. chorus, a choral dance, Gr. x°P°?-] 1» -A- son o of joy and exultation, or of mirth ; a lay. 2. A devotional song. ■Car'ol, v. t. [Imp. & p. p. caroled ; p. pr. & vb. n. caroling.] To praise or celebrate in song. Car'ol, v. i. To sing in joy or festivity ; to warble. Ca-rot'id, n. [Gr. pi. /capamSes, from /capos, heavy sleep, Kapa, head.] ( Anat.) A large artery conveying the blood from the neck to the head. There are two, one on each Eide. The ancients supposed drowsiness to be caused by an increased flow of blood through them. Ca-rot'id, I a. Pertaining to the tsvo great arteries -Ca-roi'id-al, ) of the neck that carry blood to the head. Ca-rou§'al, n. A jovial feast or festival ; merrymaking. Syn.— Feast; banquet. — Feast is generic; a banquet is a sumptuous feast; a carousal is unrestrained indulgence in frolic and wine. Ca-rou§e', v. i. {imp. & p. p. caroused; p. pr. & vb. n. CAROUSING.] [From Ger. garaus, end, entire emptying of the cup in drinking one's health.] To drink abundantly ; to drink in a jovial manner. Ca-rouge' v. t. To drink freely or jovially. Ca-rouse', n. A drinking match or season of carousal. Ca-rous/er, n. One who carouses. Carp, v . i. [Lat. carpere, to seize.] To censure, cavil, or find fault, particularly without reason, or petulantly. ■Carp, ii. [L. Lat. carpio, carpo, carpa, prob. from carpere, to seize.] (Ichth.) A family of soft- finned, fresh-water fishes. Car'pal, a. [From N. Lat. car- pus, wrist.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the carpus, or wrist. Carp. Car'pel, n. [N. Lat., dim. fromGr. Kaptro?, fruit.] (Bot.) A simple pistil, or one of the parts of a compound pistil. Car'pen-ter, n. [L. Lat. carpentarius, from Lat. carpen- tum, wagon, carriage.] An artiScer who works in tim- ber ; a framer and builder of houses and of ships. Car'pen-try, n. 1. Art of cutting, framing, and join- ing timber, in the construction of buildings. 2. Pieces of timber connected by being framed together, &c. Carp'er, n. One who carps ; a caviler. Car'pet, n. [Low Lat. carpeta, carpita, woolly cloths, from Lat. carpere, to pluck.] A heavy fabric, used as a covering for floors. Carpet knight, a knight who has not known the hardships of the field. — To be on the carpet, under consideration; to be the subject of deliberation. Car'pet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. carpeted ; p. pr. & vb. n. CARPETING.] To cover with a carpet or carpets. Car'pet-foag, n. A traveling -bag ; — so called because originally made of carpet. [in general. Car'pet-ing, n. Cloth or materials for carpets ; carpets Car-phol'o-gy, n. [Gr. /cap^os, a small dry body, and KiyeLv, to pluck.] (Med.) Same as Floccillation. Car'po-Kte, n. [Gr. Kaphas, fruit, and \C6os, stone.] A petrified fruit. Car-pol'o-gy, n. [Gr. Kapn-6?, fruit, and Aoyog, dis- course.] Tnat branch of botany which relates to the structure of seeds and fruit. Car'rack, n. See Carack. Car'ra-geen', ) n. A kind of sea-weed, the Irish moss Car'ri-geen', j of the shops, used for jellies, &c. Car'riage (kar'rij), n. [See Carry.] 1 . Act of carry- ing ; conveyance. 2. That which carries ; a vehicle, espeeixlly for pleasure or for passengers. 3. Manner of carrying one's self ; personal manners. Syn. — Conveyance ; demeanor ; behavior ; conduct Car'riage-a-ble, a. Passable by carriages. Car'ri-er, n. One who, or that which, carries. Car'ri-on, n. [Low Lat. caronia, from Lat. caro, flesh.] The dead and putrefying body or flesh of animals. Car'ri-on, a. Relating to dead and putrefying carcasses ; feeding on carrion. Car'rom, n. (Billiards.) The act of hitting two balls at once with the ball struck by the cue. Car'ron-ade', n. [From Carron, in Scotland, where it was first made.] (Mil.) A kind of short cannon, for- merly in use. Car'rot, n. [Lat. carota.] (Bot.) A plant having an esculent root, usually of a reddish -yellow color. Car'rot-y, a. Like a carrot in color ; reddish-yellow. Car'ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. carried ; p. pr. & vb. n. carrying.] [Fr. charrier, to cart, from car, char, car, q. v.] 1. To convey or transport ; to bear. 2. To cause to move forward ; to urge ; to impel. 3. To transfer, as from one column, page, or book to another, or from one country to another. 4. To effect or accom- plish. 5. To obtain possession of by force. 6. To bear the aspect of; to exhibit; to imply. 7. To behave, to conduct or demean ; — with the reflexive pronoun. To cany coals to Newcastle, to take things to a place where they already abound; to lose one's labor.— To cam/ off, to kill. — lo canyon, (a.) To promote, advance, or help forward, (b.) To manage, or prosecute. —To carry out, to put into execution; to bring to a successful issue. Car'ry, v. i. To convey or propel ; to bear. To carry on, to behave in a wild, rude manner. [Colloq.] — Carrying trade, freighting. Car'ry-all,n. [Corrupt, fr. cariole.] A light four-wheeled] one horse vehicle, to carry a number of persons. Cart, n. [L. Lat. carreta, carretta, fr. Lat. carrus, car, q. v.] A two-wheeled carriage, for heavy commodities. Cart, v. t. [imp. & p. p. carted; p. pr. & vb. n. carting.] To carry or convey on a cart. Cart'age, n. 1. Act of carrying in a cart. 2. The price paid for carting. Carte-blanche (k'art'blonsh'), n. [Fr.] 1. A blank paper, signed at the bottom with a person's name, to be filled up as another pleases. Hence, 2. Unconditional terms ; unlimited authority. Carte-de-visite (kdrt'da-ve'zeet'), n. [Fr.] A small photographic picture fastened upon a card; — so called from its original use as a visiting card. Car-tel', or Car'tel, n. [Fr. & Sp., from Lat. charta, dim. chartula.] (Mil.) A writing or agreement, between states at war, as for the exchange of prisoners. Cartel, or cartel-ship, a ship employed in the exchange of prisoners, or in carrying propositions to an enemy. Cart'er, n. The man who drives a cart ; a teamster. Car-te'§iaii, a. Pertaining to the French philosopher Des Cartes, or to his philosophy. [Cartes. Car-te'§ian, n. One who adopts the philosophy of Des Car-tliu/gian, n. One of a religious order named from Chartreux, the place of their institution, in France. Car-tliu/§ian, a. Pertaining to the Carthusian monks. Car'ti-lage, n. [Lat. cartilago.] (Anat.) A smooth, whitish, elastic substance; gristle. [gristly. Car / ti-lag'i-nou.s, a. Pertaining to, or like a cartilage ; Car-tog'ra-phy , n. [Gr. xaprr), a leaf of paper, and ypa.- . t. [imp. & p. p. cast ; p. pr. & vb. n. CASTING.] [Dan. kaste, Icel. & Sw. kasta.] 1„ To send or drive from by force ; ^ll^c^tsr^^^^^ to throw ; to fling ; to hurl ; -s=s?~^^ r ~ '' "^Is^ggg* -^ to impel. 2. To direct, rrT- Z .'-*** turn, as the sight. 3. To -^R*^**:*^-*^-. throw on the ground, as in Cassowary, wrestling ; to overcome. 4 „ To throw off, or shed. 5. To compute ; to reckon. . To make to preponderate. 7. To form , by pouring liquid metal into a mold ; to found. 8. To distribute, as the parts of a play among actors. To cast down, to deject or depress.— To cast off {Naut.), to loose, or untie. — To cast one's self on, to resign or yield one's self to the disposal of, without reserve. — To cast young, to miscarry.— To cast in the teeth, to upbraid; to charge; to twit. Cast,t>. i. 1. To turn or revolve in the mind. 2. To re- ceive form or shape. 3„ To warp. 4o (Naut.) To fall off, or incline, so as to bring the side of a ship to the wind. Cast, n. 1. The act of casting ; a throw. 2. The thing thrown. 3. The distance through which any thing is thrown. 4. A chance or venture. 5o Act of casting in a mold. 6. Form or shape into which any thing is cast or molded. 7. Whatever is cast in a mold. 8. Manner or quality of appearance. 9. An unexpected opportu- nity. 10. Assignment of parts in a play to the actors. Ho The company of actors to whom the parts in a play are assigned. 12. A motion or turn, as of the eye ; di- rection ; look ; glance ; squint. ■Cas-ta'ne-a, n. [Lat., from Gr. Kacrravov, a chestnut.] A genus of trees, including the common chestnut-tree. Cas'ta-ngt', n. [From Lat. castanea, a chestnut; so named from the resemblance to two chestnuts.] An instrument composed of small, concave shells of ivory or hard wood, shaped like spoons, placed together, fastened to the thumb, and beat with the middle fmger. Cast'a-way, n. An abandoned person ; a reprobate. Caste (6), n. [Fr. caste, Sp. & Pg. casta, race, lineage, a,e,&c.,long; &,e,&e.,short; care, far, ask, all.wnat; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, CASTELLAN 105 CATAMENIAL from Lat. castus, pure, chaste.] 1. One of the several hereditary classes into which society in India is divided. 2. A separate and fixed order or class of society. Cas'tel-lan, n. [Lat. castellanus, an occupant of a cas- tle, Ii. Lat., a governor of a castle, from castellum, castle, q. v.] A governor or constable of a castle. Cas'tel-la-ny (44), n. The lordship belonging to a castle. Cas'tel-la/ted, a. [See Castle.] Adorned with turrets and battlements, like a castle. Cast'er, n. 1. One who casts. 2. A phial or cruet, used to contain condiments at the table. 3. A stand to contain a number of such phials or cruets. 4.. A small wheel on a swivel, on which furniture is rolled. Cas'ti-gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. castigated \p.pr. & vb. n. CASTIGATING.] [Lat. castigare, from castus, pure, chaste, and agere, to move, drive.] To punish by stripes ; to correct ; to chastise. Cas'ti-ga/'tion, n. Punishment by whipping ; chastise- ment. Cas'ti-ga/tor, n. One who castigates or corrects. Cas'ti-ga-to-ry (50), a. Tending to correction; cor- rective ; punitive. Cas't'ile Soap. [From Castile, a province in Spain, from which it originally came.] A kind of fine, hard, white, or mottled soap, made with olive oil and soda. Cast'ing, n. 1, The act of one who casts. 2. That which is cast in a mold. 3. The warping of a board. Cast'ing-net, n. A net which is cast and drawn, in distinction from a net that is set and left. Cast'ing-voice, ) n. Vote of a presiding officer, which Cast'ing- vote, j decides a question, when the votes of the assembly or house are equally divided. Cas'tle^'as'l), [Latin castel- lum, dim. of castrum, a for- tified place.] 1. A fortified residence, es- pecially that of a prince or nobleman ; a fortress. 2. A piece, made to to represent a castle, tised in the game of chess. Castle in the air, a vision- ary project; a scheme that has no solid foun- dation ; —some- times called a castle in Spain, Spain bein; Ancient Castle, moat; 2, draw-bridge; 3, wicket; 4, sally- port; 5, portcullis; 6, outer walls; 7, para- pet; 8, rampart; 9, loopholes; 10, escutch- eon; 11, bulwark; 12, sentinel; 13, maga- zine; 14, a cell; 15, donjon or keep; 1G, barracks; 17, barbacan; 18, watchman; 19, turret; 20, chapel; 21, belfry; 22, state court; 23, merlons; 24, embrasures. region of romance. Cas'tie (kas'l), v. t. In chess, to cover with a castle; — said of the king, when neither piece has been previously moved, and the king has not been in check. ■Cas'tle, v. i. In chess, to cover the lung with a castle. Cas'tle-Hmild'er (kas'l-blkPer), n. One who builds castles in the air ; a visionary. Cas'tie- guard (72), n. 1. The guard which defends a castle. 2. A tax on a dwelling within a certain distance of a castle. 3. A feudal tenure, obliging the tenant to perform service within the realm, without limitation of Cas'tie- ward, n. Same as Castle -guard. [time. ■Cast/- off , o. Laid aside ; as, cast-off clothes. Cas'tor, n. [Lat. castor, Gr. K&o-Ttap, akin to Skr. kasturi, kasturika, musk.] 1. A genus of animals, in which the beaver is included. 2. A peculiar substance of a strong, penetrating smell and bitter taste, found in the inguinal 3acs, one in each groin of the beaver. 3. A hat, espe- cially one made of the fur of the beaver. [Colloq.] 4. A heavy quality of broadcloth. Cast'or, n. A small wheel and swivel for supporting fur- niture. See Caster. Cas'tor and Pol'Iux. (Meteor.) An electrical phenom- enon, thought to portend a cessation of a storm. See Corposant. Cas'tor-oil, n. [A corruption of Castus-oil, the plant producing it having formerly been called Agnus castus.] The oil of a kind of plant found in the West Indies. It is a mild cathartic. Cas'tra-me-ta'tion, n. [From Lat. castra metari, to measure or survey a camp.] (Mil.) Art or act of en- camping ; the marking or laying out of a camp. Cas'trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. castrated ; p. pr. & vb. n. CASTRATING.] "[Lat. castrare.] To deprive of the testicles ; to emasculate ; to geld. Cas-tra'tion, n. Act of depriving of the testicles. Cas'trel, n. (Ornith.) A kind of hawk resembling the sparrow-hawk. See Kestrel. Cas-tren'sian, a. [Lat. castrensis, from castra, camp.] Belonging to a camp. Cas/u-al (kazh'u-al,) a. [Lat. casualis, from casus, fall, accident, from cadere, to fall.] 1. Happening or coming to pass without design , and without being foreseen or expected. 2. Coming without regularity. Syn. — Accidental ; fortuitous; incidental; occasional.— Casual and. fortuitous are substantially the same; a thing is ac- cidental when not planned or sought, as a meetinr; ; incidental when it falls in as secondary, or out of the regular course of things, as a remark ; occasional when it occurs only now and then. Cag'u-al-ly (kazh/jj-al-ly), adv. By chance ; accident- ally ; fortuitously ; occasionally. Ca§'u-al-ty (kazh'yi-al-ty), n. 1. That which comes without design, or without being foreseen ; an accident. 2. An accidental injury ; hence, death, misfortune. Ca§'u-ist (kazh'yj-ist), n. [From Lat. casus, fall, case.] One who studies and resolves cases of conscience. Cas/u-ist'ie, 1 a. Relating to cases of conscience, Cag'u-ist'i-e-al, j or to cases of doubtful propriety. Cas/u-ist-ry (kazh'n-), n. Science of determining the right or wrong of acts and opinions of doubtful propriety. •Cat, n. [A.-S. cat, Icel. kottr, Fr. chat, Sp. gato, It. gatto, W. cath, Late Lat. catus, Bisc. catua, N. Gr. ydra, ydros, Russ. & Pol. kot, Turk, kedi, Ar. qitt.] 1. (Zool.) A well-known domestic animal. 2. (Naut.) (a.) A. ship having a narrow stern, projecting quarters, and a deep waist, (b.) A strong tackle to draw an anchor up to the cat-head. 3. A double tripod. 4. An old game at ball. 5. A kind of whip. [anchor. Cat, v. t. (Naut.) To bring up to the cat-head, as an Cat'a-caus'ti-e, n. [Gr. Kara, against, and /cavern/cos, burning, from /caietv, to burn.] A caustic curve formed by reflection of light. Cat'a-ehre'sis, n. [Gr. /ca/raxpvjo-is, misuse, from icara- Xpr\cr6aL, to misuse.] (Rhet.) An abuse of a trope ; a harsh or far-fetched metaphor. Cat'a-ehres'ti-e, la. Belonging to a catachresis ; Cat'a-elires'tre-al, j forced ; far-fetched. Cat'a-chres'tie-al-ly , adv. In a catachrestical manner. Cat'a~ely§m, n. [Gr. KaraKkver^os, from KaraKkv^eiv, to inundate.] An extensive overflow ; a deluge. Cat'a-eomb (-kom), n. [Gr. Kara, downward, andKVjajSrj, cavity.] A cave, grotto, or subterraneous place anciently used for the burial of the dead. Cat'a-eous'ties, n. sing. [From Gr. Kara., against, and Eng. acoustics, q. v.] That part of acoustics which treats of reflected sounds or echoes. Cai/a-dl-op'trie, ) a- [From Gr. Kara, against, and Cat'a-dl-op'trie-al, j SiorrrpiKos, belonging to the use of the SioiTTpa. a geometrical instrument, from Sid, through, and onretv, to see, to look.] Pertaining to, or involving, both the reflection and refraction of light. -€dPa-fdl r ^o, ) n. [From Pr. & 0. Sp. catar, to see, to C&i'a-falque', J view, and It. falco, for palco, scaffold, stage.] A temporary structure of carpentry, used in funeral solemnities. Cat'a-lee'tLe, a. [Gr. KaraA^/criKo?, from naraXriyeiv, to leave off.] (Pros. ) Wanting a syllable at the end. Cat'a-lep'sy, n. [Gr. KaraArji/zt;, a grasping, from icara- \afjLJ3dveLv, to seize upon.] (Med.) A sudden suspension of the action of the senses and of volition, the body and limbs preserving the position given them. [lepsy. Cat'a-lep'ti-e, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, cata- Cat'a-logue (-log), n. [Gr. Ka-rdAoyos, from Kara, down, completely, and Aeyeii/, to say.] A list or enumeration of names, titles, or articles arranged methodically. Catalogue raisonne (ra'zo-na') (Bibliography"), a catalogue of books classed according to their subjects. Cat'a-logue, v. t. To make a list of. Ca-tal'pa, n. [Indian.] (Bot.) A large tree of North America, having large leaves and white, showy flowers. Cat'a-ma-ran', n. [From cdthd-mdrdn, floating trees, the native name in Ceylon.] A kind of raft consisting of three pieces of wood lashed together, and moved by means of a large sail. -€dt>a-me'ni-d,n. [Gr.] (Med.) The monthly courses of females ; menstrual discharges ; menses. Cat'a-me'ni-al, a. [Gr. Kara^vtos, monthly, from /card, down, back, again, and fi-qv, month.] Pertaining to menstrual discharges. food, foot; urn, ru.de, pull; fell, fhaise, -call, echo; gem, get; a§; egcist; linger, link ; this- CATAMOUNT 106 CATHOLIC Cat'a-mount, n. [cat and mount, cat of the mountain.] The North American tiger ; the cougar, or puma. C&t'a-pelt'ic, a. Pertaining to the catapult. Cat/a-phoii'i-es, n. sing. [Gr. KaTa, down, against, and 4>ix)vr), sound.] The doctrine of reflected sounds. Cat'a-plira«t, n. [Gr. /cara^pa/cxT)?, from Kara, down, quite, and ^pdo-creiv, to inclose.] (Mil. Antiq.) A piece of heavy, defensive armor, used by horsemen. Cat'a-plagm, n. [Gr. Kardirkaais-a, from Kara, down, quite, and Tr\det,v, to turn.] 1. A final event, usually of a calamitous or disastrous nature. i Z. The unfolding and winding up of the plot of a play ; denouement. Cat'-Mrd, n. ( Ornith.) An American bird of the thrush family, whose cry at times resembles the mewing of a cat. ■Cat'-eall, n. A squeaking instrument, used in play- houses to condemn plays. Catch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. caught or catched; p. pr. & vb. n. CATCHING. Catched is very rarely used.] [0. Eng. cacche, perhaps akiutoA.-S. ceac, fetter, or from Lat. captiarc, for captare, intens. form of capere, to take.] 1. To seize, especially with the hand. 3. To take cap- tive, as in a snare or net ; to entangle. 3. To communi- cate to ; to fasten upon. 4. To engage and attach to ; to charm. 5. To take or receive, especially to take by sympathy, contagion, or infection. 6. To come upon unexpectedly ; to find. 7. To overtake. Catch, v. i. 1. To be held or impeded by entanglement or slight obstruction. 2. To spread by infecting. ■Catch, n. 1. Act. of seizing ; seizure. i 2. That by which any thing is caught. 3. Posture of seizing. 4. That which is caught or taken ; gain. 5. A passing opportu- nity improved. ©. (Mus.) A humorous round, so con- trived that the singers catch up each other's sentences. ■Catcli, ) n. Catechu, so called in commerce. See Ciitch, ) Catechu. Catch'a-tole, a. Capable of being caught. Catch'er, n. One who catches; that which catches. Catch'pen-ny, n. Something worthless, esp. a worth- less book or pamphlet, intended to gain money in market. Catch'peii-ny, a. Made to gain money ; worthless. Catch/poll, n. [From catch and poll, the head.] A bailiff's assistant. Catch/up, ) n. [Chin, kitjap.] A sauce made from Cat'sup, ) mushrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, &c. Catcli'- word (-wfird), n. 1. The last word of an actor, which reminds one who follows that he is to speak next ; cue. 2. (Print.) The first word of every page of a book after the first, inserted at the right-hand bottom corner of the preceding page for the assistance of the reader. 3. A word or phrase caught up and repeated for effect. C&t'e-ehet'ie, 1 a. [From Gr. Karrixn^, an in- Gat'e-ehet'i-e-al, , structor.] Relating to, or consist- ing in, asking questions and receiving answers. Cat'e-ehet'te-al-ly, adv. By question and answer. Cat'e-chige, v. t. [imp. & p. p. catechised ; p. pr. & vb. n. catechising.] [Gr. Kanjx^«v, from Kara, down, against, and i)xeZv, to sound.] 1. To instruct by asking questions, receiving answers, and offering ex- planations and corrections, — particularly in regard to points of religious faith. 2. To question or interrogate. Cat'e-ehig'er, n. One who catechises. Cat'e-chigm, n. 1. A form of instruction by means of questions and answers. 2. An elementary book con- taining a summary of principles, especially of religious doctrine, reduced to the form of questions and answers. Cat'e-chist, n. One who catechises ; a catechiser. Cat'e-ehist'ie, )a. Pertaining to a catechist or to Cat'e-ehist'ic-al, \ catechism. Cat'e-ehufkat'e-kii^n. [Cochin -Chin, cay cau.] (Oiem.) A brown ,_astringent, vegetable extract, obtained in India. Cat'e-ehu/men, n. [Gr. Ka-rr^ovVei/os, instructed, from KaTrjxeti/, to instruct. See Catechise] (Eccl.) One who is receiving rudimentary instruction in the doctrines of Christianity ; a neophyte. Cat/e-gSr'i-e-al, a. 1„ Pertaining to a category. 5$. Admitting no conditions or exceptions ; absolute ; pos- itive ; express. [pressly. Cat'e-gor'ic-al-ly, adv. Absolutely ; directly ; ex- Cat'e-go-ry (50), n. [Gr. KaTrjyopi'a, from KaTa, down, against, and ayopeveiv, to harangue, assert.] 1„ (Logic.) One of the higiiest classes to which the objects of knowl- edge or thought can be reduced, and by which they can be arranged in a system. 2. State, condition. &§°- Aristotle made ten categories, viz., substance, quantity, quality, relation, action, passion, time, piace, situation, and habit. Syn. — Predicament. — Category and predicament are both popularly used to express the idea of condition or situation, but with this difference, that predicament supposes it to be a bad or unfortunate one. Hence to say, " I am in the same category with you," is not of necessity to say, " I am in the same pre- dicament." Cat'e-na/ri-an, ) a. [Lat. catenarius ; catena, chain.] Cat'e-na-ry (44), ) Relating to, cr resembling a chain. Cat'e-iia-ry, n. (Geom.) A curve formed by a cord hanging freely between two points not in the same ver- tical line. Cat'e-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. catenated ; p. pr. & vb. 71. CATENATING.] [Lat. catenare, from catena, chain.] To connect, in a series of links. Cat'e-na/tion, n. Union of parts, as in a chain. Ca'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. catered ; p. pr. & vb. n. CATERING.] [From Lat. captare, to strive, to lay hold of, intens. form of capere, to take.] To provide food j to buy or procure provisions ; to purvey. Ca'ter-er, n. One who caters ; a provider. Ca'ter-ess, n. A woman who caters. Cat'er-piFlar, n. [0. Eng. cater -piller , prob. from cate, cates, food, and 0. Eng. piller, plunderer, robber, be- cause it eats up leaves and fruits.] The larve or larval state of a butterfly or any lepidoptercus insect ; some- times, but less commonly, the larval state of other injects, where the larves have legs for crawling. Cat'er-waul, v. i. [From cat and icavl, ivawl, to cry as a cat.]" To cry as cats in rutting time. Gates, n. pi. [From 0. Fr. acat, buying, purchase.] Food, especially luxurious food ; delicacies ; dainties. Cat'-fisli, n. (Ichth.) (a.) A large and voracious fish, found in the arctic seas, often from six to seven feet in length, having a mouth armed with formidable teeth, (b.) A North American fresh -water fish of different species. Cat'gilt, n. 1. A kind of cord made from the intestines of animals, especially of sheep. 2. A sort of linen or canvas, with wide interstices. Cath/a-rine-wlieel, n. [So called from St. Catharine of Alexandria, who is represented with a wheel, in allusion to her martyrdom.] 1„ (Goth. Arch.) An ornamented window, or compartment cf a window, of a circular form, with rosettes or radiating divisions or spokes. "2. (Pyro- techny.) A revolving wheel. Catli'a-rlst, n. [Gr. na6ap6s, clean, pure.] One who pretends to more purity than others possess. Cat'-liarp-in, I n. (Naut.) A rope cr iron leg serving Cat'-liarp-ing, \ to brace in the shrouds of the lower masts behind their. respective j~ards. Ca-tliar'ti-e , ) a. [Gr. izaOapriKog, from naOapos, pure.] Ca-thar'tic-al, ) Cleansing the bowels ; purgative. Ca-tliar'ti-e, n. (Med.) A medicine that promotes alvine discharges ; a purgative. Cat'-liead, n. (Naut.) A timber projecting from the bow of a ship, through which the ropes pass by which the anchor is raised. ■€atJi f e-drd, or -€a-tlie'drd, n. [Lat. cathedra, Gr. KaOe&pa, seat, from KaTa, down, and eSpa, seat, chair.] A chair ; appropriately, the seat of a person in authority. Ca-tlie'dral, n. The principal church in a diocese, so called because in it the bishop has his official chair. Ca-tlie'dral, a. 1. Pertaining to the head church of a diocese. 2. Emanating from the chair of office, as of a pope or bishop ; official ; authoritative. Catli'e-ter, n. [Gr. KaOeTijp, a thing put in, from Kara, down, and ueVai, to send.] ( Surg. ) A tubular instrument to be introduced into the bladder to draw off the urine. Cat'-hole, n. (Naut.) One of two small holes astern, through which hawsers may be passed. Catii'o-li-e (123), a. [Gr. Ka06AiKos, from kol9o\o<;, whole, from KaTa, down, throughout, and oA.cs, whole.] 1. Universal or general. 2. Not narrow-minded, partial, or bigoted ; liberal. 3. Pertaining to, or affecting, the Roman Catholics. Cath/o-li-e, n. A member of the Roman Catholic church. a, e, &c. long; a, e, &c, short; care, far, ask. all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, CATHOLICISM 107 CAVALIER Ca-thol'i-figm, n. 1. Quality of being catholic or universal. '£. The faith of the whole Christian church. 3. Adherence to the Roman Catholic church ; the Roman Catholic faith. 4. Liberality of sentiment. Cath'o-llf'i-ty, n. 1. The system of doctrine held by all parts of the orthodox Christian church. 2. The doctrines of the church of Rome. 3. Liberality of senti- ments ; Catholicism. [Catholic. Ca-thol'i-cize, v. i. To become catholic or a Roman Ca-thol'i-eSn, n. [Gr. KadoXucov, sc. iajua, remedy, medicine.] (Med.) A remedy for all diseases ; a panacea. Cat 'kin, n. [Dim. of cat, from its re- semblance to a cat's tail.] (Bot.) An ament : a kind of inflorescence, con- sisting of overlapping scales. Cat'ling, n. 1. A little cat. 2. (Surg.) A double-edged, sharp- j pointed dismembering knife. 3. Mos3 growing about some trees, resembling the hair of a cat. 4. Catgut. ■Cat 'mint, ) n. (Bot.) A well-known Catkin. Cat 'nip , j plant , having a s trong scent , and sometimes used in medicine ; — so called because cats have a pecu- liar fondness for it. Cat'-o'-nlne'-tailg, n. A whip with nine lashes. Ca-tSp'tri«, la. [Gr. /caro-TpiKo?, from KaTotrrpov, Ca-tdp'trie-al, ) mirror.] Relating to catoptrics, or vision by reflection. Ca-top'tries, n. sing. That part of optics which ex- plains the properties and phenomena of reflected light. Cat'-pipe, n. A cat-call. See Cat-call. Cat's'-era'dle, n. A familiar game played by children with a string twisted on the fingers. See Cratch. CatV-eye, n. (Min.) A variety of quartz or chalce- dony, exhibiting yellowish opalescent reflections from within, somewhat like the eye of a cat. Cat's'-paw, n. 1. (Naut.) (a.) A light air, perceived in a calm by a rippling of the surface of the water, (b.) A particular turn in the bight of a rope, made to hook a tackle on. 2. A dupe ; the tool of another ; — so called in allusion to the fible of the monkey who used the paws of the cat to draw the roasting chestnuts out of the fire. CatV-tail, n. (BjI.) (a.) A tall weed or flag, with long, flat leaves, (b.) A kind of grass, often called timothy and herd' s-grass. (c.) A catkin. See CATKIN. [cat. Cat'-stick, w. A club used in the game of ball called Cafc'sup, n. Same as catchup, q. v., or ketchup. Cat'tle (kaVtl), n. pi. [From Lat. capitalis, relating to the head, chief, because in early ages beasts constituted the chief part of a man's property.] Domestic quadru- peds collectively, especially those of the bovine genus. Cat'tle- guard, n. A trench or hollow place on the line of a railway where it crosses a public highway, to prevent cattle from getting upon the track. Cat'tle-show, n. An exhibition of domestic animals for prizes, or the encouragement of agriculture. Cau-ea/sian, n. Any one belonging to the Indo-Euro- pean race, and the races originating near Mt. Caucasus. Cau'eus, n. [A corruption of calkers, alluding to a polit- ical association of calkers in Boston, Massachusetts, in the time of the American Revolution.] A preparatory meeting for electioneering or political purposes. [Ainer.] Cau'dal, a: [Lat. cauda, tail.] Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a tail. Cau'date, la. [L. Lat. caudatus; Lat. cauda, tail.] Cau'da-ted, ) Having a tail, or tail-like appendage. Caii'dle (kaw'dl), n. [0. Fr. chaudel, from Lat. calidus, warm.] A kind of warm drink for sick persons, being a mixture of wine with eggs, bread, sugar, and spices. Cau'dle, v. t. To make into caudle. Cauf , n. [Perh. akin to Celtic caff, cav, cau, Lat. cavus, hollow, or to Lat. cophinus, Gr. kocjuvos, basket.] 1. A chest with holes for keeping fish alive in water. 2. A vessel for raising coal from the mine to the surface. Can'f le, n. A gang or drove of captured negroes ; a coffle. Caught (kawfc), imp. & p. p. of catch. See CATCH. Caul, n. [Prob. a modification of cowl, q. v.] 1. A net or covering for the head. 2. ( Anat. ) A membrane cov- ering the greater part of the lower intestines ; the omen- tum. 3. A part of the membrane enveloping the fetus. Cau-les'cent, a. [Lat. caulis, stalk, stem.] (Bot.) Hav- ing a true or perfect stem. Cau-llf'er-ous, a. [Lat. caulis, stalk, and ferre, to 'bear.] (Bot.) Caulescent. Cau'li-flow'er, n. [From Lat. caulis, colis, stalk, stem, cabbage-stalk, cabbage, and. flower.] (Bot.) A variety of cabbage, having edible flower-buds. Caug'a-ble, a. Capable of being caused. Caug'al, a. [Lat. causalis. See Cause .] Relating to, implying, or containing, a cause or causes. Cau-gal'i-ty, n. 1. Tne agency of a cause. 2. (Phren.) The supposed faculty of tracing eifects to their causes. Cau-ga'tion, n. Act of causing or producing ; agency by wnich an elfect is produced. Caug'a-tive, a. [Lat. causativus, pertaining to a law- suit (causa), but in the Eng. sense fr. L. Lat. causare, to cause.] 1. Expressing a cause or reason ; causal. 2. Ef- fecting, as a cause or agent ; causing. Caug'a-tive-ly, adv. In a causative manner. Cauge (kawz), n. [Lat. causa.] 1. That which pro- duces or effects a result. 2. That which is the occasion of an action. 3. (Law.) A suit or action in court ; any legal process ; case. 4. The side of a question or con- troversy which is espoused and advocated by one. Final cause., the end or object for which any thing is done. Syn.— Agency; reason; motive; inducement; incitement. Cauge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. caused; p. pr. & vb. n. CAUSING.] To effect by agency, power, or influence; to produce ; to be the occasion of. Cauge'less, a. 1. Uncaused or uncreated ; original in itself. 2. Without just cause, reason, or motive. Caug'er, n. One who causes. Cauge'way, ) n. [0. Eng. calsey, L. Lat. calceata, calci- Cau'gey, ) ata, via calciata, fr. Lat. calceare, calci- are, to pave with limestone, fr. calx, limestone. The spelling causeway, which is now the common form of the word, owes its origin to an erroneous notion of its ety- mology.] A raised way over wet or marshy ground. Caus'ti-e, ) a. [Gr. /cauori/cos, from tcaLeiv, to burn.] Caus'ti-e-al, ) 1. Destructive to the texture of any thing ; burning ; corrosive. 2. Severe ; satirical ; sharp. Caustic curve (Geom.), a curve to which the rays of light, reflected or refracted by another curve, arc tangents. Syn. — Stinging; cutting; pungent; searching. Caus'ti-e,ra. 1. Any substance which, applied to ani- mal substances, burns, or destroys the texture. 2. ( Opt.) A caustic curve. Caiis'tie-al-ly, adv. In a caustic or severe manner. Caus-tic'i-ty, n. 1. The quality or property which characterizes caustic bodies ; corrosiveness. 2. Severity of language ; sarcasm. Cau'ter, n. [Gr. KavrfjpLov, a branding-iron, from KaUiv, to burn.] A hot, searing iron. Cau'ter-igm, n. Use or application of caustics ; cautery. Cau'ter-i-za/tion, n. ( Surg. ) Act of burning or sear- ing some morbid part by the application of fire. Cau'ter-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cauterized ; p. pr. '& vb. n. cauterizing.] To burn or sear with fire or a hot iron, as morbid flesh. Cau'ter-y, n. [See Cauter.] (Surg.) A burning, as of morbid flesh, by a hot iron, or by caustic medicines. I53f" The burning by a hot iron is called actual cautery; that by caustic medicines, potential cautery. Cau'tion, 11. [Lat. cautio, for cavitio, from cavere, to take care.] 1. Prudence in regard to danger; provi- dent care ; wariness. 2. Exhortation to wariness. Syn.— Care; forethought; forecast; heed; prudence; watchfulness ; vigilance ; circumspection ; anxiety ; provi- dence; counsel; advice; warning; admonition. Cau'tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cautioned ; p. pr. & vb. n. CAUTIONING.] To give notice of danger to ; to warn. Cau'tion-a-ry (44), a. 1. Containing caution, or warn- ing. 2. Given as a pledge. Cau'tion-er, n. One who cautions. Cau'tious (kaw'shus), a. [Lat. cautus, from cavere. See "CAUTION.] Attentive to examine probable effects and consequences of measures, with a view to avoid danger or misfortune ; prudent ; watchful. Syn. — "Wary; circumspect. — A man is cautious chiefly as the result of timidity; one maybe war?/, i. c, watchful in a high degree against danger, and yet bold and active; a circum- spect man looks around him to weigh and deliberate. Cau'tioiis-ly, adv. With caution ; warily. Cau'tious-ness, n. The quality of being cautious ; watchfulness ; provident care. Cav'al-eade', n. [L. Lat. caballicare, to go on horse- back, Lat. caballus, Gr. Kaj3aAArj?, an inferior h«rse.] A procession of persons on horseback. Cav'a-lier', n. [L. Lat. caballarius, from Lat. caballus. See supra.} 1. A horseman ; a knight. 2. One of the leaders of the court party in the time of King Charles I. ; — so called in distinction from the austerity of the adher- ents of Parliament, or Roundheads. Cav'a-lier', a. 1. Gay; sprightly ; generous. 2. Brave; warlike. 3. Supercilious ; haughty ; disdainful. food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; agj e^cist ; lijjger, link ; this. CAVALIERLY 103 CEMENTATION Cav'a-lier'ly, adv. In a supercilious or haughty manner. -Cav'al-ry, n. [See Cavalier.] (Mil.) Troops that serve on horseback, as dragoons, light-horse, &c. ■Cav'a-t'i'na, n. [It.] (Mus.) An air of one movement, with little repetition of the words, and frequently pre- ceded by a recitative. ■Cave, n. [From Lat. cavus, hollow, whence cavea, cav- ity.] A hollow place in the earth ; a den. Cave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CAVED ; p.pr. & vb. n. CAV- ING.] To make hollow. ■Cave, v. i. To dwell in a cave. To cave in. (a.) To fall in and leave a hollow, as earth on the side of a well or pit. (6.) To break down ; to yield. [Colloq.] ■€a've-at,n. [Lat., let him beware.] 1. (Law.) A notice given by an interested party to some officer not to do a certain act until the party is heard in opposition. 2. ( U. S. Patent Laws.) A description of some invention, lodged in the office before the patent right is taken out, operating as a bar to other applications respecting the same invention. 3. Intimation of caution ; warning. ■Cav'en-dish, n. Tobacco softened and pressed. ■Cav'ern, n. [Lat. cavema, from cavus, hollow.] A deep, hollow place in the earth ; a cave. Cav'ern-oiis, a. Full of caverns ; hollow. •Ca-viare' (ka-veer 7 ), ) n. [From Turk, haviar.] The roes Cav'i-ar (kav'e-ir), ) of certain large fish, prepared and salted ; — used as a relish, especially in Russia. Cav'il, v. i. [imp. & p. p. caviled; p. pr. & vb. n. CAVILING-.] [Lat. cavillari, from cavilla, bantering jests, sophistry, from cavus, hollow, vain.] To raise cap- tious and frivolous objections. ■Cav'il, ii. A false or frivolous objection. •Cav'il-er, n. One who cavils ; a captious disputant. •Cav'i-ty, n. [Lat. cavitas, from cavus, hollow.] 1, A hollow place ; any inclosed space. 2. Hollowness. Caw, v. i. [imp. & p. p. cawed ; p. pr. & vb. n. caw- ing.] [From the sound.] To cry like a crow, or raven. Caw, n. The noise made by the crow, rook, or raven. •Cawls'er, n. Same as Calker. •Cay-eniie' Psp'per. [From Cayenne, in South Amer- ica.] A very pungent pepper, the product of several spe- cies of Capsicum. Cay'man, n. ; pi. cay'man§. [From the language of Guiana.] (Zoiil.) A genus of American reptiles of the crocodile family ; the alligator. ■€a-ziqu.e' (ka-zeek'), n. [Sp. cacique, fr. the language of Hayti.] A chief among some tribes of American Indians. Cease, v. i. [imp. & p. p. ceased (sest) ; p. pr. & vb. n. •CEASING.] [Lat. cessare, intens. form of cedere, to with- draw.] 1. To come to an end. 2. To be wanting. Syn.— To desist; forbear; fail; discontinue; stop. Cease, v. t. To put a stop to ; to bring to an end. Cease'less, a. Without cessation or end ; incessant. £ease'less-ly, adv. Without intermission ; continually ^e'dar, n. [Lat. cedrus, Gr. Ke'<5pos.] (Bot.) An evergreen tree of different species. Ce'darn, a. Pertaining to, or made of, the cedar. Cede, v. t. [imp. S&p. p. ceded; p. pr. & vb. n. ceding.] [Lat. cedere.] To yield or surrender; to give up. Ce-dil'la, n. [It. zediglia, dim. of zeta, the Gr. name of the let- ter z, because this letter was form- erly written after the c, and then below it, to give it the pronunciation of s.] A mark placed under the letter c [thus, c], to show that it is to be sounded like s; as in facade. Ce'drme (se'drin), a. [Lat. cedrinus, from cedrus. See Cedar.] Belonging to cedar. Ceil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ceiled ; p. pr. & vb. n. CEIL- ING.] [L. Lat. celqre, to cover, arch, caelum, arched roof, Lat. ccelum, heaven, vault, arch, covering.] To over- lay or cover the inner roof of. Ceil'ing, n. 1. (Arch.) The upper, interior surface of an apartment, opposite the floor. 2. (Naut.) The inside planks of a ship. Cel'an-dine, n. [Gr. xeAiSoviov, from xeXiSomo?, from XeXiSwi/, the swallow.] (Bot.) A genus of plants belong- ing to the poppy family ; —called also swallow-wort, be- cause it was formerly supposed to flower when the swal- lows appear, and to perish when they depart. Cel'e-brant, n. One who performs a public religious rite. Cel'e-brate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. celebrated ; p.pr. & vb. n. celebrating.] [Lat. celebratus, p. p. of cel- Cedar. ebrare, from celeber, famous.] 1. To mention with praise or commendation. 2. To honor by solemn rites, or by ceremonies of joy and respect ; to solemnize. Syn. — To praise; extol; commemorate. — Extol is stronger than praise ; we commemorate events which we desire to cher- ish in affectionate remembrance by appropriate rites, as the death of our Savior; we celebrate by demonstrations of public . joy, processions, &c, as the birth-day of our independence. 9el'e-bra/ted, a. Having celebrity ; well known. Syn.— Distinguished; famous; renowned; illustrious. CeFe-bra/tion, n. 1. Honor or distinction bestowed ; commemoration ; praise- 2. Commemoration or observ- ance with appropriate ceremonies. 3. Solemnization. Cel'e-bra'tor, n. One who celebrates. £e-leb'ri-ty, n. 1. Condition of being celebrated. 2. A person of distinction ; usually in the plural. Syn. — Renown ; honor; repute. Ce-ler'i-ty, n. [Lat. celeritas, from celer, swift.] Rapid- ity of motion ; swiftness ; speed; velocity ; quickness. Cel'er-y, n. [Gr. vikivov, parsley, celery.] (Bot.) A plant of the parsley family, cultivated for use as a salad. Ce-les'tial ( -lest'yal), a. [Lat. ccelestis, cselestis, fr. ccelum, cselum, heaven.] 1. Belonging or relating to the spiritual heaven ; heavenly. 2. Belonging to the visible heavens. Ce-les'tial (-lfist'yal), n. An inhabitant of heaven. £e-les'tial-ly (-lest'yal-), adv. In a celestial manner. 9 el'e s-tine ,n. ( Min . ) Native sulphate of strontian , so named from its occasional delicate blue color. Cel'es-tine, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a religious order in the Roman Catholic Church, founded by Celestine V. in the thirteenth century. Ce'li-a-e, a. [Gr. /coiAia/cos, from KoiAia, belly, from koiAos, hollow.] Pertaining to the belly. Ce-llb'a-ey, or £el'-i-ba-cy, n. [Lat. cselibatus, from cselebs, unmarried.] The state of an unmarried man ; bachelorship. Cel'i-bate, n. 1. Condition or life of an unmarried man ; celibacy. 2. An unmarried man, especially a bachelor. Cell, n. [Lat. cella, akin to celare, to conceal.] 1. Avery small and close apartment, as in a prison or a monastery. 2. Any small, closed cavity. 3. (Organic Structures.) A minute sac, filled with fluid, fat, &c, forming, by their development and reproduction, the cellular tissue composing many parts of animals and plants. Cel'lar, n. [Lat. cellarium, a pantry, from cella, store- room.] A room under a house or other building. Cel'lar-age (45), n. 1. The excavation for a cellar; a cellar, or a series of cellars connected. 2. Charge for storage in a cellar. Cel'lar-er, )n. (Eccl.) An officer who has the care of ^el'lar-ist, ) the cellar, or the charge of procuring, keeping, and distributing the provisions. Cell'u-lar (sePyii-lar), a. [From Lat. cellula, a little cell.] Consisting of cells, or containing cells. Cell'u-la/ted, a. Formed with cells. £ell'ule, n. [Lat. cellula, dim. of cella, cell.] A small cell. CeU/u.-Hf'er-ou.s, a. [Lat. cellula amdferre, to bear.] * Producing little cells. Cell'ii-lose', a. Containing cells. ^ell'u-lose', n. (Bot.) One of the substances constitut- ing the cellular tissue of plants. Celt;''«. [Lat. Celti, Gr. KeAroi, Ke'Arat, pi., W. Celtiad, Celt, from celt, covert, shelter, celu, to hide, akin to Lat. celare.] 1. One of an ancient race of people, who for- merly inhabited a great part of Central and Western Eu- rope, and from whom are descended the Irish, Welsh, and Gael. 2. An implament of stone or of metal, found in the barrows of the early Celtic nations. Celt'i-e, a. Pertaining to the Celts, or to their language. ^elt'i-e, n. The language of the Celts. 13®- The remains of the old Celtic language are found in the Gaelic, the Erse or Irish, the Manks, and the Welsh and its cognate dialects, Cornish and Armorican or Breton. Celt'i-cigm, n. A Celtic custom. Cem'ent, or Ce-ment' (115), n. [Lat. csementum, chips of marble, from which mortar was made,contr. fr. csedi- mentum, from ciedere, to cut.] 1. Any substance used for making bodies adhere to each other, as mortar, glue, &c. 2. Bond of union. Ce-ment', v. t. [imp. & p. p. CEMENTED; p. pr. & vb. n. CEMENTING.] 1. To unite by the use of cement. 2. To unite firmly and closely. Ce-ment', v. i. To unite and cohere. ^em/en-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of cementing. 2. (Chem.) Process of surrounding a solid body with the powder of other substances, and heating the whole to a degree not sufficient to cause fusion, the properties of the body being i Scc.long g; a,e,&c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, CEMETERY 109 CEPHALIC changed by chemical combination with the powder ; thus iron becomes steel by cementation with charcoal. ^em'e-ter'y, n. [Gr. Koip.Tj-nJpioi', from Koifxav, to sleep.] A grave-yard ; a church-yard ; a necropolis. ' £en'a-to-ry (50), a. [Lat. ccenatorius, from ccena, dinner, supper.] Pertaining, or relating, to supper. Qen'o-foite, n, [Lat. ccznobita, from Gr. koivos, common, and jSios, life.] One of a religious order, dwelling in a convent, or a community, in opposition to a hermit. ^en'o-foit'le, la. Living in community, as monks; ^en/o-hit'i-e-al, ) conventual ; monastic. £en'o-taph, n. [Gr. Kevorafyiov, from /cevos, empty, and rdfios, burial, tomb.] A monument erected to one who is buried elsewhere. $ense, v. t. [imp. & p. p. censed (108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. censing.] [Abbrev. from incense, q. v.] To perfume with odors from burning substances. £ens'er, n. A vase or pan in which incense is burned. £en'sor, n. [Lat. from censere, to value, to tax.] 1. (An- tiq.) A Roman officer whose business was to register the effects of the citizens, to impose taxes upon them equitably, and to inspect their manners. 2. One empowered to ex- amine manuscripts and books, before publication, and to see that they contain nothing which is forbidden. 3. One who censures or blames ; a harsh critic. £en-so'ri-al )(89), a. Belonging to a censor, or to the £en-so'ri-an j correction of public morals. £en-so'ri-ous (89), a. 1. Addicted to censure ; apt to blame or condemn. 2. Implying or expressing censure. Syn.— Fault-finding; carping; caviling ; captious ; severe. £en-so'ri-ous-ly, adv. In a censorious manner. £en-so'ri-ous-ness, n. Quality of being censorious. £en'sor-ship, n. Office or dignity of a censor. 9en'sur-a-ble (sen'shur-a-bl), a. Worthy of censure ; blamable ; culpable ; reprehensible. £en'sur-a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being censurable ; fitness to be censured ; blamableness. Qen'sur-a-bly, adv. In a censurable manner. £en'sui*e (sen'shiyr), n. [Lat. censura.] Act of blaming or finding fault and condemning as wrong. Syn.— Blame; reproof; condemnation; reprobation; dis- approval; disapprobation; reprehension; animadversion; rep- rimand; reflection; dispraise; abuse. £en'sure (sen'shur), v. t. [imp. & p. p. censured ; p. pr. & vb. n. CENSURING.] To find fault with and condemn as wrong ; to express disapprobation of. Syn. —To blame; reprove; condemn; reprehend; reprimand. ^en'sus, n. [Lat. census, from censere. See Censor.] 1. {Rom. Antiq.) A numbering of the people, and valu- ation of their estates, usually once in five years. 2. An official enumeration of the people, and registration of the value of their estates, and of other statistics of a country. £ent, n. [Lat. centum.] 1. A hundred ; as, 10 per cent. 2. A coin made of copper, or of copper and nickel,worth the 100 th part of a dollar. [Amer.] Cent'age, n. Rate by the cent, or hundred ; percentage. ^en'taur, n. [Gr. KeWavpos, orig. a herdsman, afterward a herdsman who fought on horseback ; from Kevrelv, to goad, and ravpo?, bull.] (Myth.) A fabulous being, sup- posed to be half man and half horse. £en'tau-ry, n. ' [Gr. Kevravpiov, because the Centaur Chiron discovered first its medicinal power.] (Bot.) A plant of several species, some of which are common weeds. ^en'te-na'i'i-an, n. [From Lat. centenarius, from cen- tum, a hundred.] A person a hundred years old. [years. 9en'te-na'ri-an, a. Of, or pertaining to, a hundred £en'te-na-ry (44), n. Aggregate of a hundred single things ; specifically, a century ; a hundred years. £en'te-na-ry, a. 1. Relating to, or consisting of, a hundred. 2. [Perhaps for centennary, from Lat. centum, a hundred, and annus, a year.] Occurring once in every hundred years. 9en-ten'ni-al, a. [L. Lat. centennis ; Lat. centum, hun- dred, and annus, year.] 1. Belonging to the hundredth anniversary. 2. Happening once in a hundred years. 9en'ter, ) n. [Lat. centrum, from Gr. Kevrpov, from icev- £en'tre, J relv, to prick.] 1. The exact middle point or place of any thing. 2. The middle portion of any thing ; the midst. 3. A point of concentration ; nu- cleus. 4. ( Arch. ) A temporary framing on which vaulted work is constructed. £en'ter, ) v. i. [imp. Sep. p. CENTERED or centred ; £en'tre, ) P-pr- & vb. n. centering or centring.] 1. To be placed in a center ; to be central. 2. To be collected to a point ; to be concentrated. 9&a'ter, ) v. t. 1. To place on a center or central point. £6n'tre, j 2. To collect to a point ; to concentrate. £en'ter-bit, j n. An instrument turning on a project- £en'tre-lbit, ) ing central point, for boring holes. $en'ter-ing, n. (Arch.) The temporary framing on which any vaulted work is constructed. 9en-tes'i-mal, a . [Lat. centesimus, from centum, hun- dred.] Hundredth ; by the hundred. £en-tes'i-mal, n. A hundredth part. ^en-tes'i-ma'tion, n. (Mil.) A punishment where one person in a hundred is selected to receive the penalty. ^en/ti-fo'li-oiis, a. [Lat. centifolius , from centum hundred, and folium, leaf.] Having a hundred leaves. Cen'ti-grade, a. [Lat. centum, hundred, and gradus, degree.] Consisting of a hundred degrees; graduated into a hundred equal parts. Centigrade thermometer, a thermometer having the zero orO at the freezing point, and the distance between that and the boihng point of water divided into one hundred degrees. gen'ti-gramme, n. [Fr.,from Lat. centum, hundred, and gramma.} A measure of weight, being the hun- dredth part of a gramme, equal to .16924 of a grain avoirdupois. See Gramme. £en-tll'i-ter, or Cen'tl-H'ter, 1 n. [Fr.,from Lat. cen- Centilitre (song'te'15'tr), } turn, hundred, and Fr. litre, a French measure.] A measure of capacity, be- ing the hundredth part of a tore, or a little more than six-tenths of a cubic inch. Qenfime (song/teem'), n. [Fr., from Lat. centesimus, hundredth.] (Fr. Coinage.) The 100th part of a franc. Cen-tim'e-ter, or Cen'ti-me'ter, ) n. [Fr., from cen- Ccntimetre (song'te'ina'tr), J turn, hundred, and metrum, measure.] A measure of length, being the hundredth part of a meter, or rather more than thirty- nine one-hundredths of an inch English measure. Cen'ti-nel, n. See Sentinel. 9en'ti-ped, n. [Lat. centipeda, from centum , hundred, and pes, pedis, foot.] (Zool.) A species of land articu- lates. They are many -jointed, wingless, somewhat ver- miform, and have a great number of feet. [Written also centipede (-peed).] Cen'to, n.; pi. CEN'TOg. [Lat.; Gr. /ceVrpwv.] 1. A composition formed by verses or passages from different authors disposed in a new order. 2. (Mus.) A medley on a large scale. Central, a. [Lat. centralis, from centrum, center.] Re- lating to the center ; placed in, or containing, the center ; pertaining to the parts near the center. Cen-tral'i-ty, n. The state of being central. Cen'tral-i-za'tion, n. Act of centralizing. 9en'tral-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. centralized ; p. pr. & vb. n. centralizing.] To draw to a central point ; to bring to a center. Cen'tral-ly, adv. In a central manner. £en'tre (sen'ter), n. See Center. Cen'trie, ) a. Placed in the center or middle; cen- Cen'tri-e-al, ) tral. 9en'tric-al-ly, adv. In a central position. 9en-tri£'i-ty (-tris'-), n. The state of being centric. Cen-trif'u-gal, a. [Lat. centrum, center, and fugere, to flee.] Tending to recede from the center. Cen-trip'e-tal, a. [Lat. centrum, center, and pelere, to move toward.] Tending toward the center. Cen'try, n. See Sentry. a\rj, head, and aAyo;, pain.] Pain in the head ; headache. 9e-phal'i«,a. [Gr. Ke0aAi/cos, from necjiaXr}, head.] Per= taining to the head. food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, eall, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. CEPHALIC 110 CHAFF Ce-phaPi-e, n. A medicine for headache, or other disor- der in the head. Ceph'a-Iog'ra-phy , n. [Gr. KeaA7j, head, and ypafciv, to describe.] (Anat.) A description of the head. Ceph'a-lo-pod', or Ce-phal'o-pod, n. [Gr. Ke(f>a\rj, head, and ttous, 770S0S, foot.] (Zool.) A molluscous ani- mal, characterized by a distinct head, surrounded by a circle of long arms or tentacles. See Mollusk. ^e-rii'ceous, a. [From Lat. cera, wax.] Partaking of the nature of wax. Ce-ram'i-e, a. [Gr. KepajuiKos, from Kepa/aos, earthen- ware.] Pertaining to pottery. £e'rate, n. [Lat. ceratum, from cera, wax.] (JVfecf.) A thick kind of ointment, composed of wax, oil. &c. Ce'ra-ted, a. [Lat. ceratus, p. p. of cerare, from cera, wax.] Covered with wax. £ere, n. [From Lat. cera, wax.] The naked wax-like skin that covers the base of the bill in some birds. $ere, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cered; p.pr. & vb. n. CER- 1NG.] To wax, or cover with wax. Ce're-al (89), a. [Lat. Cerealis, pertaining to Ceres, to grain.] Pertaining to edible grain, as wheat, rye, &c. £e're-al, n. Any edible grain. [lum. £er'e-foel, n. The lower part of the brain ; the cerebel- ^er'e-lbel'lar, ) a. Pertaining to the cerebellum, or ^er'e-bel'lous, ) its parts. Qer'c-Wl'lum, n. ; pi. pER'E-BEL'LA. [Lat., dim. of cerebrum, brain.] [Anat.) The hinder and lower division of the brain. £er'e-foral, a. Pertaining to the cerebrum, or brain. £er f e-brum,n. [Lat.] {Anat.) The superior and larger division of the brain. ^ere'-eloth, n. [Lat. cera, wax, and Eng. cloth.] A cloth smeared with melted wax. ^ere'ment, n. [0. Fi\, from cere, Lat. cera, wax.] A cloth dipped in melted wax, used for embalming. CSr'e-mo'ni-al, a. Relating to ceremony, or external rite ; ritual. ^er'e-mo'ni-al, n. An established system of rules and ceremonies. [monies. ^er'e-mo'ni-al-ly, adv. According to rites and cere- ^er'e-jjno'mi-oiis, a. 1. Consisting of outward forms and rites ; ceremonial. 2. According to prescribed or customary rules and forms. 3. Particular in observing forms ; precise ; formal. ^er'e-mo'mi-oiis-Iy, adv. In a ceremonious manner. ^er'e-mo-ny (50), n. [Lat. cserimonia, from Csere, an old city of Etruria, which stood in a very ancient relig- ious connection with Rome, or from Ceres.} 1„ Outward rite ; external form in religion. 2« Forms of civility. P'rSXwll'al, } a - Pertaining to cerography. £e-rog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. Krjpd;, wax, and ypdfeiv, to write.] 1. A writing on wax. 2. The art of engraving on wax, spread on a sheet of copper, from which a stereo- type plate is taken. ^e-roon', n. [Sp. seron, augmentative of sera, a large pannier or basket.] A bale or package made of skins. £er'tnin, (sCr'tin, 14, 42), a. [Lat. certus, orig. p. p. of ccrncre, to perceive, decide.] 1„ Assured in mind ; hav- ing no' doubts. 2. Not to be doubted or denied. 3. Fixed or stated ; determinate. 4. Indeterminate, or not specifically named ; one or some; — sometimes used in- dependently as a noun. Syn. — Bound; sure; true; undeniable; unquestionable; undoubted; plain; indubitable; indisputable; incontroverti- ble; competent; unhesitating; undoubting; regular; constant. 9er'tain-ly, adv. Without doubt or question ; in truth and fact ; without failure. £er'tain-ncss (109), n. Certainty ; infallibility. £er'tain-ty, n. 1. Quality or condition of being cer- tain ; exemption from doubt or failure. 2. A fact or truth unquestionably established. Cer-tlfi-cate,«. [See infra.] 1. A written testimony to the truth of any fact. 2. A written declaration le- gally authenticated. Cer-tifi-eate,t'. t. [imp. hp.p. certificated; p.pr. & vb. n. CERTIFICATING.] [L. Lat. certificate, p. p. certificare, from Lat. certus, certain, and facere, to make.] 1. To verify by certificate. 2. To furnish with a certificate. ^er'ti-fi-eii/tion, n. The act of certifying. Cer'ti-fFcr. n. One who certifies, or assures. $er'ti-iy (14), v. t. [imp. & p. p. certified ; p. pr. & vb. n. certifying.] [See Certificate, v. t.} 1. To testify to in writing ; to make known or establish as a fict. 2. To give certain information of or to. Qer'ti-o-ra'ri (sei"shi-o-ra'ri), n. [From L. Lat. certi- orare, to certify, from Lat. cerlior, com par. of certus, certain.] (Law.) A writ issuing out of chancery, or a superior court, to call up the records of an inferior court, or remove a cause there depending, in order that the party may have more sure and speedy justice, or that errors and irregularities may be corrected. ^er'ti-tiide (53), n. [L. Lat. certiludo, from Lat. certus, certain.] Freedom from doubt ; assurance ; certainty. £e-ru'le-an (124), a. [Lat. cseruleus.] Sky-blue. ye-ru'men, n. [N. Lat., from Lat. cera, wax.] The wax or yellow matter secreted by the ear. ^e'ruse (52), n. [Lat. cerussa.] 1. White lead. 2. The" native carbonate of lead. [white lead. £e'rused (se'rust), a. Washed with a preparation of £er'vi«-al, a. [From Lat. cervix, neck.] (Anat.) Be- longing to the neck. ' [taining to the deer. £er'yme, a. [Lat. cervinus, from cervus, deer.] Per- ^e-§a're-an, a. Pertaining to Caesar. Cesarean section (Surg.), an incision made through the pari- etes of the abdomen and uterus in order to extract the fetus; — said to have been done at the birth of Julius Csesar. Ces'pi-tose' (125), a. [From Lat. c&spes, turf.] (Bot.) Growing in tufts ; turf-like ; cespitous. ^es'pi-toiis, a. [See supra.] Pertaining to, or con- sisting of, turf ; turfy. 9es-sa'tion, n. [Lat. cessatio, from cessare.] Act of ceasing ; discontinuance of motion or action of any kind. Syn.— Stop; rest; pause; intermission.— Stop is generic; cessution is a ceasing from action, either temporary or final; pause, temporary stopping; rent, stopping for the sake of relief or repose; intermission, stopping at intervals to recommence. -€es-sd f vit, n. [Lat., he has ceased.] ( O. Eng. Law.) A writ to recover lands when the tenant has ceased for two years to perform the service which constitutes the condition of his tenure. C. es'sion (sesh'un), n. [Lat. cessio, from cessum, cedere, to give way.] A yielding, or surrender, as of property or rights, to another person ; the act of ceding. 9ess'-pool (26), n. [See Sess-pool.] A cavity sunk in the earth, to receive and retain the sediment of water conveyed in drains. [Written also sess-pool.] ^es'tus, n. [Greek /ceo-Tc?, girdle, literally stitched, embroidered.] (Antiq.) (a.) A girdle ;* particularly the girdle of Venus, on which was represented every thing that could awaken love, (b.) A loaded leather covering for the hands of boxers. 9e-§ii'ra, n. See C^SURA. ye-td'ee-d, n.pl. [From Lat. cetvs, Gr. ktjtos, whale.] ( Zool. ) An order of vertebrated mam- miferous marine animals, including the whale "^d kind. Cestus ' £e-ta'cean (-shan), n. (Zool.) An animal of the whale kind. £e-ta'ceous, a. Pertaining to the whale kind. C/e-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. ktjtos, and Ao-yos, discourse.] The natural history of cetaceous animals. Chafe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. chafed; p. pr. & vb. n. CHAFING.] [Lat. calefacere, to make warm, from cali- duSy caldus, hot, and facere, to make.] 1. To excite physical heat or irritation in by means of friction. 2. To excite heat or passion in the mind of; to irritate. 3. To fret and wear by rubbing. Syn. — To rub; fret; gall; vex; provoke; inflame. Chafe, v. i. 1. To be excited or heated; to rage; to fret. 2. To be fretted and worn by rubbing. Chafe, n. 1. Heat or irritation excited by friction. 2. Violent agitation of the mind. Chafer, 11. One who chafes. Chafer, n. [A.-S. ceafor.} An insect ; — also called cock- chafer or May-bug. Chaf er-y, n. (Ironworks.) A forge in which the metal is subjected to a welding heat. Chaf e'-wax, n. An assistant to the Lord Chancellor, who fits the wax for the sealing of writs. [Eng.] Chaff (6), n. [A.-S. ceaf, Ger. kaff, from 0. II. Ger. cheva, pod, husk.] 1. The glumes, husk, or light, dry covering of grains and grasses. 2. (Bot.) Scales or bracts on the receptacle which subtend each flower in the heads of many composite plants. 3. Worthless matter ; refuse. Chaff, n. Light, idle talk, by way of making fun or turning into ridicule. [ Colloq.] Chaff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. CHAFFED (108); p. pr. & vb. n. chaffing.] To use light, idle language by way of fun or ridicule. [ Colloq.] a,e,&c.,fcmg-; &,e\ be, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm; son, 6r. do, wolf. CHAFF 111 CHAMFER Chaff, v. t. To make fun of; to turn into ridicule by addressing in frivolous or ironical language. Chaffer, v. 1. [imp. & p. p. chaffered; p. pr. & vb. n. CHAFFERING.] [0. Eng. chaffare, chepefare, from A. -S. ceapan, ceapian, to buy, to attempt to buy, and Eng. fare, to go ; hence, orig. to go to buy, to go to market. J 1. To treat about a purchase ; to bargain ; to haggle. 2. To talk much or idly. [change. Chaffer, v. t. 1. To buy; to purchase. 2. To ex- Chaf f er-er, n. One who chaffers. Chaffinch, n. (Ornith.) A bird of the finch family, said to deligiit in chaff, and having a very sweet note. Chaffy, a. 1. Containing, resembling, or consisting of, chaff. k Z. Light or worchless as chaff. Chafing-dish, n. A dish or vessel to hold coals for heating any thing set on it ; a portable grate for coals. £ha-green', n. See Shagreen. £ha-grln' (sha-grln'), n. [Fr., from chagrin, or chagrain, shagreen ; also a rouga fish-skin used for graters and files, hence, fig. for a gnawing, corroding grief. See SHA- GREEN.] Ill-humor; vexation ; peevishness; fretfulness. Syn.— Vexation; mortification.— Vexation springs from a sense of loss, disappointment, &c; mortification from •wounded pride; chagrin may spring from either, and is not usually so keen nor lasting. Cha-grin' (sha-grln / ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. chagrined ; p.pr. & vb. n. chagrining.] To excite ill-humor in; to vex ; to mortify. Chain (68), n. [Lat. catena.] 1. A series of links or rings, connected together, used for various purposes. 'Z. That which confines, fetters, or secures ; a bond. 3. A series of things connected and following each other in succession. 4. (Sitrv.) An instrument used in meas- uring land, consisting cf 103 links, making up the total length of four rods, or sixty-six feet. 5. (Naut.) A strong plate of iron bolted at the lower end through the side to the ship's timbers. Chain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. chained; p. pr. & vb. n. chaining.] 1. To fasten or connect with a chain, or with any thing else in the manner of a chain. t£. To en- slave. 3- -- fits closely and strongly. Chain'-brldgc, n. A bridge suspended on chains; a suspension bridge. Chain'- gang, n. A gang or number of convicts chained together. Chain'less, a. Having no chain ; not restrained. Chain'- mail, n. A kind of armor made of interlaced rings, both flexible and strong. Chain'-piimp, n. A pump consisting of an endless chain, carrying disks or buckets, passing upward through a wooden tube, and moving on two wheels, one above, the other below. Chain'-shot, n. (Mil.) Two balls, &c, connected by a chain, and used to cut down masts, &c. Chain'- stitch, «.' A kind of stitch ^"™-«mk- in sewing, made by interlocking threads, so as to leave open spaces, like the links of a chain. Chain '-waleg, n. pi. ' (Naut.) Piece3 of plank bolted to tne sides of a ship to spread the lower rigging. See Channels. Chair (4), n. [Contracted from Lat. cathedra, Gr. naQi- Spa.] 1. A movable seat with a back, for one person. 25. An official seat, as of a judge ; hence, the office itself. 3. The presiding officer of an assembly. 4. A vehicle for one person ; either a sedan or a gig. 5. An iron block used on railways to support and secure the rails. Chair,t'. t. [imp. & p. p. chaired; p. pr. & vb. n. CHAIRING.] To carry publicly in a chair in triumph ; — applied to a candidate for office who has gained his election. [Eng.] Chair'man, n.; pi. chair'men. 1. (Legislative Bod- ies.) The presiding oncer of an assembly, association, or committee. i Z. One who carries a chair or sedan. ChAir'man-ship, n. The office of a chairman. 9hai§e (87), n. [Fr. chaise, for chaire, according to a peculiar Parisian pron. See Chair.] A two-wheeled, one-horse carriage for two persons, with a calash top. Chal-ced'o-ny, or Chal'ce-do-ny, n. [From Chalce- don, a town in Asia Minor.] (Mm.) An uncrystallized, translucent variety of quartz, having usually a whitish color, and a luster nearly like wax. •Chal-eog'ra-pher, I n. An engraver on copper and ■ehal-eog'ra-phist, j brass. Chal-eog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. x a ^ K ^> copper, brass, and ypd^eiv, to write.] Art of engraving on copper or brass. Chal-da'ie, a. Pertaining to Chaldea. Chal-da'ic , n. The language or dialect of the Chaldeans. ■Chal'dee, or Chal-dee', a. Pertaining to Chaldea; Chaldaic. [Chaldeans. Chal'dee, or -€hal-dee', n. Language or dialect of the Chal'dron, n. [The same as caldron, q. v.] A dry measure for coals, containing at London thirty-six bush- els. It varies, however, in usage, as at Newcastle, at Pictou, and in the United States. Clial'Ice (chaFis), n. [Lat. calix, Gr. kvAi|.] A cup or bowl ; especially a communion-cup. Chalk (chawk), n. [A.-S. cealc, from Lat. calx, limestone, chalk-stone.] (Min.) A soft, earthy substance, consist- ing of carbonate of lime. French chalk, steatite or soapstone, a soft magnesian mineral. — lied chalk, an indurated clayey ocher. Chalk (chawk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. chalked (108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. CHALKING.] To rub or mark with chalk. To chalk out, to lay out, draw out, or describe. Chalk'i-ness (chawk'), n. State of being chalky. Chalk.'- stone (20), n. (Med.) A concretion in the hands and feet of persons violently affected by the gout. Chalk'y (chawk'y), a. Consisting of, impregnated with, or 'resembling chalk. Chal'lenge, ii. [From Lat. calumnia, false accusation.] 1. An invitation to a contest of any kind. 2. Act of a sentry in demanding the countersign from those who ap- pear at his post. 3. A summons to engage in single combat. 4. A claim or demand made of a right. 5, An exception to a juror or a voter. Chal'lenge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. challenged ; p. pr. & vb. n. CHALLENGING.] 1. To call to a contest of any kind ; to call to answer ; to defy. 2. To invite, or summon to answer for an offense by personal combat. 3. To claim as due ; to demand as a rignt. 4. To make exception or objection to, as to jurors. 5. (Elections.) To object to as not qualified to vote. [Amer.] Chal'lenge-a-ble, a. Capable of being challenged. Chal'len-ger, n. One who challenges. Chal'lis (shal'ly), n. [Fr. chaly, a stuff made of goat'a hair.] An elegant, twilled, fine woolen fabric, used for ladies' dresses. [Written also chatty.] Cha-lyb'e-ate, a. [N. Lat. chalybcatus, from chalybo, Gr. x^vi//, still.] Impregnated with some salt of iron. Cha-lyb'e-ate, n. Any water, liquor, or medicine, into which iron enters. •Cham (kam), n. The sovereign prince of Tartary; — usually written khan. Chamade (sh'a'mad'), n. [Fr., from Lat. clamare, to call.] ( Mil. ) Beat of a drum, or sound of a trumpet, in- viting an enemy to a parley. Cham'ber, 11. [From Lat. camara, camera, vault, arched roof, Gr. Kajadpa.] 1. A retired room, especially an upper room, used for lodging, privacy, or study. "Z. A compartment or hollow, closed space. 3. A place where an assembly meets, and the assembly itself. 4. (Law.) A private place where a judge sits to hear and determine cases, and do such judicial business as may be done out of court. Cham'ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. chambered ; p. pr. & vb. n. CHAMBERING.] 1. To reside in or occupy as a chamber. 2. To be wanton. [Obs.] Cham'ber, v. t. To shut up, as in a chamber. Cham'ber— eoun'sel, ) n. A counselor who gives Cham'ber-eoun'sel-ar, ) his opinion in private, or at his chambers, but does not advocate causes in court. Cham'ber-er, n. One who intrigues, or indulges in wantonness. [Obs.] Cham'ber-lain (-lin, 42), n. [From Ger. hammer, Fr. chambre, Lat. camera and the Ger, termination ling.] 1. An attendant who has charge of the chambers, as in a large house or hotel. 2. An officer having charge of the private chambers of a nobleman or monarch ; hence, in Europe, one of the high officers of a court. 3. A treas- urer or receiver of public money. Cham'ber-lain-iship, n. Office of a chamberlain. Cham'foer-maid, n. A woman who has the care of chambers, or who dresses and waits upon a lady. £3£&&M&&S^. Cham'brel, n. The gambrel. ^H^B^ See Gambrel. -W.^ ~ " V Cha-me'le-on,n. [Lat. chame- leon, Gr. xa^aiAeW, lit. ground _ lion, from x<*f.at, on the ground, - - A '^ and AeW, lion ] (Zoo I.) A liz- ^^s^^^K^ ard-like reptile, whose color % changes more or less with the color of the objects about it, or Chameleon, with its temper when disturbed. Chamfer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. chamfered ; p. pr. & food, foot ; urn, rude, pull; pell, chaise, <:all, eoho; gem. get; a§; e^ist ; linger, link ; this- CHAMFER 112 CHAPARRAL vb. n. CHAMFERING.] 1. (Carp.) To cut a groove or channel in ; to flute. 2. To cut or grind in a sloping manner ; to bevel. Cham'fer, \n. [From Celt, camm, crooked, and Lat. Cham'f ret, j frons, front, or frenum, bridle, bit.] 1. ( Carp.) A small gutter in wood, or other hard material ; a groove, 2. A slope or bevel. ^ham'ois (sharn'my or sha-moi'), n. [From Sp. camuza, gamuza, from 0. Ger. gamz.] 1. (Zool.) A species of antelope living on the loftiest mountain ridges of Europe. 2. A kind of soft leather, first pre- ^^Hp^a pared from the skin of this animal, r ^^ Cham'o-mlle, n. See Camo- mile. Champ, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CHAM- Chamois. PED (champt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. CHAMPING-.] [From Lat. campus, field.] 1. To bite -with repeated action of the teeth. 2„ To bite into small pieces ; to crush. Chanip, v. i. To bite frequently. £ham-pagne' (sham-pan'), n. A kind of brisk, spark- ling wine, from Champagne, in France. Champaign' (sham-pan/), n. [See Campaign.] A flat, open country. [try ; level. Cham-paign' (sham-pan'), a. Flat or open, as a coun- Champ'er, n. One who champs, or bites. £ham'per-tor, n. [See infra.] (Law.) One who pur- chases a suit, or the right of suing, and carries it on at his own expense, in order to obtain a share of the gain. 9ham'per-ty, n. [0. Fr. champart, field-rent, Lat. campi pars, from champ, Lat. campus, field, and part, Lat. pars, share.] Maintenance of a lawsuit, with the addition of an agreement to divide the thing in suit, in case of success. Cham'pi-on, «. [Low Lat. campio, from Lat. campus, field.] 1. One who engages in any contest; especially one who contends in behalf of another in single combat. 2. One ready to fight all who offer against him. Cham'pi-on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. championed ; p.pr. & vb. n. championing.] To furnish with a champion ; to attend as champion. Cham'pi-on-ehip, n. State of being a champion. Chance, n. [Fr., from cheoir, Lat. cadere, to fall, with reference to the falling of the dice.] 1. Absence of any defined or recognized cause ; fortuity; casualty. 2. An event which happens without any assigned cause. 3. The possibility of an occurrence. Syn. — Luck; accident; hazard; fortune; opportunity. Chance, v. i. [imp. & p. p. chanced (chanst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. CHANCING.] To happen, come, or arrive, with- out design or expectation. Chance, a. Happening by chance ; casual ; fortuitous. Chan'cel, n. [From Lat. cancelli, lattices, cross-bars, inclosing the place, dim. of cancer, lattice.] That part of a church where the altar or communion table is placed ; formerly inclosed with lattices. Chan'cel-lor, n. A judicial officer of high rank ; the president, or chief judge, of a court of chancery. Chancellor of the exchequer, a member of the British cabinet upon whom devolves the charge of the public income and ex- penditure as the highest finance minister of the government. — Lord high chancellor of England, the presiding judge in the court of chancery, the highest judicial officer of the crown. Chan'cel-lor-ship, n. The office of a chancellor. Chance'-med'ley, n. [See Chance and Medley.] (Law.) The killing of another in self-defense upon a sud- den and unpremeditated encounter. Chan'cer-y, n. [Low Lat. cancellaria, from Lat. cancel- larius. See Chancellor.] A high court of equity; equity ; proceedings in equity. Chan'ere (shank'er, 67), n. [Fr. See Canker and CANCER.] An ulcer, especially a venereal sore. 9han'erous (shank'rus), a. Having the qualities of a chancre ; ulcerous. Chan'de-lier' (shan'-), n. [From Lat. candela, candle, q. v.] A frame with branches to hold a number of lights for the purpose of illumination. Chand'ler, n. [Fr. chandelier, candlestick, tallow- chandler. In ship-chandler, corn-chandler, it is perh. de- rived from Ger. handler, dealer, trader, assimilated to the Eng. chandler in tallow-chandler.'] 1. A manufac- turer of, or dealer in, candles. 2. A dealer in other commodities, which are indicated by a word prefixed. Chand'ler-y, n. The commodities sold by a chandler. Change, v. t. [imp. & p. p. changed ; p. pr. & vb. n. CHANGING.] [From Lat. cambire, Low Lat. cambiare.] 1. To alter or make different ; to cause to pass from one state to another. 2. To substitute another thing or other things for, whether of the same or a different kind ; to exchange. 3. To give another kind of money, of the same aggregate value, for. 4. To become acid or tainted. Syn. — To vary ; innovate ; diversify ; shift ; veer ; turn. Change, v. i. 1. To be altered ; to undergo variation. 2^ To pass from one phase to another. Change, n. 1. Any variation or alteration ; a passing from one state or form to another. 2. Substitution of one thing in the place of another. 3. A passing from one phase to another. 4. Alteration in the order of a series ; permutation. 5. That which makes a variety. 6. Small pieces of money, which may be given for larger pieces or for bank-notes ; and hence, the balance of money paid beyond the price of goods purchased. 7. A building appropriated for mercantile transactions. [ Col- log, for exchange.] _ Syn. — Variety ; mutation; transition; vicissitude; innova- tion; novelty; transmutation; revolution; reverse. Chan^e'a-Ml'i-ty, n. Changeableness. Change'a-hle, a. 1. Capable of change. 2. Appear- . ing different, as in color, under difference of circum- stances, as of light. Syn. — Mutable ; variable ; fickle ; inconstant ; unstable ; unsteady; unsettled; versatile; wavering; erratic; volatile. Change'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being changeable ; fickleness ; inconstancy ; mutability. Change'a-lbly, adv. In a changeable manner. Change'ful, a. Full of change ; inconstant ; mutable. Change'ful-ly, adv. In a changeful manner. Change'f ul-ness, n. Quality of being changeful. Change'less, a. Not admitting alteration ; constant. Change'ling, n. [From change and the dim. termina- tion ling.] 1. A child left or taken in the place of another, as by fairies. 2. One apt to change ; a waverer. Change'ling, a. Taken or left in place of another. Chang'er, n. One who changes. Chan'nel, n. [A different spelling, or a modification, of canal, q. v.] 1. The bed of a stream of water; esp. the deeper part of a river or bay, where the main current flows. 2. ( Geog.) A strait or narrow sea between two portions of land. 3. That through which any thing passes, or is conveyed. 4. (Arch.) A gutter or furrow in, as in a column. 5. pi. (Naitt.) Broad pieces of plank bolted edgewise to the outside of a vessel, and used for spreading the lower rigging. Chan'nel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. channeled ; p.pr. & vb. n. channeling.] To form a channel or channels in; to groove. Chant, v. t. [imp. & p.p. chanted ; p. pr. & vb. n. CHANTING.] [From Lat. cantare, v. intens. of canere, to sing.] 1. To utter with a melodious voice ; to sing ; to warble. 2. To celebrate in song. 3. (Mus.) To sing after the manner of a chant. Chant, v.i. 1. To make melody with the voice ; to sing. 2. (Mus.) To sing after the manner of a chant. Chant, ii. 1. Song; melody. 2. (Mus.) Words recited to musical tones without musical measure. Chant'er, n. 1. One who chants. 2. The pipe whicL sounds the tenor or treble in a bagpipe. Chant'i-eleer, n. [From chant and clear.] A cock, so called from the clearness of his voice in crowing. Chant'ress, n. A female chanter or singer. Chant'ry, n. An endowed chapel where masses for the souls of the donors are celebrated. •Cha'os (ka/os), n. [Lat. chaos, Gr. x<*°?> fr° m X a <-vew, root xa, to gape, to open widely.] 1. An empty, infinite space. 2. Unorganized condition of matter before the creation of the universe. 3. A confused or disordered mass or state of things ; confusion ; disorder. -€ha-6t'ie (44), a. Kesembling chaos ; confused. Chap, or Chap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. chapped (chapt) ; p. pr. & vb' n. CHAPPING.] [D. happen, Dan. kappe, Sw. kappa, to cut, cut off.] To cleave or open longitu- dinally ; to split ; to crack. Chap, or Chap, v. i. To crack or open in long slits. Chap, or Chap, n. [From chap, v. t. & i. See supra.] A longitudinal cleft, gap, or chink in the flesh. Chap (chop), n. [From chap, to open longitudinally.] Tne jaw;— used with reference to beasts, and vulgarly to men ; generally in the plural. Chap, n. [An abbrev. of chapman, but used m a more general sense.] A man or boy ; a youth. [ Colloq.] Chap'ar-ral', n. [Sp. , of Iberian origin ; an abbrev. of Basque achaparra, from acha, atza, for aitza, rock, stone, and abarra, an evergreen oak.] 1. A thicket of low evergreen oaks. 2. Thick bramble-bushes entangled with thorny shrubs in clumps. a.e.&c.^ongv &,e,&c, short; care, far, £sk, all, what, ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, CHAP-BOOK 113 CHARITABLE Chap'-tod<>l£ (27), n. [A.-S. ceapan, to buy, and book.] A small book, esp. one carried about for sale by hawkers. TJhape, n. [Fr., a cope, cover, chape. See Cape and Cap.] 1. The catch of any thing, as of a buckle. 2. A plate of metal at the end of a scabbard. Vhapeau (shap'o), n. ; pi. CHAPE AVS (shap'oz). [Fr.] A hat. Chapeau Bras (shap'o bra). A military hat which can be flattened and put under the arm. Chap'el, n. [L. Lat. capella, orig. a short cloak, hood ; or cowl ; hence, chapel, orig., the tent in which St. Martin's hat or cowl was preserved.] 1. A place of worship con- nected with a church or with some establishment, public or private. 2. A place of worship not connected with a church. 3. A place of worship used by dissenters from the established church in England ; a meeting-house. 4. A choir of singers, or an orchestra, attached to the court of a prince or nobleman. 5. (Print.) (a.) A print- ing-office, so called because printing was first carried on in England, in a chapel near Westminster Abbey, (b.) An association of workmen in a printing-office. Chap'el-la-ny (44), n. [See Chaplain.] A chapel and jurisdiction within the precincts of a church, and sub- ordinate to it. Chap'el-let, n. (Far.) A pair of stirrup leathers, with stirrups. [Written also chaplet.] Chap'el-ry, n. The bounds or jurisdiction of a chapel. Chap'er-on (shap'er-on), n. [Fr. See Cape and Cap.] 1. A hood or cap. 2. A device on the foreheads of horses in pompous funerals. 3. A hood or cap, worn by knights of the Garter. 4. One who attends a lady in public places as a guide and protector. £hap'er-on (shap'er-on), v. t. [imp. & p. p. chaper- oned ; p. pr. & vb. n. chaperoning.] To attend in public places as a guide and protector. Chap'-fallen (chop'Tawln), a. Having the lower chap depressed; dejected; dispirited. Chap'i-ter, n. [Late Lat. capitellum, capitulum, dim. of caput, head. Cf. Capital and Chapter.] (Law.) A summary in writing of such matters as are to be in- quired of or presented before justices in eyre, or justices of assize, or of the peace, in their sessions, called more commonly articles, and delivered orally or in writing by the justice to the inquest. Chap'laira (-lln, 42), n. [See Chapel.] 1. An eccle- siastic who performs service in a chapel. 2. A clergy- man officially attached to a ship of war, to an army, to some public institution, or to a family. Chap'laisi-cy, n. The office or station of a chaplain. Chap'lain-ship, n. Office, business, or revenue of a chaplain ; chaplaincy. Chap'let, n. [Fr. chapelet, dim. of 0. Fr. chapel, gar- land.] 1. A garland or wreath for the head. 2. A string of beads used by Roman Catholics in counting their prayers. 3. (Arch.) A' little molding, carved into round beads, pearls, olives, or the like. 4. A chapellet. [See Chapellet.] 5. A tuft of feathers on a peacock's head. 6. A small chapel or shrine. Chap'man, n. ; pi. chap'men. [A.-S. ceapman, from ceapan, ceapian, to buy.] One who buys or sells; a purchaser ; a merchant. Chaps, n. pi. The mouth or jaws. See Chap. Chap'ter, n. [From Lat. capitulum, dim. of caput, head.] 1. A division of a book or treatise. 2. (Eccl.) A cor- poration composed of the prebends and other clergymen belonging to a cathedral or collegiate church, and pre- sided over by the dean. 3. An organized branch of some society or fraternity. 4. The meeting of certain organized societies. 5. A place where delinquents re- ceive discipline and correction. 6. A decretal epistle. ©hap'trel, n. [From chapiter.] (Arch.) The capital of a pier or pilaster which receives an arch ; an impost. Char, \n. [A.-S. cerr, cyrr, turn, time, oc- Chare, j casion business, from cerran, cirran, cyrran,^ to turn.] Work done by the day ; a single job, or task. See Chore. [Eng.] Char, v. t. [imp. & p. p. charred; p. pr. & vb. n. CHARRING.] [Cf. Ir. caor, brand, flame, spark of fire, gor, heat, goraim, I heat, warm.] 1. To reduce to charcoal by expelling all volatile matter ; to burn slightly or par- tially. 2. To work or hew, as stone. Char'ae-ter, n. [Lat. character, Or. x a P aKT VP> fr° m Xapewro-eu/, to make sharp, to engrave.] 1. A distinctive mark; a letter, figure, or sign. 2. Manner of writing or printing. 3. Sum of qualities which distinguish one person or thing from another. 4. Good qualities, or food, fdbt ; urn, rude, pull; fell, chaise, «all 8 Chaptrel. the reputation of possessing them. 5. The qualities considered as belonging to an office or institution. 6. The estimate put upon a person or thing ; reputation. 7. Force of will; energy. 8. The possessor of a cer- tain character ; a person/- 9. Account; description. Char'a-e-ter, v. t. 1. To engrave ; to inscribe. 2c To distinguish by particular marks ; to characterize. Char'ae-ter-is'tie, I a. Serving to constitute the Char'ae-ter-Is'tie-al, j character; peculiar. -ehar'ae-ter-Is'tie, n. 1„ That which constitutes a character ; that which distinguishes a person or thing from another. 2. (Math.) The index or exponent of a logarithm. [guish character. Char'a-e-ter-Is'tie-al-ly, adv. In a manner to distin- Char'ae-ter-i-za'tion, n. Act of characterizing. Char'ae-ter-ize 7 , v. t. [imp. & p. p. character- ized; p. pr. & vb. n. CHARACTERIZING.] 1. To mark with a peculiar stamp or figure. 2. To give a character or an account of the personal qualities of. 3. To distinguish, mark, or express the character of. Syn.— To describe; distinguish; mark; designate; entitle. Char'ae-ter-less, a. Having no peculiar character. Cha-rade' (sha-rad'), n. [Fr.] A composition in which are described enigmatically the objects expressed by each syllable of a word, separately, and then by the word as a whole. [wood. Char'eoal, n. [See Char, v. t.] Coal made by charring Chard, n. [Lat. carduus, the thistle.] 1. A variety of the white beet. 2. The blanched leaves of the arti- choke and some other vegetables. Charge, n. [Fr. charge, Pr. & Sp. carga, It. carica, Pg. carga, carrega, Fr. & Pr. cart, Pg. cargo, It. carico.] 1. The person or thing committed or intrusted to the care, custody, or management of another. 2. Exercise of custody or care ; office; commission. 3. An earnest or impressive command, direction, exhortation, or instruc- tion. 4. Whatever constitutes a burden on property ; costs; expense; — usually in the pi. 5. The account of that which is due from one party to another. 6. Im- putation ; accusation. 7. That quantity, as of ammu- nition, electricity, &c, which any apparatus, as a gun, battery, machine, &c, is intended to receive and fitted to hold. 8. Onset ; attack ; hence the signal for attack. 9. Position of a weapon fitted for attack. 10. (Her.) A bearing or emblem on a field. 11. An uncertain weight of lead, supposed to be 33 pigs, or 2520 pounds. Syn. — Care; custody; trust; management; price; ex- pense; assault; injunction; order; mandate. Charge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. charged ; p. pr. & vb. n. CHARGING.] [Fr. charger, from L. Lat. carricare, from Lat. carrus, wagon.] 1. To impose, as a load or burden. 2. To impose, as a task, duty, or trust. 3. To com- mand, request, or exhort in an earnest or authoritative manner ; to give instructions to, as a judge, a jury. 4. To impose as a tax. 5 . To place to the account of, as a debt. 6. To accuse of, having as a direct object the person or thing. 7 . To place within or upon any piece of apparatus or machinery the quantity it is intended and fitted to contain ; to load. 8. To bear down upon ; to rush upon ; to fall on. Syn. — To accuse ; impeach; arraign; attack. Charge, v. i. To make an onset. Charge'a-hle, a. 1. Capable of being charged, im- posed, or imputed. 2. Subject to be charged or accused. . 3. Serving to create expense ; costly: burdensome. Charge'a-hle-ness, n. Quality of being expensive. Charge'a-bly, adv. At great cost ; expensively. Charge (V Affaires (shar'zha' daf'far'). [From charge, p. p. of charger, to load, to charge, and affaire, affair, q. v.] An inferior diplomatic representative, at a foreign court, to whose care are confided the affairs of his nation ; a minister of the fourth grade. Char'ger, n. 1. One who, or that which, charges. 2. A large dish. [Obs.] 3. A horse used in battle. CJiargesJiip (shaVzha'ship), n. The office of a charge d'affaires. Char'i-ly, adv. In a careful, wary manner. Char'i-ness, n. Quality of being chary, or cautious. Char'i-ot, n. [Fr. chariot, from char, car, q. v.] 1. (Antiq.) A war car or vehicle. 2. A four-wheeled pleasure or state carriage, having one seat. Char'i-ot, v. t. To convey in a chariot. Char'i-ot-ee', n. A four-wheeled pleasure carriage with two seats. [chariot. Char'i-ot-eer', n. One who drives or conducts a Char'i-ta-fole, a. [See Charity.] 1. Full of love and echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this- CHARITABLENESS 114 CHATOYANT good will. 2. Liberal to the poor. 3. Pertaining to, or springing from, charity. 4. Dictated by kindness. Syn. — Kind ; benevolent ; liberal ; favorable ; indulgent ; generous; beneficent. Char'i-ta-ble-ness, n. Quality of being charitable. Char'i-ta-lbly, adv. In a charitable manner. Char'i-ty (88), n. [Fr. charite, from Lat. caritas, from cams, dear, costly, loved.] 1. Disposition to think fa- vorably of others, and to do them good. 2. Liberality to the poor. 3. Whatever is given to the poor for their relief ; alms. 4. Liberality in judging of men and their actions. 5. Any act of kindness or benevolence. 6. A charitable institution, or a gift to create and support such an institution. Sisters of Charity (Rom. Cath. Church), communities of nuns of various orders engaged in works of mercy ; — a popular designation. Syn. — Love ; benevolence ; good will ; affection ; tender- ness ; liberality ; indulgence ; aims-giving. Charivari (sha-re'va-ree'), n. [Fr. ; of uncertain deriva- tion.] A mock serenade of discordant music. Char'la-tan, n. [From Sp. charlar, It. ciarlare, to chat- ter, prate, akin to Sp. ckirlar, to prattle, It. zirlare, to whis- tle like a thrush.] A quack ; an empiric ; a mountebank. Char'la-tan-i§m, ) n. Undue pretensions to skill ; Char'la-tan-ry, ) quackery; empiricism. Charleg'g Wain (ch'arlz'ez wan). [A.-S. carles-wsen, or ceorles-wsen, the churl's or farmer's wain.] (Astron.) The cluster of seven stars, commonly called the Dipper, in the constellation Ursa Major, or the Great Bear. Char'lotte-Russe, n. [Fr. charlotte, a dish made of apple marmalade, covered with crumbs of toasted bread, and Russe, Russian.] (Cookery.) A dish composed of custard or whipped syllabub , inclosed in a kind of cake. Charm, n. [From Lat. carmen, song, verse, incantation, for casmen, Skr. gasman, a laudatory song, from gans, to praise.] 1. Something possessing, or imagined to pos- sess, occult power or influence. 2. That which pleases and attracts irresistibly ; fascination. Charm,-i>. t. [imp. & p. p. charmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. CHARMING.] 1. To subdue, control, or summon bv in- cantation or occult influence. 2. To attract irresistibly ; to delight exceedingly. 3. To fortify with charms or supernatural influences. Syn. — To fascinate ; enchant; enrapture; captivate; be- witch; allure; subdue; delight. Charm, v. i. To act as a charm ; to please greatly. Charm'er, n. One who charms ; a magician. Charm'ful, a. Abounding with charms. Charm'iiig, p. a. Pleasing in the highest degree. Syn. — Enchanting ; bewitching; captivating; enraptur- ing; alluring; fascinating; delightful; pleasurable. Charm/ing-ly, adv. In a charming manner. Char'nel, a. [Lat. carnalis, from caro, carnis, flesh.] Containing the remains of dead men or animals. Char'nel-house, n. A place under or near a church, where the bones of the dead are deposited. Char'ry, a. [See Char.] Pertaining to charcoal ; like charcoal, or partaking of its qualities. Chart, n. [Lat. charta, Gr. xaprrjs, a leaf of paper. Cf. Card.] 1. A sheet of paper, pasteboard, or the like, containing information arranged methodically, or in tab- ular form. 2. A map on which is represented a portion of water and the land which it surrounds, or by which it is surrounded. Chart, v. t. To lay down in a chart ; to map. •Char-ta'ceous, a. Resembling paper or parchment. Char'ter, n. [From Lat. chartarius, pertaining to paper, from charta, paper.] 1. ( O. Eng. Law.) A deed, or con- veyance. 2. An instrument in writing, bestowing rights and privileges; an act of incorporation. 3. A special privilege or immunity. 4. ( Naut.) The letting or hiring a vessel by special contract. Char'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. chartered; p. pr. & vb. n. chartering.] 1. To establish by charter. 2. To hire or let by charter, as a ship. See infra. Charter-party, n. [Fr. chartre partie, or charte par- tie, a divided charter, from the practice of cutting the instrument in two, and giving one part to each of the con- tractors.] ( Com.) A conditional agreement respecting the hire of a vessel, between the owner or master and the per- son who hires or freights it. Chart'ism, n. [From Fr. charte, charter. Cf. Chart.] The principle of a political partv in England who desire universal suffrage, and other radical reforms, as set forth ma document called the PeopWs Charter. Chart'ist,n. A supporter or partisan of chartism. [En%.] Char-tog'ra-phy, n. See Cartography. Char'y, a. [A.-S. cearig, from cear, cearu, care.] Not inclined to be free or liberal ; close ; cautious. Chase, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CHASED; p. pr. & vb. n. CHASING.] [From Lat. captiare, for captare, to strive to seize, to make chase for, intens. form of capere, to take.] 1. To pursue, as an enemy, or game; to hunt. 2. To urge onward ; to drive ; to persecute. Chase, v. t. [A contraction of enchase, q. v.] To en- grave, as plate, with decorative figures. Chase, n. [Fr. chasse, 0. Fr. chace, Pr. cassa, Sp. & Pg. caza, It. caccia. See supra.] 1. Hunting, as of an enemy, or game, or some object greatly desired. 2. That which is pursued or hunted. 3. An open hunting-ground to which game resorts, and which is private property. 4. [From Lat. capsa,^ box, case, q. v.] (Print.) An iron frame used by printers to confine type, when arranged in columns or pages. 5. A wide groove. Chase of a gun, the forward part, from the trunnions to the swell of the mouth. Chas'er, n. 1. One who chases ; a pursuer. 2. (Naut.) A gun at the head or stern of a vessel for firing when in Chag'i-tole, n. See Chasuble. [chase. -€ha§m (kazm), n. [Lat. chasma, Gr. x^cr/aa, fr. xatveii/, to gape, to open wide.] 1. A deep opening made by disrup- ture; a cleft; a fissure. 2. A void space; a gap or break. •Chagm'y, a. Abounding with chasms. Chas'sefir (shas'sur), n. [Fr., a huntsman, from chasser, to hunt.] 1. (Mil.) One of a body of cavalry, light and active, trained for rapid movements. 2. An attendant upon persons of rank or wealth, wearing a plume and sword in the military style. Chaste, a. [Lat. castus.] 1. Pure from unlawful sex- ual intercourse ; virtuous. 2. Pure from obscenity, from barbarous words or phrases, or quaint, affected, ex- travagant expressions. Chaste'ly, adv. In a chaste manner ; with purity. Chas'ton (chas'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. chastened; p. pr. & vb. n. CHASTENING.] [From Lat. castigare, to punish, from castus, pure, and agere, to lead, drive.] 1. To correct by punishment ; to inflict pain upon for the purpose of reclaiming ; to chastise. 2. To purify from errors or faults. Chas'ten-er (chas'n-er), n. One who chastens. Chaste'ness, n. State or quality of being chaste. Chaste'-tree, n. Same as Agnus Castus, q. v. Chas-tls/a-fole, a. Deserving of chastisement. Chas-tlge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. chastised ; p. pr. & vb. n. CHASTISING.] [From Lat. castigare. See CHAS- TEN.] 1. To inflict pain upon, in any manner, for the purpose of punishment or reformation. 2. To correct or purify : to free from faults or excesses. Syn. — To punish; chasten. — Punish and chastise differ in the object aimed at. The former is designed to uphold law by the infliction of penalty ; the latter to prevent the repetition of faults and reclaim the offender. In a rarer and somewhat irregular sense, chastise denotes to disgrace publicly by stripes. Chas'ti§e-ment, n. [From chastise.] Pain inflicted for punishment and correction. Chas-tls/er, n. One who chastises ; a punisher. Chas'ti-ty, n. 1. Purity or freedom from all unlawful sexual intercourse. 2. Freedom from obscene, corrupt, or extravagant thought or expression. Cha§'u-ble, n. [L. Lat. casula, casubula, a hooded gar- ment, covering the person like a little house ; from Lat. casa, house.] (Eccl.) A vestment worn by the priest in saying mass, having a large embroidered cross on the back, and a pillar in front. Chat, v. i. [imp. & p. p. chatted ; p. pr. & vb. n. CHATTING.] [Cf. A.-S. ciosedan, Goth, gvithan, to speak ; and Fr. caqveter, to cackle, prate. See CHATTER.] To talk in a light and familiar manner. Chat, n. Light, familiar talk ; idle talk ; prate. Chateau (sha-to'), n. ; pi. chateaux (sha-toz'). [Fr.] 1. A castle. [France.] 2. A country-seat. Chateaux en Espagne, castles in Spain, Spain being the region of romance ; castles in the air. Chat'e-let (shaV-), n. [Fr. chatelet, dim. of chateau, chastel. See CASTLE.] A little castle. Chat'el-la-ny, n. [See Castellany.] The lordship or jurisdiction of a castellan, or governor of a castle. Cha-toy'ant, a. [Fr. , p. pr. of chatoyer, from chat, cat.] (Min.) Having a changeable, undulating luster, or color, like that of a cat's eye in the dark. £ha-toy'ant, n. (Min.) A hard stone, as the species of chalcedony called cafs eye, which, when cut and pol- ished, presents on its surface, and in the interior, an un- dulating or wavy light. a,e,&c.,ton£; &,e,bc.,short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique.firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, CHATTEL 115 CHEMICAL ©hat'tel (cMt'tl), n. [0- Fr. chatal, ckaptal, chaptel. See CATTLE.] (Law.) Any kind of property except the freehold, or the things which are parcel of it ; — a more extensive term than goods or effects. Chat'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. chattered ; p. pr. & vb. n. CHATTERING.] [Cf. D. koeteren, to jabber, and Icwetteren, to chatter.] 1. To utter sounds which some- what resemble language, but are inarticulate and indis- tinct. 2. To talk idly, carelessly, or witn undue rapidity; to jabber ; to prate. 3. To make a noise by collision. Chat'ter, n. Sounds like those of a magpie ; idle talk. Chat-ter-a'tion, n. 1. Act of chattering. 2. Loquac- ity. [Colloq.] Chat'ter-foox, n. One who talks incessantly. [Colloq.] Chat'ter-er, n. 1. A prater. 2. (Ornith.) A bird, so called from its loud and monotonous note. Chat'ty, a. Given to free conversation ; talkative. Chaud'-med'ley (shod'med'ly), n. [Fr. chaude melle, from chaud, hot, and mesler, meter, to mingle.] (Law.) The killing of a person in an affray, while under the in- fluence of passion, thus distinguished from chance-medley, killing in self-defense, or in a casual affray, Chaul'dron, n. See Chawdron. Chaunt, n. & v. See CHANT. Chaw, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CHAWED; p. pr. & vb. n. CHAWING.] [A.-S. ceowan. See Chew.] 1. To mas- ticate, as food ; to ruminate, or to chew, as the cud. 2. To revolve and consider. 8®- A word once in good use, but now regarded as vulgar. ©haw, n. [See supra.] 1. The jaw. [Obs.] 2. As much as is put in the mouth at once ; a chew. [Low.] Cheap, a. [An abbrev. of good cheap, a good purchase or bargain; A.-S. ceap, bargain, sale, price.] 1. Bearing a low price ; of small cost. 2. Being of small value. Cheap'en (che'pn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. cheapened ; p. pr. & vb. n. CHEAPENING.] [A.-S. ceapan, ceapian, to buy, sell, Goth, kaupon, Icel. kaupa.] 1. To attempt to buy; to chaffer for. 2. To beat down the price of. Cheap'en-er, n. One who cheapens or bargains. Cheap'ly, adv. At a small price ; at a low rate. Cheap'ness, n. Lowness in price, considering the usual' price, or real value. Cheat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cheated; p. pr. & vb. n. cheating.] To deceive and defraud in any way. Syn. — To trick ; cozen ; gull ; chouse ; fool ; outwit ; cir- cumvent; beguile; impose on; deceive; bamboozle. Cheat, n. [Prob. an abbrev. of escheat, q. v., because many fraudulent measures were taken by the lords of manors in procuring escheats. But cf. also A.-S. ceat, circumvention, cheat.] 1. An act of deception; a fraud; a trick ; imposition ; imposture. 2. A person who cheats. Syn. —Deception ; imposture ; fraud ; delusion ; artifice ; trick; deceit; imposition; guile; finesse; stratagem. Cheat, n. [Prob. from Norm. Fr. chete, Fr. achelc, pur- chased, bought.] 1. Wheat, or bread made from it. 2. Chess, or false wheat. Cheat'er, n. One who cheats. Check, n. [Fr. er.hec, check, in the sense of No. 7, infra. See Checkmate and Chess.] 1. A sudden or con- tinued restraint, physical or moral ; a stop ; a hindrance ; an obstruction. 2. [From the Exchequer Chamber, where the king's accounts were settled on a check- ered cloth.] A mark put against items, as names, &c, in going over a list. 3. A token given to identify a thing or person. 4. ( Com.) An order for money, drawn on a banker or on the cashier of a bank payable on sight. 5. Any counter-register used as security, as the corres- pondent cipher of a bank-note. 6. A kind of checkered cloth, as plaids, &c. 7. ( Chess.) Exposure of the king to the attack of an adversary's piece. Check, v. t. [imp. & p. p. checked (chekt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. CHECKING.] [From the n. See supra.) 1. To put a sudden or continued restraint upon ; to hinder ; to repress ; to curb. 2. To rebuke, chide, or reprove. 3. To make a mark against, as against names, &c, in going over a list. 4. To compare with a counterpart or author- ity, in order to ascertain correctness or authenticity. Check, v. i. 1. To make a stop ; to pause. 2. To clash or interfere. Check'er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. checkered; p. pr. & vb. n. checkering.] [See Check and Chess.] 1. To variegate with cross-lines ; to form into little squares. 2. To diversify with different qualities, scenes, or events. Check'er, n. 1. One who checks. 2. A piece in the game of draughts or checkers. Chgck'er, or Check'er-work (-wurk), n. Work va- ried alternately as to its colors or materials. Check'er-fcSr'ry, n. (Bot.) (a.) The partridge-berry. (b.) The wintergreen. [draughts. Check'er-board, n. A board for playing checkers, or Check'erg, n. pi. A common game, called also draughts* played on a board of sixty-four squares of alternate colors, usually white and black. Check'mate, n. [Fr. echec et mat, Ger. schactmatt, from Per. shah mat, checkmate, literally the king is conquered or dead, from Ar. mata, he died, is dead ; because, when the king is made prisoner, the game is finished See Chess.] 1. The movement in chess which stops all fur- ther moving, and ends the game. 2, A complete check, defeat, or overthrow. Check'mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. checkmated; p. pr. & vb. n. CHECKMATING ] 1. (Chess.) To put in check, as the king of an adversary, so that he can neither move it, nor interpose any piece between it and the at- tacking piece, nor capture the latter. 2. To arrest or defeat completely ; to terminate. Check'-roll, n. A list of servants in a household. Cheek, n. [A.-S. ceac, m., or ceace, f., from ceowan, to chew.] 1. The side of the face below the eyes on either side. 2. pi. (Mech.) Those pieces of a machine which form corresponding sides, or which are similar and in pairs. 3. pi. (Founding.) The middle part of a flask composed of more than two parts. Cheek by jowl, in familiar proximity; close. Cheep, v. i. [A modification of chirp, q. v.] To chirp. Cheer, n. [Gr. Kapa, head, face, L. Lat. cara.] 1. The countenance and its expression. 2. A state of feeling or spirits. 3. A state of gayety, mirth, or good spirits. 4. Provisions prepared for a feast ; entertainment. 5. Outward expression of good spirits or gayety, by shout- ing or acclamation , &c. ; applause; encouragement. Cheer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CHEERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CHEERING.] [From the n.] 1. To cause to rejoice : to render cheerful. 2. To infuse life, courage, animation, or hope, &c, into. 3. To urge or salute by cheers. Syn.— To gladden; encourage; inspirit; comfort; console; — enliven; refresh; exhilarate; animate; solace. "heer, v. i. To grow cheerful ; to become gladsome. Cheer'er, n. One who, or that which, cheers. Cheer'ftil, a. 1. Having good spirits; calmly joyful. 2. Promoting good spirits or happiness. 3. Expressing good spirits or joy. Syn. — Lively; animated; gay: joyful; lightsome; gleeful; blithe; airy; sprightly; jocund; jolly. Cheer'ful-ly, adv. In a cheerful manner. [ety. Cheer 'fill -lie ss, n. Good spirits ; moderate joy or gay- Syn. — Gayety; mirth; merriment. — Clieerfiilneas is a habit of mind; gayetyis an occasional excitement of animal spirits^ mirth or merriment are noisy gayety. Cheer'i-ly, adv. With cheerfulness ; with spirit. Cheer'i-ness, n. Cheerfulness ; good spirits. Cheer'ing-ly, adv. In a cheerful manner. Cheer'less, a. Without joy, gladness, or comfort ; gloomy ; comfortless ; dreary. Cheer'less-ness, n. State of being cheerless. Cheer'ly, a. Gay; cheerful; not gloomy. Cheer'ly, adv. In a cheerful manner ; heartily. Cheer'y, a. 1 . In good spirits ; cheerful ; lively. 2» Promoting, or tending to promote, cheerfulness. Cheege, n. [A.-S. cese, or cyse, from Lat. caseus.] 1. Curd of milk, separated from the whey, and pressed. 2. - A mass of ground apples pressed together. Cheege'-eake, n. A cake made of soft curds, sugar, and butter. Cheege'-mite, n. (Entom.) A minute wingless insect with eight legs, found in cheese. [cheese. Cheege'-mon'ger (inung'^er, 82), n. One who deals in Cheese'-press, n. A press for expelling whey from curd in the making of cheese. [of cheese. Cheeg'y, a. Having the nature, qualities, taste, or form Cheet, i'. i. To chatter or chirrup. Chef-d ■ceiivre (sha^oovr'), n.; pi. CHEFS-& (EUvre. [Fr.] A master-piece ; a capital work in art, literature, &c. C^re, } nm gee CHIGOE , Cheg'oe, ) -eiiel'i-form, a. [Gr. x^*?, claw, and Lat. forma, form.] Having a movable joint closing against a preceding joint or a projecting part of it, so that the whole may be used for grasping, as in the hand or claw of a crab. ■Che-lo'ni-an, a. Pertaining to, or designating, animals of the tortoise kind. -Ghem'i-e, ) a. [See CHEMISTRY.] 1. Pertaining to Chem'ie-al, J chemistry. 2. Resulting from the op- food, foot ; ti.rn, rude, pull; pell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. CHEMICALLY 116 CHIEF eration of the forces on which composition and decompo- sition, and related phenomena, depend. Chem'i«-al-ly, adv. According to chemical principles ; by chemical process or operation. [ical effects. •€hem'i«-al§, n. pi. Substances used for producing chem- Che-m'i§e' (she-meez'), n. [Fr., from Ar. kamis, shirt, Mnen under-garment, fr. Skr. kschauma, flaxen, linen.] 1. A shift, or under-garment, worn by females. 52. A wall that lines the face of any work of earth. Chem/i-gette' (shern/e-zef), n. [Fr., dim. of chemise.] An under-garment worn over the chemise. ■Chem'ist, n. A person versed in chemistry. Chem'is-try (kem'is-try), n. [From chemist; Ar. al- kimia. See ALCHEMY.] That branch of science which treats of the composition of substances, and of the changes which they undergo. Inorganic chemistry, that which treats of inorganic or min- eral substances. — Organic chemistry, that which treats of the substances which form the structure of organized beings, and their products, whether animal or vegetable. E@- This word and its derivatives were formerly written with y, and sometimes with ;", instead of e, in the first syllable, chym- istry, chi/mical, &c, or chimistry, chimical, &c; and the pro- nunciation was conformed to the orthography. At the present day, most speakers pronounce these words as they are now spelt, chem'is-try, chemist, chemHc-al, &c. Che-nille'(she-neel), n. [Fr., a caterpillar.] Tufted cord, of silk or worsted, used in ladies' dresses. Cheque (chek), n. See Check. Cheq'uer (chek'er), n. & v. See CHECKER. Cher'ish, v. t. {imp. & p. p. cherished; p. pr. & vb. n. CHERISHING.] [Fr. chcrir, from cher, dear, Lat. cams. Cf. Caress.] 1. To treat with tenderness and affection. 52. To hold dear ; to indulge. Syn. — To nourish ; foster ; nurse ; entertain ; encourage ; comfort; support. Cher'ish-er, n. One who cherishes ; an encourager. Che-root' (che-root'), "• A kind of cigar, highly prized for the delicacy of its flavor. Clier'ry, n. [Lat. cerasus, Gr. Kepacrds, /eepacrea, Kepacna, so named, it is said, from Cerasus, a city in Pontus, whence the tree was imported into Italy.] 1. (Bot.) (a.) The fruit of a tree of which there are many varieties. (b.) The tree which bears the fruit. 52. A cordial com- posed of cherry-juice and spirit, sweetened and diluted. Clier'ry, a. Like a red cherry in color ; red; ruddy. -Cher'so-nese, n. [Gr. xepewrjeros, from ^e'pero?, land, and vrjeros, an isle.] A peninsula. Chert, n. [Ir. ceirthe, stone, TV. cellt, flintstone.] (Mm.) An impure, massive, flint-like quartz or hornstone. Ctier'ub (68), n. ; pi. cher'ubs ; but the Hebrew plural CHER'y-BIM is also used. CllER'y-Bnis, though of frequent occurrence in the Bible, is a barbarism. [Heh. keritb, from karab, to grasp, prob. akin to Gr. ypv*j/, Ger. greif, Eng. griffin.] 1. (Script.) One of an order of an- gels, usually regarded as distinguished by their knowl- edge from the seraphs, who are supposed to be ardent in love. 52. (Jewish Antiq) A symbolical figure, used as part of the embellishments of the tabernacle and tem- ple. 3. A beautiful child; — so called because modern artists have represented cherubs as beautiful children. Che-riv'bie, I a. Of, or pertaining to, cherubs ; an- Che-rii/bic-al, ) gelic. Cher'u-bim, n. The Hebrew plural of cherub. Cher'up, v. i. [Probably from chirp.] To make a short, shrill sound ; to chirp. [shrill sound. Cher'up, v. t. To excite or urge on by making a short, Cher'up, n. A short, sharp noise, as of a cricket. Cheg'i-ble, n. See Chasuble. Chess, n. [From Per. shah, king, as being the principal figure.] A game played by two persons, on a board containing sixty-four squares, with two differently colored sets of pieces, or men. Chess, n. [Cf. Per. khas, bad, evil, weed, thistle, thorn.] (Bot.) A kind of grass which grows among wheat, and is often erroneously regarded as degenerate or changed wheat. [Amer.] Chess'-board, n. The board used in the game of chess. Chess'-man, n. ; pi. chess'aien. A piece used in the game of chess. Chest, n. [A.-S. cest, cist, from Lat. cista, Gr. kiVttj.] 1. A box of wood, or other material, in which articles are deposited. 52. The part of the body inclosed bv the ribs and breast-bone; the thorax. 3. (Com.) A casein which tea, opium, &c. are transported ; hence the quan- tity such a case contains. Chest of drawers, a cape of movable boxes called drawers. Chgst'nut (ches'nut), n. [From Lat. castanea, Gr. itdo- Tavov, from Katfrava, a city of Pontus, whence chestnut- trees were introduced into Europe.] (Bot.) (a.) The fruit, seed, or nut of a tree belonging to the genus Casta- nea, inclosed in a prickly pericarp or bur. (b. ) The tree itself, or its timber. CheVt'nut (ches'nut), a. Being of the color of a chest- nut ; of a reddish brown color. Che'tah, n. See Cheetah. Cheval-de-fi'ise (shvald'-freez'), n.; pi. CHEVAUX-JDE-FHISE (shev'o-de-freez ; Fr. pron. shvod 7 - freez'). [Fr., from cheval, horse, and Frise, Friesland.] (Mil.) A Cheval-de-frise. A piece of timber traversed with wooden spikes, pointed with iron, used for defense. Chev'a-lier' (shev'a-leer'), n. [Fr. , from cheval, horse. Cf. Cavalier.] 1. A horseman ; hence, a knight ; a gallant 3 oung man. 52. A member of certain orders of knighthood. Chev'er-il, n. [0. Fr. chevrel, chevral, kid, dim. of chevre, goat, Lat. capra.] 1. Soft leather made of kid- skin. 52. A yielding disposition. Chev'er-il, a. Having pliability, as that of kid-skin. Chev'i-gauce (shev'e-z'ans), n. [0. Fr.,from chevir, to come to an end, to perform, from chef, head, end, Lat. caput.] (Law.) (a.) A making of contracts; a bargain. (b.) An unlawful agreement or contract. Chev'ron, n. [Fr., rafter, chevron, equiv. to Lat. capri- olus, a support of timber, from caper, goat.] 1. (Her. ) An honorable ordinary, representing two rafters of a house meeting at the top. 52. (Mil.) The distinguishing marks on the sleeves of non-commissioned officers' coats. 3. (Arch.) An ornament in the form of zigzag work. Chev'y, v. t. [Prob. same with the old word cluver (con- nected with shiver), as used by Digby and others.] To shake or force with a shivering motion. Chew (chcTo), v. t. [imp. & p. p. CHEWED; p. pr. & vb. n. chewing.] [A.-S. ceowan.] 1. To bite and grind with the teeth ; to masticate. 52. To ruminate mentally ; to meditate. Chew, v. i. To perform the action of biting and grind- ing with the teeth ; to ruminate ; to meditate. Chew, n. That which is chewed ; that which is held in the mouth at once ; a cud. [Low.] €hi r a/ro-ds-*tf'ro, ) game ag Clare . b S ci;re, q. v. Ch'i-bouque'i (che-book'), n. [Turkish.] A Turkish Chi-bouk' ) tobacco-pipe. Chi-eane' (shi-kan'), n. [Fr., orig. a crumb, a small part; hence, fineness, subtilty, either from Lat. ciccus, trifle, or from Basque chiki-a, chik-er-ra, little, small.] An artful subterfuge, designed to lead away from the merits of a case ; — specifically applied to legal proceed- ings ; shift ; cavil ; sophistry. Chi-eane'. v. i. To use shifts, cavils, or artifices. Chi-ean'er, n. One who uses evasions, or undue arti- * fices, in litigation or disputes ; a caviler ; an unfair dis- putant. Chi-ean'er-y (she-kan'er-y), n. Mean or unfair artifice to perplex a cause and obscure the truth ; chicane. Syn. — Trick; sophistry; quibble; fetch; stratagem. Chie'o-ry, n. [Lat. cichorium, Gr. Kix^pioi/.] (Bot.) A plant extensively cultivated and used for adulterat- ing coffee ; succory ; endive. Chich, n. [Lat. cicer.] A dwarf pea; the chick-pea. Chick, hi. [A.-S. cicen, D. kieken, kuiken.] 1. The Chick'en, I J'oung of fowls, particularly of the domes- tic hen. 52. A young person. Chick'a-clee', n. (Ornith.) A bird, the black-cap tit- mouse, of North America ; — named from its note. Chick'a-ree'. n. The American red squirrel. Chick'eii-heart'ed., a. Timid ; fearful ; cowardly. Chick'en-pox, n. (Med.) A mild, contagious, eruptive disease, generally attacking children only. Chick'-pea, n. [See Chich.] A species of pea, culti- vated in the south of Europe, and used as lentils are. Chick'-weed,n. (Bot.) A species of insignificant weeds of different genera. Chide, v. t. [imp. CHID (chode, obs.)\ p. p. CHID, CHIDDEN; p. pr. & vb. n. CHIDING.] [A.-S. cidan, chidan.] To rebuke ; to reproach ; to blame. Syn. — To reprove; scold; censure; reprehend; reprimand. Chide, v. i. 1. To find fault. 52. To make a rough, clamorous, roaring noise. Chid'er, n. One who chides. Chief, a. [0. Fr. chief, chef, from Lat. caput, head.] 1. Highest in office or rank ; headmost. 52. Principal or a, e,&c, long; a,e, &.c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, dr, do, w^lf, CHIEF 117 CHINK most eminent in any quality or action ; having most in- fluence ; taking the lead ; most important. Syn. — Principal ; leading; main; first; paramount; su- preme; prime; vital; especial; great; grand; eminent; master. Chief , n. 1. Head or leader of any band or community. 2. Principal or most important person or thing. 3. ( Her.) The upper part of the escutcheon. In chief, (a.) At the head. (6.) {Eng. Law.) From the king. Syn. — Chieftain ; commander ; leader. — A chief has the pre-eminence or rule in civil matters, as the chief of police or of a tribe ; a chieftain and commander occupy high military stations; a leader takes the direction of enterprises. Chief-baron, n. (Eng. Law.) The presiding judge of the court of exchequer. Chief -jiis'tice, n. The presiding justice, or principal judge, of a court. Chief 'ly, adv. 1. In the first place ; principally ; em- inently ; above all. 2. For the most part ; mostly. Chieftain (42), n. [L. Lat. capitaneus, fr. Lat. caput, head. Cf. Captain.] The head of a troop, army, or clan. Syn. — Chief; commander; leader; head. Chief tain-cy, ) n. Rank, office, or quality of a Chieftain- ship, j chieftain. Chiffonier (shif-fon-eer' ; Fr. pron. sluVfiyne-a'), n. [Fr. , from chiffon, rag, and this from chiffe, weak and bad stuff.] 1. A receptacle for rags or shreds. 2. A mova- ble closet. 3. A rag-picker. Chig'oe,)n. [Perh. fr. Catalan chic, Sp. chico, small; Chig're, J or of Peruvian origin.] (Entom.) A small insect of the flea family, common in tropical America. Chiinblain, n. A blain or sore on the hand or foot, pro- duced by cold. Chiinblain, v. t. To produce chilblains upon. Child, n. ; pi. CHILDREN. [A.-S. cild, pi. cildru, cildra. Cf. Goth, kilthei, womb, in-kiltlw, with child.] 1. A son or a daughter ; the immediate progeny of human parents. 2. A young person of either sex ; hence, one who ex- hibits the character of a very young person. 3. pi. Descendants, however remote. 4. One who, by charac- ter or practice, shows signs of relationship to another. To be with child, to be pregnant. Child'-bear'ing, n. Act of producing children. Child'bed, n. The state of a woman bringing forth a child, or being in labor ; parturition. [labor. Child'folrth, n. Act of bringing forth a child ; travail ; Childe (child, in Amer. ; child or child, in Eng.), n. A title formerly prefixed to his name by the oldest son, until he succeeded to the titles of his ancestors, or gained new honors by his_own prowess. Chil'der-mas-day, n. [From child, mass, and day.] (Eccl.) An anniversary of the church of England, held on the 28th of December, in commemoration of the chil- dren of Bethlehem slain by Herod ; Innocents' Day. Child'hobd (27), n. The state of a child, or the time in which persons are children. Child'ish, a. Of, or pertaining to, a child ; puerile. Child'ish-ly, adv. In the manner of a child. Child'ish-ness, n. State or qualities of a child ; sim- plicity ; weakness of intellect. Child'less, a. Destitute of children or offspring. Child'less-ness, n. State of being without children. Child'-llke , a. Like or becoming a child ; submissive ; dutiful; docile. Chil'dren, n. ; pi. of child. See CHILD. ■Chil'i-ad (kil'i-ad), n. [Gr. x^<-<*s, from x'^°", thou- sand.] A thousand ; especially, a thousand years. -Chil'i-areh, n. [Gr. xiAiapX 7 ?*. fr° m x^ 10 "* thousand, and apxos, leader, from apxetv, to lead.] The commander or chief of a thousand men. •Chil'i-agm, n. [Gr. x'-Aiao-juos, from x hand, and ypafyetv, to write.] ( Old Law.) (a.) A writing requiring a counterpart It answered to. what is now called a charter-party, (b.) The last part of a fine of land, commonly called the foot of the fine. Chi-rog'ra-pher, n. One who exercises or professes the art or business of writing. CM^SSStalJ «• Pertaining to chirography. -Chi -rog'ra-p hist, n. 1. A chirographer. 2. One who tells fortunes by examining the hand. Chi-rog'ra-phy, n. 1. The art of writing. 2. A writing done with one's own hand ; handwriting. Chi-rol'o-gy, n. [Gr. xei'p, hand, and Aoyos, speech.] Art or practice of communicating thoughts by signs made by the hands and fingers ; dactylology. CM'ro-man'cer, n. [See Chiromancy.] One who attempts to foretell future events, or to tell the fortunes and dispositions of persons, by inspecting the hands. CM'ro-man'cy, n. [Gr. xeip, hand, and fj-avreia, divi- nation.] Divination by inspection of the hand; palmistry. Chi-ron'o-my (kl-), n. [Gr. x et P 0l,0 M' a j fr° m X el P> hand, and vo/uos, law, rule.] Gesture. Chi-rop'o-dist, n. [Gr. xeip, hand, and novg, ttooo?, foot.] One who treats diseases of the hands and feet; esp. one who removes corns and bunions from the feet. Chirp (18), v. i. [imp. & p. p. chirped (cherpt); p. pr. & vb. n. CHIRPING.] [Ger. zirpen, tschirpen, schir- pen. Cf. Chirk, Chipper, and Cheep.] To make a short, sharp sound, as is done by fowls, birds, or crickets. Chirp, v. t. To make cheerful ; to enliven. Chirp, n. A short, sharp note. Chirp'er, n. One who chirps, or is cheerful. Chir'rup, v. t. [imp. & p. p. chirruped (chir'nipt) ; p.pr.k, vb. n. chirruping.] [See CHIRP.] To quicken or animate by chirping ; to cherup. Chir'rup, v.i. To chirp. Chir'rup, n. The act of chirping ; chirp. Chi-rur'geon (kl-riir'jun, 34), n. [Fr. chirurgien, from Gr. xeipovpyos, operating with the hand, from xei'p, hand, and epyeii', to work, whence epyov, work.] A surgeon. -€hi-rur'ger-y, n. Surgery. Chis/el, n- [6. Fr. cisel, Fr. ciseau, fr. Lat. sicilinda, a small sickle, dim. of sicilis, sickle, and this from sica, dagger, from secare, to cut.] An instrument sharpened to a cutting edge at the end, used in carpentry, joinery, sculpture, &c, either for paring, hewing, or gouging. Chis/el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. chiseled; p.pr. & vb. n. chiseling.] 1. To cut, pare, gouge, or engrave with a chisel. 2. To cut close, as in a bargain, &c. [ Colloq.] Chig'ley, a. [A.-S. ceosel, gravel or sand.] Having a large admixture of small pebbles or gravel; — said of a soil between sand and clay. Chit, n. [A.-S. cidh, shoot, sprig, fr. the root dan, to germinate, Goth, keian. See CHILD.] 1. The first shooting or germination of a plant ; a shoot ; a sprout. 2. A child or babe. Chit'chat, n. [From chat, by way of reduplication.] Familiar or trifling talk ; prattle. Chi'tine, n. [Gr. x«-oiv, corselet.] ( Chem . ) A peculiar principle, containing nitrogen, characteristic of the skin. of insects, and found also in the shell of crustaceans. Chi'tin-ous, a. Having the nature of chitine. Chit'ter-lingg, n. pi. [Cf. A.-S. cwidh and cwidka, Goth, qvithus, qvithrs, belly, womb, stomach.] (Cook- ery.) The smaller intestines of swine, &c, fried for food. Chit'ty, a. Full of chits or sprouts. Chiv'al-ri-e (shlv'al-rik), a. [Cf. Fr. chevaleresqm. See Chivalry.] Same as Chivalrous. Chiv'al-rous (shlv'al-rus), a. [See Chivalry.] Per- taining to chivalry or knight-errantry; gallant. ^hiv'al-rous-ly, adv. In a chivalrous manner ; boldly. 9hiv'al-ry (shiv'al-ry, 67), n. [Fr. chevalerie, from chevalier, knight.] 1. A body or order of cavaliers or knights serving on horseback ; cavalry. 2. The dignity or system of knighthood; the practice of knight- errantry. 3. Qualifications or character of knights, as valor, dexterity in arms, &c. 4. (Eng. Law.) A ten- ure of lands by knight's service ; that is, by the condition of a knight's performing service on horseback, or of per- forming some noble or military service to his lord. Court of Chivah-y, a court formerly held before the lord high constable and earl marshal of England, having cognizance of contracts and other matters relating to deeds of arms and war. Chiveg, n.pl. [See Cives.] 1. (Bot.) Slender threads or filaments in the blossoms of plants. [See STAMEN.] 2. (Agric.) A small species of onion growing in tufts. Chlo'rate, n. [See Chlorine.] ( Chem.) A salt formed by the union of chloric acid with a base. Chlo'ri-e, a. Pertaining to chlorine, or obtained from it. -Chlo'ride (49), n. [See Chlorine.] (Chem.) A com- pound of chlorine with another element. -€hlo-rid'i«, a. Pertaining to a chloride. -€hlo'rid-ize, v. t. See Chloridate. Chlo'rine, n. [From Gr. x^iopos, pale-green, greenish yellow, so named from its color.] ( Chem.) A heavy gas of greenish color, which forms a constituent of common salt. •Chlo'ro-form (25), n. [From chlorine and formyl, it being a terchloride of formyl.] (Chem.) An oily, vola- tile liquid, consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine. It is an important anaesthetic agent. •Chlo'ro-form, v. t. To treat with chloroform, or to place under its influence. Chlo'ro-phyl, n. [Gr. x^ u P°?, light-green, and <£v\- Aov, leaf.] (Bot.) The green coloring matter of the leaves and other parts of plants. Chlo'roiis, a. [See Chlorine.] (Chem. Physics.) Electro-negative. [block, &c. Chock, v. t. To stop or fasten as with a wedge, or Chock, v. i. 1. To fill up, as a cavity. 2. To encoun- ter. See Shock. Chock, n. 1. Something to confine a cask or other body, by fitting into the space around or beneath it. 2. An encounter. See Shock. Chock'-full, a. Completely full. Choc'o-late, n. [Mexican cacuatl, cacao.] 1. A paste composed of the roasted kernel of the Theobroma cacao ground and mixed with other ingredients. 2. The bever- age made by dissolving chocolate-paste in boiling water. Choice (66), n. [From 0. Fr. chois, cois, N. Fr. choix, fr. choisir, to choose, fr. Goth, kausjan, to examine, kiusan, to choose, to examine.] 1. Act of choosing; election. 2. The power of choosing; option; preference. 3. Care in selecting ; discrimination. 4. The thing chosen. 5. The best part of any thing ; that which is preferable. Choice, a. [compar. choicer ; superl. choicest.] 1. Worthy of being chosen or preferred. 2. Preserv- ing or using with care, as valuable. 3. Selected with care ; deliberately chosen. Syn. — Select ; precious ; costly ; exquisite ; uncommon ; rare; sparing; frugal; chary; careful. Choice'ly, adv. 1. With care in choosing. 2. In a preferable or excellent manner ; excellently. Choice'ness, n. Quality of being choice. Choir (kwir) (38), n. [Lat. chorus, Gr. x°P°s; A.-S. chor. See Chorus.] 1. An organized company of singers. [Written also quire.] 2. (Arch.) (a.) That part of a church appropriated to the singers, (b.) The chan- cel. 3. The corporate body of a cathedral. Choke (20), v. t. [imp. & p. p. choked (chokt); p. pr. & vb. n. choking.] [A.-S. aceocjan, to suffocate, a, e, &c, long; a, e, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do wolf, CHOKE 119 CHRISTIAN cedcjan, to ruminate, ceace, ceac, jaw, cheek.] 1. To render unable to breathe ; to stifle ; to suffocate ; to strangle. 2. To obstruct by filling up or clogging. 3. To hinder or check, as growth, expansion, progress, &c. Choke, v. i. 1. To have the windpipe stopped. 2. To be checked, as if by choking. Choke'-cher'ry, n. (Bot.) A species of wild cherry, and its fruit, remarkable for its astringent qualities. Choke'-damp, n. Carbonic acid gas accumulated in wells, mines, &c. ; — so called because often destructive of life by preventing the respiration of air. Choke'-full, a. Full as possible; quite full; full to choking. * See Chock-full. Choke'-pear, n. 1. A kind of pear that has a rough, astringent taste. 2. A sarcasm by which a person is put to silence. (Low.) Chok'er, n. 1. He who, or that which, chokes or puts to silence. 2. That which can not be answered. 3. A neck-cloth or collar. [ Vulgar.] Chok'y, a. Tending to choke ; having power to choke. Chol'er (koher), n. [Lat. cholera, Gr. x°^P a > from XoAos, x°^>?> bile.] 1. The bile; — formerly supposed to be the seat and cause of irascibility. 2. Irritation of the passions ; anger ; wrath Cliol'er -a, n. [See supra.] (Med.) A disease character- ized by vomiting and purging, and also by griping and spasms in the legs and arms. Cholera morbus, a milder and more common form of the disease. Chol'er-ie (123), a. 1. Abounding with choler, or bile. 2. Easily irritated; irascible. 3. Angry; indicating anger ; excited by anger. Chol'er-ie-ly, adv. In a choleric manner ; angrily. Chol'er-ine, n. (Med.) (a.) The. precursory symptoms of cholera, (b.) The first stage of epidemic cholera. Cho-les'ter-ie, or Cho'les-ter'ie, a. [Fr. cholester- ique.] Pertaining to cholesterine, or obtained from it. Clio'mer, n. A Hebrew measure. See Homer. Clioo§e(66),t>.£. [imp. chose ; p.p. chosen, chose ; p. pr. & vb. n. CHOOSING.] [A.-S. ceosan. Tcel. kiosa, Mora, Goth, kiusan. Cf. CHOICE.] To make choice of. Syn. — Prefer; elect. — Choose is generic; to prefer is to choose one thing as more desirable than another; to elect is to choose or take for some purpose, office, &c, usually by suffrage, as to elect a president. Chdbge, v. i. 1. To make a selection ; to prefer. 2. To have the power of choice. Chdbg'er, n. One who chooses ; an elector. Chop (66), v. t. [imp. & p. p. chopped (chopt) ; p. pr. fkvb.n. CHOPPING.] [From Lat. colaphus, Gr. Ko\a. t. [A.-S. ceapan, Goth, kaupon, to buy, to sell. Cf. Chap, v. i., and Cheapen, v. t.) 1. To barter ; to exchange. 2. To give back and forth ; to bandy. Chop, v. i. To wrangle ; to altercate ; to dispute. Chop, v. t. & i. See CHAP. Chop, n. 1. Act of chopping; a stroke. 2. A piece chopped off ? a slice or small piece, especially of meat. 3. See Chap. [clearance. Chop, n. [Chin.] 1. Quality ; brand. 2. A permit or Chop'-house, n. A house where chops, &c, are sold; an eating-house of a lower class. Chop'in, n. [From Ger. schoppen, a liquid measure, orig. a scoop, from schopfen, to scoop.] A high patten formerly worn by ladies. Chop'per, n. One who, or that which, chops. Chop'ping, a. [Cf. Chubby.] 1. Stout or plump. 2. Shifting suddenly ; coming from different directions. Chop'stick, n. One of two small sticks of wood, ivory, &c, held by the Chinese between the thumb and fingers, and used to convey food to the mouth. Cho-rag'ie, a. [Gr. x°P a y tK °s> from x°payos, a cho- ragus.] Pertaining to, or in honor of, a choragus, or Superintendent of a musical or theatrical entertainment. Cho'ral, a. [Lat. choralis, from chorus, Gr. xopos.] Be- longing to a choir ; sung in chorus. c Cho'ral, n. (Mus.) A hymn-tune. Cho'ral-ly, adv. In the manner of a chorus. Chord (kord),rc. [Lat. chorda, , Gr. x°P^V, string.] 1. String of a musical instru- ment. 2. (Mus.) An harmonious combi- nation of tones simultaneously performed. 3. (Geom.) A right line, uniting the extremities of the arc of a circle. Chord. (3.) AC, AB, chords. Ch6rd, v. t. [imp. & p. p. choeDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. chording.] To provide with musical chords or strings- Chore, n. [Eng. char.] A small job, either within or without doors ; — commonly used in the pi. [Amer.] ^ho're-d, n. [Gr. x°P^ a , dance.] (Med.) St. Vitus 's dance ; a disease attended with constant twitchings and irregular movements of the voluntary muscles. Cho-ree', n. [Lat. choreus, Gr. ^opeio?, belonging to a chorus, q. v. (sc. ttou?, foot).] (Anc. Pros.) (a.) A foot of two syllables, the first long and the second short ; the trochee, (b.) A tribrach, or foot of three short syllables. Cho'ri-amfo, n. [Lat. choriambus, Gr. xopia/x|3os, from Xopeio?, trochee, and lafxfios, iambus, q. v.] (Anc. Pros.) A foot consisting of four syllables, of which the first and last are long, and the others short ; that is, a choree or trochee and an iambus united. Cho'ri-am'bie, n. A choriamb. Cho'ri-am'bie , a. Pertaining to a choriamb. Cho'rist, n. A singer in a choir. Chor'is-ter, n. 1. One of a choir; a singer in a con- cert. 2. A leader of a choir. Cho-rog'ra-pher, n. One who describes, or makes a map of, a particular country. Cho'ro-graph'ie-al, a. Pertaining to chorography. Cho-rog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. x^poypa^ta, from x^po?* place, and ypafyeiv, to describe.] Art or practice of mak- ing a map or description of a particular region or country. Cho'roid, n. [Gr. xopoeiSrfc, from x°pl° v > skin, andelSos, form.] (Anat.) The second coat of the eye. Cho'rus, n. [Lat. chorus, Gr. x°P°?-] 1« (Antiq.) A band of singers and dancers. 2. ( Gr. Drama.) A com- pany of persons who are supposed to behold what passes in the acts of a tragedy, and who sing their sentiments in couplets or verses between the acts. 3. A company of singers singing in concert. 4. What is spoken or sung by the chorus in a tragedy ; the part of a song in which the company join the singer. Qliose (shoz), n. [Fr., from Lat. causa, cause.] (Law.) * A thing ; personal property. Chose in action, a thing of which one has not possession or actual enjoyment, but only a right to it. Choge, imp. & p. p. of choose. See Choose. Cho§'en (ch.oz'xi),p. p. of choose. See Choose. Chough (chuf), n. [A.-S. ceo, Fr. choucas. Cf. M. H. Ger. chouh, owl, D. Jcauw, crow, and W. cawci, jackdaw.] (Zool.) A bird of the crow family. Chouse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. choused (choust) ; p.pr. & vb. n. chousing.] [From the Turk, chiaous, a mes- senger of the Turkish emperor, one of whom, in 1609, committed a gross fraud upon the Turkish merchants resident in England, by cheating them out of £4,000.] To cheat, trick, defraud. [Low.] Chouse, n. 1. One who is easily cheated ; a tool ; a sim- pleton ; a gull. 2. A trick ; sham ; imposition. Chow'chow, a. [Chin.] Consisting of several kinds mingled together ; mixed. Chow'chow, n. A kind of mixed pickles. Chow'der, w. (Cookery.) A dish made of fresh fish, pork, biscuit, onions, &c, stewed together. Chow'der, v.t. To make a chowder of. Chres-tom'a-thy, 11. [Gr. xPW TO l x ^ € '- a > from xpvo"- tos, useful, and fxaBelv, to learn.] A selection of passages, with notes, &c, to be used in acquiring a language. Chrigm, n. [Gr. xpio>ia., from xP l ' etv > to anoint.] ( Gr. & Rom. Cath. Churches.) Oil consecrated by the bishop, formerly used in the administration of baptism, confir- mation, ordination, and extreme unction. Chrig'mal, a. Pertaining to chrism. ■eiirig-ma'tion, n. Act of applying consecrated oil. -Chri§'ma-to-ry (50), n. A vessel to hold the chrism. -Christ, n. [Lat. Christus, Gr. xP L °~ T °s> anointed, from Xpteiv, to anoint.] The Anointed; — an appellation given to the Savior of the world, and synonymous with the Hebrew Messiah. Christ'-eross-row' (kris'kros-ro / ), n. The alphabet 5 — formerly so called, either from the cross usually se* before it, or from a superstitious custom of writing it in the form of a cross, by way of a charm. Chris'teu (kris'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. christened ; p.pr.&vb.n. CHRISTENING.] [A.-S. cristnian, from cristen, cristena, a Christian, q. v.] 1. To baptize. 2. To give a name ; to denominate. Chris'ten-dom (kris'n-dum), n. [A.-S. cristendom, from cristen, a Christian, and the termination dom.] 1 . That portion of the world in which Christianity prevails, in distinction from heathen or Mohammedan lands. 2. The whole body of Christians. Chris'tian (krist'yan, 66), n. [Lat. christianus, Gr. food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -eall, eoho ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this- CHRISTIAN 120 CHURL Xpio-Ttavds. See Christ.] 1. One who Relieves, or is assumed to believe, in the religion of Christ. Z. One born in a Christian country, or of Christian parents. Chris'tian (krlst'yan, 66), a. 1. Pertaining to Christ or his religion. Z. Professing Christianity. 3. Pertain- ing to the church ; ecclesiastical. Christian name, the name given in baptism, as distinct from the family name, or surname. Chris-tian'i-ty (krist-yan'i-ty), n. The religion of Christians ; the system of doctrines and precepts taught by Christ. [to Christianity. ■Chris' tian-i-za-'ti on, n. Act or process of converting •Cliris'tian-Ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. christianized; p.pr. & vb. n. CHRISTIANIZING.] 1. To make Chris- tian ; to convert to Christianity. Z. To imbue with Christian principles. Chris'tian-ly, adv. In a Christian manner. ■Clirist'less, a. Having no faith in Christ. Christ'mas (krls'mas), n. [Christ and mass, q. v.] 1. The festival of Christ's nativity, observed annually on the 25th day of December. Z. Christmas-day. Christ'mas-box (krls'nias-), n. A box in which pres- ents are put at Christmas. Chris-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. Xpioros, Christ, and Aoyds, dis- course.] A discourse or treatise concerning Christ ; doc- trine of the Scriptures respecting Christ. Chro'mate, n. [See Chrome.] ( Chem.) A salt formed by the union of chromic acid with a base. Chro-mat'ic. a. [Lat. chromaticus, from Gr. xpwjxart- kos, suited for color, from xpio/xa, color.] 1. Relating to color, or to colors. Z. (Mus.) Proceeding by the smaller intervals (half-steps or semitones) of the scale, instead of the regular intervals of the diatonic scale. Chromatic scale (Mus.), the scale consisting of thirteen tones, including the eight scale-tones and the five intermediate tones; —so called because the intermediate tones were formerly written anl jrinted in colors. Chro-maf ies, n. sing. The science of colors. •Chrome, -,i. Same as Chromium, q. v. Chro'ir_ e, a. Pertaining to chrome, or obtained from it. Chro'n -um, n. [Gr. xP^P- a J color, from the many beautlTul colors of its compounds.] (Metal.) A hard, brittle metal of a grayish-white color, very difficult of fusion, and related to iron in many of its properties. Chro'mo-li-tliog'ra-pliy, n. Lithography adapted to printing in oil colors. Chron'i-e, ) a. [Lat. chronicus, Gr. xP 0VLK °s> from Chron'i-e-al, J XP° V0< >> time.] 1. Relating to time ; according to time. Z. Continuing for a long time. Chron'i-ele (kron'I-kl), n. [See Chronic] 1. A reg- ister of events in the order of time. Z. A history ; a record. 3. pi. Two canonical books of the Old Testament. Chron'i-ele, v. t. [imp. & p. p. chronicled ; p. pr. & vb. n. CHROxNlCLlNG.] To record in history ; to register. Chron'i-eler, n. A writer of a chronicle ; an historian. Chron'o-gram, ) n. [Gr. XP°"°s> time, and ypap.ju.ci, Cliron'o-graph, j writing, character, ypdet.v, to write.] An inscription in which a certain date is ex- pressed by numeral letters, as in the motto of a medal Btruck by Gustavus Adolphus in 1632 : — ChrlstVs DVX; ergo trlVMph.Vs; in which the capitals, considered as numerals, give, when added, the sum 1632. Chro-nog'ra-pher, n. A chronologer. Cliro-nol'o-ger, ) n. One skilled in chronology ; a Chro-nol'o-gist, J chronologer. Chron'o-log'ie, )a. Relating to chronology; ac- Chron'o-losj'ie-al, j cording to the order of time. Chron'o-log'ie-al-ly , adv. In a chronological manner. Chro-nol'o-gy, n. [Gr. xpovo\oy(a, from xpw°s, time, and Aoyos, discourse.] The science which treats of meas- uring or computing time by regular divisions or periods, and which assigns to events their proper dates. Chro-nom'e-ter, n. [From Gr. xp° v °s, time, and /j.4- rpov, measure ] 1„ A time-keeper ; especially a portable time-keeper of superior construction and accuracy. Z. (Mus.) An instrument used to measure or indicate the time of a musical movement. €hron'o-met'ri«, ) a. Pertaining to, or measured Chron'o-met'ric-al, j by, a chronometer. Chro-nom'e-try, n. The art of measuring time by periods or divisions. Chrys'a-lid, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a chrysalis. Chrys'a-lid, n. Same as Chrysalis. Chrys'a-lis (krls'-), n. ; pi. chry-sal'i-des. [Gr. XpvcraWCs, the gold-colored sheath of butterflies, from Xpvcros, gold.] (Nat. Hist.) A form into which the cat- erpillar or larve of butterflies, moths, and some other insects, passes, and from which the perfect insect, after a while, emerges. Chrys-an'the-miim, n. [Lat., from Gr. xP v ^o-vQeixov, from xpvows, gold, and dvOefiov, flower.] (Bot.) A genus of composite plants, including the sun-flower, marigold, &c. Chrys'o-ber'yl, n. [Lat. clirysoberyllus , from Gr. xpuo-6?, gold, and /S^pvAAos, beryl.] (Min.) A yellowish-green gem, consisting of alumina and glucina. -Glirys'o-lite, n. [Lat. chrysolitlius, Gr. xpvcr6Ai0os,froni Xpvcros, gold, and Atflos, stone.] (Min.) A greenish min- eral, composed of silica, magnesia, and iron. -Chrys'o-prage, n. [Gr. xpvcr67rpacros, from xpvo-os, gold, and npao-ov, leek.] ( Min.) A kind of massive quartz, of a grayish or leek -green color. CliiLfo, n. [Cf. A.-S. copp, head, Fr. chabot, a chub, Lat. capito, a fish with a large head, caput, head, Sw. kubb, a short and thick piece of wood.] (Iclith.) A fresh- water fish of the carp family. Chub. ChSto'Syf ' } °" Like a chub '■ P lum P> shorfc » and thick. Chuck, v. i. [Formed in imitation of the sound.] 1. To make a noise like that of a hen calling her chickens ; to cluck. Z. To laugh in a broken, convulsive manner, by way of mockery or insult. Chuck, v. t. To call, as a hen her chickens. Chuck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. chucked (chfikt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. CHUCKING.] [Perh. to strike under the chin, so as to make a noise from the collision of the teeth, like that of the hen when she calls her chickens ; or a modification of chock, shock, q. v.] 1. To strike gently ; to give a gentle blow to. Z. To throw, with quick motion, a short distance; to pitch. [Vulgar.] 3. (Mech.) To place in a chuck, or hold by means of a chuck, as in turning. Chiick, n. X. The voice or call of a hen. Z. A sud- den, small noise. 3. A word of endearment ; — corrupted from chick. Chuck, n. 1. A slight blow under the chin. 3. (Mach.) A contrivance fixed to the mandrel of a turning-lathe for holding the material to be operated upon. Chtick'-f ar / thing, n. A play in which a farthing is pitched into a hole. Chiick'le (chuk'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. chuckled ; p. pr. & vb. n. CHUCKLING.] [From chuck, q. v.] l c To call, as a hen her chickens ; to cluck. Z. To fondle ; to cocker. [derision. Chiick'le, n. A short, suppressed laugh of exultation or Chiick'le, v. i. [From chuck, q. v.] To laugh in a sup- pressed or broken manner, as expressing inward exulta- tion or derision. Chiick'le-head., n. A numskull ; a dunce. [Low.] Chuff , n. [Perh. a modification of chub. Cf. W. cyff, stock, stump.] A coarse, dull, or surly fellow ; a clown. Chuff 'i-ly, adv. In a rough, surly manner. Chiiff'y, a. 1. Fat or swelled out, especially in the cheeks. Z. Surly ; ill-tempered ; rude ; clownish. Chum, n. [Prob. a contr. from comrade. Cf. also A.-S. cuma, a comer, guest.] A chamber-fellow, especially in a college or university. [another. [Amer.\ Chiim, v. i. [From the n.] To occupy a chamber with Chiink, a. A short, thick piece of any thing. [Colloq. in Amer. and Prov. in Eng.] Chuhky, a. Short and thick. [Amer.] Church (66), n. [A.-S. circ, Scot, kirk, Icel. kyrkia, Ger. kirche , from Gr. icvpicLKrj, Kvpiaicov, the Lord's house, from Kvptos, lord.] 1. A building set apart for Christian wor- ship. Z. A formally organized body of Christian believers worshiping together. 3. A body of Christian believers, observing the same rites and acknowledging the same ec- clesiastical authority. 4. The collective body of Chris- tians. 5. Ecclesiastical influence, authority, &c. Church,^.*, [imp. Sep. p. CHURCHED (churcht) ;p.pr. & vb. n. CHURCHING.] To unite with in publicly return- ing thanks in church, as after childbirth. Church'man, n.; pi. church'men. 1. An ecclesiastic or clergyman. Z. An Episcopalian, as distinguished from a Presbyterian or Congregationalist, &c. Church'man-ship, n. State of being a churchman. Church'- ward/en, n. An officer whose duties respect the temporai'or pecuniary interests of a church or parish. Church'-yard, n. The ground adjoining to a church, in which the dead are buried ; a cemetery. Churl (66), n. [A.-S. ceorl, a freeman of the lowest rank, man, husband.] 1. A rustic ; a countryman or laborer. Z. A rough, surly, ill-bred man. 3. One who is illiberal or miserly ; a niggard. CHURLISH 121 CIRCLE Churl'ish, a. 1. Like a churl ; illiberal. 2. "Wanting pliancy or softness ; unmanageable ; unyielding. Syn. — Narrow-minded; surly; rude; niggardly. Churl'ish-ly, adv. In a churlish manner ; rudely. Cliurl'ish-ness, n. Rudeness of manners or temper ; indisposition to kindness or courtesy. Churn (68), n. [A.-S. ceren, an earthen vessel, churn. See infra.] A vessel in which cream is shaken or beaten in order to separate the butter from the other parts. Churn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CHURNED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CHURNING.] [A.-S. cernan, Icel. kirna, fr. kiarni, mar- row, cream.] 1. To stir or agitate, as cream, in order to make butter. 2. To shake or agitate with violence. Churn, v. i. To agitate cream or mil k for the purpose of separating the butter. [operation. Churn'ing, n. The quantity of butter made at one finite (shuot), n. [Fr. chute, from Lat. cadere, to fall.] 1" A rapid descent in a river. 2. An opening in a river- dam for the descent of logs, &c. Chyle (kll), n. [Gr. x v ^i J u i ce > from x e ' etl/ ) *° pour.] (Physiol.) A milky iluid, derived from cnyme, and con- veyed into the circulation by the lacteal vessels. Chyl'i f ac'tion, n. [Gr. x v ^°s, and Lat. facere, to make.] (Piiysiol.) The act or process by which chyle is formed.] ChyFi-f ae'trve, a. Forming or changing into chyle. Chyl'i-fi-ea'tion, n. Formation of chyle by the digest- ive processes. Chyl'i-fi-ca/to-ry, a. Chylifactive. [of it. -eiiyl'oiis (kll'us), a. Consisting of chyle, or partaking Chyme (kim), n. [Lat. chymus, Gr. x u M-°s> juice, like \vkos, from xeW, to pour.] ( Piiysiol. ) The pulp formed by the food after it has been for some time in the stom- ach, mixed with the gastric secretions. Chym'is-try, &c. See Chemistry, &c. -Chym/i-f i-ea'tion, n. [Lat. chymus, chyme, and facere, to make.]_ The process of becoming or of forming chyme. ■Chym'i-fy, v. t. [Lat. chymus, chyme, and facere, to make.] To form into chyme. Chym'oiis (klm'us), a. Pertaining to chyme. Qi-^a'da, n. ; pi. pi-eA'DM. [Lat.] (Entom.) An hemipterous insect, the male of which makes a shrill, grating sound ; — called also locust. Cie'a-trlce, n. A scar, seam, or elevation remaining after a wouad is healed. [cicatrice. Ci~ed'trix,ji.; pi. pic'A-TRppES. [Lat.] A scar ; a ^le'a-tri-za'tioii, n. Process of forming a cicatrice. §te'a-trize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cicatrized ; p. pr. & vb. n. cicatrizing.] To heal and induce the formation of a cicatrice in, as in wounded or ulcerated flesh. Ci-c'a-trlze, v . i. To heal or be healed. Cicerone (chd-che-ro^ne or sls'e-ro'ne), n. [It. Cicerone, equiv. to Lat. Cicero, the Roman orator ; so called from the talkativeness of such a guide.] One who shows stran- gers the curiosities of a place. Cls'e-ro'ni-an, a. Resembling Cicero in style or action. ^l^'e-ro'iii-an-igm, n. Imitation or resemblance of the style or action of Cicero ; a Ciceronian expression. 9i-cis'be-i$m, n. The state or conduct of a cicisbeo. Cicisbeo (cue'chis-bl'o or se-sls'be-o), n. [It.] The professed gallant of a married woman. Ci'der, n. [Fr. cidre, Lat. sicera, Gr. a-Uepa, of Oriental origin. Cf. lleb. shakar, to be intoxicated ; c was changed into d, as in Fr. ladre, from Lazarus.] A drink made from the juice of apples. Ci'der-km, n. A liquor made by adding water to the crushed mass of apples remaining after the juice is pressed out in the manufacture of cider. Ci-devant (sSd'vong'), a. [Fr.] Former ; previous. CI-gar', n. [Sp. cigarro ; orig. a kind of tobacco in Cuba.] A small roll of tobacco, used for smoking. Cig'ar-ette', a. A little cigar ; a little fine tobacco rolled in paper for smoking. Cil'ia-ry, a. Belonging to the eyelashes ; pertaining to hairs or hair-like appendages in animals or vegetables. £U'i-ate, ) a. lo (Bot.) Furnished or surrounded ^ll'i-a'ted, j with filaments resembling the eyelashes. 2. (Anat.) Covered with fine filaments, which, during fife, are endowed with a vibratory motion. 9i-li'cioiis (si-lisb/us), a. [Lat. cilicium, a covering, orig. made of Cilician goat's hair, from Cilicia, a province of Asia Minor.] Made, or consisting, of hair. ^i'ma, ». (Arch.) A kind of molding. See CYMA. ^Im'e-ter, n. [From Biscayan cimetarra, with a sharp edge ; or corrupted from Per. schimschtr .] A short sword with a recurvated point, used by the Persians and Turks. [Written also scimetar, scymetar, and scimiter.] Cim-me'ri-an (89), a. 1. Pertaining to the Cimmerii, Cinnamon. a fabulous people, said to have dwelt in caves, in utter darkness. 2. Without any light ; intensely dark. 9iii-eho'na, n. [So named from the Countess Cinchon, in the 17th cent., who by its use was freed from an inter- mittent fever.] (Bot.) 1. A genus of trees growing ex- clusively on the Andes in Peru and adjacent countries, producing a medicinal bark of great value, known as Peru- vian bark, Jesuit's bark, Sec. 2. The bark itself. £Inet'ure (slnkt'yiir, 53), n. [Lat. cinctura, from cin- gere, to gird.] 1. A belt, a girdle, or something worn round the body. 2. That which encompasses ; inclosure. 3. (Arch.) A ring or list at the top and bottom of a col- umn, separating the shaft, at one end, from the base, at the other, from the capital. Cin'der, n. [A.-S. sinder, from syndrian, to separate; not from Fr. cendre, Lat. cinis, ashes.] 1. A small par- ticle of matter remaining after combustion, in which fire is extinct. 2. A small coal, or particle of fire, with ashes ; an ember. 3. A scale thrown off in forging metal. Cin/e-mat'ies, n. sing. [Gr. Kivecu, to move.] The sci- * ence which treats of motions considered in themselves, or apart from their causes. £in'er-a-ry, a. [Lat. cinerarius, from cinis, ashes.] Pertaining to ashes ; containing ashes. Cin'er-a/tion, n. [From Lat. cinis, ashes.] The reduc- ing of any thing to ashes by combustion. Cin'er-I'tious (-Ish / us), a. [Lat. cineritius, from cinis, ashes.] Having the color or consistence of ashes. Cin'na-bar, Um [Lat. cinnabaris, Gr. /ctwa/3api?, kivvo.- j3apt, Per. qinbar, Hind, shangarf; Fr. cinabre.] Red sul- phuret of mercury or quicksilver ; vermilion. Cin'iia-moii,n. [Gr. Kivva.fj.ov, Kivua.fj.oifxov, Lat. cinnamomum, cinnamum, from a Phen. word equiv. to Heb. /cinnamon.] The inner bark of a tree growing in Ceylon. It is aromatic, of a moderately pungent taste. Cinque (sink, 82), n. [From Lat. quinque, five.] The num- ber five upon dice or in cards. £inque'-foil (sink'-), n. [Fr. cinque, five, and foil, equiv. to Fr. feuille, leaf.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of different species, so called because of the resem- blance of its leaves to the fingers of the hand. 2. (Arch. ) An ornamental foliation having five points or cusps, used in windows, panels, &c. Cl'on, n. [0. Fr., from Lat. sectio, a cutting, from secare, to cut.] A young shoot, twig, or sprout of a tree or plant. [Written also scion.] Ci'plier, n. [Ar. sifrun, safrun, empty, cipher, zero, from safira, to be empty.] 1„ (Arith.) A character [0] which, standing by itself, expresses nothing, but when placed at the right hand of a whole number, increases its value tenfold. 2. A person of no worth or character. 3. A combination of letters, as the initials of a name ; an enig- matical character. 4. A private alphabet or system of characters contrived for the safe transmission of secrets. Ci'pher, v. i. [imp. & p. p. ciphered ; p. pr. & vb. n. ' CIPHERING.] To practice arithmetic. Ci'plier, vt. 1. To write in occult characters. 2. To designate by characters ; to represent. Cir-ce'an, a. Pertaining to Circe, a fabled enchantress ; magical ; noxious. Cir-cen'sial, ) a. Pertaining to the Circus, in Rome, £ir-cen'sian, ) where were practised games of various kinds, as running, wrestling, combats, &c. Circle (sir'kl, 18), n. circus, circle, Gr. Kip/cos, plane figure, bounded called its circumference, equally distant from a point within it called the Circle. center. 2. The line that bounds such a figure ; a circum- ference. 3. (Astron.) An instrument of observation, the graduated limb of which consists of an entire circle. 4. A round body ; a sphere ; an orb. 5. Compass ; cir- cuit. 6. A company assembled, or conceived to assem- ble, about a central point of interest, or bound by a common tie. 7. A series ending where it begins. 8. A form of argument in which two or more unproved state- ments are used to prove each other. 9. A province or principality. Circle of perpetual apparition, at any given place, the bound- ary of that space around the elevated pole, within which the stars never set. —Circle of perpetual occultation, at any given place, the boundary of that space around the depressed pole, within which the stars never rise. jtling, combats, &c. [Lat. circulus, dim. of f v o?, circle, ring.] 1. A f \ by a single curve line I J '., every part of which is \^_^s food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get; as; exist; linger, link; this- CIRCLE 122 CIRCUMSTANCE Syn.— Ring; circlet; inclosure; assembly; coterie; set. 9ir'ele (sTr/kl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. circled ; p. pr. & vb. n. ciRCiilNG.] 1. To move or revolve around. 2. To encompass, as by a circle ; to surround ; to inclose. £Ir'-ele, v. i. To move circularly. ^Ir'-elet, n. 1. A little circle, as of gold, jewels, &c. 2. A round body ; an orb. £ir'-euit (sir/kit, 18), n. [Lat. circuities, from circum, around, and ire, to go.] 1. The act of moving or re- volving around. 2. A regular or appointed journeving from place to place in the exercise of one's calling, as of a judge, &c. 3. The region or country passed over in such a journey, especially that over which the jurisdic- tion, as of a judge, &c, extends. 4. That which encir- cles any thing, as a ring or crown. 5. The distance around any space. 6. The space inclosed within a circle, or within certain limits. £ir'-euit, v. t. To move or make to go round. £ir-eu'i-tous, a. Going round in a circuit ; indirect. £ir-eu7i-tou\s-ly, adv. In a circuit. £lr'-eu-la-ble, a. Capable of being circulated. ^Ir'-eu-lar (18), a. [Lat. circularis.] 1. Of, or pertain- ing to, a circle ; in the form of a circle ; round, 2. Repeating itself ; hence, illogical ; inconclusive. 3. Ad- hering to a fixed circle of legends ; cyclic ; hence, mean, inferior. 4. Addressed to a number of persons having, or supposed to have, a common interest. Circular numbers (Arith.), those whose powers terminate in the same digits as the roots themselves; as 5 and G, whose squares are 25 and 36. — Circular sailing (A aut.), the method of sailing by the arc of a great circle. £ir'-eu-lar, n. A circular letter, or paper, often printed, copies of which are addressed to various persons. ^Ir'eu-lar'i-ty, n. State of being circular. ^Ir'-eu-lar-ly, adv. In a circular manner. ^ir'-eu-late , v. i. [imp. & p. p. circulated ; p. pr. & vb. n. CIRCULATING.] [Lat. circulare, circulari.] 1. To move in a circle or circuitously ; to move or pass round. 2. To pass from place to place, from person to person, or from hand to hand. £Ir'-eu-late, v. t. To cause to pass from place to place, or from person to person. Syn. — To spread; diffuse ; propagate; disseminate. ^iiV-eu-la'tion, n. 1. The act of circulating; act of moving in a circle. 2. Currency ; circulating coin, or notes, bills, &c, current for coin. 3. The extent to which any thing circulates or is circulated. ^lr'cix-la'tor, n. One who, or that which, circulates. 9ir'-eu.-la-to-ry (50), a. 1. Circular. 2. Circulating, or going round. ^fr'eum-am'hi-e^t, a. [Lat. circum, around, and ambire, to go round.] Surrounding ; inclosing or being on all sides : encompassing. ^ir'-eum-am'bu-late, v. i. [Lat. circumambulare, from circum, around, and ambulare, to walk.] To walk round about. ^lr'eum-am'hii-la'tion, n. Act of walking around. ^lr'eum-lbend'i-lbus, n. A circuitous movement or route. [Vulgar.] £ir'eum-ci§e (18), v. t. [imp. & p. p. circumcised ; p. pr. & vb. n. CIRCUMCISING.] [Lat. circumcidere, circumcisum, from circum, around, and czedere, to cut.] 1. To cut off the foreskin of, in the case of males, or the internal labia of, in the case of females. 2. (Script.) To render spiritual or holy. ^Ir'eum-cls/er, n. One who performs circumcision. <£lr / -eum-$i§'ion (-sizh'un), n. 1. Act of cutting off the prepuce or foreskin of males, or the internal labia of females. 2. (Script.) (a.) Rejection of the sins of the flesh ; spiritual purification, and acceptance of the Chris- tian faith, (b.) The Jews, distinguished as a circumcised race from the uncircumcised. $ir / -eu.m-elu'§ion, n. [From Lat. circum, around, and claudere, to shut.] Act of inclosing on all sides. •Clr'-eum-diict', v. t. [Lat. circumducere, from circum, around, and ducert > to lead.] 1. To lead about ; to lead astray. [Rare.] 2. (Law.) To contravene ; to nulhfy. •pir'-eum-du-e'tion, n. 1. A leading about. 2. An annulling. [Rare.] $ir-«um'fer-ence, n. [Lat. circum ferentia, from cir- cum, around, and ferre, to bear.] 1." The line that goes round or encompasses a circular figure ; a periphery. 2. The space included in a circle ; any thing circular. 3. External surface of a sphere, or any orbicular body. £ir-eum/fer-en'tial, a. Pertaining to a circumference. £ir'-eum-f 16x, n. [Lat. circumftexus, a bending round p. p. of circumjiectere, from circum, around, and flectere] to bend ] 1. A wave of the voice embracing both a rise and fall on the same syllable. 2. A character, or ac- cent, denoting in Greek a rise and fall of the voice on the same long syllable, marked thus [~ or n ] ; and in Lf tin and some other languages, denoting a long and con- tracted syllable, marked [*]. [cumflex. £ir'-eum-flex, v. t. To mark or pronounce with a cir- ^ir-cum'flu-eiit, ) a. [Lat. circumfluens, p. pr. of 9ir-eiim'f lu-oiis, ) circumfluere , from c ircum , around, and Jluere, to flow.] Flowing around ; surrounding in the manner of a fluid. CJu-'eum-fo-ra'iie-an, ) a. [Lat. circumforaneus , ^lr'eum-f o-ra'iie-ou.s, j from circum, around, and forum, a market-place.] Going about or abroad ; walk- ing or wandering from house to house. CJbycum-fuge', v. t. [Lat. circumfundere , -fusum , from circum, around, and f under e, to pour.] To pour round; to spread round. ^r^-eum-fu'gion, n. Act of pouring or spreading around ; state of being poured around. ^lr'eum-gy-ra'ticn, n. [Lat. circum, around, and gyrare, to turn around.] The act of turning, rolling, or whirling round. ^Ir'cum-ja/ceiit, a. [Lat. circumjacenSj p. pr. of cir- cumjacere, from circum, around, and jacere, to lie.] Lying around ; bordering on every side. ^Ir'-eum-lo-eu'tion, n. [Lat. circumlocutio, from cir- cumloqui, fr. circum, around, and loqui, to speak, locutio, a speaking.] A circuit of words ; a periphrase. ^Ir'-eum-lo-e'u-to-ry, a. Pertaining to a circumlocu- tion ; periphrastic. * [around. ^ir'^um-nav'i-ga-ble , a. Capable of being sailed ^Ir'-eum-nav'i-gate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. circum- navigated ; p. pr. & vb. n. CIRCUMNAVIGATING.] [Lat. circumnavigare, from circum , around, and navigare, to navigate.] To sail around ; to pass round by water. ^lr^eum-nav'i-ga'tiori, n. Act of circumnavigating. ^Ir'cuxn-iiav'i-ga'tor, n. One who sails around. ^ir'oum-po'lar, a. [Lat. circum, around, and Eng. polar, q. v.] About the pole ; situated near the pole. ^lr'-eum-po-gi'tion, n. [Lat. circumpositio, from cir- cum, around, and ponere, to set, put, or place.] Act of placing in a circle, or state of being so placed. [round. ^lr'-eum-ro'ta-ry, a. Turning, rolling, or whirling ^Ir'-eum-ro-ta'tion, n. [Lat. circumrotare, from cir- cum, around, and rotare, to turn round like a wheel, from rota, wheel.] Act of rolling or revolving round, as a wheel ; state of being whirled round. ^lr'-eum-ro'ta-to-ry (50), a. Turning, rolling, or whirl- ing round. [scribed. ^lr'eum-s-erib'a-tole, a. Capable of being circum- ^lr'eum-serlbeV'. t - [imp. &p.p. circumscribed; p. pr. & vb. n. CIRCUMSCRIBING.] [Lat. circumscribere, from circum, around, and scribere, to write, to draw.] To inclose within a certain limit : to hem in. Syn. — To bound; fimit; restrict; strain; surround. confine; abridge; re- ^ir-eiim/fer-en'tor, n. An instrument used by sur veyors for takin g horizontal angles and bearings. a.e.&c.tong-; a,e,&c .,short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, ^Ir'eum-s^rib'er, n. One who, or that which, cir- cumscribes. ^Ir^eum-s-erip'ti-lble, a. Capable of being circum- scribed or limited by bounds. 9ir / -eum-serip'tion, n. 1. The exterior line which determines the form or magnitude of a body. 2. Limi- tation by conditions, restraints, &c. ; bound; confine- ment ; limit. Cir'-eum-s-erip'tive, a. Defining the external form. ^Ir'-eum-spe-et, a. [Lat. circumspectus , p. p. of circum- spicere, from circum, around, and spicere, specere, to look.] Attentive to all the circumstances of a case ; cau- tious ; prudent ; watchful ; wary ; vigilant. CJx'-eu.m-spe-e'tioii, n. Attention to all the facts and circumstances of a case. Syn.— Caution; watchfulness; deliberation; thoughtful- ness; wariness; forecast. ^Ir'eum-speet'ive, a. Looking round every way ; cau- tious ; careful of consequences ; wary. 9ir'eum-speet / ly, adv. With circumspection. ^lr'-eum-speet'ness, n. Caution ; circumspection. 9ir'-eu.m-stance (113), n. [Lat. circum stantia, from cir- cumstans, p. pr. of circumstare, from circum, around, and stare, to stand.] 1. The condition of things surround- ing or attending an event. 2. Something attending on or relative to a fact, though not essential thereto ; a par- ticular incident or adjunct. 3. pi. Condition in re- gard to worldly estate ; state of property. CIRCUMSTANCE 123 CIVILITY Syn. — Fact; event; incident. — A. fact is a thing done; an event 9. thing which turns up or occurs; an incident something that falls in to some general course of events. A circumstance (literally, a thing standing about or near) is some adjunct to an event which more or less affects it. Cir'cum-stance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. circumstanced (108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. circumstancing.] To place rela- tively, or in a particular situation. ^Ir'cum-stan'tial, a. 1. Consisting in, or pertaining to, circumstances, or particular incidents. 2. Abound- ing with circumstances, or exhibiting all the circum- stances ; minute ; particular. Circumstantial evidence {Law), any evidence not direct and positive. ^Ir'eum-stan'tial, n. Something incidental to the main subject, but of less importance ; — generally in the pi. 9ir / cum-stan / ti-al'i-ty (-stan'shl-al'I-ty), n. 1. The state of any thing as modified by circumstances, 2. Particularity in exhibiting circumstances ; minuteness. ^Ir'-eum-stan'ti-al-ly, adv. 1. According to circum- stances. 2. In every circumstance or particular. ^Ir'-eum-staii'ti-ate (-shi-at), v. t. [imp- & p. p. cir- cumstantiated ; p. pr. & vb. n. CIRCUMSTANTIAT- ING.] [See Circumstance.] 1. To place in particu- lar circumstances. 2. To enter into details concerning. ^Ir'-eum-val'late, v. t. [Lafc. circumvallare, from cir- cum, around, and vallare, to wall, from vallum, ram- part.] To surround with a rampart. ^Ir'eum-val-la'tion, »i. (Mil.) (a.) Act of surround- ing with a wall or rampart, (b.) A line of field works surrounding the camp of a besieging army. ^Ir'cum-vent', v. t. [imp. & p. p. circumvented ; p. pr. & vb. n. CIRCUMVENTING.] [Lat. circumvenire , from circum, around, and venire, to come.] To gain ad- vantage over, by arts, stratagem, or deception ; to de- ceive ; to delude. ^Ir'-eum-veii'tion, n. [Lat. circumventio. See supra.] Deception ; fraud ; imposture ; delusion. ^Ir'-eum-vent'Ive, a. Deceiving by artifices ; deluding. ^Ir'-eum-vest', v. t. [Lat. circumvestire, from circum, around, and vestire, to clothe, from veslis, garment.] To cover round, as with a garment. yir'-eum-vo-lu'tion, n. 1. Act of rolling round, or state of being rolled. 2. A thing rolled round another. Clr'eum-volve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. circumvoeved ; 'p. pr. & vb. n. CIRCUMVOEVING.] [Lat. circumvolvere, from circum, around, and volvere, to roll.] To roll round ; to cause to revolve. ^Ir'-eum-volve' v. i. To roll round ; to revolve. ^Ir'-eus, n. ; pi. CIR'CUS-Eg. [Lat. circus, Gr. Ktp/co?, circle, ring, circus.] 1. (Roman Antiq.) An open or inclosed space, or the edifice inclosing it, in which games and shows were exhibited. 2. A circular inclosure for the exhibition of feats of horsemanship. 3. The com- pany of performers in a circus, with their equipage. ^irque (sirk), n. A circus. ^ir-rif er-ous, a. [Lat. cirrus, lock, curl, and ferre, to bear.] Producing tendrils or claspers, as a plant. 9ir'ri-ped, n. [Lat. cirrus, lock of hair, and pes, pedis, foot.] (Zool.) A crustaceous animal having a bivalvular shell, from the opening of which it throws out a group of curved legs, looking like a delicate curl. 9ir / ro--eu.'mu-lus, n. [Lat. cirrus, lock, and cumulus, q. v.] ( Meteor. ) A cloud composed of the cumulus broken up into small masses, and presenting a fleecy appearance. £Ir'rose, gl Same as Cirrous. ^Ir'ro-stra'tus, n. [Lat. cirrus, lock, and stratus, q. v.] (Meteor.) A cloud having the characters of the stratus in its main body, but of the cirrus on its margin. ^lr'roiis, a. [Lat. cirrus, lock, curl.] (Bot.) Having, or terminating in, a curl or tendril. gir'rus, n. ; pi. cir'ri. [Lat., a tuft of hair, curl.] 1. (Bot.) A tendril. 2. (Meteor.) A form of cloud com- posed of thin filaments, the union of which resembles sometimes a brush, sometimes masses of woolly hair. 3. (Zool.) A slender, fringe-like appendage. £is-al'pine, a. [Lat. Cisalpinus, from cis, on this side, and Alpinus, Alpine, from Alpes, the Alps.] On the hither side of the Alps with reference to Rome, that is, on the south side of the Alps. ^Is'at-laii'tie, a. [Lat. cis, on this side, and Atlanticus, Atlantic, q. v.] Being on this side of the Atlantic Ocean. 9is-m5n^tane, a. On this side of the mountains. Cis'pa-dane', a. [Lat. cis, on this side, and Padanus, from Padus, the River Po.] On the hither side of the Po with reference to Rome, that is, on the south side ; £is'soid, n. [Gr. /ao-o-oeto^s, like ivy, from kmtvos, ivy, and eloos, form.] ( Geom.) A curve invented by Diodes, for the purpose of solving two celebrated problems ; viz* to trisect a plane angle, and to construct two geometrical means between two given straight lines. $ist, n. [Lat. cista,Gr. niar-q, box, chest.] 1. (Arch.) A chest or basket. 2. (Antiq.) A tomb of the Celtic period, consisting of a stone chest covered with stone slabs. £is-ter'cian (-shan, 63), n. (Eccl.) One of an order of Benedictine monks established at Citeaux, in France, by Robert, abbot of Moleme. Cis'tern, n. [Lat. cisterna; cista, chest.] A reservoir or receptacle for holding water, beer, or other liquids. 9it, n. [Contracted from citizen.] A citizen ; an inhabi- tant of a city ; a pert townsman ; — used contemptuously. 9it'a-del, n. [It. ciltadella, dim. of cittd, city.] A for- tress or castle in or near a fortified city , intended as a final point of defense. £it'al, n. [From cite.] 1. Summons to appear. 2. Cita- tion ; quotation. Cl-ta'tion, n. [Low Lat. citatio, from citare, to cite.] 1. An official call or notice given to a person to appear, and the paper containing such notice or call. 2. The act of citing a passage from a book, or from another per- son, in his own words ; also, the passage or words quoted. 3. Enumeration ; mention. Ci'ta-to-ry, a. Having the power or form of citation. 9Ite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CITED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CITING.] [Lat. citare, intens. form of cire, ciere, to put in motion, to excite, akin to Goth, haitan, A.-S. hatan, to call, to command.] 1, To call upon officially or authorita- tively ; to summon. 2. To quote, name, or repeat, as a passage, or the words of another. 3. To call or name, in support, proof, or confirmation of. Qlt'er, n. One who cites, summons, or quotes. 9ith'ern, n. A musical instrument, like the guitar. ^lt'i-zen (slVI-zn), n. [From city, q. v. 0. Fr. citeain, citaain.] 1. A freeman of a city, as distinguished from one not entitled to its franchises. 2. An inhabitant in any city, town or place. 3. Any native born or natural- ized inhabitant of a country. [Amer.] 9It'i-zen-ship, n. State of being a citizen. Qit'rate, n. [From Lat. citreum, citron, lemon.] ( Chem.) A salt formed by the union of citric acid and a base. Cit'ri-e, a. ( Chem.) Of, or pertaining to, an acid which exists in the juice of the lemon and some allied fruits. 9it'rine, a. Like a citron or lemon ; of a lemon color. Qit'rine, n. (Min.) A yellow, pellucid variety of quartz. ^it'ron, n. [Gr. /aVpov, Lat. citreum (sc. malum), a cit- ron or lemon ; citrus, the citron- tree.] The fruit of the citron- tree, resembling a lemon. 9Jt'rul, n. [N. Lat. citreolus, from citreum, citron, q. v.] (Bot.) The watermelon. ^lt'y, n. [Lat. civitas, from civis, citizen.] 1»~A large town. 2. A corporate town ; — in the U.S., one governed by a mayor and aldermen ; in Eng., one which is or has been the seat of a bishop. 3. The inhabitants of a city. 9Iveg (slvz), n. pi. [Lat. cepa, csepa, cxpe, onion.] (Bot.) A species of garlic, growing in tufts. [Written also ■chives.] Clv'et, n. [L. Gr. gaireTiov, fr. Per. zabad, civet, Ar. zubad, zabbad, the froth of milk or wa- ter, civet.] 1. A substance of a strong, musky odor, used as a perfume. 2. (Zool.) The ani- mal that produces civet ; a car- nivorous animal, ranking be- tween the weasel and fox. It is a native of North Africa. ^rv'i-e, a. [Lat. civicus, from civis, citizen.] Relating to, or derived from, a city or citizen. Civ'il, a. [Lat. civilis, from civis, citizen.] 1. Pertain- ing to a city or state, or to a citizen in his relations to his fellow-citizens or to the state ; lawful or political, as op- posed to military. 2. Pertaining to an organized com- munity ; civilized. 3. Having the manners of one dwel- ling in a city ; courteous ; complaisant. Civil death (Law), that which cuts off a man from civil so- ciety, or its rights and benefits. — Civil engineering, the science or art of constructing public works, as canals, railroads, docks, &c. — Civil law, in a general sense, the law of a state, city, or country; specifically, the municipal law of the Roman empire, comprised in the Institutes, Code, and Digest of Justinian and the Novel Constitutions. — Civil war, a war between citizens of the same country. — Civil year, the legal year, or that which a government appoints to be used in its own dominions. 9i-vll'ian, n. 1. One who is skilled in the civil law. 2. A student of the civil law. 3. One whose pursuits are those of civil life, not military or clerical. 9i-vil'i-ty, n. 1. Courtesy of behavior ; politeness; good-breeding. 2. pi. Acts of politeness ; courtesies. Civet. food, foot; urn, r^ide.pull; cell, c liaise, call, echo ; gem, get; ag; ejist; linger, link ; tiiis. CIVILIZABLE 124 CLASH Civ'il-iz'a-ble, a. Capable of being civilized. Civ'il-i-za'tion, n. Act of civilizing, or state of being civilized ; refinement ; culture. Civ'il-ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CIVILIZED ; p. pr. & vb. n. civilizing.] To reclaim from a savage state; to educate ; to refine. £iv'il-ized, a. Reclaimed from savage life and manners ; refined ; cultivated. Clv'il-iz'er, n. One who, or that which, civilizes. Civ'il-ly, adv. 1. In a civil manner, in reference to civil society. 2. In a courteous manner ; politely. [ship. Civ'igm, n. [From Lat. civis, citizen.] State of citizen- Clab'ber, n. [See Bonny-clabber.] Milk turned so as to become thick or inspissated. Clack, v. i. [imp. & p. p. CLACKED (klakt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. CLACKING.] [See infra.] 1. To make a sudden, Bharp noise, as b} - striking or cracking ; to clink ; to click. 2. To talk rapidly and continually. -Slack, v. t. 1. To cause to make a sudden, sharp noise ; to clink. 2. To* utter rapidly and inconsiderately. -Clack, n. [Fr. claque, a slap or smack, M. H. Ger. Mac, crack, W. dec, crack, gossip.] 1. A sharp, abrupt sound made by striking an object. 2. Any thing that causes a clacking noise. 3„ Continual talk ; prattle ; prating. Clack'er, n. One who clacks ; that which clacks. Clack' -valve, n. {Mack.) A valve with a single flap, which, when raised, falls with a clacking sound. Claim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. claimed ; p. pr. & vb. n. claiming.] [Lat. clamare, to cry out, call.] To call for ; to challenge as a right ; to demand as due. Claim, v. i. To be entitled to any thing as a right. Claim, n. 1. A demand of a right or supposed right. 2. A right to claim or demand ; a title to any thing in pos- session of another. 3. The thing claimed or demanded ; that to which any one has a right. Claim'a-ble, a. Capable of being claimed. Claim/ant, n. One who claims ; a claimer. Clair-voy'ance, n. A power, attributed to mesmerized persons, of discerning objects not present to the senses. Clair-voy'ant, a. [Fr.,from clair, clear, (Lat. clarus) and voyant, p. pr. of voir, to see, Lat. videre.] Pertain- taining to clairvoyance ; discerning objects which are not present. [to the senses. Clair-voy'ant, ft. One who discerns objects not present Clam, n. [Another form of clamp, q. v.] 1. ( Conch.) A bivalve shell-fish of different genera. 2. pi. {Ship Carp.) Strong pincers for drawing nails. 3. pi. {Meek.) A kind of vise, usually made of wood. Clam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CLAMMED; p. pr. & vb. n. clamming.] [A.-S. clsemian. Icel. kleima.] To clog, as with glutinous or viscous matter. Clam, v. i. To be moist or sticky. [Rare.] Cla'inant, a. [See Claimant.] Crying earnestly; clamorously beseeching. Clam'ber, v. i. [imp. & p.p. clambered; p. pr. & mb.n. CLAMBERING.] [L. Ger. klempern, 0. H. Ger. chlimban, chlimpan, N. H. Ger. klimmen.] To climb with difficulty , or with hands and feet. Clam'mi-ness, n. State of being clammy or viscous. Clam'my, a. [comp. clammier ; superl. clammiest.] [See Clam, v. t.] Soft and sticky ; glutinous. Clam'or, n. [Lat., from clamare, to cry out.] 1. Loud and continued shouting or exclamation. 2. Any loud and continued noise. Syn.— Outcry; exclamation; noise; uproar; vociferation. Clam'or, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CLAMORED ; p. pr. & vb. 11. clamoring.] 1. To approach or salute with noise. 2. To stun with noise. [mands. Clam'or, v. i. To vociferate ; to make importunate de- Clam'or-oils, a. Noisy ; vociferous ; loud ; turbulent. Clam'or-ous-ly, adv. With loud noise or words. Clam'or-oiis ness, n. State or quality of being noisy. Elamp, n. [D. klamp, Dan. klampe, from. T>. /dampen, to fasten. Cf. Cramp, 3.] 1. A piece of timber or iron, used to fasten work together. 2. A mass of bricks heaped up to be burned ; or of ore to be smelted ; or of coal to be converted to coke. 3. (Ship-building.) A thick plank on the inner part of a ship's side, used to sustain the ends of the beams. 4. One of a pair Clamp. of movable pieces of lead, or other soft material to cover the jaws of a vise — used to hold objects that would be injured by the vise itself. 5. A heavy footstep. Clamp nails, nails used to fasten on clamps in ships. Clamp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CLAMPED (84, 108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. clamping.] To unite, secure, or render firm by means of a clamp. Clamp, v . i. To tread heavily or clumsily ; to clump. Clan, n. [Of Celtic origin.] 1. A tribe or collection of families, united under a chieftain, and bearing the same surname. 2. A clique ; a sect, society, or body of per- sons closely united by some common interest or pursuit. Clan-des'tine, a. [Lat. clandestinus, from dam, se- cretly, for calam, from celare, to hide.] Withdrawn from public notice for an evil purpose ; kept secret. Syn.— Hidden ; secret ; private ; concealed ; underhand ; sly; fraudulent. Clan-des'tine-ly, adv. In a secret manner. Clan-des'tine-ness, n. A state of concealment. Clang, v. t. [imp. & p. p. clanged ; p. pr. & vb. n. CLANGING.] [Lat. clangere, Ger. klingen, Gr. /cAd^etv, p. KeK\ayya.) To strike together with a ringing metallic Clang, v. i. To produce a sharp, shrill sound, [sound. Clang, n. A sharp, ringing sound, like that made by metallic substances when struck together. Clan'gor (klan'gor, 82), n. [Lat., from clangere, to clang.] A sharp, shrill, harsh sound. Clan'gor-oiis, a. Making a clangor. Clank (82), n. [See Clang.] The loud, ringing sound made by a collision of sonorous bodies. Clank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. clanked ; p. pr. & vb. n. CLANKING.] To cause to make a sharp, ringing sound. Clank, v. i. To make a sharp, ringing noise, as of pieces of metal struck together ; to clang. [unite. Clan'nish, a. Closely united, like a clan ; disposed to Clan'nisk-ly, adv. In a clannish manner. Clan'nisli-ness, 11. Close adherence or disposition to unite, as a clan. Clan'ship, n. A state of union, as in a family or clan. Clap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. clapped (klapt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. CLAPPING.] [A.-S. clappan.) 1. To strike with a quick motion, so as to make a noise by the collision. 2. To thrust, drive, or put, in a hasty or abrupt manner. 3. To manifest approbation of, by striking the hands to- gether. 4. To inlect with a venereal poison. Clap, v. i. 1. To come together suddenly with noise. 2. To strike the hands together in applause. 3. To enter with alacrity and briskness. Clap, n. 1. A loud noise made by sudden collision. 2. A stroke ; a thrust. 3. A sudden explosion. 4. A strik- ing of hands to express approbation. 5. [Fr. clapoir ; D. klapoor.] A venereal infection ; gonorrhea. Clap'board (klab / burd), n. 1. A strip of board thicker at one edge than at the other ; — used for covering the outside of houses. [Amer.] 2. A stave. [Eng.] Clap'board, v. t. To cover with clapboards. [Amer.] Clap'per, n. 1. A person who claps. 2. That which strikes, as the tongue of a bell. Clap'per-elavv, v. t. [From clap and claw.] 1. To fight and scratch. 2. To revile ; to scold. Clap '-trap, n. A trick or device to gain applause. Clar'ence, n. A close four-wheeled carriage, with one seat inside, and a driver's seat. Clar'en-cerix Uklar/en-shu), n. (Her.) The second Clar'en-cieiix j king at arms ; — so called, probably, from the duke of Clarence. [Eng.] Clare'-ob-scure / , n. [Lat. clarus, clear, and obscurus, obscure.] 1. Light and shade in painting. 2. A design of two colors. Clar'et, n. [Fr. clairet, properly dim. of clair, clear.] 1. An inferior French pale wine. 2. A dark-red wine from Bordeaux and the Garonne. Clar'i-cliord, n. [Lat. clarus, clear, and chorda, string. See Chord.] A musical instrument, formerly in use, in form of a spinet. Clai^i-f i-ca'tion, n. Act of clearing or fining. Clar'i-fl / er, n. 1. That which clarifies or purifies. 2. A vessel in which clarification is conducted. Clar'i-fy, «■ *■ [imp. & p.p. clarified ; p.pr. & vb. n. CLARIFYING.] [Lat. clarificare, from clarus, clear, and facere, to make.] 1. To make clear ; to purify from feculent matter ; to defecate ; to fine. 2. To brighten or illuminate. [Rare.] Clar'i-fy, v. i. 1. To become pure, as liquors. 2. To grow clear or bright. Clar'i-on, n. [L. Lat. clario, claro, fr. Lat. clarus, clear.] A kind of trumpet, whose note is clear and shrill. Clar / i-o-net', ) n. [From Lat. clarus. See supra.] (Mus.) Clar'i-net/, j A wind instrument, of the reed kind, the leading instrument in a military band. -Cla'ro-ob-s-eu'ro , n. See Clare-obscure. Clash, v. i. [imp. & p.p. CLASHED (klasht); p.pr. & vb. n. CLASHING.] [Ger. klatschen, klitschen, D. klet- e, &c, long; a, e, &c. , short ; care,f ar, ask, all, what ; er*» veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf. CLASH 125 CLEAR-STARCH sen, Pol. klaskac] 1. To dash noisily together. 2. To come in collision ; to interfere. Clash, v. t. To strike noisily against. Clash, n. 1. A meeting of bodies with violence ; collis- ion of bodies. 2. Contradiction, as between differing or contending interests, views, purposes, &c. Clasp (6), n. [See infra.] 1. A catch, for holding to- gether the parts of any thing. 2. A close embrace. Clasp, v. t. [imp. & p.p. clasped ; p. pr. & vb.n. CLASPING.] [0. Eng. elapse, Ger. klappsen, to tap, clack, slap, Happen, to clap, flap.] 1. To shut or fasten together with a clasp. 2. To embrace ; to grasp, [dril. Clasp'er, n. One who, or that which, clasps, as a ten- Clasp'-knif e (-nif), n. A large knife, the blade of which folds or shuts into the handle. Class (6), n. [Lat. classis, from Gr. /cAaerspicuous phraseology. Transparency is both physi- cal and moral. The transparency of the heavens; transparent integrity ; a transparent style. Clear'slght'ed (-slt'ed), a. Having acuteness of sight. Clear'- slghfed-ness (-slt / -), n. Acute discernment. Clear'-starch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. clear-starched ; p. pr. & vb. n. CLEAR-STARCHING.] To stiffen with starch, and then clear by clapping with the hands. food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; egist; linger, link ; this. CLEAR-STORY 126 CLINCHER Clear'-Sto'ry, n. {Arch.) An upper story, or row of windows in a church, tower, or other erection, rising clear above the adjoining parts of the building. ■Clear '-stuff, n. Boards, &c, free from knots. Cleat, n. [From Prov. Eng. dead, to clothe, Ger. kleiden.] 1. (Carp.) A narrow strip of wood nailed to something for the purpose of strengthening or fastening it. 2. (Naut.) A piece of wood, having different forms according to its particular use. 3. A piece of iron fas- tened to shoes, to render them more durable. Cleat, v. t. To strengthen with a cleat. Cleav'a-ble, a. Capable of cleaving or being Cleat. (2.) divided. Cleav'age, n. 1. Act of cleaving. 2. (Crystallog.) Quality of splitting or dividing naturally. Cleave, v. i. [imp. cleaved (clave, obs.); .p. p. CLEAVED ; p.pr. & vb. n. CLEAVING.] [A.S. clifan, clifjan.] 1. To adhere closely ; to stick ; to hold fast. 2. To be united closely in interest or affection. 3. To be shaped or adapted ; to suit ; to agree. Cleave, v. t. [imp. cleft (clave, obs., clove, ob- solescent), p. p. cleft or cleaved ; p. pr. & vb. n. CLEAVING.] [A.S. cleofan, clifan.] 1. To part or divide by force ; to split or rive. 2. To part or open naturally ; to divide. Cleave, v. i. To part ; to open ; to crack. Cleav'er, n. One who cleaves, or that which cleaves, especially a butcher's instrument for cutting up meat. Clef, n. [From Lat. clavis, key, Gr. , , n KAat?.] (Mus.) A character used in r^-] C\} -y— musical notation to determine the 'Z _ 3^~ /fay position and pitch of the scale as Vj/ represented on the staff. *? Cleft, imp. &p. p. from cleave. See c Clef - FClef - GClef - Cleave. Cleft, n. [From cleave, to split.] 1. An opening made by splitting. 2. A piece made by splitting. 3. (Far.) A crack on the bend of the pastern. Syn. — Crack; crevice; fissure; chink; cranny. Clem'a-tis, n. [Gr. KA^cn-is, from K^fxa, twig, shoot, from K\qv, to break off.] (Bot.) A genus of climbing plants, of many species. Clem'en-cy> n. [Lat. dementia, from clemens, mild, calm.] 1. Disposition to treat with favor and kindness, or to forgive and spare, as offenders. 2. Mildness or softness iu respect to the elements. Syn. — Mildness ; tenderness ; indulgence; lenity; mercy; gentleness; compassion; kindness. Clem'ent, a. Mild in temper and disposition. Syn. — Gentle ; lenient; merciful; kind; tender; compas- sionate; indulgent. Clem'ent-ine, a. Pertaining to St. Clement, or to his compilations ; or to the constitutions of Clement V. Clem'ent-ly, adv. With mildness of temper. Clench, v. t. See Clinch. Clep'sy-dra, or Clep-sy'dra, n. [Lat. clepsydra^ Gr. Kkexjrudpa, from KKenTeiv, to steal, conceal, and vfiwp, water.] A contrivance used anciently for measuring time by the gradual discharge of water from small apertures, as if by stealth. Cler'gy (14), n. [L. Lat. clericia, from Lat. clericus, Gr. KA-rjpiKo?, priest, from Lat. clerus, Gr. kA.%>o?, the clergy.] 1. The body of ecclesiastics, in distinction from the laity ; in England, usually the ministers of the established church. 2. The privilege or benefit of clergy. Benefit of clergy {Eng. Law), the exemption of clergymen from criminal process before a secular judge — a privilege ex- tended at one time to all who could read, but now abolished. Cler'gy-a-ble, a. Entitled to, or admitting, the benefit of clergy. Cler'gy-man, n. ; pi. clergy-men. An ordained minister ; one of the clergy. Cler'ie, n. [See Clergy.] A clerk, or clergyman. Cler'ie, ) a. 1. Pertaining to the clergy. 2. Per- Cler'ie-al, J taining to a clerk or copyist. Clerk (14), n. [From Lat. clericus; A.-S. clerc, cleric, deroc, clerk, priest. See Clergy.] 1. An educated person; a scholar. [Obs.] 2. [Eng.] A parish officer, being a layman who leads in reading the responses of the Episcopal church service, and otherwise assists in it. 3. A scribe ; a penman ; an accountant. 4. An assistant in a 6hop or store, who sells goods, keeps accounts, &c. 0S°- This word is generally pronounced klarJc in England, but this pronunciation is very uncommon in the United States. Clerk'ly, a. Scholar-like. Clevi Clgrk'ship, n. Condition, office, or business of a clerk. Clev'er, a. [A.-S. gleaw, skillful, wise, gleawferhdh, sagacious, Goth, glaggvus.] 1. Possessing skill, dex- terity, talent, or adroitness. 2. Showing skill or adroit- ness in the doer or former. 3. Having fitness, propriety, or suitableness. 4. Well-shaped; handsome. 5. Good- natured; kind-hearted. [Amer.] Syn.— Expert; dexterous; skillful; adroit; talented. Clev'er-ly, adv. In a clever manner ; skillfully. Clev'er-ness, n. Quality of being clever. Clev'is, t n. [Akin to O. Eng. clewe, Eng. Clev'y, j cleave, to fasten.] The U-shaped draft-iron on the end of a cart-tongue or plow -beam. Clew (klu), n. [A.-S. cleow ; akin to Lat. globus and glomus.] 1. A ball of thread. 2. The thread used to guide a person in a lab- yrinth. 3. That which guides one in any thing of a. doubtful or intricate nature. 4. (Naut.) The lower corner of a square-sail, and the aftmost corner of a fore- and-aft sail. [Also written clue.] Clew (klu), v. t. [imp. & p. p. clewed (klud) ; p. pr. & vb. n. clewing.] 1. (Naut.) To draw up to the yard, as a sail. 2. To direct, as by a thread. Click, v. i. [imp. & p. p. clicked (klikt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. clicking.] [An onomatopoetic word.] To make a small, sharp noise, as by a gentle striking ; to tick. Click, n. 1. A small, sharp sound. 2. A peculiar kind of articulation used by the natives of Southern Africa. Click, n. A small piece of iron, falling into a notched wheel ; a detent ; a pawl. Cli'ent, n. [Lat. cliens, for cluens, from 0. Lat. cluere, Gr. ickveip, to hear.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A citizen who put himself under the protection of a patron. 2. A de- pendent. 3. One who applies to a lawyer or counselor for advice, direction, &c, in a question of law. Cli-ent'al, a. 1. Dependent. [Rare.] 2. Of, or per- taining to, a client. Cli'ent-ship, n. The state or condition of a client. Cliff, 11. [A.-S. clif, cliof cleof, from cleofan, clifan, to cleave, split.] A high, steep rock ; a precipice. Cliffy, a. Having cliffs ; broken ; craggy. Cli-m&e'ter-i-e, or Clim/ac-ter'ie, a. [Lat. climac- tericus, Gr. KAtjua/cT^pt/cos, from KA?jma^, a ladder.] Relat- ing to a critical period of human life. Cli-m&e'ter-ie, or Clim/ae-ter'ic (123), n. 1. A critical period in human life, or a period in which some great change is supposed to take place in the human con- stitution. 2. Any critical period. Grand or great climacteric, the 63d year. Clim'ae-ter'ie-al, a. & n. Same as Climacteric. CK'mate, n. [Lat. clima, Gr. KkCfxa, gen. kAxju-oitos, a region or zone of the earth, from K\Cvetv, to slope, incline.] 1. (Anc. Geog.) One of thirty regions or zones of the earth, parallel to the equator. 2. Condition of a place in relation to the various phenomena of the atmosphere, as temperature, moisture, &c. Cli-mat'i-e, ) a- Pertaining to a climate or climates ; Cli-mat'i-e-al, j limited by a climate. Cli'ma-tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. climatized; p.pr. & vb. n. climatizing.] To acclimate. Cll'ma-tlze, v. i. To become acclimated. Cli'ma-tol'o-gy, n. [From Gr. /cA.t>a and Aoyos, dis- course.] The science of climates, or a treatise on climates. CH'm&x, n. [Lat., from Gr. Kklyax^, ladder, from /cAiVeiv, to bend, to lean.] 1. (Rhet.) A figure or arrangement in which a sentence rises as it were step by step in im- portance, force, or dignity. 2. The highest point; the greatest degree ; acme. [Illegitimate.] Climb (kllm), v. i. or t. [imp. & p.p. CLIMBED (clomb (klom), obs. or vulgar) ; p. pr. & vb. n. climbing.] [A.-S. climban.] To ascend by means of the hands and feet ; to mount laboriously or slowly. CHmb'a-l>le (kllm'-), a. Capable of being climbed. CHmVer (kllm'er), n. One who, or that which, climbs. Clime, n. [See CLIMATE.] A climate; a region. Clinch (66,) v. t. [imp. & p. p. CLINCHED (klincht) ; p.pr. & vb. n. CLINCHING.] [Also written clench.] 1. To make, or hold, fast ; to grasp ; to gripe. 2. To render firm ; to confirm ; to establish. Clinch, it. 1. Act or process of holding fast, or that which serves to hold fast. 2. A word used in a double meaning ; a pun. [Rare.] 3. (Naut.) A kind of knot and seizings used to fasten a cable or the breeching of a gun to ring-bolts. Clinch'er, n. One who, or that which, clinches. CLING 127 CLOUD Cling, v. i. [imp. & p. p. CLUNG ; p. pr. & vb. n. CLING- ING.] [A.-S. clingan.] 1. To adhere closely ; to hold fast, especially by winding round or embracing. 2. To adhere closely and firmly in interest or affection. Cling, v. t. To cause to adhere to, especially by winding round or embracing. [heres closely to the stone. Cling'stone (20), n. A variety of peach, whose pulp ad- Cllng'y, a. Apt to cling ; adhering closely ; adhesive. Clin'ie, ) a. [Gr. kKivucos, from k/UVt), couch, bed.] •Clin'i-e-al, j Pertaining to a bed ; confined to a bed by illness ; bed-ridden. Clin'ie, it. One confined to the bed by sickness. Clink, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CLINKED (kllnkt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. CLINKING.] [0. H. Ger. klinkan, chlingan, allied to Lat. clangere.] To make a small, sharp, ringing sound. -Clink:, n. A sharp, ringing sound. Cllnk'er,n. [From clink, v. t., because it makes a sharp and sonorous sound.] 1. Several bricks united together by the action of heat. 2. Scoria, or refuse of a furnace ; vitrified or burnt matter ejected from a volcano. Clink'stone, n. [clink and stone, from its sonorous- ness.] ( Min. ) An igneous rock of feldspathic composition like porphyry, but lamellar, of a grayish or bluish color. Clip, v. t. [imp. & p.p. CLIPPED (klipt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. clipping.] [A.-S.clyppan.] 1. To embrace ; hence, to encompass. [Obs.] 2, To cut off, as with a single stroke of scissors. 3. To curtail ; to cut short. Clip, v. i. To move swiftly ; — usually with it. ■Clip, n. 1. An embrace. 2. A cutting ; a shearing. 3. Product of a single shearing. 4. A blow or stroke with the hand. [Colloq., Amer.] Clip 'per, n. 1. One who clips ; especially, one who cuts off the edges of coin. 2. (Naut.) A kind of vessel built for fast sailing, having the bow sharp and long. CKp'ping, n. 1. Act of embracing. 2. Act of cutting off, or curtailing. 3. That which is clipped off. Clique (kleek), n. [Fr. Cf. D. gelijk, 0. H. Ger. gilihho, like, equal.] A narrow circle of persons ; a party. Cloak (20), n. [L. Lat. cloca, 0. Fr. cloche ; Gael, cleoc] 1_. A loose, outer garment. 2. A disguise or pretext. Cloak, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cloaked (klokt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. cloaking.] To cover with a cloak; hence, to hide or conceal. [are carried ; a portmanteau. Cloak'-foag, n. A bag in which a cloak or other clothes Clock, n. [A.-S. clucge, 0. H. Ger. glogga, glocca, clocca, from cloccon, to strike, beat.] An instrument or machine for measuring time. Clock'-work (-wiirk), n. Machinery and movements of a clock, or resembling those of a clock. Clod, n. [A.-S. chid, rock, stone, clot, log.] 1. A lump or mass, especially of earth, turf, or clay. 2. The ground ; the earth. 3. The body of man as compared with his soul. 4. A dull, stupid fellow ; a dolt. Clod, v. i. To collect into concretions ; to clot. Clod, v. t. To pelt with clods. Clod'dy, a. 1. Full of clods. 2. Earthy; mean; gross. Clod'-hop'per, n. A rude, rustic fellow ; a clown ; a dolt ; a bumpkin ; a plowman. ClSd'pate, n. A stupid fellow ; a dolt ; a blockhead. Clod'pat'ed, a. Stupid ; dull ; doltish. Clod'poll, n. A dolt ; a blockhead ; a clodpate. Cloff , n. See Clough. Clog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CLOGGED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CLOGGING.] [Scot, clag ; Icel. kleggi, a compact mass, W. cleg, a sonorous mass.] 1. To encumber, or load ; especially with something that sticks fast. 2. To ob- struct so as to hinder motion in or through ; to choke up. 3. To hinder; to embarrass. Syn. — Impede ; hamper ; confuse ; burden ; restrain ; restrict. C15g, v . i. 1. To become loaded or encumbered, as with extraneous matter. 2. To coalesce or adhere. Clog, n. 1. That which hinders motion ; an embarrass- ment. 2. A heavy shoe, having the upper part of thick leather, and the sole of wood ; — hence, a wooden shoe. Syn. — Load; weight; hindrance; impediment. Clog'gi-ness, n. The state of being clogged. Clog'gy, a. Having power to clog ; adhesive. Clois'ter, n. [Lat. claustrum,y>\. claustra, from claudere, clausum, to close, to shut.] 1. A covered arcade. 2. A monastic establishment. Syn. — Monastery; nunnery ; convent; abbey; priory.— Cloister is generic, being a place of seclusion from the world; a monastery is usually for men called monks; a nunnery is for women; a comment is a community of recluses; an abbey and apriory are named from their heads, an abbot or prior. Clois'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cloistered; p. pr. & vb. n. CLOISTERING.] To confine in a cloister. Clois'tral, a. Pertaining to, or confined to, a cloister. Cloke, n. See Cloak. Cloge, v. t. [imp.. & p. p. closed ; p. pr. & vb. n. closing.] [See m/ra,] 1. To bring together the parts of; to stop; to shut. 2. To bring to an end; to con- clude. 3. To inclose ; to encompass ; to confine. Cloge, v. i. 1. To come together ; to unite or coalesce. 2. To end ; to terminate. to consent or agree. (6.) To To close with, (a.) To accede; grapple with ; — said of wrestlers. Cloge, n. 1. Union of parts-, junction. 2. Conclusion ; termination; end. 3. A grapple in wrestling. _ 4. ( Mus.) End of a strain of music ; cadence. -J\ Cloge, n. [See infra.} 1. An inclosed place; jji especially a small inclosed field or piece of land. JJ 2. A narrow passage leading from a street to a Close, court, and the houses within. | Eng.] Close (klos, 20), a. [compar. CLOSER; superl. CLOS- EST.] [From Lat. clausus, p. p. of claudere, to shut.] 1. Shut fast; closed; tight. 2. Pent up; confined; secret ; retired. 3. Stagnant ; opppressive ; without mo- tion or ventilation. 4, Secretive; reticent; taciturn. 5. Parsimonious ; niggardly ; penurious. 6. Dense ; solid ; compact. 7. Adjoining ; near. 8. Intimate ; familiar ; confidential. 9. Adhering to a rule or stand- ard ; strict. 10» Accurate ; careful ; precise. 11, Evenly balanced ; doubtful. Close communion, with Baptists, communion in the Lord's supper, restricted to those who have received baptism by im- mersion. — Close corporation, a body or corporation which fills its own vacancies, and is not open to the public. — Close vowel (Pron.), one which is pronounced with a diminished aperture of the lips, or with contraction of the cavity of the mouth. Close, adv. In a close manner or state. Close'-tood'ied, a. Fitting the body exactly. Close'-f ist/ed, a. Covetous ; niggardly. Close'-hauled (-hawld), a. (Naut.) Kept as near as possible to the point from which the wind blows. Close'ly, adv. In a close manner. Close'ness, n. The state of being close. Clog'er, n. One who, or that which, closes ; a finisher. Close'-stobl, n. A stool or box, in which a chamber vessel is placed, for the sick. Clog'et, n. [0. Fr. closet, dim. of clos, an inclosure.] 1, A small room for retirement or privacy. 2, A small, close apartment, in the side of a room, for utensils, arti- cles of furniture, &c. Clog'et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CLOSETED; p.pr. & vb. n. closeting.] 1. To shut up in a closet. 2. To take into a private room for consultation. Clog'ure (klo'zhur), n. [Lat. clausura, from claudere, to shut.] 1. Act of shutting ; a closing. 2, That which closes or shuts. 3. That which incloses or confines ; an inclosure. 4. End; conclusion. Clot, it. [See Clod.] A concretion, especially of a soft, slimy character ; a coagulation. Clot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. CLOTTED; p. pr. & vb. n. clotting.] 1, To concrete or coagulate, as soft or fluid matter. 2. To he formed into clots or clods. 3 . To become gross. Cloth (21), n. [A.-S. clcLdh. The pi. is regular, cloths; hut when it signifies garments, it is written clothes.] 1, A stuff of some fibrous material, formed by weaving. 2, A piece of such a fabric appropriated to some particular use. 3. A profession, or the members of it, especially the clerical profession. Clothe, v . t. [imp. & p. p. CLOTHED or CLAD ; p. pr. & vb. n. CLOTHING.] [A.-S. cladhjan, D. kleeden, Icel. klaedha, Dan. klaede, Sw. klae.da, Ger. kleiden. See supra.] 1. To put garments upon. 2. To furnish with raiment. 3. To cover or invest, as with a garment. Clothe, v. i. To wear clothes. Clotheg (klothz, colloq. kloz), «. ; pi. of cloth. 1. Cover- ing for the human body. 2. Covering of a bed. Syn. — Garments ; dress ; apparel ; attire ; vesture ; rai- ment ; garb. Clotheg'- wring'er (-rmg'er), n. A machine for wring- ing or pressing water from clothes after they have been washed. Cloth'ier (kloth/yer), n. 1. One who makes cloths. [Eng.] 2. One who sells cloth. 3. One who dresses or fulls cloth. [Amer.] Cloth'ing, n. Garments in general ; clothes ; dress ; raiment ; covering. Clot'ty, a. Full of clots, or small, hard masses. Cloud, n. [Prob. from A.-S. clhd, a rock or hillock, as clouds frequently resemble rocks or hillocks.] 1. A col- lection of visible vapor suspended in the atmosphere. food, fdbt •, urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -call, echo ; gem, get ; ag ; egist ; linger, link ; this. CLOUD 128 COADVENTURER 2. A mass or volume of smoke, or flying dust, resem- bling vapor. 3. A dark vein or spot, as in marble. 4. That which has a dark, lowering, or threatening as- pect. 5. A great crowd or multitude. Cloud, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CLOUDED ; p.pr. & vb. n. clouding-.] 1. To overspread with clouds. 2. To render dark or obscure. 3. To variegate with colors. ■Cloud, v. i. To grow cloudy or obscure. [clouds. Cloud'-eapt, a. Capped with clouds ; touching the Cloud'-eom-peFling, a. Collecting or driving clouds. Cloud'i-ly, adv. With clouds ; darkly ; obscurely. Cloud'i-ness, n. The state of being cloudy. Cloud'less, a. Being without a cloud ; unclouded. Cloud'y, a. [compar. CLOUDIER; superl. cloudiest.] 1. Overcast or obscured with clouds ; clouded. 2. Con- sisting of a cloud or clouds. 3. Lacking clearness, brightness, or luster. 4. Not easily understood. 5. Having the appearance of gloom ; not open or cheerful. 6. Marked with veins or spots, as marble. Clotigh (kluf ), n. [A.-S.,from cleofan, rib/an, &c. See CLEAVE, v. t.] A narrow valley between two hills. Clough (klof ), n. 1. An allowance of two pounds in every hundred weight, after tare and tret have been de- ducted. 2. A kind of sluice for letting off water. Clout, n. [A.-S. cliit.] 1, A piece of cloth, leather, &c , used for a patch. 2. The center of the butt at which archers shoot. 3. An iron plate on an axletree. 4. [0. Fr. clouet, dim. of clou, from Lat. clavus, nail.] A small nail. 5. A blow with the hand. [Low.] Clout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. clouted; p. pr. & vb. n. clouting.] [A.-S. cliit jan, from cliit.] 1. To cover with cloth or other material ; to patch •, to mend, 2. To join in a clumsy manner. 3. To guard with an iron plate. 4. To strike. [Low.] Clout'-nail, n. 1. A nail used for securing small patches of iron, &c. 2. A nail with a large head for the soles of shoes. Clove, n. [From Lat. clavus, nail, fr. its likeness to a nail.] 1. A very pungent aromatic spice, the unexpand- ed flower-bud of the clove-tree. 2. [A.-S. clufe, from cleofan, cliifan, to cleave, split.] (Bot.) One of the small bulbs developed in the axils of the scales of a large bulb. Clove'«*gIl'ly-flow-er, n. (Bot.) A species of pink, bearing a beautiful flower ; — called also carnation pink and clove-pink. Clove'-hitch, n. (Naut.) A hitch formed with a rope, leaving the ends to reach out in contrary directions. Clo'wn (kkVvn), p. p. from cleave. See CLEAVE. Clo'ven-f oot'ed } (27, 108), a. Having the foot or hoof Clo'ven-hoof ed J divided into two parts, as the ox. Clove'- pink, n. The clove-gillyflower or carnation pink. Clo'ver, n. [A.-S. clsfer.] (Bot.) A plant of different species. To live in clover, to live luxuriously, or in abundance. Clown, n. [Contracted from Lat. colonics, husbandman, from colere, to till.] 1„ A husbandman ; a rustic. 2. One who has the manners of a rustic ; an ill-bred man. 3. The fool or buffoon in a play, circus, &c. Clown, v. i. To act as a clown. Clown'ish, a. Of, or relating to, a clown ; like a clown. Syn.— Coarse; rough; clumsy; awkward; ungainly; rude; uncivil; ill-bred; boorish; rustic. Clown'ish-ly, adv. In a clownish manner. Clown'ish-ness, n. Manners of a clown ; rusticity ; incivility ; awkwardness. Cloy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CLOYED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CLOYING.] [0. Fr. doer, Fr. doner, to nail up, fr. Lat. clavus, nail.] To glut, or satisfy ; to satiate ; to surfeit. Club, n. 1. [From 0. H. Ger. chlofon, chlophon, to knock.] A heavy staff or piece of wood, to be wielded with the hand. 2. One of the four suits of cards, hav- ing a figure somewhat like that of the trefoil or clover- leaf ;— generally in the pi. 3. [Either akin to Ger. Hump, lump, mass, crowd, or from A.-S. cleofan, to split, divide, because each one contributes his share to defray expenses.] An association of persons for the pro- motion of some common object. 4. The share of ex- pense in such an association. Club, v.i. 1. To combine for the promotion of some common object. 2. To pay an equal proportion of a common expense. Club,t>. t. [imp. & p. p. clubbed; p. pr. & vb. n. clubbing.] 1. To unite for the accomplishment of a common end. 2. To raise by a proportional assessment. To chib a musket {Mil.), to turn the breech uppermost, so as to use it as a club. ClubHoish, a. Disposed to associate together. Cliib'-f dot (27), n. A short, deformed foot. Cliib'-f obt'ed, a. Having deformed or crooked feet. Club'-house, n. A house occupied by a club. Club'-law, n. Government by clubs, or violence. Club'-room, n. Apartment in which a club meets. Cluck, v. i. [imp. & p. p. clucked ; p. pr. & vb. n. CLUCKING.] [A.-S. cloccan, W. clocian, dwcian, Lat. glocire, Gr. k\u>^siv.] To make the noise of a bi-ooding hen. Cluck, v. t. To call as a hen does her chickens. Cluck, n. (Pron.) A peculiar kind of articulation used by the natives of South Africa ; a click. Clue, n. [See Clew.] 1. A ball of thread. 2. Thread unwound from a ball, used to guide a person in a laby- rinth. 3. Any thing serving to guide or direct. 4. (Naut.) One of the two lower comers of a square-sail. Clump, n. [Ger. Mump, Icel. klumpr, from the roofe klimpa, preserved in M. H. Ger. klimpfen, to press to- gether. Cf. CLUB.] 1. A shapeless mass of wood or other substance. 2. A cluster of trees or shrubs. 3. The compressed clay of coal strata. Cliim'gi-ly, adv. In a clumsy manner ; awkwardly. Clum'gi-ness, n. Quality of being clumsy. Clum'gy, a. [compar. CLUMSIER ; superl. CLUMSIEST.] [From clump, q. v.] 1. Without grace off shape, man- ners, &c. ; unhandy. 2. Ill-made ; badly constructed. Syn. — Awkward; uncouth. See Awkwakd. Clung, imp. & p. p. of cling. See Cling. Clu'ni-a-e, n. (Bed. Hist.) One of a reformed order of Benedictine monks; — so called from Clugni, or Cluny, in France. Cliis'ter, n. [A.-S. cluster, clyster. Cf. Sw. & Dan. klase, a cluster of grapes, and D. klissen, to be entan- gled] 1. A number of things of the same kind grow- ing, joined, or collected together. 2. A number of sim- ilar things collected together, or lying contiguous. 3. A crowd. Cliis'ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. clustered ; p.pr. & vb. n. CLUSTERING.] To grow in clusters ; to gather or unite in a bunch or mass. Cliis'ter, v. t. To collect into a bunch or close body. Cliis'ter-y,a. 1. Growing in clusters. 2. Full of clusters. Clutch, v. t. [imp. 8c p. p. CLUTCHED (khltcht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. CLUTCHING.] [Akin to Ger. kluppe, 0. H. Ger. chluppa, claw, tongs.] 1. To seize, clasp, or gripe with the hand. 2. To close tightly ; to clinch. Clutch, v. i. To catch ; to snatch. Cliitch, n. 1. A gripe; seizure; grasp. 2. (Mach.) (a.) A projecting piece of machinery, for connecting shafts, so as to be disengaged at pleasure, (b.) The cross-head of a piston-rod. 3. pi. The hands ; hence, power ; ra- pacity ; cruelty. Cliit'ter, n. [Cf. 0. Sw. klutlra, to quarrel, W. cluder, heap, pile, from cludaw, to heap.] A confused collection j hence, confusion ; disorder. Cliit'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cluttered ; p. pr. & vb. n. cluttering.] To crowd together in disorder ; io fill with things in confusion. Cliit'ter, v. i. To make a bustle, or fill with confusion. Clyp'e-ate, a. [Lat. clypeatus, p. p. of clypeare, to arm with a shield, from clypeus, clipeus, shield.] (Bot.) Shaped like a round shield ; scutate. Clys'ter, n. [Lat. clyster and clyster ium , Gr. nXvarrfip and KKvorrjptov, dim. of kAvctt^p, from ic\v£eiv, to wash out.] (Med.) A liquid substance injected into the lowez intestines by means of a syringe. Coach (20), n. [From Lat. conchula, dim. of concha, muscle-shell, vessel, Gr. Koyxn, muscle, cockle, Skr. gankha.] A large, close, four-wheeled carriage, for pur- poses of state, for pleasure, and for traveling. Coach, v. t. To convey in a coach. Coach'-box, n. Seat or. which the driver of a coach sits. Coach'ee, n. A coachman. [Slang.] Coach'man, n. The person who drives a coach. Co-ae'tion, n. [Lat. coactio, from coactere, to force, intens. form of cogere, from con and agere, to drive.] Force ; compulsion. Co-aet'ive, a. 1. Serving to compel or constrain. 2. Acting in concurrence. [ing or operating. Co-ad'ju-tant, or Co'ad-ju'tant, a. Mutually assist- Co'ad-ju'tor, n. 1. One who aids another. 2. One who is empowered or appointed to perform the duties of another. Syn. — Assistant; ally; fellow-helper; associate; partaerj colleague; collaborator; co-worker. Co'ad-ju'trix, n. A female assistant. Co'ad-vfint'ur-er, n. A fellow -adventurer. Cliib'bist, n. One who belongs to a club. [Rare.] a,e,&c, long; a,6,&c.,5Aor«/ care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, COAGENT 129 COCK Co-a/gent, n. An assistant or associate ; co-worker. Co-ag'u-la-ble, a. Capable of being coagulated. Co-ag'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p.p. coagulated ; p. pr. & vb. 11. COAGULATING.] [Lat. coagulare, from cogere, coactum, to drive together.] To cause to change into a curd-like state ; — said of liquids. Co-ag'u-late, v. i. To undergo coagulation. Syn.— To thicken; concrete; curdle. Co-ag'u-la'tion, n. Act of curdling, or changing from a liquid to a thickened, semi-solid state. [iation. Co-ag'u-la-tlve, a. Having the power to cause coagu- Co-ag'u-la/tor, n. That wnich causes coagulation. ■€o-ay'u-lum,n. [Lat., from cogere, coactum. See Co- agulate.] A coagulated mass, as curd. Coal, n. [A.-S. col or colt, 0. II. Ger. chol, cholo, akin to Lat. calere, to be hot, to glow.] 1. Wood charred, or partially burnt; charcoal. 2. (Min.) A black, solid, combustible substance, consisting mainly of carbon, found embedded in the earth, and used for fuel. To carry coals, to submit to degradation or insult. — To carry coals to Newcastle, to do something superfluous or unneces- sary ; to lose one's labor. — To haul over the coals, to scold or call to account. Coal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. coaled; p. pr. & vb. n. coaling.] 1. To burn to coal; to char. 2. To mark with charcoal. 3. To supply with coal. Coal, v. i. To take in coal ; — said of steam-vessels. Coal'er-y, n. A place where coal is dug. Co'a-lesce' (ko'a-les'), v. i. [imp. & p. p. coalesced (ko'a-lesf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. COALESCING.] [Lat. coa- lesces, from co, for con, and alescere, to grow up, inchoa- tive form of alere, to nourish, akin to olescere, olere, to grow.] 1. To grow together; to unite into one body or mass. 2. To unite in society, in a more general sense. Co'a-les'cence, n. Act of coalescing; union. Co'a-les'cent, a. Growing together ; uniting. Coal'-field, n. A region where coal abounds. Coal'-heav'er, n. One who is employed in discharging coal from ships. Co'a-ll'tion (-lish'un), n. [L. Lat. coalitio. See Coa- lesce.] 1. Union in a body or mass. 2. A temporary combination of persons, parties, or states having differ- ent interests. Syn. — Alliance; confederation; confederacy; league; com- bination; conjunction; conspiracy. Coal'-meas/iire (-mezh'ur), n. 1. The measure used in ascertaining the quantity of coal. 2. pi. ( Geol.) Strata of coal with the attendant recks. Coal'-me / ter, n. One appointed to measure coals. Coal' -pit, n. 1. A pit where coal is dug. 2. A place where charcoal is made. [Amer.] Coal'- s-eiit' tie, n. A utensil for holding coal. Coal'-tar, n. A thick, viscid substance, obtained by the distillation of bituminous coal. Coal'-whip'per, n. One who raises coal out of the hold of a ship. [Eng.] Coal'y, a. Pertaining to, i-esembling, or containing coal. Coam'ingg, n. pi. (Naut.) The raised borders or edges of the hatches. [Written also combings.'] Co'ap-ta/tion, n. [Lat. coaptatio, from co, for con, and aptare, to adapt.] Adaptation of parts to each other. Coarse, a. [compar. coarser; superl. coarsest.] [As this word was anciently written course, or cours, it may be an abbrev. of of course, in the common man- ner of proceeding, common, and hence, homely, made for common domestic use, plain, rude, rough, gross.] 1. Large in bulk, or composed of large parts. 2. Not re- fined or nice. Syn.— Gross; rude; rough; unpolished; indelicate. Coarsely, adv. Without fineness or refinement. Coarse'ness, n. Quality or state of being coarse. Coast, n. [From Lat. costa, rib, side.] 1. The exterior line, or border of a country. [ Obs.] 2. Edge or margin of the land next to the sea; sea-shore Coast, v. i. [imp. & p. p. coasted; p. pr. & vb. n. coasting.] 1. To approach. [Obs.] 2. To sail by or near a coast. 3. To sail from port to port in the same country. 4. To slide down a hill on a sled, upon snow or ice. [Amer.] Coasting trade, trade carried on between the different ports of the same country, as distinguished from foreign trade. Coast'er, n. A person or vessel that sails along a coast trading from port to port. Coast'-line, n. The outline of a coast ; shore-line. Coast'wige, adv. By way of, or along, the coast. Coat (20), n. [0. Fr. cote, Sp. coin, It. cotta, fr. L. Lat. cota, cotta, cottus, tunic, mattress.] 1. An outer gar- ment worn by men over the waistcoat. 2. The habit or vesture of an order of men. 3. An external cover- ing, like a garment, as the fur or hair of a beast. 4. A layer of any substance covering another ; a tegument. 5. That on which ensigns armorial are portra3ed. Coat of Arms, {Her.) (a.) A habit formerly worn by knights over their armor, (ft.) An armorial device.— Coat of mail, a, piece of armor covering the upper portion of the body, con- sisting of a net-work of iron rings. Coat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. coated; p. pr. & vb. n. COATING.] To cover with a coat. Coat'-ar'mor, n. Coats of arms ; armorial ensigns. Coat'-eard, n. A card bearing a coated figure ; viz., the king, queen, or knave. Coat-ee', n. A coat with short flaps. Coat'ing, n. 1. Any substance employed as a cover or protection. 2. Cloth for coats. Coax (20), v. t. [imp. & p. p. coaxed (kokst); p. pr. & vb. n. COAXING.] [Cf. 0. Eng. cokes, fool, W. coeg, empty, foolish ; Lat. cocio, broker, haggler, coquus. cook and thief (Plautus), hence L. Lat.' coquinus, Fr. co- quin, knave, rogue.] To persuade by a gentle, insin- uating courtesy, flattering, or fondling. Syn. — To wheedle ; flatter; soothe; fawn. Coax'er, n. A wheedler ; a flatterer. Cob, n. [A.-S. cop or copp, Gr. kv^yj, W. cob, cop.] 1. The top or head ; hence, that which is large, round, &c. 2. A person in some way at the top, or distinguished ; a rich, covetous person. 3. A lump or piece of any thing, as of coal or stone. 4. A spider. 5. A short-legged and stout variety of horse. [Eng.] 6. The spike on which the grains of maize grow. [Amer.] Co'balt, n. [From M. H. Ger. kobolt, goblin, L. Lat. cobalus, from Gr. /c6/3aAo?, knave; so called because a poisonous metal and troublesome to miners.] (Metal.) A metal of a reddish-gray color, brittle, and difficult of fusion. Its oxides are used in the manufacture of glass, to produce the blue varieties called smalt. Co-balt'i«, a. Pertaining to cobalt. Cob'ble, n. A kind of fishing-boat. See COBLE. Cob'ble )(20), n. [From cob, 3. Also called Cob'ble- stone j cobstone.] A rounded fragment, aa of stone, coal, &c. ; a cob. Cob'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. COBBLED; p. pr. & vb. n. COBBLING.] [From Lat. copu'.are, to couple, join.] 1. To make or mend coarsely, as shoes. 2. To make or do bunglingly. Cob'bler, n. 1. A mender of shoes. 2. A clumsy workman. 3. A beverage composed cf wine, sugar, lemon, and ice finely broken up. Cob'le (kob'l), n. [A.-S. cuople. Cf. Ger. kobcl, Mibel, coop, tub.] A boat used in the herring fishery. Cob'niit, n. 1. A large nut. 2. (a.) A child's game played with nuts, (b.) The winniDg nut i:i the game. ■Go'brd de -ea-pel'lo. [Pg., serpent cf the hood.] ( Zool.) The hooded snake, a highly venomous reptile inhabit- ing the East Indies. Cob'stone, n. Same as Cobble. Cob'web, ti. [From cob, 4, and iveb, q. v.] 1, A spider's web or net. 2. Any snare or device intended to entrap. Coe-agne' (kok-an'), n. [From It. cucca, dainties, sweet- meats, Prov. Fr. couque, Catal. coca, cake, from Lat. coquere, to cook; because it was imagined that tho houses in this country were covered with cakes.] 1. An imaginary country of idleness, luxury, and delight. 2. The land of cockneys ; — a term applied to London and its suburbs. Coe-cifer-oiis, a. [Lat. coccum, Gr. kokkos, a berry, and l&t. fcrre, to bear.] Bearing or producing berries- Cocli'i-neal, n. [Dim. of Lat. coccum, Gr. kokkos, berry, esp. the kermes-berry, used to dye scarlet.] A dye-stuff consisting of the dried bodies of insects, native in Mexico, and found on several species of cactus. Coeb'le-a-ry, ) a. [Lat. cochlear ium, snail-shell, coch. Coeli'le-ate, > lea, snail, screw, Gr. KoxAia?, from Cocb'le-a/ted, ) koxAos, a shell-fish with a spiral shell; Lat. cochleatus, spiral.] (Nat. Hist.) Having the form of a snail-shell ; spiral ; turbinated. Cock, 11. [A.-S. coc, or cocc, Fr. coq.] 1. The male of birds, particularly of domestic fowls. 2. A vane in the shape of a cock; a weathercock. 3. A chief man; a leader. [Humorous.] 4. An instrument to let out liquor from a cask, &c. ; a spout. 5. Act of turning or of setting up ; also the form produced by such an act. 6. That part of the lock of a fire-arm which holds the flint in a flint-lock, or is the hammer of a percussion- lock. 7. Style of a dial. 8. A small conical pile of hay. food, foot; flrn, rude, pu.ll 9 cell, chaise, -eall, e-eho; gem, get; a§; exist; linger, link ; this. COCK 130 COEVAL Cock-a-hoop, or cock-on-the-hoop, [Fr. huppe, a crest on the head of birds.] triumphant; exulting.— Cock and bull, a tedi- ous, trifling, or exaggerated story. ■Cock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cocked (kokt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. cocking.] 1. To set erect ; to turn up. 2. To turn up the brim of, as of a hat. 3. To place upon the head in a manner indicating jauntiness or pertness. 4. To set up in small conical piles, as hay. 5. To draw back the cock, in order to lire. Cock-ade', n. [Fr. cocarde, from coq, cock, from its re- semblance to the crest of a cock.] A knot of ribbons, or something similar, worn on the hat, as a badge or s.> mbol. Cock'a-too', n. [From Malayan kakatua.] (Ornith.) A bird of the parrot kind, having the head ornamented with a tuft of feathers, or crest, which can be raised or depressed at pleasure. Cock'a-trice , n. [0. Fr. cocatrice, crocodile, from coq, cock; L. Lat. cocatrix, basilisk.] The basilisk; a fab- ulous serpent, produced from a cock's egg brooded by a serpent. Its breath, and even its look, was fatal. Cock'bill, n. (Naut.) Position of the anchor, when suspended perpendicularly from the cat-head, ready to be let go in a moment. Cock'-fooat, n. A small boat of a ship. Cock'-cliaf'er, n. (Entom.) An insect called also may-bug, or dor-beetle. Cock'-erow, In. The time at which cocks crow; Cock'-crow'ing, j early morning. €6ck'er,i-. t. [imp. &,p. p. cockered ; p.pr. & vb. n. cockering.] [Prov. Eng.,to crow like a cock, to boast ; hence, to be wanton and to make wanton.] To treat with tenderness ; to fondle ; to indulge ; to pamper. Cock'er, n. 1. One who follows cock-fighting. 2. A kind of rustic half-boot. 3. A dog of the spaniel kind, used for starting up woodcocks and other game. Cock'er el, n- A young cock. Cock'et, it. 1. (Eng. Law.) A custom-house certifi- cate that goods have been duly entered and have paid duty. 2. An office in a custom-house, where goods in- tended for export arc entered. eg?" The* name is thought to be a corruption of quo quietus, words which occur in the Latin form of the certificate. Cock'-fight(-ilt), ) n. A match or contest of game- Cock'-fight'ing, J cocks. Cock'-korse, n. A child's rocking-horse. Coek'le (kok'l), n. [A. S. cocc.el, cocel, or code, Ir. & Gael. cogal, cagal.] 1. (Bot.) (a). A plant or weed that grows among corn ; the corn-rose, (b.) The darnel. 2. [From Latin conchylium, Gr. Koyx^'Aioi/, a muscle or cockle, from KoyxvAi), K-oyxq, a muscle or cockle.] ( Conch.) A kind of bivalve shell fish having a corrugated shell. CQck'le, v. t. To contract into wrinkles resembling the ridges of the cockle-shell. Coek'le, v. i. To take the form of wrinkles or ridges. Cock'ler, n. One who takes and sells cockles. Cock'le-shell, n- The shell cr covering of a cockle. Cock'le-stairg (4), n. pi. Winding or spiral stairs. Cock'-loft (21), ii. The top-loffc ; the upper room. Cock'-maicli, n. A match of cocks ; a cock-fight. Ctick'ney, n. ; pi. cock'neyr. [0. Eng. cokenay, from cockeney, cokaygne. Cf. Cocagne.] 1. An effem- inate person. 2. A resident of the city of London. Cock'raey, a. Eclated to, or like, cockneys. C6ek'ney-igm, n. The condition, qualities, manners, or dialect of a cockney. Cock'pit, n. 1. An area, where game-cocks fight. 2. (Naut.) A room near the after hatchway, under the lower gun- deck. Cock'roach, n. (Entom.) An insect of several species, having a long, flattish body, with large, thin wing-cases. It is very troublesome, infesting houses and €ocks'comb(-kom),)i. 1. The caruncle or comb of a cock. 2. (Bot.) A plant of different genera. 3. A fop, or vain, silly fellow. See Coxcomb. Cock'spur, 11. 1. The spur on the leg of a cock. 2. (Bot.) A variety of haw- thorn. Cock'swain (colloq. kbVsn), n. [See Swain.] (Naut.) The person who steers or pulls the after oar in a boat. ■Co'coa (ko'ko), n. [Sp. and Pg. coco, It. cocco. Cf. Gr. kovki, cocoa-palm and its fruit, Koi'f, k6ikos, an Egyptian kind of palm, and kokkcs, kernel, berry.] 1. ( Bot.) A palm-tree producing the cocoa-nut. It Cocoa-tree. grows in nearly all tropical countries, attaining a height of sixty or eighty feet.- 2. [Corrupted from cacao.] A Cod. beverage made from the crushed kernels of the chocolate tree. See Cacao. Co-coon', n. [Fr. cocon, dim. of coque, shell of eggs and insects, from Lat. concha, muscle-shell.] 1. An ob- long case in which the silkworm lies in its chrysalis state. t£. The case constructed by any insect to contain its larve. [and forming cocoons. Co-coon'er-y, n. A place for silk-worms, when feeding Coe'tile, a. [Lat. coctiiis, from coquere, to cook, bake.] Made by baking, or exposing to heat, as a brick. C6«'tion,n. [Lat. coctio. See supra.] 1. Act of boiling. 2. (Med.) The alteration experienced by morbific matter before elimination. Cod, n. [A.-S. codd, small bag, W. cod, cwd, bag, shell.] 1. Any husk or envelope containing seeds ; a pod. 2. The scrotum. Cod, n. [Ger. gadde.] (Ichth.) A species of fish inhabiting the northern seas, and especi- ^ ally the Banks of Newfound- land, in immense quantities. Cod'dle, v. t. [imp. & p.p. coddled ; p. pr. & vb. n. CODDLING.] [Probably from Lat. coquere, coctum, to cook.] 1. To parboil. 2. To treat with tenderness. Code, n. [From Lat. codex, or caadex, the stock of a tree, a tablet of wood for writing on, hence book, writing.] An orderly collection, systern, or digest of laws. -Co'deop, n. ; pi. cud'i-pe^. [Lat. See Code.] A man- uscript ; a book ; a cede. Cod'ger, n. [Either from A.-S. codd, scrip, bag ; hence, one who labors to fill his purse ; or a corruption cf cot- tager] 1. A covetous or mean person ; a cuimudgeon. 2. A singular or odd old person. Cod'i-cil, n. [Lat. codicillus, dim. of codex. Sec Code.] A supplement to a will. Co'di-ii-ca'tion, n. [Sec Codify.] Act or process of reducing laws to a code or system. Co'di-f y, v. t. [imp. & p.p. codified ; p. pr. & vb. n. CODIFYING.] [Lat. codex, code, and facerc, to make.] To reduce to a code pr digest, as laws. Cod'lin, ) n. An immature apple ; a kind of cocking Cod'ling, ) apple. Co'-ef-fl'cien-cy, n. Co-operation ; joint efficiency. Co'-ef-fl'eient (-iish'ent, C3), a. Co-operating ; acting in union to the same end Co'-ef-il'cient, n. 1. That which unites in action with something elf c to produce the same effect. 2. (Math.) A number or known quantity put before letters or quan- tities, known cr unknown, to show how many times they are to be taken. Coe'liorn, n. (Mil.) A small bronze mortar, so named from its inventor, Baron L'ochorn. Coe'li^ae, I a. [Lat. cceliacus, Gr. /coiAkxkos, from noi\La, £e'li-a,-e, ) the belly, from koiAos, hollow.] Pertaining to the belly, or to the intestinal canal. Co-emp'tion (82), n. [Lat. coemptio, from co, for con, and cmere, to buy.] Act of purchasing the whole quan- tity of any commodity. Co-e'qual, a. Equal with another person or thing ; of the same rank, dignity, or power. Co-e'qual, ft. One who is equal to another. Co 7 -e-quaFi-ty , n. State of being co-equal ; equality in rank, dignity, or power. Coerce' (14), v. t. [imp. & p.p. coerced; p. pr. & vb. n. COERCING.] [Lat. coercere, from co, for con, and arcere, to shut up.] To restrain by force ; to constrain; to repress. Syn. — To compel. — Coerce had at first only the negative sense of checking or restraining by force, as, to coerce subjects within the bounds cf law; it has now also gained a positive sense, that of driving forward or compelling, as, to coerce the performance of a contract. Co-er'ci-lble, a. Capable of being, or deserving to be, coerced. Co-er'cion (14, 03), n. Act or process of compelling or restraining; restraint. [compulsory. Co-er'cive, a. Compelling, or having power to compel; Co'-es-een'tial, a. Partaking of the same essence. Co'-es-een'ti-SI'i-ty (-shl-aP-), n. Participation of the same essence. Co'e-ta'ne-cus, a. [Lat. coaetaheus, from co, for con, and sctas, age.] Of the same age ; beginning to exist at the same time. Co'-e-ter'nal (14), a. Equally eternal. Co'-e-ter'ni-ty, n. Equal eternity with another. Co-e'val, a. [Lat. cosevus, from co, for con, and ,w«m, lifetime, age, Gr. aluv ] Of the same age ; of equal age. a, e, &c.,long; a, e, Sec, short; care, far, ask, aH, what ; 6re, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, dg, wolf, COEVAL 131 COIGNE Coffee. Co-e'val, n. One of the same age. Co'-ex-ist', v. i. [imp. & p. p. co-EXISTED ; p.pr. & vb. n. co-existing.] To exist at the same time. Co'-ex-Ist'ence, n. Existence at the same time with another. [other. Co'-ex-ist'ent, a. Existing at the same time -with an- Co'- ex-tend', i>. t. [imp. & p.p. co-extended: p.pr. & vb. n. co-extendin&.] To extend through the same space with another. Co'-ex-ten'sion, n. Equal extension. [extent. €o'-ex ten'slve, a. Equally extensive; having equal Coffee, 11. [From Ar. qaliuah, or qahoeh, which the Turks pro- nounce qahveh, wine, coffee, a coffee house.] 1. The berries of a tree growing in Arabia, Persia, and the warm climates of Asia and America. Each berry con- tains two kernels of coffee. 2. A drink made from the roasted berry of the coffee- tree, by decoc- tion. •Coffee-house, n. A house of entertainment, where guests are supplied with coffee and other refreshments. Coffee-mill, n. A small mill for grinding coffee. ■Coffee-pot, n. A covered pot in which coffee is boiled, or in which it is brought upon the table for drinking. Coffer, n. [From Lat. cophinus, Gr. ko^ivos, basket.] 1. A chest j especially, one for money. 2. {Arch.) A sunken panel. 3. [Fort.) A hollow work across a dry moat, serv- ing as a parapet with embrasures. 4. A. lock for re- ceiving a barge. Coffer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. COFFERED ; p. pr. & vb. n. coffering.] To place in a coffer. Coffer-dam, n. (Engin.) An inclosure or box of tim- ber placed in the bed of a river, or some like position, for the purpose of excluding the water during the construc- tion of piers and similar works ; the water is pumped out of the box, leaving the bottom dry. Coffin, n. [From Lat. cophinus. See Coffer.] 1. The case in which a dead human body is inclosed for burial. 2. (Far.) The hollow part of a horse's hoof. 3. (Print.) A wooden frame inclosing the stone on which forms are imposed. C6ffin, v. t. [imp. & p.p. coffined ; p.pr. & vb. n. coffining.] To put into, or inclose in, a coffin. Coffin-bone, n. ( Far. ) The foot-bone of a horse, which is inclosed within the hoof. Cof fie (kofil), n. [Ar. kafala, caravan.] A gang of slaves going to market. Cog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. COGGUD ; p. pr. & vb. n. COG- GING.] [Cf. Coax.] 1. To wheedle; to deceive. 2. To thrust in, by deception. Cog, v. i. To deceive ; to cheat ; to wheedle. Cog, n. [Sw. kugg, kugge. Cf. W. cog, pi. cocos, a short piece of wood, the cog of a wheel.] A tooth or pro- jection on a wheel, by which it receives or imparts motion. Cog, v. t. To fix a cog upon ; to furnish with cogs. Cog, )n. [Icel. koggr, koggi, W. eweh.] A boat; a Cog'gle,/ fishing-boat. [gen' y ; force. Co'gen-cy, n. Power of constraining or impelling ; ur- Co'gent, a. [Lat. cogens, p. pr. of cogere, to force.] 1. Having great force. [Rare.] 2. Pressing on the mind ; not easily resisted. ; Syii. — Forcible ; powerful ; urgent ; convincing ; conclu- sive; irresistible ; resistless. Co'gent-ly, adv. With urgent force ; forcibly. C6g'i-ta-ble, a. Capable of being made the subject of thought or meditation. Cog'i-tate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. cogitated ; p. pr. & vb. n. COGITATING.] [Lat. cogitare, to think, from co, for con, and agitare, to agitate, q. v.] To engage in con- tinuous thought ; to reflect. [tion ; contemplation. Cog'i-ta'tion, n. Act of thinking ; thought ; medita- Cog'i-ta'tlve, a. 1. Possessing, or pertaining to, the power of thinking or meditation. 2. Given to thought ; contemplative. Cog'nae (k5n'yak), n. A kind of French brandy, so called from a town of that name. [Written also, but improper- ly, Cogniac] Cog'nate, a. [Lat. cognatus, from co, for con, and gnatus, for natus, p. p. of nasci, anciently gnasci, to be born.] 1. Allied by blood or birth. 2. Kindred in origin, formation, &c. Cog'nate, n. 1. (Law.) (a.) One connected with an- other by ties of kindred, (b.) One related to another on the female side. 2. One of a number of things which are allied in origin. Cog-na'tion, n. 1. Relation by descent from the same original ; kindred. 2. Participation of the same nature. 3. (Law.) Relationship existing between persons de- scended from the same father and mother. Cdl'ni-lJe'l } n - See Cogn izor, COGNIZEE. Cog-ni'tion(-n!sh / un), n. [Lat. cognitio. See COGNIZE.] 1. Act of knowing, by any means. 2. An object known. Cog'ni-tive, a. Knowing, or apprehending by the un- derstanding. Cog'ni-za-ble (kog'nT-za-bl or k5n'T-za-bl), a. 1. Ca- pable of being known, or apprehended. 2. Fitted to be a subject of judicial investigation. Cog'ni-zance (kog'ni-zans or kon'i-zans), n. 1. Knowl- edge or notice ; perception ; observation ; recognition. 2. Judicial knowledge or jurisdiction. 3. (Law.) An acknowledgment or confession. 4. A badge worn by * retainer or dependent, to indicate the person or party to which he belongs. [cognizance or knowledge of. Cog'ni-zant (kog'nT-zant or kon'I-zant), a. Having Cdg'nlze, v. t. [Lat. cognoscere, to know, from co, for con, and noscerc, anciently gnoscere, to get a knowledge of.] To recognize ; to perceive. Cog'ni-zee' (k.^g'ni-zS' or kon'I-ze'), n. (Law.) One to whom a fine of land is acknowledged. Cog'ni-zor' (kog'ni-zor' or kon'I-zor'), n. (Law.) One who acknowledges the right of the plaintiff or cognizee in a fine ; the defendant. -Cog-no' men, n. [Lat., from co, for con, and nomen, name, anciently gnomen, from gnoscere, noscere.] A sur- name ; the last of the three names of an individual among the ancient Romans, denoting his house or family. Cog-nom'i-nal, a. Pertaining to a surname. Cog-nom/i-na'tion, n. [Lat. cognominatio.] A sur- name ; a name given from any accident or quality. -€orj'nos-cen'te, n. ; pi. COG' NOS-pEN'Ti. [0. It. See Cognition.] One who knows; a connoisseur; — usually in the pi. Cog-nos'ci-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being cognoscible. Cog-nos'^i-ble, a. 1. Capable of being known. 2. Liable to judicial cognizance. -Coff-no'vit, 11. [Lat., he acknowledges, 3 pers. perf., ind. act. of cognoscere.] (Law.) An acknowledgment by a de- fendant of the justice of a plaintiff's claim. Cog'- wheel, n. A wheel with cogs or teeth. Co-hab'it, v. i. [imp. & p.p. cohabited ; p. pr. & vb. n. COHABITING.] [Lat. cohabitare, from co, for con, and habitare, to dwell.] 1. To dwell with; to inhabit or reside in the same place or country. [Obs.] 2. To live together as husband and wife. [the same place. Co-hab'it-ant, n. One who dwells with another, or in Co-hab'it-a'tion, n. 1. Act or state of dwelling to- gether. 2. The state of living together as man and wife. Co-heir' (ko-ar', 13), n. A joint-heir. Co-heir'ess (ko-fir'es), n. A joint heiress. Co-here', v. i. [imp. & p. p. cohered ; p. pr. & vb. n. COHERING.] [Lat. cohxrere, from co, for con, andhierere, to stick, adhere.] 1. To stick together. 2. To be well connected ; to follow regularly in the natural order. Syn. — To cleave; unite; adhere; stick; suit; agree; fit. Co-her'ence, \n. 1. A sticking or cleaving together. Co-her'en-cy , j 2. Suitable connection or dependence ; consistency. Co-her'ent, a. 1. Sticking together. 2. Connected by some relation or agreement of form, order, &c. ; con- sistent. Co-her'ent-ly, adv. In a coherent manner. Co-he'§ion, n. [See Cohere.] 1. Act of sticking to- gether ; the attraction by which the particles of homo- geneous bodies unite together. 2. A state of connection or dependence. Co-he'srve, a. Having the power of sticking or cohering. | Co-be'sive-ness, n. Quality of being cohesive. | Co'horn, 11. See Coehorn. Co'hort, n. [Lat. cohors. See Court.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A body of about five or six hundred soldiers. 2. Any band or body of warriors. Coif, n. [From 0. H. Ger. kuppa, Tcuppha, kuphja, miter, akin to Lat. cuppa, rupa, tub.] A kind of covering for the head ; a cap. Coifed (koift), a. Wearing a coif. Coiffure, n. [Fr. See CoiF.] A head-dress. Coigne(koin),7i. [SeeQuoiN.] 1. A corner or external angle; a corner-stone. 2. A wedge. [Written also coin and quoin.] food, f o~ot ; urn, rude, pull ; fell, chaise, -call, eeho ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this- COIL 132 COLLECTOR Coil, v. t. Jimp. & p.p. COILED ; p. pr. & vb. n. COIL,- j ING.] [From Lat. colligere, from con and legere, to gather, collect.] To wind in rings, as a rope. Coil, n. 1. The ring, or series of rings, into which a rope or other like thing is wound. 2. A noise ; tumult. Coin, n. [Lat. cuneus, wedge.] 1. A corner or external angle. [See CoiGNE.] 2. A wedge for raising, lowering, fastening, or leveling any thing, as a cannon or a prin- ter's form. 3. A piece of metal on which certain charac- ters are stamped, making it legally current as money. 4. That which serves for payment or recompense. Rustic coins, stones jutting from a wall, for new buildings to be joined to. Coin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. COINED ; p.pr. & vb. n. COIN- ING.] 1. To stamp and convert into money, as a piece of metal ; to mint. 2. To make or fabricate. Coin'age, n. 1. Act or art of coining. 2. Money coined. 3. Expense of coining. 4. Act or process of forming ; formation ; invention ; fabrication. Co'in-cide', v. i. [imp. & p. p. coincided ; p. pr. & vb. n. COINCIDING.] [L. Lat. coincidere, from Lat. co, for con, and i?iciclere, from in and cadere, to fall.] 1. To fall together; to agree in position. 2. To corres- pond ; to be identical. Co-in'ci-dence, n. 1. Act or condition of falling to- gether; agreement in position. 2. Agreement or con- currence, especially the concurrence of events at the same time. [responding. Co-in'ci-dent, a. Having coincidence ; agreeing ; cor- Co'in-cid'er, n. One who, or that which, coincides. Coin'er, n. 1. One who makes coin ; a minter. 2. An inventor or maker, as of words. Co-I'tion (ko-Ish'un), n. [Lat. coitio. from coire, to come together, from co, for con, and ire, to go.] Sexual inter- course; copulation. Coke, n. [Akin to cook and cake; L. Ger. koke, Catalan coca.] Mineral coal charred, or deprived by fire of ex- traneous or volatile matter. Coke, v. t. To convert into coke. C61'an-der, n. [Lat. colum, a strainer.] A vessel with a bottom perforated with little holes for straining liquors. Col'eo-thar, n. [N. Lat. calcothar, a word introduced by Paracelsus, perh. of Ar. origin.] ( Chem.) The brown- red oxide of iron remaining after the calcination of the sulphate of iron ; — used for polishing glass, &c. Cold, a. [compar. colder; supert. COLDEST.] [A.-S. cald, ceald, Icel. kaidr, Goth, kalds, from Icel. kala, to blow cold, akin to Lat. gelu, cold, frost, gelare, to freeze.] Destitute of, or deficient in warmth, physical or moral. In cold blood, -without excitement, passion, or compunction; deliberately. — Cold shoulder, deliberate and marked neg- lect or contempt. Syn.— Gelid; bleak; frigid; chill; indifferent ; uncon- cerned; spiritless; reserved; coy. €old, n. 1. Absence of warmth. 2. The sensation produced by the escape of heat ; chilliness or chillness. 3. (Med.) A morbid state of the animal system pro- duced by cold ; a catarrh. €old'-l>16od'ed (-blud'-), a. 1. Having cold blood. 2. Without sensibility or feeling ; hard-hearted. €old'-chis/el, n. A kind of chisel of peculiar strength and hardness, for cutting cold metal. Cold'ly, adv. In a cold manner ; without warmth. Cold'ness, n. Quality of being cold, in a physical or a moral sense. Cold'- short, a. Brittle when cold. Cole, n. [From Lat. colis, caulis, Gr. kcwAos, stalk of a plant, especially a cabbage-stalk, cabbage.] (Bot.) A plant of the cabbage family ; especially the species called also rape, which does not head like the cabbage. Co'le-op'ter-al, \a. [Gr. KoAeoTrrepo?, sheath-winged, Co'le-op'ter'oiifv ) from koAeos, or Kokeov, sheath, and Trrepov, wing, from 7reTo/xax, irriaBai, to fly.] Having wings covered with a case or sheath, as the beetles. Co'le-op'ter-Ist, n. One versed in the study of coleop- terous insects. Cole'- wort (-wiVrt), n. A cabbage cut young, or before the head becomes firm. Col'ie, n. [Gr. kWu/oj (sc. Sidtfecris, state, illness), colic, from its being seated in the colon and parts adjacent. See Colon.] (Med.) An acute pain in the abdomen or bowels, growing more severe at intervals. Col'ick-y, a. Pertaining to colic. Col'i-se'um, n. [N. Lat., from Lat. colosseus, colossal, from colossus, Gr. koAoo-ctos, a gigantic statue.] The am- phitheatre of Vespasian at Rome, the largest in the world. [Written also eolosseum.] Col-lab'o-ra/tor, n. [From Lat. collaborate, from con and laborare, to labor,] An associate in labor, especially literary or scientific ; a co-worker ; an assistant. Col-lapse', v. i. [imp. & p. p. collapsed ; p. pr. & vb. n. COLLAPSING.] [Lat. collabi, collapsum, from con and labi, to fall, slide.] To fall together suddenly, as the two sides of a hollow vessel ; to shrink up. Col-lapse', n. 1. A falling together suddenly, as of the sides of a hollow vessel. 2. (Med.) A sudden failing of the vital powers. - [i n g up , Col-lap'sion, n. A state of falling together, or shrink- Col'lar, n. [From Lat. colhrm, neck.] 1. Something worn round the neck. 2. (Arch.) A ring or cincture; the astragal of a column. 3. (Mech.) A ring-like part of a machine, used commonly for holding something to its place. 4. (Naut.) Ane;c formed in the bight or bend of a shroud, to go over the mast head. Col'lar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. COLLARED ; p.pr. & vb. n. collaring.] 1. To seize by the collar. 2. To put a collar on. Col'lar-ljeam, n. (Arch.) A horizontal piece of timber connecting and bracing two opposite rafters. Col'lar-bonc, n. (An at.) The clavicle; a bone shaped like the mark ~, joined at one end to the breast-bone, and at the other to the shoulder-blade. Col-late', v. t. [imp. & p.p. collated ; p.pr. & vb. n. collating.] [Lat. conferre, collatum, from con and fcrre, latum, to bear.] 1. To compare critically. 2. To gather and place in order, as the sheets of a book for binding. 3. (Eccl.) To present and institute in a bene- fice. 4. To bestow or confer. [bishop. Col-late', v. i. (Ercl.) To place in a benefice, as by a Col-lat'er-al, a. [L. Lat. collaterals, from con and lat- eralis, lateral, from latus, side.] 1. On the side of; subordinately connected; indirect. 2. (Genealogy.) Descending from the same stock or ancestor, but not one from the other. Collateral security, security for the performance of covenants, or the payment of money, besides the principal security. Col-lat'er-al, n. 1. A collateral relation. 2. Security given in addition to a principal promise or bond. Col-lat'er-al-ly, adv. In collateral manner or relation. Col-la'tion, n. 1. Act of bringing together and com- paring. 2. Act of conferring or bestowing. 3. (Eccl. Law.) Presentation of a clergyman to a benefice by a bishop. 4. An unceremonious repast or lunch. Col-la'tive, a. Passing or held by collation. Col-la'tor, n. 1. One who collates or compares manu- scripts or copies cf books. 2. (Eccl. Law.) One who collates to a benefice. Col'league, n. [Lat. collega, one chosen at the same time with another, from colligere, to collect, from con and legere, to gather.] One who is united with another in the discharge of some duty ; a partner or associate. Col-league', v. t. or ?'. To unite with in the same office. Col-le-ct', v. t. [imp. & p.jj. collected ; p.pr. & vb. v. collecting.] [Lat. colligere, collectum. Sec COL- LEAGUE.] 1. To gather into one body or place ; to bring together. 2. To infer as a consequence. To collect, one's self, to recover from surprise, or a disconcerted state; to regain one's composure or self-possession. Syn. — To gather ; assemble; aggregate ; amass; deduce. Col-leet', v. i. 1. To be assembled together; to accu- mulate. 2. To infer ; to conclude. Col'leet, n. A short, comprehensive prayer. ■GdVle-e-ta'ne-d, n. pi. [Lat., things collected, from col- ligere, to collect. See supra.] Passages selected from various authors ; anthology ; chrestomathy. Col'lee-ta'ne-ous, a. Gathered ; collected. Col-leet'ed, a. Not disconcerted ; telf-possessed ; cool; firm ; composed. [of the mind. Col-leet'ed-ness, n. A collected or self-possessed state Col-leet'i-ble, a. Capable of being collected, gathered, or inferred. Col-lee^ion, n. 1. Act of collecting or gathering. 2. That which is gathered. 3. A contribution. Syn.— An assembly; assemblage; group; crowd; meeting; mass; heap; compilation; selection. Col-leet'Ive. a. 1. Formed by gathering; gathered in- to a mass, sum, or body. 2. Deducing consequences. .3. ( Grain.) Expressing a collection or aggregate of indi- viduals. 4. Tending to collect. Col-leet'ive-ly, adv. In a mass, or body ; unitedly. Col-leet'or, n. 1. One who collects or gathers. 2. (Com.) An officer appointed to collect and receive cus- toms, duties, taxes, or toll. fi,e,8cc.,long; a, 6, he, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term ; pique , firm ; son, or. do, wolf, COLLECTORSHIP t €ol-Ie«t'or-ship, ) re. Office or jurisdiction of a col- Col-leet'or-ate, j lector of customs or taxes. Col'lege (47), re. [Lat. collegium, from colli gere , to col- lect.] 1. A collection or society of men. ii. A society of scholars incorporated for purposes of study or instruc- tion. 3. An establishment for the use of students who are acquiring the languages and sciences. Col-le'ei-al, a. Relating or belonging to a college. CoI-Ie'gi-an, re. A member of a college. [lege. €ol-le'gi-ate, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a col- Col-le'gi-ate, re. A member of a college. Col'let, re. [From Lat. collum, neck.] The part of a ring in which the stone is set. Col-llde', v. i. [Lat. collidere, from con and Ixdere, to strike.] To strike or dash against each other ; to strike or dash. Coll'ier (kol'yer), re. [From coal.] 1. A digger of coal. 2. A coal merchant, or dealer in coal. 3. A ves- sel employed in the coal trade. €oll'ier-y (kol'yer-y), re. 1. Place where coal is dug. 2. The coal trade. Col'li-ma'ting, a. ( Opt.) Pertaining to collimation. CoPli-ma/tion, n. [From Lat. collimare, to aim, for which the lexicons and editions now write collineare, to aim, from con and lineare, from linea, line. See COL- lineation.] Act of aiming at a mark ; act of leveling or of directing the sight to a fixed object. Line of collimation, the axial line of the telescope of an as- tronomical or geodetic instrument. Col'li-ma'tor, re. A telescope arranged and used to de- termine errors of collimation. Col-lin'gual (-Ung'gwal, 82), a. [From con and lingual, q. v.] Having, or pertaining to, the same language. Col-liq'ue-fae'tion, re. [From Lat. colli quefacere, to melt, from con and liquere, to be liquid, aud facere, to make.] A melting together or reduction of different bodies into one mass by fusion. Col-li§'ion(kol-lizb/un), ji. [Lat. collisio. See COLLIDE.] 1. Act of striking together ; a striking together, as of two hard bodies. '2. A state of opposition ; interference. Syn. — Conflict; clashing; encounter; opposition. Col'lo-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. collocated ; p. pr. & vb. re. COLLOCATING.] [Lat. collocare, from con and locare, to place, locus, place.] To set or place ; to station. CoFlo-ea'tion, re. 1. The act of placing ; disposition in place. 2. The state of being placed, or placed with some- thing else. Col-lo'di-on, re. [From Gr. /coAAa, glue.] (Chem.) A strongly adhesive solution of gun-cotton in ether, used to close up wounds. Col'lop, re. [From Lat. colap>hus, Gr. koAi], hair, Lat. coma.] (Astron.) A member of the solar system, usually moving in a very eccentric orbit, aDd generally consisting of a nucleus, an envelope, and a tail. Com'et-a-ry, \ a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a Co-met'i-e, ) comet. Com/et-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. ko^ttjs, comet, and ypd- 4>etv to write.] A description of, or a treatise concerning, comets. Com/fit, ) n. [From Lat. conficere, to prepare, Com'fit-ure (53), j from con andfacere, to make.] A dry sweetmeat ; a confect or confection. Com'fort (kum'furt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. COMFORTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. COMFORTING.] [Lat. confortare, from con and fortis, strong.] To relieve or cheer under afflic- tion or depression. Syn. — To cheer; solace; console; revive; encourage; en- liven; invigorate; inspirit; gladden; recreate; exhilarate; re- fresh; animate; confirm; strengthen. Com'fort (kunyfurt), n. 1. Strength and relief received a,e,&c.,fo}ig7 a,e,&c.,s/iori; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, w©lf COMFORTABLE 135 COMMINATION under affliction ; support. 2. A state of quiet enjoy- ment : also, whatever contributes to such enjoyment. 3. A wadded quilt ; a comfortable or comforter. [Amer.] Syn. — Consolation; solace. — Consolation is usually from without, and supposes some definite and pretty severe afflic- tion, as a friend consoles under bereavement; comfort may come from within, and may refer to lighter evils or continuous trials, as the comfort of love, the comforts of old age. Solace is a tiling which we make or rind for ourselves, as the solace of books, society, &c. €6m'fort-a-fole (kum'furt-a-bl), a. 1. Affording, im- parting, or enjoying comfort. 2. Free from positive pain or distress. [Amer.] Cdm'fort-a-ble, n. A heavy, quilted coverlet for a bed ; a comforter. [Amer.] ■€6m'fort-a-ble-uess, n. State of being comfortable. -€6m'f ort-a-bly, adv. In a manuer to give comfort. ■€6m'fort-er, n. 1. One who comforts. 2. (Script.) The Holy Spirit. 3. A knit woolen tippet. 4. A wadded quilt; a comfort. [Amer.] Cdm'f ort-less, a. Without comfort ; miserable. Syn. —Forlorn; desolate; inconsolable; wretched. Com'frey, n. [Lat. conferva, from confervere, to boil together, to heal ; so called on account of its healing power.] ( Bot.) A genus of plants used in medicine. Com'ie, a. [See Comedy.] 1. Relating to comedy. 2. Raising mirth ; fitted to excite merriment. ■Com'ie-al, a. 1. Relating to comedy. 2. Exciting mirt'.i ; laughable. Syn. — Droll; diverting; sportive; ludicrous; ridiculous. ■CSm/ie-al'i-ty, n. That which is comical. Coin'i-e-al-ly, adv. In a comical manner ; ludicrously. •Com'ie-al-ness, n. The quality of being comical. -eom'ilig-iii, n. Entrance; arrival. ■Co-mVti-d (ko-mish/i-a), n. pi. [Lat., from comire, for coire, to come together, from com, or co, for con, and ire, to go.] (Rom. Antiq.) The assemblies of the people for electing officers and passing laws. ■€o-mTtial (ko-mlsh/al). a. I . Relating to the comitia, or popular assemblies of the Romans. 2. Pertaining to assemblies of the people. Com/i ty, n. [Lat. comitas, from comis, affable, kind.] Courtesy of intercour-e ; civility ; good breeding. Com'ma, n. [Lat. comma, Gr. ko/a.uo., segment, clause, from KOTTeiv, to cut off] (Punct.) A character [,] mark- ing the smallest grammatical division of a sentence, and usually the shortest pause in reading. Command' (8), v. t. [imp. & p. p. COMMANDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. COMMANDING.] [From Lat. com, for con, and mandare, to commit to, to command.] 1. To order with authority. 2. To exercise supreme authority over. 3. To have within a sphere of influence, control, or virion. 4. To exact or enforce by moral influences. Syn. — To bid; order; direct; charge; govern; lead; over- look; challenge; claim. -Gom-maiid', v. i. To have or to exercise supreme au- thority : to possess the chief power; to govern. Com-mand', n. 1. An authoritative order. 2. Appli- cation or exercise of authority. 3. Right or possession of authority. 4. Abilifcv to overlook, control, or watch. 5. A bod/ of troops under a particular officer. Syn. — Control; sway; power; authority; mandate; order; injunction; charge; direction; behest. Com'man-dant', n. [Fr., orig. p. pr. of commander, to command.] A commanding officer. Com-mand'ev, h. 1. A leader ; the chief officer of an army, or of any division of it. 2. (Navy.) An officer next above a lieutenant. 3. A heavy wooden mallet. Com-mand'er-y, ) n. [Low Lat. commanderia. See -€om-mand ; ry, ) Command, v. t.] A manor with lands and tenements belonging to an order of knights, and controlled by a commander ; a preceptory. €om-mand'ing, a. Fitted to impress or control. Syn. — Authoritative; imperative; imperious. Com-mand'ment, n. 1. An order or injunction given by authority; charge; precept. 2. (Script.) One of the ten laws given by God to the Israelites at Mount Sinai. Com-mga§'ur-a-Me (-mezh'ur-), a. [Lat. com, for coji, and Eng. measurable, q. v.] Reducible to the same measure ; commensurate. ■€om-mem'o ra-lble, a. Worthy to be commemorated. Com-mem'o-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. commemo- rated ; p. pr. & vb. n. COMMEMORATING-.] [Lat. commemoratiis, p. p. of commemorare, to remember, from com, for con, and memorare, to mention, from memor, mindful.] To call to remembrance by a solemn act ; to celebrate with honor and solemnity. 1. Act of commending ; dec- A message of affection or re- Com-m6m'o-ra'tion, n. Act of calling to remem- brance by some solemnity ; a public celebration. ■Com-mena'o-ra-tive, ) a. [Lat. commemoratorius.] €om-mem'o-ra-to-ry, ) Serving to commemorate ; tending to preserve in remembrance. | €om-mence', v. i. [imp. & p. p. commenced ; p. pr. & vb. n. commencing.] [From Lat. com, for con, and initiare, to begin, from initium, beginning, from in and ire, to go.] 1. To begin ; to originate. 2. To take the first degree in a university or college. 0®"*ln the usage of good writers, commence is never followed by the infinitive, but by a participle or participial noun instead. •€om-m6npe', v. t. 1. To enter upon ; to begin ; to originate. 2. To begin to be or to appear. €om-mence'ment, n. 1. First existence of any thing ; rise ; origin ; beginning. 2. The day when degrees are conferred by colleges and universities. j -Com-mend', v. t. [imp. & p. p. commended: p. pz & vb. n. COMMENDING.] [Lat. commendare, from com, for con, and mandare, to commit to.] 1. To commit or intrust for care or preservation. 2. To present as worthy of confidence or regard. 3. To praise. 4. To recom- mend to the remembrance or kind reception of. -Com-mend'a-Me, a. Capable or worthy of being com- mended ; laudable ; praiseworthy. [ble. Com-mend'a-ble-ness, n. State of being commenda- -€om-mend'a-hly, adv. In a commendable manner. -Com-men'dam, n. [Lat., abbrev. fr. in commendam, from commendare.] (Eccl. Law.) 1. A vacant benefice committed to the care of the holder until a proper pastor is supplied. 2. The holding of such a benefice. Com-mend'a-ta-ry, n. One who holds a living in com- mendam. ConVmen-da/tion, n. laration of esteem. 2. spect ; compliments. Syn. — Praise; approbation; applause; laudation. Com-mend'a-to-ry (50), a. 1. Serving to commend. 2. Holding a benefice in commendam. -Com-mend'er, n. One who commends or praises. Com-men/su-ra-Ml'i-ty (-lnen'shi}-), n. Capacity of having a common measure. -Com-meii/su-ra-Me (-men'shu-), a. [From Lat. com, for con, and mensurare, to measure, from mensura, meas- ure.] Having a common measure. -€om-men'su-ra-ble-ness, n. Commeusurability. -Com-meii'su-ra-foly, adv. In a commensurable man- ner. Com-men'su-rate (-mCn'shu-), a. 1. Having a com- mon measure ; commensurable. 2. Equal in measure or extent ; proportional. Com-men'su-rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. commensu- RATW ; p. pr. & vb. n. commensurating.] [Lat. com, for con, and mensuratus, p. p. of mensurare, to measure.] To reduce to a common measure. -Com-men'su-rate-ly, adv. 1. In a commensurate manner. 2. With equal measure or extent. [surate. -eom-men/su-ra'tioii, n. The state of being commen- -€Sm/ment, v. i. [imp. & p. p. commented ; p. pr. & vb. n. commenting ] [Lat. commentari, to medi- tate upon, to explain, intens. form of comminisci, com- mentus, to reflect upon, to invent, from com, for con, and minisci, to call to mind, from the root men, whence wens, mind.] To explain by means of remarks, observations, or criticisms ; to write annotations. -Com'ment, n. An explanatory or illustrative remark, observation, or criticism ; annotation; observation; stric- ture ; explanation. €om'men-ta-ry, n. 1. A series, collection, or book of comments, annotations, or explanations. 2. A me- moir of particular transactions. [tator. -Com'men-ta'tor, n. One who comments ; an anno- -€6m'ment-er, n. One who comments. Com'merce, n. [Lat. commercium, from com and merx f mercis, merchandise.] 1. Exchange of merchandise on a large scale between different places or communities; extended trade or traffic. 2. Social or personal inter- course ; familiarity. Syn. — Trade; traffic; dealing; intercourse; interchange} communion; communication. €om-merce' (14), v. i. [imp. & p. p. commerced; p.pr. & vb. n. COMMERCING.] To hold intercourse with. Com-mer'cial (14, 63), a. Pertaining to, or engaged in commerce ; mercantile. Com-mer'cial-ly, adv. In a commercial manner. Com'mi-na'tion, n. [Lat. comminatio, fr. comminari, food, foot; Urn, rude, pull ; f ell, ^haise, eall, echo ; gem, get; a§; e^ist; linger, liixk •, tiiis. COMMINATORY 136 COMMONWEALTH fr. com, for con, and minari, to threaten.] A threat or threatening ; denunciation of punishment or vengeance. Com-miii'a-to-ry, a. Threatening or denouncing pun- ishment or divine vengeance. Com-min'gle (-ming'gl, 82), v. t. [imp. & p. p. com- mingled; p. pr. & vb. n. COMMINGLING.] [Lat. com, for con, and Eug. mingle.] To mingle together in one mass, or intimately : to blend. [come blended. -€om-min'gle, v. i. To mix or unite together; to be- Com'mi-iiiite. v. t. [imp. & p. p. comminuted ; p.pr. & vb. n. COMMINUTING.] [Lat. comminuere, comminu- tum, from com, for con, and minuere, to lessen, from minor, minus, compar. of parvus, small.] To reduce to minute particles ; to pulverize ; to triturate ; to grind. •CSm'mi-iiu/tioii, n. 1. Act of reducing to small par- ticles ; pulverization. 2. Attenuation by the removal of small particles. •€om-mi§'er-a-ble, a. Deserving of pity. [Rare.] -Com-mig'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. commiserated ; - p.pr. & vb. n. COMMISERATING.] [Lat. commiserari, commiseratus, from com, for con, and miserari, to pity, from miser, wretched.] To feel sorrow, pain, or regret for ; to be sorry for. Syn.— To pity; compassionate; feel for; lament; condole. Com-mig'ejf-a'tioxi, n. Act of commiserating. Syii. — Pity; sympathy; compassion; condolence. Com-mI§'er-a-tive,a. Feeling or expressing commis- -eona-mls'er-a'tor, n. One who pities. [eration. CSm'mis-sa'ri-al, a. Pertaining to a commissary. Com mis-sa/ri-ai, n. [See infra.] ( Mil. ) (a. ) That de- partment of the service which is charged with the supply of provisions for the soldiers, (b.) The body of officers in that department, (c.) Office of a commissary. •Coin'mis-sa-ry, n. [L. Lat. coynmissarius, from com- millere, com?nissus, to commit, from com, for con, and mittere, to send.] 1. A deputy; a commissioner. 2. [Mil.) An officer having charge of a special department, especially that of subsistence. Com/mis-sa-ry-gen'er-al, n. The head of the com- missary department, or department for supplying an ar- my with provisions, &c. [commissary. Com'inis-sa-ry-ship, n. Office or employment of a -Gom-inis'sion (-mlsh'un), n. [Lat commissio. See supra.] 1. Act of committing, doing, or performing; act of perpetrating. 2. A formal act or warrant of com- mitting some charge or trust to a person. 3. A company of persons jcinecl in the exercise of some duty. 4. ( Com.) (a.) The acting under authority of, or on account of, an- other, (b.) The thing to be done as agent for another, (c.) Brokerage or allowance made to a factor or agent. To put a ship into commission (Xaut.), to send it forth on pub- lic service after it lias been laid up. — To put the great seal into commission, to jslace it in the hands of commissioners, during the period that intervenes between the going out of one lord keeper and the accession of another. [Eng.~\ Syn. — Charge ; warrant; authority; mandate; office. ■€om-mis'sion (kom-mlsh'un), v. t. [imp. & p. p. com- missioned; p.pr. & vb. n. COMMISSIONING.] To give a commission to. Ss r n.— To appoint; depute; authorize; empower; delegate. -Com-ixiis'sion-er, n. 1. One who has a commission to execute some business for the one who employs him. 2. An officer having charge of some department or bu- reau of the public service. Com-mls'sioii-mer'cliant, n. A merchant who transacts business on commission, as the agent of others, receiving a rate per cent, as his reward. Com-mis'sure (-mlsh'ur, 95), n. 1. (Arch.) Applica- tion of the surface of one stone to that of another. 2. A joint, seam, or closure; line of junction; point of union ; an interstice between parts. Com-mTt', v. t. [imp. & p.p. committed ; p. pr. & vb. n. committing.] [Lat. committere, to send to, to connect, to commit, from com, for con, and mittere, to send.] 1. To give in trust. 2. To do ; to perform ; to effect or perpetrate. 3. To place beyond one's control ; to pledge or bind ; — used reflexively. Syn. — To commit; intrust; consign. See Consign. •Com-mit'ment, n. Act of committing ; particularly, act of committing to prison. [actual or implied- ■€om-mit'tal,n. 1. Act of committing. 2. A pledge, Com-mit'tee, n. [From commit.] A select number of persons appointed to attend to any business, either bv a legislative body, or by a court, or by any collective body of men acting together. •€om-mit'tee-.ship, n. Office of a committee, [trates. Com-mlt'ter, n. One who commits ; one who perpe- -€om-mit'ti-lble, a. Capable of being committed. €oiL-mix', v. t. or i. [imp. & p. p. commixed (kom- mlkstf) ; p. pr. & vb. n. commixing.] [Lat. commis- cere, commixtum, from com, for con, and miscere, to mix, q. v.] To mix or mingle ; to blend. CoMi-mixt'ion (-mlkst'yun), n. Mixture. Com-mixt'ure (-nilkst'ynr), n. 1. Act of mixing, or state of being mixed. 2. The mass formed by mingling different things ; compound. Commode', n. [Lat. commodus, from com, for con, and modus, measure, mode.] 1. A kind of head-dress formerly worn by ladies. 2. A chest of drawers, often with shelves added, and other conveniences. Com-mo'di-ous, a. [L. Lat. commodiosus. See supra.] Affording ease and convenience. Syn. — Convenient; suitable; fit; proper; comfortable. ■€cm-mo'di-cu.s-ly, adv. In a commodious manner. -€om-nio'di-ou.g-iiess, n. Adaptation or suitableness for its purpose ; convenience : fitness. Com-mod'i-ty, n. [Lat. cemmoditas. See COMMODE.] That which affords convenience or advantage, esp. in commerce ; hence, goods, wares, merchandise, &c. Com/mo-dore', n. [Prob. a contr. or corrupt, of It. comandatore , commander, L. Lat. cemmendator. Cf. Commend and Command.] 1. The commander of a squadron. 2. (Eng. Marine.) A naval officer having the temporary rank of rear admiral. 3. The senior cap- tain, when two or more ships of war are cruising in com- pany. 4. The leading ship in a fleet of merchantmen. Com'mon, a. [compar. COMBIONER; svperl. COM- MONEST.] [Lat. communis, from com, for con , and mu- nis, ready to be of service, from munvs, service, work.] 1. Eelonging equally to more than one, or to many in- definitely : serving for the use of all. 2. Often met with. 3. Not distinguished by rank or character. Common carrier, one who undertakes, for hire, to transport goods from one place to another. — Common chord (Mtts.), a chord consisting of the fundamental tone, with its third and fifth. — Common coimcU, a representative council for the gov- ernment of a city. — Common gender (Gram.), one which is either masculine or feminine. — Common laic, the unwritten law; the law that receives its binding force from immemorial usage and universal reception, in distinction from the written or statute law.— Common noun {Gram.), the name of any one of a class of objects, as distinguished from a pro] e>: noun, the name of a particular person or thing. — Common Picas, a court for trying civil actions. In the "United States, it sometimes has criminal jurisdiction. — Common prayer, the liturgy of the Protestant Episcopal church. — Common sense, sound, practical judgment; the instantaneous decision of unperverted reason. — Common time (JMus.), that variety of time in which the meas- ure consists of two or of four equal portions. — Common verb, one which is both active r.nd passive. — In common, equally with another, or with others. Syn.— General: public; popular; national; universal; fre- quent; ordinary; customary; usual; familiar: habitual; vul- gar; mean; trite; stale; threadbare; commonplace. Com'mon, n. 1. An unincloscd tract of ground, be- longing to the public, or to a number of persons. 2. (Law.) The right of taking a profit in the land of an- other, in common either with the owner or with others. -€om'moii, v. i. 1. To have a joint right with others in common ground. 2. To board together ; to eat at a table in common. [to pasture on common land. Com'mon-a-ble, a. 1. Held in common. 2. Allowed Com'mon-age, h. Eight of pasturing on a common; joint right of using any thing in common with others. Com'mcii-al-ty, n. The common people ; the body of common citizens : the commons. Com'mon-er, n. 1. One under the degree of nobility. 2. A member of the House of Commons. 3. One who has a joint right in common ground. 4. A student of the second rank in the university of Oxford, England. Com'mon-ly, adv. Usually ; generally ; ordinarily ; frequently ; for the most part. Com'mon-ness (109), ?i. Frequent occurrence ; a state of being common or usual. Com'inon -place, a. Common; trite; hackneyed. -Comi'mon-place,??. 1. (Bhet.) A general idea appli- cable to different subjects. 2. A trite remark. Com'mon-place, v. t. To enter in a commonplace- book, or to reduce to general heads. Com'mon-place'-bool* (27), n. A book in which things to be remembered are recorded. Com'mong, n. pi. 1. The mass of the people; the commonaltv. 2. The lower house of parliament. [Eng.] 3. Provisions; food; fare; — from the practice of eat- ing at a common table. 4. A club where all eat at a common table. fom'mon-weal', \n. [See ITeal and Wealth.] Com'mon-wealth', J 1. Properly, a free state; a a e.&c.,Zo?i£/a,e\&c.,s/jo?-*;care,far,asl£,all,wliat; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf COMMOTION 137 COMPASS popular government ; realm ; republic. 2. The whole body of people in a state. Com-ino'tion, n. [Lat. commotio. See Commove.] 1. Violent motion ; agitation. 2. A popular tumult. 3. Perturbation or disorder of mind. Syn. — Excitement ; disturbance ; tumult ; violence. Com-move', v. t. [imp. & p. p. commoved ; p. pr. & vb. it. COMMOVING.] [Lat. commovere, from com, for con, and movere, to move.] To disturb ; to agitate. Com-miln'al, a. Pertaining to a commune. Commune', v. i. [imp. & p. p. COMMUNED ; p. pr. & vb. n. communing.] [From Lat. communicate, to communicate, r v.] 1. To converse together familiarly ; to confer. 2. ) receive the communion ; to partake of the Lord"s supp , ■€dm'milue, n: Fr. See Common.] A small territo- rial district in Pi ace. Com-ina iii-ea-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being commu- nicable, [ted. Com-mu'ni-ea-Tble, a. Capable of being communica- Com-mu'ni-ea-ble-ness, n. The state or quality of being communicable. Com -mu'ni-cant, n. One who partakes of the Lord's supper ; a church-member. Com-mu'ni-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. communi- cated; p. pi. & vb. n. COMMUNICATING.] [Lat. communicatus , p. p. of communicare, from communis, common.] 1. To impart for joint or common possession ; to bestow ; to confer. 2. To impart, reveal, or give, as information. Syn. — To impart ; reveal. — To communicate is generic ; it is allowing others to enjoy in common with us. Impart is more specific; it is giving to otliers apart of what we had held as our own, or making them our partners, as, to impart our feelings, of our property, &c. Hence there is something more intimate in imparting Intelligence than in communicating it. To reveal is to disclose something hidden or concealed, as a secret. Com-nru'ni-eate, v. i. 1. To share or participate. 2. To have intercourse or the means of intercourse. Com-uiu/ni-ea'tion, n. 1. The act of communi- cating; intercourse by words, letters, or messages. 2. The means of passing from place to place. 3. That which is communicated or imparted. Syn. — Commerce ; correspondence ; conference ; inter- course ; intelligence ; news. Com-mu'iii-ca-tive, a. Inclined to communicate ; ready to impart to others. Com-mu'ni-ea-tive-iiess, n. Quality of being com- municative ; freedom from reserve. Com-anu'ni-ca/tar, n. One who communicates. Com-mu'ni-ea-to-ry, a. Imparting knowledge. Com-muii'ion, n. 1. Intercourse between two per- sons or more. 2. Union in religious faith ; fellowship. 3. A body of Christians having one common faith and discipline. 4. The celebration of the Lord's supper. Sy li. — Fellowship; converse; intercourse; unity; concord; agreement. Com'mu-ni§m, n. [Fr. communisme, from commun, common, q. v.] The doctrine of a community of prop- erty among all the citizens of a state or society ; social- ism [tice of communism . Com'mu-nist, n. An advocate for the theory or prac- Com-mu'ni-ty, n. [Lat. communitas .] 1. Common possession or enjoyment. 2. A society of people having common rights, privileges, or interests. 3. Society at large ; the public, or people in general. tS3T" In this sense, the term should not be used absolutely, like the word society ; as, the interests of community require this ; but the interests of the community, &c. Com-mu'ta-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being commutable. Com-mu'ta-ble, a. Capable of being exchanged or given for another. Com'mu-ta'tion, n. 1. Change. 2. Barter ; ex- change. 3. (Law.) Substitution of one penalty or pun- ishment for another. 4. Purchase of a right to go upon a certain route during a specified period, for a less amount than would be paid in the aggregate for separate trips. 5. Any outright sum given as an equivalent for a pro rata payment. Com-mu'ta-tive, a. Relative to exchange ; mutually passing from one to another ; interchangeable. Commute', v. t. [imp. & p. p. commuted ; p. pr. & vb. n. COMMUTING.] [Lat. commutare, from com, for con, and mutare, to change.] 1. To put one for the other ; to exchange ; to substitute, as a greater penalty or pun- ishment for a less. 2. To pay less for in the gross than would be paid for the separate trips Com-mute', v. i. 1. To obtain or bargain for exemp- tion. 2. To make an arrangement to pay in gross. Com-mut'u-al, a. Mutual ; reciprocal. [Rare.] Corn-pact', a. [Lat. compactus, p. p. of co?npingere, from com, for con, and pangere, pactum, to fasten, fix.] 1. Closely and firmly united. 2. Brief; succinct; not diffuse or verbose. Syn. — Firm ; close ; solid ; dense ; brief ; pithy ; senten- tious. Com'paet, n. An agreement between parties ; a cove- nant or contract ; — either of individuals or of nations. Compact', v. t. [imp. & p. p. COMPACTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. COMPACTING.] 1. To thrust, drive, or press closely together ; to consolidate. 2. To unite or connect firmly, as in a system. Com-pact'ed-ly, adv. In a compact manner. Com-paet'ly, adv. With close union of parts ; closely ; densely. Com-paet'ness, n. Close union of parts ; density. Com-pan'ion, n. [From L. Lat. companium, fellow- ship, a mess, from com, for con, and panis, bread.] One who accompanies, or is associated with, another. Companion hatch (Waut.), a wooden porch over the entrance or staircase of the cabin. — Companion ladder, that one by which officers ascend to, or descend from, the quarter-deck.— Companion way (A««(.), a staircase leading to the cabin. Syn. — Associate; comrade; mate; compeer; partner; ally? confederate; coadjutor; accomplice. Com-pan'ion-a-ble, a. Agreeable as a companion ; fit for good fellowship : sociable. Com-pan'ion-a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being com- panionable ; sociableness. Com-pan'ion-a-bly , adv. In a companionable manner- Com-pan'ion-ship, n. Fellowship ; association. Cdm'pa-ny (ktim'pa-ny), n. [See supra ] 1. State of being a companion ; the act of accompanying. 2. An as- semblage or association of persons. 3. Guests, in dis- tinction from the members of a family . 4. A corporation ; a firm. 5. Partners in a firm whose names are uot men- tioned in the style or title of the firm. 6. (Mil.) A sub- division of a regiment of infantry or artillery. 7. (Naut.) The crew of a ship, including the officers. To keep company, (a.) To accompany; to attend, (b.) To associate frequently or habitually, esp. as a lover or admirer. Syn. — Assemblage ; assembly; society; group; circle; crowd ; troop ; crew ; gang ; corporation ; association. C6m'pa-ny, v. i. To associate. C6m'pa-ra-ble, a Capable of being compared ; worthy of comparison. [pared. C6m'pa-ra-bly, adv. In a manner worthy to be com- Com-par'a-trve, a. 1. Estimated by comparison ; pro- ceeding from comparison. 2. Having the power of com- paring. 3. (Gram.) Expressing a greater or less degree of a quantity, or quality, than the positive. Com-par'a-tlve-ly, adv. In a comparative manner, or by comparison ; relatively. Corn-pare' (4), v. t. [imp. & p. p. compared ; p. pr. & vb. n. COMPARING.] [Lat. comparare , from compar, like or equal to another, fr. com, for con, and par, equal.] 1. To examine the mutual relations of. 2. To represent as similar, for the purpose of illustration ; to liken. 3. ( Gram.) To inflect according to degrees of comparison. Corn-pare', v. i. To hold comparison ; to be like or equal; to admit of comparison. Syn.— Compare to ; compare with.— A thing is compared " with another to learn their relative value or excellence ; to another, with a view to show their similarity. We compare two orators with each other, and the eloquence of one to a thunderbolt, and of the other to a conflagration. Com-par'er, n. One who compares. Com-par'i-son (-sun or -sn), n. 1. Act of compar- ing or considering the relations between persons or things; a comparative estimate. 2. (Gram.) The inflection of an adjective or adverb in its several degrees of significa- tion. 3. (Rhet.) A simile or similitude. Corn-part', v. t. [imp. & p. p. comparted ; p. pr. & vb. n. COMPARTING.] [Lat. compartiri , from com, for con, andpartiri, partire, to share, from, pars, part is, -part, share.] To divide ; to mark out into several parts. Com/par-tl'tion (-tlsh'un), n. 1. Act of dividing into parts. 2. Part divided ; a separate part. Com-part'ment, n. One of the separate parts into which any thing is divided. Com/pass (kfim'-), n. [L. Lat. compassus, circle, prop, a stepping together, fr. Lat. com, for cum, and passus, pace, step.] 1. A circuit ; circumference. 2. An inclosing limit ; boundary. 3. An inclosed space ; an area ; extent ; capacity. 4. (Mus.) Range of notes comprehended by food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; egdst ; linger, link ; this- COMPASS 138 COMPLETE any voice or instrument. 5. A magnetic instrument, used to determine the north and other cardinal points. Mariner's compass, one which has its needle permanently attached to a card, so that both move together. The card is divided into thirty -two parts, or points. — To fetch a compass, to round in a circuit. €6m'pass (kum'pas), v. t. [imp. & p.p. compassed (kunv'past); p. pr. & vb. 11. COMPASSING.] 1. To go about or around. 2. To inclose on all sides. 3. To besiege or in- vest. 4. To get within reach, or within one's power. 5. To purpose; to intend; to im- agine; to plot. inclose ; contrive Mariner's Compass. Syn. — To surround ; environ cecure ; obtain ; consummate. gam -Gosn'pass-a-fole, a. Capable of being compassed. -€6m'pass-e§, n. pi. An instrument for describing circles, measuring figures, &c. Com-pas'sion (-pash'un), n. [Lat. compassio, fr. Lat. compati, compassus, from com and pati, passus, to bear, suffer] A suffering with another; sorrow excited by the distress or misfortunes of another, Syn. — Pity; sympathy; commiseration; fellow-feeling. •€om-pas'sion-ate (-pash'un-, 45), a. Full of com- passion ; inclined to pity. Syn. — Sympathizing ; tender ; merciful ; melting; soft ; indulgent ; kind. ■€©m-pas'£ion-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. compassion- ated; p.prrk, vb. n. COMPASSIONATING.] To have compassion for ; to pity ; to commiserate. Ccm-pas'sion-ate-ly, adv. In a compassionate man- ner ; mercifully. [sionate. -Com-pas'sion-ate-ness, n. Quality of being compas- Com-pat'i-foll'i-ty, n- Quality of being compatible. •€om-pat'i-tole, a. [L.Lat. compatibilis, fr. Lat. compati. See Compassion.] Capable of existing in harmony. Syn. — Consistent ; suitable ; agreeable ; accordant ; con- gruous. •€om-pat'i-fole-ness, n. Compatibility ; consistency ; fitness ; agreement. ■€cm-pat'i-bly, adv. Fitly ; suitably ; consistently. •Com-pa'tri-ot, n. A fellow-patriot of the same country. -Gom-peer', n. [Lat. compar, from com, for con, and par, equal.] One who is an equal ; a companion ; a peer. ■Corn-pel', v. t. [imp. & p. p. compelled; p. pr. & vb. n. COMPELLING.] [Lat. compellere, from com, for con, and pelltre, to drive.] 1. To drive or urge irresisti- bly ; to necessitate, either by physical or moral force. 2. To take by force or violence. Syn. — To force ; constrain ; oblige ; necessitate ; coerce. Sec CoEiiCii. Com-pel'la-ble, a. Capable of being compelled. Com/pel-la'tion, n. [Lat. compellatio, from compellare, to accost.] Manner of address or salutation ; appellation. Com-pel'la-trve. n. {Gram.) The name by which a person is addressed. Com-pel'ler, n. One who compels or constrains. Com'pend, n. [Lat. compendium, from compendere, from com, for con, and pendere, to weigh.] A brief com- pilation ; an abridgment ; an epitome ; a summary. Com-pend'i-oiis, a. Summed up within narrow limits. Com-pend'i-ous-ly, adv. Summarily ; in brief. Ccm-pend'i-oiis-ness, n. Comprehension in a narrow compass ; shortness ; brevity. Com-pen'di-um,n. ; pi. -com-pen-'di-ums. [See Com- PEND.] An abridgment or epitome. Com'pen-sate,or Com-pen'sate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. COMPENSATED; p. pr. & vb. n. COMPENSATING.] [Lat. compensatus, p. p. of compensare, intens. form of compendere, to weigh. See COMPEND.] 1. To make equal return to; to give an equivalent to. 2. To be equivalent to in value or effect. [See CONTEMPLATE.] Syn.— To recompense; remunerate; reward; requite; coun- terbalance. Com'pen-sate, or Com-pen'sate, amends ; to_supply an equivalent. Com'pen-sa'tion, n. 1. Act or principle of compen- sating. 2. That which constitutes, or is regarded as an equivalent. 3. {Law.) Payment of a debt by a credit of equal amount. Syn. — Recompense ; reward amends; satisfaction; set-off. Com-pen'sa-tive, a. Affording compensation. To make remuneration ; requital ; Com-pen'sa-to-ry, a. Serving for compensation ; mak- ing amends. Com-pete', v. i. [imp. & p.p. competed; p. pr. & vb. n. COMPETING.] [Lat. competere, from com, for con, and petere, to seek.] To contend, as rivals for a prize ; to strive emulously. Com'pe-tence, [n. [Lat. competentia.] 1. State of Com'pe-ten-cy, ) being competent ; fitness ; power ; ability ; adequacy. 2. Sufficiency, especially of property or means of subsistence. 3. {Law.) {a.) Legal capacity or qualifications, (b.) Right or authority. -€6m'pe-tent, a. 1. Answering to all requirements. 2. Having adequate power or right. Syn.— Sufficient; fitted; suitable; qualified; adequate. Com'pe-tent-ly, adv. In a competent manner ; ade- quately ; suitably. Com/pe-ti'tion (kom'pe-tish'un), n. Common strife for the same object ; strife for superiority. Syn. — Emulation ; rivalry; rivalship; contest; struggle; contention; opposition; jealousy. Com-pet'i-tive, a. Producing or pertaining to compe- tition ; rival ; emulous. [claims ; a rival. Com-pet'i-tor, n. [Lat.] One who claims what another Com/pi-la'tion, n. 1. Act or process of compiling. 2. That which is compiled ; especially a book. Corn-pile', v. t. [imp. Scp.p. compiled ; p. pr. & vb. n. COMPILING.] [Lat. compilare, to scrape together and carry off, from com, for con, and pilare, to deprive cf hair, to plunder, from pilus, a hair.] To put together or com- pose .out of materials from other books or documents. Com-pil'er, v. One who makes a compilation. Com-pla'cence, )n. 1. A feeling of quiet pleasure. Com-pla'^en-cy, ) 2. The cause of pleasure or joy. 3. Manifestation of pleasure ; kindness of manners. Syn. — Pleasure; gratification; satisfaction; civility. Com-pla'cent, a. [Lat. complacent, p. pr. of compla- cere, from com, for con, and placcre , to please.] Accom- panied with pleasure ; gratified ; displaying satisfaction. Com-pla'cent-ly, adv. In a complacent manner. Corn-plain', v.i. [imp. & p.p. complained; p. pr. & vb. n. complaining.] [L. Lat. complawgcre, from com, for con, and plangere, to strike, beat the breast, bewail.] 1. To express distress, pain, or censure. 2. To bring an accusation ; to make a charge. Syn.— To murmur; accuse; lament; regret; repine. Com-plain'ant, n. 1. One who makes a complaint. 2. {Law.) A plaintiff. Corn-plain'er, n. One who complains or laments. Com-plaint', n. 1. Expression cf grief, pain, censure, or resentment. 2. Cause or subject of complaining. 3. A malady ; a disease ; a disorder. 4. {Laiv.) Allegation that some person has been guilty of a designated offense. Syn. — Lamentation ; murmuring; sorrow; grief; illness. Com'plai-gance-' (kom'pla-zanss'), n. [Fr. Sec Com- placent.] Obliging compliance with the wishes of others. Syn. — Civility ; courtesy ; urbanity ; suavity ; affability ; good-breeding. Com'plai-gant' (-pla-zant'), a. [Fr. complaisant. See supra.] Desirous to please ; kindly attentive ; affable. Syn. — Obliging; courteous; civil; polite; well-bred. Com'plai-gant'ly (kom'pla-zant'ly), adv. In a com- plaisant manner ; with civility. Com'pla-nate, v. t. [Lat. complanare, from com, for con, and planare, to level, from planus, level, plain, q. v.] To make level or even. Com'ple-ment, n. [Lat. complemcntum. See Com- plete.] 1. That which completes or supplies a de- ficiency ; quantity or number required to make a thing complete. 2. (Astron.) Distance of a star from the ze- nith, as compared with its altitude. 3. ( Trigon.) Dif- ference between an arc or angle and 90°. 4. {Arith.) Difference between a number and 10, 100, 1000, &c. 5. {Mus.) The interval wanting to complete the octave. Com'ple -ment'al, a. Supplj ing, or tending to supply, a deficiency ; fully completing. Com'ple-ment'a-ry, a. Serving to complete. Com-plete', a. 1. Free from deficiency ; perfect ; con- summate. 2. Finished ; ended ; concluded. Syn. —Whole; entire; total.— Whole has reference to parts, as, a whole week; total to parts taken collectively, as, the total amount; entire sets aside parts, and regards a thing as an inte- ger, i. e., continuous or unhroken, as, an entire year; complete supposes progress, i. e., a filling out to some end or object, as, a complete victory. Com-plete', v. t. [imp. & p. p. completed ; p. pr. a,e ; 8cc.,long; &,e,&c.,skort; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, COMPLETELY 139 COMPREHEND & vb. n. completing.] [Lat. complete, completion from com, for con, and plere, to fill.] 1. To bring to a state in which there is no deficiency. 2. To fulfill ; to bring to pass. Syn. — To perform ; terminate ; conclude ; finish ; end ; achieve; realize; effect; consummate; accomplish; effectuate. Com-plete'ly, adv. In a complete manner ; fully. Com-plete'ness, n. State of being complete. Com-ple'tion, n. 1. Act or process of completing, or state of being complete. 2. fulfillment; accomplish- ment ; realization. Com-ple'tive, a. Making complete or entire. Com'plex, a. [Lat. complexus, p. p of complecti, to com- prise, from com, for con, and plectcre, to twist.] 1. Com- posed of two or more parts. 2. Involving many parts. Syn.— Composite; compounded; complicated; intricate. Com'plex, n. Assemblage ; collection. [plex. Com-plex'ed-ness, n. State or quality of being com- Com-plex'ion (-plek'shun), n. [Lat. complexio.] 1. State of being complex ; connection of parts ; frame or texture. 2. Color or hue of the skin, particularly of the face. 3. General appearance or aspect. Com-plex'ion-al, a. Pertaining to the complexion. Com-plex'ion-a-ry, a. Pertaining to the complexion, or to the care of it. Com-plex'i-ty, n. State of being complex ; intricacy. -€6m'plex-ly, adv. In a complex manner. Com'plex-ness, n. State of being complex ; complexity. Com-plex'iire, n. Involution or complication of one thing with others. [pliant. Com-pH'a-lble, a. Inclined to comply or yield; com- Com-pll'anpe, n. [See Comply.] 1. Act of comply- ing ; a yielding, as to a request, wish, desire, demand, or proposal. 2. A disposition to yield to others. Syn. — Concession; submission; consent; obedience; per- formance; execution. Com-pli'arit, a. 1. Bending; pliant. 2. Inclined to comply ; yielding to request or desire. Com-pli'ant-ly, adv. In a yielding manner. Com'pli-ca-yy, n. [See Cojiplicate.] State of being complex orjatricate ; complexity. Com'pli-cate, v. t. [imp. &,p. p. complicated ; p. pr. & vb. u. COMPLICATING.] [Lat. complicates, p. p. of complkare , from com, for con, and plicare, to fold, to twist.] 1. To fold or twist together ; to interweave. 2. To render complex ; to involve. Com'pli-cate (45), a. Composed of two or more parts united; complex; complicated. Com'pli-c ate-ly , adv. In a complex manner. Com'pli-cate-ness, n. State of being complicate. Com'pli-ca'tion, n. Intricate or confused blending of parts ; entanglement ; complexity. Com'pli-ca/tive, a. Tending or adapted to involve. Com-plic'i-ty, n. Condition of being an accomplice. Com-pli'er, n. One who complies, yields, or obeys. Com'pli-ment, n. [Prom Lat. complete, to fill up. See Complete.] Manifestation, by word or act, of appro- bation, regard, or admiration ; delicate flattery. Syn. — See AnuLATiox. Com'pli-ment, v. t. To flatter, or gratify with praises. ■Com'pli-ment, v. i. To use or pass compliments. Com/pli-ment'al, a. Expressive of, or implying, com- pliments ; complimentary. Com'pli-ment'a-ry (44), a. Expressive of civility, regard, or praise ; civil. Syn. — Gratulatory; congratulatory; flattering. Com'plme, ) n. [From L. Lat. complenda, or completa, Coin'plui, J a religious exercise which completes and closes the service of the day.] ( Eccl.) The closing prayer of the Roman Catholic breviary, to be recited after sunset. Com'plot, n. [From Lat. complicitum, eqniv. to compli- catio, complication.] A confederacy in some evil design ; a conspiracy ; a cabal. Corn-plot', v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. complotted ; p. pr. & vb. n. COMPLOTTING.] To plot together; to conspire ; to join in a secret design. Com'plu-ten'sian, a. Pertaining to the polyglot edition of the Bible published by Cardinal Ximenes at Complu- turn, or Alcala, in Spain, in 1522. Com-ply', v. i. [imp. & p. p. complied : p. pr. & vb. n. COMPLYING.] [Lat. complkare, to fold up or to- gether, to bend ; or from complete, to fill up, to fulfill.] To yield assent : to accord, agree, or acquiesce. <>,' to go.] Accompanying, or conjoined ; con- current ; attending. ■€©n-€om'I-tant, n. One who, or that which, accom- panies, or is collaterally connected with another ; a com- panion; an accompaniment. ■€on-€om'i-tant-ly, adv. In company with others. Con'cord (82), n. [Lat. concord ia, from con and cor, cordis, heart.] 1. A state of agreement; harmony; union. 2. [Gram.) Agreement of words with one an- other, in gender, number, person, or case. 3. (Mus.) A consonant chord ; consonance; harmony. ■€on~eord'ance (82), n. 1. Agreement ; accordance. 2. A minute verbal index to a work, in which all the passages that contain the same word are arranged alpha- betically, with reference to the places in which they occur. Coii-eord'ant, a. [Lat. concordans, p. pr. of concor- dat. See Concord.] Agreeing; correspondent; har- monious ; consonant. ■eon-eord'ant-ly, adv. In a concordant manner. -€on-«6r'dat, n. [See Concord.] A compact, cov- enant, or agreement ; specifically, an agreement mode be- tween the pope and a sovereign or government for the regulation of ecclesiastical matters. €on-e6rd'ist, n. The compiler of a concordance. Con-eor'po-rate, v. i. To unite in one mass or body. ■€on-e6r'po-rate, a. United in one body. Con'-eourse (82), n. [Lat. concu.rsus, from concurrere, to run together. See CONCUR.] 1. A moving, flowing, or running together. 2. An assembly ; a meeting ; a crowd. Con'ere-ate', v. t. [Lat. con and .creare, to create.] To create at the same time. Con'-ere-ment, n. [Lat. concrementvm, fr. concrescere. See Concrete.] The collection or mass formed by con- cretion, or natural union. Con-eres'cence, ri. Act of growing or increasing by spontaneous union, or by coalescence. [uniting. •€on-«res'cive, a. Growing together, or into union ; ■Con'-erete, a. [Lat. concretus, p. p. of concrescere, to grow together, from con and crescere, to grow, inchoative form of creare, to create.] 1. United in growth ; hence, formed by coalition of separate particles into one body ; united in a solid form. 2. (Logic.) Existing in a sub- ject ; not abstract. Con'-erete, n. 1. A compound or mass formed by con- cretion. 2. (Arch.) A mass of stone chippings, peb- bles, &c, cemented by mortar. 3. (Logic.) A term designating both a quality and the subject in which it exists ; a concrete term . Con-erete', v. >'. [imp. & p. p. concreted ; p. pr. & vb. n. concreting.] To unite or coalesce, as separate particles into a mass or solid body. Con-erete', v. t. To form into a mass. Con-erete'ly, adv. In a concrete manner. •Con-erete'iiess, n. State of being concrete. ■Ccn-ere'tion, n. 1. Act of concreting. 2. The mass or solid matter formed by congelation, condensation, co- agulation, or other like natural process. 3. ( Geol.) A rounded mass, or nodule, produced by an aggregation of the material around a center. ■€on-ere'tion-al, a. Pertaining to concretion. Con-ere'tive, a. Promoting concretion. Con-cu'bi-nage, n. The cohabiting of a man and a woman not legally married ; state of being a concubine. Con-eu'fci-nal, ) a. Pertaining to a concubine or to Cftn-evi'bi-iia-ry, I concubinage. €on'cu-bme (koijk'yu-bln, 82), n. [Lat. conrubina, from concubare, to lie together, from con and cubare, to lie down.] 1. A woman who cohabits with a man with- out being his wife. 2. A wife of inferior condition. Con-eu'pis-cence, n. Unlawful or irregular desire, especially of carnal pleasure ; lust. ■Con-eu'pis-cent, a. [Lat. concupiscens, p. pr. of con- cupiscere, to long for, from con and cupere, to desire.] Desirous of unlawful pleasure. Syn.— Libidinous; lustful; lecherous; salacious. -eon-e-ur', v. i. [imp. & p. p. CONCURRED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONCURRING.] [Lat. concurrere, to run together, to agree, from con and currere,^ to run.] 1. To meet in the same point. 2. To act jointly. 3. To unite in opinion ; to assent. Syn. To agree ; unite ; join ; combine ; conspire ; coin- cide; approve. -€on--eu.r'rence, n. 1. A meeting or coming together; union ; conjunction, 2. Agreement in opinion ; union in design. 3. Joint rights, implying equality in different persons or bodies. •€on-eu.r'rent, a. 1. Acting in conjunction ; agreeing in the same act; co-operating. 2. Conjoined ; associate; concomitant. 3. Joint and equal in authority. Syn. — Meeting ; uniting ; accompanying ; coincident; united. -€on-eu.r'reiit, n. Joint or contributory cause. -€on-eur'rent-ly, adv. With concurrence ; unitedly. Con-eiis'sicn (kon-kush'un), n. [Lat. concussio, from. concutere, concussvm, to shake violently, from con and cuatere, cuassvm, to shake.] 1. Act of shaking or agi- tating, especially by the stroke or impulse of another body. 2. The state of being shaken : agitation ; shock. -Coii-eiis'srve, a. Having the power or quality of shaking or agitating. Ccn-demn' (kon-dem'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. con- demned; /;. pr. & vb. n. CONDEMNING (kon-dem'- ning).] [Lat. condemnare, from con and damnare, to condemn.] 1. To pronounce to be wrong. 2. To pro- nounce a judicial sentence against. 3. To pronounce unfit for service. Syn.— To blame ; censure ; reprove ; reproach; upbraid; reprobate; doom; sentence; adjudge. -€on-dem'na-l>le, a. Worthy of condemnation ; blam- able ; blameworthy ; culpable. Con'dem-na'lion, n. 1. Act of condemning. 2. State of being condemned. 3. Cause or reason of a sentence of condemnation. Syn.— Sentence; judgment; reprobation; blame. -Con-dem'iia-to-ry, a. Bearing condemnation or cen- sure ; condemning. -Coii-dem'ner, n. One who condemns or censures. -€on-deii'sa-lile, a. Capable of being condensed. -Coii-den'sate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. condensated ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONDENSATING.] [Lat. condensare, condensation. See CONDENSE, v. I.] To condense. Ccn-den'sate, v. i. To become more dense, close, or hard ; to condense ; to consolidate. -Con'deii-ga'tion, n. Act of making more dense or compact ; consolidation. ■€on-deii'£a-tive, a. Having a power or tendency to condense. •€cn-dense', v. t. [imp. & p. p. condensed (kon- denst'); P- pr. & vb. n. CONDENSING.] [Lat. con- densare, from con and densare, to make thick or dense, from densus, thick, dense.] To make more close, com- pact, or dense. Syn. — To compress; consolidate; contract; crowd; thicken. ■eon-dense', v. i. To become close or more compact ; to grow thick or dense. -€on-dens'er, n. One who, or that which, condenses. €6n de-scend', v. ?. [imp. & p.p. condescended ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONDESCENDING.] [L. Lat. condescen- dere, from Lat. con and descendere.] 1. To let one's self down ; to relinquish rank, or dignity of character. 2. To recede from one's rights, in order to do some act which strict justice doe's not require. Syn. — To yield; submit; stoop: descend; deign; vouch- safe. ■eon'de-gcend'ing-ly, adv. By way of condescension. Con'de-scen'sion (-sen'shun), n. Voluntary descent from rank, dignity, or just claims to equality with another. Syn. — Complaisance; courtesy; affability. Con-dign' (-din'), a. [Lat. condignus, very worthy, fr. con and dignus, worthy.] Deserved ; merited ; suitable. •€on-dign'ly (-dln'ly), adv. According to merit. -Con-dign'iiess (-dln'nes, 109), n. Quality of being condign ; agreeableness to deserts ; suitableness. ■€6n'di-ment, n. [Lat. condimentum, from condire, to preserve, pickle, season.] Something used to give relish to food ; seasoning. CSn'dis-cI'ple, n. [Lat. condiscipulus, from con and discipulus. disciple.] A fellow-disciple ; a school -fellow f I a learner in the same school. I Con-di'tion (-dlsh'un), n. [Lat. conditio, from con- a, e, &c. , long ; a, 6, &c. , short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; fere, vgil, term ; pique, firm ; sdn, dr, d$, wolf , CONDITION 143 CONFESSEDLY dere, to put or join together, to establish, from con and dare, to give, put.] 1. State or situation as regards ex- ternal circumstances. 2. Quality ; property ; attribute. 3. That which must exist as the occasion or concom- itant of something else. Syn. —Circumstances; station; case; plight; predicament; stipulation; article; terms; provision; arrangement. Con-dl'tion (-dlsh'un), v. i. [imp. & p. p. condi- tioned ; p. pr. & vb. n. conditioning.] To make terms ; to stipulate. Con-dl'tion (-dlsh'un), v. I. 1. To contract; to stipu- late. 2. To impose conditions on. Con-d~i'tion-al (-dish'un-), a. 1. Containing, imply- ing, or depending on, a condition or conditions ; not ab- solute. i£. (Gram. & Logic.) Expressing a condition or supposition. Con-d 1'tion-al'i-ty (-dTsb/un-), n. The quality of being conditional, or limited ; limitation by certain terms. Con-dl'tion-al-ly (-dish'un-), adv. With certain lim- itations ; on particular terms ; not absolutely. C6n'di-to-ry, n. [Lat. conditorium, from condere, to put together, to hide.] A repository for holding things. Con-dole', v. i. [imp. & p. p. condoled; p. pr. & vb. n. CONDOLING.] [Lat. condolere, from con and dolere, to feel pain, to grieve.] To express sorrow, or sympathy at the pain or misfortune of another. Con-dole'ment, ) n. Expression of grief or sympathy Con-do'lence, ) for the sorrov/ of another. Con-dol'er. n. One who condoles. Con'do-na/tion, n. [Lat. condonatio, from condonare, to give, especially a debt, to pardon, from con and donare, to present, from donum, gift.] 1. Act of par- doning. *Z, (Eccl. Law.) Forgiveness by a husband of his wife, or by a wife of her husband, for a breach of marital duty. Con-done', v. t. [imp. & p. p. condoned; p. pr. & vb. n. CONDONING.] [Lat. condonare, to forgive. See supra.'] (Eccl. Law.) To pardon; to forgive for a viola- tion of the marriage-vow. Con'dor, n. [From Peruv. cun- tur.] (Ornith.) A large bird of the vulture family, found in the most elevated parts of the Andes. Conduce', v. i. [imp. & p. p. conduced (108); p. pr. & vb. con- n. conducing.] [Lat. con- J/i ducere, from con and ducere, to \jN f>\ lead.] To promote, answer, or / j^/r- further an end ; to tend. Syn. — To contribute; forward; Ivancc; promote. Capa- Con-du'ci-bil'i-ty, bility of being conduced. Condor. ■Con-du'ci-ble, a. Having a tendency to promote or forward ;' conducive. Con-du'ei-ble-ness, n. Quality of being conducible. Con-du'clve, a. Having a tendency to conduce. Con-du/^Tve-ness, n. The quality of conducing. Con'duet, n. [See Conduce.] 1. Act or method of leading, guiding, managing, or commanding. 2. Skill- ful guidance ; generalship. 3. That which leads, guides, escorts, or brings safely. 4. Manner of guiding or carrying one's self. Syn. — Behavior; carriage; deportment; demeanor; man- agement; convoy; guard; guidance; warrant. See Behavior. Con-duet', v.. t. [imp. & p.p. conducted ; p. pr. & vb.n. conducting.] 1. To lead, or guide ; to escort ; to attend. 2. To lead as a commander; to direct; to control. 3. To manage; to regulate; to carry. Con-duct', v. i. To behave ; to act. S3*- This word is in common use in some parts of the United States, but in England it is not considered to be authorized by good usage. Con-diiet/i-bil'i-ty, 11. Capability of being conducted. Con-cliict'i-ble, a'. Capable of being conducted. Con-due'tion, n. (Physics.) Transmission through, or by means of, a conductor. [ducting. Con-diiet'Ive, a. Having the quality or power of con- Con'due-trv'i-ty, n. The quality or power of con- ducting or giving passage to some molecular action. Con-diict'or, n. 1. One who conducts; a leader; a guide ; a manager ; a director. 2. The person who has charge of a railroad car or train. [Amer.] 3. (Phijsics.) A substance, especially a metallic rod, capable of forming a medium for the transmission of some other substance or fluid, particularly of heat or electricity. Cone, to speak, from Con-dii-et'ress, n. A woman who conducts or leads. -Con'duit (kdn'dit or kun'dit), n. [0. Fr. conduict, L. Lat. & Lat. conductus, from conducive, conductum. Se& supra.] That which conducts or conveys ; especially, a pipe 1 canal, or the like. Con-du'pli-cate, a. [Lat. condnplicalus, from condu- plicare, to double, from con and duplicate, to double.] (Lot.) Doubled or folded over or together. ■Cone, n. [Lat. conus, Gr. kwi/os, from Sk. fo, to bring to a point.] 1. A solid body, tapering regularly to a point from a circular base, generated by the revolution of a triangle about one of its sides. !£„ (Bot.) The conical fruit of several evergreen trees, as of the pine, fir, cedar, &c. Con'f afo, 11. [A contraction of confab- ulation.] Familiar talk or conversa- tion. (Colloq.) Con-f ab'u-late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. confabulated; p. pr. & vb.n. con- fabulating.] [Lat. confabulatus,p. p. of confabulari , from con and fabulari, fabula, narration.] To talk familiarly together ; to chat ; to prattle. [monious conversation. Con-f ab'u-la'tion, n. Familiar talk ; easy, uncere- Con'f e-et, n. [From Lat. conficere, confectum, to prepare.] A sweetmeat ; a comfit ; a confection. Con-fec'tion, ». A preparation of fruit, &c., with sugar; a comfit. Con-f e«'tion-er, n. One whose occupation is to make or sell confections, candies, &c. Con-f ec'tion-er-y,n. 1. Sweetmeats in general ; con- fections ; candies, ti. A place where candies, sweet- meats, &c, are made or sold. Con-f ed'er-a-cy, n. [From confederate, a., q. v., N. Lat. confeederatia. Cf. aristocracy with aristocrat and Lat. aristocratia.] 1. A league or covenant ; union be- tween two or more persons, bodies of men, or states. 2. The persons, bodies, or states, united by a league. 3. (Law.) An unlawful combination ; a conspiracy. Syn.— League ; covenant; compact ; alliance ; combina- tion; coalition; confederation. Con-fed'er-ate, a. [Lat. confezderatus, p. p. of con- federate, to join by a league, from con and fcederarc, to establish by treaty, from faidus, foederis, league, com- pact.] United in a league ; engaged in a confederacy. ■Con-f ed'er-ate (45), n. A person or nation engaged in a confederacy ; an ally. -Con-fed'er-ate, p. t. [imp. & p. p. confederated ; p. pr. & vb. 11. CONFEDERATING.] To unite in a league ; to ally. Con-fed'er-ate, v. i. To unite in a league ; to be allied. Con-f ed'er-a'tion, n. 1. Act of confederating ; a league ; an alliance ; a compact for mutual support. 2. Parties to a league. Con-f ed'er-a / tlve, a. Pertaining to a confederation. Con-f er', v. t. [imp. & p. p. CONFERRED ; p. pr. & vb. n. conferring.] To grant a permanent possession ; to bestow ; to award. Con-f er' (14), v. i. [Lat. conferre, confer o, from con and ferre, to bear, carry, bring.] To discourse or converse in a serious manner ; to compare views. Syn. — To counsel; advise; discourse: converse. Con'f er-ence, n. 1. Act of conversing seriously ; in- terchange of views. 5$. A meeting for consultation, dis- cussion, or instruction ; an interview. Con-f er'ra-ble, a. Capable of being conferred. Con-f er'rer, n. One who confers. Con-f ess', v. t. [imp. & p. p. confessed (-f£st', 108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONFESSING.] [From Lat. conjiteri, confessum, from con and fateri , to confess.] 1„ To ac- knowledge or admit, as a crime, a fault, a debt. 2. To own or recognize. 3. To admit as true ; to assent to. 4. (Eccl.) (a.) To make known or acknowledge, as one'a sins to a priest, in order to receive absolution, (b.) To hear or receive such confession. 5. To disclose or re- veal, as an effect its cause. Syn. — Admit ; grant ; concede ; avow ; own ; assent ; rec- ognize ; prove ; exhibit ; attest. — We acknowledge what wo feel must or ought to be made known, as a fault or a favor j we avow with solemnity, as against opposition or obloquy, as our principles; we confess what we feel to have been wrong, as our sins or errors. When we say, " This, / confess, is my opinion," we imply that others may think us in the wrong, and hence the word confess. Con-f ess', v. i. To make confession. Con-fess'ed-ly, adv. By confession or acknowledge ment ; avowedly ; undeniably. food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; pell, chaise, call, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; ejist ; linger, link ; this. CONFESSER 144 CONFUSE Con-f ess'er, n. One who confesses. Con-f es'&ion (kon-fcsh'un), n. 1. Acknowledgment ; avowal ; admission of a debt, obligation, or crime. 2. {Eccl.) Act of disclosing sins or faults to a priest. 3. A formulary in which articles of faith are comprised. Con-f es'sion-al, n. The seat where a priest or confessor sits to hear confessions. Con-fes'sion-a-ry, a. Pertaining to auricular con- fession. Con-f ess'or (113), n. 1. One who confesses ; one who ac- knowledges his sins or obligations. 2. {Eccl.) One who makes a profession of his faith in the Christian religion. 3. A priest who hears the confessions of others. Con'fi-dant', n. m. ) [0. Fr. ; N. Fr. confident, confi- Con'fi-dante', n./. J dente.] A confidential friend. Con-fide', v. i. [imp. & p. p. CONFIDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONFIDING.] [Lat. conjidere, from con andfidere, to trust.] To put faith ; to believe. Con-f ide', v. t. To intrust ; to give in charge. Coii'fi-dence, n. 1. Act of confiding; belief in the reality of a fact or the integrity and veracity of another. 2. That in which faith is put. 3. Feeling of security ; self-reliance, whether well founded or in excess. Syn.— Trust; affiance; assurance; expectation; hope; bold- ness; courage. Con'fi-dent, a. [Lat. confidens, p. pr. of conjidere.] 1. Having confidence ; secure ; trustful. 2. Exercising self- reliance. 3. Having an excess of assurance. 4. Giving occasion for confidence. Con'fi-den'tial, a. 1. Enjoying, or treated with, con- fidence; trustworthy. 2. Communicated in confidence. Con'fi-den'tial-ly, adv. In confidence. C6n'fi-dent-ly, adv. With confidence ; positively. Con-f id'er, n. One who confides. Con-f lg'u-ra'tion, n . [Lat. configuratio , fr. configurare, to form, from con andfigura, figure, form.] 1. External form or figure, as depending on the relative disposition of the parts of a thing. 2. (Astrol.) Relative position or aspect cf the planets. Con-f ig'ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. configured ; p. pr. & vb. n. configuring.] To arrange or dispose in a certain form, figure, or shape. Con-fin'a-Me, a. Capable of being confined. Con'fine, n. [Lat. confinium, from confinis, bordering, from con and finis, end, border.] Common boundary; border ; limit ; used chiefly in the plural. Con-fine', v. t. [imp. & p. p. confined ; p. pr. & vb. n. confining.] To restrain svithin limits. To be confined, to be in child-bed. Syn. — To bound; limit; immure; circumscribe; restrict. Con r f fne, or Con-fine', v. i. To have a common bound- ary ; to border. Con-fine'ment, n. 1. Restraint within limits ; im- prisonment. 2. Detention within doors by sickness, especially that caused by child-birth. Con-fln'er, n. One who, or that which, confines. C6n'£In-er, n. One who lives on confines ; a borderer. Con-firm' (18), v. t. [imp. & p. p. confirbied ; p. pr. & vb. n. confirming.] [Lat. confirmare. from con and firmare, to make firm, from firmus, firm.]' 1. To make firm ; to give strength to ; to render fixed or certain. 2. To render valid by formal assent. 3. {Eccl.) To adminis- ter the rite of confirmation to. Syn.— To strengthen ; corroborate ; establish ; fix ; settle; verify; assure; ratify. €on-fIrm'a-ble, a. Capable of being confirmed. Con'fir-ma'tion, n. 1. Act of confirming, or estab- lishing. 2. That which confirms ; convincing testimony. 3. Ratification. 4. {Eccl.) A rite in Episcopal churches by which a baptized person is admitted to the full privileges of the church. €on-firm'a-t!ve, a. Having the power of confirming. €on-f irm'a-to-ry (50), a. 1. Serving to confirm ; cor- roborative. 2. Pertaining to the rite of confirmation. €on-f irm'er, n. One who, or that which, confirms. Con-f Is'-ea-Me, a. Capable of being confiscated ; liable to forfeiture. Con'fis-cate, or Con-fis'eate (117), v. t. [imp. & p. P confiscated; p. pr. & vb. n. confiscating.] [Lat. confiscates, p. p. of confiscare, from con and fisens, basket money-bag, state treasury.] To appropriate, as a penalty, to the public use. [See note under CONTEM- PLATE.] Con'f is-eate, or Con-f is'eate, a. Appropriated, as a penalty, to the public use. Con'f is-«a'tion, n. The act of appropriating, as a pen- alty, to the public use. Con'fis-ca/tor, n. One who confiscates. [fiscation. Con-fis'-ea-to-ry, a. Consigning to or promoting con- Con-f la'grant, a. [Lat. covfiagrans, p. pr. of confia^ grare, from con snadfiagrare, to blaze.] Burning together in a common flame. [Mare.] Con'fla-gra'tion, n. A fire on a great scale. Con'fli-et, n. 1. Violent collision. 2. A striving to or overcome. 3. The last struggle of life. Syn. — Contest ; collision ; struggle ; combat ; strife; con- tention; battle; fight; pang; agony. See Cohiesi. Con-fli-et', v. i. [imp. & p. p. CONFLICTED ; p. pr. & vb. ii. CONFLICTING.] [Lat. confiigere, confiictum, from con and fiigere, to strike.] 1. To strike or dash together ; to meet in violent collision. 2. To engage in strife. Syn. — To fight ; contend; contest ; resist ; struggle ; com- bat; strive; battle. Con-f K-et'ive, a. Tending to conflict. Con'flu-ence, n. 1. The meeting or junction of two or more streams : the place of meeting. 2. The running together of people. Syn. — A crowd; a concourse; an assemblage; a multitude. Con'flu-ent, a. [Lat. confiuens, p. pr. of confine re, from con and fiuere, fiuxum, to flow.] 1. Flowing together; running one into another ; meeting in a common current or basin. 2. (Hot.) United at the base. Con'flu-ent, n. 1. A small stream which flows into a large one. 2. Place of meeting of streams, &c. Con'flux, n. [See Confluence.] 1. A flowing to- gether; a meeting of currents. 2. A large assemblage ; a crowd ; a concourse. Con-form', v. t. [imp. & p. p. conformed ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONFORMING.] [Lat. c onformare, from con and formare, to form, from forma, form.] To shape in ac- cordance with ; to make like ; to bring into harmony or agreement with. Con-form', v. i. 1. To conduct in accordance ; to com- ply ; to yield ; to render obedience. 2. {Eng. Eccl. Hist.) To be a conformist. Con-form'a-bil'i-ty, n. 1. The state of being con- formable. 2. ( Geol. ) Parallelism of two sets of strata which are in contact. Con-f6rm'a-l)le, a. 1. Corresponding in form, shape, character, opinions, &c. ; similar ; like. 2. In proper or appropriate form. 3„ Disposed to compliance or obedience ; submissive. 4. ( Geol.) Parallel, or nearly so. Con-f6rm'a-bJe-negs, n. Conformability. Con-f 6rm'a-bly, adv. With, or in, conformity; suit- ably; agreeably; consistently. Con-f orm'ate, a. Having the same form. Con'f or-ma'tion, n. 1. Act of conforming, or state of being conformed ; agreement ; harmony. 2. The structure of a body ; form ; make. Con-form'er, n. One who conforms. Con-f orm'ist, n. One who complies with the worship of the church of England. Coii-form'i-ty, n. 1. Correspondence in character or manner; resemblance ; agreement; congruity. 2. {Eng. Eccl. Hist.) Compliance with the usages of the estab- lished church. Con-found', v. t. [imp. & p. p confounded; p. pr. & vb, n. CONFOUNDING.] [Lat. confundere, to pour- together, from con and fnndere, to pour.] 1. To min- gle and blend, so as to be indistinguishable. 2. To throw into confusion or disorder. Syn. — To abash ; confuse : baffle ; dismay ; astonish ; de- feat; discomfit; ruin; overthrow; terrify; mix; blend; inter- mingle. See Abash. Con-f ound'ed, p. a. 1. Confused; perplexed. 2. Very great: enormous; abominable. [Colloq.] Con-f ound'ed-ly, adv. Enormously ; greatly. Con-f ound'er, n. One who confounds. Con'f ra-ter'ni-ty, n. [L. Lat. confraterniias, from Lat. con and / rat emit as.] A brotherhood. Con'fri-ca'tion, n. [Lat. confricatio, from confiricare, to rub vigorously, from con and fii care, to rub.] Act of rubbing against or together ; friction. Con-front' (kon-frunf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. con- fronted ; p. pr. & vb. n CONFRONTING.] [From Lat. con and frons, the forehead or front.] 1. To stand facing, or in front of; to face. 2. To stand in direct op- position to ; to oppose. 3. To bring or set together for comparison ; to compare. Con'f ron-ta'tion, n. Act of confronting. Con-front'er, n. One who confronts or faces. Con-f u§e', v. t. [imp. & p. p. confused ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONFUSING.] [Lat. confundere, confusnm. See Confound.] 1. To jumble together; to render indis- a,e,&c, Jong; a,e,&c.,s/ l0 r*; care, far, ask, all .what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, CONFUSEDLY 145 CONGRESS tinct or obscure. 2. To throw into disorder ; to cause to lose self-possession. Syn.— To abash; disorder; disconcert; perplex; confound; obscure; distract. See Abash. Con-fu§'ed-ly, adv. In a confused manner. Con-f ug'ed-ness, n. A state cf confusion. Con-f u'gion, n. 1. State of being mixed or blended so as to produce indistinctness or error. 2. Loss of self- possession. 3. Overthrow ; defeat ; ruin. Syn. — Disorder; tumult; indistinctness; abashment; per- turbation; shame. Con-fiit'a-ble, a. Capable of being confuted, [do so. •€on-fut'aiit, n. One who confutes or undertakes to Con'fu-ta'tion, n. Act of confuting or disproving. Confute', v. t. [imp. & p. p. CONFUTED; p. pr. & vb.n. CONFUTING.] [Lat. confutare, from con and fu- lare, to argue.] 1. To put to silence. 2. To prove to be false or defective ; to disprove. Syn.— To disprove; overthrow; set aside; refute; oppugn.— Wc refute an argument, slander, &c, when wc set it aside; we confute when we utterly disprove it and bring evidence to the contrary. In refuting, we prove an assertion to be untrue; in confuting, we prove it to be positively false, absurd^&c. Con-f ut'er, n. One who confutes or disproves. Con'ge (kon'jee), n. [Fr. conge, from Lat. commeatns, leave of absence, from commeare, to go and come, from com, for con, and meare, to go.] 1. Act of taking leave ; parting ceremony ; farewell, 2. A bow or a courtesy. Con'ge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. CONGEED; p. pr. & vb. n. CONGE ing.] To take leave with the customary civil- ities ; to bow or courtesy. [round, or a cavetto. Con'ge, n. (Arch.) A molding in form of a quarter Con-geal', v. t. [imp. & p.p. congealed; p.pr. & vb. n. congealing.] [Lat. congelare, from con and gelare, to freeze, from gelu, frost.] 1. To freeze ; to stiffen with cold. 2. To stiffen, as from the effect of terror. Conceal', v. i. To grow hard or stiff from cold. Con-geal'a-ble, a. Capable of being congealed. Con-geal'ment, n. 1. Act or process of congealing ; congelation, 2. That which is formed by congelation ; a mass congealed ; concretion. Conrje d'eliye (kon'jx-dl-leer' ; Fr. pron. kong / zhad / - leer')- [Fr., leave to choose.] ( Eccl.) The king's license or permission to a dean and chapter to choose a bishop. Con'ge-la'tion, n. 1. The process or act of congealing ; or the state of being congealel ; conglaciation. 2. The thing congealed ; congealment. Con'ge-ner, n. [Lat., from con and gener, birth, kind, race.] A thing of the same genus ; a thing allied in kind or nature to something else. Con-ge'ni-al, orCon-gen'ial(-yal), a. [From Lat. con and genialis, genial, q. v.] 1. Partaking of the same nature or feeling ; kindred; sympathetic. 2. Naturally adapted or suited. Con-ge'ni-al'i-ty, n. Participation of the same genus, nature, or disposition ; natural affinity ; suitableness. Con-ge'ni-al-ness, n. Congeniality. Con-gen'i-tal, { a. [Lat. congenita*, from con and Con-gen'ite, ) genitus, born, p. p. of genere, gig- nere, to beget, gigni, to be born.] 1. Of the same birth ; begotten together. 2. Dating from birth. Con'ger \ (kong'gur, 82), n. [Lat. conger, congrm, Coii'ger-eel j Gr. yoyypos.] (Ic/itk.) A large species of eel, which sometimes grows to the length of ten feet, and weighs a hundred pounds. Con-ge'ri-eg, n. sing. & pi. [Lat., from congerere, to bring together, from con and gerere, to bear, carry.] A collection of particles or bodies into one mass ; a heap ; a combination. Con-gest', v. t. [Lat. congerere, congestum. See supra.] To collect into a mass or aggregate. Con-ges'tion (-jSst'yun), n. "(Med.) An unnatural ac- cumulation of blood in any part of the body. Congestive, a. (Med.) Indicating, or attended by, an accumulation of blood in some part of the body. Con-gla'ci-a'tion (-gla'shi-), n. [From Lat. conglaciare, to freeze, from con and glacies, ice.] The act of chang- ing 1 into ice ; congelation. Con-glo'hate, a. [Lat. conglobatus, p. p. of conglobare , to gather into a ball, from con and globare, to make into a ball, from globus, a ball, globe, q. v.] Formed or gath- ered into a ball. Con-glo'bate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. conglobated ; p. pr. & vb. n. conglobating.] To collect or form into aball,_or hard, round substance. Con-glo'bate-ly, adv. In a round or roundish form. Con'glo-ba'tion, n. Act of forming into a ball ; a round body. Con-globe', v. t. [imp. & p.p. conglobed; p. pr. & vb. n. conglobing.] To gather into a ball. Con-glob'u-late, v. i. To gather into a little round mass or globule. Con-glom'er-ate (45), a. [Lat. conglomerates, p. p. of conglomerare, to roll together, from con and glomerare, to wind into a ball, from glomus, aball, allied with globus, ball.] 1. Gathered together in a mass ; collected. 2. (Bot.) Closely crosvded or clustered together. 3. ( Geol.) Composed of stones, pebbles, or fragments of rocks, ce- mented together. Con-glom'er-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. conglomer- ated ; p. pr. & vb. n. conglomerating.] To gather into a ball or round body . ■Con-glom'er-ate, n. 1. Collection ; accumulation. 2. ( Geol.) A rock, composed of pebbles, cemented together by another mineral substance. Con-glom'er-a'tlon, n. A gathering into a mas3 ; col- lection ; accumulation. Con-glu'ti-nant, a. [Lat. conglutinans, p. pr. of con- glutinare.] Serving to unite closely ; healing. ■Con-glu'ti-nant,??. (Med.) A medicine that promotes the healing of wounds by closing them up. Con-glu'ti-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. congluti- nated ; p. pr. & vb. n. conglutinating.] [Lat. conglutinatus, p. p. of conglutinare, to glue together, from con and gluten, glut inum \, glue.] To glue together ; to unite by some glutinous or tenacious substance. Con-glu'ti-nate, v. i. To coalesce. Con-glu'ti-nate (45), a. Glued together in one mass. Con-glu'ti-na'tion, n. The act of gluing together - , junction ; union. Con-glu'ti-na-tive, a. Having the power of uniting by glue or other like substance. Con'go, ) n. [Chin, kung-foo, labor.] A species of Coii'gou, ) black tea, a superior quality of Bohea. Con-grat'u-lant, a. Rejoicing in participation. Con-grat'u-late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. congratu- lated \p.pr. & vb. n. CONGRATULATING.] [Lat. con- gratulari, congratulatus , from con and gratulari, to wish joy, from gratus, pleasing.] To wish joy to on account of some happy event affecting the person addressed. Syn. — To felicitate. — Wc may felicitate a friend on his marriage, meaning that wc wish him all joy; but to congratu- late, means to unite our joy with his. A man whose mistress lias married his rival may felicitate, but can hardly congratu- late that rival on such an event. Con-grat'u-la'tion, n. Act of congratulating or ex- pressing sympathetic pleasure. Con-grat'u-la/tor, n. One who offers congratulation. Con-grat'u-la-to-ry, a. Expressive of sympathetic joy at the good fortune of another. Con'gre-gate (kong'gre-gat, 82), v. t. [imp. & p. p. CONGREGATED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONGREGATING.] [Lat. congregare, congregatum, from con and gregare , to collect into a flock, from grex, flock, herd.] To collect into an assembly or assemblage. [meet Con'gre-gate, v. i. To come together ; to assemble ; to Con/gre-ga'tion. n. 1. Act of congregating, bringing together, or assembling. 2. A collection or assemblage of separate things. 3. An assembly of persons, espe- cially a religious assemblv. Con/gre-ga'tion-al (82), a. 1. Pertaining to a con- gregation"; 2. Belonging to the system of Congregation- alism ; Independent. Con/gre-ga'tion-al-ism, n. A system of church gov- ernment which vests all ecclesiastical power in the as- sembled brotherhood of each local church, as an inde- pendent bodv ; Independency. Con'gre-ga'tion-al-ist, n. One who belongs to a Con- gregational church or society ; an Independent. Con'gress (kong'gres, 82), n. [Lat. congressus, from congredi, to go or come together, from con and gradi, to go or step, gradus, step.] 1. A meeting of two or more individuals ; particularly a meeting of two persons of op- posite sexes for sexual intercourse. 2. A formal assem- bly, as of deputies, representatives, envoys, or commis- sioners. 3. The assembly of senators and representatives of the people of a nation, especially of a i-epublic. j@g~In the Congress of the United States, as the members of the House of Representatives are chosen for two years only, the united body of senators and representatives for the two years during which the representatives hold their seats, is called one Congress. Syn.— Assembly ; meeting; convention; convocation; synod: council; diet. food, foot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get; a§ ; ejist; linger, link ; this CONGEESSTONAL 146 CONNOTATIVE C n - 1- The act of consigning. 2. (Com.) The thing consigned; the goods sent or de- livered to a factor for sale. Con-sign'or (-sin'-), n. One who consigns; especially one who consigns goods to another for sale or superin- tendence ; one who makes a consignment. Consist', v. i. [imp. & p. p. consisted ; p. pr. & vb n. consisting.] [Lat. consistere, from con and sistere, to stand.] 1. To be in a fixed or permanent state ; to be to exist ; to subsist. 2. To be consistent or harmonious! To consist in. to be constituted by. - To consist of, to be com- posed or made up of. Con-sist'ence, ) ft. 1. Condition of standing together, Con-sist'en-cy, J or being fixed in union. 2. A degree of firmness or density. 3. A combination. 4. Firm- ness of constitution or character; substantiality. 5. Agreement or harmony ; congruity ; correspondence. Con-sist'ent, a. 1. Possessing firmness or fixedness. 2. Having agreement with itself at different times, or harmony among its parts. Syn. — Accordant; harmonious; congruous; compatible; uniform. Con-sist'ent-ly, adv. In a consistent manner. Con'sis-to'ri-al, a. Pertaining to a consistory. Con-sis'to-ry (113), n. [Lat. consistorium, from con- sistere. See Consist.] 1. Any solemn assembly or council. 2. (Eng. Church.) The spiritual court of a diocesan bishop. 3. (lio?n. Cath. Church.) The college of cardinals at Rome. 4. A church tribunal. Con-so'ci-ate (-so'shi-, 63), v. t. [imp. & p. p. con- SOCIATED; p. pr. & vb. n. CONSOCIATING.] [Lat. consociare, consociatum, from con and sociare, to join or unite, from socius, companion.] To associate. [Hare.] Con-so'ci-ate, v. i. To form an association. Con-so'ei-a'tion (-so'shi-), n. 1. Intimate union; alliance ; association. 2. A confederacy or union of neighboring churches. [New England.] Con-sol'a-fole, a. Capable of receiving consolation. C6n/so-la'tion, n. 1. Act of comforting or the state of being comforted ; alleviation of misery. 2. That which comforts ; the cause of comfort. Syn.— Comfort; solace; alleviation. See Comfort. Con-sol'a-to-ry (50), a. TendiDg to give consolation oi comfort ; pertaining to consolation. Con-sole', v. t. [imp. & p. p. consoled ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONSOLING.] [Lat. consolari, from con and solari, to console, comfort.] To cheer in distress or depression. Syn. — To comfort; solace; soothe; cheer; sustain; encour- age; support. See Comfort. Con'sole, ft. [Fr . , either from con and Fr. sole, Lat. solea, sole, sandal, or contracted from Lat. consolida, from consolidus, very firm, from con and solidus, firm, solid.] (Arch.) A bracket; or a projecting ornament on the keystone of an arch. Con-sol'er, ft. One who gives consolation. Con'sole- ta/ble, n. A table whose leaf or slab is sup- ported by consoles or brackets at the two ends. Con-soFi-dant, a. Serving to unite or consolidate. Con-sol'i-date, v. t. [imp. & p.p. consolidated; p. pr. & vb. n. CONSOLIDATING.] [Lat. consolidare, consolidatum, from con and solid are, to make firm, from solidus, firm, solid.] 1. To make solid ; to unite or press together into a compact mass. 2. To unite, as various particulars, into one mass or body. Syn. — To unite; combine; harden; compaet; condense; compress. Coii-sol'i-date, v. i. To grow firm and hard ; to unite and become solid. [solidated. Con-sol'i-date (45), a. Formed into a solid mass ; con- Con-soFi-da'tion, n. 1. Act of consolidating. 2. (Lavj.) Combination of several actions into one. Con-sol'i-da/tive, a. Tending to consolidate ; healing. Con-s61§', or Con'solg, n. pi. The leading English funded government security, formed by the consolidation of different annuities, and on which three per cent, ia now paid. Con'so-nance, ) n. 1. (Mus.) A pleasing accord or C6n'so-naii-cy, ) agreement of sounds produced simul- taneously. 2. A state of agreement or congruity. Syn. — Agreement; accord; consistency; unison; harmony; congruity; suitableness; agreeableness. Con'so-nant, a. [Lat. consonans, p. pr. of consonare, to sound at the same time, from con and sonare, to sound.] 1. Having agreement ; congruous; consistent. 2. (Mus.) Harmonizing together ; accordant. Con'so-nant, ft. An articulate sound which in utter- ance is usually combined and sounded with a more open sound called a vowel ; also, a letter or character repre- senting such a sound. Con'so-nant'al, a. Pertaining to consonants. Con'so-nant ly, adv. In a consouant, consistent, or congruous manner. Con'so-nous, a. Agreeing in sound ; symphonious. Con'sdrt, n. [Lat. consors, from con and sors, sortis, lot, fate, share.] A companion or partner ; especially, a wife or husband ; a spouse. Queen consort, the wife of a king, as distinguished from a queen reanant, who rules alone, and from a queen dowager, tho widow of a king. a,e,&c.,long; a,g,&c,sW«; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, CONSORT 149 CONSTRUCTIONIST Ccn-sOrt' (25), V. i. [imp. & p. p. consorted ; p. pr. & vb. 11. CONSORTING.] To unite or to keep company ; to associate. [mony, company, &c. Gon-sort', v. t. To unite or join, as in affection, har- <£on-spee r tus, 11. [Lat.] A general sketch or outline of a subject ; a synopsis ; an epitome. €on-spIe'u-ous, a. [Lat. conspicuus, from conspicere, to behold attentively, from con and spicere, to behold.] 1. Obvious to the eye; easy to be seen; manifest. 2. Obvious to the mental eye ; clearly or extensively known, perceived, noted. Syn.— Distinguished; eminent; famous; illustrious; prom- inent; celebrated. See Distinguished. •Oon-splc'u-ous-ly, adv. In a conspicuous manner. <3on-spI«'u-oiis-ness, n. State or quality of being conspicuous. <3on-spIr'a-9y, n. [See Conspiration.] 1. A com- bination of two or more persons for an evil purpose. 2. A concurrence or general tendency, as of causes or circumstances, to one event. Syn. — Combination; plot; cabal. Con/spi-ra/tion, n. [Lat. conspiratio, Fr. conspiration, It. conspirazione.] Agreement or concurrence, as of per- sons to commit a crime, or of circumstances, causes, &c, to some result. [Rare.] Con-splr'a-tor, n. One who conspires ; a plotter. Con-spire', v. i. [imp. & p. p. conspired ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONSPIRING.] [Lat. conspirare, from con and spirare, to breathe, blow.] 1. To unite or covenant to- gether for an evil purpose ; to plot together. 2. To con- cur to one end ; to agree. Syn. — To unite; concur; combine; complot; confederate; league. Con-spire', v. t. To plot ; to combine for ; to concur in. ■eon-spir'er, n. One who conspires or plots. Con'sta-ble (ktin'sta-bl), n. [L. Lat. constabulus , &c, comestabulus, comes slabuli, originally count of the sta- ble, master of the horse, from Lat. comes, companion, L. Lat. count, and stabidum, stable.] 1. A high officer in the monarchical establishments of the middle ages. 2. (Law.) An officer of the peace having power as a conservator of the public peace, and bound to execute the warrants of judicial officers. "€6m'sta-fole-sliip, n. The office of a constable. ■€on-stab'u-la-ry, a. Pertaining to constables ; con- sisting of constables. -Con'stan-py, n. 1. Quality of being constant or stead- fist ; freedom from change. 2. Fixedness or firmness of mind, especially under sufferings, in attachments, or in enterprise ; steady, unshaken determination. Syn. — Fixedness: stability; firmness; steadiness; perma- nence; steadfastness; resolution. See Fixedness. •€on'stant, a. [Lat. constans, p. pr. of constare, to stand firm, from con and stare, to stand.] 1. Not liable, or given, to change. 2. (Math. & Physics.) Remaining unchanged or invariable. Syn. — Fixed; steadfast; unchanging; permanent; unal- terable; immutable; invariable; perpetual; continual; reso- lute; firm; unshaken; determined. ■Gon'staiit, n. 1. That which is not subject to change. 2. (Math.) A quantity whose value always remains the same in the same expression. Con'stant-ly, adv. With constancy ; firmly ; steadily ; continually ; perseveringly. Con'stel-la'tion, n. [Lat. constellatio, from con, and stellare, to set or cover with stars, from ste.lla, a star.] 1. A cluster or group of fixed stars. 2. An assemblage of splendors or excellencies. Con'ster-na'tion, n. [Lat. consternatio , from conster- nare, to overcome, perplex, an accessory form of const er- nere, to prostrate, from con and stemere, to throw down.] Amazement or terror that confounds the faculties, and incapacitates for consideration. Syn. — Alarm; horror; amazement; astonishment; sur- prise; wonder; perturbation. See Alarm. ■Gon'sti-pate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. constipated; p. pr. & vb. n. CONSTIPATING.] [Lat. constipatus, p. p. of constipare, from con and stipare, to crowd together.] 1. To stop, as a passage, by filling it, and preventing motion through it. 2. To render costive. Con'sti-pa/tion, n. 1. Act of crowding any thing into a less compass, or the state of being crowded ; condensa- tion. 2. Costiveness. Con-stit'u-en-fy, n. A body of constituents. Con-stit'ii-ent, a. 1. Serving to form, compose, or make up ; component ; elemental. 2. Having the power of electing or appointing. Con-stit'u-ent, n. 1. The person or thing which es- tablishes, determines, or constructs. 2. A component part : an element. 3. One who assists to appoint o* elect a representative to an office or employment. Con'sti-tute (30), v. t. [imp. &p.p. constituted; p. pr. & vb. n. CONSTITUTING.] [Lat. constituere, constitutum, from con and slatuere, to place, set.] 1. To cause to stand ; to establish ; to enact. 2. To give for- mal existence to ; to compose ; to form. 3. To appoint, depute, or elect to an office or employment. "Con'sti-tu'ter, n. One who constitutes or appoints. -eor^sti-ti-u'tioii, n. 1. Act of constituting ; formation. 2. The state of being ; natural condition ; conformation. 3. The principles or fundamental laws which govern a state or other organized body of men. 4. An authori- tative ordinance, regulation, or enactment. Coii/sti-tu/tion-al, a. 1. Belonging to, or inherent in, the constitution. 2. In accordance with, or author- ized by, the constitution of a government or a society. 3. Regulated by, dependent on, or secured by, a constitu- tion. 4. Relating to a constitution. 5. For the benefit of the constitution. -Con'sti-tu'tion-al, n. A walk or other exercise taken for the benefit of health or the constitution. -eon'sti-tu/tion-al'i-ty, n. 1. State of being constb tutional, or inherent in the natural frame. 2. State of being agreeable to the constitution or frame of govern- ment, or of being authorized by its provisions. Con'sti-tu'tion-al-ly, adv. In accordance with the constitution. -eon'sti-tu/tive, a. 1. Tending or assisting to consti- tute. 2. Having power to constitute or enact. -eon-strain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. constrained; p. pr. & vb. n. CONSTRAINING.] [From Lat. constringere , from con and stringere, to draw tight, to strain.] 1. To secure by bonds. 2. To bring into a narrow compass. 3. To hold back by force. 4. To urge with irresistible power ; to necessitate. Syn. — To chain; confine ; compress ; constrict ; restrain; repress; compel; force; drive; impel; urge ; press. -€on-strain'a-hle, a. Capable of being constrained, forced, or repressed; liable to constraint. -€oii-straiii'ed-ly, adv. By constraint ; by compulsion. ■€on-strain'er, n. One who constrains. ■eon-straint', n. 1. Act of constraining, or the state of being constrained. 2. That which constrains. Syn. — Compulsion; violence; necessity; urgency. Con-strict', v. t. [imp. & p. p. constricted ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONSTRICTING.] [Lat. constringere, constric- tum. See Constrain.] To draw together into a nar- row compass ; to contract or cause to shrink. Con-stri-et'ed, p. a. 1. Drawn together; contracted; cramped. 2. (Bot.) Compressed so as to be smaller in certain places or parts than in others. Con-stri-e'tion, n. The act of constricting, or the state of being constricted. -€on-str!et'ive, a. Serving to bind or constringe. Con-strlet'or, 11. That which constricts, draws together, or contracts ; specifically, a serpent which secures its prey by surrounding it with its folds and crushing it. Coii-stringe',r. t. [imp. & p. p. constringed ; p. pr. & vb. 11. CONSTRING1NG.] [Lat. constringere. See Constrain.] To draw together ; to contract. -Goii-strin'gent, a. Having the quality of contracting. -eon-strii-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. constructed; p. pr. & vb. n. CONSTRUCTING.] [Lat. construere, con- structum, from con and struere, to pile up, to set in or- der.] 1. To put together the constituent parts of. 2. To devise and put in an orderly arrangement. Syn.— To build ; erect ; form ; make ; originate ; invent ; fabricate; arrange. ■€on'strii-et, a. Formed by, or relating to, construction, interpretation, or inference. -Gon-stru-et/er, n. One who constructs or frames. -€on-stru.«'tion, n. 1. Act of constructing ; act of building, or of devising and forming ; fabrication ; com- position. 2. Manner of putting together properly the parts of any thing ; structure ; conformation. 3. ( Gram.) Syntactical arrangement. 4. The method of construing or explaining a declaration or fact ; understanding ; in- terpretation ; sense. Construction of an equation (Math.), the drawing of such lines and figures as will represent geometrically the quantities in the equation, and their relations to each other. Con-strii<;'tion-aI, a. Pertaining to construction. Con-striic'tioii-ist, n. One who construes a writing or public instrument. food, foot; firn, rude, pull; fell, f liaise, -eall, e«lio ; gem, get; ag; ejisti linger, link ; this CONSTRUCTIVE 150 CONTEMPLATIVE Con-striifit'ive, a. 1. Having ability to construct or form. 2. Derived by interpretation. Con-struet'ive-ly, adv. In a constructive manner ; by way of construction or interpretation. Con-striiet'ive-ness, n. 1. Tendency to construct. 2. ( Phren.) The faculty which leads to the formation of parts into a whole. Con'strue (formerly pronounced kon'stur), v. t. {imp. & p. p. CONSTRUED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONSTRUING.] [Lat. construere. See CONSTRUCT.] To exhibit or explain the construction of, as of a sentence or clause ; to interpret ; to translate. Con'stu-prate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. constuprated ; p.pr. & vb. n. CONSTUPRATING.] [Lat. constupratus, p. p. of constuprare, from con and stuprare, to ravish, stuprum, rape.] To violate the person of; to ravish. Con'stu-pra'tion, n. The act of ravishing. Con'suto-stan'tial, a. [Lat. consubstantialis, from con and substantialis.] Having the same substance or es- sence, [stantiation. Con sub-stan'tial ist, n. One who believes in consub- Consub-stan ti-al'i-ty (-shl-al'I-ty), n. Co-existence in the same substance. Con'sub-stan'ti-ate (-shl-at), v. t. [imp. & p.p. CON- substantiated; p.pr. & vb. n. consubstantiat- ING.] [Lat. con and substantia, substance, q. v.] To unite in one common substance or nature. €6n / sub-stan / ti-a'tion(-shi-a / shun), n . 1. Identity or union of substance. 2. ( Theol.) The actual, substan- tial presence of the body of Christ with the bread and wine of the Lord's supper. Con'sul, n. [Lat., from consulere, to deliberate, consult, q. v.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) One of the two chief magistrates of the republic, after the expulsion of the kings. 2. (Fr. Hist.) One of the three supreme magistrates of France from 1799 to 1804. 3. An officer appointed by a government to protect the commercial and other inter- ests of its citizens in some foreign country. ■F~ n 4u-1*' 1 a ' Pertainim I to a consul or to consuls. Con'su-late, n. Office, jurisdiction, or residence, of a consul ; consulship. Con'sul-sbip, n. 1. The office of a consul ; consulate. 2. The term of office of a consul. ■Con-su.lt/, v. i. [imp. & p. p. consulted ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONSULTING.] [Lat. consulere, consultum.] To seek opinion or advice ; to take counsel ; to deliberate. Con-suit', v. t. [Lat. consultare, intens. form of consu- lere.] 1. To ask advice of ; to seek the opinion of. 2. To decide or to act in favor of. 3. To deliberate upon, Con'sul-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of consulting or deliberat- ing. 2. A meeting of persons, especially of lawyers or of doctors, to consult together. Con-siilt'er, n. One who consults. Con-sum'a-ble, a. Capable of being consumed. Con-sume', v. t. [imp. & p.p. consumed ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONSUMING.] [Lat. consumere, to take, from con and sum ere, to take.] To destroy, as by decomposi- tion, dissipation, waste, or fire. Syn. — To destroy ; swallow up; ingulf; absorb; waste; ex- pend; squander; lavish; dissipate. Con-sume', v. i. To waste away slowly. Con-sum'er, n. One who, or that which, consumes. Con'sum-mate, or Con-sum'mate, v. t. [Lat. con- summare, consummatum, from con and summa, sum, q. v.] To bring to completion ; to raise to the highest point or degree ; to perfect ; to achieve. Con-sum'mate (45), a. Carried to the utmost extent or degree; complete; perfect. [completely. Con-sum'mate-ly, adv. In a consummate manner ; Cfln'sum-ma'tion, n. Act of carrying to the utmost extent or degree ; completion ; termination ; close ; per- fection. Con-siimp'tion (84), n. [Lat. consumptio. See Con- SUME.] 1. Act of consuming. 2. State of being \ consumed, wasted or diminished. 3. (Med.) A gradual decay or diminution of the body ; esp. a disease seated in the lungs, attended with a hectic fever, cough, &c. Syn. — Decline ; waste ; destruction ; diminution ; loss. Con-sump'tive, a. 1. Having the quality of consum- ing or dissipating ; destructive ; wasting. 2. Affected with, or inclined to, consumption. [sumption. Con-siimp'tive-ly, adv. In a way tending to con- Con-siimp'tive-ness, n. A state of being consump- tive, or a tendency to a consumption. CSn'ta-et, n. [Lat. contactus, from contingere, contac- tum, to touch on all sides, from con and t anger e, to touch, originally tago.] A close union or junction »f bodies ; a touching or meeting. Con-ta'gion, n. [Lat. contagio. See Contact.] 1. (Med.) Act or process of transmitting a disease from one person to another, by direct or indirect contact. 2. That which serves as a medium or agency to transmit dis- ease ; pestilential influence. 3. Act or means of prop- agating influence or effect. Con-ta'gioiis, a. 1. (Med.) Communicable by con- tact or approach ; catching. 2. Containing or generating contagion ; pestilential. 3. Spreading or communicable from one to another. Syn.— Contagious ; infectious. — These words have been used in very diverse senses ; but, in general, a contagious dis- ease is one which is caught from another by contact, by the breath, by bodily effluvia, &c, while an infectious one supposes some entirely different cause acting by a hidden influence, like the miasma of prison-ships, of marshes, &c, infecting the system with disease. See Infection. Con-ta'gioiis-ly, adv. By contagion. Con-ta'gious-ness, n. Quality of being contagious. Con-tain', v. t. [imp. & p. p. contained ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONTAINING.] [Lat. continere, from con and tenere, to hold.] 1. To hold within fixed limits ; to com- prehend ; to comprise. 2. To be able to hold ; to inclose. Con-tain', v. i. To live in continence or chastity. Con-tain'a-bl* 1 , a. Capable of being contained. Con-tain'er, n. One who, or that which, contains. Con-tam'i-na-ble, a. Capable of being contaminated. Con-tam'i-nate, v.t. [imp. Sep. p. contaminated; p.pr. & vb.n. CONTAMINATING.] [Lat. contaminatus, p. p. of contaminare , fr. con and ancient taminare, to violate.] To soil, stain, or corrupt by defiling contact. Syn. — To pollute; defile; sully; taint; tarnish. Con-tam'i-nate, a. Having contamination or defile- ment ; polluted ; corrupt ; tainted. Con-tam/i-na'tion, n. Act of contaminating or pol- luting ; pollution ; defilement ; taint. Con-temn' (-tern'), v. t. [imp. & p.p. contemned ; (kon-temd'); P- pr. & vb. n. contemning (kon-tem/- ning).] [Lat. contemnere, from con and temnere, to slight, despise, perhaps allied with temere, and so to treat in a careless manner.] To consider and treat as unworthy of regard ; to reject with disdain. Syn. — Despise; scorn; disdain.— Contemn is generic; to despise (lit., to look down upon ) is to regard or treat as mean, unbecoming, or worthless; to scorn is stronger, expressing a quick, indignant contempt; disdain is still stronger, denoting either a generous abhorrence of what is base, or unwarrantable pride and haughtiness. Con-tem'ner, n. One who contemns; a despiser. Con-tem'per, v. t. Lat. contemperare, from con and temperare, to temper, q. v.] To temper ; to moderate. Con-tem'per-a-ment, n. The condition of being con- tempered ; temperament. Con-tem'per-a'tion, n. 1. The act of contemper- ing or moderating; moderation. 2. Proportionate mixture or combination. Con'tem-plate, or Con-tem'plate (117), v.t. [imp. & p. p. contemplated; p. pr. & vb. n. contem- plating.] [Lat. contemplatus, p. p. of contemplari, to look around carefully, to consider, from con and templum, a space for observation marked out by the augur with his staff, contracted from tempulum , as a dim. of tempus, a piece or portion cut off.] 1. To look at on all sides ; to regard with deliberate care ; to medi- tate on; to study. 2. To have in view, as contingent or probable ; to look forward to. rKg*-In the pronunciation of this word and others of similar formation (as alternate, compensate, concentrate, confiscate, extirpate, &c.) usage is somewhat divided; yet in this country, there is a large and increasing number of cultivated speakers who give them the antepenultimate accentuation; and the practice of most English scholars of the present day is the same. See §117. Syn. — To study; ponder; muse; meditate on ; dwell on ; consider ; intend ; design ; plan ; purpose. — We meditate a design when we are looking out or waiting for the means of its accomplishment; we contemplate it when the means are at hand, and our decision is nearly or quite made; to intend- in stronger— we have decided to act when an opportunity may offer. Con'tem-plate, or Con-tem'plate, v. i. To think studiously ; to ponder ; to muse ; to meditate. [tation. Con'tem-pla'tion , n. Act of contemplating; medi- co have in. contemplation, to intend or purpose, or to hav« under consideration. Con-tem'pla-tive, a. 1. Pertaining to, or addicted to, contemplation; studious; thoughtful. 2. Having the power of thought or meditation. a, e, &c, long; a, e, &c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, or, do, wolf, CONTEMPLATIVELY 151 CONTINUANCE Con-t6m'pla-tive-ly, adv. With contemplation. Con-tem'pla-tive-ness, n. The state of being con- templative ; thoughtfulness. Con'tem-pla'tor, n. One who contemplates. Con-tem'po-ra'ne-ous, a. [Lat. contemporaneus, from con and tempus, time.] Living, acting, or transpiring at the same time ; contemporary. Con-tem'po-ra'ne-ous-ly, adv. At the same time with some other event. Con-tem/po-ra/ne-oiis-ness, n. The state or quality of being contemporaneous. [time. €on-tem'po-ra-ri-ness, n. Existence at the same Con-tem'po-ra-ry, a. [From Lat. con and tempora- rius, of or belonging to time, from tempus, temporis, time.] Living, acting, or transpiring at the same time ; contemporaneous. [with another. €on-tem'pora-ry, n. One who lives at the same time Con-tempt' (84), n. [Lat. contemptus, from contemnere. See Contemn.] 1. Act of contemning or "despising. 2. The state of being despised. 3. (Law.) Disobe- dience of the rules and orders of a court of justice, or of a legislative body. Syn. — Disdain; scorn; derision; mockery; contumely; neglect; disregard; slight. Con-tempt'i-ble , a. Worthy of contempt. Syn. — Contemptuous ; despicable ; abject ; vile ; mean; base; paltry; worthless; sorry; pitiful; scurril. — Despicable is stronger than contemptible, and pitiful than paltry. A man is despicable for what is base or wicked; contemptible for what is weak, foolish, &c. A thing is pitiful when it indicates mean- ness and timidity, paltry when low and worthless. Con-tempt'i-ble-ness, n. State of being contempti- ble, or of being despised. Con-tempt'i-bly, adv. In a contemptible manner. Con-t6mpt'u-ous, a. Manifesting or expressing con- tempt or disdain. Syn. — Scornful; insolent; haiighty; disdainful; cavalier; supercilious; insulting; contumelious; affrontive; abusive; fastidious. Con-tempfu-oiis-ly, adv. In a contemptuous man- ner ; disdainfully. Con-tend', v. i. [imp. & p. p. contended ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONTENDING.] [Lat. contendere, from con and tender?, to stretch, allied to Gr. relvew, to stretch.] 1. To strive in opposition. 2. To strive in debate ; to en- gage in discussion. Syn. — To struggle ; vie; strive; oppose; emulate; contest; litigate; dispute; debate. Con-tend'er, n. One who contends ; a combatant. Con-tent', a. [Lat. contentus, p. p. of continere, to hold together, from con and tenere, to hold.] Having the de- sires limited by present enjoyment ; satisfied ; at rest. Con-tent', v. t. 1. To satisfy the mind of; to appease. 2. To please or gratify. Syn. — To satiate ; satisfy ; delight. Con-tent', n. 1. Rest or quietness of the mind in one's present condition ; satisfaction ; moderate happiness. 2. That which contents. CSn'tent, or Con-tent', n. 1. That which is contained ; — usually in the pi. 2. Power of containing ; capacity. Table of contents, or the contents, a summary or index of the matter treated in a book. Con-tent'ed, a. Content ; easy in mind ; satisfied. Con-tent'ed-ly, adv. In a contented manner. Con-tent'ed-ness, n. Quiet satisfaction of mind. Con-ten'tion, n. [Lat. contentio. See Contend.] 1. A violent effort to obtain something, or to resist a per- son, claim, or injury. 2. Strife in debate. Syn. — Struggle; strife; contest; litigation; controversy; quarrel; conflict; feud; dissension; variance; disagreement; debate; competition; emulation; discord. Con-ten'tious, a. 1. Apt to contend; given to angry debate. 2. Relating to, or involving, contention. Syn. — Quarrelsome; pugnacious; dissensious; wrangling; litigious; perverse; peevish. Con-tfin'tiotis-ly, adv. In a contentious manner. Con-t6n'tioiis-ness, n. A disposition to contend. Con-tent'ment, n. 1. Satisfaction of mind, without disquiet; acquiescence; content. 2. That which affords satisfaction; gratification. [TENT, n. CSn'tents, or Con-tents' (114), n. pi. See Con- Con-ter'mi-na-lble (14), a. Capable of being regarded as having the same bounds. Con-tSr'mi-nate, a. [Lat. conterminatus , p. of conter- minare, to border upon, from conterminus.] Having the same bounds ; conterminous. Con-ter 'mi-noils , a. [Lat. conterminus, from con and terminus, border.] Having the same bounds, or boun- daries ; bordering ; contiguous. Con-test', v. t. [imp. & p. p. contested; p. pr. & vb. n. contesting.] [From Lat. contestari, to call to witness, from Lat. con and testari, to be a witness, from testis, witness.] 1. To make a subject of dispute. 2. To strive earnestly to hold or maintain. 3. (Law.) To resist, as a claim, by course of law. Syn. — To dispute; controvert; debate; litigate; oppose; argue; contend. Con-test', v. i. To engage in dispute, strife, or emula- tion ; to contend ; to vie ; to emulate. Con'test, n. 1. Earnest dispute; strife in argument. 2. Earnest struggle for superiority, defense, or the like; strife in arms. Syn. — Conflict; combat; battle: encounter; shock: strug- fle; dispute; altercation; debate; controversy; difference-; isagreement; strife. — Strife is generic; an encounter is a sud- den and hostile meeting; a conflict is a violent meeting of the parties ; a combat is a deadly conflict of two or more. Con-test'a-ble, a. Capable of being contested. Con-test'ant, n. One who contests ; an opponent. CSn'tes-ta'tion, n. Act of contesting ; strife ; dispute. Con'text, n. [Lat. contextus, from conlexere, to knit together j The parts of a discourse which precede or fol- low a sentence quoted. Con-text'ur-al, a. Pertaining to contexture. Con-text'ure (53), n. Composition of parts; system; constitution ; texture. Con'tig-na'tion, n. [Lat. contignatio, fr. contignare, to join with beams.] 1. Act of framing together, or unit- ing beams in a fabric. 2. A frame of beams ; a story. Con'ti-gu'i-ty, n. State of being contiguous. Con-tig'u-oiis, a. [Lat. contiguus, from contingere, to touch, as it were, on all sides, from con and tangere, to touch.] In actual or close contact ; touching ; near. Syn.— Adjoining; adjacent. — Things are adjacent when they lie near to each other without touching, as, adjacent fields; adjoining when they meet or join at some point, as, adjoining farms; contiguous when they arc brought more con-, tinuously in contact, as, contiguous buildings. Con-tig'u-ous-ly, adv. In a manner to touch. Con-tig'u-ous-ness, n. State of contact ; close union. Con'ti-nence, ) n. Voluntary restraint put on one's C6n-ti-nen-cy, ) desires and passions ; self-command; specifically, restraint of the passion for sexual enjoy- ment; chastity. Con'ti-nent, a. [Lat. continens, from continere, to hold together, from con and tenere, to hold.] Exercising re- straint as to the indulgence of desires or passions, espe- cially as to sexual intercourse ; temperate ; chaste. Con'ti-nent, n. 1. ( Geog.) One of the larger bodies of land on the globe. 2. The main land of Europe, as distinguished from the islands, especially from England. Con'ti-nent'al, a. 1. Pertaining to a continent. 2. Pertaining to the main land of Europe, in distinction from the adjacent islands, especially England. 3. (Amer. Hist.) Pertaining to the confederated colonies in the time of the Revolutionary war. Con'tl-nent-ly, adv. In a continent manner. Con-tin'gence, ) n. 1. Quality of being contingent Con-tin'gen-cy, ) or casual. 2. An event which may occur ; possibility. Syn.— Casualty; accident; chance. Con-tin'gent, a. [Lat. contingens, p. pr. of contingere, to touch on all sides, to happen.] 1. Possible, or liable, but not certain, to occur. "Z. Dependent on what is un- determined or unknown. 3. (Law.) Dependent for ef- fect on something that may or may not occur. Syn. — Accidental; incidental; casual; fortuitous. Con-tin'gent, n. 1. A contingency. 2. That which falls to one in a division or apportionment ; a quota ; proportion. [accidentally. Con-tin'gent -ly, adv. Without design or foresight Con-tin'u-a-lble, a. Capable of being continued. Con-tin'u-al, a. 1. Proceeding without interruption -* cessation. 2. Yery frequent ; often repeated ; of fre- quent recurrence. Syn. — Constant ; continuous ; perpetual ; incessant ; un- ceasing ; uninterrupted ; uninterrupted. — A thing is contin- uous which flows on without interruption through its whole course, as, a continuous discourse or train of thought; it is con- tinual when, with perhaps brief interruptions, it steadily re- curs again, asj continual showers. Perpetual is sometimesused for continual in a stronger sense, as, peipetual applications ; sometimes for continuous and lasting, as, perpetucd motion. Con-tin'u-al-ly, adv. 1. Without cessation; unceas- ingly. 2. Very often ; in repeated succession. Con-tin'u-ance, n. 1. Permanence, as of condition, food, f o~ot ; urn, rude, pull ; yell, chaise, «all, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; thia. CONTINUATE 152 CONTRAVENE habits, abode, &c. ; perseverance. 2. Uninterrupted succession ; continuation ; constant renewal ; propagation. Con-tiii'u-ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. continuated ; p. pr. & vb. n. continuating. See Continue.] To join closely together. [Rare.] Con-tiii'u-ate, a. 1. Intimately connected. 2. Un- interrupted. [Rare.] Coii-tiu/u-a'tioii, n. 1. Act of continuing, or the state of being continued ; uninterrupted extension or succes- sion ; prolongation; protraction. 2. That which ex- tends, increases, or supplements, &c. Coii-tiii'u-a-tl ve , n . 1. (Witt.) A statement express- ing permanence or duration. 2. ( Gram.) A connective ; a conjunction. Con -tin 'u-a/ tor, n. One who continues ; a continuer. Con-tiii'u.e, v. i. [imp. & ;;. p: CONTINUED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONTINUING.] [Lat. continuare, to connect, con- tinue, from continuus.] 1. To remain in a given place or condition. 2. To be permanent or durable. 3. To be steadfast or constant ; to endure ; to last. Syn. — To persevere; persist; abide; stay. ■Con- tin 'ue, v. t. To prolong ; to protract ; to persist in. Continued fraction (Jfath.), a fraction whose numerator is 1, and whose 'denominator is a whole number plus a fraction whose numerator is 1 and whose denominator is a whole num- ber plus a fraction, and so on.— Continued proportion (Arith. & Air/.), a proportion composed of two or more equal ratios, in wliicn the consequent of each preceding ratio is the same with the antecedent of the following one; as, 4:8:: 8:1G:: 10:32. Con-tin'n-er, n. One who continues ; a continuator. Con'ti-nu'i-ty, n. State of being continuous ; uninter- rupted connection ; close union of parts ; cohesion. CGii-tiii'ii-oiis, a. [Lat. continuus, from conlinere, to hold together.] Without break, cessation, or interrup- tion ; constantly prolonged ; protracted ; extended. Con-tin'u-oiis-ly, adc. In a continuous manner. Con-tort', v. t. | Lat. contorquere, contortum, from con and torquere, to twist.] To twist together ; to writhe. Con-tor'tion, n. A twisting; a writhing ; a twist ; wry motion ; partial dislocation of a limb. Coii-tor'tive, a. Expressing contortion. Con-tonr' (kon-toor'), n. [Fr., from con and tour, Lat. tornu's, Gr. ropvos, lathe.] 1. Bounding line; outline; periphery. 2. (Mil.) Horizontal outline of ground or works of fortification. [bidden. Con'tra-band, a. Prohibited by law or treaty ; for- Con'tra-teand, n. [L. Lat. contrabannum, properly, con- trary to public proclamation. Sec Ban.] 1. Prohibited merchandise or traffic. 2. A negro slave. [Amer.] Coii'tra-lsand'ist, n. A smuggler in time of war. Ccn-tract', v. t. [imp. & p. p. contracted; p . pr. & vb. n. CONTRACTING.] [Lat. contrahcre, contractual, from con and trahere, to draw.] 1 . To draw together or nearer ; to reduce to a less compass. 2. To bring on ; to be liable to. 3. To make a bargain or covenant for. 4. To betroth; to affiance. 5. (Gram.) To unite into one long vowel or diphthong ; — said of concurrent vowels. Syn. — To shorten : abridge ; epitomize; narrow ; lessen; condense; reduce; confine; incur; assume. Con-traei', v. i. 1. To be drawn together or reduced in compass. 2. To make an agreement ; to agree ; to cov- enant; to bargain. Con'tract, n. 1. An agreement or covenant between two or more parties, imposing certain obligations and conferring certain rights upon each. 2. A formal writ- ing containing such agreement. 3. ( Gram.) A word in which concurrent vowels are contracted. S5 x n. — Covenant; agreement; compact; stipulation ; bar- gain : arrangement; obligation.— A covenant is a mutual agree- ment; a contract is such an agreement reduced to writing; a stipulation is one of the articles or parts of a contract; a com- pact is a more solemn and binding contract. Con-traet'ed, p. a. Drawn together ; narrow. Con-traet'ed-ly, adv. In a contracted manner. Con-tract'ed-nes.«, n. The state of being contracted. Con-iraei'i-liil'i-ty, n. Capability of being contracted. Con-traet'i-hle, a. Capable of contraction. Con-traet'i-ble-ne.s!?, n. The quality of being con- tractible ; contractibility. Con-traet'ile, a. Tending to contract. Con'trae-tll'i-ty, n. The inherent quality or force by which bodies shrink or contract. Con-trae'tion, n. 1. Act of contracting, or state of being contracted. 2. (Math.) Process of shortening any operation. 3. Any thing in a state of abbreviation or contraction. 4. (Gram.) The shortening of a word, by the uniting of two concurrent vowels, or, less pre- cisely, by the omission of a vowel or syllable. Con-tra.et1ve, a. Tending or serving to contract. Con-traet'or, n. [Lat.] One who contracts ; specifically, one who contracts to perform any work cr service for the public, at a certain price or rate. Con'tra-dance, n. [contra and dance, q. v.] A dance in which the ' partners are arranged in opposite lines. [Written also, but corruptly, country-dance.] Con'tra-dlet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. contradicted; p. pr. & vb. n. CONTRADICTING.] [Lat. contradicere, contradictum, from contra and dicere, to say, speak.] 1. To assert the contrary of; to gainsay ; to deny. 2. To be directly contrary to ; to oppose. Con'tra-diet'er, n. One who contradicts. Con/tra-dic'tion, n. 1. An assertion of the contrary to what has been said or affirmed ; a gainsaying ; denial. 2. Direct opposition or repugnancy ; inconsistency ; in- congruity ; contrariety. Coii'tra-di-e'tioiis, a. 1. Filled with contradictions; inconsistent. 2. Inclined to contradict. Con'tra-di-et'ive, a. Containing- contradiction; op- posed; contradictory. Con'tra-di-et'o-ri-ly, adv. In a contradictory manner. Con'tra-di-et'o-ri-ness, n. The quality of being con- tradictory ; opposition. Con'tra-diet'o-ry, a. 1. Affirming the contrary ; im- plying a denial. *Z. Inconsistent; contrary ; repugnant. 3. (Logic.) Opposed in every possible respect. Con'tra-dlet'o-ry, n. A proposition or thing which denies or opposes another in all its terms ; contrariety ; inconsistency. Con'tra-dis-tine'tion, n. Distinction by contrast. Con'tra-dis-tinet'ive, a. Distinguishing by contrast. CSn'tra-dis-tiia'guis li (-tlr.g'-), v. t. [imp. & p. p. CONTRADISTINGUISHED; p. pr. & vb. 11. CONTRA- DISTINGUISHING.] To distinguish by contrast. Con'tra-in'di-ea'tion, n. (Med.) A symptom or indi- cation that forbids the method of treatment which the nature of the disease might seem to render necessary. Con-tral'to, 11. [It., from contra, against, and alto. See Alto.] (Mus.) (a.) The part sung by the highest male or lowest female voices ; the alto or counter-tenor. (b.) The voice or singer performing this part. Con-tral'to, a. (Mus.) Belonging or relating to a con- tralto, or to the part so called. Con'tra-po-gi'ticn (-zlsh'un), n. A placing over against ; opposite position. C6n'tra-rie§, n. pi. (Logic.) Propositions opposed in quality only, but of which the falsehood of one does not establish the truth of the other. Con'tra-rl'e-ty, n. 1. State or quality of being con- trary. 2. Something which is contrary to, or inconsist- ent with, something else. Syn.— Inconsistency ; discrepancy ; repugnance ; opposi- tion ; disagreement. Con'tra-ri-ly, adv. In a contrary manner ; in opposi- tion ; on the other side ; in opposite ways. C6n'tra-ri-iiess, n. The quality of being contrary. Ccn-tra'ri-ous (89), a. Showing contrariety; repug- nant. [Rare.] Con-tra'ri-ous-ly, adv. Contrarily ; oppositely. C6n'tra-ri-wi§e, adc. 1. On the contrary; on the other hand. 2. In a contrary order ; conversely. Con'tra-ry, a. [Lat. contrarius, from contra.] 1. Op- posite ; opposing ; different ; contradictory. 2. Given to opposition. 3. (Logic.) Opposed in quality only. Syn. — Adverse; repugnant; hostile; inimical; discordant; inconsistent; perverse; fioward; wayward. Con'tra-ry, n. 1. A thing of contrary or opposite qual- ities. 2. A proposition contrary to another. 3. (Logic.) See Contraries. On the contrarn, in opposition; on the other side. — To the contrary, to an opposite purpose or fact. Con-tra«t', v. t. [imp. & p. p. contrasted ; p. pr. & vb. n. contrasting.] To set in opposition, with a view to show the superiority of one thing over another, or to make the one set off the other. Con-trast', v. i. [From Lat. contra, against, and stare, to stand.] To be or stand in contrast or opposition ; to exhibit contrast. Con'trast, n. Opposition of things or qualities ; com- parison by contrariety of qualities. Con'tra-ten'or, n. (Mus.) A middle part between the tenor and treble ; counter-tenor ; contralto. Con'tra-val-la'tion, n. (Fort.) A trench guarded with a parapet, formed by the besiegers between their camp and the place besieged. Con/tra-vene', v. t. [imp. & p. p. contravened; a e, fcc, long; &, c, &c., short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, f lrni ; son, or, do, wolf, CONTRAVENER 15^ p. pr. & vb. n. CONTRAVENING.] [L Lat. contra- venire, from Lat. contra and venire, to come.] To meet in the way of opposition ; to come in conflict with. Syn.— To contradict; set aside; nullify; defeat; cross; ob- struct ; oppose. •Con'tra-ven'er, n. One who contravenes or opposes. Coii'tra-ven'tion, n. Act of contravening ; opposition ; obstruction. [antistrophe. ■Con/tra-ver'sioii, n. A turning to the opposite side ; Cont retemps (kon'tr-tong'), n. [Fr., from contre, Lat. contra, against, and temps, Lat. Umpus, time.] An \xn- cxpected accident, which throws every thing into con- fusion ; an awkward mishap or accident. Coii-trlb'u-ta-ble, a. Capable of being contributed. Con-trlfo'u-ta-ry, a. Paying tribute to the same sov- ereign ; contributing aid. Con-trlfo'iite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. contributed; p. pr. & vb. n. CONTRIBUTING ] [Lat. conlribuere, con- tribntum, from con and tribuere, to grant, impart.] To give to a common stock or for a common purpose. Coii-ti-ib'ute , v. i. To give a part; to furnish a por- tion ; to lend assistance or aid. Ctm'tri-bu/tion, n. 1. Act of contributing, or of lend- ing aid. 2. That which is contributed, either by an individual or by all collectively. 3. (Mil.) Imposition levied on the people of a conquered place. 4. (Law.) Payment, by several jointly liable, of their shares of a loss suffered by one of the number, or payment by him for the benefit of them all, with reference to their com- mon liability. [utory. Con-trlb'u-ti've, a. Tending to contribute; contrib- Con-trifo'u-tor, n. One who contributes. Con-trib'ii-to-ry, a. Contributing to the same stock or purpose ; promoting the same end. Con'trite, a. [Lat. coniritus, p. p. of conterere, to grind, to bruise, from con and terere, to rub, to grind.] Broken down with grief or penitence. Syn. — Penitent; repentant; humble; sorrowful. Con'trite-ly, adv. In a contrite manner ; penitently. Con'trile-iiess, n. Contrition ; penitence ; sorrow. Con-trl'tion (-trlsb/un), n. [Lat. contritio.] The state of being contrite ; deep sorrow for sin. Syn. — Repentance; penitence; humiliation; compunction; self-reproach ; remorse. — Contrition (lit. bruising) is a con- tinuous state of grief and self-condemnation; repentance is an act in which, with sorrow for our sins, we renounce them. Contrition has all the pain of repentance, without the relief it affords. Con-triv'a-ble, a. Capable of being contrived. ■eoii-triv'an^e, n. 1. Act of contriving. 2. The thing contrived; an act of cunning. Syn. — Device; plan ; scheme ; invention; project; design; machination; artifice ; shift. ■€oii-trive',r. t. [imp. & p.p. CONTRIVED; p. pr. &vb. n. CONTRIVING.] [0. Fr. contreuver,'N. Fr. controuver, from con and treuver, trouver, to find, from 0. H. Ger. trefan.} To form by an exercise of ingenuity ; to devise. Syn. — To invent; discover; plan; concert; project; plot. •€on-trive', v. i. To make devices ; to plan. ■Con-trlv'er, n. One who contrives ; a schemer. Con-trol', n. [Fr controle, a counter register, contr. from contre-role , from contre, against, and rule, roll, catalogue, from Lat. rotulus, equiv. to rotula, little wheel, L. Lat. roll, dim. of rota, wheel.] 1. A register kept to correct or check another register. [Obs.] 2. That which serves to check, restrain, or hinder, 3. Power or authority to check ; restraining influence. command ; check ; restraint Syn. — Stubbornness haughtiness. Syn. — Direction tendence. superm- Con-trol', v. t. [imp. & p. p. controlled ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONTROLLING.] [Formerly written comptrol and controul.] To exercise a restraining influence over. Syn. — To restrain : rule ; govern ; direct ; check ; curb ; overpower; counteract. Con-trol'la-ble, a. Capable of being controlled. Ccn-trol'ler, n. 1. An officer appointed to keep a counter register of accounts, or to oversee, control, or veritV the accounts of other officers. [More commonly \nitten_co)nptroller.] 2. One who controls or restrains. Con-trol'ler-ship, n. The office of a controller. -€on-trol'ment, n. Power or act of controlling; the state of being controlled. ■CoiVtro-ver'eia] , a. Relating to disputes or controver- sy ; disputatious : polemical. Con/tro-ver'eial-zst, n. One who carries on a con- troversy ; a disputant ; a polemic. Con/tro-ver'sial-ly, adv. In a controversial manner. CONVENIENCY CSn'tro-ver'sy, n. [Lat. controversia. Sec infra.] Ex- pression or maintenance of feelings, opinion, or course of action contrary to, or discordant with, those of others. Syn.— Dispute ; contest ; debate ; discussion; contention; disputation ; wrangle ; strife ; quarrel ; hostility. -€6n'tro-vert, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CONTROVERTED; p. pr. & vb. n. controverting.] [Lat. comra, against, and vertere, to turn.] To make matter of controversy ; to contend against in words or writings ; to contest ; to debate ; to deny. Con'tro-vert'er, n. One who controverts ; a contro- versial writer ; a controversialist. [disputable. -Con/tro-vert'i-ble, a. Capable of being controverted ; Coii'tro-vert'i-bly, adv. In a controvertible manner- Con'tro-vert'ist, n. One who controverts. Con'tu-ma'cious, a. [See Contumacy.] 1. Exhibit- ing contumacy; contemning authority. 2. (Law.) Will- fully disobedient to the summons or orders of a court. Syn. — Stubborn ; obstinate; perverse; unyielding; inflex- ible ; proud; haughty; headstrong. Con/tu-ma'cioiis-ly , adv. In a contumacious manner. Con'tu-ma'cious-ness, n. State of being contuma- cious ; obstinacy ; stubbornness. Coii'tu-ma-cy, n. [Lat. contumacia, from contumax, insolent, either from con and tumere, to swell, or from contemnere, to despise.] 1. Persistent obstinacy ; stub- born perverseness. 2. (Laiv.) A willful contempt of, and disobedience to, any lawful summons, or to the rules and orders of court. perverseness ; obstinacy ; pride ; ■€6n / tti-m.e'li-ou.s, a. Exhibiting contumely ; over- bearingly contemptuous ; insolent ; reproachful. Con'tti-me'li-eiis-ly, adv. In a contumelious man- ner ; reproachfully ; rudely ; insolently. Con'tti-me'li-ciis-ness, n. State of being contumeli- ous ; insolence ; reproach. -Coii'tn-me-ly, n. [Lat. contumelia, cither from con and tumere, to swell, or from contemnere, to despise.] Rude- ness or reproach compounded of haughtiness and con- tempt ; contemptuousness. Con-tuge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. CONTUSED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONTUSING.] [Lat. contundere, contusum, from con and tundere, to beat, Skr. tied.] 1. To beat, pound, or bray together. 2. To bruise or injure by beating. -eoii-tu'glon, n. 1. Act of beating anil bruising. 2. State of being bruised. Co-niin'drmn, n.; pi. co-NUN'drumk. [Cf. 0. Eng. conne, cunne, to know, cunning, knowledge, skill, con- ning, knowledge.] A sort of riddle in which some odd resemblance between things quite unlike is proposed for discovery ; a puzzling question, of which the answer is or involves a pun. <35n/u-saxi£e , n. Cognizance; knowledge; notice. Con'u-saiit, a. Having or taking notice ; cognizant. Con/va-lesce' (-les')j v. i. [imp. & p. p. conva- lesced ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONVALESCING.] [Lat. con- valescere, from con and valescere, to grow strong, in- choative form of valere, to be strong.] To recover health and strength after sickness. Con'va-les'cen^e, ) n. Recovery of health and strength -€6n/va-les'cexi-cy, I after disease ; the state of a body renewing its* vigor after sickness. -Con' va-les'£e Jit, a. Recovering health and strength. -Con/va-les'ceiit, n. One recovering from sickness. -Con/va-les'^ent-ly, adv. In the manner of a con- valescent ; with increasing strength or vigor. Con-vee'tion, n. [Lat. convectio, from convehere, to bring together, from con and vehere, to carry.] 1. Act or process of conveying or transmitting. 2. (Physics.) A process of transfer or transmission, as of heat or elec- tricity, by means of currents in liquids or gases. Cora-ven'a-ble, a. Capable of being convened. Con-vene', v. i. [imp. Scp.p. convened ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONVENING.] [Lat. convenire, from con and venire, to come.] To come together ; to meet in the same place. Syn. — To meet; to assemble; to join; to unite. Con-vene', v. t. 1. To cause to assemble ; to call to- gether ; to convoke. 2. To summon judicially to meet or appear. ■€on-ven'er, n. One who convenes or meets with others . Con-ven'ien^e, ) n. 1. State of being convenient; -€oii-ven'ien-£y, ) fitness or suitableness, as of place, time, &c. ; adaptedness. 2. Freedom from discomfort, difficulty, or trouble. 3. That which is convenient ; an accommodation. food, foot ; urn, rude, pull ; pell, ^liaise, -eall, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link: ; this. CONVENIENT 154 CONVINCE Con-ven'ient (-yent), a. [Lat. conveniens, p. pr. of convenire. See Convene, v. i.] 1. Fit or adapted to an end ; becoming, 2. Promotive of comfort or ad- vantage ; affording convenience. Syn. — Fit; suitable; adapted; fitted; suited; commodious. Con-ven'ient-ly, adv. In a convenient manner. Con'vent, n. [Lat. conventus. See Convene.] 1. A community of recluses devoted to a religious life ; a body of monks or nuns. 2. A house occupied by such a com- munity ; an abbey ; a monastery ; a nunnery. Syn.— See Cloister. Con-vent'i-ele (-vent'I-kl), n. [Lat. conventiculum, diminutive of conventus. See CONVENE, n.] An assem- bly or gathering ; especially for religious worship , and opprobriously, such an assembly held by dissenters from the established church of England. [conventicles. Con-vent'i-eler, n. One who supports or frequents Con-ven'tion, n. [Lat. conventio. See Convene.] 1. Act of coming together, or assembling. 2. Arbitrary custom ; usage ; conventionality ; conFentionalism. 3. A formal assembly of delegates or representatives for some deliberative purpose. 4. (Eng. Hist.) An extra- ordinary assembly of the estates of the realm, held with- out the king's writ. 5. An informal or preliminary compact, as between commanders of armies in respect to suspension of hostilities, or between states. Con-ven'tion-al, a. 1. Formed by agreement or com- pact ; stipulated. 2. Growing out of, or depending on, custom or tacit agreement ; sanctioned by usage. Con-ven'tion-al-I§m, n. That which is received or established by convention or informal agreement. Con-ven'tion-al-Ist, n. 1. One who adheres to a con- vention or treaty, 2. One who is governed by conven- tionalism. Con-ven'tion-al'i-ty, n. State of being conventional. Con-ven'tion-al-ly, adv. In a conventional manner. Con-ven'tion-a-ry, a. Pertaining to a convention ; acting under contract ; conventional. Con-vent'u-al, a. Belonging to a convent; monastic. Con-verge', v. i. [imp. & p. p. converged; p. pr. & vb. n. CONVERGING.] [N. Lat. convergere, from con and verger e, to turn, incline.] To tend to one point ; to incline and approach nearer together. Con-ver'gence, }n. Quality of converging ; tendency Con-ver'gen-cy, j to one point. Con-ver'gent, a. Tending to one point ; converging. Con-ver'sa-ble, a. Qualified for conversation ; sociable. Con-ver'sa-tole-ness, n. Quality of being conversable. Con-ver'sa-bly, adv. In a conversable manner. Con'ver-sant, a. 1. Having frequent or customary intercourse. 2. Familiar or acquainted by use or study ; versed. 3. Having concern or relation. Con'ver-sa'tion, n. 1. General conduct ; behavior ; deportment. [Obs.] 2. Familiar intercourse ; close ac- quaintance. 3. Familiar discourse ; unrestrained and informal talk ; converse. Syn. — Intercourse ; communion; commerce; familiarity; discourse; dialogue; colloquy; talk; chat: conference.— Talk is broken, familiar, and versatile; chat is still more so; conver- sation is more continuous and sustained; a conference is held for the discussion of some important topic. Con'ver-sa/tion-al, a. Pertaining to conversation, or familiar and informal talk ; colloquial. Con'ver-sa/tion-al-Ist, n. One who excels in conver- sation ; a conversationist. Con'ver-sa/tion-ist, n. One who is an adept in con- versation ; a conversationalist. [men ; social. €on-ver'sa-tive, a. Relating to an intercourse with Conversazione (kon'ver-s'at / se-o / na), n. ; pi. conver- sazioni (kon'ver-s'at-se-o / ne). [It. See Conversa- tion.] A meeting of company for conversation, partic- ularly on literary subjects. ■Con-verse', v. i. [imp. & p. p. conversed (kon- verst') ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONVERSING.] [Lat. conversari, from con and versari, to he turned, to live, remain, from versare, to turn often, intens. form of vertere, versum, to turn.] 1. To keep company, or have familiarity ; to commune. 2. To talk familiarly, or in a free, informal manner ; to chat. Syn. — To associate; commune; discourse; talk; speak. Con'verse, n. 1. Familiarity ; acquaintance. 2. Fa- miliar discourse or talk; conversation. 3. (Logic.) A proposition which arises from interchanging the terms of another. 4. (Math.) A proposition in which, after a conclusion, from something supposed, has been drawn, the order is inverted. [tion ; reciprocal. Con'verse, a. Turned about ; reversed in order or rela- Con'verse-ly , adv. In a converse manner ; reciprocally. Con-vSrs'er, n. One who engages in conversation. Con-ver'sion, n. [Lat. conversio. See CONVERT.] 1. Act of turning or changing from one state or condi- tion to another ; transmutation. 2. A change from one side, party, or form of religion to another. 3„ (Law.) An appropriation of property. 4. (Logic.) The act of interchanging the terms of a proposition. 5. (Math.) A change or reduction of the form or value of a propo- sition. 6. (Mil.) A change of front. 7. (Theol.) A radical change of heart or moral character. Con-vert', v. t. [imp. & p.p. converted; p. pr. & vb. n. CONVERTING.] [Lat. convertere, conversum, from con and vertere, to turn.] To change from one form, substance, religion, party, intended use, or the like, to another. Syn.— To change; turn; transmute; appropriate. Con-vert', v. i. To be turned or changed ; to undergo a change ; to be transmuted. Con'vert, n. A person who is converted from one opin- ion or practice to another ; especially one who turns from the controlling power of sin to that of holiness. Syn. — Proselyte; neophyte; pervert.— Convert is generic, and refers to a change of mind or feelings; a proselyte is one who, leaving his former sect or system, becomes the adherent of another: a. pervert is one who is drawn otfor perverted from the true faith. Con-vert'er, n. One who converts. Con-vert'i-Tbil'i-ty, n. Condition or quality of being convertible ; convertibleness. Con-vert'i-ble, a. 1. Capable of being converted; susceptible of change ; transmutable ; transformable. 2. Capable of being exchanged or interchanged ; reciprocal. Con-vert'i-ble-ness, n. The state of T»eing converti- ble ; convertibility. Con-vert'i-bly, adv. In a convertible manner. Con'vex, a. [Lat. convexus, from convehere, to bring together. See Convey.] Rising or swelling into a spher- ical or rounded form. Con'vex, n. A convex body. Con-vex'ed-ness, ) n. State of being convex ; exterior Con-vex'i-ty, J surface of a convex body. Con'vex-ly, adv. In a convex form. Con'vex-ness, n. The state of being convex ; convexity. Con-vex'o-«on'-eave, a. Convex on one side, and concave on the other. Con-vex'o-eon'vex, a. Convex on both sides. Con-vex'o-plane, a. Convex on one side, and plane on the other. Con-vey', v. t. [imp. & p. p. conveyed ; p. pr. & vb. n7 CONVEYING.] [0. Fr. conveier, conveer, con- voyer, from Lat. con and via, way.] 1. To carry from one place to another. 2. To transfer or deliver to another ; to make over. 3. To impart or communicate. Syn. — To carry ; transport; bear; transmit; transfer. Con-vey 'a-ble, a. Capable of being conveyed or trans- ferred. Con-vey 'ance, n. 1. Act of conveying ; transmission; transference. 2. Instrument or means of conveying. 3. (Law.) An instrument in writing by which property, or the title to property, is conveyed or transmitted from one person to another. Con-vey'an-cer, n. (Law.) One who employs himself in drawing up conveyances of property. Con-vey'an-cing, n. (Law.) The act or practice of drawing up conveyances of property. Con-vey'er, n. One who conveys. Con-vf-et', v. t. [imp. & p. p. convicted; p.pr. & vb. n. CONVICTING.] [Lat. convincere, convictum, from con and vincere, to conquer. See Convince.] 1. To prove or find guilty of an offense or crime charged ; to pronounce guilty, as by legal decision. 2. To show bj proof or evidence. Syn. — To confute; detect; convince; confound. Con'vi-et, n. A person proved guilty of a crime alleged against him : one legally convicted of crime. Syn. — Malefactor; culprit; felon; criminal. Con- vi-e 'tion, n. 1. Act of convicting or proving, find- ing, or adjudging guilty of an offense. 2. Act of con- vincing of error; confutation. 3. State of being con- vinced or convicted; especially, the state of being con- victed of sin, or by one's conscience. Con-vi-et'Ive, a. Fitted to convince or convict. [Rare.] Con-vince', v. t. [imp. & p. p. convinced (kon- vlnst'); p. pr. & vb. n. CONVINCING.] [Lat. convincere, from con and vincere, to conquer.] To overcome by ar- gument ; to satisfy by proof. a,e,&c, long; a,e,&c.,.s/iori; care,far,aslt,all,wnat; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or. do, wolf, CONVINCES 155 COOT Syn. — To persur.de; satisfy; convict. — To convince is an act of the understanding; to peraua.dc, of the will or feelings. The one is effected by argument, the other by motives. When ■we say, " I am persuade// it is so," " 1 can not persuade myself of the fact," there is a degree of feeling mingled with the con- viction which gives rise to the expression. Con-vin'cer, n. One who, or that which, convinces. Con-viii'ci-ble, a. Capable of being convinced. Con-vin'cing-ly, adv. In a convincing manner. Con-viv'i-al, a. Relating to a feast or entertainment. Syn. — Festive; festal; jovial; social; gay. Con-viVi-al'i-ty, n. The good humor or mirth, in- dulged in upon festive occasions. Con-viv'i-al-ly, adv. In a convivial manner. Con'vo-eate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. convocated ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONVOCATING.] [Lat. convocatus, p. p. of convocare, from con and vocare, to call.] To con- voke. [Rare.] Con'vo-ea'tion, n. 1. Act of calling or assembling by- summons. 2. An assembly or meeting. 3. ( Church of Eng. ) A general assembly of the clergy, by their rep- resentatives, to consult on ecclesiastical affairs. Syn. — Meeting; assembly; congregation; congress; diet; convention; synod; council. Con-voke', «. f. [imp & p.p. convoked (kon-vokt/) ; p. pr. & vb. n. convoking.] [Lat. convocare. See Convocate.] To call together. Syn. — To call; summon; assemble; convene. Con'vo-lute, a. [Lat. convolutus, p. p. of convolvere. See Convolve.] (Bot.) Roiled together, or one part on another. Con'vo-lu/ted, a. Curved or rolled together. Con'vo-lu'tion, n. 1. Act of rolling or winding to- gether, or one thing on another. 2. State of being rolled or wound together. ■Con-volve', v. t. [imp. & p. p. CONVOLVED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONVOLVING.] [Lat. convolvere, convolutum , fr. con and volvere, to roll.] To roll or wind together ; to twist. Con- vol' vu-lus, n. ; -pi. ■eoN-vbL'rv-Ll. [Lat., from convolvere.] (Bot.) A genus of plants comprising many species, some of which are prized for their beauty; — called also bind-weed. Con-voy', v. t. [imp. & p. p. CONVOYED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONVOYING.] [Fr. convoyer, L. Lat. conviare, to accompany. See Convey.] To accompany for protec- tion, either by sea or land. Con'voy, n. 1. Act of attending for protection. 2. A protecting force accompanying ships or property on their way from place to place. 3. The ship or fleet conducted and protected ; that which is convoyed. Coii-vulse',^. t. [imp &p. p. convulsed (kon-vulsV) ; p. pr. & vb. n. CONVULSING.] [Lat. convellere, convul- sum, from con and vellere, to pluck, pull.] To draw or contract violently and irregularly, as the muscular parts of an animal body. Syn. — To agitate ; disturb; shake; tear; rend. Con-viil'sion, n. 1. {Med.) An unnatural, violent, and involuntary contraction of the muscular parts of an animal body. 2. Any violent and irregular motion or agitation. Syn. —Agitation ; commotion; tumult; disturbance; spasm. Con-viil'srve , a. Producing, or attended with, convul- sion or spasms ; convulsionary. Con-vul'sive-ly, adv. In a convulsive manner. Co'ny, or Con'y, n. [From Lat. cuniculus, a rabbit, cony, an Hispanic word.] A rabbit. Egf The cony of Scripture is thought to be a small animal, found in Syria, Arabia, and Abyssinia, which lives in the mouths of caves or the clefts of rocks. It is gregarious, feeble, timid, and easily tamed. ■Cob, v. i. [imp. & p. p. COOED ; p. pr. & vb. n. COO- ING.] [Formed from the sound.] To make a low cry or sound, as pigeons or doves. Cbbk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cooked (kdbkt); p. pr. & vb. n. COOKING.] [A.-S. geococnian, from Lat. coquere.] 1. To prepare, as food for the table, by boiling, roasting, baking, broiling, &c. 2. To concoct ; hence, to tamper with or alter. [ Colloq.] Cook, v. i. To prepare food for the table. Cook, n. One whose occupation is to prepare food for the table. [table. Cbbk'er-y, n. Art or practice of preparing food for the Cbbk'y, n. [D. hoek, cake, q. v., dim. koekje.] A small, flat, hard, sweetened cake. Cool, a. [r.ompar. COOLER; superl. COOLEST.] [A.-S. col, D. koel, 0. H. Ger. chuoli. See Cold and CHILL.] 1. Moderately cold ; somewhat cold. 2. Producing or promoting coolness. 3. Calm, or free from excitement by passion. 4. Manifesting coldness or dislike ; chilling. 5. Negligent of propriety in matters of minor import- ance, either ignorantly or willfully. Syn. — Calm; dispassionate; self-possessed; composed; ra- pulsive; frigid; alienated; impudent. Cool, n. A moderate state of cold. Cool, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cooled; p. pr. & vb. n. cooling.] 1. To make cool or cold. 2. To moderate the excitement of; to allay, as passion of any kind ; to calm ; to abate ; to moderate. Cool, v. i. 1. To become less hot ; to lose heat. 2. To become less ardent ; to become more moderate. Cdbl'er, n. 1. That which cools or abates heat or ex- citement. 2. A vessel in which liquors or other thing8 are cooled. [free from passion. Cool'-head'ed, a. Having a temper not easily excited; Coo'lie, n. A Cooly. See Cooly. Cool'ish, a. Somewhat cool. Cool'ly (109), adv. In a cool manner ; with coolness. Cool'ness, n. 1. State of being cool; a moderate degre* of cold. 2. Want of ardor, zeal, passion, or affection; calmness ; indifference. Coo'ly, ) n. [Hind, k&li, a laborer, porter. Cf. Turk. Coo'lie, ) Ml, kybleh, slave.] An East Indian porter or carrier ; especially a laborer transported from the East, for service in some other country. Cdbm, n. [Cf. Ger. kahm,T). kaam, mold gathered on liquids, Fr. cambouis, cart-grease.] Dirty, refuse matter, as that in the boxes of carriage-wheels, or at the mouth of an oven. Coomb (ko~om), n. [A.-S. cumb, a liquid measure, Gr. KUju.j3os, cup, basin, Skr. kurnbha, water-jar, Lat. cumba, cymba, Gr. ku/u./3tj, boat, skiff.] A dry measure of four bushels, or half a quarter. [Written also comb.] Coomb ) (kcTom), n. [See supra.] A valley on the Cbbmlbe J declivity of a hill, in the shape of an amphi- theater. [Prov. Eng.] Cdbp, n. [D. kuip, Icel. kupa, 0. H. Ger. chuofa, Lat. cupa, cuppa. Cf. Cup.] 1. A barrel or cask. 2. A grated box or inclosure for keeping small animals, espe- cially poultry. Cdbp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cooped (koopt, 108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. cooping.] To confine in a coop; hence, to confine in a narrow compass. Syn. — To crowd; confine; imprison. Cbbp'er, n. One who makes barrels, hogsheads, casks, tubs, and the like. Cbbp'er, v. t. To do the work of a cooper upon. Cbbp'er-age, n. 1. Price paid for cooper's work. 2. A place where cooper's work is done. 3. The work or business of a cooper. Co-6p'er-ate, v. i. [imp. &,p. p. co-operated ; p. pr. & vb. n. CO-OPERATING.] [Lat. co, for con, and operatus, p. p. of operari, to work, from opus, operis, work.] To act or operate jointly with another or others. Co-op'er-a'tion, n. Act of co-operating; concurrent effort or labor ; joint operation. Co-op'er-a-tive, a. Operating jointly to the same end. Co-6p'er-a/tor, n. One who labors jointly with others to promote the same end. Cbbp'er-y, n. The occupation or trade of a cooper. Co-6r'di-nate (45), a. [From Lat. co, for con, and ordi- natus, p. p. of ordinare, to regulate.] Equal in rank or order; not subordinate. [rank; to harmonize. Co-6r'di'nate, v. t. To make co-ordinate, or equal in Co-br'di-nate, n. 1. A person or thing of the same rank with another. 2. pi. (Math.) Lines, or other elements of reference, by means of which the position of any point, as of a curve, is defined with respect to cer- tain fixed lines, or planes, called co-ordinate axes and co- ordinate planes. Co-br'di-nate-ly, adv. In the same order or rank. Co-br'di-ua'tioii, n. 1. State of being co-ordinate, or of equal value. 2. Act of bringing different parts or objects into similarity of con- dition or harmony of action. Co-6r'di-sia-tive,a. ( Gram.) Expressing or indicating co-or- dination. Coot (26), n. [D. koet, W. cwtiar, from cwta, short, bob- tailed, cwt, rump, tail.] 1. (Or— nith.) A certain water-fowl, which frequents lakes and other Coot, still waters. BS= The common coot has a bald forehead, a black body, and lobated toes, and is about fifteen inches in length. 2. A stupid fellow ; a simpleton. food, f bbt ; iirn, rifde, pull ; fell, cliaise, call, e«ho ; gem, get ; a§ ; e$ist ; linger, link ; this. COP 156 CORALLINE C5p, n. [A.-S. cop or copp. See COB.] The conical ball of thread which is formed on the spindle of a wheel or spinning-frame. Co-pai'ba, I ft. [Sp. & Pg., from Brazil, cupauba.] Co-pai'va, ) (Med.) A liquid, resinous juice, of a yel- lo-.vish color, and a bitterish, pungent taste, flowing from a tree growing in Spanish America. Co'pal, ft. [Mexican copalli, a generic name of resins.] A resinous substance flowing from two trees found in the East Indies, and in Central or Southern America — used chiefly in the manufacture of varnishes. Co-par'ce-na-ry, n. [From co, for con , and parcenary , q. v.] (Law.) Partnership in inheritance; joint heirship. Co-par'ce-ner, ». (Law.) A joint heir. Co-par'ye-ny, n. (Law.) An equal share of an inherit- ance. Co-part'ner, ft. [From co, for con, and partner, q. v.] A joint partner ; an associate ; a partaker. -So-part'iier-sliip,ft. 1« Joint interest or concern in any matter. 2. An unincorporated association of two or more persons for the purpose of carrying on business. See Partnership. •Cope, n. [W. cob, A.-S. cappe. See Cap.] 1. A cover- ing for the head. 2. Any thing regarded as extended over the head, as the vault of the sky. 3. A sacerdotal cloak worn during divine service by the clergy. 4. (Founding.) The top part of a flask. Cope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. coped (kopt, 108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. COPING.] [0. Eng. coupe, prob. fr. 0. Fr. cop, coup, colp, a blow, fr. Lat. colapkus, a blow with the fist, Gr. rcoAa^os, so that it orig. meant to interchange blows ; or perh. fr. D. koopen, A.-S. ce ap an, ce apian, to cheapen, trade.] 1. To strive; to contend: especially on equal terms or with success ; to match ; to equal. 2. To ex- change or barter. [ Obs.] Cope, v. t. To match one's self against. Co-per'aii-can, a. Pertaining to Copernicus, a Prussian by birth, who taught the world the solar system now received, called the Copernican system. Cope'stone, n. (Arch.) Head or top stone, as of a wall ; coping ; — called also coping-stone. •Cop'i-er, n. One who copies ; a transcriber ; an imitator. •Copying, n. [See Cope, n.] (Arch.) The highest course of masonry in a wall, usually wider than the wall itself, and often with sloping edges to carry off water. Co'pi-ou.s, a. [Lat. copiosus, from copia, abundance, from co, for con, and ops, opis, power, property.] Large in quantity or amount. Syn.— Ample; abundant; plentiful; plenteous; rich; full; exuberant; overflowing:. *Jo'pi-ous-ly, adv. plentifully ; largely Co'pi-ous-ness, n. In a copious or abundant manner ; amply ; exuberantly. State or quality of being copious. Syn. — Abundance; plenty; richness; exuberance; diffu- sion; amplitude; fullness. Cop'per, ft [Late Lat. cuprum, Lat. Cyprium, Cyprium scs, Gr. xa^-Kos Kv7rptos, i. e., Cyprian brass, from Cyprus, an island on the coast of Asia Minor, renowned for its rich copper mines.] 1. A familiar metal of a reddish color, ductile, malleable, and tenacious. 2. A coin made of copper. [Colloq.] 3. A vessel, especially a large boiler, made of copper. Cop'per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. coppered ; p. pr. & vb. n. coppering.] To cover with copper ; to sheathe with sheets of copper. Cop'per-as, n. [L. Lat. cuprosa, cuperosa, coporosa, 0. Ger. koper-roose, from Lat. cuprirosa, equivalent to Gr. Xa\Kav9o<;, i. c, copper-flower.] Sulphate of iron, or green vitriol ; a salt of a green color, and of a styptic, as- tringent taste. tSf The term copperas was formerly synonymous with vit- riol, and included the preen, blue, and white vitriols, or the sulphates or iron, copper, and zinc. Cop'per-liead, ft. [From its color.] American 1. A poisonous serpent, which, unlike the rattlesnake, gives no warning of its attack, and is therefore the type of a concealed foe. 2. A Northern sympathizer with the Southern rebellion of 1861-65. [Amer.] Cop'per-ing, n. 1. Act of covering with copper. 3. An envelope or covering of copper. [or partaking of it. Cop'per-Ish, a. Containing copper ; resembling copper, Cop'per-plate, n. 1. An engraved plate of highly pol- ished copper. 2. A print or impression taken from such a plate. r sils> Cop'per-s-mltli , n. One who manufactures copper uten- Cop'per-worm (-warm), n. 1. A small worm, which penetrates the bottoms of ships. 2. The ringworm Cop'per-y, a. Mixed with copper ; containing copper, or made of copper ; like copper. Cop'pice, n. [0. Fr. copeiz, coupiz, from coper, couper, to cut. See Cope, v. i.] A wood of small growth, or consisting of undersvood or brushwood. Copse, n. A wood of small growth. SeeCOPPlCE. Copse, v. t. To trim or cut, as brushwood. Copt, n. [See infra.] A descendant of an ancient Egypt- ian race, belonging to the Jacobite or Monophysite sect. Cop'tic, a. [An abbreviation of Lat. JEgyptius, Gr. Atyvir- tior> *— -^ - voracity. 2. A glutton, or Cormorant, gluttonous servant. Corn, n. [A.-S. corn, 0. S. enrni, D. koorn, Ger. & Tcel. korii, Goth, kaum, allied with Lat. granum. See GRAIN.} 1. A single seed of certain plants, as wheat, rye, barley', and maize ; a grain. [In this sense it has a plural.] 2. The various cereal or farinaceous grains which grow in ears, and are used for food, as wheat, oats, rye, barley, maize ; — used collectively. ©3f* In Scotland the term is generally restricted to oats, in the United States to maize, or Indian corn. 3. The plants which produce corn. 4. A small, hard particle ; a grain. Corn, 11. [Lat. cornu, horn.] A hard, horn-like indura- tion of the skin on the toes or other part of the feet. Corn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. corned; p. pr. & vb. n. CORNING.] 1. To preserve and season with salt in grains; to cure by salting. 2. To form into small grains; to granulate. 3. To feed with grain. 4. To render intoxicated. [common in corn-fields. Corn'-eoek'le, n. ( Bot.) A weed having bright flowers, Corn'-crake, n. [See Crake.] ( Ornith.) A bird which frequents corn-fields ; the crake or land-rail. C6r'ne-a, n.; pi. cor'ne-as. [Lat. corneus, -a, -ton, horny, from cornu. a horn.] (Anat.) The strong, horny, transparent membrane which forms the front part of the ball of the eye. Cor'nel, n. [L. Lat. cornolium., from Lat. cornus, a cor- nel cherry-tree, from cornu, horn, or its root, from tho hardness of the wood.] (Bot.) A shrub and its fruit; the dog-wood. [raphy. Cor-nel'ian, n. See Carneltan, the proper orthog- Cor'ne-oiis, a. [Lat. corneus, from cornu, horn.] Horn- like ; consisting of a horny substance. Cor'ner, n. [L. Lat. cornerium, corneria, from Lat. cornu, horn, end, angle.] 1. The point where two converging lines meet ; an angle. 2. The space between two con- verging lines or walls which meet in a point. 3. An in- closed, secret, or retired place. 4. Any part ; a part. 5. An embarrassed position. Cor'ner, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CORNERED; p. pr. & vb. ii. cornering.] 1. To drive into a corner. 2. To drive into a position of great difficulty or necessary sur- render. 3. To get control of ; — said of stocks. [Amer.] Cor'ner- stone, n. The stone which lies at the corner of two walls, and unites them ; especially, the stone which forms the corner of the foundation of an edifice ; hence, that which is of great importance or indispensable. Cor'ner-TVige, adv. Diagonally; with the corner in front ; from corner to corner. food, foot; firn, rnde, pull; fell, chaise, call, eelio ; gem, get; a§ ; ejist; linger, link; this- CORNET 158 CORRECTION Cor'net, n. [Fr. cornet, cornette^ dim. of come, Lat. cornu, horn.] 1. (Mus.) (a.) A wind instrument blown with the mouth, (b.) A species of trumpet, (c.) A cer- tain organ stop or register. 2. A little cap of paper twisted at the end, used by grocers. 3. (Mil.) The officer who carries the standard in a cavalry troop or company. ^or'net-a-pls'ton, n. [Pr.] (Mus.) A brass wind- instrument, like the French horn or the trumpet, fur- nished with valves moved by small pistons or sliding rods. C6r'net-£y, n. The commission or rank of a cornet. Cor'mce, n. [L. Lat. coronix, comix, from Lat. coronis, Gr. Kopwvis, a curved line.] (Arch.) Any molded pro- jection which crowns or finishes the part to which it is affixed. Corn'ish, a. ( Geog.) Pertaining to Cornwall, Eng. Corn'ish, n. The dialect or the people of Cornwall. Cor'nu-eo'pi-a, n. ; pi. cor'nu- CO'PI-jE. [Lat. cornu, a horn, and copia, plenty.] The horn of plenty, from which fruits and flowers are rep- resented as proceeding ; — an emblem, of abundance. Cdr'nute, 1 a. Grafted with horns ; Cor'nut-ed, } horned ; horn-shaped. Corn'y, a. [Prom Lat. cornu, horn.] Strong, stiff, or hard, like a horn ; re- sembling horn. Corn'y, a. 1. Producing corn or grain. 2. Containing corn; tasting well of malt. CSr'ol. \n. [Lat. corolla, dim. of Cornucopia. Co-rol'la, j corona, crown.] (Bot.) The in- ner part of a flower, which surrounds the organs of fructification, and is composed of one or more leaves, called petals. C6r'ol-la-ry (44), n. [Lat. corollarium, cor- onet, from corolla, q. v. " Finis coronat opus . " ] That which follows over an d above a proposition demonstrated ; an inference ; a deduction ; a consequence. Cor'ol-late, ) a. Like a corolla ; having Cor'ol-la'ted, J corollas. ■€o-ro'nd, n.; pi. co-ro'NjE. [Lat. corona, crown, Gr. K.opu>vq, any thing curved.] 1. (Arch.) A large, flat member of a cornice, usually of considerable projection. 2. (Anat.) a, many-pet- The upper surface, asof a tooth. 3. (Astron.) a } ed: K ^ n " A peculiar luminous appearance surround- g P etalea * ing the dark body of the moon during a total eclipse of the sun. 4. (Bot.) (a.) A crown-like margin of the top of a flower, (b.) An appendage at the top of some petals or seeds. 5. (Meteorol.) (a.) A circle, around a luminous body, as the sun or moon, (b.) A peculiar phase of the aurora borealis, formed by the convergence of luminous beams around a point in the heavens. Cor'o-nal, a. 1. Pertaining to the kingly crown, or to coronation. 2. Belonging to the crown or top of the head. Cor'o-nal, n. 1. A crown ; wreath ; garland. 2. The frontal bone ; — said to be so called because on it partly rests the crown of kings. Cor'o-na-ry, a. Relating to, or resembling a crown. C6r'o-na-ry, n. A small bone in the foot of a horse. Cor'o-na/tion, n. Act, cere- mony, or solemnity, of crowning a sovereign. Cor'o-ner, n. [L. Lat. corona- rius, from Lat. corona, crown.] An officer of the law whose duty is to inquire into the manner of a violent death. €6r'o-net, n. [From Lat. cor- ona, crown.] 1. An inferior crown worn by noblemen. 2. An ornamental head-dress. 3. (Far.) The upper part of a horse's hoof. Cor'po-ral, n. [Corrupted from Fr. caporal, from Lat. caput.] 1. (Mil.) The lowest officer of a company of infantry, next below asergeant. 2. (Naut.) An offi- cer under the master at arm Corolla. 5. 6. Coronets. 1. Of the Prince of Wales: Cor'po-ral, a. [Lat. corporalis, %g\ a d $^ »■ Of \ ™r- from corpus, body.] 1. Belong! Sunt? 6 Of a baron! * ing Or relating to the body. 2. Having a body or sub- stance ; not spiritual. Syn.— Corporeal; material; bodily. Cdr'po-ral, n. [L. Lat. corporate. See supra.] (Eccl-\ A fine linen cloth, used to cover or contain the sacred elements in the eucharist. Cdr'po-r&l'i-ty, n. State of being a body or embodied ; corporeality ; materiality. C6r'po-ral-ly, adv. In or with the body ; bodily. C6r'po-rate, a. [Lat. corporatus, p. p. of corporare, to shape into a body, from corpus, body.] 1. United in an association, and endowed by law with the rights and liabilities of an individual ; incorporated. 2. Belonging to a corporation. C6r'po-rate-ly, adv. In a corporate capacity. Cor'po-ra'tion, n. A body politic or corporate, formed and authorized by law to act as a single person, and en- dowed with the capacity of perpetual succession. €6r'po-ra'tor, n. A member of a corporation. Cor-po're-al (89), a. [Lat. corporeus, from corpus, body.] Having a body ; consisting of a material body or sub- stance ; material. Syn. - Corporal ; bodily. — Bodily is opposed to mental; as, bodily affections. Corporeal refers to the interior animal structure; as, corporeal substance or frame. Corporal, as now used, refers more to the exterior; as, corporal punishment. To speak of corporeal punishment is now a gross error. Cor-po're-al-ist, n. One who denies the reality of spir- itual existences ; a materialist. Cor-po're-aFi-ty, n. The state of being corporeal. Cor-po're-al-ly, adv. In a bodily form or manner. Cor'po-re'i-ty, n. Materiality. C6r'po-§ant, n. [It. corpo santo, holy body.] A lumi- nous appearance, flame-like in shape, sometimes seen in dark, tempestuous nights, at the mast-head and the yard- arms of ships. Corps (kor, pi. korz), n. sing. & pi. [Fr., from Lat. corpus, body.] A body of men ; especially, a body of troops, an organized part or division of an army. Corps-cfarmee (kor'dar'ma'), n. [Fr., body of the army.] A portion of a grand army possessed of all the constituents of a separate or an independent army. Cdrpse, n. [Lat. corpus, body, Fr. corps.] The dead body of a human being. Cdr'pu-lence, )n. Excessive fatness ; fleshiness ; obe- C6r'pu-len-f y, ) sity. C6r'pu-lent, a. [Lat. corpulentus, from corpus, body.] Having an excessive quantity of flesh, in proportion to the frame of the body. Syn. — Stout; fleshy; robust; large; fat; lusty; pursy; obese. C6r'pu-lent-ly, adv. In a corpulent manner. *€dr'pus -Chrls'tT. [Lat., body of Christ.] (Eccl.) A festival of the church of Rome, kept on the next Thurs- day after Trinity Sunday, in honor of the eucharist. C6r'pus-cle (kor'pus-1, 65), n. [Lat. corpusculum, dim. of corpus, body.] 1. A minute particle, or physical atom. 2. (Anat.) An animal cell. Cor-piis'«u-lar, a. Pertaining to, or composed of, cor- puscles, or small particles. Cor-pus'^u-la'ri-an, a. Corpuscular. Cor-pus'-eule, n. A particle of matter ; a corpuscle. Cor-ra'di-ate, v. t. [Lat. con and radiatus, p. p. of radiare, to radiate, q. v.] To concentrate to one point, as light or_rays. Cor-ra'di-a'tion, n. Conjunction of rays in one point. Cor-rect', a. [Lat. correctus, p. p. of corrigere. See in- fra.] Conformable to truth, rectitude, or propriety, or to a just standard ; free from error. Syn.— Accurate; right; exact; precise; regular; faultless. See Accurate. Cor-re«t', v. t. [imp. & p. p. corrected; p. pr. & vb. n. CORRECTING- ] [Lat corrigere, correctvm, from con and regere, rectum, to lead straight.] 1. To make or set right; to bring to the standard of truth, justice, or propriety. 2. To reprove or punish for faults or devia- tions from moral rectitude. 3. To obviate or remove; to counteract or change. Syn. — To amend; rectify; emend; reform; improve; chas- tise; punish; discipline; chasten. Cor-r6«'tion, n. 1. Act of correcting ; emendation of faults or errors ; change for the better ; amendment. 2. Punishment; discipline; chastisement. 3. That which is substituted in the place of what is wrong. 4. Coun- teraction of what is inconvenient or hurtful in its ef- fects. House of correction, a house where disorderly persons are confined; a bridewell. CORRECTIONAL 159 CORUSCATE €or-r6«'tion-al, a. Tending to, or intended for, cor- rection ; corrective. Cor-reet'Ive, a. Having the power to correct ; tending to rectify. [recting. ■€or-reet'ive, n. That which has the power of cor- ■€or-re«t'ly, adv. In a correct manner ; exactly. -eor-re-et'ness, n. State of being correct ; exactness. Syn.— Accuracy ; regularity; precision; propriety. Cor-rSet'or, n. One who, or that which, corrects. Cor're-late', v. i. [imp. & p. p. correlated ; p. pr. & vb. n. correlating.] To have reciprocal or mutual relations ; to be mutually related. Cflr're-la/tion, n. [Low Lat. correlatio, from Lat. con and relatio.] Reciprocal or mutual relation ; correspond- ing similarity or relation. ■Cor-rel'a-tive, a. Having or indicating a reciprocal relation ; reciprocal. ■€or-r61'a-tive, n. 1. One who, or that which, stands in a reciprocal relation to some other person or thing. 2. ( Gram . ) The antecedent of a pronoun. ■€or-rel'a-tive-ly, adv. In a correlative relation. Cor're-spond', v. i. [imp. & p. p. corresponded; p. pr. & vb. n. CORRESPONDING-.] [L. Lat. correspon- ded, from con and respondere, to answer, from re and spondere, to promise solemnly.] 1. To be adapted ; to be congruous. 2. To have intercourse or communica- tion, especially by sending and receiving letters. Syn. — To agree ; fit; answer; suit; write; address. — Cor- respond with ; correspond to. — We correspond with a friend by letters; one thing corresponds to another, i. e. answers to it. Cor're-spond'ence, ) n. 1. Mutual adaptation of Cor're-spond'en-cy, j one thing to another; con- gruity ; fitness ; relation. 2. Friendly intercourse ; especially, by means of letters. 3. The letters which pass between correspondents. Cor're-spond'ent, a. Having or indicating correspond- ence, adaptation, congruity, or fitness ; suitable ; con- gruous ; conformable ; answerable. Cor're-spond'ent, n. One who corresponds ; one with whom an intercourse is carried on by letters. •Cor're-spond'ent-ly, ) adv. In a corresponding man- -Gor're-spond'ing-ly, J ner ; conformably ; answer- ably ; suitably. Cor're-spon'sive, a. Answerable; adapted. -CSr'ri-dor', n. [Fr., from Lat. cutter e, to run.] (Arch.) A gallery or passage-way leading to apartments inde- pendent of each other. ■Cdr'ri-c/en'dwm, n.; pi. c&R' RI-gen'da. [Lat.] A word or thing to be corrected. ■€6r'ri-gi-ble, a. [L. Lat. corrigibilis , from Lat. cor- rigere, to correct.] 1. Capable of being set right, amended, or reformed. 2. Worthy of being chastised ; punishable. ■€6r'ri-gi-ble-ness, n. Quality of being corrigible. ■€or-ri'val, n. A fellow-rival ; a competitor ; a co-rival. Cor-rI'val, a. Having contending claims ; emulous. €or-rob'o-rant, a. Having the power or quality of giving strength ; confirming. Cor-rob'o-rant, n. (Med.) A medicine that strength- ens the body when weak. Cor-rob'o-rate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. corroborated; p. pr. & vb. n. CORROBORATING.] [Lat. corroborates, p. p. of corroborare, from con and roborare, to strengthen, fr. robur, strength.] To make more certain ; to confirm. ■Cor-rob'o-ra'tion, n. 1. The act of corroborating or confirming ; the state of being corroborated ; confirma- tion. 2. That which corroborates. ■Cor-rob'o-ra-tive, a. Corroborating, or tending to corroborate ; confirmatory. ■Cor-rob'o-ra-tive, n. A medicine that strengthens ; a corroborant. ■€or-rob'o-ra-to-ry, a. Tending to strengthen ; cor- roborative. Cor-rode', v. t. [imp. & p. p. corroded ; p. pr. & vb. n. CORRODING.] [Lat. corrodere, from con androdere, to gnaw.] To eat away or consume by degrees. Syn. — To canker; gnaw; rust; waste; wear away. Cor-rod'ent, n. Any substance or medicine that cor- rodes. Cor-rod'i-ble , ) a. Capable of being corroded or eaten €or-ro'si-ble, J away. ■Cor-ro'gion, n. [Low Lat. corrosio. See Corrode.] Action of eating or wearing away by slow degrees, as by the action of acids on metals. Cor-ro'sive, a. 1. Eating away ; having the power of gradually wearing, consuming, or impairing ; acri- monious. 2. Having the quality of fretting or vexing. Corrosive stOMmate, the bi-chloride of mercury; an acrid poison of great virulence. ■€or-ro'sive, n. 1. That which has the quality of cor- roding. 2. That which has the power of fretting, irri- tating, or exciting displeasure. [manner. -Cor-ro'sive-ly, adv. Like a corrosive ; in a corrosive Cor-ro'slve-ness, n. The quality of corroding, eating away, or wearing; acrimony. Cdr'ru-gant, a. Having the power of corrugating, or contracting into wrinkles. ■Cor'ru-gate, v. t. [imp & p. p. corrugated ; p. pr. & vb. n. CORRUGATING.] [Lat. corrugatus, p. p. of corrugate, from con and rugate, to wrinkle, from ruga. wrinkle.] To form or shape into wrinkles or folds. (45), n. [Fr. See CORSET.] The waist at bodice of a lady's dress. ■Cor'sair, n. [Fr. corsaire, L. Lat. corsarius, from Lat. currere, cur sum, to run, cursus, a running, course. See Cruise.] 1. A pirate. 2. A piratical vessel. Cdrse, or -Corse, n. [See Corpse.] A corpse; the dead body of a human being. C6rse'let,n. [Fr.,dim. of 0. Fr. cors, Lat. corpus, body.] 1. A kind of fight breastplate worn by pikemen. 2. (Entom.) That part of a winged insect which answers to the breast of other animals. -Cor'set, n. [Fr., dim. of 0. Fr. cors, Lat. corpus, body.] An article of dress inclosing the chest and waist, worn by women to support or correct the figure ; stays. Cdr'set, v. t. [imp. & p. p. corseted; p. pr. & vb. n. corseting. To inclose in corsets. Cortege (kor'tazh'), n. [Fr., from It. corteggio, train, from corte, court, q. v.] A train of attendants. Cortes (kor'tes), n. pi. [Sp. & Pg. corte, court.] The states or legislative assemblies of the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal, composed of nobility, clergy, and repre> sentatives of cities. -€6r'ti-eal, a. [From Lat. cortex, bark.] Belonging to, consisting of, or resembling, bark or rind ; external. Cor'ti-eate, ) a. [Lat. corticatus.] Having or re- -Cor'ti-ea^ted, ) sembling the bark or rind of a tree. -Cor-tic'i-f 6rm, a. [Lat. cortex, bark, and forma, form.] Resembling, or having the form of, bark. Cor'ti-eose', ) a. [Lat. corticosus.] Resembling bark ; -€6r'ti-eous, ) made of bark. -Co-ruri'dum, n. [From Hind, kurand, corundum stone.] (Min.) The earth alumina, as found native in a crystalline state. ■€o-ru.s'«aiit, a. Glittering by flashes ; flashing. -€or'us--eate, or -Co-rus'eate, v. i. [Lat. coruscatus, p. p. of coruscate, to flash.] To throw off vivid flashes of light. [See Note under CONTEMPLATE.] Syn.— To flash; lighten; glitter; glisten; gleam; sparkle. food, foot ; urn, rude, pull; cell, ^liaise, -call, echo; gem, get ; ag; exist ; linger, Unit ; tills CORUSCATION 160 COTTER Co-secant. BC Co sine. Cor'us-ea'tion ,n. 1. A sudden flash or play of light. 2. A flash of intellectual brilliancy. Syn. — Flash; glitter; blaze; gleam; sparkle; radiation. Cor'vet, I n. [From Lat. corbita, a slow sailing ship Cor-vette', ) of burden, fr. corbis, basket.] (Naut.) A sloop of war, ranking next below a frigate, and car- rying not more than twenty guns. Cdr'vine , a. [Lat. corvinus, from corvus, crow.] Per- taining to the crow or raven. Cor'y-bant, n.; pi. -eoR/Y-BANTS ; but the Lat. pi. eoR'Y-BAJY'TES, is more in use. [Gr. /copv'/3as, xopv- j3ai/TO?.] A priest of Cybele. Cor'y-ban'tie, a. Madly agitated or excited, Hke the priests of Cybele, when celebrating her rites. Cor'ymb, n. [Lat. corymbus, Gr. KopvpjSos-] (Bot.) A species of inflorescence, in which the lesser flower- stalks are produced along the common stalk on "both sides, and rise to the same height, so as to form an even surface. Co-rym'bose, or Cor'ym-bose', a. (Bot.) Consist- ing of corymbs, or resembling them in form. Cor'y-phe'us, n. [Lat. coryphaeus, Gr. Kopv^cuos, stand- ing'at the head, from nopvQrj, head.] ( Gr. Antiq.) The conductor, chief, or leader of the dramatic chorus ; hence, any chief or leader. ■Co-se'-eant, n. [For co. secerns, an abbrev. of Lat. complements secans. See Secant.] ( Geom.) The secant of the complement of an arc or angle. — In the figure, AD, which is the se- cant of the arc CE,is the co-secant of the complement of that arc, or BE. Co'gey (ko'zy), a. See Cozy. Co'gi-ly, adv. See Cozily. •Co'-sine, n. [For co. sinus, an abbrev. of Lat. complement i sinus. See SINE.] ( Geom.) The sine of the complement of an arc or angle. — In the figure, BF\ which is the sine of the arc CF, is the co- sine of EF, the complement of that arc. Cog-met'ic, ) a. [Gr. koo-jutjtikos, from Kotrp-o?, or- ■Cog-met'i-e-al, ) der, ornament.] Improving the biauty of the complexion. Cog-met'ie, n. Any external application that helps to improve the complexion. Cos/mlc, \a. [Gr. Kocrp-i/cos, from K6etv, to write.] A description of the world or universe, including the figure, disposition, and relation of all its parts, and the manner of representing them on a plane. Cog-mol'o-gist, n. One who is versed in cosmology. Co§-mol'o-gy, n. [Gr. Koo-p.o?, the world, and Aoyo?, discourse.] The science of the world or universe ; or a treatise relating to its structure and various parts. Cog'mo-plas'tie, a. [Gr. /coo-p-os, the world , and n-Aaa- tikos, TrAdtrcreiv, to form.] Pertaining to the formation of the world. Cos/mo-pol'i-tan, ) n. [Gr. #coo>ottoAitt}s, from Koo-p-o-;, Co§-mop'o-lite, ) the world, and ttoActtjs, citizen, from ttoAi?, city.] A person who has no fixed residence, but is at home in every place ; a citizen of the world. Cog-mop'o-li-tism, n. Condition, qualities, or charac- ter of a cosmopolite. Cos/mo-ra'ma, or Cos/mo-ra/ma, n. [Gr. /ederpos, the world, and opapa, a sight, from opdv, to see.] An exhibition , through a lens or lenses, of a number of draw- ings or paintings of different parts of the world. C8s/mo-ram'ie, a. Pertaining to a cosmorama. Co.s'mos, n. [Gr. /coo-pos, order, harmony.] 1. The universe, — so called from its perfect arrangement. 2. The system of law, harmony, and truth combined within the universe. Pertaining to cosmography. Cog/mo- thgt'ie, a. [Gr. Kocrp.os, universe, and TifleVeu, to place, or arrange.] (Metaph.) Assuming the actual ex- istence or reality of the physical or external world. Cos'set, n. [Cf. Ger. kossat, kossat, kothsassc, a cottager, from kot, kotii, Eng. cot, hut, and Eng. cot, a cade lamb.] 1. A lamb reared without the aid of the dam. 2. A pet in general. Cos'set, v. t. To fondle ; to treat as a pet. -€6st (21), n. [See the verb.] 1. Amount paid, or en- gaged to be paid, for any thing bought ; charge ; expense ; hence, whatever, as labor, self-denial, suffering, &c, is requisite to secure benefit. 2. Less of any kind ; detri- ment; pain; suffering. 3. pi. (Laiv.) Expenses in- curred in litigation. Cost, v. t. [imp. & p. p. COST ; p. pr. & vb. n. COST- ING.] [From Lat. constare, to stand at, to cost, from con and stare, to stand.] 1. To require to be given, ex- pended, or laid out for. 2. To require to be borne ; to cause to be suffered. Cos'tal, a. [From Lat. costa, rib.] Pertaining to the side of the body or the ribs. Cos'tard, n. [A modification of custard, custard-apple.'] 1. A large apple. 2. The head; — used contemptu- ously. tos'tard-mon'ger ) (-mung'ger), n. An apple-seller ; Cos'ter-moii'ger ) — also peddlers who sell any kind cf fruit. Cos'tean-ing, n. [Cornish colhas and stean., dropped tin.] The process by which miners seek to discover me- tallic lodes. Cos'tive, a. [Contracted from It. costipativo, from Lat. constipare , to press closely together, from con and st'pare, to press together, cram.] Retaining fecal matter in the bowels ; constipated. Cos'trve-ness, n. An unnatural detention of fecal mat- ter in the bowels ; constipation. Cost'Ii-nesi?, n. Great cost cr expense. Cost'ly, a. Of great cost; of a high price; dear; sump- tuous ; expensive. €cs-tume', or Cos'tume, n. [Fr., from Lat. covsuetu- rnen, for consuetudo, custom.] 1. An established man- ner, mode, or style, especially of dress. 2. Adaptation of accessories, as in a picture, statue, poem, or the like, to the time, place, or other circumstances represented or described. Co'gy, a. See Cozy. -Cot, \n. [A.-S. cote, cyte, Icel. hot, W. cwt.] 1. A Cote,} small house; a cottage or hut; also, a shed or inclosure for beasts. 2. A cover for a sore finger. Cot, \ n. [A.-S. cote, cyte, cottage, bed, couch. Cf. Gr. Cott, ) K01V17, bed.] A sleeping place of limited size or elevation ; a little bed ; a cradle ; a bcdste*.d which can be folded together. Co=tan'gent, n. [For co. tangens, an abbreviation of Lat. ccmplerrienti tan- gens. See Tangent.] (Geom.) The tangent of the complement of an arc or angle. — In the figure, DL, which is the tangent of the arc DB, is the co- tangent of BA, the complement of that" arc. Co-tangent. Cote, n. See Cot. Co-tem'po-ra'iie-cus, a. [See Contemporaneous.] Living or being at the same time. Co-tem'po-ra-ry, a. [See Contemporary.] Living or being at the same time. [with another. Co-tem'po-ra-ry, n . One who lives at the same time Co'te-rie', n. [Fr., from cote, share, portion, from Lat. quota (sc. pars) , from quotus, -a, -um, which or what in number?] A set or circle of persons who meet famil- iarly ; a club. Co-tid'al, a. [From co, for con, and tidal, q. v.] Marking or indicating an equality in the tides. ■€o-i%l'lon, I (ko-tiPyun), n. [Fr. cotillon, from 0. Fr. Co-tlll'Ion ) cote, L. Lat. cotta, cottus, tunic] 1. A brisk dance of eight persons ; a quadrille. 2. A tune which regulates the dance. Cot'quean, n. [From cot, a small house, and quean, q. v.] A man who busies himself with the affairs which properly belong to women. Cots'wold, n. [From cot, hut, and wold, q. v.] Sheep- cotes in an open country. Cot'tage (45), n. [From cot.] A small dwelling ; a cot ; formerly, a hut. Cot'ta-ger, n. One who lives in a hut or cottage. Cot'ter, n. A cottager. Cot'ter, n. A wedge-shaped piece of wood, iron, or other material, for fastening the parts of a structure ; a key. a,e,Scc,long; &,e, Sec, short; c&re,fiir, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf COTTON 161 COUNTER-CHECK C5t'ton (k5t'tn), n. [From Ar. qoton, alqoton, cotton.] 1. A soft, downy substance, resembling fine wool, growing in the capsules or pods of the cotton-plant. 2. Cloth made of cotton. Cotton velvet, velvet in which the warp and woof are both of cotton, and the pile is of silk. , Cot'ton, v. i. 1. To rise with a regular nap, as cloth does. 2. To unite together ; to agree ; to adhere. [Colloq.] Cot'ton-gin, n. A machine used to separate the seeds from cotton. Cot'ton-plant, n. (Bot.) A plant of several species, all growing in warm climates, and bearing the cot- ton of commerce. •Cot'ton- wood, n. {Bot.) A tree of the poplar kind found in the United States, especially in the south-west. Cot'ton- wool/, n. Cotton in its raw or woolly state. Cot'ton-y, a. 1. Covered with hairs or pubescence, like cotton ; downy. 2. Soft, like cotton. Cot'y-le'don, n. [Gr. kotv^tjScov, from Korik-n.] (Bot.) One of the seed- lobes of a plant, which involves and nourishes the embryo plant, and then perishes. Cot/y-led'o-nal, a. Having the form of a cotyledon. Cot'y-led'o-noiis, a. Pertaining to cotyledons ; hay- ing a seed-lobe. Couch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. couched (koucht, 108); p. pr. & vb. n. COUCHING.] [Fr. catcher, to lay down, to lie down, fr. Lat. collorare, to lay, put, place.] 1. To lay down or deposit upon or in a bed, or other resting- place. 2. To compose to rest. 3. To put in language ; to express ; to phrase ; to state. To couch a cataract (Surg.), to depress it by means of a needle in order to its removal. — To couch a spear, or lance, to place the butt in the projection on the side of armor called the rest, so bringing it into the position for attack or defense. Couch, v. i. 1. To lie down or recline, as on a bed; to repose. 2. To he down for concealment ; to hide. 3. To bend the body, as in reverence, pain, labor, &c. Couch, n. 1. A place for rest or sleep ; any place for repose, as the lair of a beast, &c. 2. A layer or stratum of barley prepared for malting. 3. (Painting, Gilding, &c.) A preliminary layer, as of color, size, &c. Couch'ant, a. 1. Lying down; squatting. 2. (Her.) Lying down with the head raised; — said of a lion or other beast. Couch'er, n. One who couches. Couch'-grass, n. (Bot.) A species of grass which ex- tends rapidly its creeping roots, and is very troublesome in fields, gardens. &c. Cou'gar (kcJo'gar), n. [In South American dialects cuguacuara, cuguacuarana.] ( Zool. ) A carnivorous quad- ruped of the American continent ; — called also puma and panther. Cough (kawf, 21), n. [D. fatch, from M. H. Ger. kitchen, to breathe, kichen, to gasp, to pant.] A violent effort of the lungs, usually attended with a harsh sound, to throw off irritating matter. Cough (kawf), v.i. [imp. & p. p. COUGHED: p. pr. & vb. n. COUGHING.] To make a violent effort, at- tended with a harsh sound, to throw off obstructing or irritating matter from the throat or lungs. Cdugh, v. t. To expel from the lungs by a cough ; to eject by a cough ; to expectorate. Cough'er (kawfer), n. One who coughs. Could (kdbd), imp. of can. Was able, capable, or sus- ceptible. See Can. Coul'ter, n. Same as Colter. Coun'cil, n. [Lat. concilium, fr. concire, conciere, to as- semble together, from con and cire, ciere, to move, or call to.] An assembly summoned for consultation or advice. Syn. — Meeting; congress; diet; convention; convocation. ■Coun'cil-man, n.;pl. coun'cil-men. A member of a council, especially of the common council of a city. Coun'cil-or, n. A member of a council. _KF~ The distinction between councilor, n member of a coun- cil, and counselor, one who gives counsel, was not formerly made, but is now very generally recognized and observed. Coun'sel, n. [Lat. consilium, from the root of consulere, to consult.] 1. Mutual advisement, instruction, or in- terchange of opinions. 2. Exercise of deliberate judg- ment. 3. Result of consultation or deliberation. 4. Deliberate purpose. 5. One who gives advice, especially in legal matters; also, collectively, the legal advocates united in the management of a case. To keep counsel, to hold a purpose, &c, as a secret. Syn. — Advice; consideration; consultation; design; intent; scheme; plan; opinion; instruction. Coun'sel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. counseled ; p. pr. & vb. n. COUNSELING.] 1. To advise, admonish, or in- struct. 2. To recommend. Coun'sel-or, n. 1. One who counsels; an adviser. 2. One of the members of a council. [See Note under COUNCILOR.] 3. One who is consulted and gives ad- vice in relation to a question of law ; a barrister. Coun'sel-or-ship, n. The office of a counselor. Count, v. t. [imp. & p. p. COUNTED ; p. pr. & vb. n. COUNTING.] [Fr. conter, compter, from Lat. computare, to reckon, to compute, q. v.] 1. To number; to enu- merate. 2. To consider or esteem as belonging to one. Syn. — To calculate; reckon; compute; esteem; ascribe. Count, v. i. 1. To number or be counted; hence, to swell the number ; to add strength or influence. 2. To depend; to rely. 3. (Laiv.) To plead orally. Count, n. 1. Act of numbering, or the amount ascer- tained by numbering; reckoning, 2. (Law.) (a.) A statement of a plaintiffs case in court, (b.) ( Crim. Law.) One of several charges in an indictment. Count, n. [Fr. comte, from Lat. comes, comitis, com- panion, one of the imperial court, from con and ire, to go.] A nobleman on the continent of Europe, equal in rank to an English earl. Count-palatine, (a.) See County Palatine, (b.) Originally, the judge and highest officer of the German kings, afterward of the German emperors and archdukes; later still, an officer del- egated by the German emperors to exercise certain imperial privileges. Coun'te-nance, n. [Fr. conte nance, from contenant,-p. pr. of contenir, from Lat. continere, to hold together, from con and tenere, to hold.] 1. Appearance or ex- pression of the face ; look ; aspect ; mien. 2. The face ; the features. 3. Approving or encouraging aspect ; hence, favor ; aid ; encouragement. Out of countenance, with the countenance cast down; not bold or assured ; confounded; abashed.— To keep the counte- nance, to preserve a composed or natural look. Coun'te-nance,f. t. [imp. & p.p. countenanced (koun'te-nanst) ; p. pr. & vb. n. COUNTENANCING.] To encourage by a favoring aspect. Syn. — To sanction; favor; approve; aid; support. -Coun'te-nan-cer, n. One who countenances. Coun'ter, n. 1. One who counts, or keeps an account ; that which indicates a number. 2. A piece of metal, wood, &c, in the form of a coin, used in reckoning. 3. A table or board on which money is counted, and on which goods are laid for examination by purchasers. 4. (Naut.) An arched space in the stern of a vessel. 5. (Mus.) Counter-tenor. 6. (-Far.) That part of a horse between the shoulders and under the neck. 7. The back-leather or heel part of a boot ; also, the heel stiffen- ing of a boot or shoe. Coun'ter, a. Contrarv ; opposite. Coun'ter, adv. [See Contra.] Contrary; in opposi- tion; in an opposite direction. G@=This word is prefixed to many others, chiefly verbs and nouns, expressing opposition. Coun'ter-aet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. counteracted ; p. pr. & vb. n. COUNTERACTING.] To act in opposi- tion to ; to hinder, defeat, or frustrate. Coun'ter-ae'tion, n. Action in opposition; contrary agency or action ; hindrance ; resistance. Coun'ter-act'Ive, a. Tending to counteract. Coun'ter-bal'ance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. counter- balanced; p. pr. & Vb. n. COUNTERBALANCING.] To oppose with an equal weight ; to act against with equal power or effect ; to countervail. Coun'ter-bSFance, n. Equal opposing weight ; power or agency acting in opposition to any thing ; equivalent. Coun'tei'-brace, n. (Naut.) The brace of the fore- topsail on the leeward side of a vessel. Coun'ter-change', v. t. To exchange ; to reciprocate.. Coun'ter-chaiige / , n. Exchange ; reciprocation. Coun'ter-charm', v. t. [imp. & p. p. counter- charmed ; p. pr. & vb. n. COUNTERCHARMING.] To destroy the effect of a charm upon. Coun'ter-charm', n. That which has the power of dissolving or opposing the effect of a charm. Coun'ter-chech', v. t. To oppose ; to check. -Coun'ter-check/, n. Check ; stop ; rebuke. food, fdbt ; urn, rude, pull cell, chaise, -call, echo 11 gem. get ; a§ ; exist ; linger, link ; this* COUNTER-CURRENT 162 COUNTRY Goun'ter-eiir'rent, n. A current running in an ~p- posite direction from that of the main current. -Coun'ter-deed, n. {Law.) A secret writing which de- stroys, invalidates, or alters a public deed. €oiui'ter-draw', v. t. [imp. counterdrew ; p.p. COUNTERDR'aWN ; p. pr. & vb. 11. COUNTERDRAW- ING.] To copy, as a design or painting, by means of some transparent substance, through which the strokes appear, and on which they are traced with a pencil. -Couii'ter-ev'1-deiice, n. Opposite evidence. ■Coun'ter-feit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. counterfeited ; p. pr. & vb. n. COUNTERFEITING.] [Fr. contrefaire,j>. p. contrefait, from contre, against, Lat. con.ra, and/aire, to make, Lat. facere.] 1. To put on a semblance of, especially for a bad purpose. 2. To copy or imitate without authority or right, and with a view to deceive or defraud ; to forge. ■Coun'ter-feit, v. i. To dissemble ; to feign. •Coun'ter-feit, a. 1. Having a resemblance to. 2. Fabricated in imitation of something else, with a view to defraud by passing the false copy for genuine or original. 3. False ; spurious ; hypocritical. ■Coun'ter-feit, n. 1. That which is made in imitation of something, with a view to deceive, by passing the false for the true. 2. A likeness ; a counterpart. 3. One who personates another ; an impostor ; a cheat. Coun'ter-feit -er, n. One who counterfeits ; especially, one who forges bank-notes or coin ; a forger. Goun'ter-feit-ly, adv. By forgery ; falsely. Coii.il/ter~gage, n. ( Carp.) A method used to measure joints, by transferring. Coun'ter-guard, n. (Fort.) A low work raised before the salient point of a bastion, to preserve the bastion. Coun'ter-ir'ri-tant, n. (Med.) That which is used to produce an irritation in some part of the body, in order to relieve an existing irritation in some other part. Coun'ter-ir'ri-tate, v. t. (Med.) To produce counter- irritation in. Coun'ter-ir'ri-ta/tion, n. (Med.) Irritation excited in one part of the body with the view of relieving irrita- tion in another part Coun'ter-jump'er, n. A salesman in a shop ; a shop- man ; — used contemptuously. Coun'ter-mand', v. t. [imp. & p. p. counter- manded ; p. pr. & vb. n. countermanding.] [Fr. contremander, from contre, against, and mander, to com- mand, Lat. mandate-.] To revoke, as a former command. Coun'ter-inand', n. Revocation of a former command. Coun'ter-marcii', v. i. [imp. & p. p. counter- marched (koun'ter-marchf, 108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. countermarching.] (Mil.) To march back, or to march in a reversed order. Coun'ter-march', n. 1. A marching back. 2. (Mil.) A change of the wings or face of a battalion. Coun'ter- marls', n. 1. An additional mark on goods in order to afford security or proof. 2. (Far.) An artifi- cial cavity made in the teeth of horses that have out- grown their natural mark, to disguise their age. Coun'ter-marls', v. t. To apply a counter-mark to, as to the teeth of a horse. Coun'ter-mine', n. 1. (Mil.) A gallery under ground to facilitate the formation of mines, so that those of the enemy may be reached and destroyed. 2. Means of op- position or counteraction. ■Coun'ter-mlne', v. t. [imp. & p. p. countermined ; p. pr. & vb. n. countermining.] 1. (Mil.) To oppose by means of a counter-mine. 2. To frustrate by secret and opposing measures. [counter-plot. Coun'ter-mine', v. i. To make a counter-mine or Coun'ter-mo'tion, n. An opposing motion. Coun'ter-move'ment, n. A movement made in op- position to another. Coun'ter-pane, n. 1. A coverlet for a bed. [See Counterpoint.] 2. (O. Law.) A counterpart. Coun'ter-part, n. 1. A part corresponding to another part, ; a copy ; a duplicate. 2. A thing that may be ap- plied to another thing so as to fit perfectly, as a seal to its impression ; hence, a person or thing having qualities lacking in another ; an opposite. 3. (Mas.) The part to be arranged or used in connection with another. Coun'ter-plea, n. (Law.) A replication to a plea or request. [plotting. •Goun'ter-plot', v. t. To oppose, as another pio% by •eoun'ter-plof ,n. A plot or artifice opposed to another. Coun'ter-point, n. 1. An opposite point. [Obs ] 2. A cover for a bed, stitched or woven in squares ; —now corrupted into counterpane, from the idea of panes or square openings. 3. [Point against point.] (Mus.) The art of composing music in parts ; — often used as synon- ymous with harmony. Coun'ter-poige', v. t. [imp. &p.p. counterpoised; p. pr. & vb. n. COUNTERPOISING.] 1. To act against with equal weight ; to counterbalance. 2. To act against with equal power or effect. Coun'ter-poige', n. 1. A weight sufficient to balance another. 2. Equal power or force acting in opposition. 3. The relation of two such weights or forces ; equilib- rium ; equiponderance. [the effect of another. Gouii'ter-poi/gon (-poi'zn), n. A poison that destroys Coun'ter-proof, n. (Engraving.) A print taken off from another just printed, and therefore a reverse of it. Coun'ter-prove', v. t. [imp. & p. p. counter- proved; p'.'pr. & vb. 11. COUNTERPROVING.] To take a copy in reverse, by taking an impression directly from the face of an original print. Coun'ter-rev'o-lu'tion, a. A revolution opposed to a former one, and restoring a former state of things. Coun'ter-s-earp, n. (Fort.) (a.) The exterior slope of the ditch, (b".) The whole covered way, with its parapet and glacis. Coun'ter-gign (-sin), v. t. [imp. & p. p. counter- signed ; p. pr. & vb. n. COUNTERSIGNING.] To sign in addition and opposite to the signature of a principal or superior, in order to attest the authenticity of a writing. Goun'ter-sigii, n. 1. The signature of a secretary or other subordinate officer to a writing signed by the prin- cipal or superior, to attest its authenticity. 2. (Mil.) A private signal, word, or phrase, which must be given in order to pass a sentry. Coun'ter- sig'nal, n. A corresponding signal. ■Couii'ter-smls, V. t. [imp. & p. p. countersunk; p. pr. & vb. n. COUNTERSINKING.] 1. To form, as a depression, for the reception of the head of a screw or bolt below the surface. 2. To cause to sink, as a screw or bolt so as to be even with or below the surface, by making an excavation for the head. Cotui'ter-siiils, n. 1. A cavity or depression for receiv- ing the head of a screw or bolt. 2. A tool for forming such a depression. Coun'ter- slope, n. An overhanging slope. ■Coim'ter-step, n. Contrary method of procedure. Coun'ter-tal'ly, n. A tally corresponding to another. Coun'ter-teii'cr, n. (Mus.) One of the middle parts, between the tenor and the treble. ■Couu'ter-tim/lier, n. (Nam.) One of a number of short timbers placed in the stern of a vessel in order to strengthen the counter. [sistance ; opposition. Coun'ter-time, n. 1. Resistance of a horse. 2. Re- •€oun / ter-vail',i\ t. [imp. & p. p. countervailed ; p. pr. &vb.n. countervailing.] [counter and Lat. valtre, to be strong, to avail.] To act against with equal force, power, or effect ; to thwart or overcome by such action ; to balance ; to compensate. Coun'ter-vail', n. Equal weight, strength, or value; compensation ; requital. ■Couii'ter-val-la'tion, n. (Fort.) (a.) A chain of re- doubts around a fortress, for the purpose of preventing sorties by the garrison, (b.) The operation of construct- ing such a chain of works. Comi'ter-view (-vu). n. 1. An opposite or opposing view; opposition. 2. 'Contrast. ■Coun'ter-worls' (-wfirk'), v. t. [See Work.] To work in opposition to ; to counteract. Count/ess, n. [Fr. comtesse. See COUNT.] The con- sort of an earl or count. -eouiit'iiig-licuse, ) n. [See Count, v.] The house Couiit'ing-room, ) or room appropriated to the keeping of books, letters, papers, and accounts. -Count'less, a. Incapable of being counted ; innumera- ble ; numberless ; multitudinous. Coiiii'tri-fied, a. [From Eng. countrif, and Lat. facer", to make.] Having the appearance and manners of the country : rustic ; rude. -Goun'try (kan'try), n. [Fr. contrce, from Lat. contra, over against, on the opposite side.] 1. A region; — ■ as distinguished from any other region, and with a per- sonal pronoun, the region of one's birth, permanent res- idence, or citizenship. 2. Rural regions, as opposed tc a city or town. 3. The inhabitants of a region. 4. (Lav:.) (a.) A jury, as representing the citizens of a country, (b.) One"s constituents, or the public. [Eng.] To put one's self upon the country, to appeal to one's constitu- ents ; to refer an issue to the jury. ■Goun'try, a. 1. Pertaining to the territory at a distance from a city ; rural ; rustic. 2. Destitute of refinement ; rude ; ignorant. a,e,£:c.,;on^;a,e,&c.,5/ ( orf;caro,far,asls, a U,wliat; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; son, 6r, do, wolf, COUNTRY-DANCE 163 COUSIN-GERMAN Coiin'try- dance, n. [Corrupted from contra-dance, from Fr. contre danse.] A dance in which the partners are arranged opposite to each other in lines. Coun'try-man, n.; pi. coDn'try-jiex. 1. An in- habitant or native of a region. 2. A fellow-inhabitant of a country. 3. One who dwells in the country, as op- posed to the city ; a rustic. Coun'try-seat, n. A dwelling in the country, used as a place of retirement from the city. Coiin'try-wom'an, n. ; pi. coOn'try-wom'en (-wlm'en). A* woman born, or who dwells, in the coun- try or the same country. Coun'ty, n. [Fr. comtd, L. Lat. comitatus. See Count.] 1. An earldom. [Obs.] 2. A portion of a state or king- dom, separated from the rest of the territory, for certain purposes in the administration of justice ; a shire. Count!/ corporate, a county invested with particular privi- leges by charter or royal grant.— Count}/ court, a court whose jurisdiction is limited to a county. — Count;/ palatine, a county distinguished by particular privileges: — so called a jmlalio, from the palace,"because the owner had originally royal pow- ers, or the same powers, in the administration of justice, as the king had in his palace. [Eng.]— County town, a town where the county business is transacted; a shire town. -Coup'le (kup'l), n. [From Lat. copida. See Copula.] 1. Two things of the same kind connected together or taken together. 2. A betrothed or married pair. Syn. — Pair ; brace. Coup'le, v. t. {imp. & p. p. COUPLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. COUPLING.] 1. To link or connect together; to join. 2. To unite as male and female ; to marry. -Coup'le, v. i. To come together as male and female ; to form a sexual union ; to embrace. Coiip'ler, n. One who, or that which, couples. Coiip'let. n. [Fr., dim. of couple. See Couple, n.] Two lines of verse that rhyme with each other. Coiip'ling, n. 1. Act of bringing or coming together ; connection: sexual union. 2. (Blach.) That which serves to couple or connect one thing with another, as a hook, chain, or other contrivance. Cou'pon (or kdo'pong), n. [Fr., from couper, to cut.] (Com.) An interest certificate attached to a transferable bond, designed to be cut off and presented for payment when the interest is due. Coxir'age (kur'ej, 45), n. [Fr., from Lat. cor, heart.] That quali ty of mind which enables one to encounter danger and difficulties without fear or shrinking. Syn. — Heroism ; bravery; intrepidity; valor ; boldness ; gallantry ; daring ; firmness ; hardihood ; resolution. See Bravery. Cou-ra'geous (ku-ra^us), a. Possessing, or character- ized by, courage. Syn. --Gallant ; brave ; bold ; daring ; valiant ; valorous ; heroic ; intrepid ; fearless ; hardy ; stout ; adventurous ; en- terprising. Ceu-ra'geoiis-ly, adv. In a courageous manner. Cou-ra'geoiis-ness, n. The quality of courage. Cou-rant', ) n. [Fr. courant, p. pr. of courir, to run, Cou-ran'to, ) Lat. currere.] 1. A piece of music in triple time. 2. A lively land of dance. 3. A newspaper. Cou'ri-er (kob'ri-er), n. [Fr. courier, counter, from courre, courir, to run, Lat. currere.] 1. A messenger sent in haste with letters or dispatches, usually on public business ; an express. 2. An attendant on travelers, who makes all necessary arrangements for them at hotels and on the way. Course, n. [Fr. cours, course. Lat. r.ursus, from currere, cur sum, to run.] 1. Act of moving from one point to another. 2. The ground or path traversed. 3. Mo- tion considered with reference to its direction ; line cf progress. 4. Progress from point to point without ehange of direction ; also, one of a succession of motions in different directions considered as one act. 5. Orderly- progress; usual, stated, or methodical action. 6. Man- ner or way of conducting ; conduct ; behavior. 7. A succession of acts or practices connectedly followed. 8. That part of a meal served at one time. 9. (Arch.) A continued level range of brick or stones of the same height throughout the face or faces of a building. 10. pi. The menstrual flux. In course, in regular succession. — Of course, by conse- quence; in regular or natural order. Syn. — Progress ; advance; way; road; track; route; pas- sage; race; series; succession; manner; method; mode. Course, v. t. [imp. & p. p. coursed (korst, 108); p. pr. & vb. n. COURSING.] 1. To run, hunt, or chase after; to pursue. 2. To run through or over. 3. To cause to run. Course, v. i. To run as if in a race, or in hunting. Cours'er, n. 1. One who courses or hunts. 2. A swift or spirited horse ; a racer. Court, n. [0. Fr., from L. chors, chortis, and cohors, cohor- tis, an inclosure, thing inclosed, crowd, throng, Gr. x°P~ Tos-] 1. An inclosed space ; a yard or area. 2. The residence of a sovereign, nobleman, or other dignitary ; a palace. 3. Persons composing the retinue of a sovereign or person high in authority, 4. The appointed assem- bling of the retinue of a sovereign. 5. Attention direct- ed to a person in power ; conduct designed to gain favor ; politeness; civility. 6. (Law.) (a.) A legal tribunal, including the judges, jury, lawyers, sheriffs, &c. (b.) The judge or judges in any case, as distinguished from the counsel. 7. The session of a judicial assembly. 8. Any jurisdiction, civil, military, or ecclesiastical. 9. pi. (Script.) Places where worship is offered. General Court, the legislature of a State; — so called as hav- ing, or having had, judicial power. Court, v. t. [imp. & p. p. COURTED; p. pr. & vb. n. courting.] 1. To endeavor to gain the favor of; to strive to please ; to pay court to. 2. To seek in marriage ; to solicit the hand of; to woo. 3. To attempt to gain by address ; to solicit. Court'-eard, n. [Corrupted from coat-card.] See Coat-card. [ister justice. Court'-day, n. A day in which a court sits to admin- Court'-dress, n. A dress suitable to wear at court. Court'e-oiis (kurt'e-us), a. [From court.] Of court- like or elegant and condescending manners ; pertaining to, or expressive of, courtesy. Syn. — Civil; obliging; well-bred; polite; complaisant, Court'e-oiis-ly, adv. In a courteous manner. Court'e-oiis-iiess. n. Quality of being courteous ; civil- ity of manners ; obliging condescension ; complaisance- Court'er, n. One who courts. Cou.rt'e-§an (kfirt'e-zan), n. [Fr. courtisane, from courU isan, courtier, from court, cour. See COURT.] A prosti- tute ; a harlot ; a strumpet. Court'e-sy, n. [See Courteous.] 1. Elegance and politeness of manners. 2. An act of civility or respect. 3. Favor or indulgence, as distinguished from right. Syn. —Politeness ; urbanity; civility; complaisance; affa- bility ; courteousness ; elegance; good-breeding. Courte'sy (kurt'sy), n. A gesture or expression of re- spect or civility by women, — now little used, — consist- ing in a slight bending of the knees and inclination of the body . Courte'sy (kurtfsy), v. i. (imp. & p. p. COURTESIED ; p. pr. & vb. n. "courtesying.] To bow the body slightly, with bending of the knees, as an expression of civility or respect. Court'-hand, n. The hand, or manner of writing, used in records and judicial proceedings. Court'-house, n. A house in which established courts are held. [Amer.] Court'ier (kort-yer), n. [From court.] 1. One who fre- quents the courts of princes. 2. One who courts or so- licits favor. Court'<°leet, n. (Ens;. Law.) A court of record held once a year, in a particular hundred, lordship, or manor, before the steward of the leet. Court'li-ness, n. Quality of being courtly or high-bred ; elegance of manners. Court'ly, a. 1. Relating to a court ; court-like; high- bred ; dignified and elegant. 2. Disposed to favor the great ; fawning ; obsequiousj sycophantic. Court'-mar'tial, n.; pi. couRTsy-MAR'TlAL. A court consisting of military or naval officers, for the trial of offenses against military or naval laws. Court'-plas/ter, n. Sticking-plaster made of silk. Court'.-hip, n. 1. Act of soliciting favor by complais- ance or flattery. 2. Act of wooing in love. Court'-yard, n. A court or inclosure round a house. Coug'iii (kuz'n), n. [Low Lat. cosinits, contracted from Lat. co7isobri?ni$, child of a mother's sister ; sobrinus, a cousin by the mother's side, contracted for sororinus, from soror, sister.] 1. One collaterally related more re- motely than a brother or sister. t®= The children of brothers and sisters are usually denomi- nated cousins, or cousins-g erman. In the second generation, they are called second-cousins. 2. A title given by a king to a nobleman, particularly to those of the council. Cous'm-ger'man, n. ; ^. cous/iNg-GE'R'MAN. [See Cousin and German.] A first cousin ; a cousin in the first generation. food, f dot; urn, rude, pull ; cell, chaise, eall, eeho ; gem, get ; a§; ejist; linger, link ; this- COVE 164 COWSLIP ■Cove, n. [A.-S. cofa, cove, cave, room,0. H. Ger. chuofa, a large jar, Lat. cupa, den, Bisc. coba, cobia, pit, Lat. cavum, cavity , from cavus, -a, -wot, hollow, Ar. al-kubba, vault.] 1. A small inlet, creek, or bay ; a recess in the sea-shore. 2. A strip of prairie extending into wood- ' land ; also, a recess in the side of a mountain. [Amer.] 3. A boy or man of any age or station. [Slang.] Cove, v. t. (Arch.) To arch over. Cov'e-nant, n. [0. Fr. covenant, convenant, p. pr. of convenir, to agree, Lat. convenire. See Convene.] 1. A mutual agreement in writing and under seal ; a con- tract ; stipulation. 2. A writing containing the terms of agreement between parties. 3. {Theol.) The prom- ises of God as revealed in the Scriptures, conditioned on certain terms on the part of man , as obedience, repent- ance, faith, &c. 4. {Law.) A form of action for the violation of a promise or contract under seal. Syn. — Agreement ; contract ; compact ; bargain; arrange- ment; stipulation. See Contract. Cov'e-iiant,^. i. [imp. Sep. p. covenanted; p. pr. & vb. n. covenanting.] To enter into a form il agree- ment ; to bind one's self by contract. Syn. — To agree; contract; bargain; stipulate. Cov'e-nant, v. t. To grant or promise by covenant. Cov'e-iiant-er, n. One who makes or who subscribes a covenant. [nant. C6v'e-nant-or, n. (Law.) The party who makes a cove- Cov'er (kinder), v. t. [imp. & p. p. covered ; p. pr. & vb. n. COVERING.] [From Lat. cooperire, from co, for con, and operire, to cover.] 1. To overspread or envelop the surface or the whole body of. 2. To brood or sit on. 3. To hide from sight ; to conceal. 4. To place under shelter; to protect; to defend. 5. To extend over; to be sufficient for ; to comprehend or inciude ; to account for or solve ; to counterbalance. 6. To put the usual head-dress on. 7. To copulate with ; — said of the male. Syn. — To shelter; screen; shield; hide; overspread. Cov'er, n. 1. Any thing which is laid, set, or spread upon, about, or over another; an envelope; a lid. 2. Any thing which veils or conceals ; a screen ; disguise ; a cloak. 3. Condition of concealment, shelter, or defense. 4. (Hunting.) The woods, underbrush, &c, which shelter and conceal game. 5. [Fr. couverte.] A table- cloth, and the other table furniture ; especially, the table furniture for the use of one person at a meal. Cov'ered (kuv / erd),.p. a. Designed or used for conceal- ment, shelter, &c. Covered xvay {Fort.), a secure road of communication all round a fort, outside the ditch, having a banquette from which a grazing fire of musketry can be brought upon the glacis. Cov'er-er, n. One who, or that which, covers. C6v'er-let, n. [0. Fr. covrelict, equiv. to couvre-lit, from Fr. couvrir, to cover, and lit, Lat. ledum, bed.] The up- permost cover of a bed. Cov'ert (kuVert), a. [0. Fr. covert, p. p. of covrir. See Cover, v. t.] 1. Covered over; hid. 2. Sheltered; not open or exposed. 3. (Laio.) Under cover, authority, or protection, as a married woman. Syn. — Hid; secret; private; covered; disguised. Cov'ert, n. 1. A place which covers and protects ; a shelter ; a defense. 2. Feathers covering the bases of the quills of the wing or tail of birds. Cov'ert-bar'on, a. (Law.) Under the protection of a husband ; married. C6v'ert-ly, adv. Secretly ; closely ; in private. Cov'ert-ure (53), n. [See Cover, v. t.] 1. Cover- ing ; shelter ; defense. 2. ( Law. ) Condition of a woman during marriage, because she is considered under the cover, or power and protection of her husband. Cov'ert-way (kuv'ert-), n. (Fort.) The same as Cov- ered Way. See Covered. Cov'et (kQv'et), v. t. [imp. & p. p. coveted ; p. pr & vb. n. COVETING.] [0. Fr. covoiter, coveiter, now convoiter, from covoitous, coveitos, now convoiteux, from Lat. cupidus, eager, from cupere, to desire.] 1. To wish for with eagerness. 2. To wish for inordinately, un- reasonably, or unlawfully. Syn.— To long for; desire; hanker after; lust after. Cov'et-a-tole, a. Capable or worthy of being coveted. Cdv'et-er, n. One who covets. Cov'et-Ive-ness, n. (Phren.) Excessive desire of accu- mulating property ; acquisitiveness. Cov'et-oiis (kuVet-us), a. 1. Very desirous. 2. In- ordinately desirous ; excessively eager. Syn. — Avaricious ; parsimonious; penurious; miserly; niggardly. Cov'et-oiis-ly, adv. With a strong or inordinate desire to obtain and possess ; eagerly ; avariciously. Cov'et-ous-ness, n. Strong or inordinate desire of ob- taining and possessing some supposed good. Syn. — Avarice; cupidity; greed; eagerness. Cov'ey (kfiv'y), n. [Fr. couvee, from couve, p. p. of couver, to sit or brood on, from Lat. cubare, to he down, incu- bare, to brood.] 1. An old bird with her brood of young ; hence, a small flock or number of birds together. 2. A company ; a set. Cov'in (kuVin), n. [0. Fr. cov.ine, covaine, from convenir, to agree, Lat. convenire. See COVENANT.] (Law.) A collusive or deceitful agreement between two or more persons to prejudice a third. Cov'ing, n. [See COVE.] (Arch.) (a.) The projection of the upper stories of a house over those beneath, (b.) The jambs of a fire-place. Cov'iii-ous, a. (Law.) Deceitful; collusive; fraudu- lent; dishonest. Cow (kou), n. ; pi. €OW§ ; old pi. kine. [A.-S. eft, Tcel. ktt, 0. H. Ger. chuo, Lat. ceva, Skr. go, nom. gaus.] The female of the bovine genus of animals. tow, v. t. [imp. & p.p. COWED; p. pr. & vb. n. COW- ING.] [Icel. kuga, to depress ; or perhaps an abbre- viation of to coward.] To depress with fear ; to sink the spirits or courage. Cow ; ard, n. [0. Fr. couard, coard, coart, orig. short- tailed, as an epithet of the hare, from 0. Fr. coe, coue, N, Fr. queue, It. coda, Lat. cauda, tail, and the termination ard.) One who lacks courage to meet danger; a timid or pusillanimous man. Syn. — Craven; poltroon; dastard. —Coward denotes liter- ally one who slinks back like a terrified beast with the tail be- tween the legs: a craven is literally one who begs off, or shrinks at the approach of danger; apoltroon is a mean-spirited cow- ard ; dastard is one of the strongest terms of reproach in our language. Cow'ard, a. 1, Destitute of courage ; timid; base. 2. Belonging to a coward; proceeding from, or expressive of, cowardice. [idity ; pusillanimity. Cow'ard-ice, n. Want of courage to face danger ; tim- Cow'ard-li-ness, n. Want of courage ; cowardice. Cow'ard-ly, a. 1. Wanting courage to face danger. 2. Proceeding from fear of danger ; befitting a coward. Syn. — Timid; fearful; timorous; dastardly; pusillanimous; recreant; craven; faint-hearted; chicken-hearted; white-liv- ered; mean; base. Cow'ard-ly, adv. In the manner of a coward. Cow'-eatch/er, n. A strong wooden or iron frame in front of a locomotive-engine for catching or throwing off obstructions on a railway, such as cows, &c. Cow'er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. cowered ; p. pr. & vb. n. COWERING.] [Cf. Ger. kauchen, kauern; and W. cwrian, to cower, from civr, corner.] To sink by bending the knees; to crouch, especially through fear. Cow'hage, n. [Hind, kawanch, koanch.] (Bot.) A leguminous plant, having crooked pods covered with sharp hairs, which, penetrating the flesh, cause irrita- tion and itching. [Written also couhage and cowitch.] Cow'herd, n. [See Herd.] One whose occupation it is to tend cows. Cow'hide, n. 1. The hide of a cow. 2. Leather made of the hide of a cow. 3. A scourge or coarse riding- whip made of cow's hide. Cow'hide, v. t. [imp. & p. p. COWHIDED ; p. pr. & vb. n. cowhiding.] To beat or whip with a cowhide. Cowl, n. [A.-S. cuhle, cugle, L Lat. cuculla, cucullio, cucullus, from Lat. cucullus, cap, hood.] 1. A monk's hood or habit. 2. A cowl-shaped cap for the top of chimneys. 3. A vessel carried on a pole betwixt two persons for the conveyance of water. Cowled (kowld), a. 1. Wearing a cowl ; hooded. 2. (Bot.) Shaped like a cowl. Cow'lick, n. A tuft of hair turned up, — usually over the forehead, — as if licked by a cow. Cowl'-staff , n. See COWL, No. 3. €o'-work'er (-wurk'er), n. [From co, for con, and worker, q. v.] One who works with another; a co- operator ; a fellow-laborer ; a collaborator. Cow'-pox, n. (Med.) A pustular eruption of the cow, which, when communicated to the human system, as by inoculation, preserves from the small pox; the vaccine disease; — called also kine-pox. Cow'ry (kou'ry),^. [Hind, kauri.] A small shell, used for money in Africa and the East Indies. Cow'slip, ) n. [Perhaps for cow : s-leek.] (Bot.) A spe- Cow'§'-lip, ) cies of primrose, a plant appearing early in the spring in moist places. a,e,&c.,long; a, 6, &c, short; care, far, ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 6r, do, wolf, COW-TREE 165 CRANE Cow'- tree, n. (Bot.) A tree of South America, which produces a nourishing fluid, resembling milk. Cox'eomb (-koni), n. [A corruption of cock'' s comb.] 1. (a.) A strip of red cloth notched like the comb of a cock, which licensed fools formerly wore in their caps, (b.) The cap itself. 2. A vain superficial pretender to knowl- edge or accomplishments ; a fop. 3. (Bot.) A plant of several species, which produces red flowers resembling the comb of a cock. Cox-eomb'ie-al (-k5m / -), a. Befitting or indicating a coxcomb ; foppish ; conceited ; fanciful. Cox-«omb'ie-al-ly (-kom 7 -), adv. In the manner of a coxcomb ; vainly ; fansifully ; foppishly. Cox'eomb-ry (-kom-), n. The manners of a coxcomb. Cox-eom'ie-al, a. See Coxcombical. Coy, a. [0. Fr. coy, coi, coit, fr. Lat. quietus, quiet, fr. quies, rest.] Shrinking from approach or familiarity. Syn. — Shy; shrinking; reserved; modest; bashful; back- ward; distant. Coy'ish, a. Somewhat coy or reserved. Coy'ly, adv. In a coy manner ; with reserve ; slyly. Coy'ness, n. Unwillingness to become familiar. Syn.— Reserved; shrinking; shyness; backwardness; mod- esty; bashfulness. C6z (kuz), n. A contraction of cousin. See COUSIN. Coz'en (kuz'n), v. t. [i?np. & p. p. cozened; p. pr. & vb. n. COZENING.] [Either from cousin, to deceive through pretext of relationship, or from Ger. kosen, lieb- kosen, to wheedle, flatter. See Cozy.] To cheat ; to de- fraud ; to beguile ; to deceive. [artifice ; trick ; fraud. Cdz'en-age (kuVn-), n. The art or practice of cozening ; C6z'en-er, n. One who cheats or defrauds. Co'zi-ly, adv. Snugly ; comfortably. Co'zy, a. [compar. COZIER; superl. COZIEST.] [Fr. causer, to talk, chat, from Ger. kosen, 0. H. Ger. chdsdn.J [Written also cosey.] Snug; comfortable; easy. Crab, n. 1. [ A. -S. crabba, from Lat. carabus, Gr. /capa/3o?.] (Zo'dl.) A crustaceous animal, having the body covered by a crust-like shell called the cara- pax. It has ten legs, the front pair of which terminate in claws. 2. [Akin to Gael. & Ir. garbh, Armor. & W . garv , garw , Crab, rough, harsh, Lat. acerbus, sour, harsh.] (Bot.) A wild apple, or the tree producing it; — so named from its harsh taste. 3. (Mech.) (a.) A form of crane used for raising or moving heavy weights, (b.) A contrivance for launching ships or raising them into a dock. Crab'-ap'ple, n. A small, sour kind of apple. Crab'bed (60), a. [From crab.] Harsh ; rough, or austere, like a crab-apple. Syn. — Peevish ; sour ; cross ; unpleasing; morose; difficult; perplexing; trying. Crab'bed-ly, adv. In a crabbed manner. Crab'bed-ness, n. State of being crabbed. [body. Crab'-louse, n. A species of louse infesting the human Crab'-tree, n. The tree that bears crab-apples. Crack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cracked (krakt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. cracking-.] [Fr. craquer, D. kraken, Dan. krak- ke, Ger. krachen, Gael. & Ir. crac] 1. To break without entire separation of the parts ; to fissure. 2. To rend with grief or pain ; to distress ; hence, to disorder ; to de- range. 3. To cause to sound abruptly and sharply, with noise like that of rending ; to snap. 4. To utter smartly and sententiously. 5. To cry up; to extol. [Low.] Crack, v. i. 1. To be fractured without quite separating into parts. 2. To go to pieces; to be ruined or im- paired. 3. To utter a loud or sharp, sudden sound. Crack, n. 1. A partial separation of the parts of a sub- stance, with or without a perceptible opening ; a chink or fissure ; a crevice. 2. A sound as of any thing sud- denly rent. 3. Craziness of intellect ; insanity ; lunacy. Crack, a. _0f superior excellence. [Colloq.] Crack'-brained, a. Having an impaired intellect. Crack'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, cracks. 2. A small firework, exploding with a sharp noise. 3. A kind of hard biscuit. Crack'le (krak'l), v. i. [Dim. of crack.] To make slight cracks ; to make small, abrupt, snapping noises, rapidly or frequently repeated. Craek'ling, n. 1. Small, abrupt cracks or reports, fre- quently repeated. 2. The rind of roasted pork. Cra'dle (kra'dl), n. [A.-S. cradel, cradol. Cf. W. cryd, a shaking or rocking, a cradle, crydu, crydian, crydiaw, to ehake.] 1. A kind of movable bed for infants, so con- structed as to rock ; hence, the place in which any thing is nurtured or protected in the earlier period of its exis- tence. 2. Infancy, or very early life. 3. (Agric.) A light framework added to a scythe, for receiving the grain as cut, and laying it evenly in swaths. 4. (Engraving.) An instrument used especially in preparing plates for mezzotints. 5. (Ship-building.) A framework of tim- bers used to support a vessel about to be launched, or drawn up an inclined plane, or across a narrow strip of land. 6. ( Surg.) A case for a broken bone. Cra'dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cradled ; p. pr. & vb. n. cradling.] 1. To lay in a cradle; to rock in a cra- dle. 2. To nurse in infancy. 3. To cut and lay with a cradle, as grain. Cra'dle, v. i. To lie or lodge, as in a cradle. Craft (6), n. [A.-S. craft, Ger. kraft, Icel. kraptr. Cf. W. cref, cry/, strong.] 1. Dexterity in particular manual employment; hence, the employment itself; a trade. 2. Cunning, art, or skill, in a bad sense ; artifice ; guile. 3. (Naut.) Vessels of any kind. Craf t'i-ly, adv. With craft, cunning, or guile. Craf t'i-ness, n. Cunning ; artifice ; stratagem ; wiliness. Crafts'man, n.; pi. crafts'men. One skilled in a manual occupation ; an artificer ; a mechanic. Craf t'y, a. Skillful at deceiving others. Syn.— Cunning; artful; wily; sly; fraudulent; deceitful; subtle; shrewd. Crag, n. [W. craig, Gael. & Ir. creag.] 1. A steep, rugged rock ; a rough, broken rock. 2. ,( Geol.) A par- tially compacted bed of gravel mixed with shells, of the tertiary age. Crag'ged (60), a. Full of crags or broken rocks. Crag'ged-ness, n. State or quality of being cragged. Crag'gi-ness, n. The state of being craggy. Crag'gy, a. Full of crags ; abounding with broken rocks ;' rugged with projecting points of rocks. ^Crake, n. [Icel. kraka, crow, and krakr, raven. Cf. Crow.] ( Ornith.) A species of rail found among grass, corn, broom, or furze ; — so called from its singular cry. Cram, v . t. [imp. Sep. p. crammed; p. pr. & vb. n. CRAMMING.] [A.-S. crammian, Ger. krammen, krim- tnen, to seize or grasp with the claws.] 1. To stuff; to crowd; to fill to superfluity. 2. To fill with food be- yond satiety. 3. To qualify for public examination by special preparation. [ Colloq.] Cram, v. i. 1. To eat greedily or beyond satiety; to stuff. 2. To make preparation for an examination by a hasty review of studies. Cram'bo, n. [Cf. Cramp, a., difficult.] 1. A play in which one person gives a word, to which another finds a rhyme. 2. A rhyme. Cramp, n. 1. [D. & Sw. kramp, Dan. krampe, Ger. krampf.] A restriction or restraint. 2. [FromO. H. Ger. chramph, crooked, from chrimphan, to crook, bend. Cf. Clamp.] An iron instrument serving to hold together pieces of timber, stones, &c. 3. A piece of wood on which the upper leather of a boot is stretched. 4. (Med.) A spasmodic and painful contraction of a muscle or muscles of the body. Cramp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cramped (krampt, 108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. CRAMPING.] 1. To hold tightly pressed together ; to restrain from free action. 2. To form on a cramp, as boot legs. 3. To afflict with cramp. Cramp'- f ish, n. (Ichth.) The torpedo, or electric ray, the touch of which affects a person with a slight shock of electricity. [No. 2. Cramp'-i'ron (-I'urn), n. A cramp. See Cramp, n., Cramp'it, n. [See supra.] 1. A piece of metal at the tip of a sword-sheath ; a chape. 2. A cramp-iron. Cram-pobn§', n. pi. [Fr. crampon, from 0. H. Ger. chramph, crooked. See Cramp, n.] 1. Hooked pieces of iron, for raising stones, boxes, lumber, and other heavy materials. 2. ( Mil. ) Iron instruments with sharp points worn on the shoes to assist in gaining or keeping a foot- hold, as in climbing ramparts. Cramp'y, a. 1. Diseased with cramp. 2. Productive of cramps. Cran'age, n. [From crane.] 1. The liberty of using a crane at a wharf. 2. Money or price paid for the use of a crane. Cran'ber-ry, n. [From crane, be- cause its slender stalk has been com- pared to the long legs and neck of ; crane.] (Bot.) A red, sour berry, ^ much used for making sauce, &c. Cranch, v. t. See Craunch Crane, n. [A.-S. cran, H. Ger. hranich, allied with Gr. -yepai/os, Crane, (1.) food, foot; urn, rude, pull; cell, chaise, call, echo; gem, get; a§; exist; linger, link; this. CRANE 166 CREASE Crane, (2, a). Lat. grus, W. & Arm. garan.] 1. ( Ornith.) A wading bird, having a long, straight bill, and long legs and neck. 2. (a.) A machine for raising, lowering, and moving heavy •weights ; — so called from a fancied similarity between its arm and the neck of a crane. (6.) A similar arm turning on a vertical axis or support, in a fireplace, for supporting ket- tles, &c, over a fire. 3. A siphon, or bent pipe, for draw- ing liquors out of a cask. 4. (Naut.) A piece of wood or iron formed with two arms, used, in pairs, to stow spare spars in. ■Crane, v. t. To cause to rise ; to raise, as if by a crane. Craneg'-bill, n. 1. (Bot.) The plant Geranium, of many species ; — so named from an appendage of the seed- vessel, which resembles the beak of a crane or stork, 2. A pah' of long-beaked pincers used by surgeons. Cra'ni-al, a. Belonging to the cranium. Cra'ni-o-log'ie-al, a. Pertaining to craniology. Cra/ni-61'o-gist, n. One who is versed in craniology ; a phrenologist. Cra/ni-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. icpaviov, skull, and Ao-yo?, dis- course, Ae'yeiv, to speak.] The science which investigates ' -Cra'ven the structure of the skull , and its relation to the faculties of the mind; phrenology. Cra/ni-om'e-ter, n. [Gr. KpavLov, skull, and fiirpov, measure.] An instrument for measuring skulls. Cra/ni-om'e-try , n. Art of measuring the skulls of an- imals, for discovering their specific differences. Cra/ni-6s'co-py, n. [Gr. Kpaviov, skull, and o-zcoTreiv, to view.] The examination of the skull with a view to discover the parts of the brain which are supposed to be the organs of particular passions or faculties. ■Cra'ni-iim, re.; pi. cra'ni-a. [N. Lat., from Gr. icpaviov.] {Anat.) The skull of an animal; brain-pan. Crank, n. [Cf. D. kring, L. Ger. krink, Icel. kringr, circle.] 1. (Mach.) A bend in, or a bent portion of, an axis, serving as a handle for communicating circular motion, or to change circular into reciprocating motion, or the reverse. 2. Any bend, turn, or winding, as of a passage. 3. A conceit consisting in a change of the form or meaning of a word. Crank, a. [A.-S. crane, weak, Icel. krankr,D. & Ger. krank, sick, weak.] 1. (Naut.) Liable to careen or be overset, as a ship. 2. Full of spirit ; brisk; lively. Crank'le, v. i. [See Crank, n., and Crinkle.] To run in a winding course ; to bend, wind, and turn. Crank'le (krank/1), v. t. To break into bends, turns, or angles ; to crinkle. Crank'le, n. A bend or turn ; a crinkle. Cran'nled, a. [See Cranny.] Full of crannies ; hav- ing rents, chinks, or fissures. Cran'ny, n. [Fr. cran, Lat. crena, notch.] 1. A small, narrow opening ; a fissure, crevice, or chink. 2. A secret, retired place : a hole. Cran'ny, v. i- 1. To make crannies. 2. To haunt or enter by crannies. Crape, n. [Fr. crepe, from Lat. crispus, curled, crisped.] A thin, transparent stuff, made of raw silk gammed and twisted, much used for mourning garments. Crap'u-lent, j a. [Lat. crapulentus, crapulosus, from Lat. Crap'u-Ioiis, I crapula, Gr. KpaL-trdKr).] Sick from in- temperance. [-Rare.] Syn. — Drunken ; intoxicated; inebriated. Crap'y, a. Resembling crape. Crash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. crashed (krasht) ; p. pr. & vb. n. crashing.] [From Goth, kriustan, to gnash, crash, grate. Cf. Crush.] To break to pieces violently. Crash, v. i. To make a loud, clattering sound, as of many things falling and breaking at once. Crash, n. 1. The loud, mingled sound of many things falling and breaking at once. 2. [Lat. crassus.] A kind of coarse linen cloth. Cr&ss'a-ment, n. [Lat. crassamentum, from crassus, thick.] The thick part of any fluid, especially of the blood : a clot. Crass'i-tude (53), n. [Lat. crassitudo. See supra.] Grossness ; coarseness ; thickness. Cratch, n. [From 0. H. Ger. krippa, krippea.] A man- ger or open frame for hay ; a crib. Cratch-cradle, & representation of the figure of the crateh, made upon the finders with a string; a child's game; — called also scratch-cradle and caVs-cradle. Crate, n. [Lat. crates.'] A hamper of wicker-work, for the transportation of crockery. Cra'ter, n. [Lat. crater, cratera, from Gr. Kparfjp, a mix- ing vessel, crater, from Kepavvvvai., to mix.] The aperture or mouth of a volcano. Cra-ter'i-form, a. [Lat. cratera, a bowl, and forma form.] Having the form of a goblet. Craunch (kranch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. craunched (kriineht, 108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. ckaunching.] [Cf. D. schransen, to eat greedily.] To crush with the teeth ; to chew noisily ; to crunch. -Cra-vat', n. [Fr. cravat e, from Cravate, a Croat, an in- habitant of Croatia, one of a body of Austrian troops, from whom, in 1636, this article of dress was adopted in France.] A neck-cloth. Crave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. craved ; p. pr. & vb. n. craving.] [A.-S. crqfian, Icel. krefia.] 1. To ask with earnestness or importunity, and humility. 2. To long for ; to require or demand. Syn.— To seek; beg; beseech; implore; entreat; solicit. Cra'ven, n. [Probably from crave, one who craves or begs for his life when vanquished.] One who, being van- quished in trial by battle, has craved or begged his life of his antagonist ; a weak-hearted, spiritless fellow. Syn.— Coward; poltroon; dastard. See Cowaed. Cowardly with meanness ; spiritless. Crav'er, re. One who craves or begs. Craw, re. [D. kraag, Ger. krage, kragen, throat, crop.] The crop or first stomach of fowls. Cravv'-flsh, ) n. [Corrupted either from 0. H. Ger. Cray '-fish, ) krebiz, or from Fr. ccrevisse, which is itself derived from 0. H. Ger. krebiz.] (Zool.) A crusta- ceous animal, resembling the lobster, but smaller, found in fresh -water streams. Crawl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. CRAWLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CRAWLING.] [Icel. krafla, D. krabbelen, grabbelen, dim. of krabbai, grappen.] 1. To move slowly, as a worm ; or on the hands and knees, as a human being ; to creep. 2. To move or advance in a slow and feeble manner. 3. To have a sensation resembling that of insects creep- ing about the body. Crawl, re. The act or motion of crawling. Crawl'er, n. One who, or that which, crawls. Cray 'fish, re. The river lobster. See Craw-fish. Cray'on, n. [Fr., from craie, Lat. creta, chalk, properly Cretan earth, from Creta, the island Crete.] 1. A piece of chalk, or other soft, earthy substance, in the form of a cylinder, for use in drawing. 2. A drawing made with a pencil or crayon. Cray'on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. crayoned ; p. pr. & vb. re. crayoning.] To sketch, as with a crayon. Craze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. crazed ; p. pr. & vb. n. CRAZING.] [From Icel. krassa, to grind, Sw. krasa, to crush, break to pieces.] 1. To break into pieces ; to crushl [Obs.] 2. To confuse ; to impair. 3. To derange the intellect of; to render insane. Craze, n. 1. State of craziness ; insanity. 2. A strong habitual desire or passion. Cra'zi-ly, adv. In a crazy manner. Cra'zi-ness, n. The state of being crazy ; derangement. Cra'zy, a. [From craze, q. v.] 1. Characterized by weakness or feebleness : decrepit ; broken. 2. Disordered in intellect ; deranged ; weakened : shattered. Creak, v. i. [imp. & p. p. creaked (kreekt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. CREAKING.] [A modification of crack, q. v.] To make a sharp, harsh, grating sound, as by the friction of hard substances. Creak, v. t. To produce a creaking sound with. Creak, re. The sound produced when any thing creaks. Cream, n. [From Lat. cremor, thick juice or broth; allied to A.-S. ream, Ger. rahm, Icel. riomi.] 1. The oily, unctuous substance, which forms a scum on tho surface of milk. 2. The best part of a thing. Cream of tartar, purified tartar or argal, being the bi-tartrate ofpotassa; — so called becaiise it rises, like cream, to the sur- face of the liquor in which it is purified. Cream, v. t. [imp. & p. p. creamed ; p. pr. & vb. ?i. CREAMING.] 1. To skim or take off by skimming, as cream. 2. To take off the best part of. Cream, v. i. To become covered with cream ; to become thick like cream ; to assume the appearance of cream. Cream'-eake, n. ( Cookery.) A kind of cake filled with custard made of cream, eggs, &c. [cream. Cream'-cheese, n. Cheese formed of milk mixed with Cream'y, a. 1. Full of cream. 2. Resembling cream in nature, appearance, or taste ; unctuous. Crease, n. [Cf. L. Ger. kriis, Ff. Ger. krause, crispness, krausen, krdusen, to crisp, curl.] A mark made by fold- a, e, &c, long ; a, e,&c, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, CREASE 167 CREST ing any pliable substance ; hence, a similar mark, how- ever produced. Crease, v. t. [imp. & p. p. creased (kreest, 108); p. pr. & vb. n. CREASING.] To make a crease or mark in, as by folding or doubling. Cre'a-sote, n. See Creosote. Cre-ate' v. t. [imp. & p. p. created ; p. pr. & vb. n. CREATING.] [Lat. creare, creatum, to create.] 1. To bring into being ; to cause to exist ; to originate, 2. To be the occasion of; to produce. 3. To constitute ; to ap- point ; to make. Cre-a/tion, n. 1. Act of creating; especially, the act of bringing the universe or this world into existence. 2. Constitution; appointment ; formation. 3. That which is created, as the world or the universe. Cre-a/tlve, a. Having the power to create, or exerting the act of creation. Cre-a'tive-ness, n. State of being creative. [Being. Cre-a/tor, n. One who creates ; specifically, the Supreme Creat'ure (krjt'yyjr, 53), n. [Lat. creatura. See CREATE.] 1. Any thing created ; especially, any being created with life ; an animal ; a man. 2. A human being, in contempt or endearment. 3. One who owes his rise and fortune to another ; a servile dependent. Cre'dence, n. [L. Lat. credentia, from Lat. credcns^ p. pr. of credere, to trust, believe.] 1. Reliance of the mind on evidence of facts derived from other sources than personal knowledge ; belief; credit. 2. That which gives a claim to credit or confidence. Cre'dent, a. [Lat. credens, p. pr. of credere, to trust, believe.] Believing ; giving credit. Cre-den'tial, a. Giving a title to credit. Cre-den'tial, n. 1. That which gives credit or a title to confidence. 2. pi. Testimonials or certificates show- ing that a person is entitled to credit, or has authority or official powers. [credible ; credibleness. Cred'i-Ml'i-ty, n. The quality or the state of being Cred'i-fole, a. [Lat. credibilis, from credere.] Capable of being believed ; worthy of belief. Cred'i-ble-ness, n. Worthiness of belief; credibility. Cred'i-lsly, adv. In a manner that deserves belief. Gred'it, n. [Lat. creditum, loan, &c, from credere, creditiun, to trust, to loan.] 1. Reliance on the truth of something said or done ; belief ; faith. 2. Reputation derived from the confidence of others ; esteem ; honor ; reputation ; estimation. 3. Authority derived from char- acter or reputation. 4. Influence derived from the good opinion, confidence, or favor of others ; interest. 5. (Com.) Trust given or received; expectation of future payment for property transferred or promises given ; mer- cantile reputation. 6. (Book-keeping.) (a.) The side of an account on which are entered all items reckoned as values received, (b.) The items entered on such side of an account. Cred'it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. credited ; p. pr. & vb. n. CREDITING.] 1. To confide in the truth of; to put trust in ; to believe. 2. To enter upon the credit side of an account. 3. To set to the credit of. Cred'it-a-fole, a. Deserving or possessing reputation or esteem ; reputable ; estimable. Cred'it-a-ble-ness, n . Quality of being creditable. Cred'it-a-bly, adv. Reputably ; with credit. Cred'it-or, n. One who gives credit in business matters ; and hence, one to whom money is due. [dence. Cre-dii'li-ty, n. A disposition to believe on slight evi- Cred'u-loiis, a. [Lat. credulus, from credere, to believe.] Apt to believe on slight or insufficient evidence ; easily convinced or imposed upon ; unsuspecting. Cred'u-lous-ly, adv. With credulity. Cred'u-lous-iiess, n. Readiness to believe without suf- ficient evidence ; credulity. Creed, n. [From Lat. credo, I believe, at the beginning of the Apostles' Creed.] A definite summary of what is believed ; especially, a summary of Christian belief. ■Greek, n. [A.-S. crecca, L. Lat. erica, creca, crecca, W. crig, crack, crigyll, ravine, creek.] 1. A small inlet, bay, or cove ; a recess in the shore of the sea, or of a river. 2. A small river or brook. 3. Any turn or winding. Creel, n. [Gael, craidhleag, basket, creel; only used in Scotland.] An osier basket, such as anglers use. Creep, v. i. [imp. crept ; p. p. CREPT ; p. pr. & vb. n. CREEPING.] [A.-S. creopan, Icel. kriupa, 0. H. Ger. Icriuchan, kriochan, chriohhan.] 1. To move along, as a worm or reptile does ; to move on hands and knees ; to crawl. 2. To move slowly, feebly, or timorously. 3. To move in a stealthy or unobserved manner ; to steal in ; to insinuate one's self. 4. To fawn. 5. To grow, as a vine, clinging to the ground or other support. 6. To have a sensation resembling that of insects creeping on the skin of the body ; to crawl. Creep'er, n. 1. One who creeps ; any creeping thing. 2. A creeping or clinging plant, as a vine. 3. ( Ornith.) A small bird, allied to the wrens. 4. A fixture with iron points worn on a shoe to prevent one from slipping. 5. pi. An instrument with iron hooks or claws for dragging the bottom of a well, or other body of water. Creep'ing-ly, adv. By creeping ; slowly. Cre-ma'tion, n. [Lat. crematio, from cremare, to burn.] A burning ; particularly, the burning of the dead. Cre-mo'na, n. A superior kind of violin, made at Cre- mona, in Italy. Gre'nate, la. [From Lat. crena, notch. Cf. CRAN- Cre'na-ted, ) ny.] (Bot.) Having the edge cut or notched in the form of a scallop-shell Cre'ole, n. [Sp. criollo, prop, created, nursed, grown up, contracted from c.riadillo, dim. of criado, p. p. of criar, to create, nurse, educate.] 1. One born in America, or the West Indies, of European ancestors. 2. One born in tropical America, or the adjacent islands, of any color. [T/iis is the usual sense.] GOT* "The term Creole negro is employed in the English West Indies to distinguish the negroes born there from the Africans imported during the time of the slave-trade. The application of this term to the colored people has led to an idea, common in some parts of the United States, though wholly unfounded, that it implies an admixture greater or less of African blood." In the United States Creole isapplied especially to the descendants of the French in Louisiana ; in Spanish America and the West Indies, it includes all natives, whether white or black, except full-blooded Indians. Cre'o-sote, n. [Gr. Kpeag, generally Kpeco?, flesh, and a-oi^eiv, to preserve.] ( Cliem.) An oily, colorless liquid, having the smell of smoke, and strong antiseptic proper- ties, obtained from the distillation of wood. Crep'i-tate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. crepitated; p. pr. & vb. n. CREPITATING.] [Lat. crepitare, crepilatum, to crackle, intensive form of crepare.] To burst with a sharp, abrupt sound, rapidly repeated ; to crackle ; to snap. Crep'i-ta'tion, n. [See supra.] The act of crepitating ; a snapping or crackling. Crept, imp. & p. p. of creep. See Creep. Gre-pus'-eu-lar, ) a. [See supra.] _ Pertaining to twi- Cre-pfis'-eu-loiis, ) light ; glimmering ; hence, imper- fectly clear or luminous. -Cres-cett'do, a. [It., from It. & Lat. "" ~~~ crescere, to increase.] (Mus.) With a Crescendo, constantly increasing volume of voice ; — a direction for the performance of music, indicated as in the margin. Sres-geti'do, n. (Mus.) (a.) A gradual increase in the strength and fullness of tone with which a passage is per- formed, (b.) A passage to be performed with constantly increasing volume of tone. Cres'cent, a. [Lat. crescens, p. pr. of crescere, to in- crease.] Increasing ; growing. Cres'cent, n. 1. The increasing moon ; the moon in her first quarter. 2. (a.) The figure or likeness of the new moon, borne in the Turkish flag, (b.) The flag itself, (c.) The Turkish power. Cres'cive, a. [From Lat. crescere, to increase.] Increas- ing ; augmenting ; growing. Cress, n. [A.-S. cresse, 0. H. Ger. cressa, cresso, chresso, Ger. kresan, to creep.] (Bot.) A plant of various species. The leaves of the true kinds have a moderately pungent taste, and are used as a salad. Cres'set n. [Fr. croisette, dim. of croxx, cross, because beacons ' formerly had crosses on their tops.] An open lamp, filled with combustible material, placed on a bea- con, lighthouse, &c, or carried on a pole. Crest, n. [A.-S. crdsta, Lat. crista, allied in stem to Lat. crescere, to grow.] 1. A tuft, or other natural ornament, growing on an animal's head, as the comb of a cock. 2. The plume or feathers, or other decoration, worn on a helmet; hence, the helmet itself. 3. The helmet or head, as typical of a high spirit ; spirited bearing ; pride; courage. 4. (Her.) An appendage to the shield, placed over it, and usually borne upon a wreath. 5. The rising part of a horse's neck. 6. The foamy, feather-like top of a wave. 7. (Fort.) The top line of a slope. Interior crest (Fort.), the highest fine of the parapet. Crest, v. t. [imp. Ik p. p. CREST- Crest (4) ED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CRESTING.] To furnish or adorn with a crest ; to serve as a crest : fobd, fobt ; urn, rude, pull ; yell, chaise, «all, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e_ist ; linger, link ; this. CRESTED 168 CRISP ■€r6st'ed, p. a. 1. Having a crest. 2. (Bot.) Bearing any elevated appendage like a crest. CrSst'-f alien (-fawln), a. With lowered front or hang ing head ; hence, dispirited : dejected ; cowed. Cre-ta/ceoiis, a. [Lat. crelaceus, from creta, chalk (prop. Cretan earth, from Creta, Crete).] Having the qualities of chalk ; abounding with chalk. See Chalk. Cre-ta'ceoiis-ly, adv. In a manner like that of chalk ; as chalk. Cre'tie, n. [Lat. Creticus (sc. pes), foot, prop, a Cretan (metrical) foot.] ( Gr. & Lat. Pros.) A poetic foot, com- posed of one short syllable between two long syllables. Cre'tin, n. [Fr. cretin, for crestin, from Lat. castrare, to geld, emasculate, and thus originally a mutilated, stunted man.] (Med.) An idiot of a certain kind, frequent in the low valleys of the Alps, generally afflicted also with goiter. See Goiter. Cre'tin-Igm, n. The condition or the disease of a cretin ; a species of idiocy ; goiter. •€>ve-vasse f , n. [Fr. crevasse, as if fr. a Lat. word crepacea, from crepax, crepacis, cracking, bursting, from crepare, to crack, to burst.] 1. A deep crevice or split, as in a glacier. 2. A breach in the levee or embankment of a river. [Amer.] Crev'Ice, n. [0. Eng. & Fr. crevasse. See supra.] A narrow opening resulting from a split or crack ; a cleft ; a fissure ; a rent. Crew (kru), n. [0. Eng. crue, from Fr. crue, increase, accession, from crii, crtie, p. p. of croitre, to grow, in- crease.] 1. A company of people associated together ; a throng ; an assemblage. 2. A ship's company ; the seamen belonging to a vessel. Crew (kru), imp. of crow. See CROW. Crew'el (kru 'el), n. [For clewel, dim. of clew, a ball of thread.] Worsted yarn slackly twisted. Crew'et (kru'et), n. See Cruet. ■Crib, it. [A.-S. crybb, 0. II. Ger. crippa.] 1. The man- ger or rack of a stall. 2. A stall for cattle. 3. A small inclosed bedstead for a child. 4. A box or bin for stor- ing grain, salt, &c. 5. A literal translation of a classic author. [Colloq.] Crib, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CRIBBED; p. pr. & vb. n. CRIBBING.] 1. To shut or confine in a narrow habita- tion. 2. To pilfer or purloin. Crib, v.i. To crowd together ; to be confined, as in a crib Crib'bage, n. [From crib, v. t., 2.] A game at cards, in which the dealer makes up a third hand for himself, partly out of the hand of his opponent. Crlb'bage-board, n. A board with holes, used by cribbage-players, to score their game with pegs. Crib'ble, n. [L. Lat. criblus, from Lat. crihrum, sieve, from cernere, to sift.] A coarse sieve or screen. Crib'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cribbled ; p. pr. & vb. n. cribbling.] [See supra.] To cause to pass through a sieve or riddle ; to sift. Crick, n. [Cf. A.-S. eric, cricc, a crooked staff.] A spas- modic and acutely painful affection of some part of the body, as of the neck or back. Crick'et, n. [W. criciad, cricell, cricket, and cricellu, to chirp, to chatter, D. krekel, Ger. grille, 0. H. Ger. grillo, crillo, Lat. gryl- lus.] An orthopterous insect, characterized by a chirping note. Crick'et, n. [From A.-S. cricc, crooked staff, crutch.] 1. A game with a bat, ball, and wicket, the players being arranged in two contesting par- ties. 2, A sort of low stool. Crick'et, v. i. To play at cricket. Crick'et-er, n. One who plays at cricket. Cricoid, a. [Gr. k P ikos, ring, andelSos, form.] (Anat.) Resembling a ring. Cried (krid), imp. & p. p. of cry. See CRY. Cn'er, n. [See Cry.] One who cries; one who makes proclamation; especially, an officer who proclaims the orders or commands of a court, or who gives public no- tice by loud proclamation. Crime, n. [Lat. crimen, criminis, judicial decision, fault, crime, from cernere, to decide judicially.] Any violation of law, either divine or human ; especially, a gross offense, or violation of law ; any outrage or great wrong. Capital crime, a crime punishable with death. Syn.— Sin; vice.— Sin is generic, embracing wickedness of every kind. Crime is a violation of law, and springs from our passions ;ri« from the inordinate indulgence of natural appetites, which in themselves are innocent. Intemperance is a vice, sometimes leading to.the crime of murder. Crim'i-nal, a. [Lat. criminalis, from crimen.] 1. Guilty Cricket. of crime. 2. Involving a crime. 3. Relating to crime. Criminal conversation (Law.), unlawful intercourse with a married woman; adultery; — usually abbreviated crim. con. Crim'i-nal, n. A person who has committed a crime, or an offense against law. Crlm'i-nal'i-ty, n. [L. Lat. criminalitas, from Lat- criminalis. See supra.] Quality or state of being crim- inal ; guiltiness. Crim'i-nal-ly, adv. In violation of law ; wickedly. Crim'i-nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. criminated ; p.pr. & vb. n. CRIMINATING.] [Lat. criminare, criminatum, and criminari, criminatus, from crimen. See CRIME.] To accuse or charge with a crime ; to convict of crime or guilt; tojmpeach. [crime: accusation. Crlm'i-na'tion, n. Act of accusing ; conviction of Crim'i-na-to-ry , a. Relating to, or involving, crimina- tion ; accusing ; censorious. Crimp, a. [A.-S. ge-crympt, crimped, curled, D. krimpen, to contract, wrinkle, crisp.] Easily crumbled. [Rare.] Crimp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. crimped (84, 109) ; p. pr. & vb. n. crimping.] [See supra, and cf. Ger. krimmen, to seize or grasp with the claws or the beak.] 1. To form into ridges, waves, or plaits. 2. To pinch and hold ; to seize. 3. To decoy into the power of a recruiting officer, or of a press-gang. 4. ( Cookery. ) To cause to contract, or to render more crisp, as the flesh of a fish, by gashing it, when living, with a knife. Crimp, n. One who decoys into the power of a recruit- ing officer, or a press-gang. Crimp'le (krimp'l), v. t. [imp. & p.p. crimpled; p. pr. & vb. n. CRIMPLING.] [Dim. of crimp, v. t., q. v.] To cause to shrink or draw together ; to contract ; to curl ; to corrugate. Crim'gon (krlm'zn), n. [0. Eng. crimosyn, from Ar. qarmaz, qermez, cochineal insect and a liquid expressed from it, a., qarmazl, from Skr. krimija, produced by a worm, from krimi, worm or insect, and ja, generated, from jan, to generate. Cf. Carmine.] A deep-red color tinged with blue ; red. Crim'gon, a. Of a deep red color. Crim'gon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. crimsoned (krim'znd) ; p. pr. & vb. n. crimsoning.] To dye with crimson, or deep bluish red. [to blush. Crim'gon, v. i. To become crimson or deep red in color ; Cri'na-to-ry, a. Of, or relating to, the hair. Cringe, v. t. [Cf. Icel. kringi, to make round, kringr, circle.] To cause to shrink or wrinkle ; to contract ; to draw together. [Rare.] Cringe, v. i. [imp. & p.p. cringed ; p. pr. & vb. n. cringing.] To draw one's self together as in fear or timid servility ; to bow obsequiously ; hence, to fawn. Cringe (krlnj), n. Servile civility ; a mean bow. Crin'ger, n. One who cringes, or bows meanly. Crin'gle (krlng'gl), n. [Icel. kringla, orb, round cake, from kringr, circle. Cf. Crinkle and Cringe.] 1. A withe for fastening a gate. 2. (Naut.) (a.) An iron ring strapped to the bolt -rope of a sail for various pur- poses, (b.) A rope, having its end formed into a ring for securing it to a sail. Cri'nite, a. [Lat. crinilus, p. p. of crinire, to provide or cover with hair, from crinis, hair.] Having the appear- ance of a tuft of hair. Criiik'le (krink'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. CRINKLED; p. pr. & vb. n. CRINKLING.] [D. krinkenel, to wind or twist, krinkel, twisting, turn, from kring, circle. Cf. CRINGLE .] To form with short turns or wrinkles. Crlnk'le, v. i. To run in and out in little or short bends or turns ; to run in flexures. Crin'o-Hne, n. [Fr., from crin, Lat. crinis, hair.] A lady's skirt expanded by means of hoops, or by being made of hair-cloth materials stiffened in various ways. Cri-nose', a. [L. Lat. crinosus, and criniosus, from Lat crinis, hair.] Hairy. [Rare.] Crlp'ple (krip'l), n. [Properly one that can not walk, but must creep, from A.-S. creopan, to creep.] One who creeps, halts, or limps. Crlp'ple, v . t. [imp. & p. p. CRIPPLED ; p. pr. & vb. n. CRIPPLING.] 1. To deprive of the use of the limbs, particularly of the legs and feet ; to lame. 2. To de- prive of strength, activity, or capability for service or use ; to disable. Cri'sis, n. ; pi. CRl'SEg. [Lat. crisis, Gr. Kpcaig, from upCveiv, to separate, to determine, to decide.] 1. The decisive moment; the turning-point. 2. (Med.) The change of a disease which indicates recovery or death. Crisp, a. [Lat. crispus, Pr. crisp, cresp, Sp., Pg., & It. crespo.] 1. Formed into stiff curls or ringlets. 2. Gha.r- a,e, &c, long; a,e, Sec, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wolf, CRISP 169 CROP acterized by windings or indentations. 3. Brittle ; fri- able ; breaking short, but with a slight resistance. 4. Effervescing ; sparkling ; — said of liquors. Crisp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. crisped (krlspt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. CRISPINS.] 1. To curl, as the hair; to wreathe or interweave, as the branches of trees, 2. To wrinkle or curl into little undulations on the surface or edges. ■Crisp, v. i- To form little curls or undulations on the surface or edges. Crisp'er, n. One who, or that which, crisps. Crisp'ing-r'ron (-I'urn), n. A curling-iron. Crisp'ly, adv. With crispness ; in a crisp manner. Crisp'ness, n. State of being crisp, curled, or brittle. Crisp'y, a. 1. Formed into short, close ringlets ; frizzled ; crisp. 2. Prepared so as to break short ; brittle. Criss'-cross, n. [A corruption of Christ-cross.] 1. A mark formed by two lines crossing each other, usually at right angles. 2. A child's game played on paper or on a slate, consisting of lines arranged in the form of a cross. [opposition or hindrance. Criss'-eross, adv. 1. In opposite directions. 2. With Criss'-eross-row, n. _See_CHRlST-CROSS-ROW. Cri-te'ri-on, n. ; pi. CRI-te'ri-a, sometimes CRf-TE'- RI-ONS_. [Gr. fcpi-nypcov, a means for judging, from /c/xtt??, decider, judge, from upLveiv, to separate, distinguish, de- cide, judge.] A standard of judging ; any approved or established rule, principle, or test, by comparison with which an estimate or judgment is formed. Crit'i-e, n. [See infra.] 1. One skilled in judging of the merits of literary works or productions of art, especially in the fine arts ; a connoisseur. 2. A harsh examiner or judge; a caviler ; a carper. 3. The art of criticism ; a critique. [In this sense, Rare.] Crit'ie, a. [Lat. criticus, Gr. KpiTi/cds, from /cpmjs, de- cider, judge, from KpLvetv, to separate, distinguish, de- cide, judge.] Relating to criticism. See CRITICAL. Crit'ic-al, a. 1. Having the skill or power to judge with accuracy of literary or artistic matters and merits. 2. Inclined to make nice distinctions ; exact ; nicely judicious. 3. Inclined to find fault ; captious. 4. Re- lating to criticism ; belonging to the art of a critic. 5. Characterized by thoroughness and a reference to princi- ples, as becomes a critic. 6. [See Crisis.] Pertaining to, or indicating, a crisis or turning-point ; decisive ; hence, of doubtful issue ; attended with risk. Crit'ie -al-ly, adv. 1. In a critical manner ; with nice discernment ; exactly. 2. At a crisis ; in a condition of doubtful issue. Crit'ie-al-ness, n. 1. State of being critical. 2. Ac- curacy in examination or decision. Crit'i-ci§e, v. t. [imp. & p. p. criticised ; p. pr. & vb. n. criticising.] [See Critic] To examine and judge as a critic ; to animadvert on. [Written also, but less commonly, criticize.] Crit'i-cige, v. i. To act as a critic ; to pass literary or artistic judgment ; to animadvert. Crit'i-cls'er, n. One who criticises. Crit'i-£i§m, n. 1. Art of judging of the beauties and faults of a literary performance, or of a production in the fine arts. 2. A critical judgment passed or ex- pressed ; a detailed examination and review. Cri-tique' (kri-teek'), n. [Fr. critique, f. ; Gr. Kpm/07 (sc. Te'xvT)), the critical art, from kp<,tik6s. See Critic, a.] 1. The art of criticism. [Rare.] 2. A critical ex- amination or estimate of a work of literature or art ; a careful and thorough analysis of any subject. Croak, v. i. [imp. & p. p. croaked (krokt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. CROAKING.] [A.-S. cracetan, to croak as a raven, 0. H. Ger. croccizan, chrockezan, Goth, hrukjan, to crow, Lat. crocire, crocitare, to croak as a raven, Gr. Kpu^eiv. itpdgeiv.] 1. To make a low, hoarse noise in the throat, as a frog, a raven, or crow ; hence, to make any low, mut- tering sound. 2. To forebode evil ; to grumble. Croak, v. t. To utter or say in a low, hoarse voice. Croak, n. The low, harsh sound uttered by a frog or a raven, or a like sound. Croak'er, n. One who croaks, murmurs, or complains unreasonably ; one who habitually forebodes evil. Cro-chet' (kro-sha/), n. [Fr., small hook, from Icel. krukr, W. crog, hook.] A kind of netting made by means of a small hook. [called crochet. Cro-chet' ( kro-sha/ ), v.t. To perform the kind of netting CrSck, n. [A.-S. crdc, crocca. Cf. W. crivc, bucket, pail, Gael, crog, crogan, earthen vessel, jar.] An earthen ves- sel ; a pot or pitcher ; a cup. [ Obs.] Crock, n. [Cf. W. croeg, cover.] Fine black matter col- lected from combustion, as on pots and kettles ; soot ; smut ; lamp-black. Crocket. Gr. /cpo/c66e'Ao?.] CrSck, v. t. [imp. & p.p. crocked (krSkt, 108), p. pr. & vb. n. crocking.] To blacken with soot, or with the coloring matter of cloth. Crock, v. i. To give off crock or smut ; to blacken. Crock'er-y, n. [From crock, earthen vessel, q. v.] Earthen-ware ; vessels formed of clay, glazed and baked ; pottery. Crock'et, n. [From 0. & Prov. Eng. crock, a crooked timber, a large roll of hair. Cf. CROOK, curve. (Arch.) An ornament formed in imitation of curved and bent foliage. Croe'o-dlle, n. [Lat. crocodilus (Zool.) A large reptile, grow- ing to the length of sixteen or eighteen feet. It inhabits the large rivers in Africa and Asia, and lays its eggs, re- sembling those of a goose, in ^ the sand, to be hatched by the heat of the sun. Crocodile tears, false or af- fected tears ; hypocritical sor- row;— derived from the fiction of old travelers, that crocodiles -"^== shed tears over their prey. Crocodile. Croe'o-dil'i-an, a. Pertaining to the crocodile. Cro'cus, n. [Lat. crocus, Gr. /cprkos, Heb. karkdm, Ar. kurkum, Skr. kunkuma.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of plants valued for their early flowering, and the brilliancy of the blossoms. 2. A mineral powder of a deep yellow or red color. Croft, n. [A.-S. croft, cruft, 0. H. Ger. cruft, Lat. crypta, Gr. KpvnTr], from Kpynrog, concealed, (cpvirreii/, to con- ceal.] A small close, or inclosed field, used for pasture, tillage, or other purposes. Crom'leeh (krom-lek), n. [W., from crom, bending or bent, concave, and llech, a flat stone.] A structure of large stones, a part set upright, and others of a flat shape resting on them, found in countries formerly occu- pied by the Celts, and supposed to be the remains of druidical altars. Cro-mor'na, n. [From Ger. krummhorn, crooked horn.] (Mus.) A certain reed stop in the organ, of a quality of tone resembling that of the oboe. Crone, n. [A.-S. crone, an old ewe; Ir. & Gael, crion, dry, withered, criona, old.] An old woman ; — usually in contempt ; more rarely an aged man. Cro'ny, n. [See Crone.] An intimate companion; an associate ; a familiar friend. [Colloq.] Crook (27), n. [Icel. krdkr.] 1. A bend, turn, or curve ; curvature ; flexure. 2. A device used as a subterfuge; an indirect method; a trick or artifice. 3. An instru- ment bent at the end; especially, a shepherd's or a bishop's staff. Crook, v. t. [imp. Sc p. p. crooked (krdbkt, 108) ; p. pr. & vb. n. CROOKING.] 1. To turn from a straight line ; to make crooked ; to bend ; to curve. 2. To turn from rectitude ; to pervert. Crook, v.i. To be bent or curved. [shoulders. Crobk'-Tback, n. One who has a crooked back or round Crobk'ed (60), p. a. 1. Characterized by a crook or curve ; bent ; not straight. 2. Not straight-forward ; deviating from rectitude ; devious ; perverse. Crobk-ed-ly, adv. In a crooked manner. Crdok'ed-ness, n. Condition or quality of being crooked ; curvity ; inflexion ; deformity. Croon, n. 1. A low, continued moan; a murmur. 2. A simple piece of music ; a plain, artless melody. Crdbn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. crooned; p. pr. & vb. n. crooning.] 1. To sing in a low tone; to hum. 2. To_soothe by singing softly. Croon, v. i. [Scot.] 1. To make a continuous noise in a low, hollow tone, as cattle do when in pain ; to moan. 2. To hum or sing in a low tone ; to murmur softly. Crop, n. [A.-S. crop, cropp, D. krop, W. cropa, croppa.] 1. The protuberant upper receptacle of food of a bird, situated in the throat ; the craw. 2. The top or high- est part of any thing, especially of a plant. 3. That which is cropped, cut, or gathered from a single field, or of a single kind of grain, root, or fruit, or in a single sea- son ; fruit ; harvest. 4. Any thing cut off or gathered. Crop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cropped (kropt) ; p. pr. & vb. n. cropping.] To cut off the ends of; to bite or pull off; to pluck. Crop, v. i. 1. (Geol.) To appear above the surface, as food, foot : lirn, ru.de, pull ; fell, chaise, -eall, echo ; gem, get ; a§ ; e^ist ; linger, link ; this- CROP-EARED. 170 CROWDER Crosiers. a seam or bed of coal ; — with out. 2. To come to light to be manifest ; — with out. CrSp'-eared, a. Having the end of the ears cut off. Crop'per, n. A variety of pigeon having a large crop. Cro'gier (kro'zher), n. [L. Lat. cruciarium, from crux, cross ; Fr. crosse, as if from a Lat. word crucea, from crux, cross.] The HHM^hUM B5P=iQ official staff of an archbishop, terminating at the top in a cross; also, the pastoral staff of a bishop, which terminates in - an ornamented curve. Cross (21), n. [Lat. crux, cruris, j a cross.] 1. A kind of gibbet, ' consisting of two pieces of timber placed transversely upon one another, in various forms, as a T or "}". or X- 2. The theological and religious im- port of the death of Christ ; the Christian doctrine ; the gospel. 3. The symbol of Christ's death, and hence, of Christianity and Christendom. 4. Affliction regarded as a test of patience or virtue ; trial ; vexation ; disap- pointment ; opposition. 5. (Arch.) An ornament or monument in the form of a cross. 6. The cross-like mark or symbol used instead of a signature by those who are unable to write. 7. A mixing of breeds or stock, especially in cattle-breeding ; or the product of such in- termixture. 8. (Surveying.) An instrument for laying off offsets from the main course, and perpendicular to it. •Cross, a. 1. Lying or falling athwart; transverse; in- tersecting. 2. Adverse ; contrary ; perverse ; unfortu- nate. 3. Characterized by peevishness or fretfulness. 4. Mutually inverse ; interchanged. Syn. — Fretful ; peevish ; ill-humored ; captious. Cross (21), v. t. [imp. & p. p. crossed (krost, 108), p.pr. & vb. n. CROSSING.] 1. Toputacross or athwart. 2. To lay or draw something, as a line, across. 3. To pass from one side to the other of. 4. To run counter to ; to thwart ; to clash or interfere with. 5. To debar.