Glass {z^^'LOQy . Book .'T^?.^ / NsnA vj-:v Bj- r.B. v.'elch. FRtmji j-cmm'tn- Hrr; srir/ia: PEEPACE. This volume contains the condensed substance of more expensive works that have been published relative to the men and times of the American Revolution. The character and acts of the most prominent Sages and Heroes of that eventful era are delineated. A sufficient amount of documentary matter is inserted to enable the reader to fully understand the causes, progress and triumphant termi- nation of that sanguinary struggle that resulted in Fbezdox to the new world and prepared an asylum for the oppressed. The French and Indian wars are prominently noticed. More Revolutionary names are rescued from oblivion in this book than in any other extant. I have introduced many practical remarks intended to rouse the reflective powers of the immortal mind and increase a patriotic love for our expanding Republic and glorious institutions. These remarks are designed to be living epistles animated with "thoughts that breathe and words that burn." There are many festering wounds on our body politic that need probing to the bottom-cancers that require the best treatment of the boldest operators in moral, religious and political surgery. The text is concise and not dressed in the dogmatical garb of arbitrary punctuation. In preparing the historical part I have consulted numerous documents and the most approved works in our libraries. Once for all I award a general credit. The relation of events is usually in my own plain laconic language. I believe this volume as free from errors as any of its illustrious predecessors. It has long been a cherished desideratum in my mind to place this multum in parvo within the reach of every working man in our land. I have exerted my best efforts to make it interesting and instructive by blending a perspective chart of human nature with the thrilling history of the times that tried the souls of the patriots of '76. It is my ardent desire that it may prove beneficial to readers and publisher. L. CARROLL JUDSON, of the Philadelphia Bar. Philadelphia, Maech 4, 1S51. (iii) THE SAGES AND HEROES OF THE o AMERICAN REVOLUTION. IN TWO PA UTS INCLUDING THE SIGNERS OP THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. TWO HUNDRED AND FORTY THREE OF THE SAGES AND HEROES ARE PRESENTED IN DUE FORM AND MANY OTHERS ARE NAMED INCIDENTALLY. BY L. CARROLL JUDSON, AUTHOR OF A BIOGRAPHY OF THE SIGNERS OP THE DECLARATION OP INDEPENDENCE, MORAL PROBE, ET CET. ET CET. STEREOTYPE EDITION. PHILADELPHIA PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 1851. ^Aor> Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1851, By L. Carroll Jcdson, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Stereotyped by S l o t e & M o o x e y, Philadelphia. Printed by C. Sherman. CONTENTS. PART I. Adams John . . . 7 Heyward Thomas 168 Quincy Josiah . 294 Adams Samuel . . 24 Hopkins Stephen 172 Read George . . 296 Arnold Benedict . — r 32 Hopkinson Francis 179 Rodney Caesar . 300 Barney Joshua . . 39 Hooper William . 182 Ross George . . . 306 Bartlett Josiah . . ^49 Huntington Samuel 186 Rush Benjamin . 311 Braxton Carter . . 54 Irvine William . 189 Rutledge Edward . 316 Butler Zebulon . . 58 Jefferson Thomas 191 Sherman Roger . 321 Carroll Charles . . 63 Kalb Baron de . 205 Smith James . . 329 Chase Samuel . 68 La Fayette G. M. dt ; 208 Stark John . . 336 Clark Abraham . . 77 Lee Francis Lightfoot 219 Stockton Richard 343 Clymer George . . 80 Lee Richard Henry 223 Stone Thomas 348 Dickinson John . . 87 Lewis Francis 230 Taylor George 352 EUery William . . 90 Livingston Philip 233 Thornton Matthew 355 Floyd William . . 96 Lynch Thomas Jr. 237 Varnum Joseph B. 359 Franklin Benjamin . 101 McKean Thomas 240 Walton George . 361 Gates Horatio . 110 Marion Francis . 246 Warren Joseph . 366 Grerry Elbridge . . 114 Middleton Arthur 251 Washington George 368 Greene Nathaniel . 121 Morris Lewis . . 255 Wayne Anthony . 379 Gwinnett Button . 129 Moi-ris Robert 261 Whipple William Jr 387 Hall Lyman . . . 132 Morton John , . 267 Williams William 391 Hancock John . 135 Nelson Thomas . 270 Wilson James 394 Harrison Benjamin 141 Otis James . . 278 Witherspoon John 399 Hart John 148 Paca William . . 280 Wolcott Oliver . 404 Henry Patrick . 151 Paine Robert Treat 284 Wythe George . 406 Hewes Joseph . . 161 Penn John . . 288 Yates Robert . , 410 PART II. r 1 Allen Ethan . . 415 Blount Thomas . . 418 Brown Moses . . . 4^0 Allen Ebenezer . 416 Boudinot Elias . , 419 Brown Robert . . 420 Allen Moses . , 416 Bowdoin James . . 419 Bryan George . . 421 Alexander William 416 Bradford William . 419 Burd Benjamin . 421 Armstrong John . 416 Broad Hezekiah . . 419 Burr Aaron . . . 421 Barry John . . 416 Bi'ooks Eleazer . . 419 Butler Richard . . m Beatty William . . 417 Brooks John . . . 420 Butler Thomas . . 422 Biddle Nicholas . . 417 Brown Andrew . . 420 Cadwalader Thomas . 423 Bland Theodoric . . 418 Brown John . . . 420 Caswell Richard . . (V) 423 VI CONTENTS. Champe Jolin Chrystic James Clark George Rogers Clinton Charles Clinton George Clinton James Comstock Adam Coward Joseph Croghan William Cropper John Cushing Thomas Dale liichard . Darke William Davie Richardson W. Davidson William . Dickinson Philemon . Drayton Wm. Henry Dyer Eliphalet . Elsworth Oliver . . Forrest Uriah Gadsden Christopher Gansevoort Peter Gibson John . . . Gibson George . . Greene Christopher . Graeff George Griffin Cyrus . . . Gurney Francis . Gwinn William . . Hale Nathan . . . Hamilton Alexander Hamilton Paul . Hathaway Benoni . Hawkins Nathan Hawley Joseph Hayne Isaac . Heath William Heston Edward Holden Levi . Houston John I Howard John Eager Humphrey David \ Huntington Jedediah irviue Andrew JDrwin Jared . Jackson Andrew Jackson James Ja\nes John . 423 Jasper William . . 442 424 Jay John .... 443 424 Johnson Francis . . 443 424 Johnson Samuel . . 443 425 Johnson William . 443 42p|jones John Paul . 444 4'l5 Kennard Nathaniel . 445 King Rufus . . . 445 Kirkwood Robert . 445 Knowlton Thomas . 446 Knox Henry . . . 446 426 426 426 427 427 427 427 428 428 429 429 430 430 430 431 432 432 433 433 433 434 434 434 435 436 436 437 437 437 437 438 438 438 439 439 439 440 440 440 441 441 Kosciuszco Thaddeus 446 Lacy John . . . 447 Laurens Henry . . 448 Laurens John . . 449 Ledyard William . 449 Lee Arthur . . . 449 Lee Charles . . . 450 Lee Henry . . . 450 Lee Ezra .... 451 Lee Thomas Sim . . 45 J Lincoln Benjamin . 451 Lippitt Christopher . 452 Livingston Robert R. 452 Livingston William 453 McCliutock Nathaniel 453 McKinstry John . . 453 McPherson William . 454 Madison James . . 454 Manly John . . . 454 Marshall John . . 455 Mathews Thomas . 455 Mercer Hugh . . . 455 Meigs Return Jona'n 456 Mifflin Thomas . . 457 Miller Henry . . . 457 Monroe James . . 457 Montgomery Richard 458 Paine Thomas , . 461 Parsons Samuel H. . 462 Paulding John . . 462 Peters Nathan . . 462 Peters Richard . . 463 Pettit Charles . . 463 l^ickering Timothy . 463 Pickens Andrew . . 464 Porter Andrew . . 464 Preble Edward . . 465 Prcscott William . 466 Prioleau Samuel . . 466 Pulaski Count . . 466 Putnam Israel . . 466 Putnam Rufus . . 467 Ramsay David . . 468 Randolph Edmund . 468 Randolph Peyton . 468 Reed Joseph . . .468 Revere Paul . . . 469 Sargent Winthrop . 469 Scammel Alexander . 469 St. Clair Arthur . . 470 Schaick Gosen Van . 470 Schuyler Philip . . 470 Sedgewick Theodore 471 Sergeant Jonathan D. 471 Smallwood William 472 Steuben Francis Wm. Augustus Baron de 472 i- - Strong Caleb Sullivan John Sullivan James Stevens Edward Thomas John . Thomas Thomas Truxton Thomas 472 472 473 473 473 474 474 Morgan Daniel Morgan John . . Morris Governcur Moultrie William Muhlenberg Peter Nicholson James . Ogden Matthias . Olney Jeremiah . Orr John . . . 458 459 459 459 460 460 461 461 461 Wadsworth Jeremiah 474 Ward Artemus . . 475 Ward Henry . . . 475 Washington William 475 Wheelock John . . 476 Williams Otho H. . 476 Winder Levin . . 476 Wolcott Erastus . . 476 Wooster David . .476 Wyllis Samuel . . 477 THE SAGES AND HEEOES OP THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. PARTI. JOHN ADAMS. (!) The history of men should interest every reader. It is the mirror of mind-imparting lessons of thrilling interest, essential improvement, exquisite pleasure-substantial advantage. It is a matter of deep con- cern to the investigating student. Remoteness increases veneration. Human foibles are buried in the tomb. Faults are often eclipsed by towering virtues-find no place on the historic page and after genera- tions gaze upon a picture of rare perfection, which, as time advances, assumes shades-richer and holier-until it commands the reverence of every beholder. The names of many of the ancients, whose crowning glory was virtue, over whose ashes centuries have rolled, are often referred to with as profound respect as if angel purity had given the impress of Divinity to their every action. A country-a nation may be lost in the whirlpool of revolution-the fame of good and great men is enduring as time. In the persons of the Sages and Heroes of the American Revolution, ancient and modern wisdom, patriotism and courage were combined. Let us join the admiring millions who are gazing on their bright picture and impartially trace the character of those who pledged their lives, fortunes and sacred honors in behalf of FREEDOM. Among them, John Adams was conspicuous. He was a native of Quincy, Mass. born on the 19th of Oct. (0. S.) 1735. He was the (7) 8 THESAGESAND HEROES fourth in descent from Henry Adams, who removed from Devonshire, Eng. with eight sons and located near Mount Wollaston. Durin^^ his childhood he was under the instruction of Mr. Marsh of Braintree and made rapid progress in his education. At the age of sixteen he entered Harvard college at Cambridge and graduated at the age of twenty-one with high honors. At Worcester he commenced the study of law under Mr. Putnam, finished with Mr. Gridley, supporting himself by teaching a grammar class. Wisdom to discern the path of rigid virtue and uncompromising justice, with moral courage to act, marked his career from the dawn of manhood. He boldly grasped the past-present and future and made deductions truly prophetic. On the 12th of Oct. 1755, he wrote the following paragraph in a letter. " Soon after the reformation, a few people came over into this new world for conscience sake. Perhaps this apparently trivial incident may transfer the great seat of empire into America. It looks likely to me, if we can remove the turbulent Gallics, our people, according to the exactest computation, will, in another century, become more nume- rous than England herself. Should this be the case, since we have, I may say, all the naval stores of the nation in our hands, it will be easy to obtain the mastery of the seas and then the united force of all Eu- rope will not be able to subdue us. The only way to keep us from setting up for ourselves, is-to disunite us. Keep us in distinct colonies and then some men in each colony, desiring the monarchy of the whole, will destroy each other's influence and keep the country in equilibrio." Mark two things referred to in this letter. He plainly saw that the navy is our right arm of defence and yet treated, by our government, with a parsimony that has long astonished the old world. " To dis- unite us"-the only thing that can ruin us now that we have set up for ourselves. Lay this to heart ye demagogues who are sowing broadcast the seeds of disunion and no longer court a monarchy. At the end of three years study Mr. Adams was admitted to the practice of law and commenced a successful professional career at Brahitree. Constitutional law had become a subject of investigation. Disputes had commenced between the people and the officers of the crown who were employed in the custom-house and claimed the right to search private dwellings for the pretended purpose of discovering dutiable goods. This preliminary act of usurpation was frequently prompted by personal animosity without a shadow of evidence to raise even suspicion. The right of search was vigorously resisted. Writs OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 9 of assistance were issued-the seeds of the revolution were sown. Mr. Gridley, the friend and admirer of Mr. Adams, defended the officers- not on constitutional ground but from the necessity of the case to pro- tect the revenue, from which Mr. Adams strongly dissented. The question was argued before the Superior Court at Boston-Mr. Gridley for and Mr. Otis against the crown. Mr. Adams listened to both gen- tlemen with intense interest and has often been heard to say-" The oration of Mr. Otis against writs of assistance breathed into this nation the breath of life. American independence was then and there born." The court publicly decided against the writs but secretly issued them. No richer fuel could have been used to increase the volume and force of the revolutionary fires already kindled. Mr. Adams was roused by the hypocrisy of the court and the audacity of the crown officers and at once took a bold stand in favor of justice. The Assembly inter- fered in behalf of the people and in 1762, prepared a bill to prevent the issue of these volcanic writs only upon specific information on oatli-which was vetoed by the governor. The Assembly retaliated by reducing the salary of the judges. In 1761 Mr. Adams rose to the rank of Barrister-in 1764 married the accomplished Abigail Smith, daughter of Rev. William Smith, who nobly participated with her husband in the thrilling scenes of their lives for fifty-four years. Judge of her patriotism from the following extract from one of her numerous and able letters. " Heaven is our witness that we do not rejoice in the effusion of blood or the carnage of the human species-but, having been forced to draw the sword, we are determined never to sheathe it-slaves to Britain. Our cause, Sir, I trust, is the cause of truth and justice and will finally prevail, though the combined force of earth and hell should rise against it." The Stamp Act kindled an enduring flame of indignation in the patriotic bosom of Mr. Adams. He at once became a champion for chartered rights and rational freedom. He published an essay on Canon and Feudal Law which proved him a fearless, able and vigor- ous writer. It penetrated the joints and marrow of royal power as practised and parliamentary legislation as assumed. He traced the Canon law to the 'Roman clergy-shrewdly planned, acutely managed and rigorously enforced to advance their own aggrandizement. He delineated the servile dogmas of the Feudal code, each manor being the miniature kingdom of a petty tyrant. He exposed the unholy and powerful confederacy of the two, aiming to spread the mantle of igno- rance over mankind, drive virtue from the earth, producing the memo- 2 10 THESAGES AND HEROES Table era of the dark ages, shrouded in mental obscurity. lie then ushered in the dawn of returning hght, exhibited the gigantic struggles of the reformers-the bloody scenes of persecution and finally placed his readers upon the granite shores of New England, where, for a century, Liberty had shed its happy influence upon the sons and daughters of freemen, undisturbed by canons or feuds. " Tyranny has again commenced its desolating course-it must he arrested or we are slaves.'^ This is a mere syllabus of a pamphlet of over forty pages, strong in language, bold in sentiment and nervous in style. Mr. Adams became associated with other prominent whigs, Samuel Adams, Quincy, Otis and many kindred spirits, whose influence pro- duced the repeal of the Stamp Act and the removal of Mr. Grenville from the ministry. An apparent but delusive calm ensued on the part of the crown officers. At intervals, a cloven foot would be seen, festering wounds would be irritated and no balm was found to restore them to perfect soundness. In 1766 Mr. Adams removed to Boston where his talents became so strongly developed that the king's governor thought him worth purchasing. He was offered the most lucrative office in the colony- Advocate General in the court of Admiralty. He spurned the bribe •with the disdain that none but freemen can exhibit. In 1769 he was on the committee that prepared instructions for the legislature, which were very obnoxious to the royal governor. H*e had outraged the people by quartering a mercenary army in the town- was unyielding in his purposes and hastened a tragedy that gave a fresh impetus to the embryo revolution. On the 5th of March 1770, an aff"ray occurred between the military and citizens, in which five of the latter were killed and others wounded. Mr. Adams thus describes the result. "The people assembled, first at Faneuil Hall and adjourned to the old South Church, to the number, as was conjectured, of ten or twelve hundred men, among whom were the most virtuous, substantial, inde- pendent, disinterested and intelligent citizens. They formed them- selves into a regular deliberative body-chose their moderator and secretary-entered into discussions, deliberations and debates-adopted resolutions and appointed committees. These public resolutions were conformable to the views of the great majority of the people-' Mai the soldiers should be banished at all hazards.' Jonathan Williams, a very pious, inoffensive and conscientious gentleman, was their moderator. A remonstrance to the governor, or governor and council, was ordained and a demand that the regular troops should be removed from the OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 11 town. A committee was appointed to present this remonstrance, of which Samuel Adams was chairman. The soldiers were removed and transient peace restored." Captain Preston was brought before the court charged with giving the order to fire upon the citizens. The regulars who committed the fatal act were also arraigned and tried. Each party charged the other with commencing the affray. Some inconsiderate citizens had thrown snow-balls at the King's troops who returned lead in payment. INIr. Adams was employed to defend the accused. A delicate task he performed, but so ingeniously did he manage the case that Captain Preston and all the soldiers but two were acquitted and the two were only convicted of manslaughter. When the trial closed IVIr. Adams stood approved by the citizens, having performed his professional duty to his clients and at the same time vindicated the rights of the people. The same year he was elected to the legislative body and boldly opposed the arbitrary measures of the British cabinet. He was one of the committee that prepared an address to the governor, the style of which induces me to think that it was penned by him. After clearly pointing out the violation of chartered rights the address con- cludes, " These and other grievances and cruelties, too many to be here enumerated and too melancholy to be much longer home by this injured people, we have seen brought upon us by the devices of ministers of state. And we have, of late, seen and heard of instruc- tions to governors which threaten to destroy all the remaining privi- leges of our charter. Should these struggles of the house prove unfortunate and ineffectual this Province will submit with pious resignation to the will of Proz)/(/ence-but it would be a kind of suicide, of which we have the utmost abhorrence, to be instrumental in our own servitude." A blind obstinacy on the part of the ministers increased the opposi- tion of the people, inducing a rapid accumulation of combustible materials, increasing the volcanic fires by their own strong exertions. Being alarmed at the boldness of the citizens, the governor ordered the legislature to convene at Cambridge contrary to the law which fixed the place of meeting-consequently, the members refused to do anything more than to adjourn to the proper place. A war of words and paper ensued, in which the patriots were victorious. Mr. Adams was one of the sharp-shooters and made great havoc among the officers of the crown. Mr. Brattle, the senior member of the council 12 THESAGESANDnEROES entered the field in defence of the ministry but was put hcn-s de combat by our champion. The governor was compelled to direct the legisla- ture to convene again at Boston. New causes of complaint were constantly accruing. The governor, judges and troops were paid by England instead of the colony-thus aiming to render the executive, judiciary and military, independent of the people, destroying all confi- dence in the servants of the crown. The tax on tea was another source of aggravation, striking more tender chords. Wo to the ruler who rouses the fair sex. He may more safely defy the fury of JNIars and challenge the speed of Atalanta. Tea became forbidden fruit-several vessel loads were sacrificed to Neptune-an oblation for the sins of the British cabinet-a jollification for the fish of Boston harbour. Royal authority increased in cruelty- patriots increased in boldness. The message of the governor to the legislature of 1773, maintained the supremacy of parliament. This was denied by the members and a reply written by Mr. Adams in answer to a second message from the governor, more strongly in favor of the crown. The pen of this functionary was paralyzed-his arguments proved fallacious-his mouth sealed upon this exciting sub- ject. The reply of Mr. Adams was an exposition of British wrongs and American rights, so clearly presented that no sophistry could impugn-no logic confront. So highly was it appreciated by Dr. Frank- lin, that he had it republished in England-a luminary to patriots- confusion to tyrants. On taking his seat in tlie legislature Mr. Adams was placed on the list of committees. So vindictive was governor Hutchinson that he erased his name-an act that recoiled with such force as to rapidly close his public career in the colony. He was succeeded by Governor Gage, who was more fully charged with ministerial fire-more success- ful in accelerating the millennium of Liberty. He placed his cross upon the name of John Adams-removed the legislature to Salem- enforced the Boston Port Bill and seemed to tax his ingenuity to enrage the people. On convening, the members of the legislature requested the governor to fix a day for a general fast which he peremptorily refused. As well might he have undertaken to extinguish a flaming fire with pitch, as to refuse this boon to the descendants of the Puri- tans. The people en masse venerated religion and would not yield to the violation of ancient custom. The legislature then proceeded to project a general congress. Go- vernor Gage sent his secretary with an order to p?'orogue-the door was OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 13 locked against him-patriotic resolutions were passed and five delegates appointed to meet a national convention, one of whom was John Adams. At the appointed time he repaised to Philadelphia-took his seat in that assemblage of sages, whose wisdom has been sung by the most brilliant poets, applauded by the most eloquent orators-admired by the most sagacious statesmen of the civilized world. On reading the proceedings of the first congress in 1774, Chatham remarked, " I have studied and admired the free states of antiquity, the master spirits of the world-but, for solidity of reasoning, force of sagacity and wisdom of conclusion, no body of men can stand above this congress." Some supposed the ardent zeal of Mr. Adams might induce rash- ness. Not so-he was calm as a summer morning but firm as the granite shores of his birth-place. He was discreet, prudent-the last man to violate or submit to the violation of constitutional law. Pie kept his helm hard-up-knew when to luff-when to take the larboard tack-when to spread and when to take in sail. He was one of the few who believed the mother country would remain incorrigible-that petitions would be vain-addresses futile-remonstrances unavailing. At the close of that congress Mr. Adams had a close conversation with Patrick Henry in which he expressed a full conviction, that resolves, declarations of rights, enumeration of wrongs, petitions, remonstrances, addresses, associations and non-importation agree- ments-however they might be accepted in America and however necessary to cement the union of the colonies, would be waste water in England. Mr. Henry believed they might make an impression among the people of England, but that they would be lost upon the government. Mr. Adams had just received a hasty letter from Major Hawley of Northampton, which concluded with these pro- phetic words, " after all we must fight." Mr. Henry raised his hands and vehemently exclaimed, " I am of that man's mind." Richard Henry Lee held a contrary opinion-Washington was in doubt. The two former based their conclusions on the past and present from which they drew deductions for the future. They penetrated the arcanum of human nature, passed in review the multiform circum- stances that were impelling the two nations to action-understood well that inflated power-backed by superior physical force-deluded by obstinacy and avarice, is callous to the refined feelings of humanity- deaf to wisdom-blind to justice. Lee, equally determined to vindicate 14 THE SAG ES AND HEROES right and oppose xtrong, could not believe the ministry would dethrone reason and court ruin. Washington, deep in reflection, an impartial and strong investigator- his soul overflowing with the milk of human kindness, did not arrive rapidly at conclusions on so momentous a subject. In weighing the causes of diff"erence between the two countries-reason, justice and hope, on the one side-power, corruption and avarice on the other-at that time held his mind in equilibrio. He clearly perceived the right and fondly but faintly hoped England would see it too and govern herself accordingly. He was as prompt to act as the others when action became necessary. Mr. Adams returned among his friends and stood approved by his constituents and his country. His pen was again brought into service, in answering a series of ingenious essays written by Mr. Sewell in favor of the supremacy of Parliament. Over the name of " Nonvan- glus," Mr. Adams stripped the gay ornaments and gaudy apparel from the brazen image JMr. Sewell had presented to the public gaze. A meagre skeleton of visible deformity was all that remained. Attorney General Sewell trembled as he received the deep cuts from the falchion quill of this devoted patriot. So profound was his reasoning-so learned were his expositions-so clear and conclusive were his demonstrations- that his antagonist exclaimed, as he retired in a rage from the conflict, *' He strives to liide his inconsistencies under a huge pile of learning." The pile proved too " huge" for royal power and supplied the people with an abundance of light. The supremacy of parliament was an unfortunate issue for minis- ters. It placed the patriots in a position to hurl their darts at them without refusing allegiance to the king. The British cabinet worked out its own destruction with regard to the American colonies-if not with fear and trembling it was with blindness and disgrace-impolicy and injustice-obstinacy and infatuation. In May, 1775, Mr. Adams again took his seat in Congress with renewed responsibilities resting upon him. Revolution was rolling fearfully upon his bleeding country-hope of redress was expiring like the last flickerings of a taper-dark and portentous clouds were con- centrating-the ministerial ermine was steeped in blood-the dying groans of his fellow-citizens and the lamentations of widows and orphans had fallen upon his ears and the prophetic conclusion arrived at by him and Henry but a few months previous, was forced upon the mind of every patriot, ^^ after all ice ?nustjight." OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 15 As a preliminary measure it was necessary to appoint a leader of the military forces to be raised. To fix upon the best man was of vital importance. Some thought the measure premature. Not so with the sons of New England. When the blood of their friends v/as wantonly shed upon the heights of Lexington they hung their siren harps upon the weeping willows that stood mournfully over the graves of their murdered brethren. In their view, war was inevitable. A com- mander-in-chief must be appointed. Several prominent persons were named in private conversations. John Adams, alone, had fixed his mind upon George Washington, in whom he saw the commingled qualities of philanthropist, philosopher, statesman, hero and Christian. All opposed his appointment at first but gradually yielded to the rea- sons urged by John Adams. Satisfied that the measure would be approved by a majority, he rose in Congress, and proposed that a commander of the American armies should be appointed. When his resolution passed, he described the requisite qualities of the man to fill this important station and remarked with great emphasis-" such a man is within these walls.'' But few knew to whom he referred, no one be- lieving himself duly and truly prepared or properly vouched for as a military man. A pause-a painful suspense-then the name of Col. George Washington of Virginia was announced by Mr. Adams. No one could be more surprised than the nominee. No intimation of the intended honor had been made to him. The vote was taken the day following and was unanimous in his favor. So judicious was this selection that La Fayette remarked-" It was the consequence of Provi- dential inspiration." Be it so-John Adams was the patriot who nomi- nated him-thus placing at the head of the American armies just such a man as the crisis required-prudent, dignified, bold, sagacious, patient, persevering-universally esteemed by the friends of FREEDOM-admired by the most fervent friends of the crown. In 1776, Mr. Adams again took his seat in the National Assembly. The period had arrived for decisive measures. Massachusetts had been disfranchised by Parliament. England had hired legions of sol- diers from German princes to subdue rebels in America. The last note of peace had been sung by echo-every patriot became convinced that resistance or slavery were the two horns of the dilemma presented. Independence had been conceived but by a few. It was a startling proposition. At this juncture Mr. Adams marked out a bold course and had the moral courage to pursue it. On the 6th of May he offered a resoUition, proposing that the colonies should organize a government 16 TIIESAGESANDIIEROES independent of England. On the 10th of the same month it was modi- fied and adopted, recommending such government by the colonies "as might be conducive to the happiness and safety of their constituents in particular and America in general." All admitted the justice of this measure but some opposed it on the ground of the physical imbecility of the colonies-already crowded with a hireling army and their shores lined with a powerful navy. Mr. Adams knew no middle course. He had succeeded in obtaining the adoption of the preface to his broad folio of an independent compact-he then proceeded to prepare the text. He had commenced the work of political regeneration. Each day new and genuine converts were made. The legislature of his own state encouraged him to strike for independence. North Carolina had openly started the ball-Virginia gave it a new impetus and on the 7th of June, Richard Henry Lee became the organ to present the propo- sition to Congress. A most animated discussion ensued. Then the powers of Mr. Adams were more fully developed. Mr. Jefferson said of him, in alluding to his debates on the Declaration of Independence- " John Adams was the pillar of its support on the floor of Congress-its ablest advocate and defender against the multifarious assaults it en- countered. He was our Colossus on the floor-not graceful, not ele- gant, not always fluent in his public addresses-yet he came out with a power, both of thought and expression, that moved us from our seats." The noblest powers of his soul were raised to the zenith of their strength, determined to accomplish the mighty work he had com- menced. Although one of the committee to prepare the instrument of eternal separation, he confided the labor to his colleagues-spending his whole force upon the opponents of the measure. Manfully did he contend-gloriously did he triumj)h. He bore down upon his adversa- ries like a mountain torrent-a rushing avalanche-hurling the arrows of conviction with such precision and effect that a majority soon be- came converted to the measure. The day for decision arrived. The 4th of July, 1776, dawned aus- piciously upon the patriots. At the appointed hour they assembled. The past, the present, the impenetrable future, big with coming events- rushed upon their minds. Moments flew-the pulse quickened-the heart-throb increased-bosoms expanded-eyes brightened-patriotism rose in majesty sublime-the question was put— the Gordian knot was sundered-lNDEPENDENCE was declared-the colonies were free— Lib- OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 17 ERTY was proclaimed-a nation was redeemed-regenerated-disen- thralled and born in a day. Early in the winter of 1776 Mr. Adams wrote a form of govern- ment for the colonies which was substantially the same as the present constitutions of the states. It was first submitted to Richard Henry Lee in a letter with these remarks. " A constitution founded on these principles introduces knowledge among the people and inspires them with a conscious dignity becoming freemen. A general emulation takes place which causes good humor, sociability, good manners and good morals to be general. That eleva- tion of sentiment, inspired by such a government, makes the common people brave and enterprising. That ambition which is inspired by it makes them sober, industrious and frugal. You will find among them some elegance, perhaps, but more solid ity-a little pleasure but a great deal of business-some politeness but more civility. If you com- pare such a country with the regions of domination, whether mo- narchical or aristocratical, you will fancy yourself in Arcadia or Ely- sium." Here is inscribed upon the tablet of truth the blessings derived from a government like our own in its principles-faithfully adhered to by every true patriot but trampled under foot by the demagogues of the present day and the aristocracy of all time. Among all the great men of our country, no one has exhibited a more clear and minute conception of human nature and human gov- ernment, than John Adams. He traced causes and effects through all their labyrinthian meanderings and deduced conclusions that seemed the result of inspiration. Many of his predictions of the future bear the impress of prophecy and show how deeply he investigated-how clearly he perceived. On his return from Congress, Mr. Adams was elected to the legisla- ture of Massachusetts under the new constitution. He was also ap- pointed Chief Justice which he declined. In 1777 he resumed his seat in Congress and performed an amount of labor, which, if imposed upon any ten demagogue legislators of the present day might induce suicide. He was an active member of ninety committees-chairman of twenty-five-chairman of the board of war and appeals, discharged all his duties promptly and was uniformly in his seat when any important measure was under discussion. In December, 1777, he was appointed a commissioner to France. In February following he embarked on board the frigate Boston, During the voyage a British armed ship hove in sight-an action com- 3 18 THESAGES AND HEROES menced-Mr. Adams seized a musket, gave the enemy a well-directed shot but was immediately deprived of this recreation by Capt. Tucker, who led him out of danger, pleasantly remarking-" I am commanded by the Continental Congress to carry you in safety to Europe and I will do it." Before his arrival, Dr. Franklin and his colleague had succeeded in concluding a treaty of alliance with the French nation. After an absence of a little more than a year he returned and was elected to a convention of his native state, convened for the purpose of perfecting a constitution and the full organization of government. The original draft of the constitution of Massachusetts is from his pen. Before his term closed in this convention he was appointed by Congress-" A min- ister plenipotentiary for negotiating a treaty of peace and a treaty of commerce with Great Britain." In Oct. 1779, he embarked from Boston. Tlie passage was boisterous, it being February before he arrived at Paris. Chagrin and pride prevented the British ministry from at once placing themselves on an equality with our own. The negotiation, on their part, commenced with equivocations. Mr. Adams could not be ensnared and was determined to submit to nothing wrong and left them to farther reflection. On learning that Mr. Laurens, American commissioner to Holland, had been captured, Mr. Adams repaired to that kingdom. In August he received a commission from Congress to negotiate a loan-to con- clude a treaty of amity and commerce and to accede to any treaty of neutral rights that might arise from regulations to be made by a con- gress of the European states then in contemplation. In a few months he was overwhelmed with important duties. Minister to Great Britain- to the States General of Holland-to all the European states for pledg- ing the United States to the armed neutrality-with letters of credit to the Russian, Swedish and Danish envoys in Holland and a commis- sioner to negotiate a loan of ten millions of dollars for the support of the Home department and foreign embassies. All these duties he dis- charged with skill and approbation, a lasting monument of the gigantic powers of his mind. At every point he encountered intrigue which he uniformly discovered and crushed in embryo. In July, 1781, he was directed to repair to Versailles to make a farther attempt at negotiation with England. The terms oifered did not fully recognize the rights of the United States as an independent nation. Peace was desirable and ardently urged by the Duke de Ver- gennes, who was the head and front of the French cabinet. Mr. Ad- ams was anxious for peace-but only on just, dignified and honorable OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 19 terms. The Duke, who had uniformly manifested a disposition to make the United States feel a dependence on France, dictated to Mr. Adams, placing him in the position of a subordinate agent. This was a French bull. Mr. Adams recognized no dictator but the Continental Congress and his own keen perception and penetrating judgment. This independence of the American minister enraged the Duke. He wrote to the minister of France in the United States to lay a formal complaint before Congress against the recusant for insubordination. This the minister did ingeniously but not successfully. As a matter of respect for their new and important ally. Congress partially modified the instructions of Mr. Adams but did not place him under the dicta- tion of the Duke as requested. They knew the granite man too well to suppose he would ever compromise the dignity of his country. They had full confidence in his capacity to perceive right-in his moral courage to enforce it. From all the evidence in the premises I am fully convinced that the motives of the French Court in aiding our country during the revolu- tionary struggle, were not based on patriotism but had ulterior objects in view. Not so with the noble La Fayette and others who came to the rescue. Again Mr. Adams left ministers to arrive at a second Sober thought and learn their true position. He then returned to Amsterdam. Owing to sad reverses in the cause of freedom the French minister made such an impression in favour of the position of the French cabinet as an umpire between England and the United States, that congress added to the commission of Mr. Adams-Dr. Franklin, Jeffer- son, Jay, and Laurens-with the humiliating directions, " That they should govern themselves by the advice and opinion of the ministers of the King of France." The Duke de Vergennes was elated with triumph. He was virtually made sovereign minister of the United States. This act is the darkest spot upon the proud escutcheon of the Continental Congress-an act that I would gladly " expunge from the record." No full apology can be found. The tremendous revolu- tionary tornado that was then sweeping over our country, charged with the dismaying materials of terror, is a partial one and the true cause of this quailing error. The exultation of the Duke was transient. Adams and Franklin were there, masters of ceremony. They dared to disobey instructions believing they had been improperly extorted by an intriguing and de- signhig court. They at once took a bold stand and were promptly sustained by their colleagues and ultimately by congress, to which 20 THE SAGES AND HEROES Adams communicated the chicanery of the Duke and the dupHcity, or rather the toolicity of the French minister in the United States. The result was glorious. An honourable peace was obtained-the dignity of our nation preserved. A provincial treaty was signed at Paris on the 30th of November, 1782 and a definitive treaty on the 3d day of September, 17S3 and all without the advice or consent of the Duke de Vergennes, whose golden schemes of finesse proved abortive, ^le addressed a bitter letter of reproach to the American commis- sioners, expressing great astonishment at their presumption in daring to act independent of him, which was not answered. Among the golden schemes of the court of France, two are worthy of particular note. 1. To secure to France and Spain the fisheries of the United States. 2. To secure the perpetual and uninterrupted navigation of the Mississippi. Very modest. Other propositions Vv'ere made, equally absurd, all of which form an unanswerable excuse for our commissioners in disobeying instructions. After the important commission of concluding peace with England v/as completed, Mr. Adams returned to Holland where he had nego- tiated a loan of eight millions of guilders in September, 1782, which was one of the means of terminating the war by enabling the United States to prc\gecute it with more vigor. It had a direct influence on England, inducing Lord Shelburne to make proposals of peace soon after this was known. During the same year he was placed at the head of a commission empowered to negotiate commercial treaties with all foreign nations. He returned to Paris where he met Franklin and Jeflerson who were associated with him-forming a trio of combined, versatile and exalted talent-never surpassed if ever equalled. In 1785 Mr. Adams was appointed the first minister to Great Bri- tain after the acknowledgment of the Independence of the United States. He was received with marked attention and courtesy so far as courtly etiquette was concerned but found the ministry morose and bitter towards the new Republic. They seemed disposed to treat the peace as a mere truce between the two nations. JNIr. Adams per- formed the delicate duties of his station with great sagacity and wisdom-patiently removing subsisting difficulties. Nor did he forget the internal interests of his country at home. To win independence v.'as one thing-to preserve it another and more important matter. The theories of a Republican form of government by Thurgot and others, had been freely circulated in the United States. These he deemed v/ild and visionary. This was proved by the transient existence of OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 21 the first French Republic and has been more fully demonstrated recently in Europe and South America. More success might attend these experiments, even with imperfect skeletons of a free government were the people as well prepared to receive it as were the colonists at the time of the American Revolution. Intelligence and primitive Christianity must pervade the mass. The European pioneers came to this country with the bible in their hands and based our government upon its eternal principles, where it will securely rest until ignorance darkens intellect and the bible is banished. Let all read its plain, tiruths, teaching, as they do, freedom in religion, freedom of conscience- pointing us to our high origin and final destiny-then our Republic cannot be destroyed by kingly influence, aristocratic corruption, ultra fanaticism, reckless demagogues, or heartless politicians. Troubles have arisen, now exist, may continue to occasionally break out-but they ever have been and I trust ever will be confined to a small por- tion of the great and accumulating mass-//je hone and sinew of our beloved country. To strip from these delusive theories of a free government their sophistry, Mr. Adams published a learned and able disquisition on Republican constitutions which became a polar star to his own country and operated powerfully in correcting error and allaying prejudices in England adverse to the United States. His " Defence of the Con- stitution" placed him on a lofty literary eminence in view of the literati of Europe. In 17SS he obtained permission to return home and in the autumn of that year was elected the first Vice President of the United States. He became the confidential counsellor of Washington on all important questions. He was re-elected in 1792 and in 1796 was elected President of that Republic for which he had freely periled life, for- tune and honor. At that time party spirit had commenced its reckless career which afforded an example set by Adams and Jefferson worthy of all praise and imitation. No bitterness of party spirit, no abuses from their partisans and party press, could sever the patriotic and moral ties of friendship that bound them together up to the time death removed them from the theatre of life. So high did party spirit rage that Mr. Jefferson thus rebuked a clique of politicians who were hurling slan- ders against Mr. Adams. " Gentlemen, you do not know that man. There is not upon earth a more perfectly honest man than John Adams. Concealment is no part of his character. Of that he is utterly incapable. It is not in his 22 THE SAGES AND HEROES nature to meditate anything he would not pubhsh to the world. The measures of the general government are a fair subject for difference of opinion-but do not found your opinions on the notion that there is the smallest spice of dishonesty, moral or political, in the character of John Adams for I know him well and I repeat-that a man more per- fectly honest never issued from the hands of the Creator." Dema- gogues-read the above just encomium upon his opponent by a candi- date for an office-then search for a parallel case of magnanimity among modern politicians-if you find one, proclaim it to the people of our vast country that they may be convinced a true patriot is in our midst-a lump of genuine salt in the body politic. JNIr. Adams proceeded to the conscientious and independent dis- charge of his presidential duties, prompted by the best motives for the good and glory of the infant Republic. He was an open, frank old- school federalist. During his administration the ranks of the demo- cratic party increased rapidly, which defeated his re-election. Much has been written and more said relative to the causes that produced his political overthrow. To my mind the solution is plain and brief. His cabinet was not of his own choice-he was too independent to bend to party intrigue-he opposed the humiliating demands of the then self- styled democratic France-he advocated the augmentation of the navy of the United States and recommended the law for the suppression of the venality of the press. In the two first points he was impolitic as the head of a partj^-in the two next he did what all now acknowledge to be right in principle. On the last, he took the wrong method to correct an evil that has caused unceasing trouble from that time to the present-an evil that will ever exist in a government like ours, because, in annihilating this, we should destroy an essential part of our political machinery-A free press. The three last were the strong points seized upon by his opponents, which enabled them to achieve an easy vic- tory. He retired with a good grace on the best of terms with his suc- cessful opponent and his own conscience. He supported the polic)'' of Mr, Jefferson towards England and approved of the declaration of war in June IS 12. He attributed the opposition of the eastern states to the impolicy of our government in neglecting the navy. He compared them to Achilles, who, in consequence of his being deprived of Briseis, withdrew from the Grecian confederacy. The increase of the navy was a long-nursed theory of his national policy. Had his views been carried out by our country, our nation would now have been mistress of the seas. As it is, we have scarcely armed vessels enough to pro- tect the expanding commerce of our enterprising merchants-a fact that OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 23 is often tauntingly referred to by Englishmen and has often crimsoned the cheeks of liberal-minded Americans. If all the money that has been expended within the last twenty years in worse than useless legislation and speech-making throughout these United States had been appropriated in building ships of war, our navy would now be larger than that of Great Britain. Add what has gone into the hands of peculators since the formation of our Republic-it would sustain that navy for thirty years. Some of our people have been occasionally a little too free. Soon after his retirement from the presidential chair, Mr. Adams was solicited to become the governor of his native state, which he declined on account of his advanced age. In 1817 he was placed at the head of the list of presidential electors. In 1820 he was elected president of the convention that revised the constitution that he had written forty years previous. The compliment was duly appreciated by him but his infirmities did not permit him to preside. He imparted much counsel and rendered special aid in the revision. This was the last public act of this great man. Two years before this, the partner of his bosom had gone to her final rest-an affliction most keenly felt by him. She was a Christian-to know was to love her. Surrounded by friends who delighted to honor him-his country prosperous and happy-enjoying the full fruition of divine grace which had produced the green foliage of piety through a long life-political animosities buried in oblivion-his now frail bark glided smoothly down the stream of time until the fiftieth anniversary of Independence dawned upon our beloved country. On the morning of the 4th of July 1826, an unexpected debility seized him but no one supposed he was standing on the last inch of his time. He was asked for a senti- ment to be given for him at the celebration on that day. " Indepen- dence FOREVER," burst froui his dying lips, which were the last words he ever uttered with a loud and animated voice. He expired about four in the afternoon without a groan, sigh, murmur or apparent pain, with a full assurance of a happy reception in that brighter world where sin and sorrow never interrupt the peaceful joys of the angelic throng. On the same day and but a few hours previous, the immortal spirit of the illustrious Jefferson had left its tenement of clay, thrown off its mortal coil and returned to Him who gave it. Perhaps these kindred spirits met in mid air and ascended together to an ecstatic meeting with the friends they had loved and lost and whom they should gain, love and never lose. This unparalleled coincidence in death produced a deep sensation 24 THE SAGES AN DHEROES in the United States and in Europe. The simultaneous departure of two of the noblest spirits that ever graced the theatre of human life- illuminating the world with freedom-whose acts had elicited the admi- ration of all civilized nations-whose mighty deeds will be a theme of praise through all time-was an incident that seemed.designed by the great Jehovah to impress their precepts-their examples and their names upon the minds of the human family with all the force of Di- vinity. Mr. Adams was a plain man, low in stature, not graceful in his movements-at times rather repulsive. In public he was austere but in the social circle, familiar, pleasing and instructive. He disliked formal ceremony and abhorred pedantry. He admired and exempli- lied strong common sense. He spoke his sentiments freely and could not have been transformed into a modern technical politician. His open frankness was proverbial. He called it one of his failings. When looking at Stuart's fine paintings, he fixed his eyes upon the portrait of Washington with compressed mouth-then upon his own, with open lips, and facetiously remarked-" Ah ! that fellow never could keep his mouth shut." Such a man never can be a j^ojmlar politician as the writer knows from experience. The highest eulogy that can be pronounced upon John Adams is the history of his bright and useful career. For more than half a cen- tury he served our country ably and faithfully. He continued to im- part salutary counsel until the curtain of death closed the scene. In all the relations of private life he was too pure for the palsying touch of slander. The foulest of all pestiferous atmospheres-party spirit-could not, dajx not approach his private character with its damn- ing miasma or impute to his public action an iota of political disho- nesty or impurity of motive. If any demagogue dares to contradict tills position, let him hear the voice of Jefferson from the tomb-"AN HONESTER MAN THAN JoHN AdAMS NEVER ISSUED FROM THE HANDS OF THE Creator." SAMUEL ADAMS. Many of the sages and heroes of the American Revolution were con- sistent and devoted Christians-some of them eminent ministers of the gospel of Christ. They all were evidently actuated by motives of purity, prompted by the demands of imperious duty based upon the inalienable rights of man. They had no innate love of military glory OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 25 aiming only at conquest. Their pilgrim fathers fled from servile op- pression-planted the standard of freedom in the new world-spread civilization over our happy land and transmitted the rich behest to their children. With the principles of rational liberty each succeeding generation was made familiar. When tyranny reared its hydra head, the monster was readily recognized. The people were prepared to drive the invading foe from their shores. Samuel Adams was one of the revolutionary sages who boldly espoused the cause of equal rights. He was born in Boston, Mass. on the 22d of Sept. 1722. His parents were highly respectable. His father was long a member of the Assembly of Massachusetts, from whom this son imbibed those liberal principles which he so fearlessly and successfully vindicated during his subsequent life. In childhood he exhibited a strong inquiring mind-talents of a high order. He was prepared for college by Mr. Lovell. His application to study was close-his progress rapid. His highest pleasure was found in his books. Being naturally sedate, his father placed him in Harvard College, be- lieving him destined for the gospel ministry. In that institution he advanced rapidly in science and in favor. During his whole course he was reproved but once and that for sleeping too late. In conjunction with other studies he had thoroughly investigated theology. The affairs of state had also occupied his mind. When he graduated, he chose for his subject of discussion the following question. " Is it law- ful to resist the supreme magistrate if the commonwealth cannot otherwise be preserved V^ His hearers were astonished at the masterly manner he advocated the affirmative of this bold proposition. With enrapturing eloquence and convincing logic, he painted in vivid colors the beauties of that liberty for which he so nobly contended during the Revolution. From that time he became a prominent politician-an advocate of equal rights-a stern opposer of British wrongs. By rigid economy during his time in college he had saved a sum of money from that allowed him by his father to defray expenses. This first fruit of his pecuniary prudence he sacrificed upon the altar of Liberty. With it he published a pamphlet from his own pen en- titled-" The Englishman's Rights." This was one of the entering wedges of the Revolution. It awakened a spirit of inquiry-kindled a flame of opposition to the increasing oppression of the crown. It did great credit to the head and heart of this devoted patriot then dawning into manhood. Anxious that his son should embark in some business his father 4 26 THESAGES AND HEROES placed him in the counting-house of Thomas Gushing, an eminent merchant, that he might be prepared for commercial business. For this sphere nature had not designed him. PoUtical knowledge, inter- national law and the rights of man engrossed his mind. To this end he formed a club of kindred spirits for the purpose of political inquiry and discussion. They furnished political essays for the Independent Advertiser which were so severe in their strictures upon the conduct of the creatures of the crown, that the association obtained the name- of "Whipping Post Club." The hirelings of the King treated these essays with derision-upon the people they exerted an influence that prepared them for the approaching crisis. Stamped with plain truth, sound reasoning, uncontroverted facts-they operated upon British power like the sea-worm upon a vessel-silently and slowly but with sure destruction. They contributed largely in perforating each plank of the proud ship of monarchy, then riding over the American colo- nies, until she sank to rise no more. After remaining a suitable time with Mr. Gushing, his father fur- nished him with a liberal capital with which he commenced business. Owing to the pernicious credit system he lost all his stock in trade. By the death of his father he was left, at the age of twenty-five, to take charge of the paternal estate and family. In the discharge of that duty he proved himself competent to manage pecuniary matters. The estate was involved and under attachment-he relieved it entirely from debt. This done he again spent the most of his time in dissemi- nating liberal principles. He was a keen sarcastic writer-analyzed every point at issue between our own and the mDther country-exposed the British ministry in their corrupt and corrupting policy and roused the indignation of the populace against their oppressive measures. He was hailed as one of the boldest leaders of the whig party. No man had examined more closely or understood better the rela- tive situation of Great Britain and her American Golonies. He weighed every circumstance in the scale of reason-based his every action upon the sure foundation of immutable justice. He was not impetuous-appealed to the judgment of his hearers and readers-sought to allay-not to excite the passions of men. He was a friend of order- opposed to sudden bursts of popular fury-to every thing that could produce riotous and tumultuous proceedings. Religion, in its pristine purity, was ever his polar star. Organized and systematic opposition against the unwarranted en- croachments of the crown, emanating from the great majority of the sovereign people was his plan. Petitions, remonstrances-every thing OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 27 consistent with the dignity of man to be resorted to before an appeal to arms. If this was rebelhon it was in a very modified form. When the offensive Stamp Act was proclaimed he exposed its odious features with unsurpassed severity and boldness. When the climax of oppression was capped by the imposition of taxes upon articles of daily consumption he believed forbearance no longer a virtue and openly advocated resistance as an imperious duty. He demonstrated fully that Great Britain had violated the constitution. Americans had vainly claimed protection under its banner-its sacred covering was rudely snatched from over them-they were left exposed to foreign officers who were drawing them closer and more effectually within the coils of tyranny. To be slaves or freemen was the question. Being a member of the assembly and clerk of the house, Mr. Adams exercised an extensive and salutary influence. With great zeal he united prudence and discretion. From 1765, to the time he took his seat in congress he was a member of the state assembly. He had exerted the noblest powers of his mind to prepare the people for the approaching storm and had kindled a flame of patriotic fire that increased in volume as time rolled on. He was the first man who proposed the non-importation act-the committees of correspond- ence and the congress that assembled at Philadelphia in 1774. He corresponded with the eminent patriots of the middle and southern states and contributed largely in producing unity of sentiment and concert of action in the glorious cause of liberty throughout the colo- nies. Over his own constituents his influence was complete. At the sound of his voice the fury of a Boston mob would cease. He could lead it at pleasure with a single hair. The people knew well he would maintain what was clearly right and wilhngly submit to no- thing clearly wrong. When the affray occurred on the 5th of March, 1770, between the British soldiers and citizens, the influence of Samuel Adams prevented the further effusion of blood after the populace had become roused and were on the point of avenging the death of their friends who had just fallen. He obtained the immediate attention of the assembled enraged multitude-proposed the appointment of a committee to wait on the governor and request the immediate removal of the troops. His plan was approved-a committee appointed of which he was chairman. The governor at first refused to grant the request. The chairman met all his objections fearlessly-confuted them triumphantly and told him plainly that an immediate compliance with the wishes of the people would alone prevent disastrous consequences and that 28 T H E S A G E S A N D H E R E S he would be held responsible for the further waste of human life. The governor jfinally yielded. Mr. Adams was one day surprised by a message from Gov. Gage communicated through Col. Fenton, offering him what modern truck- ling politicians would call a great inducement to change and in case he refused, to inform him he would be arrested and sent beyond the seas there to be tried for high treason. To the last part of the message he listened with most attention and asked Col. Fenton if he would truly deliver his answer. Receiving an aflirmative assurance jVIr. Adams rose from his chair, assumed an air of withering contempt and said- " I trust I have long since made my peace with the King of Kings. No personal consideration shall induce me to abandon the righteous cause of my country. Tell Gov. Gage it is the advice of Samuel Adams to him-no longer to exasperate the feelings of an insulted people." This reply roused the ire of the royal governor and when he subse- quently issued a proclamation offering a free pardon to those rebels who would return to what he termed their duty he excepted Samuel Adams and John Ilancock-the highest compliment within his power to bestow on the two patriots. They received this mark of distinction as a special commission from the throne directing their future course- a royal diploma of liberty that left them as free as mountain air in their future action. No bribe could seduce-no threat divert Mr. Adams from the path of duty. He placed his trust in the Rock of Ages-enjoyed the rich consolations of an approving conscience-the unlimited confidence of his friends, the approbation of every patriot. These were more dearly prized by him than all the dazzling honors of kings and potentates. He became an object of vengeance and was the immediate cause of the memorable battle at Lexington on the 19th of April 1775-the troops sent being in pursuit of him and John Hancock. Apprised of their mission Gen. Joseph Warren sent an express late in the evening to the two patriots warning them of approaching danger. In a few minutes after they had left, the British troops entered the house which they had just emerged from. In a few ominous hours the crimson curtain rose-the revolutionary tragedy commenced. The last mater- nal cord was severed-the great seal of the original compact was broken-the covenants of the two parties were cancelled in blood. Mr. Adams remained in the neighborhood during the night. The next morning, as the sun rose without an intervening cloud, he remarked to a friend, " This is a glorious day for America." He OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 29 viewed the sacrifice as an earnest of ultimate success and future bless- ings. To rouse the people to action now became the sole business of this devoted friend of his bleeding country. The grand signal for action had been given-the tocsin of war had been sounded-the requiem of battle had been sung-its soul-stirring notes had been wafted far and wide on the wings of wind and were responded to by millions of patriotic hearts. Mr. Adams mourned deeply the death of his friends, the martyrs of that tragical but auspicious day. He knew well that martyrs must be sacrificed and that the funeral knell of those who had just fallen would shake British colonial power to its very centre. He believed their blood would cry to Heaven for vengeance and incite the hardy sons of Columbia's soil to vigorous and triumphant action. The event added new strength to his propulsive powers and doubly nerved him to meet the fiery trials in reserve for him. As dangers increased he became more urgent for the people to maintain their rights. As the wrath of his enemies waxed hotter he was more highly appreciated by the people and was uniformly styled-S amuel Adams the Patriot. His fame and influence strengthened under persecution, his friends were animated by his counsels, his foes were astounded and chagrined at the boldness of his onward career. In the Assembly he effected the passage of a series of resolutions deemed treasonable by the royal governor. In the Congress of 1776 he was among the first to advocate the Declaration of Independence-contending that it should have followed immediately after the battle of Lexington. In all his debates he was earnest and zealous but not rash-ardent and decisive but wise and judicious. When the Declaration of Rights was adopted he affixed his name to that important instrument without the least hesitation although he stood proscribed by the royal power. During the darkest periods of the Revolution he was calm and cheerful and did much to reanimate the desponding. In 1777 when Congress was obliged to fly to Lancaster and a dismal gloom hung over the cause of the patriots like a mantle of darkness several of the members were in company with Mr. Adams lamenting the disasters of the American arms, concluding that the chances for success were desperate. Mr. Adams promptly replied-" If this be our language, they are so indeed. If lue wear long faces they will become fashion- able. Let us banish such feelings and show a spirit that will keep alive the confidence of the people. Better tidings will soon arrive. 30 THE SAGES AND HEROES Our cause is just and righteous. We shall never be abandoned by Heaven while we show ourselves worthy of its aid and protection." At that time there were but twenty-eight members in Congress. Mr. Adams said-" It was the smallest but truest Congress they ever had." Soon after that dark period the surrender of Burgoyne was an- nounced which proved a panacea for long faces and put a new aspect upon the cause of Liberty. Many recovered from a relapsed state- hearts beat more freely, courage revived from a typhoid stupor-the anchor of hope held the ship of state more firmly to her moorings. The arrival of Lord Howe and Mr. Eden with what they termed the olive branch of peace from Lord North, added to the excitement. Mr. Adams was one of the committee to meet these high functionaries. On examining the terms proposed, the committee found that the pro- posed olive branch had been plucked from the Bohun Upas of an over- bearing and corrupt ministry and promptly replied through Mr. Adams- " Congress will attend to no terms of peace that are inconsistent with the honor of an independent nation." This reply was as unexpected to the ro5'"al messengers as it was laconic and patriotic. The grand Rubicon had been passed-the galling chains had been thrown off-the Sodom of British power was doomed and nothing could induce the sages and heroes of '76 to look back or tarry on the plain of monarchy. Lord Howe and his colleague had permission to return-report progress of locomotion and walk again. Mr. Adams continued one of the strong pillars in the rising temple of liberty until the superstructure was completed-recognized and approved by the mother country and all Europe. In 1787 he was a member of the convention of Massachusetts con- vened to act upon the Federal Constitution, He did not fully approve of some of its provisions but avoided opposition beheving it to be the best policy to adopt it, subject to future amendments. He was most particularly opposed to the article rendering the states amenable to the national courts. He submitted sundry amendments that were adopted by the convention and submitted with the Constitution for the future consideration of Congress, some of which have since been adopted. From 1789 to '94, Mr. Adams was lieutenant-governor of his native state and from that time to '97, was governor. He performed the executive duties with great ability and contributed largely in raising the commonwealth to a flourishing and dignified condition. He watched over all her interests with parental care-viewed her rising greatness with an honest pride. He had seen her sons writhing under the lash of oppression and their bones bleaching in the field. He now OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 31 beheld the people independent, prosperous, virtuous and happy. He could now be gathered peacefully to his fathers when his time should arrive to depart. Age and infirmity compelled him to retire from the great theatre of public life where he had been so long conspicuous. His health continued to fail sensibly with each returning autumn. On the 3d of October 1803, his immortal spirit left its mansion of clay- soared aloft on the wings of faith to mansions of bliss beyond the skies. He died rejoicing in the merits of his immaculate Redeemer who had given him the victory. He had fought the good fight of faith as well as that of Liberty and felt a full assurance of receiving a crown of glory at the hands of King Immanuel. Amidst all the turmoils of political and revolutionary strife Mr. Adams never neglected religious duty. When at home he was faithful to the family altar and uniformly attended public worship when prac- ticable. He was a consistent every day Christian-free from bigotry and fanaticism-not subject to sudden expansions and contractions of mind-rather puritanical in his views yet charitable in his feelings and opposed to censuring any one for the sake of opinion. He adorned his profession by purity of conduct at all times. Mr. Adams was of middle size, well formed, with a countenance full of intelligence indicating firmness of purpose and energy of action. As a public man and private citizen he was highly esteemed and richly earned a place in the front rank of the American patriots. He placed a low value upon wealth-died poor but not the less esteemed for his poverty which was then no crime. He placed a high value upon common school education and properly estimated the higher branches of science. General intelligence among the great mass he considered the strongest bulwark to preserve our independence. As a writer Mr. Adams had few equals. His answer to Thomas Paine's writings against Christianity is probably superior to that of any other author. His few letters on government published in 1800, show a clear head, a good heart and a gigantic mind. As an orator he was eloquent, chaste, logical-rising with the mag- nitude of his subject. He always spoke to the point-addressing the understanding-not the passions. His manners were urbane, unaffected and plain-his mode of living frugal and temperate-his attachments strong-his whole life a golden chain of usefulness. Let his examples be imitated by all-then our UNION will be preserved from the iron grasp of ambitious partisans- the snares of designing demagogues-the whirlpool of blind fanaticism- the tornado of party spirit. Let these examples be discarded-our 32 THE SAGES AND HEROES Union will prove a mere rope of sand-the temple of our Libertt will crumble and moulder in the dust with Samuel Adams. ! think of this disorganizers and tremble ! BENEDICT ARNOLD. Cause is treated with cold neglect by a large portion of the human family. All gaze at effect-but few trace it to its producing original. Especially is this true with men in forming opinions of the conduct of their fellow-men. Petty errors are construed into crimes-petty crimes into felonies. Often have I known this to be the case in sectarian churches where charity was loudly professed but sparingly practised. The causes that operated upon the erring brother may have been extenuating but are not examined. Away with him is the simultaneous cry. Kindness might have reclaimed and saved him. Too rarely are extenuating causes sought for-too partially are they credited when brought to light. But a limited number stop to analyze human na- ture-divest themselves of prejudice and become competent to pass an intelligent, impartial judgment upon the conduct of others. They do not inquire how formidable a force of temptation they could vanquish if attacked by the arch enemies of ethics and Christianity. They can never fully know their own strength in morals until they measure arms with the foe. In the balmy days of prosperity a man may act justly in all things and be the censor of others. Reverses may drive this same man into great error-perhaps crime. Keen adversity is a crucible from which but few emerge like gold seven times tried. Charity is the specific to ameliorate these evils but too cheap to obtain a wide circulation. Abstruse dogmas cost more labour and by many are more highly prized. There are crimes so flagrant that no extenuating circumstances can form a legal excuse-crimes that blight like the sirocco-crimes so dark that they hide the noblest deeds-the most brilliant talents-the most towering genius-consigning the perpetrator to lasting disgrace-en- during infamy. Treason stands high on the black catalogue. But one traitor was found among the disciples of Christ-but one was found among the sages and heroes of the American Revolution. That traitor was Benedict Arnold, a Major General in the army of the illustrious Washington. He was a native of New London, Connecticut. At the commence- ment of the struggle for liberty he resided at New Plaven and was OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 33 captain of a volunteer company. When the hoarse clarion of war was sounded on the heights of Lexington he was among the first to march his company to the American headquarters at Cambridge where he arrived in ten days after that painful event. The Massachusetts authorities conferred upon him tlie commission of Colonel with directions to raise 400 men and make an attempt to capture Ticonderoga. He repaired to Castleton, Vermont, where he met Col. Allen. On the 10th of May, 1775, this fortress surrendered at discretion. On the 6th of September of that year he commenced his march for Canada through the dense forest with 1000 men from New England consisting of infantry, one company of artillery and tliree companies of riflemen. A portion of his troops were obliged to return for want of provision to sustain them all, through the wilder- ness. The balance endured the severest hardships on the march and arrived at Point Levi opposite Quebec at the end of six weeks. But from the fact that Arnold had sent a letter forward to a friend by an Indian who betrayed hi§ trust by giving information of the approach- ing troops it is believed Quebec would have been easily captured. To prevent this all means of crossing the river had been removed and the fortifications put under rapid improvement. It was not until the night of the 14th of October that he led his little band of 700 men up the heights that had been surmounted by Wolfe and formed them near the memorable plains of Abraham. The city had become so well fortified that the summons to surrender was tre'ated with con- tempt. To attack with so small a force would be a reckless waste of human life. In a few days he marched to Point aux Trembles twenty miles above Quebec to await the coming of Gen. Montgomery who arrived on the first day of December. A siege upon the city was immediately commenced which was successfully resisted. On the morning of the 31st of that month a simultaneous assault was made on two sides of the city in which Montgomery was killed and Arnold severely wounded in the leg. Officers and men behaved with great gallantry. No other assault was attempted-the blockade was con- tinued to May 1776. On the 18th of June Arnold withdrew from Canada. He subsequently commanded the small fleet on Lake Cham- plain and exhibited great skill and bravery. In August, 1777, he relieved Fort Schuyler, then besieged by Co-l. St. Leger with an army of near 1800 men. At the battle near Still- water on the 19th September he fought like a tiger for four hours. After the British had been driven within their lines in the action oS the 8th of October, Arnold pressed forward under a destructive fire o4 THESAGESANDHEROES and assaulted their works, forced their entrenchments and entered their lines with a handful of desperate followers and only retreated upon his horse being killed and himself severely wounded again in his unfortunate leg. For desperate bravery on the field of battle he had no superior. He seemed enchanted with danger and infatuated with military glory. But this was not his ruling passion. He was licentious, voluptuous, amorous and epicurean. The want of means to fully pamper these ruinous propensities, which had destroyed all sense of moral rectitude-solves the problem of his treason. Being disqualified by his wounds for field service he was put in command of the garrison at Philadelphia. He made the house of Gov. Penn his headquarters which he furnished in prmcely style and commenced a course of extravagant living and equipage far beyond his salary. To raise funds he laid violent hands upon all property belonging to those who did not enter fully into the cause of the pa- triots. He oppressed, extorted, used public money and property for private purposes and made his public accounts more than duplicate. He rushed into unsuccessful trading speculations and made himself amenable to a series of grave charges and was summoned to appear before the commissioners of accounts who rejected more than half the amount of his charges against government. He appealed to Congress whose committee confirmed the report of the commissioners with the remark that Arnold had been allowed too much. So violent was his language and conduct towards his superiors that he was arraigned before a court-martial and sentenced to be reprimanded by Washing- ton. This sentence was sanctioned by Congress and promptly executed. His mortification had now reached its zenith. He was bankrupt in means-his reputation wounded-his pride lacerated. He became sur- charged with fell revenge-treason was the best panacea for that dark passion. He was quick to see that West Point would command the most money and inflict the deepest wound upon the cause of liberty. He sudde;ily professed deep repentance and applied to the New York delegation in Congress to obtain for him the command of that impor- tant post. Through Gen. Schuyler the same application was made to Washington who was anxious to have his services in the field but willing to comply with his wishes. Early in August, 1779, Arnold repaired to the camp of Washington and made the application in person without apparent anxiety, stating that his wounds disqualified him for field service. With full confidence in his fidelity he received the desired command. It has been intimated by some writers that the plan of treason was OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 35 suggested to Arnold by an English courtesan with whom he was ulti- mate. It is true that he wrote to Col. Robinson of the British army upon the subject before he applied for the command. That letter opened to him a correspondence with Sir Henry Clinton who sanc- tioned the project and probably fixed the price of the base deed. On the conclusion of these preliminaries the traitor solicited the appoint- ment he received. He repaired to the garrison at West Point and opened an ostensible mercantile correspondence with JNIajor Andre the British agent to consummate the nefarious plot. The names assumed were Gustavus and Anderson. For convenience of escape the British sloop of war Vulture was moved up the river at a distance not to ex- cite suspicion. An interview was arranged for the night of September 21, 1780. Andre was landed below the garrison under a pass for John Anderson. Arnold received him at the house of a Mr. Smith within the American lines in violation of his sacred promise not to do so to avoid the penalty of a spy-showing the reckless daring of the traitor. The sun rose upon them before their plans of operation were com- pleted. Andre remained with Arnold during the day. When ready to leave in the evening it was found the Vulture had been compelled to move too far down the river for him to reach her with a boat. He exchanged his regimentals for a plain suit-received a pass from Arnold and proceeded by land for New York. On the 23d he had proceeded so far that he felt perfectly secure when one of a militia scout suddenly seized the reins of his bridle and brought him to a stand. Instead of producing his pass he asked the man where he belonged. He an- swered-" below." " So do I" was the response and declared himself an English officer on urgent business and wished not to be detained. At that moment two others of the scout, came up when the spy dis- covered his true position. He offered a purse of gold and his gold watch to let him pass. To those patriot soldiers the offer was an insult. He then offered them any amount they would name in money or dry goods, with himself as a hostage until tlie amount should be received. Fortunately for the cause of freedom, British gold could not purchase these honest men in humble life. They had met the tempter and had moral courage to repel all his assaults. Their virtue para- lyzed the treason of the only traitor in the American army. Let their names be handed down to posterity with profound veneration. John Paulding, David Williams and Isaac Vanwert secured Andre and foiled Arnold. Williams lived respected and died regretted in my native neighborhood. Often have I heard him relate the minute cir- cumstances of that important capture. He claimed to be the one who 36 THE SAGES AND HEROES first arrested the spy. Tliese three men proceeded to examuie their prisoner and found concealed in his boots an exact account of the gar- rison at West Point in detail in the handwriting of Arnold. Tliey took him to Lieut. Col. Jameson who commanded the scouting par- ties. Anxious to save the traitor, he persisted in the character assumed and shrewdly asked that Arnold should be informed that Anderson ■was taken, who would explain and make every thing satisfactory. The ruse succeeded-an express was sent to the garrison which enabled Arnold to escape on board the Vulture on the 25th of September, a few hours only before Gen. Washington reached West Point. He proceeded to Sir Henry Clinton at New York where he received ^50,000 and the commission of brigadier general in the British army- the price of his base treachery. Although the foul transaction was tolerated by the English government, all honorable men in England detested the traitor and his treason. This was frequently manifested after his location in that country at the close of the Revolution. Lord Lauderdale expressed his disgust on seeing Arnold seated on the right iiand of the king and exclaimed-" His majesty is supported by a trai- tor." Lord Surry rose to speak in the House of Commons and on perceiving the traitor in the gallery sat down and exclaimed-" I will not speak while that man is in the House." In addition to the money paid and the disgrace of associating with this vile man-the British army lost one of its brightest ornaments in the death of Maj. Andre. Contrary to his sacred pledge Arnold made him a spy by taking iiim within the American lines. He was tried, convicted and liung. Washington would gladly have warded off the dreadful sentence could he have found any excuse for doing so. The law demanded the sacri- fice-it was made from the necessity of the case. The news of Arnold's treason created surprise and indignation among the people of his native country. At Philadelphia his effigy was made large as life and drawn through the streets at night in a cart with a figure of the devil at his side holding a lighted lantern to iiis face and the inscription in large capitals-TRAITOR ARNOLD. The cart was followed by a dense crowd with martial music playing the rogue's march. The principal being absent the representative was hung and then burnt. Arnold had become so hardened by a long indulgence in improper practices that he was apparently steeled against all reflection upon the past. Soon after he commenced his murderous career in the British service, Washington remarked of him in a pri- vate letter-" I am mistaken, if, at this time Arnold is undergoing a mental hell. He wants feeling. From some traits of his character OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 37 which have lately come to my knowledge, he seems to have been so hackneyed in crime-so lost to all sense of honor and shame, that while his faculties still enable him to continue his sordid pursuits there will be no time for remorse." An ingenious, bold but unsuccessful attempt was made to abduct him from New York before the execution of the unfortunate Andre. He made a hair-breadth escape. The baseness of Arnold's treason was increased in blackness by his subsequent conduct. He had the assurance to write to Washington the day he escaped on board the Vulture, stating that he was acting for the good of his country and requesting the commander-in-chief to protect his wife and pass her and his baggage to him. Mrs. Arnold was immediately forwarded to New York with her effects and those of her husband. Arnold professed to his new companions in arms to be radically changed to a staunch loyalist. The Declaration of Inde- pendence he declared a treasonable paper-its authors a company of ambitious rebels seeking power to enslave the people. He wrote a threatening letter to Washington relative to the execution of Andre and assured him of a fearful retaliation unless a reprieve was granted. He published an address to the people of America fully justifying his treasonable conduct. He then issued an artful tirade of insulting sophistry for the purpose of inducing others to plunge into the same quagmire of disgrace with himself-calling it a proclamation with the following caption. " To the officers and soldiers of the Continental army who have the real interests of their country at heart and who are determined no longer to be the tools and dupes of Congress or of France." All his vile paper demonstrations deepened his infamy, increasing the boiling indignation of the American people without inducing a single one to desert the cause of his country. To do this was a part of the consideration of the Arnold purchase. Sir Henry Clinton was deceived by the traitor and egregiously mistaken in the stern integrity of the patriots. Finding his Proteus brigadier powerless over the minds of his former companions. Sir Henry deducted g 100,000 from the jgl 50,000 which was the stipulated price for West Point and the traitor and despatched him to Virginia to act upon the persons and property of the obstinate rebels. In January 17S1 Arnold entered Chesapeake Bay with a protecting naval force and landed with about 1700 men. His cruelties, ravages and plunders along the unprotected coast could not be surpassed by a band of practised pirates. Revenge seemed to be the motive power of his action. During one of his pre- datory excursions he captured an American captain of whom he 38 THESAGESANDHEROES inquired what the Americans would do with him if he fell into their hands, to which the officer replied-" If my countrymen should catch you I believe they would first cut off that lame leg which was wounded in the cause of fueedom and bury it with the honors of war and after- wards hang the remainder of your body in gibbets." After returning from Virginia he was sent on an expedition against New London where he first breathed the vital air. He landed his troops in two detachments-one on each side of the harbor. He led one against Fort Trumbull which could make but a feeble resistance. Fort Griswold made a spirited defence against the other division com- manded by Lieut. Col. Eyre but was compelled to yield to an over- whelming force. When the Americans surrendered but seven men had been killed within the lines-after the surrender a murderous slaughter was commenced by the British and about 100 killed and wounded. On entering the fort an English officer inquired who com- manded the garrison. Col. Ledyard presented his sword and an- swered-" /did-but you do now." His sword was taken by the officer and immediately plunged through his heart. In the attack the enemy liad 48 killed and 145 wounded. Arnold commenced his favorite v/ork of plunder-loaded and sent away 15 vessels mostly freighted with private property-fired the place and reduced 60 dwelling-houses and 84 stores to ashes and in his haste four of his own ships were burned. He completed this work of destruction and was absent from New York only eight days. Such expeditions afforded the richest ali- ment for the black heart of this traitor. He continued the scavenger of the British army to the close of the war and then removed to Lon- don where he died in 1801. To the lasting disgrace of the British government Arnold received a liberal pension to the time of his death v/hich is continued to his descendants and is frequently complained of by the British press. With the blackness of eternal disgrace resting upon his character this traitor has had apologists among American writers. They attri- bute his treason to a want of liberality on the part of our government. I iiave said the want of means to give full scope to his sordid passions was the cause. A want of liberality does not appear upon the record. He was allowed more than justice demanded-more than other officers under like circumstances. He was unsound at the core-void of moral rectitude-was proved dishonest before the commissioners of accounts- the committee of Congress and the court-martial. His name should then have been erased from the roll of officers regardless of conse- quences. That would have saved him from the treason he perpe- OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 39 trated-the accomplished Andre from the scaffold and thousands from the ravages subsequently committed by the reckless traitor. All apo- logies for Arnold are sophisms. His name is stamped with a lasting infamy that blots out the noble deeds that preceded his Lucifer-fall. JOSHUA BARNEY. The navy of a nation is justly termed the right arm of its strength. The life of a mariner is full of romance-often spiced with thrilhng events-sometimes fraught with danger. The sons of the main are a hardy, noble, generous, bold class of men. None but those who have rode upon the green mountain waves of old ocean when lashed to a foaming fury by mighty wind, can fully appreciate the perilous service of a seaman. The importance of increasing our navy is felt but by a few of our legislators and not urged by them. Americans are the favorite sons of Neptune. With shamefully limited means they have fought their way to the temple of fame. With a maritime force far inferior to the resources and magnitude of our prosperous and expansive country-far inferior to that of the enemy whom they met and conquered-they have snatched the laurels of victory from the mistress of the seas and placed them upon their own manly brows. Had our government been as forward in providing ships of war as our naval officers and noble tars liave been in courting danger, shedding their blood and sacrificing life in defence of the star spangled banner-the combined forces of the old world would dread our power more than they now respect our flag. By an equal force our seamen cannot be conquered. History points to a long list of heroes-sons of America-who have carved their names as high on the temple of fame as Sidney and Nelson. Among them is that of Joshua Barney-born in Baltimore, Maryland on the 6th day of July 1759. His father was a respectable farmer cultivating the soil now within the city limits. His son was sent to a common school until he was ten years of age and was then placed iu a retail dry goods store at Alexandria. In 1771 he revealed to his parents his long nursed vision of a seaman's life. Reluctantly his father obtained for him a place on board a pilot boat commanded by an intimate friend. After a few months service he was apprenticed to Capt. Drisdall whose brig was bound to Ireland. After a long and rough passage the vessel reached the cove of Cork. From thence the Captain proceeded to Liverpool where he sold his cargo and brig. 40 THE SAGES AND HEROES Young Barney returned home by the way of Dublin. Soon after his arrival his father was killed by the accidental discharge of a pistol in the hands of a young son but seven years of age. Joshua subse- quently made a voyage to Cadiz and Genoa. In 1775 he sailed to Italy. On arriving there the mate was discharged, the captain taken sick which put Barney in command of the ship. He was not then six- teen years of age. In July of that year he joined an unsuccessful Spanish expedition against Algiers. In October 177G he arrived in Chesapeake Bay where he was boarded by the officers of the British sloop of war King Fisher and plundered of all his letters and arms. He there first received intelligence of the battle of Bunker Hill. He was at length permitted to proceed to Baltimore where his vessel was laid up. He had been her captain eight months-had passed through many perils with courage and skill that would have done credit to a man ripe in years and experience. He had earned the fame of a skilful navigator and judicious commander. He was not long in choosing whom he should serve for the future. He was born a patriot. The fire of lib- erty illuminated his soul. Freedom pointed him to the service of his beloved country. Pie was appointed master's mate on the sloop of war Hornet under Capt. Stone. Com. Hopkins presented him with a flag which he mounted on a staff-obtained martial music-beat up for volunteers and in one day raised a full complement of men for the sloop. He was the first one who unfurled the star spangled banner in Maryland. In November the Hornet and Wasp sailed for the Delaware to join Com. Hopkins. The British fleet was in Plampton Roads to intercept them but could not bag the game. On their arrival the fleet of the Commodore consisted of two small frigates, two brigs and four sloops. With this infant navy just bursting into life he sailed for the Bahama Island New Providence-took the fort without opposition-secured the military stores-treated the people and private property with due re- spect and returned safely to the Delaware with his booty. Soon after his return Barney was stationed on board the Wasp under Capt. Alex- ander who was ordered to conduct the ship beyond the capes that conveyed Benjamin Franklin to France. On its return the Wasp was closely pursued by two British ships carrying 72 guns and escaped by running into Wilmington creek. The next morning Com. Hazel- wood went down from Philadelphia with several row gallies and boldly attacked the Englishmen which enabled the Wasp to come out and take part in the action. This little schooner stung the British brig OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 41 Tender so severely that she surrendered in a short time and was im- mediately taken to the Jersey shore. On his return to join the gallies amidst a dense fog, Capt. Alexander came in close contact with the fleet of the enemy. He met with a warm reception and returned the salutation promptly and effectually. After an exchange of the most impressive compliments he returned to the gallies. A brisk fire was kept up during the day which convinced the creatures of the crown that the infant navy was not to be trifled with. During the action young Barney went on board another vessel that was not fully man- ned. His bold and noble daring on that occasion elevated him in the esteem of his superiors and companions in arms, Robert Morris, then President of the Marine Committee, presented him with a lieutenant's commission and put him in command of the sloop of war Sachem. He was then but seventeen years of age. Shortly after receiving his commission Lieut. Barney participated with Capt. Robinson in a severe action of two hours which resulted in the capture of an English brig. A large sea turtle, designed as a present to Lord North, was one of the delicacies of the prize. It was presented to Robert Morris. In a few days after his return Lieut. Barney spread the canvas of his little craft in company with the Andrew Dorin with fourteen guns and the Lexington-all under the command of Capt. Barry and sailed for the West Indies. On their return they fell in with the British sloop of war Race Horse-tender to Admiral Parker's fleet, which he had sent out from Jamaica on purpose to capture these American " small craft." After a sanguinary action of two hours the English nag was cut in pieces, distanced and surrendered at discretion. Shortly after that brilliant victory the British sloop of war Snow was captured and Lieut. Barney placed on board as prize-master. He was overtaken by a gale that threatened to land all hands in Davy Jones' locker-was badly crippled and captured by the Perseus of twenty guns. During the passage young Barney was insulted by the purser of the Perseus and knocked him down the hatchway for which he was commended by the British captain. On their arrival at Charleston an exchange of prisoners took place which enabled Lieut. Barney to return to Phila- delphia with fresh laurels on his youthful brow. In the spring of 1777 he joined the squadron for the defence of the Delaware composed of the Delaware-32 guns-the Sachem, Andrew Dorin and several smaller vessels-all under the command of Com. Hazlewood. They were stationed near Fort Mifliin and bravely maintained their position until the next autumn when the little fleet and fort were compelled to yield to a superior force. Lieut. Barney 6 42 THE SAGES AND HEROES was then ordered on board the frigate Virginia at Baltimore com- manded by Capt. Nicholson. In an attempt to run her to sea at night the pilot brought up on the opposite shore where she and her crew fell an easy prey to the enemy. In August the ensuing year Lieut. Barney was exchangcd-proceeded to Baltimore-took command of a small schooner with two guns and eight men and was again captured in an attempt to run out of Chesapeake Bay. He was soon exchanged and joined his old friend Capt, Robinson at Alexandria on board a vessel with 12 guns, 35 men and but a small supply of ammunition. On the third evening after leaving port they fell in with the British privateer Rosebud-fully manned and eager for action. A running fight was continued during the night. Daylight revealed a rapid open- ing and expansion of the Rosebud-she hauled off with 47 of her men killed and wounded. Capt. Robinson had none killed and but one man wounded. He then sailed to Bordeaux-mounted eighteen gims- shipped 70 men-took in a cargo of brandy and sailed for home. On his way he captured a valuable prize-placed it in charge of Lieut. Barney who arrived with it at Philadelphia in October 1779. He was received with great enthusiasm and applause. Lavished praises did not inflame his youthful mind. Vanity had no resting-place in his noble soul. Pomp and parade had no charms for him. He bore his prosperity with the calm dignity of a Socrates. He steered clear of the alluring quicksands of vice-the rocks of sinful pleasure on which many young men founder and are lost forever. His manly conduct gained the esteem of the great and good-his fame was based on substantial merit. Familiarity with scenes of blood and carnage- the rage of battle and the clash of arms did not enervate the exalted powers of his refined sympathies and softer passions. These were commingled with those of an accomplished daughter of Alderman Bedford of Philadelphia and were consolidated in one at the hymeneal altar before he left the city of brotherly love. After basking in the rays of the honey-moon for a few days he proceeded to Baltimore. On the way his money was stolen from the box of his carriage where he thought it more safe than in his pocket. He returned to Philadel- phia-concealed his loss- went to sea in the Saratoga of 16 guns under Capt. Young. Their first prize was a vessel carrying 12 guns. In a short time they came in contact with an English ship mounting 32 guns with 90 men accompanied by two brigs. Under the disguise of British colors Capt. Young ran alongside the ship. In a few brief moments the star spangled banner was floating in the breeze upon the three Eng- OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 43 lish vessels. Lieutenant Barney was put in charge of one of thenii. Becoming separated from the others he was captured by the seventy- four Intrepid commanded by Capt. Malloy and treated- with great cruelty. On arriving at New York Lieut. Barney and 70 other priso- ners were placed on board the ship of war Yarmouth by Admiral Rodney. They were confined under five decks in a dark filthy apart- ment but three feet between floors-twelve feet by twenty in area and ordered to England. They were 53 days performing the passage. Eleven of the prisoners died on the way-the survivors were scarcely able to walk. They were covered with vermin and when landed could not bear the light for some time. They were sent to Mill prison where they found nearly three hundred of their fellow-countrymen sharing the same tender mercies with themselves. Soon after this new accession of rebels preparations for escape were discovered. Lieut. Barney was suspected-loaded with heavy irons and thrown into a dungeon for thirty days. By the assistance of a soldier he made his escape from prison on the 18th of May 17Sl-was discovered and remanded. In a second attempt he succeeded-visited Bristol, London, Amsterdam, Rotterdam and the Hague. He reached Phila- delphia in March 1782 amidst the heart-felt congratulations of his family and numerous friends. His sufferings had been aggravated and heart-rending. He had almost tasted death. The barbarous treatment of the American prisoners on board the English prison-ships is without a parallel. It has left a stigma on the Christian escutcheon of the British nation that time or angels' tears can never expunge-a foul blot, lasting as the pages of history. My strong language may be excused when I inform the reader that one out of eight of my patriot uncles was literally suffocated and starved to death on one of those ships in the port of New York. Were I to draw a full picture of the demoniac cruelties heaped upon the American prisoners in the loath- some dungeons of these floating Pandemoniums-a horror too painful to be borne would oppress the aching heart of the reader. As a manifestation of the high value placed upon the services of young Barney, the State of Pensylvania presented him with a cap- taincy and placed him in command of the Hyder Ally of 16 guns whh 110 men. In a few days he proceeded down the Delaware as a convoy. On the 8th of April 1782 he was anchored in Cape May road waiting for a more favorable wind. At 10 A. M. he dis- covered four vessels making all sail towards him. On nearing they proved to be a British frigate, ship, brig and sloop of war. About noon the frigate made for Cape Henlopcn channel-the other vessels 44 THE SAGES AND HEROES Steering for Cape May. Capt. Barney weighed anclior and sailed up the bay to ehide pursuit. At 1 P. M. the ship and brig came into the bay by Cape May channel-the frigate coming round under Cape Henlopen. Tlie following account of the action is from a gentleman who was a volunteer on board the Hydcr Ally. "At one P. jVI. prepared for action-all hands to quarters. At three quarters past one the brig passed us after giving us two fires. We reserved our fire for the ship then fast coming up. We received very little damage from the brig which stood after our convoy. She mounted 16 guns and was formerly the Fair American privateer com- manded by Capt. Decatur and equal to us in force. At 2 P. M. the ship ranged upon our starboard quarter and fired two guns at us. We were then at good pistol shot. We attempted to run her on board by laying her across the starboard bow-at the same time poured ill our broad-side from great guns and small arms. Our fire was briskly kept up for twenty-six minutes when she struck her colors. Immediately sent our first lieutenant on board and stood up the bay- thc frigate being in chase under all sail and the brig ahead in pursuit of our convoy. We again prepared for action and stood for the brig. On perceiving this she tacked for the frigate and got aground. We were obliged to pass her as the frigate w^as gaining upon us. At 4 P. M. the frigate came to anchor in the bay-as we supposed for want of a pilot. We then spoke the prize for the first time and learned that she was his majesty's ship Gen. Monk-Capt. Rodgers-with 20 nine- pounders-136 men of whom 30 were killed and 53 wounded, including 15 out of 16 officers." The Hyder Ally had four killed and eleven wounded-mounted 12 six and 4 ?ime-pounders-a little more than half the weight of metal carried by the Gen. Monk-with a crew of 110 men and 5 volunteers who went on board as a matter of recreation. Capt. Barney proceeded to Philadelphia with his prize-treating his conquered foe with great kindness, soaring above retaliation for the recent base treatment he had received when a prisoner. On his arrival at Philadelphia the welkin rang with plaudits of praise from the multitude who hailed him as one of the deliverers of their oppressed country. For his gallantry the legislature of Pennsyl- vania voted him a splendid sword which was presented to him by the governor with appropriate ceremonies. The General Monk was pur- chased by the U. S. government-fitted for a cruise and placed in com- mand of Capt. Barney. He sailed for Paris in November of that year with despatches to Benjamin Franklin. His naval fame had preceded him in France and prepared the way for an enthusiastic OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 45 reception at her proud metropolis. On his return he brought the loan that had been obtained by Frankhn for the United States. That voyage closed his useful, adventurous, brilliant revolutionary career. Subsequent to the revolution Capt. Barney purchased a tract of land in Kentucky for the purpose of a permanent residence. During 1786-7-8 he travelled through the West,, the Carolinas and Georgia. He was a strong advocate of the Federal Constitution and freely ex- pressed his views on all proper occasions. In 1789 he was in poor health and joined with another gentleman in the purchase of a brig. They sailed to Carthagena, South America and returned by the way of Havana. In 1792 he was at Cape Francois when the town was burned. Being on shore he was compelled to fight his way to his ship and brought off with him about sixty distressed women and children. On his return he was captured by an English privateer and all his crew taken from him except his carpenter, boatswain and cook. Three officers and eleven men were put in charge of the prize and ordered to New Providence. Capt. Barney was treated with cruelty because he refused to surrender the keys of his iron chest. Having secreted several loaded guns he and his three men retook the vessel, wounding two of the officers and. compelling the Englishmen to work the ship into Baltimore. The little sleep Capt. Barney obtained up to the time his craft was moored at the monumental city was in his arm-chair on the quarter-deck. The next year he repeated his visit to Cape Francois and on his way home was captured by a British pri- vateer-taken to Jamaica-his ship condemned and he confined in prison. It was acts like this that hastened the war of 1812. In 1794 Capt. Barney was again restored to his family. In company with James Monroe he visited the transient Republic of France in 1795 and was ihe bearer of the star spangled banner to the French convention. So delighted were the members with the veteran captain that they prof- fered him a command in their navy. The ensuing year he accepted the offer and arrived at Norfolk with two frigates where he was a long time blockaded by a British squadron. He offered to measiu'e skill with an equal force which was prudently refused. In 1800 he surrendered his command without having had an action with the enemy. In 1805 he declined the offered command of the Navy Yard iit Washington. In 1806-8 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress-the interests of party having become paramount to the-^sub- stantial merit and righteous claims of a candidate who was not 'politi- cally available although covered with scars and wounds received in 46 THE SAGES AND HEROES the purchase of our hberty-endowed with sterhng talents matured by cool reflection and long experience-with a pure and honorable repu- tation in all respects-deficient in ouq thing only-a political gum- elastic conscience. In 1S12 he removed to Elkridge with his family. On the declara- tion of war against Great Britain in June of that year he was imme- diately called into service. He was first commissioned to cruise in a privateer and succeeded in speedily capturing eighteen British vessels- several of a superior force to his. In 1813 he was invited to take command of the armed flotilla in Chesapeake Bay. On his arrival at Washington he was surprised to find a letter to the Secretary of the Navy from a merchant in Baltimore derogatory to his character. He at once called the writer to an account and settled the matter by the inverse rule oi false honor by probing his breast with a blue pill which did not prove mortal. With the rank of Commodore, Barney took command of the flotilla in the spring of 1S14. It consisted of twenty- six barges and nine hundred men. He first intended attacking the enemy at Tangier Island. On his way he met the British squadron ofl" Patuxet and was compelled to run in there. During the summer he annoyed the enemy constantly-captured several of their smaller vessels and several times boldly attacked their frigates-materially injuring them-then retreating quickly into shoal water beyond their reacji. On the first of July he was called to Washington to aid in devising the best plan of defence against the contemplated attack by the enemy. On the 3d he returned and moved the flotilla farther up the river. On the 1 6th of August the British fleet entered the Patuxet in full force. An express was despatched to the Secretary of the Navy apprising him of the movement. On the 21st Com. Barney landed most of his men-marched for Washington and joined Gen. Winder and Capt. Miller with his marines and five pieces of artillery. The marines were put under the command of the Commodore. On the 23d the troops were reviewed by the President and looked fine. On the 24th the enemy halted within three miles of the American camp. Skirmishing occurred between small advance parties. Com. Barney proceeded to the city and took station at the marine barracks deter- mined to defend the bridge to the last extremity. Being advised of this the British changed their route by way of Bladensburg. The main body of the American troops met them there on the 25th about 11 A. M. At a late hour Com. Barney obtained permission from the President to join them. Within a mile of that town he found the Ame- ricans formed in irregular detached parties engaged in battle. His troops OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 47 were nearly out of breath-having ran-not marched to the scene of action under the burning rays of an August sun. He had scarcely formed and brought his guns to bear when the militia broke in confusion and ran for dear life. The whole British army then advanced upon the Spartan band of Barney. He saw no hope of rallying the mushroom troops that were flying but determined not to be shot on the wing himself and fill a coward's grave. He reserved his fire until the enemy came within a few yards when a discharge of round and grape shot left the front ranks struggling in death. A second time the English veterans ad- vanced-a second time their front ranks fell like grass before a scythe. The British then left the road and approached from another direction by fording the creek then very low. All the so-called American troops had left the Commodore and his brave phalanx. Still he stood his ground against an overwhelming force of the veterans of Waterloo. Although simultaneously charged on the right and left, he repulsed them several times with great slaughter. He had received a ball in his thigh which was bleeding profusely. At the same time his horse was killed under him. To add to his chagrin the mushroom militia had ran off with his ammunition wagon. On being nearly surrounded by the enemy and Capt. Miller severely wounded, he ordered those to retreat who were able to do so. He was carried a few yards by three of his officers and fell from loss of blood. Two of them he ordered to conduct the retreat of his gallant men. Gen. Ross and Admiral Cockburn were conducted to him and treated him kindly. They ordered him and Capt. Miller to be carried to a house in Bladensburg where their wounds were dressed and they made as comfortable as circumstances would permit. The British left 80 of their killed and wounded on the battle ground-who had fallen through the bravery of the bold sailors and marines who stood like men and fought like lions. The Americans had 60 killed and wounded 50 of whom were those who nobly defended the star spangled banner of the brave Barney and Miller, showing how early in the action the shrimp militia entered leg bail and distanced all pursuit-only ten being shot on the wing as they were courageously flying from the field of glory. Had they fought as did Barney and Miller with their ocean band they would have repelled the invading foe and saved the capital of our nation from desecration. The means for success were as for- midable at Bladensburg as at Baltimore and New Orleans. After having committed the most wanton waste at the shamefully deserted city of Washington Gen. Ross retreated on the 26th with a loss of over 1000 men. He could boast of having visited and devas- 48 THE SAGES AND HEROES tated the capital of a great nation filled with defenceless females and children left to his mercy and generosity by most of their gallant hus- bands and fathers. The whole transaction as conducted by both armies does not reflect the highest honor on any concerned but the brave Commodore and his companions in arms. The day after the battle Mrs. Barney, a son and the family physi- cian repaired to Bladensburg to aid and comfort the Commodore. It was impossible to extract the ball from his thigh which remained through life. In a few days he was able to ride home in a carriage. On the 7th of October he was so far recovered as to visit the British fleet for the purpose of exchanging prisoners'. For his gallantry on the battle ground of Bladensburg the state of Georgia voted him hearty thanks-the city of Washington presented him with a splendid sword. On the 15th of October he resumed the command of the flotilla-still suffering severely from the pressure of the ball. During the ensuing winter he prepared for a vigorous spring campaign. Peace put an end to further military operations. He sailed on a mission to Europe on the 25th of May 1815 and returned on the 19th of the ensuing Oc- tober. So much did his wound disable him that he was compelled to send his despatches from Baltimore to Washington, He was conveyed to his family at Elkridge and subsequently removed to Baltimore, In 1816 he visited his lands in Kentucky in company with his lady. They were received with marked attention on their whole route. So highly pleased were they with the noble bearing, open frankness and proverbial hospitality of the Kentuckians, that they resolved on re- moving there at the earliest time possible. In 1818 the arrangements •were completed and the journey commenced. He started his men and effects in advance and met them at Brownsville on the Monongahela, Owing to low water he was detained for some time before reaching Pittsburgh. At that place he was detained from the same cause. When the water rose he went on board with his family in the evening for the purpose of an early start the next morning. During the night he was taken ill and was removed on shore. His disease increased- his wounded thigh became highly infiamed-death did its work. On the 1st day of December 1818 Com. Joshua Barney was numbered with the silent dead. He breathed his life calmly away and de- scended to the tomb in peace. He was buried by the sympathizing citizens of Pittsburgh with all the honors of sepulture in the grave- yard of the first Presbyterian church where his remains reposed until 1849 when they were removed to the splendid Alleghany Cemetery three miles from Pittsburgh. After the funeral obsequies were over OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 49 « and the widow and her family had partially recovered from the shock of their sudden bereavement they proceeded to their place of destina- tion and located upon their land in Kentucky. As a small compensa- tion for the valuable services of her husband, Congress granted Mrs. Barney a pension for life. But few men have lived whose web of life has been filled with as many exciting events and sudden changes as was that of Com. Bar- ney. His was a life of industry and usefulness without reaching the lofty summit of fame on which many have perched whose substantial worth was inferior to his. He discharged every duty that devolved upon him with the strictest fidelity-with an eye single to the good and glory of his country-without parade, pomp or vain show. Such men should elicit the gratitude of our nation as much as those who have filled a higher rank but have not been more useful. In all the relations of public and private life Com. Barney stood ap- proved, admired and beloved. He lived respected and died regretted. JOSIAII BARTLETT. UNION-enchanting word-a harmonious euphony vibrates from its sound. It is the most mellow word in our language. It was the watchword in Heaven before this mighty globe was spoke into exis- tence-its melody will be chanted there through the rolling ages of eter- nity. This magic word has rallied millions to deeds of noble daring both for good and evil. No language thrills through the soul of a patriot like the watchword of '76-" OUR UNION." Is this still the watchword of the great mass of the American people ?-or is the un- holy leaven oi Dissolution working its fearful progress from demagogues and factionists ? Shall our UNION be preserved to millions yet un- born ? or will we follow in the awful wake of nations who once were but now are not ? Will the bone and sinew of our dear America suf- fer patriotism to be basely strangled by party spirit and internal dis- sensions ? These are questions big with importance and should \m promptly answered by every friend of the UNION in a voice of patri- otic thunder that shall carry terror into the heart of every fanatic and disorganizer in our land For years too little attention has been given to the mental and moral qualifications of our legislators. Available to the party has been the watchword in most cases. Cliques nominate-electioneer and hood- wink the dear people so that the destinies of our nation are emphati- 7 50 THE SAGES AND HEROES cally placed in tlic hands of a meagre minority and many of this mi- nority men of just seven principles-two loaves and five fishes. People of the United States ! awake to a sense of impending danger ! Return no man to a legislative hall whose uniform conduct has not proved him to -be a pure patriot and no one a second time who deals in bil- lingsgate, legislates by force of arms or favors dissolution. Unless Union is his watchword he cannot be trusted. UNION was the glorious rallying word of the Sages and Heroes of the American Revolution among whom was Josiah Bartlett born at Amesbury, Mass. in November 1729. He was the son of Stephen Bartlett a man of sterling merit and liberal principles. Josiah received a good academic education which he completed at the early age of sixteen. He then commenced the study of medicine under Dr. Ordway and pursued it with great industry for five years. He then entered upon a successful practice at Kingston, New Hampshire, where he gained the confidence and esteem of the community. Two years after he commenced practice he was reduced very low by a fever and given up by his attending physicians. More consistent than some physicians he experimented upon himself and saved his life. He commenced taking small and frequent doses of cider-a free perspiration ensued- the fever left and he soon recovered. From that time he watched the indications and wants of nature more closely in his patients and often made judicious and successful deviations from the old beaten path of practice. Dr. Bartlett was the first physician who boldly assumed the position that the angina maligna tonsillaris [canker] was putrid and not inflam- matory and first gave Peruvian bark for this distressing disease. He also introduced the successful practice of using antiphlogistic remedies for cynanche maligna [sore throat] at that time terrific among children- four being sometimes buried in one grave from the same family. By the skill of this able physician this awful scourge was checked and stripped of its terrors. These improvements in his practice resulted from a close study and investigation of the laws of nature, ever in operation, which may be aided but never controlled by artificial means. Let doctors remember this fact and govern themselves accordingly. Dr. Bartlett held several important offices under Gov. Wentworth both civil and military. Enjoying the confidence of the people he was elected to the New Hampshire Assembly where he became a promi- nent opposer of the infringements of the crown upon chartered rights. Republican blood only flowed in his veins. With an Argus eye he watched the movements of the British ministry and the royalists OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 51 around him. In granting charters for towns the royal governors had uniformly reserved for the ostensible use of the Episcopal Church the cream of the location. This was one of the bones of contention be- tween the people and the governors. Taxation for illegitimate pur- poses was the vertebra of the hated animal. In effecting their settle- ments the colonists had conquered the wilderness and the savage unaided by the mother country. They were unwilling to be robbed of their hard earnings by those who desired to roll in luxury at their expense. Resistance was natural-was right. Taxation and repre- sentation are inseparable principles that cannot be divorced. They were incorporated in the eternal code of Nature and like the Siamese twins must journey together where intelligence and social order pre- dominate. Kingly power adopts the unholy aphorism that might makes right. Upon this sandy foundation the British ministers based their policy towards the American Colonies. They put the Revolu- tionary ball in motion-its rebounding force demolished the superstruc- ture of their power over our hardy ancestors. At the commencement of their oppressions, so prompt was resistance that the king loosened the screws for a time. But under his old preceptor, Lord Bute, backed by Lord North, he was bound to court *ruin and affiance it. Most effectually did he perform his plighted vows which were freely sanc- tioned by the patriots of America. Gov. Wentworth thought to secure Dr. Bartlett by making him a member of the judiciary. But there was no gift within the power of monarchy that could seduce him from the path of liberty. As the crisis was urged on by the hirelings of the crown his opposition increased in an equal ratio. A circumstance occurred that made him at once con- spicuous. The favorite measure of securing a majority in the Assembly at all hazards was resorted to by the Governor. He obtained the king's writ for three new members from towns that were then fully represented. This open violation of the known law of the land roused the indignation of the Doctor who carried with him others who had not before come out in favor of freedom. The three new members were expelled-opposi- tion to the governor rose like a July thunder gust. He was obliged to take refuge from the popular fury on board the man-of-war Fowey. His Excellency proceeded to annul the power of all liberals under com- mission from him. By using this air-pump too freely he produced a vacuum that caused an irreparable collapse of his own power. The line of demarcation was drawn-the war cry was raised. Dr. Bartlett was elected to the Congress of 1774 but on account of the recent destruction of his house by fire was unable to attend. In Septem- 62 THE SAGES AND HEROES ber 1775, he took his seat and was at once placed upon several important committees. About the same time he was made colonel of a regiment of provincial troops. In Congress his duties were arduous. That body met at nine in the morning and continued in session until four in the afternoon. After that hour most of the business of the committees was faithfully attended to. At this day of inglorious ease no one can fully appreciate and but few bestow a thought upon the immense labo^r, trea- sure and blood that our UNION cost. When we learn from the historic page the difficulties that surrounded the Continental Congress-a tremen- dous storm bursting over their heads-retreating before a relentless foe from place to place-their country bleeding at every pore-without resources- their army nearly annihilated-we are led to wonder and admire and ask why their well formed resolutions were not shaken when the yawning gulf of destruction seemed open to devour them. To my mind the solu- tion is plain. A majority of the Sages and Heroes of that eventful period were truly pious and put their trust in Him who directs the desti- nies of nations. Their trust was well founded. In 1776 Dr. Bartlett was again a member of Congress and took a decided stand in favor of severing the maternal cords of allegiance to the mother country and declare the child capable of self government. Many zealous patriots feared it was yet too weak. Much discussion occurred and a majority pledged themselves to take the nursling in charge. On the 4th of July 177G the contract was signed which relieved mother Britain from further responsibility. When the final question was taken the name of Josiah Bartlett was first called. With his eyes raised to Heaven he responded in a loud voice- Fea and Amen! Echo caught the words from his lips and carried them on wings of wind to the remotest bounds of a nation of freemen. They ran through the dense crowd of spectators hovering around the Hall of Independence who made the welkin ring with long and repeated responses- Fm and Aynen ! ! ! Worn down by fatigue the health of the Doctor became impaired and prevented his further attendance in Congress for two years. During that time he was able to aid his state in organizing her new government and in raising troops for the northern army. He served in 1778 and took a final leave of the National Legislature that he might gather up the scattered fragments of his ruined fortune and aid his own state in her eflbrt to advance the glorious cause of national freedom. He was appointed Chief Justice of the Common Pleas and muster master of the troops then enlisting. In 1782 he was made a justice of the Superior Court and in 1788 was appointed Chief Justice. His marked usefulness OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. ' 53 did not close with the war. The ushering in of peace made a false impression upon the great mass. Few understood the herculean task of rising from the paralysis of a seven years contest with a powerful foe- the formation of a government entirely different from the one which had stamped its customs upon the people. In my view the wisdom of the sages of the revolution was more severely taxed in perfecting our system of government than in driving the Britons from our shores, It often requires more wisdom to retain and enjoy, than to obtain an object. In the new work of preparing the people for the rational enjoyment of the Independence they had achieved Dr. Bartlett took an active part. Numerous conflicting interests were to be reconciled-an enormous debt was to be paid-many abuses and corruptions were to be corrected-a con- cert of feeling and action to be produced — the art of self government to be acquired. Storm after storm arose that threatened to throw our nation back into primeval darkness. It required the combined sagacity and wisdom of the boldest sages to preserve the laurels of victory, the trophies of freedom and the chart of our liberty. Long and arduous were the labors that effected a confederated consolidation. During the time this subject was under consideration several of the states were shook to the very centre by internal commotion. That concert of feeling and action which had carried the people through the perils of the war was now lost in the whirlpool of self. UNION was no longer the rallying word with the mass. Fortunately for our country those who stood at the helm during the revolutionary storm were still at the post of duty. Reason slowly resumed her sway-wise counsels prevailed-order was restored-liberty was saved. Dr. Bartlett was a member of the Convention of N. H. that adopted the Federal Constitution and gave it his zealous support. In 1789 he was elected to the U. S. Senate-the next year President of N. H. and in 1793 was elected the first governor of the state under the new order of things. He enjoyed the universal esteem of his constituents and dis- charged the duties of the numerous offices he filled with so much dignity, wisdom and prudence that envy and slander could find no crevice for an entering wedge. Worn down with toil-old age ploughing deep furrows in his face for the last seed time-the confines of a brighter world just before him, he resigned his authority and closed his public career on the 29th of January 1794, covered with living honors and not a spot to tarnish the glory of his fair escutcheon. He then retired to private life full of hope- anticipating the domestic enjoyments always desirable to those who accept of public office for the sake of their country-not for the sake of 54 THE SAGES AND HEROES the loaves and fishes. But these long desired enjoyments were of short duration. Disease fastened its relentless grasp upon him. On the 19th of May 1795, his happy spirit left its tenement of clay-ascended to Him who gave it-leaving a nation to mourn the loss of one of its brightest ornaments-one of its noblest patriots. In his private character he fulfilled the duties of citizen, friend, husband, father and Christian. No man was more generally esteemed-no man more richly deserved it. In his whole life we have one of the fairest pictures drawn upon the easel of history. His public career was of that solid character that imparts substantial usefulness. Without dazzling, his course was right onward in the cause of universal philanthropy. He could look back upon a life well spent-he stood approved at the stern tribunal of conscience. He nobly fulfilled the design of his creation- discharged his duty to his country, his fellow men and his God. He left examples that stand as beacon lights to erring man to guide him safely through this vale of tears-to statesmen and patriots to induce them to put forth their noblest powers to preserve our UNION. CARTER BRAXTON. Men who forget right and abuse power often undermine the founda- tion of their own citadel. In reaching after more authority and larger enjoyments improperly, they are often shorn of what they have. Thus it was with England when she imposed unwarranted taxes and restric- tions upon the American Colonies. Previous to the causes that produced the Revolution the plan of an independent government was ideal and had entered the minds of but few. With these it was only a nursling in theory not practically anticipated. When the impolitic measures of the British ministry were first reduced to practice the Colonists stood upon the firm basis, the broad platform of their chartered rights clearly defined and well understood and believed their scrievances must and would be redressed when respectful petitions should be laid before the king. These were repeatedly forwarded to him couched in allegiate and eloquent language to which he turned a deaf ear, thus forging the first link in the revolutionary chain. Parliament was vainly appealed to. Remonstrances formed the next link in this chain. These were treated with contumel}'. A formal demand to desist from oppression in bold but still respectful language-every word breathing allegiance to the king was the third link in this chain but all to no purpose. The ministerial horse leech cry- ^u-e-GivE-GIVE-came rushing across the broad Atlantic from Albion's OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 00 shore and pierced more deeply the wounded hearts of the imploring sup- pliants. Resolutions of non-importation formed the fourth link. These were answered by threats and menaces. Preparations to resist formed the fifth link. These resulted in an open and wanton attack upon American citizens on the heights of Lexington when the great seal of allegiance was dissolved in blood. The sixth link was the war cry which roused millions to resolve on liberty or death. The Declaration of Rights was the seventh and swivel link to the golden chain of Liberty forged by the patriots of '76 which formed an impassable bai'rier to the power of Great Britain over the colonies. The broad ring of the Federal Constitution perfected this mighty chain which has thus far held the ship of state safely to her moorings amidst the storms that have been raised by foreign foes and internal traitors. Among those who aided in forging this golden chain of Liberty was Carter Braxton son of George Braxton a wealthy planter who resided on the north bank of the Mattapony river, where he owned a large tract of valuable land situated in the county of King and Queen in Virginia. At this delightful place Carter was born on the 10th of September 1736. His connections were numerous, wealthy and of the first respectability. Several of them were crown officers at various periods. Carter was raised amidst the splendor of opulence without the tender care of a mother to correct his childish foibles or the wise counsels of a father to guard him against the errors of youth. The former died when he was but seven days old-the latter when he was a small boy. He was liberally educated at the college of William and Mary. At the age of nineteen he married the beautiful and amiable Judith Robinson who was very wealthy. He entered into full possession of his large estate, which, united with that of his wife, constituted a princely fortune. She survived but a brief period leaving two daughters, the youngest but a few hours old. Borne down by grief Mr. Braxton visited England where he remained nearly three years and added greatly to his previous stock of know- ledge. He became familiar with the feelings and designs of that king- dom towards his native country. His rank and fortune gave him access to the nobility from whom he obtained much valuable information rela- tive to the ministerial conclave then concocting plans to support royalty in Great Britain by forcing money from the hardy pioneers of America. Although his relatives and friends were many of them favorites of the King and everything around him was calculated to foster aristocracy and bind him to those in power, he became a bold opposer of British usurpations and a warm advocate of liberal principles and equal rights. In 1760 he returned from Europe and was elected to the House of 56 THE SAGES AND HEROES Burgesses and became an active and prominent member. His know- ledge of the intentions of the mother country to impose increasing burdens upon the Americans enabled him to fully understand every movement of the monarchical hirelings around him. In 17G5 he was in the House of Burgesses and was a warm supporter of the bold resolu- tions oflered by Patrick Henry relative to the Stamp Act. He was in the House in 17G9 when the proceedings of the members excited the ire of Gov. Bottetourt so highly that he dissolved them without cere- mony. They immediately repaired to a private room in Williamsburg and entered into a solemn agreement not to import any articles from the mother country until their chartered rights were restored. The same members were elected to the next session. Being aware of the kind of material he had to manage the shrewd Governor lulled them into a more quiet mood by the siren song of promises of redress. They had yet to learn that deceit is an important part of political machinery. Still cherishing hopes that their rights would be restored they waited in respectful but watchful silence. In the House there were seven standing committees-on courts of justice, public claims, elections, privileges, trade, grievances, proposition and on religion. Of the three last Mr. Braxton was uniformly a member. In 1771 Governor Bottetourt died and was succeeded by Lord Dun- more. Being fresh from the fountain of high notions and ministerial corruption he dissolved the turbulent Assembly then in commission and issued his king's writ for a new election. Mr. Braxton was then sheriff of the county and could not serve in the House. Promises of redress were renewed with apparent sincerity. The people lived on hope until the 27th of May 1774, when the House of Burgesses again took a bold stand against oppression and were unceremoniously dissolved by the Governor. By this act he dissolved the original contract in view of the people-they became enraged and doffed their allegiance instanter. Im- mediately after the dissolution, eighty-nine of the members and many other bold patriots formed themselves into an association of resistance. From these live sparks the fire of freedom rose in curling flames. In August of that year a convention met at Williamsburg to devise plans for future action of which Mr. Braxton was an efficient member- Seven delegates were elected to meet the Congress at Philadelphia and an agreement made to act in concert with the people of Boston in the common cause against the common enemy. Lord Dunmore had a new set of members elected to the House but being displeased with their proceedings prorogued them several times. On the night of the 7th of June 1775 the people in turn prorogued his lordship who took his OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 57 final exit on board the armed ship Fowey never again to wield his iron rod of despotism over the freemen of America. He took up quarters on board this ship and occasionally issued his mandates which came to the people as talismanic messengers to invigorate their patriotism. In April following he caused the powder to be removed from the magazine under a pretence that it would be needed in another part of the pro- vmce to repel an expected insurrection of the blacks. The enraged people assembled in large numbers with a determination to take this important item into their own keeping. Through the persuasion of Peyton Randolph they dispersed. Some being still discontented a Spartan band assembled headed by Patrick Henry and proceeded to Williamsburg determined to have the powder or its equivalent. An armed force was sent from the Fowey to sustain the governor's orders. This was like adding bitumen to a blazing fire. The fury of tiie patriots was about to be poured out upon the minions of the crown-blood was about to flow when Mr. Braxton and others interfered-the powder was paid for by a crown officer-Mr. Henry gave his receipt for the money and his young Spartans returned home. For a time the government of Virginia was managed entirely by the Committee of Safety of which Mr. Braxton was an active member. On the 15tli of December 1775, he was elected to the Continental Con- gress and entered upon his duties with great zeal. He advocated, voted for and signed the Declaration of Rights that formally dissolved the maternal ties that bound the pilgrim fathers in slavery. On his return from Congress the next year Mr. Braxton took his seat in the first legislature of his state convened under the new form of govern- ment. A formal vote of thanks to him and Thomas Jefferson for their faithful services in Congress was entered upon the records of (hat body on the 12th of October 1776. From that time to his death he was almost constantly a member of one or the other branch of the legisla- ture and but four days previous to his decease had taken his seat in the Council. He had lost a large portion of his princely fortune by the British and after the war closed was the child of adversity. For a time his friends assisted him in the prosecution of several speculative projects, all of which proved abortive, injuring them without benefiting him. He finally sunk under a ponderous weight of affliction which produced paralysis, a second attack of which closed his useful and eventful career at Richmond, Virginia, on the lOlh of October 1797. Under all these adverse and trying circumstances his reputation did not suffer. He was known to be an honest man and poverty then was S 58 THE SAGES AND HEROES not an unpardonable sin or even prima facie evidence of dishonesty. He lost none of his well-earned fame as an able and faithful public servant and worthy upright man. His private character was pure. He fulfilled all the relations of life with fidelity. He was one of the most polished gentlemen of the old school. His name is justly placed high upon the list of enduring fame. He was a faithful sentinel in the cause of freedom and contributed largely in consummating the Inde- pendence we now enjoy, the Freedom we inherit, the Liberty we are bound to cherish, protect, preserve and perpetuate with our lives, for- tunes and sacred honors and transmit it to our children in all the beauty of pristine purity. ZEBULON BUTLER. Wyoming Valley is the Paradise of Pennsylvania. Captivating in its location-rich in its soil-irrigated by the crystal Susquehanna- bordered with magnificent scenery of romantic grandeur-enlivened by beautiful farm-houses and productive fields-crowned with the flour- ishing town of Wilkesbarre-ornamented by several small villages of tasteful neatness-refreshed by cooling springs and mountain streams filled with sportive trout-evergreen forests adjacent towering to the clouds and full of game-graduated hills on every side rich with mine- rals and reaching to the mountains-a healthful atmosphere rendered pure by the untiring operations of nature's laboratory-inhabited by intelligent, enterprising, hospitable people-it is one of the most beau- tiful and delightful valleys in our expansive country. Its early history renders it sacred to the philanthropist and is read with thrilling sensa- tions of painful sympathy. It has engaged the pens of our best histo- rians-our ablest poets. It has been painted with the finest touches of our boldest artists. When strangers pass the narrow confines of the majestic mountains on the south and are ushered into this grand am- phitheatre of creative wisdom-they gaze with pleasing surpj-ise and wonder at the weakness of the most vivid descriptions they have read, compared with the sublime reality of the enrapturing view before them. In this far-famed valley Zebulon Butler acted a conspicuous, brave and noble part. He was born at Lyme, Conn, in 1731. He received a good common school and religious education. The New Testament was then an approved school-book. He early planted himself on the firm basis of moral rectitude and primitive religious truth. Without OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 59 these the laurels of the hero are less fragrant-the talents of the legisla- tor less brilliant-the noblest attributes of man less perfect. By these remarks I do not mean Pharisaical religion, poisonous fanaticism nor blighting sectarianism. It is the honest, consistent. Golden Rule man I admire. Such a man was Zebulon Butler. He was one of the first patriots who opposed British tyranny and dared to be free. He en- tered early into the Provincial service and served the mother country througlj the French war. He commenced his military career an En- sign and soon rose to the rank of Captain. He participated in the memorable hardships of the campaign of 1758 on the frontiers of Ca- nada-at Fort Edward, Lake George, Ticonderoga and Crown Point. In 1762 he was at the protracted siege of Havana. On his way he was on board one of the six vessels that were shipwrecked. All on board narrowly escaped a watery grave. They were on the beach nine days before they were relieved. On the 9th day of August the last of the fleet arrived before Havana. The defence was obstinate- the sufferings of the besiegers great. Capt. Butler shared largely in the dangers of the attack-the glories of the victory. He sailed for his long absent home on the 21st of the ensuing October in the Royal Duke. He encountered many perils during the voyage. On the 7th of November the ship began to leak so rapidly that it was with difficulty that her crew were transferred to another vessel near by before she went to the bottom. He arrived at New York on the 21st of December and once more met the warm embrace of anxious relatives and friends. He had won enduring lau- rels-he stood high as a brave and skilful officer-an esteemed and valued citizen. He then left the army and enjoyed the peaceful plea- sures of private life until the revolutionary storm began to concentrate its fearful elements. He was ready to brave its pitiless peltings. He had rendered arduous and valuable service to the mother country-he was well qualified to repel her ungrateful conduct and render efficient aid in the defence of his native soil. The goadings and insolence of British hirelings had deeply penetrated his patriotic soul and prepared him for bold and noble action. When the tocsin of war was sounded from the heights of Lexington he promptly tendered his services-was appointed a lieutenant-colonel in the Connecticut line and repaired to the post of honor and danger. He was actively engaged in the cam- paigns of 1777-8-9. During the last year he was commissioned colo- nel of the 2d Connecticut regiment. He was with Washington in New Jersey and greatly esteemed by him. A short time previous to the revolution he was one of a company 60 THE SAGES AND HEROES from his native place that had purchased Wyoming Valley from the Indians for a fair consideration. Many settlers had located there and cleared up much of the forest. Although fully remunerated for their lands pursuant to contract made with the Chiefs in grand council assembled-the red men were unwilling to leave a place so enchanting and congenial with their views of happiness. In that salubrious vale, fringed with hills and mountains on all sides, they fancied the Great Spirit had his dwelling-place and gave them audible audience as echo reverberated their stentorian yells from hill to mountain and back to the shores of the majestic Susquehanna. As the towering forest fell before the axe of the white man the Indians murmured and designed the extermination of the pale faces. In this they were encouraged by the British and black-hearted tories-most of the inhabitants having declared for liberty. Most of their effective force of near 200 men was in the American army. Soon after the departure of these troops the savages assumed a menacing attitude-manifesting a disposition to violate the terms of peace they had solemnly sanctioned when paid for their lands. Several stockade forts were erected-a company of rangers organized and placed under the command of Captain Hewitt. Every precaution was taken to guard against surprise-the movements of the red men were narrowly watched, their apparent designs closely observed. It soon became evident that they were preparing for a bloody sacrifice. An express was despatched to the board of war representing the approaching danger requesting the return of the troops who had recently joined the army-leaving their homes exposed to all the horrors of savage cruelty rendered more awful by the more blood-thirsty tories. The request was promptly granted but too late to ward off the fatal slaughter and carnage that took place when these brave men were within two days' march of their murdered wives, children and friends who slumbered in death deeply gashed with the tomahawk. About the 1st of June 1778, a number of canoes were discovered descending the river just above the valley filled with Indian warriors. They attacked a party of the inhabitants who were at work on the bank of the Susquehanna-killing and making prisoners of ten. They were evidently concentrating their forces for the purpose of an attack upon the settlement. At that critical juncture Col. Butler arrived. A large body of the savages had assembled at the mouth of the Lackawanna at the head of the valley. The militia under the command of Col. Dennison assenj^bled in the fort at Wilkesbarre on the 1st of July. They scoured the borders of the valley-discovered the bodies of those OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 61 who had been massacred a few days before-killed two Indians and returned. Not supposing danger so near each man repaired to his own house for provisions. On the 3d most of the men able to bear arms assembled at the fort amounting to about 350. Some remained in the smaller forts with their families presuming on the delay of an attack. The command of the troops was given to Col. Butler. They were poorly armed and had but a small supply of ammunition. But few of them had ever been engaged in battle and were not familiar with military tactics. In a few moments after Col. Butler had assumed the command news was brought that the enemy had entered the upper end of the valley and were advancing rapidly. Fort Wintermote and another stockade fort was then in flames and their inmates weltering in blood and struggling in death. A council of war was held and an unfortunate resolve made to march out and attempt to arrest the savages in their career of desolation and carnage. The troops pro- ceeded some distance from the fort and took an advantageous position on the bank of a creek where they supposed the enemy would pass on their way to the principal fort. There they remained for half a day without seeing the foe. Another council of war was held which resulted in adding to the error of leaving the fort that of attacking the enemy in their position contrary to the opinion of several officers who were as brave but more judicious than those who urged the fatal movement. The order to advance was given. They had not pro- ceeded more than a mile when the advanced guard fired upon several Indians who were firing a house. The force of the enemy was con- centrated at fort Wintermote amounting to near 1000 effective men commanded by Brandt, an Indian half-blood and Col. John Butler-not a relative of Col. Zebulon Butler as some writers have erroneously stated. Echo returned the demoniac yells of the savages from the surrounding hills-the forest resounded with the appalling war whoop. Another serious error was committed by the ill-fated Americans. Not until they were upon the battle-ground did they learn the superior force of the revengeful foe. As the little band approached they found the Indians and tories formed in a line-the right resting on a swamp commanded by Brandt-the left reaching to fort Wintermote headed by Col. John Butler. Col. Z. Butler led the right and Col. Dennison the left of the Americans to the attack. So determined was this Spartan band on victory that the left of the enemy gave way in a few minutes closely pursued by Col. Butler. In consequence of part of the Indians passing the swamp to gain his rear Col. Dennison ordered his men to fall back. Many supposing he had ordered a retreat the line became 62 THESAGES AND HEROES confused and broken. At that unfortunate juncture Brandt rushed upon it with such fury that it could not be ralhed. At that critical moment Col. Butler rode towards the left and first learned the mis- fortune of Col. Dennison and saw his men retreating in disorder. He was then between two fires and near the advancing enemy. Before the troops on the right were apprised of the fate of the left they were nearly surrounded by the savages and compelled to retreat precipi- tately. The route was general-the slaughter horrible-the scene terrific. But about 50 survived among whom were Colonels Butler and Den- nison who were more exposed than most of the others. The few who escaped from the dreadful carnage of that fatal day assembled at Forty Fort. So heart-rending was this defeat that the surviving inhabitants were willing to submit to any terms to save their lives. The enemy refused to treat with any officer of the continental army as unques- tionably advised by the hyena tories. Nor would they give them or regular soldiers any quarter but insisted on their being delivered up to the Indians at discretion. Col. Butler at once left and proceeded to Gradenhutten on the Lehigh. On the 4th of July Col. Dennison en- tered into a capitulation with Col. John Butler and Brandt to surrender the P'ort on condition the lives of the survivors should be preserved and not further molested in person or property. These conditions were solemnly agreed to by tory Butler and Brandt but most disgrace- fully violated. As the Indians marched in they commenced an indis- criminate plunder. Butler was appealed to and replied he could not control them-walked out and left them to finish their work in their own way. The man who could urge the savages on to murder could leave them to rob the helpless, regardless of his sacred pledge of honor. Finding themselves still at the mercy of the Indians the inhabitants fled to the nearest settlement towards the Delaware about 50 miles distant through a dense wilderness and over rugged mountains. So rapidly did they fly on the wings of terror that numbers became ex- hausted from over fatigue and hunger and were carried on the last day by the stronger ones. After their departure the savage tories and red men laid waste the town of Wilkesbarre and most of the houses in the vaUey-plundering or destroying all the property they could find. They then drove the cattle and horses to Niagara. They had fully satiated their thirst for blood-desolation was completed-vengeance was gorged-nature mourned over the dismal scene. From Gradenhutten Col. Butler communicated the sad intelligence of the bloody massacre to the Board of War and then proceeded to Stroudsburg, then in Northampton county, where he met the returning OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 63 Wyoming troops and a few of those who had escaped on the day of the unfortunate battle. In August he was ordered to return with such force as he could collect and take possession of Wyon:iing valley. On his arrival he found a few Indians who were collecting the cattle that the main body had left. They fled precipitately without their plunder. Col. Butler erected a new fort at Wilkesbarre and established a well regulated garrison which he commanded until the winter of 1780- keeping the tories and savages at bay-not risking a general action but killing them off in detail by scouting parties of sharp-shooters whenever they approached the settlement. The expedition of Gen. Sullivan in 1779 paralyzed the Indian power upon the Susquehanna and restored a good degree of confidence in the inhabitants. In December 1780 Col. Butler was ordered to join the continental army and left Capt. Alexander Mitchell in command of the fort. After serving his country faithfully to the close of the war of Independence the Colonel returned to the vale of Wyoming to enjoy the fruits of his perilous toils and the gratitude of the inhabitants whom he had nobly aided and protected. He subsequently filled sundry civil offices with credit and fidelity. He lived to see his loved Wyoming bloom with the fruits of industry-its inhabitants peaceful, prosperous, happy. He was amply rewarded for the perils and hardships of the past by the full fruition of the enjoyments of the present. His happiness was as com- plete as it could be made this side of heaven. Dearly beloved by his immediate friends, esteemed by all who knew him-the waning years of Col. Butler were crowned with the most refined comforts of social and domestic life. He glided down the stream of time smoothly and calmly to the 28th of July 1795, when he threw off his mortal coil- resigned his quiescent spirit into the hands of its Creator-fell asleep in the arms of his Lord and Master deeply mourned and sincerely lamented. His career closed as brightly as it had been glorious and useful. He was an amiable companion, a virtuous citizen, a consistent Christian-a brave, noble, worthy, honest man. A creditable monument has been erected on the battle ground in memory of those who fell on the memorable 3d of Jul v 1778 in the far famed valley of Wyoming. CHAKLES CARKOLL OF CARROLLTON. The fond and faithful parents who have guided to manhood a family of sons whose every action is a source of pleasure and delight-who 64 THE SAGES AND HEROES walk in wisdom's ways-who prove virtuous, generous, bold, brave and patriotic-vvhose lives shed new lustre on the world-whose achievennents on the battle field or in the senate chamber stamp their names with enduring fame-enjoy a rich consolation, pure as the etherial sky- refreshing as evening zephyrs. More especially do their souls become enraptured with love if these sons deliver them from the iron grasp of a merciless tyrant-disenthrall them from the chains of slavery and make them free and independent. All this was done for our country by her valiant sons who graced the memorable era of '76. Like a blazing meteor bursting from the clouds amidst the gloom of midnight darkness, they illuminated our nation with light-the world with glory-raised the star spangled banner and planted the tree of Liberty deep in the soil of Freedom. Noble sons of Columbia! Sages and heroes of the American Revolution! Your names will be held in grateful remembrance through the rolling ages of time. Millions yet unborn will chant your brilliant achieve- ments, your triumphant victories, your unsurpassed wisdom, your god- like actions. Among the sons of noble daring-champions of their injured country, was Charles Carroll of Carrollton, born at Annapolis on the 20th of September 1737. He was the son of Daniel Carroll who came from King's county Ireland and was named for his grandfather Charles Car- roll. The elder Carrolls were highly charged with liberal principles and planted them deeply in the minds of their sons. Nor did the pre- cious seed fall on barren ground. Obeying the precepts and imitating the examples of his patriotic sire, young Charles Carroll proved worthy of the high source from which he sprang. He was emphatically one of the same stamp. At the early age of eight years his embryo talents shone so brightly that his father determined on giving them an opportunity to bud, blos- som and expand amidst the literary bowers of Europe. He was first sent to a seminary in France. His untiring application to his studies and manly deportment at the different seminaries through which he passed, gained for him a finished education and the esteem of all his acquaintances. At the age of twenty he commenced the study of law in London, England, where he ripened into manhood and returned to his native State in 1764 with a rich fund of useful knowledge, prepared to act well his part through life. The subject of oppression upon the Americans by the British min- istry was freely discussed in England before he left and had prepared his mind for the exciting crisis that awaited the colonies. On his re- OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 65 turn he became an unflinching and able advocate for freedom. He possessed a clear head and discriminating mind. Iik action he was cool, deliberate, firm and decisive. His writing talent was of a high order. This was admirably developed in 1772. The governor had issued a proclamation derogatory to the constitutional rights of the people. In a series of essays published in the public papers, Mr. Car- roll triumphantly vindicated the cause of his insulted constituents-con- clusively answering and confuting the combined arguments of the governor and his cabinet in favor of the unwarranted pretensions of their master. So fully did these essays convince the people that the governor aimed at illegitimate poAver that they hung his proclamation upon a gallows and bid defiance to the minions of despotism. Before the writer was known the people instructed their representatives to record a vote of thanks to the author. When it was ascertained that Mr. Carroll was the champion who had bearded the British lion, they repaired to his house in great numbers and made the welkin ring with plaudits of thankful praise. From that time he became a prominent leader of the liberal party- an espouser of equal rights-a stern opposer of ministerial wrongs. His benign influence radiated its genial rays upon the hearts and confiriTifed the wavering minds of many in the glorious cause of Liberty. In bold and glowing colors he portrayed the aggressions of the king, the corrupt designs of his ministers and the humiliating consequences of tame submission to their arbitrary demands. He was among the first to kindle the flame of resistance and light up the. torch of Indepen- dence. He was among the first to sanction the Declaration of Rights- the last of the noble band of sages who signed it who lived to see 1832. On the 18th of July 1776 he was a member of the Maryland Con- vention convened to elect delegates to the Continental Congress. He was selected for that important station-took his seat on the 2d of Au- gust and signed the Declaration of Independence. His talents and zeal were highly appreciated by the members of Congress. He had previously endeared himself to them by a voluntary mission to Canada in conjunction with Franklin, Chase and Bishop Carroll. The object of their visit was to persuade the people of the Canadas to unite with the Colonies in throwing off the yoke of bondage imposed by the mo- ther country. The Messrs. Carrolls were Roman Catholics, the pre- vailing religion of the' Canadians. The other two gentlemen enter- tained universal charity for all good men irrespective of manufactured creeds. It was fondly hoped their mission would be crowned with 9 66 THE SAGES AND HEROES success. The defeat of the American troops at Quebec and the death of Gen. Montgomery had tin-own so much darkness over the future prospects of the American cause that they refused to enter the com- pact. Tlie consequences of that course have been fearfully developed for years and the time is not far distant when the Canadas will be free from England to the mutual benefit of both countries. On his return he was surprised to find that the Maryland delegates in Congress had been instructed by a vote of the Assembly to oppose the Declaration of Independence. His influence caused the rescinding of that vote and a reversal of the instructions. He felt a strong desire that his native state should do full service in the cause of freedom. To effect this he spent more time in her legislative hall than in Con- gress. In the formation of her constitution and laws he rendered efli- cient aid. From 1788 to 1791 he was a member of the U. S. Senate. From that year to 1801 he served in the senate of his own state. He then retired from the great theatre of public action in the rich enjoy- ment of the esteem of a nation of freemen. For thirty years he was spared to enjoy the cheering comforts of domestic felicity and survived all the others who had placed their names upon the Chart of our liberty. In his retirement he delighted in beholding the onward march of this favored country, prospering under the care of an all-wise Provi- dence-populated by a free and independent people-in rank second to no nation on earth-in enterprise traversing the globe-in genius eclips- ing the old world-in talent equal to the best. Like a majestic oak that had long braved the raging tempest, he stood alone as a signer of our Magna Charta calmly awaiting the time when he should be riven and gathered to his fathers. Gradually the world lost its former charms. More and more his mind became fixed on anticipated scenes of future and purer bliss. He seemed to ascend the ladder of faith and reach out his hand for that crown of unfading glory prepared for him by his Lord and Master. In this beatific state his soul was sum- moned from its tottering, trembling, falling tenement of clay on the 14th of November 1832. Calm and resigned he entered Jordan's flood-angels escorted his immortal spirit to Immanuel's peaceful shores ■whilst his grateful country deeply mourned and strongly felt the loss of one of her noblest sons-society one of its brightest ornaments-his relatives one of their dearest kinsmen. Charles Carroll was a man of consistency in everything. He was a devoted Christian in communion with the Roman Catholic Church but decidedly opposed to a want of charity and kind feeling. He deprecated OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 67 a spirit of persecution by one sect of Christians towards another. He was one of the few who reasoned correctly and acted wisely upon this important subject. It is a fact known to but few at this late day that the Roman Catholics of Maryland were the first who placed religious tolera- tion on a statute book in America. [See laws of Maryland 1047.'] It is also a fact that the Protestants first introduced proscription there. After the restoration of Charles II. in 1761, they obtained an order from him prohibiting all Roman Catholics from holding any office, which was in violation of the charter granted to Lord Baltimore by Charles I. upon which the colony was based. Still more. The Protestants having become the bride of the state, continued to draw more tightly the cords of persecution by authority from William III. The Catholics were taxed to support the churches of their oppressa|:s. By an act passed in 1704, the celebration of mass or the instruction of youth by a Catholic insured him transportation to England. In the land of the Puritans, the Baptist and Quaker sects were treated more rigorous, being persecuted even unto death and by those too who fled from the very persecution they practised the moment they obtained the power. So it ever has been-so it ever will be until mankind become fully and feelingly sensible that sectarianism is not religion — is not a child of Heaven-that charity is the crowning attribute of Deity-the brightest star in the Christian's diadem. During the excitement in Maryland upon the unhallowed connection of church and state, the Carrolls used their best exertions to effect a reconciliation between the parties which was never fully done until the revolution compelled sectarianism to hide its hydra head by uniting all sects in the common cause against the common enemy and forever banishing its power from our land by the adoption of our Federal Con- stitution. Men are as prone to abuse power as the sparks are to fly upward. In the life of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, we have examples rich with instruction for youth, manhood and old age-for the lawyer, the statesman, the patriot and the Christian. His career was guided by pru- dence and virtue. His every action was marked with frankness and honesty. He richly merited and freely received the esteem and venera- tion of a nation of Freemen. His private and public career were prompted and directed by a purity of motive that never fails to render a man useful in life-triumphant in death. 68 THE SAGES AND HEROES SAMUEL CHASE. Ostracism was the title of a law once in full and practical force in the Republic of Athens. It required the banishment of any citizen when six thousand of the people voted for his expulsion-there being about twenty thousand voters-thus violating the fundamental principle of a republican government-///e majority must rule and be obeyed. Ruin was the natural result. Each voter wrote the name of the citizen that was to be banished on a shell called in GxQek-Ostrakon. These were deposited as are ballots at our elections and wer^ counted by persons appointed by law. To the ruin of Athens, envy, jealousy and intrigue caused the banishment of several of her most illustrious sages and heroes who loved their country more than they did political corruption. Among them was Aristides-a noble patriot, statesman and general. When the people were voting in his case he mingled with the crowd and met an illiterate peasant who did not know him, who asked him to write Aristides upon his shell. What injury has Aristides done you ? The peasant quickly answered- None at all but I am tired of licaring him called the just. Without reveal- ing himself the patriot wrote his own name upon the fatal shell and handed it back to the deluded voter. He bowed submissively to his sentence of banishment for ten years and invoked a blessing on his enemies as he departed. A species of political persecution practically analogous to the law of ostracism commenced its career in our country as early as the American Revolution. Political cliques and venal presses have been the execu- tioners. No one of the sages or heroes of that eventful period was so severely persecuted by party ostracism after the formation of our republic as Samuel Chase who was born in Somerset County, Maryland, on the 17th day of April, 1741. He was the son of Rev. Thomas Chase who came from England to that province and became pastor of St. Paul's Parish in Baltimore, then a new country village and destitute of good schools. At the age of two years Samuel was deprived of the tender care of his mother by her premature death. Under the instruction of his father he became an accomplished classical scholar. At the age of eighteen he commenced the study of law under the direction of John Hammond and John Hull of Annapolis. At the age of twenty he was admitted to the bar of the Mayor's Court and tvi'o years after to that of the County Court and the Court of Chancery. He located at Annapolis OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 69 and filled up the rib vacuum by marrying the worthy and intelligent Ann Baldvvin-a very sensible and fair business transaction. Mr. Chase was not long in acquiring the reputation of a sound law- yer and able advocate. He was of a sanguine temperament-bold, fearless, undisguised, independent in mind, language and action but honest, patriotic, and pute in his motives-immovable in his purposes- qualities that dignify a man if prudently balanced and prepare him for just such times as the Revolution-qualities that often rouse the spirit of ostracism in those who aim to ruin those they cannot rule. These leading traits, constitutional with Samuel Chase, with the times and circumstances that influenced his judgment and governed his actions must be kept constantly in view to enable the reader to form a just esti- mate of his character which I will impartially, and plainly portray. On the flood tide of a prosperous business-celebrated for his legal acumen and forensic fame-in the full enjoyment of domestic felicity and social intercourse with friends-Mr. Chase glided smoothly along until his country began to writhe under kingly oppression. The Stamp Act, the first born of the scrofulous revenue system devised by the putrescent British ministry, met with a hostile reception at Annapolis. Mr. Chase and a band of kindred spirits under the cognomen of " Sons of Liberty," forcibly seized and destroyed the newly imported stamps and burned in efligy the stamp distributer.^ No further violence was then committed. The king's officers opened a newspaper battery against this "furious mob" directing their whole artillery against Mr. Chase complimenting him with the courtly names-*' busy restless incen- diary-ringleader of mobs-foul mouthed inflaming son of discord and faction-a common disturber of the public tranquillity-a promoter of the lawless excesses of the multitude" and other similar emphatic appella- tions-conferring upon the young patriot a diploma of distinction little anticipated by them. His answers to these vituperations were manly, charged with strong and conclusive logic-keen and withering sarcasm. The attack brought him fairly into the political field. So delighted were the people with the manner he handled the Ijirelings of the crown that they elected him to the colonial assembly. There he took a con- spicuous part and became the uncompromising opposerof all measures that were not within the pale of the constitution or were tinctured wdth oppression. So strongly was he in favor of liberal principles that he gave his whole influence and vote in favor of the repeal of the law that compelled the people to support the clergy by which the stipend of his father was reduced one-half. Pursuant to the law of primogeniture then in force this was voting money out of his own pocket. His bold 70 THESAGESANDHEROES and independent course made him a subject of persecution with the creatures of the crown and an object of pride and admiration with the people. His enemies found him a bramble full of the keenest thorns and were awfully scarified every time they approached him. His tongue, pen, logic, sarcasm-all were blighting as a sirocco wind. After the repeal of the Stamp Act a calm fn the public mind ensued but it was a calm of delusion such as precedes a tornado. The inquisi- torial rack of the ministry w^as again put in motion-fresh impositions commenced-the fire of discontent was again blown to a blaze. The Bill closing the port of Boston with directions to the King's officers to seize and send to England for trial those who dared resist the royal authority-roused the indignation of colonies that had been rather pas- sive. The Congress of 1774 was then devised of which Mr. Chase was a member. The deep solemnity, unparalleled wisdom and patient deliberations that marked the proceedings of that Congress-shed a lustre upon the cause of liberty then in embryo that forced applause from its most violent opposers. Had not the cabinet of Great Britain been blinded by sordid avarice, mad ambition and political delusion-had not the King been a mere automaton, scarcely a moving, walking, talking machine-the loyal and logical appeals from that august body of sages would have been treated with merited respect and quiet restored. The colonists asked for nothing but what was clearly right and asked in the most respectful and even suppliant manner. Ministers were left without excuse for their subsequent course. Their sacrilegious hands broke the o-reat seal of the social compact-/Ae/V agents sowed the seeds of rebel- Won-lheir cruelty kindled the flame that devoured them-/Ac/V visionary policy severed the cords of maternal affection-ZAe/r treachery spread the mantle of righteousness over the cause of the Revolution. We justly censure them for their corrupt designs but rejoice in the glorious result of their plans. Haman erected his own gallows. Grenvilie and North destroyed their own power. In 1775 Mr. Chase was returned to Congress with instructions to pursue a conciliatoi:y course contrary to his judgment but which he implicitly obeyed. He was active and persevering on committees and took a deep interest in every measure proposed in favor of freedom. He was returned to Congress the next year still trammelled wdth instructions which he truly predicted would soon be removed. In the spring of 1776 he was associated with Messrs. Franklin, Charles and Bishop Carroll on a mission to Canada to induce the people there to join in the struggle for liberty. They wanted courage to be free and still wear the yoke of bondage. On his return he was delighted to find the OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 71 question of final separation from mother Britain under consideration and boldly advocated the measure. It was the very proposition to animate llie soul of Samuel Chase. His instructions became burdensome as the discussion increased. They were removed just in time for him to record his vote in favor of that imperishable instrument that has im- mortalized the names of the signers and is the pride of every true American. The act of signing the Declaration of Rights gave him more joy than any public duty he had ever performed. A short time previous to the glorious 4th of July Mr. Chase discovered that a Judas was among them in the person of Rev. Dr. Zubly of Georgia who was clandestinely corresponding with the enemy. So bold and so suddenly did he expose the traitor on the floor of Congress that " the gentleman from Georgia " plead guilty and suddenly retired. His arrest was ordered but when the officer went to his cage the bird had flown and was never bagged. As an able statesman recently remarked, he was left in the very worst company-with himself. Mr. Chase was all industry in every position in which he was placed. In the discussions upon the Articles of Confederation he took a deep interest and active part. He considered their adoption indispensable in carrying on the good work of political regeneration. The basis of representation and the mode of voting were the two great points at issue that consumed the most time in argument. Ill the fall of 1776 Messrs. Chase, Wilson, Ciymer, Stockton and Smith were made a committee to take charge of the War Department- then the most important of either. Mr. Chase was upon the commit- tee for suppressing internal enemies and became a terror to the tories and certain Quakers in and adjacent to Philadelphia who were circu- lating papers adverse to the American cause and were in communica- tion with the enemy. A report, with documents proving the charge was submitted to Congress. Several leading members of the Society of Friends were confined-the seditious papers suppressed and a re- spectful neutrality induced on the part of that very respectable Society whose creed opposing war had led some of its members into an erro- neous interference. The tories took shelter under the wings of the British army. The course pursued by Congress was then deemed harsh by some and will still appear so to a casual reader who is not familiar with the rules of war. Agreeably to the martial code of other nations-then the precedent guide for Congress-the punishment would have been much more severe. The mildness of the sentence was an antepast of a more enlarged liberty under the new form of government. By the religious tenets of the Friends it can never be sanctioned-by 72 TUE SAGES AND HEROES every friend of liberty the necessity of such a case is always regretted. Each social compact and individual in every government must be sub- ject to the laws of the land-must submit to the ruling power that order may be maintained. In 177S the British Parliament devised a stratagem by which they hoped to create a division among the patriots. Printed papers were circulated among the people containing conciliatory and flattering pro- positions and announcing the appointment of commissioners to perfect these inglorious terms of peace. So ingeniously were these papers worded that it was deemed necessary to prepare an answer. This important task was imposed upon Mr. Chase. Most ably did he per- form his duty. He unmasked the base hypocrisy of the scheme-ex- posed the delusive gull-trap to the consuming fire of sarcastic logic- poured upon it the burning lava of ridicule and raised the indignation and scorn of the people against it to ninety degrees above zero. So well was it received by Congress that a larger number than usual was ordered printed and a resolution passed recommending all the clergy to read it to their congregations after service on Sunday. Like all the other plans the British ministers devised to enslave the colonies-it recoiled upon their own heads with all the force of fearful reaction. This brilliant display of talent closed the congressional labors of this devoted friend of liberty. He retired crowned with the rich honors of an able statesman, sage, patriot and honest man. He had stood firm at his post-a faithful public servant, a bold advocate for freedom, a safe counsellor in every emergency, a fearless champion when dan- ger pressed, an ornament to his country, a terror to the enemies of liberty. As a working man he had no superior-as a debater he had few equals. Without the mellifluous elocution of a Cicero-free from pleonastic parade-he spoke forcibly, reasoned closely, demonstrated clearly, deduced conclusively. He sought to inform the judgment, enlighten the understanding and convince by sound argument. Until the close of the struggle for freedom he continued to render efiicient service to the glorious cause and then resumed his profession in the full enjoyment of the confidence of his constituents and the consolation of an approving conscience. Soon after the close of the Revolution Mr, Chase was employed by the state of Maryland to prosecute a claim for bank stock in England and obtained for it six hundred and fifty thousand dollars. His journal shows that he was a minute observer of men and things. His high legal attainments, scholastic and legislative reputation, gentlemanly deportment, thorough business habits-combined to make a favorable OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 73 impression upon parliament, the English courts and barristers gene- rally. He was absent less than a year and accomplished more busi- ness than some would have done in five. On his return he again took his place at the Bar. In 1786 his worthy friend, Col. Howard, conveyed to him a square of ten lots in the city of Baltimore near the site of the public buildings, on condition of his locating there. He accepted the proposition and changed his residence to that city. This square is bounded by Eutaw, Lexington, Fayette and Paca streets. The mansion-house built by Mr. Chase is still owned by his descendants. In 1 788 he was ap- pointed Chief Justice of the new criminal court organized for the county of Baltimore. The same year he was a member of the Mary- land Convention that ratified the Federal Constitution. In 1791 he was appointed Chief Justice of the General Court of Maryland. In 1796 he was appointed an Associate Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States by President Washington which dignified station he filled with great ability to the time of the illness which terminated his life. He v;as considered one of the ablest judges upon the bench. When he presided in the lower courts his decisions, when carried up to the higher legal tribunals, were seldom reversed. His expositions of law and charges to juries were plain, learned, luminous, logical, profound. His manner was forcible, impressive, commanding. With all this lustre clustering around him, encircled by the sacred halo of great and acknowledged services in the cause of Independence, still green and fresh in the memory of millions-Judge Chase was placed in the crucible of unrelenting ostracism prompted by political animosity created by the lofty independence of thought and expression constitu- tional with him and which prompted him to act a bold and conspicu- ous part when the vials of British wrath were poured out upon our bleeding country. As I shall attempt carrying him through his perse- cutions unscathed the critical attention of the reader is requested. He was a federalist-I am an old school democrat and go for the compro- mises and our UNION. In January 1804, John Randolph obtained the passage of a resolu- tion in the House of Representatives of the United States instituting an inquiry into the official conduct of Judge Chase. As a hypocritical salvo the name of Judge Peters was joined with his. No one was more competent and no one could be more persevering than was Mr. Randolph in his gigantic etforts to destroy Judge Chase. The com- mittee to which the resolution was referred reported on the 6tli day of the ensuing March, acquitting Judge Peters and recommending the 10 74 THESAGESANDHEROES impeachment of Judge Chase, the real object of poHtical revenge. On the 26th of the same month articles of impeachment were reported based upon the following premises. In 1800 Judge Chase presided on the bench of the U. S. Circuit Court at Philadelphia, assisted by Judge Peters of the District Court of Pennsylvania when and where John Fries was put upon his trial a second time for high treason against the Conunonwealth of Pennsyl- vania, owing to some informality in his previous trial before Judges Iredel and Peters. Having been fully informed of the points of law at issue and of the proceedings at the first trial, Judge Chase had pre- pared an elaborate exposition of the law upon treason without referring to a single fact in the case. With the approval of Judge Peters he furnished a copy to the counsel for defendant, the District Attorney and reserved one for the jury after the trial should be completed. Messrs. Lewis and Dallas, counsel for the prisoner, affected to consider this a pre-judgment of the case and permitted Fries to be tried without the aid of counsel-unquestionably intending and successfully succeed- ing in creating a general sympathy that procured his pardon imme- diately after conviction. Fries subsequently called on Judge Chase and thanked him for his impartial and generous course upon the trial. The whole matter was then looked at in its true light-a ruse of inge- nious counsel. No one attributed bad motives to the bench. The approval of honest clear-headed Judge Peters is conclusive proof that Judge Chase was judicially right-p-Zma/acie. evidence that his motives were pure. He had written an opinion upon the laic-not upon the facts of the case. This he had frankly furnished to the counsel-not to the jury before the trial. He was bound to explain the law to the grand jury before they should proceed to their business-to the traverse jury when he gave them their charge. This constituted the first charge in the articles of impeachment. Shortly after the trial of Fries he presided at Richmond, Virginia, when and where one Callendar was tried under the Sedition Law for publishing a libel upon the President. During the trial Judge Chase refused the admission of certain testimony offered on the part of the prisoner which exasperated those who were opposed to the law in question. He honestly believed the law salutary as a check upon the venality of the press-others thought differently. Right or wrong-his oath of office bound him to act under the law so long as it remained in force. That his decision was legally correct must be presumed from the fact that under the great excitement then existing no writ of OP THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 7^ error was taken in the case. This formed the foundation of the second charge. From Richmond he proceeded to New Castle, Delaware, where he presided, aided by Judge Bedford. In his charge to the grand jury- he gave his views frankly upon the Sedition Law that they might fully understand what constituted a breach of its provisions, knowing that one or more cases of its violation would come before them. As an illustration he alluded to certain matter published in a high-toned party paper printed in that district that violated the provisions of this law. This gave great offence to the opposite party. The allusion to the paper was legal under any circumstances by way of explanation but may be considered uncourteous until we understand that it went immediately into the hands of the grand jury as testimony which made it in all respects a legitimate document to be alluded to by him. Ingenuity could not then nor with its prolific growth could it nox6 con- strue the act into a pre-judgment of the case. The publication was before him-he alluded to that but to no individual. It was clearly a violation of the meaning and intent of the law-who published it was left for the jury to determine if they could. This constituted the ground of the third article of impeachment. In delivering his charge to the grand jury in 1803, Judge Chase made sundry remarks upon the politics of the day reflecting upon cer- tain acts of the democratic party. This was a surplusage of duty but not cause for impeachment. It resulted from his sanguine tempera- ment, the great political excitement of that period-not from any im- purity of motive. He beheved laws had been passed for party purposes that were unconstitutional. If he was in error then, his position has often been verified since. Freedom of speech is a constitutional privi- lege-he used the same liberty practised by his opponents and which was not then trammelled by the obnoxious Sedition Law. It was not a proper time or place to read a political lecture but it does not follow that his designs were corrupt or his conduct criminal. The ermine of a judge is not beautified by being powdered with the farina of politics- his right to think and speak upon the subject none will question. If he speaks at an improper time and place it is an error-not a crime. He animadverted upon the change of the right of suffrage in the con- stitution of his own state to which he had strong objections. With him many of the devoted patriots of the revolution deemed the elec- tive franchise unsafe with ignorant men who did not fully comprehend and appreciate their rights. The reasons for this opinion. grow less as intelligence increases. In some of the states a property qualification 76 OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. is still necessary to entitle a man to vote and in others he must be a freeholder to entitle him to hold certain town ofhces. An anxiety to preserve the government pure unquestionably pervaded the bosom of Judge Chase. In concluding his charge he spoke strongly against the changes that had been made in the judiciary system of the United States. He attri- buted them to party politics-deemed them personal in their object and not conducive to public good in their operations. As these related to his official duties they were legitimate points for remark. It was a mat- ter of course that a man like him should comment freely and severely upon what he conceived a personal and public wrong. He never dined at the half-way house. In all that has been presented I can find nothing to impugn the honesty of his intentions or the purity of his motives. Upon these premises six articles of impeachment were framed at first and at the next session of Congress two more were added-lhe natural increase of a year. On the 2d of January 1805 Judge Chase was arraigned before the Senate of the United States. A majority of the members were politically opposed to him. but amongst them were men who loved justice more than party. The herculean powers of John Randolph were brought to bear upon him in the full plenipotence of their force. The trial continued until the first of March except a short recess. A portion of this time the Judge was confined by illness. He was ably and successfully defended by Messrs. Martin, Hopkinson, Harper and Key. Of five of the charges he w-as acquitted by a majority of the Senate. A constitutional number could not be obtained to convict him on the others-he stood approved, acquitted, triumphant over his enemies at the highest tribunal of his country-looking upon his collossal van- quished political foes, with mingled pity and contempt. He had never doubted the favorable result and properly regarded the prosecution as a political bagatelle. From that period to the time of his last illness his peace was undis- turbed. He continued to be an ornament to the judiciary, an honor to his country, the faithful friend of human rights and equal justice. On the 19th of June 1811, surrounded by his family and friends, he bade a last farewell to sublunary things and died peaceful and happy. A large number of relatives, an extensive circle of friends and a grateful nation mourned his loss. In the character of this great and good man we find no corruption to condemn-many strong and brilliant traits to admire. As a revolutionary patriot he stood on a lofty eminence-as a statesman he rendered many and important services-as a lawyer he enjoyed a high reputation-as a OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 77 judge he sustained an exalted position. All the charges against him have been faithfully spread before the reader. The result of their inves- tigation caused his powerful enemies to weave for him a higher eulogium than language can express. I find no evidence of guile in his heart. He felt strongly-expressed his opinions freely and acted sincerely so far as we can judge from the record. -f~ Against his private character slander and malice never directed an arrow. He was in all respects above suspicion. He was a kind husband, an affectionate father, a warm friend-an open, honorable, scarifying opponent. His sanguine temperament was calculated to gain strong friends and violent enemiesl He handled his political opposers with great severity which accounts for the mighty effort made to ostracise him from the Bench. He possessed a noble and benevolent disposition- was a friend to the poor and needy, to education and to everything that enhanced the happiness of those around him and the human family. Under his benefaction the celebrated William Pinkey was educated and made a man. He often referred gratefully to his benefactor in after life- He was an active member of St. Paul's church and did much to promote practical piety, sound morals and social order. His force, vigor, decision of character and stern integrity were well calculated for the period in which he lived. If he sometimes offended by soaring above the non- committal system of technical politics, it resulted from the strong com- bination of conflicting circumstances that uniformly attend the period of a revolution, the formation of a new government and the asperity of high toned party feeling operating upon the sensitive feelings of an ardent, patriotic, honest, independent mind. ABRAHAM CLARK. A large proportion of the most substantial and useful men who have filled the measure of their country's glory and enrolled their names on the scroll of fame, were not ushered into public notice under the streamer of a collegiate diploma fluttering in the fickle wind of popu- larity. A clear head, strong common sense, an investigating and analyzing mind, with a judgment matured in the school of experience, are the grand requisites to prepare a man for sterling usefulness. With- out these you vainly pour upon him the classic stream. It is like water poured upon the interminable sand-it invigorates for a moment, then sinks and leaves the surface dry and unproductive. If there is no sub- stratum to retain the appliances of irrigation, the soil is not worth the 78 THE SAGES AND HEROES labor. I do not undervalue high seminaries of learning and highly appreciate a liberal education. I only wish to correct the opposite extreme that is gaining rapidly among us, of placing too high a value upon them, making a classical course the grand requisite of prospective usefulness. I also wish to encourage those who have talent and only a good English education, to expand their wings of usefulness and imitate the examples of Franklin, Sherman, Abraham Clark and others who have graced the theatre of human action without the aid of a col- legiate education. If they do not soar like eagles they may still be useful for there is more good to be achieved and more need of labor in low life than high. An humble bird saved Rome. Abraham Clark was born at Elizabethtown, Essex county. New Jersey on the 15th of February 1726. He was the only son of Thomas Clark who held the office of Alderman, at that time a dignified station filled by men of merit. He was a farmer, a man of strong common sense and instilled into the mind of his son the enduring principles of moral rectitude that governed his actions through life. He received a good English education and was designed for the ennobling pursuit of agriculture. Of a slender frame and feeble constitution he was unable to endure hard labor but continued to superintend the improvement of the paternal domain left him by his father. He was an accomplished mathematician and was extensively employed in surveying and con- veyancing. He was also an elementary lawyer and a safe gratuitous counsellor. He often saved his friends from the vexatious labyrinth of litigation by assuaging the angry elements of passion and leading them to the pure fountain of equal justice. He was called the poor man's counsellor and did much to allay disputes and promote harmony among his neighbors. He enjoyed the blessing pronounced on peace makers. His decisions were based on correct legal principles and impartial justice. He was often selected an arbitrator in different counties to settle disputed land titles. His knowledge and legal acquirements, united by an acute judgment, became so highly appreciated, that he was appointed by the Assembly to settle the claims to undivided com- mons. He filled the office of sheriff-was appointed clerk of the Legis- lature-doing credit to himself and dignifying every station he occupied. As he became known to the public his talents were more highly appre- ciated-not because they kindled to a blaze calculated to excite the huzzas of the multitude one day and possibly receive their execrations the next-but because they exemplified unwavering rectitude, strict justice, moral worth and disinterested patriotism. When the vials of oppression were poured upon his native colony by OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 79 the mother country Mr. Clark was among the first to contend for liberal principles and equal rights. Cool, reflective and deliberate-he had the confidence of his fellow citizens and exercised a wise and salutary- influence over them. His actions flowed from the pure fountain of a good heart guided by a clear head and a mature judgment. He weighed impartially and felt most keenly British injustice towards the colonies. He was an active and bold leader in primary meetings firmly opposing the unreasonable claims of the crown. He was a prominent member of the Committee of Safety and did much to consolidate that phalanx of sages and heroes which stood firm and unbroken amidst the storms of wrath poured on them for seven years. He had a peculiar talent to rouse his fellow citizens to action on all proper occasions, always moving within the orbit of sound discretion. In June 1776 he took his seat in the continental Congress where he fully sustained his previous high reputation for patriotism and good sense. To such men as him we owe the liberty we now enjoy. Revo- lution is too often the offspring of faction. When so, the successful actors, after annihilating the power assailed often plunge into tenfold corruption. Demagogues may rouse the angry passions of the multi- tude to a curling flame but it requires such men as Franklin, Sherman and Clark to ride upon the whirlwind,, direct the tornado and rule the storm of passion. They could guide the liquid streams of mental fire and conduct them harmless in their course. Although the American Revolution did not originate in fanaticism- the centrifugal zeal of many of its able advocates carried them beyond the orbit of prudence. Upon such men Mr. Clark exercised a happy influence. Although they may not be able to make a flowery speech of three hours or three days at the expense of thousands to our nation- yet it is to such men we must look for the perpetuity of our UNION. It is for them to steer the ship of State clear from the rocks and shoals of error and avoid the breakers of rashness, intrigue and corruption. They are the neutralizers of the inflammatory gases that fly from the fiery craniums of many of our legislators who are more classical than discreet-more in the forum than in the committe room-more anxious to advance their party than the good of their country. Mr. Clark was warmly in favor of the Declaration of Independ- ence. For this strong and important measure he had long been pre- pared from a strong conviction that no reasonable or honorable terms would be sanctioned by the ambitious and haughty ministry of Great Britain. He believed that abject slavery awaited the colonists unless the gordian knot of allegiance was cut at one bold stroke. On the 4th 80 THE SAGES AND HEROES of July 1776, his affirmative vote and signature upon the chart of Liberty proved his sincerity and gained for him the approval of his conscience and the approbation of admiring miUions. He was continued in Congress for seven consecutive years, except spending one session in the state legislature. Owing to his naturally strong and highly cultivated mind, great industry and extensive fund of practical knowledge, he was one of the most useful members of the national legislature. From 1783 to 1788 he was a member of the legislature in his own state. So great was his influence that every act that excited public attention was attributed to him. Mr. Clark was a strong advocate for the Convention that framed the Federal Constitution. He was appointed a member but extreme illness prevented his attendance. In 1788 he was again elected to Congress. At the next congressional election he was defeated for the first time. This reminds me of the law of Ostracism in the Republic of Athens under which many of its citizens were banished by the same demagogue party spirit that has banished many of our best men from the political arena. Mr. Clark was then appointed to the import- ant station of commissioner to settle the state accounts with the general government. At the ensuing election the people, upon a sober second thought, again elected him to Congress of which he remained a member up to the time of his death. He died in June 1774 from the effects of coup de soliel [a stroke of the sun] in two hours from the time he was taken ill. Mr. Clarke was truly pious, a pure patriot and an honest man. He was a faithful public sentinel, a kind and aftectionate friend, an honor- able and generous opponent. His death was deeply mourned by our nation and most keenly felt by his numerous personal friends. His fame is worthy of the highest encomiums-his example should be more closely imitated. GEORGE CLYMER. Learning makes the man, is an adage too old to be used as a quo- tation but which time or angels can never stamp with truth. Unless the man is made by the Creator of all good, learning cannot do it. The mental powers of man are as diversified as the soils of earth and as well deserve classification. Upon the minds of some we may pour a continued stream from the fountain of knowledge but like the desert of Sahara they are barren of fruit or flower. Upon other minds OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 81. laborious efforts produce an improvement but never enrich them. Their upper crust is too Hght-their substratum too porous to retain the fructifying substances lavished upon them. Others yield a liberal harvest by good culture and become valuable by use. Like the allu- vial prairies, others are adorned with fruits and flowers. They only require the introduction of seed to afford all the rich varieties of products that may be desired. Expose them to the genial rays of the sun of science-the germs of genius will immediately spring up-the embryo forms will bud and blossom like the rose. The mental powers of George Cly'mer were composed of a deep and prolific mould capable of producing the richest fruits. Fortunately for our country it was not appropriated entirely to ornamental flowers and blooming shrubbery but to the substantial fruits that invigorate and support life. He was born in Philadelphia, Pa. in 1739. His father removed to that city from Bristol, England and died when George was but seven years old. William Coleman, his maternal uncle, took him into his family, treated him as a son and made him heir to most of his property. Beipg a literary man he gave his nephew every facility for the acquirement of a good education. He had an extensive library and rejoiced to see it explored by young George who manifested an early taste for reading and investigated critically every subject that came before him. He traced it through all its meander- ings to its primeval source. This trait in his character rendered him vastly useful in the momentous concerns of his subsequent life. He dug deep and laid firmly the foundations of his education-the super- structure was on a firm basis. From the seminary George went into the counting-house of his uncle and became thoroughly acquainted with the mercantile business in which he finally embarked. This caHing was too precarious to suit his equipoised mind. He was opposed to sudden gains or losses- the one elated the mind too much-the other depressed it too low- destroying the divine equilibrium calculated to impart the greatest happiness to man and assimilate him to his Creator. He believed a virtuous equality in life more conducive to the prosperity of a nation than to have the majority of wealth wielded by a favored few. The former tended to republicanism-the latter to aristocracy. He was in favor of equal rights, a patriot of the Roman school, a philanthropist of the first water-opposed to all monopolies. His genius was of thai original order, that, like some comets, visit our world only at long intervals. It traversed the circuit of human nature, metaphysics, phi- losophy, physiology, ethics and general science without an apparent . 11 82 THE SAGES AND HEROES effort-drawing from each conclusions peculiarly its own. lie was a virtuoso, an amateur, a deep logician and an acute mathematician. A love of liberty was itmate with him. His mind was richly stored with the history of other times and nations-he was well versed in the principles of law and government-he understood the chartered rights of his country and felt, most keenly, the increasing infringements upon them by the very power that was bound by the laws of nature, man and God to respect them. He was among the first to resist the oppres- sors of his country and proclaim to his fellow-citizens the principles of freedom. At the tea meeting held by the people of Philadelphia on the 16th of Oct. 1773, his powerful reasoning, deep sincerity, ardent zeal and enthusiastic patriotism-commanded the admiration of all who heard him. Free from pedantry and naturally retiring-his powers of mind were known only to his immediate friends. From that time his talents were claimed as public property. He was compelled to sur- render possession without the formality of a mandamus, quo warranto certiorari or appeal. When the final crisis arrived-when the shrill war-cry came rushing through the air from the heights of Lexington, Mr. Clymer took com- mand of a company under Gen. Cadwalader and repaired to the tented field He was a member of the Council of Safety and had served on most of the committees to prepare petitions, remonstrances and other measures of redress. On the 29th of July 1775 Congress called him from the camp to aid Michael Hillegas in managing the public trea- sury. He subscribed liberally to the loan raised for the public service and placed all the specie he could raise into the public chest and took in return ephemeral paper. His examples and influence caused many to rush to the rescue regardless of consequences. In July 1776 he was elected to Congress aft'er the 4th and on taking his seat placed his name upon the Declaration of Independence. A part of the preceding delegation from Pennsylvania, finding the Declaration of Rights would be adopted, were seized with crown fits and nothing but absquatu- lating powders promised any relief to the spasmodic attack. As secu- rity for the payment of this medicine they put in leg bail and vanished. The people promptly filled their places with men who dared to be free. In September of that year Messrs. Clymer and Stockton were sent by Congress to visit the northern army and confer with Gen. Wash- ington upon future arrangements. In December of the same year Congress retired to Baltimore in consequence of the approach of the enemy, then devastating New Jersey. Mr. Clymer was one of the OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 83 committee left to superintend the public interests and brave the perils that were rushing on like a tornado. He was re-elected to Congress and in April 1777 was again upon a visiting committee to the army to confer with Washington upon all subjects that required prompt atten- tion which were neither few, small or far between. In the autumn, of that year a fresh momentum was given to the patriotism of Mr. Clymer. He had removed his family and goods to Chester county. Immediately after the battle of Brandywine the tories led the British to his house who destroyed a large amount of his property. His family fled just in time to be saved the worse than savage tortures inflicted upon every prominent patriot's wife and mother they could seize. This sacrifice upon the altar of liberty strengthened him in the cause of freedom imparting fresh vigor to his exertions. Such conduct on the. part of the British operated as a talisman in consolidating the colonies in one solid phalanx of unyielding opposition. Its eloquence soared above all words-it was action-action-action-demoniac action. In December 1779 Mr. Clymer was one of a committee sent to Fort Pitt to induce the Indians to desist from hostilities. The mission con- sumed four months and was principally executed by him alone, nar- rowly escaping the tomahawk during his absence. It was found ne- cessary to carry the war into the Indian settlements. During the year after his return he devoted his time in raising supplies for the army then in a very destitute condition. In 1780 he was again returned to Congress and served until November when he was associated with John Nixon in the organization of the Bank of North Ame»ca which contributed largely in raising the prostrate credit of the government and yet stands upon a firm basis with fair prospects of surviving whilst our Republic continues. In May 1782 he was associated with Mr. Rutledge on a mission through the Southern States to induce them to meet more promptly the requisitions for supplies. During the entire period of the Revolution he devoted his whole time to the ser- vice of his country and discharged every duty faithfully. He stood high as an able and efficient co-worker in the vineyard of Liberty and when the harvest was past and the war ended, he retired from the field crowned with living honors enduring as the historic page. When peace was proclaimed he removed to Princeton, N. J. for the purpose of resting from his toils and educating his children. The en- suing year he was persuaded to return to Philadelphia. He was im- mediately elected to the legislature and contributed largely in cutting from the old Constitution and laws of his native state the obnoxious branches of tyranny that still clustered around them. He stripped the 84 T II ESAGESAND HEROES penal code of its inquisitorial features and originated and successfully advocated the abolishment of death in all cases except for murder in the first degree. He was the father of the salutary penitentiary sys- tem now in full force at Cherry Hill near the city of Philadelphia- solitary confinement and labor. It may not be known to every reader that prisoners were formerly compelled to labor in chains, often in public places. The superiority of solitary confinement over all other modes of punishment has been fully demonstrated and is in a slow course of adoption throughout the confines of civilized humanity. The mind of Mr. Clymer was prolific and happy in plans of useful- ness and utility. To benefit his country and better the condition of mankind was his constant aim. To effect this he saw the necessity of reducing every department of government to system and order. Ame- rican Independence was achieved-to preserve it by reconcili;ig con- flicting interests, green-eyed jealousies, incongruous clamors and ima- ginary evils, was a herculean task only in embryo. He hailed with joy the convention to form the Federal Constitution and had the plea- sure of being a member. The result of the labors of that body was charged with a deeper interest than the war-struggle for victory over the invading armies of England. It involved the fate of our infant Republic-then trembling on the verge of ruin. One more plunge and it would have been lost in the gulf of primeval chaos. The conflict was between members of the same family who had fought the enemy in one solid unbroken phalanx-now this band of brothers were sepa- rated bydocal interests and sectional jealousies. To bring the issue to a safe termination it required the deepest sagacity, the acutest wisdom, the most matured judgment, the profoundest legal learning, the most disinterested patriotism, the most exalted charity and the purest spirit of conciliation. Happily for our country and the cause of liberty these noble principles predominated-the glorious work was accom- plished in which Mr. Clymer participated largely. This noble patriot was elected to the first Congress that convened under the Federal Constitution. He was a stern republican in every thing. He was very properly opposed to tacking any titles to the name of any public man except that of the office which he held. Excellency, Honorable, &c., he considered to be what they really are-shadows of a shadow, too vain and imbecile for a freeman. He was wisely opposed to the right of instruction from his constituents because they must decide without hearing evidence or argument and were themselves uniformly directed by a few designing men actuated by motives based on prejudice or ignorance. He could not be made the passive tool of demagogue OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 85 power or the automaton of party spirit. We greatly need many more of the same sort at the present time. In the organization of the general government he took a very active part. Every subject presented to Congress he analyzed with the acumen of a sage, philosopher and states- man. He was continued a member until 1790, when he made an effort to close his public career. But this he was not permitted to do. Under the Act of Congress passed in 1791, imposing a duty on distilled spirits Mr. Clymer was appointed to enforce its collection in his own state. In Pennsylvania this law produced the whiskey rebellio?i which required military force to restore order. No display of force could prevent Mr. Clymer from the performance of his duty. He appointed collectors in the different counties, advising the people to submit to the law whilst in force and pursue the constitutional remedy for its repeal if they believed it wrong. During the height of the excitement he mingled freely with the mobocracy when but few men would have been spared if clothed with the same office. When order was restored he resigned his situation. The last public service he consented to render was in conjunction v^'ith Colonels Pickens and Hasskins in negotiating a treaty with the Creek Indians which was consummated on the 29th of June 1796. He then retired to enjoy the fruits of his labors without any to disturb or make him afraid. He had periled his life, fortune and honor for his countr}^- he had been her fearless advocate amidst the storms of revolution, civil discord and open rebellion-in his retirement he saw her peaceful, pros- perous and happy with the illustrious Washington directing her destiny to fame and glory. The measure of his ardent desires was filled-he asked no more. Although retired from the more prominent public arena, Mr. Clymer did not seek for inglorious ease-he remained active through life. He took a deep interest in every kind of improvement and to many extended his fostering care. He was a friend to the laboring classes and became familiar with the principles of agriculture and the mechanic trades. Among his private papers are many drawings of plans for bridges, canals, and various kinds of machinery and implements of husbandry with numerous recipes relative to the fine arts. Like Franklin he extended his researches to almost every subject within the grasp of man and extracted the essential oil from each. He always sought for solid substance that was of substantial use. He was opposed to pedantry, pomp and parade. He was what would now be called a plain blunt man. His bluntness was not of an offensive kind to common sense men. It consisted in laconic truth dressed in republican simplicity-a garb that was much admired then but is quite out of fashion now-a. change of 86 THE SAGES AND HEROES rather doubtful utility Although he originated many important measures in the national and state legislatures, he seldom spoke in the forum and ■was often unknown to the public when the author of wise and salutary propositions. He was ambitious only to do good and was not anxious that his name should be wafted on the breeze of popular applause or sounded in the high places of the earth. To be instrumental in benefitting the human family was the ultimatum of his soul. When the importance of a subject induced Mr. Clymer to rise in debate he was listened to with profound attention. As a speaker his example is ■worthy of all imitation. Without any effort at refined eloquence he expressed in strong language what he strongly felt. He came directly to the point-adhered closely to it in a strain of keen, cutting, conclusive and laconic reasoning avoiding recrimination-was always brief, often casting into the shade in a few moments the labored and finely dressed speeches of his opponents that had cost them days, perhaps weeks to prepare and hours to deliver. He aimed his blows at the syllabus of their finely spun arguments and often demolished their ornamented super- structure at one bold stroke with the damask blade of sound logic drawn from the scabbard of plain common sense and wielded by the vigorous arm of lucid reason. This useful man closed his earthly career at the residence of his son in Morris villc, Berks County, Pa., on the 23d of January 1813-most deeply mourned by those who knew him best. He was of the middle size, well formed, fair complexion, with a countenance attractive, intel- ligent, ingenuous, pleasing and expressive of a strong mind. In the private walks of life he was a model of human excellence. He was pro- verbial for punctuality in all things, if only to take a walk with a friend or present a promised toy to a child. In conversation he was agreea- ble and instructive-illuminating and enlivening the social circle with apothegms, aphorisms and pungent anecdotes-imparting pleasure and intelligence to all around him. In all this he was modest, chaste and discreet-avoiding any appearance of superiority, never making personal allusions even to his opponents. He spoke ill of no one and rebuked slander whenever he discovered it. His morals w^ere of the purest order- his philanthropy of the loftiest kind. As a public servant, a private citi- zen, a kind husband, a faithful father, a warm friend, an honorable opponent and a noble patriot-George Clymer had no superior. He visited the widow and the fatherless in their distress and relieved them. He kept himself unspotted from the world and did all the good in his power. His were the fruits of primitive Christianity as taught by the Apostles. Let his examples be imitated by all-then our UNION is safe. OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 87 JOHN DICKINSON. Frugality is an old fashioned virtue that is deeply covered with the alluvion of modern extravagance. With a large proportion of the com- munity-economy is no longer a governing principle. More generaHy is this the case with public bodies and associations. When we look at the enormous and worse than useless expense of public buildings a large proportion of them are marked with an extravagance far from republican simplicity-large expenditures without enlarging comfort or convenience. Girard College is an example in point. A large portion of the money expended on that too splendid structure, was diverted from its legitimate channel— ^/le support and education of the poor orphaji. It is a tolerated— not an excusable error. So with many other public buildings erected with money drawn directly and indirectly from the hard earnings of the people. As inconsistent as it is-professing Christians have adopted this error with a vengeance-although the great Author of Christianity was born in a stable-cradled in a manger and preached his thrilling soul- cheering sermons in the open air. As churches are now conducted-how great the change-how alarming the contrast. The landmarks of primi- tive Christianity are buried by the alluvion of human inventions. Mil- lions are expended in building extravagant edifices-furnishing them with velvet, damask or other cushions-the congregation involved in debt-the poor necessarily excluded-when half the amount contracted would have been suflicient and the other half should have been expended to alleviate the wants of the suffering poor and in sending the Gospel of Peace to the destitute. Extravagant professed followers of the lowly Jesus-think of this when you rise from reposing-perhaps sleeping on your gaudy church cushions. Think of the birth place of your Lord-of his life of poverty-his friendship to the poor-his constant eflforts to do them good— of the habits and limited comforts of his disciples~and more-think how destitute you are of the very foundation of true religion-HUMiLixY. How will you answer for these things at the searching tribunal of the great Jehovah ? Even your funerals are marked with an extravagance that should be reduced to an amount that would leave a sum sufficient to make your poor neighbors comfortable for a long time. If you would honor the religion of tne immaculate Redeemer-learn and practice frugality-enlarge your charity and adorn your conduct with consistency. With the true patriots of the American Revolution frugality was pro- verbial. Independence Hall, built of plain brick and mortar, was deemed 88 THE SAGES AND HEROES sufficiently splendid for the accommodation of the master spirits of that eventful era. A plain yard, with native forest trees for an ornament, was satisfactory. Now nothing but a marble structure, surrounded by exten- sive highly ornamented pleasure grounds, at an expense of millions, will answer for the legislators of this anti-republican era. The dear people are no longer consulted relative to the expenses of our government-to pay is their only privilege. Iniported extravagance-imported customs- apish imitations of European usages-are fast driving republican sim- plicity from our once happy land. If the people tamely submit to these gross innovations. they will ultimately reap the bitter fruits of their culpa- ble neglect of duty. Among the sages of the American Revolution, John Dickinson figured conspicuously. He was born in Maryland in 1732. After acquiring a good education he read law and had a lucrative practice in the city of Philadelphia. He was elected to the legislature at an early age and became a prominent member-an eloquent speaker and ready writer. He was a member of the General Congress in 1765 when he boldly exposed the unwarranted conduct of crown officers urged on by corrupt ministers. In 1767 he published a series of letters- boldly exposing the unconstitutional features of sundry acts of parlia- ment. They contributed largely towards preparing the people for that resistance which resulted in freedom. Mr. Dickinson was a member of the important preliminary Con^ gress of 1774 and wrote the lucid petition to the King that emanated from that body. He was the author of the declaration published by the Congress of 1775 which ably set forth the causes that impelled the down-trodden colonists to take up arms and resolve on victory or death. The second petition to the King was from his pen and adopted by Congress. All his writings were well suited to the occasions that induced them and were eminently calculated to advance the cause of the patriots. He was slow to believe England could not be brought to see and relinquish her suicidal course. He believed the Declaration of Independence premature and did not vote for it. He had great confidence in his own persuasive powers. His opposition to the De- claration of Rights caused his constituents to give him leave of absence. He subsequently sanctioned it and repented of his error. In 1779 he was again elected to Congress and became a zealous, active, useful member. The following extract from an address, adopted by Congress on the 26th of May 1779, is from his pen. " Infatuated as your enemies have been from the beginning of this contest do you imagine they can flatter themselves with a hope of con- OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 89 quering you unless you are false to yourselves ? When unprepared, undisciplined and unsupported-you opposed their fleets and armies in full conjoined force-then, if at any time, was conquest to be appre- hended. Yet, what progress towards it have their violent and inces- sant efforts made ? Judge from their own conduct. Having devoted you to bondage and after vainly wasting their blood and treasure in the dishonorable enterprise-they deigned at length to offer terms of accommodation with respectful addresses to that once despised body- the Congress-whose humble supplications, only for peace and safety, they had contemptuously rejected under pretence of its being an un- constitutional assembly. Nay more-desirous of seducing you into a deviation from the paths of rectitude from which they had so far and rashly wandered, they made most specious offers to tempt you into a violation of your faith given to your illustrious ally." "Foiled again and stung with rage, embittered by envy-they had no alternative but to renounce the inglorious and ruinous controversy or to resume their former modes of prosecuting it. They chose the latter. Again the savages are stimulated to horrid massacres of wo- men and children and domestics to the murder of their masters. Again our brave and unhappy brethren are doomed to miserable deaths in jails and prison-ships. To complete the sanguinary system-all the ' EXTREMITIES of War' arc denounced against you by authority. * * Rouse yourselves, therefore, that this campaign may finish the great work you have so nobly carried on for several years past. What na- tion ever engaged in such a contest under such a complication of dis- advantages so soon surmounted many of them and in so short a period of time had so certain a prospect of a speedy and happy conclusion. We will venture to pronounce that so remarkable an instance exists not in the annals of mankind. * * * Consider how much you have done and how comparatively little remains to be done to crown you with success. Persevere and you insure peace, freedom, safety, glory, sovereignty and felicity to yourselves, your children and your children's children." * * * " Fill up your battalions-be prepared in every part to repel the in- cursions of your enemies-place your several quotas in the constitu- tional treasury-lend money for public uses-sink the emissions of your several states-provide effectually for expediting the conveyance of supplies for your armies and fleets and for your allies-prevent the pro- duce of your country from being monopolized-effectually superintend the behaviour of public officers (what a poser if the dear people should do this imperious duty now) diligently promote piety, virtue, brotherly 13 90 THE SAGES AND HEROES love, learning, frugality and moderation and may you be approved before Almighty God-worthy of those blessings we devoutly wish you to enjoy." Here is a bright specimen of the republican principles that governed the public officers and people of the Revolution. They are too simple for the present portentous era of imported extravagance and customs- too pure for the politicians of our time. They will be read with ap- proving admiration-but few will put them in practice. My. Dickinson filled the office of President of Pennsylvania and sub- sequently removed to the state of Delaware and there filled the same chair. His political writings were collected and published in 1810 making two volumes octavo. His famous " Farmer's Letters to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies" were so highly prized by the astute Franklin that he had them republished in London and sent a French translation to Paris. But few of the sages did as much with their pen as this patriot. He lived to enjoy the fruits of his labors to a good old age. He resided at Wilmington, Delaware, for a long time where he closed his earthly pilgrimage on the 15th of February 1808. He was a member of the Society of Friends. His private character was without reproach. WILLIAM ELLERY. Contracts fairly entered into by parties competent to make and consummate them should be sacredly fulfilled in the minutest particu- lars. Individuals and social compacts from the common business firm up to the most exalted national engagements are bound by the laws of God, man and honor to keep inviolate their plighted faith. A devi- ation from the path of rectitude in this particular is uniformly attended with evil consequences and often with those most disastrous. The party that violates its obligations without a justifiable reason and espe- cially if it attempts to advance its own interests regardless of, perhaps injurious to those of the other, comes to court with a bad cause. I have repeatedly remarked that the American Revolution resulted from a violation of colonial chartered rights by the mother country. To enter into a full exposition of the relations between the two high con- tracting parties would require more space than can be allowed in this work. Reference to some of the cardinal points in a single charter will give the reader a clue to them all. Some of a later date are OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 91 rather more limited in privileges than that of Rhode Island to which I refer. This charter secured religious freedom, personal liberty, personal rights in property-excluding the king from all interference with the local concerns of the colony and was virtually republican in its provi- sions. One of the early Acts of Parliament referring to Rhode Island contains the follov/ing language. " That no person within the said colony at any time hereafter shall be in any way molested, punished, disquieted or called in question for any difference of opinion in matters of religion that does not actually disturb the civil peace of said colony." The loyalty of the inhabitants up to the time oppressions commenced was unquestionable. The ancient records give full evidence of the fact. The addresses to the king begin thus. " The general Assembly judgeth it their duty to signify his majesty's gracious pleasure vouch- safed to us." Extract of a letter written to Sir Henry Vane in Eng- land. " We have long drunk of the cup of as great liberties as any people we can hear of under the whole heavens. We have not only been long free, together with all English, from the yokes of wolfish bishops and their popish ceremonies against whose grievous oppres- sions God raised up your noble spirit in parliament but we have sitten down quiet and dry from the streams of blood spilt by war in our na- tive country. We have not known what an excise means. We have almost forgotten what tythes are, yea or taxes either to church or common weal." In addition to other declaratory acts of Parliament sanctioning and continuing chartered privileges generally in all the colonies, one was passed in March 1663, involving the very hinge upon which the ques- tion of the Revolution turned. Extract-" Be it further enacted- TViflf no taxes shall be imposed or required of the colonies but by the consent of the General Jlssembly"-mean\ng the General Assembly of each colony separately and including the whole. This single sentence of that decla- ratory act, based upon a cardinal point in the British constitution and guarded by the sanctity of charter contracts that could not be annulled but by the mutual consent of the high contracting parties, solves the problem of the Revolution. Having lived in the full enjoyment of char- tered privileges which had become matured by the age of more than a century, the colonists would have been unworthy the name of men had they tamely submitted to their annihilation. To the unfading honor of their names-fAey did not submit. A band of sages and heroes rose in all the majesty of man-met the invaders of their rights and drove them from Columbia's soil. 92 THE SAGES AND HEROES Among ihcm was William Ellery, born at Newport Rhode Island on the 2d of December 1727. His ancestors were from Bristol, England. He was the son of William Ellcry a graduate of Harvard College and an enterprising merchant. He filled many public stations and became one of the first men in the colony. Pleased with the docility of his son he became his instructor and prepared him for college. He entered Harvard and became a close and successful student. He was delighted with the classics and was enraptured with the history of ihe ancient republics. So great was his veneration for ancient authors that he con- tinued his familiarity with them to the moment of his death. He was one of the most lucid classic philologists of that age. He graduated at twenty and commenced the study of law. In that ever expanding field of labor he was all industry and was admitted to the bar with brilliant prospects before him. Located in one of the most delightful towns on the Atlantic, surrounded by a large circle of friends who desired his success, blessed with superior talents improved by a refined education, esteemed by all who knew him-his situation was truly agreeable. He possessed an amiable disposition, a strong mind, a large share of wit and humor, polished manners and a vivid animation in conversation that dispelled ennui from every circle in which he moved. With these accomplishments he spread his sails to the public breeze. He commenced a successful practice at the bar of Newport and realized the fond anticipations of his friends. He was highly honorable in his course and had the confidence of the citizens, the respect of his professional brethren and the esteem of the courts. To make more complete his standing and importance in community he entered into partnership with a most estimable lady until death should them part. The firm proved prosperous and happy. Up to the time British oppres- sion commenced, his days passed peacefully and quietly along with an accumulating fortune flowing in. When the revolutionary storm loomed up from the horizon he became roused. A new impetus was given to his mental and physical powers. His townsmen were the first who had dared to beard the British lion. On the 17th of June 17G9, in consequence of the oppressive conduct of her captain, the revenue sloop Liberty belonging to his Britannic majesty was forcibly seized by a number of citizens in disguise who cut away her masts, scuttled her, carried her boats to the upper part of the town and committed them to the flames under the towering branches of a newly planted Liberty Tree. This act was followed by another on the 9th of June 1772 in which blood was shed-that of seizing and burning the British schooner Gaspee. This was made a pretext for more severe measures by the OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 93 hirelings of the crown who reconnmended to Parliament the disfran- chisement of the colony. The revolutionary ball was in motion at Newport. In ihe midst of these turmoils Mr. Ellery was with the people and for freedom. He went for the preservation of rights that had become sacred and venerable by age and had the high sanction of the laws of man, of nature and of God. In 1774 he approved a sug- gestion made in a letter from Gen. Greene-that the colonies should de- clare themselves independent. This spirit took fast hold on the people of Rhode Island at the very inception of the Revolution. In 1770 Mr. Ellery was elected to the Continental Congress. His constituents left him to act free as mountain air. He stood up to the post of duty boldly and became an active member. He was fully pre- pared to advocate and sanction the Declaration of Independence. An agreeable speaker, master of satire, sarcasm, logic and philosophy-he exercised a salutary and judicious influence. He was appointed on several important committees and rendered efficient service. Upon the marine committee he was the leading man. He was a strong advocate for the navy. Many of his constituents were bold mariners. He felt a just pride in referring to his fellow citizen-Commodore Ezek Hopkins, as the first commander of the little fleet of the infant repub- lic. It was he who took New Providence by surprise-seized a large amount of war munitions amongst which were one hundred pieces of cannon-took the royal Governor, Lieutenant Governer and sundry others of his majesty's officers prisoners and gave an earnest of the future glory to be achieved by Yankee seamen. When the time arrived for the final question upon the momentous instrument that was to be a warrant of death or the diploma of free- dom, Mr. Ellery was at his post and fearlessly gave it his approving vote and sanctioning signature. With his usual vivacity he took his stand by the side of the Secretary, Charles Thomson, for the purpose of observing the apparent emotions of each member as he came up and signed the important docunaent. He often referred to this circumstance in after life and said an undaunted resolution was observed on every countenance. He was continued a member of Congress until 1785- fuU evidence of the high estimation in which he was held by his con- stituents. In 1777 he was upon the committee that originated the plan of fitting out seven fire ships to annoy the British fleet and had the credit of suggesting and perfecting it. When the enemy obtained possession of Newport their vengeance against this noble patriot was manifested by burning all his property within their reach. This did not move the equanimity of his mind 94 TIIESAGESANDnEROES only to make him more zealous in the glorious cause of liberty. In 1778 he strongly advocated a resolution making it death for any citizen- alias tory who should betray or aid in delivering into the hands of the enemy any of the adherents of the cause of freedom or give any intel- ligence that should lead to their capture. He spent nearly his whole time in Congress and toiled incessantly. In 1779 he was on the com- mittee of foreign relations which had the settlement of some very unpleasant difficulties between the United States and the foreign com- missioners. He was chairman of a committee to provide provisions for the inhabitants of Rhode Island who were destitute of the neces- saries of life. From year to year he was arduously employed on most of the standing and many other important committees. JMarine difficulties occurred between the general government and some of the states arising from a difference of opinion relative to the powers con- ferred by the Articles of Confederation. A committee was appointed to define those powers of which INIr. Ellery was the leading member. This committee determined that all disputed claims were subject to appeal from the Court of Admiralty to Congress where the facts and law were to be fully settled. On all occasions and in all situations he was diligent and punctual. When he discovered any long faces or forlorn countenances in Congress the artillery of his wit and humor was sure to pour a broadside upon them and often dispelled the lower- ing clouds that hung gloomily over the minds of members. In 1782 he was an efficient member of the committee on public accounts the duties of which were large and perplexing. Speculation and peculation had rolled their dark waves over the public business of the nation-to do justice to all who presented claims was a problema- tical matter. In 1784 he was upon the committee to act upon the definitive treaty with Great Britain. He was upon the committee to define the power of the Treasury Board-the one upon Foreign Rela- tions and the one upon the War Office. To crown his brilliant labors in Congress with resplendent glory, he advocated the resolution of jNIr. King to abolish slavery in the United States. His whole force was brought to bear upon this subject in a strain of forensic eloquence and powerful logic that added fresh lustre to the substantial fame he had long enjoyed. Then the subject was legitimate for Congiess-7ioio it belongs to each state interested. In 1785 Mr. Ellery retired from political life and repaired to his now peaceful home to replenish his ruined fortune and enjoy the blessings of the Independence he had so much aided in consummating. In the spring of 1786 Congress made him commissioner of the National OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 95 Loan Office for Rhode Island. Shortly after he was elected Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of his native state. On his accession to the Presidential chair, Washington appointed him Collector of Cus- toms for Newport which station he ably filled until he took his tran- quil departure to a brighter world. The evening of his life was as calm and mellow as an Italian sunset. Universally esteemed-he enjoyed a delightful intercourse with a large circle of friends. Honest, punctual and correct-he had the confidence of the commercial com- munity in his official station. During the thirty years he was Collec- tor of Customs, a loss o^ only two hundred dollars upon bond accrued to government and upon that bond he had taken five sureties. He spent much of his time in reading classic authors and in corresponding with eminent men. But three weeks before his death he wrote an essay upon Latin prosody and the faults of public speakers. His bible was a favorite companion from which he drew and drank the living waters of eternal life. Always cheerful, instructive and amus- ing-his company was a rich treat to all who enjoyed it. His writings combined a sprightliness and solidity rarely found. His death was as remarkable as it was tranquil and glorious. It was that of a Christian and philosopher. On the morning of the 15th of February 1820 he rose in usual health and seated himself in the flag-bottom chair which he had used for fifty years and which was a relic rescued from the flames when the enemy fired his buildings. He commenced reading TuUy 's Officiis in his favorite Latin without the aid of glasses the print being no larger than that of a pocket bible. During the morning the family physician called in and seeing him very pale felt his wrist and found his pulse had ceased. He administered a little wine which gave a transient impetus to the purple current. The phy- sician spoke encouragingly to whom Mr. Ellery replied-" It is idle to talk to me in this way. I am going off" the stage of life and it is a a great blessing that I go free from sickness, pain and sorrow." Be- coming extremely weak his daughter helped him on the bed where he sat upright and commenced reading Cicero de Officiis with the same composure as if in the full vigor of life. In a few moments his spirit left its tenement of clay without a motion, groan or sigh-his body still erect with the book under his chin as if asleep. William Ellery was dead-relations and friends wept-our nation mourned. Thus usefully lived and happily died one of the brightest specimens of human excellence. His whole career presents a rare and rich pic- ture upon which the imagination may feast with increasing delight and which cannot be rendered more beautiful or interesting by the 90 THE SAGES AND nEROES finest touches of the pencil of fancy dipped in tlic most brilHant colors of ronuince. lie was of the middle stature, well formed, with a large head, an intelligent and expressive countenance, moderate in his phy- sical movements and with all his vivacity generally had a grave aspect. He was temperate, plain and uniform in his habits and dress and could seldom be induced to join in chase after the ignis fatuus-F ashion. For many years before his death his wardrobe was of an order be- longing to a by-gone generation. His courtesy and hospitality were always conspicuous-the whole frame-work of his character was em- bellished with all the rich varieties of amiable and good qualities- uniting beauty with strength which ever gain esteem in life and tran- quillity in death. Reader contemplate this bright picture until its im- press is so deeply fixed upon your mind that nought but death can erase it. WILLIAM FLOYD. Lexicographers define ambition to be an earnest desire of power, honor, preferment, pride. Some who study party politics more than philosophy, physiology or ethics, call all the laudable desires of the heart AMBixioN-aiming to strip the monster of its deformity that they may sail under false colors and play the pirate whenever an opportu- nity offers. The power that is gained by ambition is held by a slen- der tenure-often a mere rope of sand. Its hero may receive the hom- age of the multitude one day and be the victim of their fury the next. The summit of vain ambition is often the depth of misery. Based on a volcanic foundation it is in constant danger of an eruption. Inflated by a gaseous thirst for power, like a balloon with hydrogen, it is liable to an explosion from the very material that elevated it. Predicated on self-it spurns philanthropy, banishes charity, tramples on justice, despises patriotism, deals largely in the corrosive sublimate of false- hood, the elixir vitriol of reveUge-the assafoetida of duplicity. Like a kite, it cannot rise in a calm and when up, is subject to fly from its fastenings and be rent by the cross currents ever in motion. The ful- crum of ignorance and the lever of party spirit form its magic power. Some European writers have charged the patriots of the American Revolution with selfish ambition. They may be excused for this sup- position from the fact that this is the motive power of their actions and they can understand no other. Very different was the fact. Private virtue, broad charity, genuine philanthropy, undisguised patriotism OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 97 were marked characteristics of those who achieved our Liberty. They were actuated by pure and honest motives-not by wild ambition and poHtical frenzy. Noisy partisans and intriguing demagogues were not the favorites of the people at that trying period. The man of genuine worth and modest merit was the one they delighted to honor and trust. In the character of William Floyd these qualities were happily blended. He was born at Suffolk county, Long Island, State of New York on the 1 7th of December 1734. He was the son of Mr. NicoU Floyd and the grandson of Richard Floyd who came from Wales in 1680 and settled at Setauket, Long Island. During his childhood William was remarkable for frankness, truth, docility and pleasing manners. He was an industrious student and acquired a liberal edu- cation. During the prosecution of his studies he devoted a short pe- riod almost daily to his gun in pursuit of game which gave him health- ful exercise and a strong frame. His father died before William arrived at his majority leaving him an ample fortune. This he managed with prudence and economy. From his youth he had been the advocate of liberal principles. At manhood he became a prominent opposer to tlie iimovations of the British ministers upon the chartered rights of Americans. As oppression increased his patriotic feelings were more frequently and freely expressed. He was an active and zealous mem- ber of the Congress of 1774. He had the unlimited confidence of his constituents-the esteem of all who knew him. His cool deliberation and calm deportment were well calculated to preserve an equilibrium among those of a more fiery temperament and rashness in action. That Congress was remarkable for clear and unanswerable argument, calm and astute discussion, wise and judicious plans-reasonable but firm purposes. The course pursued operated powerfully and favorably upon the minds of reflecting men whose influence it was important to secure. Mr. Floyd had command of the militia of the county in which he lived. When the British attempted to land at Gardner's Bay he promptly assembled the yeoman troops and repelled the invading foe. In 1775 he was again at his post in Congress and became one of its very efficient members. He was a working man and almost con- stantly engaged on important committees. During his absence the enemy obtained possession of Long Island and compelled his family to flee to Connecticut for safety. His property was materially injured- his house converted into a military barrack and for seven years he was deprived of all resources from his farm. In 1776 he was a warm 13 98 THE SAGES AND HEROES advocate of the Declaration and with great satisfaction placed his name upon that sacred instrument. In 1777 he was elected to the first Sen- ate of the Empire State convened under the new order of things. He was a leading member and rendered important services in forming a code of republican laws. In January 1779 he again took his seat in Congress and entered vigorously upon the work before him. In August of that year he resumed his seat in the New York Senate. Much important business was before the legislature, requiring experience, energy and unity of action. To raise the pecuniary credit of the state was of great import- ance. Mr. Floyd was at the head of a joint committee on this subject and reported a plan that proved him an able financier-a man of deep thought and investigation. It was based upon gradual, equal and just taxation. In October of that year he was one of three delegates ap- pointed by his legislature to meet a convention of the Eastern States for the purpose of perfecting a system of furnishing supplies for the army without being compelled to sutler the enormous shaves of avari- cious monopolists. On reading the account of the awful sufferings and privations of the army at certain periods of the Revolution and in view of the glory of the cause and the limited means of carrying on the un- equal struggle, an honest man can scarcely believe men then existed who would speculate-yes move-peculate upon suffering humanity. So was the fact to an alarming extent-at least three millions a year. Avarice knows no mercy-seldom any honesty. On his return from this convention he repaired to Congress. On the 3d of December he was elected one of the Board of Admiralty and on the 13th a member of the Treasury Board. By incessant application his health became impaired and in the ensuing April he obtained leave of absence. In June he took his seat in the New York Senate and was appointed upon a joint committee to act upon resolutions of Con- gress involving the important relations between the state and general government. He unsuccessfully opposed making bills of credit a legal tender but lived to see the law repealed. In September he was one of a committee of the senate to prepare a reply to the governor's message. To effect a proper organization of the general government was a desideratum with all the states. To this important subject the governor had specially referred. To_ confer upon Congress all neces- sary power clearly defined, was considered the only safe policy to insure future harmony and safety. This committee reported several resolu- tions upon this subject which were adopted and forwarded to Congress for consideration. They recommended the enactment of laws that OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 99 should impose an equal responsibility on each of the states to bear its pro rata proportion of the war expenses in the way and manner prescribed by the general government. In 1780 he again took his seat in Congress. An important and delicate duty devolved upon the New York and New Hampshire members under legislative acts-the subject of disputed territory com- prising the present state of Vermont, The question was submitted to Congress, the members of each state advocating the claim for their constituents. In this matter Mr. Floyd rendered great service. During the same session he introduced a resolution for the cession of the western territories to the United States. On the 10th of August he nominated Robert L. Livingston to be Secretary of Foreign Affairs whose nomination was immediately confirmed. He was continued a member of Congress up to 1783 when he joined in the general soul- cheering peace and the freedom of his beloved country. He then retired and took possession of his once flourishing plantation amidst the sincere congratulations of his numerous friends, all animated by the resplendent glories of Liberty. That he might repair the ruin of his home he declined the urgent solicitations of his friends to return to Congress. He continued to serve in the senate of his native state up to 1788 when he was elected to the first Congress under the Fede- ral Constitution. Worn out in the service of his country he retired from the public arena at the end of the term. ' *' Owning a large tract of valuable wild land upon the banks of the Mohawk river he commenced gradual improvements upon it and in 1803 removed there. He was often urged to return to Congress but declined all legislative labors. With the exception of serving one year in the state senate and in the convention for the revision of the New York Constitution in 1801, he kept aloof from the turmoils of political life. He was four times a member of the Electoral College of his state for the election of President and Vice President. So ardent were his feelings in his old age that he travelled two hundred miles in the dreary month of December 1806 to give his vote for his old com- panion and friend-Thomas Jefferson. ' He continued to improve his new home until he became surrounded by happy neighbors all basking in the clear sunshine of that freedom he had largely aided in acquiring. In all things he was systematic and practical-free from pomp and vanity-strong in his purposes and persevering in their accomplishment. He was blessed with a clear head, vigorous mind, good heart, sound judgment, great experience and a close knowledge of men and things. As a politician he was 100 THE SAGES AND HEROES free from selfish ambition and went for his coimtry-his whole country and the UNION for ever. He spoke but seldom in public assemblies and rarely entered into debate. Brighter would be the prospects of our UNION if we now had more men Uke William Floyd who would talk less and work more. Long and often electioneering speeches hang over our legislatures like an incubus and prevent the few who are well-disposed from doing the business of the people promptly. General Floyd was of middle size, well-formed and commanding in his appearance. He was dignified in his deportment-affable in his manners. His physical powers were remarkable when in his prime. In all the relations of private life he was a model as worthy of imita- tion as that of his public career. He was warm in his friendship and rigidly honest. His morals were pure, his religion practical, his charity broad-his philanthropy co-extensive with the human family. For the last two years of his life his health was not good and on the 20th of August 1821 he was seized with general debility and on the 25th of that month, folded his arms quietly, closed his eyes peacefully and met the cold embrace of death with the fortitude of a sage, patriot and Christian. Although Gen. Floyd did not possess the Ciceronean eloquence of a Lee or the Demosthenean powers of Adams and Henry, he was one of the most useful men of his day and generation. He marked out his path of duty from the reflections of his own mind and pursued it strictly and fearlessly. For more than fifty years he enjoyed the con- fidence of his fellow-citizens as a public man and but one year before his decease was made a member of the Electoral College. His exam- ple and his labors shed a lustre over his character as rich and enduring as those who were conspicuous in the forum. He was an important link in the golden chain of Liberty. He was a working man-work- ing men were then properly appreciated. The congressional speakers of that day were also more highly appreciated than nine-tenths of them are now for the very good reason that they were laconic on all subjects. Long speeches were as uncommon as they are now frequent and useless. If we desire the prosperity of our country and the per- petuity of our UNION let us imitate the examples of the patriots whose actions we delight to rehearse and preserve in its pristine purity the rich boon of liberty they have transmitted to us. OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 101 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. A man who is self-made and by his own exertions and untiring indus- try becomes a great man, often excels the mere student of the college in mental vigor as much as the hard fisted mechanic excels him physically. The former, usually without the means and often without the advan- tages of paternal or maternal care, is compelled to become familiar with men and things, without a knowledge of which, the classics are a mere toy and the high branches of science only an ornament. With the never ending every day concerns of life where usefulness holds her dominion they have little to do. A man of letters who is unacquainted with the routine of business transactions is incapable of protecting his own interests-of course he cannot be useful to community until he goes through another and more important course of study. A great change is neces- sary in most of our colleges to make full men of students. Hence the blasted hopes of many a fond father who is led astray by the popular error-that colleges mould all their students into men. A large majority of the most useful citizens of our country, from its first settlement to the present time, never enjoyed a collegiate education. Especially was this the case with many of the sages and heroes of the Revolution whose memory we delight to honor and perpetuate. Such was the case of Benjamin Franklin, born at Boston on 17th of January 1706-exactly ninety years before the writer. His father was among the Puritans who fled from persecution and sought repose in the wilds of Massachusetts. His parents were poor but honest and respecta- ble. This may seem paradoxical to the aristocracy of the present day- but is unquestionably true. The time was when poverty was not a crime nor wealth a mask for corruption. Honesty and industry were formerly the brightest stars on the escutcheon of fame. At an early age Benjamin Franklin exhibited a mind of superior cast and a strong desire for improvement. His pious parents advanced his education as far as their limited means would enable them being anxipus to see this son prepared for the pulpit. At the age of ten years his father was compelled to take him from school to aid him in the chandler busi- ness. This did not arrest the onward course of his genius. Original in every trait of his character, eccentric in his manner, the child of bold experiment, he commenced the study of natural philosophy in the midst of candle wicks, tallow and soap. He first ascertained the precise quantity of sleep and food requisite to sustain nature and the kind of 102 THE SAGES AND HEROES aliment most conducive to iiealth. At that early age he adopted a sys- tem of temperance, frugality and economy, worthy the imitation of men. He accustomed himself to meet every disappointment without a murmur. He continued to improve his mind by reading during every hour he was not at labor. Nothing passed by him unnoticed. His expanding intel- lect drew philosophy from nature, things and men. He reasoned, analyzed, moralized and improved from everything he saw. Hence the vast and rapid expansion of his towering genius that ultimately com- manded the awe of kings and the admiratiort of the world-comprehending the philosophy of mind, nature, science, art, government-all the relations of creation from the dust under his feet-the myriads of animalcule in a drop of water, up to the bright seraphs in the skies and up to Nature's God. A mind like his would not long be confined in a chandler shop. Open and honest at all times and under all circumstances, he apprised his father of his wish to change his occupation. He was bound to his brother to learn the art of printing. His industry enabled him to master his profession rapidly. All his leisure moments were employed in study, thus preparing himself for a useful and glorious career through future life-leaving a bright example worthy the imitation of every apprentice in our country. So intently bent on the acquisition of knowledge^he often preferred his book to his meal and studied whole nights-defying the commands of Morpheus. He was paid a weekly sum for his board and adopting a simple vegetable diet was enabled to save money for the purchase of books. He selected them with reference to substantial usefulness. He studied with enthusiasm 'the Memorabilia of Xenophon and found a model in Socrates which he delighted in imitating. About this time he was seized with the scribbling mania. Committing the usual error of youthful authors-he offered his first sacrifice to Cal- liope the goddess of heroic poetry. The production was applauded but his father turned his rhyming propensity into ridicule and encouraged him to write prose. Fearing the shafts of criticism, he had several articles published in the paper edited by his brother, in so clandestine a manner that the author was not suspected. Finding that they were admired, he says his vanity did not long keep the world ignorant of the writer. Flattery from others caused him to assume an air of importance that soon resulted in an open rupture between him and his brother. For some time he endured a course of harsh treatment and at length resolved to free himself from the chains of bondage. He embraced the first OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 103 opportunity for New York. Not being able to obtain business there he proceeded to Philadelphia on foot and alone. On his arrival he had but one dollar-was a stranger only seventeen years of age and knew not where to go. On entering Market street his eccentric appearance excited the gaze of the multitude as much as his gigantic talents subse- quently did the gaze of the world. He had a roll of bread under each arm and proceeded to the margin of the Delaware river and partook of his bread and pure water. His pockets were enormously enlarged with the various articles of his wardrobe rendering him a fair representation of old Boniface. There were then but two printing offices in Philadelphia. In one of these he obtained the situation of compositor. He now reduced his theories of economy to successful practice maintaining himself at a trifling expense-pursuing a correct and industrious career which gained for him the esteem of all his acquaintances. Among others, his talents attracted the attention of Sir William Keith, then Governor of the pro- vince, who invited him to his house and treated him with great kind- ness. The Governor was a man whose liberality in promises went beyond the dust in his purse. Anxious to see his young friend placed in more prosperous circumstances by his benefaction he proposed to set him up in business. He at once gave him letters to London. On his arrival there, Franklin found that no pecuniary arrangements had been made for him by his tongue benefactor. He was in a strange land, without money to pay his return passage. He took a new lesson in the school of experience in which he delighted to study. Disappointment did not deject him. He soon obtained employment and gained the con- fidence and esteem of his new acquaintances. At the end of eighteen months he embarked for Philadelphia. On his passage he digested a set of rules for future action substantially as follows. I resolve to be frugal-to speak truth at all times-never to raise expectations not to be realized-to be sincere, industrious, stable-to speak ill of no man-to cover rather than expose the faults of others and to do all the good I can to ray fellow men. Upon this foundation, formed of the unadulterated materials o^ primi- tive Christianity, he raised a superstructure, more beautiful and as enduring as the proudest memorials of Greece and Rome. When the whole human family shall adopt and fully exemplify these rules, we may hope to see millennial glory eclipse the meridian sun and cover the earth with one broad sheet of celestial light. He arrived at Philadelphia on the 11th of October 1726 and became the clerk of the merchant who owned the goods brought over by the 104 THE SAGES AND HEROES ship in winch he took his passage. His proverbial industry made him as successful in the counting house as at the press-showing a rare ver- satility of talent. His future prospects in this new sphere of action brightened as time rolled on but were suddenly blasted by the death of his employer. He then returned to the types-worked a few months for his old patron where he found a partner with more money than skill and with him commenced a lucrative business. His industry and artistic talents were now put in full requisition. He manned his wheel- barrow in collecting material for business-put nature on short allow- ance and by punctuality and perseverance gained many valuable friends and money enough to purchase the interest of his partner who had become worthless and embarrassing to the firm. Up to this time Franklin had been fortune's foot-ball. His life had been a complete checker board of changing vicissitudes, blasted hopes and keen disappointments. Amidst all the stormy trials that had tossed his youthful bark on the surges of misfortune-surrounded by the foam- ing breakers of vice in all its delusive and borrowed forms-he never became tarnished by corruption or the commission of a bad or mean action. The moral and religious principles deeply planted in his mind during childhood by parental instruction-were as lasting as life-a happy illustration of tiie faithfulness of parents towards their children. Fathers and mothers think of this and govern yourselves accordingly. Having become liberated from his business partner, he felt the neces- sity and propriety of choosing one that would fill up the vacuum in his side and share with him the joys and sorrows flesh is heir to. In 1730, he entered into partnership for life with a widow lady whose maiden name was Read, for whom he had contracted an attachment previous to her first marriage. In him she found a kind husband-in her he found an agreeable and discreet companion. Philanthropy predominated in the heart of Franklin. To belter the condition of his fellow men gave him exquisite pleasure. The rules governing the "Junto" formed by him and now merged in the " Thilo- sophical Society," exhibit a superior knowledge of human nature-illus- trating clearly the duty of man to the creature and Creator. They breathe universal charity, kindness, benevolence and good will to all mankind. Among them is one for the suppression of intemperance-a prophetic prelude to the exertions of the present day in this noble cause. He had profited by the experience of the past which enabled him to steer clear of the rocks and quicksands of error on which many are ruined and lost. His bark had outrode many a storm-prosperity was his future lot. His new partner smiled upon him, his friends OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 105 esteemed him, a life of usefulness was before him-in the pleasures of the present, past pains were lost. In 1732 he commenced the publication of the "Poor Richard's Al- manac" which he continued up to 1737, circulating 10,000 copies an- nually. Although under a humble title it was a work of great merit and usefulness-being replete with maxims and rules calculated for everyday use in the various relations of life-rules and maxims of the highest importance to be known and practised but not learned in high seminaries. So highly was it prized in Europe that it was translated into several languages. He also commenced the publication of a news- paper which was conducted with great ability-free from all personal abuse and scurrility-a messenger of truth and wholesome instruction. Would to God the same could be said of all the present public prints. Franklin continued to pursue his studies-mastering the French^ Italian, Spanish and Latin languages. By the " Junto" a small library w^as commenced which was the nucleus to the present large collection in the city of Philadelphia. He wrote and published a highly interest- ing pamphlet on the necessity of paper currency. He added to his literary fame by the production of essays on various subjects written in his peculiar style. He filled successfully the office of state printer, of clerk to the Assembly and of post-master in Philadelphia. He used unwearied exertions to perfect the municipal regulations of the city. He was the father and patron of the Philosophical Society, the Penn- sylvania University and Hospital. All the enterprises in the city and province, of that time, were either originated by him or were advanced by his wisdom and counsel. In 1741 he commenced the publication of a General Magazine filled with much useful matter but less acceptable than his former produc- tions to many-probing, as it did, litigated points in theology. It was too universal in its charity to suit sectarians. Let these barriers be removed-then the gospel will have free course-run and be glorified. The mechanic arts were also improved by him. He brought to their aid philosophy, chemistry and a combination of science, economy and the laws of nature. He improved chimneys-constructed a stove and proposed many useful and economical corrections in domestic con- cerns from the cellar to the garret-from the plough to the mill. Sci- ence bowed to his master spirit, the arts hailed him as a patron, the lightning obeyed his magic rod and nature was proud of her favorite son. In 1744 he was elected to the Assembly and continued a member for ten consecutive years. Although not a popular speaker, his clear 14 106 THE SAGES AND HEROES ■ conceptions of correct legislation and the duties of a statesman gave to him an influence over that body before unknown. In all his proposi- tions he was listened to with profound attention. During the period he was serving his province in the Assembly he explored the fields of experimental philosophy-explaining many of the mysterious phenomena of nature which spread his scientific fame to the remotest bounds of the civilized world. His discoveries in elec- tricity were sufficient to have immortalized his name. He is the first man on record who imparted magnetism to steel-melted metals-killed animals and fired gunpowder by means of electricity. He was the first who reduced to practice the method of conducting the electric fluid from the clouds to the points of steel rods and by them harmless to the ground. All the elements-fluids, air, sea and land with their millions of various substances, passed in review before him. In 1753 he was sent to Carlisle, Pennsylvania, to conclude a treaty with the Indians. In 1754 he was a delegate to the Congress of Com- missioners which met at Albany to devise means of defence against the anticipated hostihties of the French and savages. He then sub- mitted a plan that was unanimously approved by the Congress but was too republican for the creatures of the king. On the decease of the Deputy Postmaster-General of America, Franklin was appointed to fill the vacancy and raised the department from embarrassment to a fruitful source of revenue to the crown. Difficulties arose between the proprietaries and government of the province of Pennsylvania, which were referred to the mother country for adjustment. Dr. Franklin was sent by the province to guard its interests and embarked for England in June 1757. He executed the duties of his mission with his usual ability and address-the difficulties ■were settled and in 1762 he returned. He was then variously em- ployed-regulating the Post-Office Department-making treaties with the Indians and devising means of defence on the frontiers. New troubles arose between the proprietaries and assembly and in 1764 Dr. Franklin again sailed for England, with instructions to ob- tain the entire abolishment of proprietary authority. On his arrival he was called upon to perform more important and perilous duties. The plan for taxing the colonies had been long agitated and was now matured by the British ministry. This project he had boldly opposed at the threshold and was now arraigned to answer numerous accusa- tions brought against him by the enemies of liberty. On the 3d of February 1766, he appeared before the House of Com- mons to undergo a public examination. He was found equal to the OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 107 task-his enemies were astounded at his boldness, logic, dignity and skill, whilst his friends were filled with admiration at the able manner he confuted every accusation and defended the rights and interests of his native country. Amidst the attacks of artifice and insolence of power he stood unawed-unmoved-firm as a granite rock. He re- mained in England eleven years as the agent of the colonies, opposing the encroachments of the ministry upon the rights of Americans. During the whole time the combined efforts of flattery, malice and intrigue could not intimidate or ensnare him. He well understood the etiquette, corruptidhs and devices of diplomacy. He never bowed his knee to Baal or kissed the hand of a king. The relations between the two countries had now arrived at a point so significant that Franklin returned to his long neglected home. His person was not safe in England-his services were needed in his now suffering country. He arrived in Philadelphia early in May 1775. He was received with great enthusiam and immediately elected to the Con- tinental Congress. To this august body he added fresh lustre and dignity. In England he had exhausted every source of prospective reconciliation between the two nations. He feared the colonies were too weak to achieve their Independence but his course was right onward with his col- leagues-resolved on LIBERTY OR DEATH. The talents of Franklin were put in constant requisition. He was always selected to meet the agents of the crown who were at various times commissioned to offer terms of inglorious peace. He always proved himself the uncompromising advocate of Liberty-the shrewd and wary politician-the bold and zealous defender of the rights of his bleeding country-the unflinching friend of universal freedom. The disasters of the American army during the campaign of 1777, induced Congress to apply to France for aid. All eyes were turned on Franklin to execute this important mission. In October 1777 he embarked to perform this delicate embassy and succeeded in concluding a treaty of alliance with that nation on the 4th of February 1778, to the great joy of himself and his suffering countrymen. When the news of the alliance reached England, the ministry was much alarmed and despatched messengers to Paris to endeavor to induce Franklin to enter into a com- promise with Great Britain. The terms rendered the eflTort too abortive to make him the bearer of even a message to Congress. To Mr. Hutton and others who came to him with the olive branch of peace, wreathed with scorpions, he replied-" I never think of your ministry and their abettors, but with the image strongly painted in my view of their hands red and drop- ping with the blood of my countrymen, friends and relations. No peace 108 THE SAGES AND HEROES can be signed with those hands unless you drop all pretensions to govern us — meet us on equal terms and avoid all occasions of future discord." He met all their intrigues at the threshold and convinced them that the hardy yoemanry of America could not be dragooned, flattered or driven from the bold position they had assumed. During the several interviews he had with these commissioners, Franklin was cautioned by Mr. Heartley to beware of his personal safety which had been repeatedly threatened. He thanked his friend and assured him he felt no alarm- that he had nearly finished a long life and that the short remainder was of no great value and ironically remarked-" Perhaps the best use such an old fellow can be put to is to make a martyr of him." If it required all the skill and energy of a Franklin to ?iegoli(ite a treaty of alliance with France, it required the combined skill of all Con- gress to preserve it. The French is the most effervescent nation known to history. A republican form of government is ever repugnant to kingly power. That the French officers and soldiers in the American army would drink freely at the fountain of liberal principles no one could doubt. That the thrones of Europe would be endangered on their return was truly predicted. By this very natural course of reasoning the British ministry exerted a powerful influence against the continuation of the alliance. Franklin and his colleagues anticipated all their dark intrigues- , penetrated and frustrated them up to the time Great Britain was com- pelled to comply with the terms of an honorable peace and acknowledge the Independence of the United States of America by a definitive treaty of peace concluded at Paris on the 3d of September 1783. Although anxious to be discharged from further public service it was not until 1785 that Franklin was permitted to return to his beloved country where he could breathe the pure air of republican FREEDom-no longer polluted by kingly power. During his stay he concluded treaties of commerce between the United States and the Kings of Sweden and Prussia. On his departure from Europe every mark of respect was paid to him by Kings, courts, Hicrati and by all classes of society whose adulation the loftiest ambition could desire. He was beloved by the millions-his departui^e was deeply regretted by all. His reputation was the personification of purity. At the age of eighty years; borne down by disease, he returned to Phila- delphia. He was hailed with enthusiastic joy, afi^ection, esteem and venera- tion by all the friends of liberty-from the humblest citizen up to the illus- trious Washington. He had been a pillar of fire to the American cause- a pillar of smoke to the enemies of human rights. As Thurgot truly observed-" He snatched the thunder bolt from Jove and the sceptre from OF THE AMERICAN KEVOLUTION. 109 Kings." He stood-the Collossus of Liberty among the monarchs of Europe and wrung from them the homage due to a nation that dared to be FREE. Notwithstanding his advanced age and his ardent desire for retire- ment, he was placed in the gubernatorial chair of Pennsylvania and in 1787 elected a delegate to the Convention that formed the Federal Constitution. Many of the bright traits of that important instrument received their finishing touch from his master hand. He was anxious to see his long nursed theory of a republican government reduced to as perfect system as its infancy would permit. He well knew, that for its manhood and old age additional provisions would be required. As necessary as this now is, so sacred has that instrument become that the mass would deem it sacrilege to disturb its long repose. It might be made to meet more fully the wants of an expanding country in some particulars but if once disturbed might be polluted by the apoplectic touch of party spirit and never recover from the shock. Caution is the parent of safety. Early in 1790, Dr. Franklin was confined to his room by his infirmi- ties but his mental powers remained in full vigor. Some of the strongest and most soul-stirring productions from his pen were written during his confinement. Early in April he began to fail more rapidly. He was fully sensible that he stood on the confines of eternity and that he should soon go to his final rest. On the 17th of April 1790, calm and resigned-cool and collected-peaceful and happy-he commended his spirit to Him who gave it-quitted this vale of tears with a full assurance of rising to a glorious immortality at the final resurrection and slumbered quietly and sweetly in the arms of death with a full assurance that his Lord and Master would rebind him in a new and more beautiful edition fully revised. By his will he prohibited all pomp and parade at his funeral. He was anxious that the mournful obsequies of his burial should be marked with republican simplicity. He was laid in his grave on the 21st of April. It is in the northwest corner of Christ Church yard in the City of Philadelphia, where a plain marble slab-once even but now below the surface of the earth, shows where his ashes repose. By the side of his moulders the dust of his amiable wife. His death was deeply lamented throughout the civilized world. Con- gress ordered mourning to be observed throughout the United States for thirty days. The event was solemnized in France and many elo- quent eulogies pronounced. The national Assembly decreed that each of its members should v/ear a badge of mourning for three days. The 110 THE SAGES AND HEROES sensation produced there by his death was similar to that evinced by our country on the death of La Fayette. In the recapitulation of the life of this great and good man we are charmed with a versatile richness that has no parallel on the historic page. He filled every sphere in which he moved to the remotest lines of its orbit. No matter how bright the galaxy around him he was a luminary of the first magnitude. He entered upon the stage of action at a time when the world needed just such a man and continued upon it just long enough to complete all he had commenced. He was found equal to every work he undertook and always stopped at the golden point-when he had finished. He was emphatically the architect of his own fortune. No chartered college can claim him as a graduate-no patron rendered him gratuitous aid. Let the young men of our country imitate his examples that they may become useful-let our public men who have in charge our national destiny imitate them that they may be wise-let old men imitate them that they may be revered-let us all imitate them that we may do all the good we can to our fellow men in life and be happy in death. HORATIO GATES. War is a calamity to be deprecated at all times. Its history, from its sanguinary embryo to the present time, has but a few bright spots on which the philanthropist can gaze with admiring delight. The back-ground of most of these is so vividly shaded with crim- son that the eye grows dim and the heart sickens on too close a scrutiny. We have many among us who preach loudly against war without delineating the innate materials in human nature that cause it. We have anti-war societies that have originated from motives pure as heaven but are planted on the abstract foundation of ills-futile as the baseless vision. Its evils may be portrayed in colors clear as the sun- beams of living light and enforced by all the arguments of human logic and Holy Writ without removing the smallest particle from the cause that produces this fearful calamity. This and the best remedy are not fully defined by the preamble, constitution or by-laws of any society within my knowledge and where partially explained are not always practically carried out by the members. They sometimes en- gage in a fierce personal war. The cause exists in the nature of man influenced by the baser pas- OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Ill sions. Retaliation is among the first developments of the child. Self is a relentless tyrant. Revenge is as natural as our respiration. Anger, envy, jealousy, malice-all combine to perpetuate a disposition for war and lead men from the sublime destiny of immortal bliss. The only remedy exists in the universal sway of that love inculcated by our immaculate Redeemer. It is under the melting influences of the religion of the Cross, stripped of all dogmatical illusions, that sul- lied human nature must be brightened-its tarnished lustre renovated- its pugnacious character changed and man prepared for peace and heaven. Let broad and universal charity pervade the whole human family-then a blow will be struck against war that will resound through the wilderness of mind and cause it to bud and blossom as the rose. The war of the American Revolution stands pre-eminent in point of justification. Among those who took a conspicuous part in its perils was Horatio Gates who was born in England in 1728. In early life he rose to the rank of major and was the aid of the British com- mander at the capture of Martinico in 1747. In 1748 he was sta- tioned at Halifax where he continued for a considerable time. He was relieved from the monotony of a garrison in time of peace by the French war which resulted in the conquest of Canada. Under Brad- dock he was captain of infantry and fought by the side of the illus- trious Washington and was saved by him in the judicious retreat of the survivors of that memorable day. He was severely wounded and for a long time unfit for duty. In 1763 he visited England with a high military reputation. He returned and located on a plantation in Virginia. He had the esteem and confidence of Washington and was warmly recommended by him to Congress as worthy of a conspicuous station in the Continental army. He was appointed Adjutant General with the rank of Brigadier in 1775. The ensuing year he was invested with the command of the troops destined to act against Ticonderoga and Crown Point. In the spring of 1777 he and Gen. Schuyler were appointed to the command of the northern army. For a short time he was superceded by Gen. Schuyler. Burgoyne was then advancing with his victorious army. The Americans were driven from Ticon- deroga, Fort Ann and Skeensborough. From that point obstacles were thrown in his way by Sinclair, Schuyler, Stark and their companions in arms. Bridges were demolished, the navigation of Wood Creek obstructed-the roads filled with fallen trees-the cattle and other sup- plies removed which caused the British army a delay of twenty-five days before reaching Fort Edward on the Hudson. Gen. Burgoyne 112 THE SAGES AND HEROES then supposed his embarrassments at an end. His reckoning was wrong. St. Leger failed in capturing Fort Schuyler-many of the Indians and Canadian militia took their back track-scanty supplies were obtained with great difficulty-his army was decreasing-the Americans were rallying-every day made his condition more perilous- his prospects more gloomy. Everything was prepared to insure his capture. At this fortunate juncture for him, Gen. Gates superceded the inde- fatigable Schuyler and took the command on the 2lst of August 1777. Anticipating aid from Sir Henry Clinton at New York, Burgoyne passed the Hudson and encamped at Saratoga. Gates advanced to Stillwater determined to oppose the further progress of the enemy. The British general resolved to open a passage with the sword and bayonet and on the 17th of September the armies were only four miles distant from each other. On the 19th a pretty general engagement occurred, which resulted in a drawn battle. Seeing no prospect of assistance from New York and the impossibility of then retreating with his cannon, Burgoyne resolved to fortify his position and act on the defensive. On the Sth of October the Americans made a vigorous attack and repulsed the British in every charge, occupying a part of their lines. Burgoyne hastened to his former camp at Saratoga in the night and meditated a retreat without artillery or baggage. He found every avenue securely guarded-the lion was caged-retreat he could not. Knowing that the British army had but a short supply of pro- visions, Gen. Gates well knew an attack upon his well fortified posi- tion or a surrender must speedily take place. He was well prepared for either. Finding it only a waste of human life to further engage the Americans in battle, Burgoyne surrendered on the 16th of October. Over 5000 prisoners, a park of fine artillery, 7000 muskets, a large amount of clothing, with all the camp equipage and military stores and the evacuation of all the frontier fortresses-constituted the spoils of this victory. What was of more vital importance-it imparted fresh lustre to the American arms and gave a vigorous impetus to the languishing career of Independence. It destroyed British power in the north-encouraged France to close the treaty of alliance and greatly deranged the equanimity of mother Britain. If impartially analyzed, it will be found the most important victory during the war of Inde^ pendence and in closer alliance with that of Trenton than the final triumph over Cornwall is. Although Gen. Gates had escaped the hard service of that campaign, he was the fortunate commander at its termination and was crowned with OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 113 the laurels of a conquering hero in accordance with military usage and re- ceived tlie plaudits of his grateful countrymen-the thanks of Congress and a gold medal. As a further testimony of high esteem, he was placed at the head of the Board of War-a station next to that of commander-in- chief. He retired from that to his home in Virginia and for a time enjoyed domestic life. On the 15th of June 1780 he was put in com- mand of the Southern army. The conquering troops of Cornwallis were sweeping over the Carolinas like a tornado-the few American soldiers were flying before them-towns were burning-everything seemed rapidly drawn towards the vortex of ruin. When Gen. Gates consented to go to the field an army of 15000 men, with complete supplies, was repre- sented to him on paper, concentrating from the Carolinas and Virginia. When he arrived at head quarters he found about 1500 undisciplined troops, poorly armed, worse clad, with little food. Elated with his bril- liant victory over the Northern army he was over anxious to meet the enemy and strike an effective blow. Contrary to the advice of those who better understood the country and the means of obtaining supplies on the march by taking a circuitous route-he selected a shorter road through a dismal district of pine thickets and swamps pregnant with disease and destitute of almost any kind of food except cattle occasionally found in the forest. Many of his men perished on the way-others were rendered unfit for duty by sickness. He ultimately reached Clermont from which Lord Rawdon had withdrawn and was joined by a few North Carolina militia and a small company under Capt. Potterfield. Troops continued to arrive from Virginia and other points until the army of Gen. Gates amounted to about 4000-mostly undisciplined militia unaccustomed to standing fire or steel. Rawdon and Cornwallis con- centrated their troops at Camden amounting to less than 2000 men but all of the highest order of soldiers. Gen. Gates resolved on an attack. On the IGth of August the two armies met in mortal combat. The militia under Gen. Gates were quickly thrown into confusion-the regulars over- whelmed and the whole completely routed. This defeat of the Americans had no parallel during the war. Among those who did not trace effects to causes the fame of the Hero of Saratoga sank below zero. His error consisted in risking a battle with an army of British veterans opposed by the rawest kind of militia-not in any want of military skill in time of action. He was superceded on the 5th of the ensuing October-subjected to a court of inquiry-honorably acquitted and re-instated in 1782. The time had then passed for him to renovate his military laurels. The battles for Independence had been fought-the crowning victory won- LiBERTY achieved-FREEDON secured. 15 114 THE SAGES AND HEROES ^ Gen. Gates retired to his plantation in Virginia where lie remained seven years when he hberated his slaves and removed to the vicinity of the city of New York where he lived respected until the 10th of April 1806, when he threw off his mortal coil and slumbered in death. In person Gen. Gates was well formed-in his manners, polished and urbane-in disposition, mild and amiable-in his intercourse, just and honorable. In 1800 he served in the New York Legislature and enjoyed the confidence and esteem of all around him. He was an ardent patriot, a good citizen, a perfect gentleman, an honest man. ELBRIDGE GERRY. Gambling has become a fearful scourge in our expanding country. It is practised upon the humblest watercraft that floats upon our canals-the frail flatboat that descends our streams-the majestic steam- boat that traces our mighty rivers. It lurks in the lowest groggeries that curse community-is tolerated in some of the most fashionable hotels. Its victims are found in all classes from the hod carrier in his bespattered rags up to the members of Congress in their ruffles. The gambling room is the enchanted ground of destruction. Once within its serpentine coils-a centripetal force rushes its votary to the vortex of ruin. Interested friends may kindly warn-the tender wife may entreat with all the eloquence of tears-children may cry and sob for bread-if within the fatal snare the infatuated mortal is seldom extri- cated in time. He combines the deafness of the adder with the des- peration of a maniac. At the gambling table men and youth have been prepared to commit deeds registered on the black catalogue of crime. In blazing capitals RUIN is marked over the outer door of every gambling den. On the inner door is written in bold relievo- CASTLE OF DESPAIR. WrECKS OF FORTUNE AND DEMONS MADE HERE. One of the wicket gates that leads thousands into this labyrinth of misery consists in fashionable circles where games are played as an innocent amusement. It is there that many young men of talent, education and wealth, take the entered apprentice degree that leads them to the knight templars of destruction. Without any knowledge of a game but few would venture money at a gambling table. The gaming examples of men in high life have a baneful influence and practically sanction the high handed robberies of the finely dressed boa-constrictor black legs. The gambling hells tolerated and patron- ized in our cities are a disgrace to any nation bearing a Christian name OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 115 and would be banished from a Pagan community with a Vicksburg vengeance. To the honor of the members of the Continental Con- gress they placed a veto upon this heaven provoking, soul destroying, reputation ruining, wealth devouring, nation demoralizing vice. Among those who abhorred this practice was Elbridge Gerry, born at Marblehead, Massachusetts, on the 17th of July 1744. His father was an enterprising merchant and bestowed upon this son a classical education. He graduated at Harvard University in 1762 with a high scholastic reputation. Judging the tree by its fruit, the seed from which it sprang must have been of the purest kind and its vegetation not retarded by the absorbing and poisonous weeds of vice. Its in- cipient pruning must have been performed by a master hand to pro- duce a specimen of so much symmetry of proportion, beauty of form and richness of foliage. After having completed his collegiate studies Mr. Gerry entered the counting house of his father and ultimately became one of the most enterprising and wealthy merchants of his native town. In his kind of business he was amongst the first to feel the weight of the impo- litic and unconstitutional revenue system. From the nature of his composition he was amongst the first to meet oppression at the thres- hold. A man of deep reflection and philosophical investigation-he examined closely the extent of American rights and British wrongs. He made himself acquainted with the principle and structure of govern- ment, international, civil, common, statute and municipal law, political economy, home and foreign policy. No one was better informed upon the natural, legal and practical relations between the mother country and the colonies. He was prepared to act advisedly and firmly. His extensive influence, decision of character, sound discretion and exalted patriotism-made him a master spirit to guide the public mind. He participated in all the movements in favor of liberty. On the 26th of May 1773 he commenced his oflicial career as a member of the Assembly of Massachusetts Bay then called the Gene- ral Court. That body and the royal governor took a strong issue upon rights and wrongs. The unconstitutional acts of parliament were sanctioned by the latter and fearlessly censured by the former. A standing committee was appointed to scan the proceedings of ministers and parliament and to correspond with the other colonies relative to the important concerns of the nation. Mr. Gerry had been in that body but two days when he was made a member of this important committee. He became one of the principal actors on the tragic stage of tiie revolution, the drama of peace and formation of the Federal 116 THE SAGES AND HEROES government. He walked shoulder to shoulder with Samuel Adams and John Hancock in the bold measures that roused the lion from his lair-the people to their duty. At the Boston tea party-in the opposi- tion to the Port Bill-the impeachment of the crown judges-the conr troversy with Gov. Hutchinson-non-intercourse with Great Britain- Mr. Gerry stood firm as the granite shores of the Bay State. Nor did he waver when Gov. Gage took the helm with a military force to do his will and pleasure. When it was found tliat reason, appeal, remonstrance-all fell upon his adamantine soul like dew upon the desert of Sahara, the legitimate source of a righteous government was resorted to-THE people-wIio nobly sustained their leaders in the hour of peril. Severe measures were adopted by parliament-the charter of Massachusetts was altered by ex 'parte legislation-illegal taxes were increased-the hirelings of the King became more insolent-the indig- nation of the people rose like a tornado-colonial blood flowed-the war cry was raised-the clash of arms commenced-the fury of battle raged- the struggle was terrific-the lion was conquered-AMERicA was free. In all the thrilling scenes that passed in Massachusetts before his election to Congress, Mr. Gerry took a leading part. He was an effi- cient member of the Committee of Safety and Supplies that were for a time virtually the government. In April 1775 he narrowly escaped the grasp of his foes. The night previous to the battle of Lexington Messrs. Gerry, Lee and Orne were at Cambridge through which the British passed on their way to the opening scene of hostilities. Wlica opposite the house where these gentlemen were in bed a file of soldiers were suddenly detached and approached it rapidly. The patriots barely escaped by the back way in their linen. After the military had left they returned for their over clothes and immediately roused the people to resistance. The night previous to the death of his intimate friend, the brave Warren, Mr. Gerry lodged with him. The anxiety they felt for their country induced them to concert plans for future action rather than sleep. The lamented hero of Bunker Hill appears to have had a presentiment of his premature fate as indicated by the last words he uttered as they parted. " It is sweet to die for our country." In July 1775 the government of Massachusetts adopted a new form of government. A legislature was organized and a judiciary es- tablished. Mr. Gerry was appointed Judge of the Court of Admiralty but declined that he might do more active service. On the 18th of January 1776 he was elected to the Continental Congress. Fearless, cautious, prudent-he was the kind of man to meet the momentous OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 117 crisis of that eventful era. Standing on a lofty eminence of public reputation he was hailed as an able auxiliary in the cause of freedom. He had a place upon the most important committees and performed his duties strictly. To speculators and peculators that prowled around the public offices and army he was a terror during the war. He intro- duced into Congress many salutary guards against dishonest men who prey upon government like promethean vultures. With its age and experience our republic is now occasionally tapped at the jugular and gets a cut under the fifth rib-producing a laxity of the sinews of power. When the Declaration of Independence was proposed in Congress the soul of Mr. Gerry was enraptured in its favor. He had long been prepared for the measure and gave it his ardent support. When the thrilling moment arrived for final action upon this important question he sanctioned it by his vote and signature and rejoiced in the fulfilment of prophecy—./? nation shall be born in a day.. He was continued in Congress and faithfully discharged his duties with unabated zeal. The committee rooms and the house were alike benefitted by his intelligence and extensive experience in general business. He rendered efficient aid in reducing to system every branch of the new government. He took a conspicuous part in the debates upon the Articles of Confederation and was listened to with great attention. He spoke well, reasoned closely-demonstrated clearly. He was truly republican and opposed to everything that did not bear the impress of sound sense, practical usefulness-equality of operation. For these reasons he opposed a resolution of thanks to his bosom friend, John Hancock, for his services as President of Congress. He said his friend Hancock had done no more than to ably perform his duty-all the members had done the same. It would be a singular entry upon the journal to record a vote of thanks to each. Etiquette prevailed over sound logic-the vote of thanks was passed-introducing a custom in the new government that has long since lost all efficacy by too frequent use on occasions of minor importance. Mr. Gerry was on the committee that devised the plan of operations for the Northern army that resulted in the capture of Burgoyne. He was upon the one to obtain supplies for the army and visited the camp of Washington in the winter of 1777. These multiform duties strictly discharged are stronger encomiums upon his talents, energy and patriotism than a volume of panegyric from the most accomplished writer. It has afforded me great pleasure to be able to frequently refer to the religious and moral character of the members of the Continental Con- 118 THE SAGES AND HEROES gress. The fact is illustrated in the history of the men and corrobo- rated by the records of that body and responded to by the States. In 1778 a resolution was passed in Congress recommending them to adopt decisive measures against " theatrical entertainments, horse racing, gaming and such other diversions as are productive of idleness, dissi- pation and a general depravity of principles and manners." Another resolution strictly enjoined upon the officers of the army-" to see that the good and wholesome rules provided for the discountenancing of profaneness and vice and the preservation of morals among the soldiers are duly and punctually preserved." A third one was passed that would be a sweeper if revived at the present day. It arose from a dis- position on the part of a few officers to disregard the one first cited and was a supplement to that. " Resolved-That any person holding an office under the United States who shall act, promote, encourage or attend such plays-shall be deemed unworthy to hold such office and shall be accordingly dismissed." Mr. Gerry supported and voted for all these resolutions and for those recommending days of fasting, humiliation and prayer. Sectarianism never polluted tiie members of the Continental Congress. Charity was the bright star in their diadem of fame. He was upon the grand com- mittee of one from each State to examine foreign affairs and the con- duct of foreign commissioners particularly that of Mr. Deane. This committee used the probe freely and recommended Congress to use the amputating knife upon every limb affected by the gangrene of political corruption. O ! Jupiter ! what a slaughter such an operation would make at the present time. On the 14th of October 1779 jMr. Gerry proposed the expedition against the Indians which was successfully executed by Gen. Sullivan. He proposed a resolution designed to guard against inducements to corrupt influence-" No candidates for public office shall vote in or otherwise influence their own election-that Congress will not appoint any member thereof during its time of sitting or within six months after he shall have been in Congress, to any office under the States for which he or any other for his benefit may receive any salary, fees or emolument." It was then lost but he revived and carried it in 1785. The principle has since been partly adopted under the Federal Constitution. As a member of the Committee of Finance he stood next to Robert Morris. In 1780 he retired from Congress after an arduous and faithful service of five 3-ears. In all situations and at all times he was energetic, zealous and active in the cause of liberty. When his duties called him to the army if there was any fighting on the tapis whilst he was in camp he always took an active OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 119 part. In the battle of Chesnut Hill he shouldered a musket and entered the ranks. When Gen. Kniphausen engaged the American army at Springfield Mr. Gerry took his station by the side of Washington who invested him with a volunteer command during his stay. The second year after his retirement he again took his seat in Con- gress. The business of the nation was then more perplexing than in the heat of the war. An empty treasury, a prostrate credit, an enormous debt presented a fearful aspect. To aid in bringing order out of chaos he was of great service. Committee labors were piled upon his shoulders as if he was an Atlas to carry the world or an Atalanta in the celerity of business. The local feelings and interests of the states had become effervescent. The half pay for life guaranteed to all officers who remained in the army during the war was satisfactory to but a few. This was settled by compounding the annuity for five years full pay. In 1784 he was on the important Committee of Foreign Relations-on the one to revise the Treasury Department. The same session he presented a resolution for the compensation of Baron Steuben who had rendered immense services by introducing a system of military tactics and dis- cipline into the American army by which it was governed and which was strictly adhered to long after the Revolution. It was warmly sup- ported by Mr. Jefferson and others but was lost, charity would suggest, in consequence of the embarrassed state of the finances. In 1785 Mr. Gerry closed his services in Congress and retired to Cambridge near Boston, W'ith all the honors of a pure patriot crowned with the sincere gratitude of a nation of freemen. Time soon developed to the sages of the Revolution that the Articles of Confederation that bound the colonies together when impending dangers and one common interest created a natural cement-were not sufficient to secure the liberty they had achieved. Local interests engendered jealousies, these produced dissatisfaction and this threatened to involve the government in anarchy. To remedy these evils Mr. Madison made a proposition that each state send delegates to a conven- tion which convened in May 1781 at Philadelphia and framed the Federal Constitution in which Mr. Gerry took a very active part. He was amongst those who did not sanction or sign that instrument. For this act, dictated by his conscience, he w-as hberally abused by out door cynical partisans-not by the noble minded statesmen who differed with him in opinion-all honest in their views and patriotic in their motives. They soared above the acrimonious scurrility of venal party spirit. After the constitution was adopted no one adhered to it more strictly than Mr. Gerry-always holding sacred the great republican principle- 120 THE SAGES AND HEROES the majority must rule and he ohnjcd. He was a member of the first Congress under it and did much toward raising the beautiful superstruc- ture now towering sublimely upon its broad basis. He served four years and again sought retirement. This was transient. In 1797 the relations between our country and France iiad assumed a portentous aspect. President Adams determined on sending an able embassy to that government-to make a strong effort to conclude an amicable arrangement of ditliculties before appealing to arms. Gen. Pinck- ney was then there. Mr. Gerry and Mr. Marshall, since Chief Justice of the United States, were appointed to join him, each empowered to act collectively or separately as a sound discretion should dictate. On their arrival the French Directory refused to recognize them. To prevent an immediate rupture-prudence and patriotism were necessary. After many fruitless attempts to enter upon a negotiation Messrs. Pinckney and Marshall were peremptorily ordered home and Mr, Gerry recognized as the official organ of the United States, By his discreet, firm and manly course he effected a settlement and prevented a war that seemed inevitable. In 1805 he was a member of the electoral college. Although his state was decidedly federal he was elected governor in 1810 by the republican party by a large majority-conclusive evidence of his great popularity. He never entered into partisan feelings. In his first message he lucidly portrayed the danger of high toned party spirit. He felt and acted for his whole country. For many years he had anxiously desired to be excused from public duties but no excuse was accepted. In 1813 he was inaugurated Vice President of the United States. Pie discharged the duties of the office with great ability and dignity. His impartiality, correctness and candor gained for him the esteem of the elevated body over which he presided to the last day of his eventful and useful life- teaching by example his favorite precept-" It is the duty of every citizen though he may have but one day to live to devote that day to the' service of his country." At the city of Washington a beautiful monument is erected to his memory with an inscription as follows. The tomb of ELBRIDGE GERRY, Vice President of the United States, who died suddenly in this city on his way to the Capitol, as President op the Senate, November 23d, 1814, Aged 70. OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 121 In the review of the hfe of Elbridge Gerry the pure patriot finds much to admire-the Christian nothing to condemn. Partisans may censure because he kept aloof from high toned party spirit-the mael- strom of nations that once were but now are not. His examples of devotedness to the good of his country, his untiring industry, his intel- ligence, his moral worth-are all worthy of imitation and shed a rich unfading lustre upon his character. He discharged all the duties of private life with the strictest fidelity. He was useful in every station where duty called, no perils retarded his onward course towards the goal of RIGHT. His purposes were deliberately formed and boldly executed. He was an honor to our country, the cause of freedom and enlightened, philanthropic and liberal legislation. He was a noble specimen of unalloyed patriotism-a patriotism that must be widely diffused among the increasing masses of our expanding country-then our UNION will be preserved-our land continue to be what it now is-THE LAND OP THE BRAVE-THE HOME OF THE FREE. NATHANIEL GREENE. The history of the American Revolution will be read with intense interest through all time whether presented as a ponderous whole or in sections. Its most attractive form to the impatient and romantic reader is the delineation of noble and god like individual action. Numerous bold exploits were performed-hair-breadth escapes made by the private soldier that had an exciting ephemeral history worthy of record which is now buried with the meritorious actor and his immediate acquaint- ances. Some thrilling stories will have a more protracted existence in the annals of tradition but will ultimately lose their freshness, wither and die. Truthful living tradition belongs to the red man-not to us. In all nadons-from the barbarous up to the refined civilized, the glory of the battle field has been awarded to the leaders who planned-not to the soldiers who executed. In our republican land of professed equality partial inroads upon this rule have been made. In our com- mon militia and volunteer companies the soldier is often equal and sometimes superior to his commanding officer in point of talent and weight of character. This can rarely be the case among an oppressed people and still more rarely would the existing fact be admitted. During the revolution merit was clothed with its true dignity more than now. Many who stood upon this first legitimate stepping stone to office ascended from the ranks of the army to high commands-from 16 122 THE SAGES AND HEROES the retired walks of life to the legislative halls and posts of honor in the various departments of government. The frame-work of the most liberal military system is adverse to the recognition of individual merit below the oflicer. Tlie case must be very extraordinary to be offi- cially announced. Hence large standing arniies bind in the fetters of ignorance a vast amount of intellect that would be brought into mellow life and usefulness in a free enlightened republican government like our own. Among the Heroes of the American Revolution whose merit bi^ught him into notice was Nathaniel Greene, born at the town of Warwick, Rhode Island, in 1741, His parents were respectable members of the Society of Friends-of course opposed to the profession of arms. His father was an anchor manufacturer and gave his son a hmited chance to obtain a conuiion education. With this the mind of Nathaniel was not content. He pursued his studies every leisure hour and with his extra earnings purchased books. He mastered the Latin with but little aid from an instructor. The history of military chieftains he read with great delight. When he arrived at manhood he was a good mechanic and a bright scholar. For a time he followed the business of making anchors for vessels but was soon called to the more important work of aiding in the construction of the sheet anchor of freedom. At an early age he was elected a member of the legislature where he became a conspicuous advocate of equal rights and boldly opposed the usurpa- tions of mother Britain. His course obtained for him an expulsion from the Society of Friends and the esteem of every patriot. I respect the Quakers but not this paradox in their creed. They profess to love liberty-but few of them are willing to pay its price in coin-none of them can bear arms without excommunication. On his return from the Assembly Nathaniel enrolled himself a private in a military corps that was suggested and formed by himself and char- tered under the title of the Kentish Guards. It was placed under the command of Gen. Varnum. In 1775 the little patriotic state of Rhode Island raised three regiments-in all sixteen hundred rank and file-officered by the most distinguished military characters of the colony. No one could have been more surprised than young Greene on receiving the com- mission of Brigadier General. He was put in command of this small brigade and immediately marched them to head quarters at Cambridge, Mass. He applied himself closely to the study of military tactics and soon became an excellent disciplinarian-an able officer. For correctness of evolution, subordination and good order-his was a model brigade. His merits were quickly discovered by the acute Washington who often OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 123. consulted him with confidence in cases of doubt and difficulty. This confidence he communicated to Congress. It arose from two strong points-Greene had superior talents and was a Christian. On the 26th of August 1776 Greene was commissioned a Major General of the regular army of the United States and put forth his noblest exertions to promote the interests of his bleeding country. At the battles of Trenton and Princeton he exhibited great skill and judicious conduct. At the battle of Germantown he commanded the left wing of the army and received the unqualified approbation of Washington for his coolness and bravery. In March 1778 he accepted the appointment of Quarter Master General retaining his rank and right to command in time of action according to the seniority of his commission. At the victorious battle of Monmouth he commanded the right wing of the army and led his troops to the onset with the terrific force of an avalanche. In the siege of the British garrison at Newport, R. I. he served under Gen. Sullivan. When it was found necessary to retreat in consequence of the dispersion of the French fleet by a storm which prevented it from rendering the contemplated aid, the army was greatly indebted to the judgment and skill of Gen. Greene in extricating it from a perilous position. The British power being measurably paralyzed in the north Lord Cornwallis turned his attention to the south where the defences were less-the plunder more. On the 26th of December 1779 he commenced his movement and landed thirty miles from Charleston, S. C. on the 11th of February ensuing. He then commenced the work of destruction and brutality with increased rigor. No respect was paid to private property, religious sanctity or defenceless females. After a spirited defence Charleston was compelled to surrender. The British carried dismay, victory and death in their whole course. Plunder, rapine and murder were the order of the day. Booty and beauty were the watch words of his most Christian majesty's officers and soldiers. Under these heart rending circumstances Washington directed Gen. Greene to take command of the Southern army. In company with the brave Morgan he arrived at Charlotte on the 2d of December 1780. The so called army numbered 970 regulars-1013 militia, destitute of military stores, unpaid, nearly naked, poorly fed and no government supplies nearer than two hundred miles. Opposed was a powerful army rich in plunder, flushed with victory, liberally paid, abundantly fed, well clothed and amply supplied with military stores of every kind. The front view of the picture was dark and gloomy-on the back ground Greene and Morgan saw the rays of hope shedding their cheering beams on the 124 THE SAGES AND HEROES spire of Liberty. Gen. Greene went to work for dear life. By his amiable deportment he gained the love and confidence of his soldiers-the esteem and respect of the inhabitants. From the surrounding country he gained short supplies and raised a few recruits. He despatched Gen. Morgan with a small force to the western part of the state which gave fresh courage to the patriots of that section. By a falHng into the ranks the force of Morgan increased so much that Cornwallis ordered Col. Tarlc- lon to disperse this band of rebels and put all to the sword who did not surrender at discretion. On the 17th of January 1781, Tarleton came up to this rough and ready party at the Cowpens. Although his force was inferior in numbers and two-thirds raw militia, Gen. Morgan deter- mined to stand fire. Sure of an easy victory the proud Britons rushed on to action and were as much astonished to meet with an unbroken line streaming with fire as if they had been brought up all standing against an unperceived wire fence across the high way. Tarleton roared, foamed, raved and commanded his men to charge. Again the blazing streams of fire illuminated the lines of Morgan whose troops rushed upon the broken ranks of the enemy with the fury of a tornado. The struggle was short, the victory complete, the amazement of Tarleton paralyzing. Besides the killed, over five hundred of the enemy were taken prisoners and a convenient amount of the munitions of war fell into the hands of the victors. Supposing he had crushed the rebel power in the south Cornwallis was astounded at the result of this hasty recreative expedition. He immediately marched in pursuit of Morgan determined to rescue the prisoners and wipe out the disgrace Tarleton had brought upon the British arms. The hero of the Cowpens was too old a fox to be easily caught. He could do some things as well as others. He was as skilful in retreat as he was desperate in battle. He knew when, where and how to fight. He was courageous, not rasli-bold, not imprudent and as watchful as an Argus. He effected a junction with Gen. Greene on the 7th of February. The chagrined Cornwallis advanced rapidly determined to annihilate the little American army at one fell swoop. Greene retreated into Virginia where he added to his numbers and sup- plied. So confident was the British general of overtaking him that he destroyed his heavy baggage to accelerate his movements. The patriots were not thus encumbered. Many of them had only their arms and remnants of tattered garments, being obliged to place tufts of moss on their shoulders to prevent the friction of the cartouch straps. To the pursuing enemy the Americans seemed an ignis faiuus-o^len to be seen but never reached. The chase was abandoned. In turn Greene annoyed Cornwallis by cutting oft' his supplies, capturing foraging parties and OF THE AMERICAN KEVOLUTION. 125 constantly watching all his movements. His situation became perilous, his numbers were constantly growing less by capture, desertion and disease. His supplies cost blood as well as treasure-the force of Greene was constantly augmenting-the tables were turned-he retreated to Hills- borough where he endeavored to raise new recruits by liberal offers of British gold. The yellow dust had lost its magic charm on Americans- patriotism was the more current coin. Unwilling to be long separated from the noble lord, Green paid him a visit on the 15th of March. The interview took place at Guilford court house between one and two o'clock P. M. and continued nearly two hours. Owing to the militia that formed the front line flying at the sigiit of the red coats the Americans were obliged to give ground and make it a drawn battle-but the meeting was a sad one for Cornwallis. His loss was 532 killed, wounded and missing, among whom were several of his most distinguished oflicers. So crippled was the British army that a pecipitate retreat to Wilmington was ordered leaving those of the wounded who were not able to march. The loss of Gen. Greene was about 400 killed and wounded. Corn- wallis claimed the victory-one not very auspicious to his military glory or royal master. Gen. Greene commenced offensive operations. He determined on attacking Lord Rawdon who was strongly fortilied at Camden S. C. with 900 men. The American forces amounted to only 700 and encamped within a mile of the British lines cutting off all supplies from the enemy. Anticipating a reinforcement to the little army of Gen. Greene and being on short allowance his lordship made a sally on the 25th of April and boldly attacked the offending invaders. For some time victory perched upon the brow of Greene-his cavalry had taken over two hundred prisoners. One of his regiments made a move which compelled him to retreat with a loss of about 200 killed, wounded and prisoners. The loss of Lord Rawdon was 258. So flushed was the British general with this dear victory that he fled from Camden leaving his sick and wounded to the care of those who he knew would care for them. The back handed victories of Guilford and Camden so paralyzed the enemy that they soon aban- doned a number of small fortifications-large quantities of military stores and concentrated a considerable force at the strong garrison of Ninety Six. On the 22d of May Greene commenced a* siege upon that place but modestly retired to give place to three regiments of strangers fresh from England. Before doing this he made an unsuc- cessful assault at a cost of about 150 men. But for the reinforcements the garrison would have shortly surrendered. 126 THE SAGES AND HEROES During the ensuing two months nothing but skirmishing occurred. On the 9th of September the army of Gen. Greene had increased to 2000 men. The division of the British army under Col. Stewart was posted at Eutaw Springs. An immediate attack was made by the Americans in the following order. As he approached the enemy Gen. Greene formed his troops in two lines-the first composed of Carolina militia under Generals Marion, Pickens and Col. de Malmedy. The second was composed of regulars under Gen. Sumpter, Lieut. Col. Campbell and Col. Williams. Lieut. Col. Lee covered the right flank with his legion-Lieut. Henderson covered the left with the state troops. The cavalry under Col. Washington and the Delaware troops under Capt. Kirkwood were held in reserve. Scarcely was the line of battle completed when the British rapidly advanced. The Americans met the onset with the bravery of veterans but were compelled to give way. The battle raged with fearful fury. All depended on a sudden and desperate movement. Gen. Greene ordered the Virginia and Maryland regulars to advance with trailed arms-facing a shower of musket and grape shot. The order was instantly obeyed-they broke the lines of the British and drove them some distance to a thicket of trees and brick houses where they rallied and took a stand. The Americans took over 500 prisoners and remained on the field of battle. Under cover of night Col. Stewart retreated towards Charleston leav- mg 70 of his wounded and 1000 stand of arms. His total loss in men was near 1200-that of Greene 500 in killed and wounded. The Eng- lish had the largest force in action. For this display of skill and bravery Congress presented Gen. Greene with a British standard and gold medal. What was dearer to him than all else-he received the high approbation of Washington and his country. From that time the torch of kingly power rapidly decreased until its last flickering light expired. For a time Charleston was occupied by the crown troops-offensive operations they dare not undertake only by small and transient booty and beauty squads. It may seem mysterious to the young readers why soldiers fought so valiantly who were poorly paid, scantily fed and scarcely clothed. Hundreds of them were entirely naked at the Eutaw battle. Their loins were galled severely by their cartouch boxes. It was considered a great favor to obtain a folded rag to lay on the scarified part. Their food was often a scanty supply of rice or a few roasted potatoes. The officers suffered alike with the common soldiers. Gen. Greene was in the southern field seven consecutive months without taking off his clothes to retire for a night. Love of liberty and love of their leading OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 127 general and his hrave officers kept these soldiers together and rendered them desperate on the field of battle. This removes the mystery. If all could be made to realize the price of our Liberty, political asperity and party spirit would hide their polluting forms under the mantle of shame and retire to the peaceful shades of oblivion. Reader-never forget the blood, treasure and anguish your Liberty cost. Finding that the wary Greene could not be conquered by force of arms British gold was once more put in requisition by the enemy. Several native foreigners had deserted to the English and were induced to form a plan to deliver up Gen. Greene and his principal officers. A sergeant and two domestics attached to the person of the General were bribed and in correspondence with the British. A time was fixed to deliver him and every officer of rank to the enemy. As usual a guardian angel was there. A female heard some unguarded expres- sions from the sergeant and promptly informed Gen. Greene. The troops were at once ordered on parade-the sergeant was arrested-con- fesscd his guilt, was condemned and shot. When led to execution he warned all not to sully their glory or forego the advantages they would speedily realize from the successful termination of the war and if a thought of desertion was in their bosoms to banish it at once and for ever. He acknowledged the justice of his sentence-distributed his little all among his comrades-gave the signal and paid the penalty of his crime. Thus was a base and cowardly plot detected by angelic woman-the ringleader executed and the southern army saved from probable destruction. Not a single native American was concerned in this conspiracy. Another circumstance occurred shortly after this that marred the happiness of Gen. Greene for a little time. The appointment of Col. Laurens to a command in their little army gave great umbrage to the officers generally who immediately tendered their resignation to the General. He affectionately recommended them to appeal to Congress for redress and not desert the noble cause of Liberty prematurely. They seemed determined in their course-he reluctantly received their commissions. On being separated from him their attachment was fully revealed to them. They found it impossible to leave their beloved General-again took their commissions and followed his advice. No officer could gain the affections of those under him more fully than did Gen. Greene. Kindness and even handed justice to all were amongst his marked characteristics. He shared the hardship and glory of the field with his soldiers. He did all in his power to supply their wants and alleviate their distress. By example and precept he taught his 128 THE SAGES AND HEROES men to meet calamity with heroic fortitude, pointing to the goal of liberty as a final rest from the toils of war-to realms of bliss beyond the skies as the eternal rest of tlie virtuous and good. Early in October the last lion was caged at Yorktown. There the struggle closed-there the victorious Cornwallis-the pride of mother Britain, was humbled, the shouts of victory and the clarion of freedom sounded and the sons of Columbia crow-ned with laurels of enduring fame. The battles of Gen. Greene were finished. He had served his country long and faithfully. He had surmounted the mighty barriers that opposed him-he had contributed largely in breaking the chains of slavery-Liberty had triumphed over despotism-his country was free, and was acknowledged independent by the power that had long sought to enslave it. Gentle peace shed fresh lustre on the care-worn counte- nances of the sages and heroes and diflused her refulgent rays from the shores of the broad Atlantic to the silver lakes of the far west. On his way home Gen. Greene was hailed with grateful enthusiasm in every town through which he passed. On his arrival at Princeton Congress was in session there. As a testimony of respect for his valu- able services that body presented him with two pieces of ordnance taken from the British army. The state of Georgia presented him with a valuable plantation near Savannah. The State of South Carolina con- veyed to him a large tract of rich land which he sold to enable him to pay debts contracted to obtain supplies for his soldiers. In the autumn of 1785 he removed to his plantation in Georgia anticipating all the enjoyment of domestic felicity. This was of short duration. On the 12th of June 1786 he was attacked with inflammation upon his brain caused by a stroke of the sun and on the 19th of that month his spirit returned to the bosom of his God. Thus closed the brilliant career of one of the most distinguished sons of the Revolution. From his child- hood to his grave he was the pride of his friends, a shining light to his country-a blessing to our nation. He was a prudent and brave general, an accomplished gentleman, a good citizen, an honest man, a consistent Christian. His character was pui'e as the crystal fountain-his fame enduring as the records of time. His examples are models for imita- tion, his history is full of instruction, his merits worthy of our highest admiration. His faults were completely eclipsed by the brilliancy of his superior worth. OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 129 BUTTON GWINNETT. False honor like false religion is worse than none. They both lead to destruction and are deprecated by all good men. The one is a relic of the barbarous ages-the other is older, having first been imposed on mother Eve amidst the amaranthine bovv^ers of Eden. Inconsistency is an incubus that assumes numerous forms. In some shape it hangs over every nation and most individuals. It is human nature to err-but some errors are so plainly a violation of reason and common sense that it is passing strange sound men do not avoid them. Yet we often see those of high attainments rush into the whirlpool of inconsistency with a blind infatuation that the fine spun rules of the acutest sophistry can- not justify. • One of the fallacious and opprobrious inconsistencies that now dis- graces our nation is duelling. Many in this country boast of our in- tellectual light and mourn over the ignorance of the poor untutored red man. In turn he can point us to a dark spot on our national character that never tarnished the name of a western or eastern Indian. This bohun upas thrives only in communities that claim civilization. In no country has it been tolerated with so much impunity as in our own. By our law it is murder. In no instance has this law been enforced. Widows may mourn, orphans languish, hearts bleed, our statesmen perish and the murderer still run at large and be treated by many with more deference than if his hands were not stained with blood. This foul stigma upon the American name should be washed out speedily and effectually. Let the combined powers of public opinion, legisla- tive, judicial and executive action be brought to bear upon it with the force of a rushing avalanche. Flagrant crimes are suppressed only by strong measures. Among the victims of this barbarous practice was Button Gwinnett, a man of splendid talents and a patriot of the American Revolution. He was born in England in 1732. His parents were respectable but not wealthy. Being a boy of promise they bestowed on him a good education. At his majority he commenced a successful mercantile career at Bristol in his native country. Surrounded by a large family he resolved on changing his location and came to Charleston S. C. in 1770, where he pursued merchandizing two years. He then sold out his store, purchased a plantation on St. Catharine Island, Georgia, to which he removed and became an enterprising agricuhurist. He pos- 17 130 THE SAGES AND HEROES sessed an active mind and was a close observer of passing events. Having resided in England during the formation of the visionary and impolitic plan of taxing the colonies, he understood well the framework of the British cabinet. From the course he promptly pursued it is plain he was a Whig in England. The subject of raising revenue from the colonies of the new world had been fully and ably discussed in Great Britain. Many of her profound statesmen had portrayed, with all the truth of prophecy, the result of the blind unjust course of minis- ters towards the Americans. The most sagacious English statesman then in Parliament, Lord Chatham, exerted his noblest powers to bring the cabinet to a sense of common justice-the only path of safety. Mingling with intelligent men at Bristol, Mr. Gwinnett had become well informed upon the litigated points in controversy and was well acquainted with the relative feelings and situation of the two countries. When the question of liberty or slavery was placed before the people of his adopted land he declared in favor of freedom. Knowing the superior physical force of Great Britain and the weakness of the colo- nies, a successful resistance seemed to him problematical. His doubts upon the subject were removed by the enthusiasm of the patriots gene- rally and especially by the lucid demonstrations of Lyman Hall, a bold and fearless advocate of equal rights with whom he became intimate. Convinced of the justice and possible success of the cause he at once became a champion in its favor. He had counted the cost, he had re- volved in his mind the dangers that would accumulate around him and truly predicted his property would be destroyed by the devastating enemy-yet he nobly resolved to risk his life, fortune and honor in de- fence of chartered rights and constitutional franchises. He enrolled his name among the leaders of the patriotic movements- became a member of several committees and conspicuous at public meet- ings. In her colonial capacity Georgia was the last to come to the rescue. Some of her noblest sons had become shining lights in the glorious cause. Patriotism was extending-oppression increasing, eyes opening, ears listening, minds working, hearts beating and those who M'ere perching on the pivot of uncertainty were fast losing their balance. At length the cry of blood was heard from Lexington. The work was done. Georgia started from her lethargy like a lion roused from his lair and prepared for the conflict. Like green wood-she Vv-as slow to take fire but gave a permanent heat when ignited. On the 2d of February 177G Mr. Gwinnett was appointed to the Con- tinental Congress and took his seat on the 20th of May ensuing. Although his constituents were determined to maintain their rights at all OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 131 hazards most of them loked upon the plan of Independence as a project of visionary fancy-ideal, not to be hoped for or attempted. It gained strength by discussion and emerged from its embryo form. At this junc- ture a colleague of Mr. Gwinnett, the Rev. Mr. Zubly v\?ith a Judas heart, wrote a letter to the royal governor of Georgia, disclosing the con- templated measure, a copy of which was in some way obtamed and placed in the hands of Mr. Chase who immediately denounced the traitor on the floor of Congress. The Iscariot at first attempted a denial by challenging the proof but finding that the betrayer had been betrayed he fled pre- cipitately for Georgia in order to place himself under the protection of the governor who had just escaped from the enraged patriots on board a British armed vessel in Savannah harbor and had enough to do to protect himself without rendering aid or comfort to a traitor. He was followed by Mr. Houston one of his colleagues. Swift was the pursuit but swifter the flight. On the wings of guilt he flew too rapidly to be overtaken. When the proposition came before Congress for a final separation from the mother country Mr. Gwinnett became a warm advocate for the measure. When the trying hour arrived, big with consequences, he gave his approving vote and affixed his name to the important document that stands acknowled by the civilized world the most lucid exposition of human rights upon the records of history-the Declaration of American Independence. In February 1777 he took a seat in the convention of his own state convened to form a constitution under the new govern- ment. He at once took a leading part and submitted the draft of a con- stitution which was slightly amended and immediately adopted. Shortly after this he was elevated to the Presidency of the Provincial Council, then the first office in the state-rising in a single year from private life to the pinnacle of power in Georgia. At this time an acrimonious jealousy existed between the civil and military authorities. At the head of the latter was Gen. Mcintosh against whom Mr. Gwinnett had run the pre- vious year for Brig. General and was unsuccessful. His elevation and influence annoyed the General. The civil power claimed the right to try military officers for offences that Gen. Mcintosh contended came only under the jurisdiction of a court martial. Mr. Gwinnett had planned an expedition against East Florida and contemplated having the com- mand. Gen. Mcintosh conferred it upon a senior lieutenant-colonel. The expedition was a failure. The General publicly exulted over his hated enemy and gloried in the misfortune. Under the new constitution a governor was to be elected on the first Monday of the ensuing May. Mr. Gwinnett became a candidate. His competitor was a man far inferior to him in point of talents and acquirements but was elected. 132 THE SAGES AND HEROES Gen. Mcintosh again publicly exulted in the disappointments that were overwhelming his antagonist. A challenge from Mr. Gwinnett ensued- they met on the blood stained field of false honor-fought at four paces- both were wounded, Mr. Gwinnett mortally and died on the 27th of May 1777, the very time he should have been in Congress-comment is need- less-reflection is necessary. Aside from this rash error the escutcheon of Mr. Gwinnett was without a blot. He was a splendid figure, commanding in appearance, six feet in height, open countenance, graceful in his manners and possessed of fine feeling. He was a kind husband, an affectionate father, a good citizen and an honest man. LYMAN HALL. Decision gives weight to character when tempered with prudence and discretion. The individual who is uniformly perched on the pivot of uncertainty and fluttering in the wind of indetermination can never gain public confidence or exercise an extensive influence. To be truly beneficial decision must receive its momentum from the pure fountain of our own matured judgment and not depend upon others to point us to the path of duty. When the child becomes a man he should think and act as a man and draw freely from the resources of his own immortal mind. He may enjoy the reflective light of others but should depend upon the focus of his own, made more clear by reflec- tives. The man who pins his faith upon the sleeve of another and does not keep the lamp of his own understanding trimmed and burn- ing, is a mere automaton in life and never fills the vacuum designed by his creation. When he makes his final exit from the stage of action he leaves no trace behind-no rich memento to tell that he once lived, moved and had a being upon the earth or bore the moral image of his God. The Sages and Heroes of the American Revolution left bright examples of self-moving action and decision of character. Among those who were roused to exertion by the reflection of their own minds was Lyman Hall, born in Connecticut 1731. He graduated in Yale College at an early age, studied medicine, married a wife before he was twenty-one, removed to Dorchester, S. C. in 1752 and commenced the practice of medicine. After residing there a short time he joined a company of some forty families, mostly New Eng- landers and removed to Med way in the parish of St. John, Georgia. He became a successful practitioner and was esteemed for his prudence, OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 133 discretion, clearness of perception, soundness of judgment-united with refinement of feeling, urbanity of manners, a calm and equable mind and great benevolence. He had only to be known to be appreciated. As years rolled peacefully along Dr. Hall became extensively ac- quainted and greatly beloved. He took great interest in the happi- ness of those around him and in the welfare of the people at large. He was a close observer of men and things-understood well the phi- losophy of human rights and the principles of the tenure by which the mother country held jurisdiction over the colonies. When the marked bounds of that jurisdiction were passed he was one of the first to meet the aggressors and point his countrymen to the innovations. As en- croachments increased his patriotism grew warmer-enthusiastic zeal followed, tempered by the purest motives-guided by the soundest dis- cretion. The indecision and temporizing spirit of Georgia, for a time, was painful to her truly patriotic sons who early espoused the cause of Liberty. It was extremely annoying to Dr. Hall but only tended to increase his exertions in the work of political regeneration. Over the people of his own district he exercised an unlimited-a judicious influ- ence. He attended the patriotic meetings held at Savannah in 1774-5 and contributed much in promoting the glorious cause just bursting into life. His immediate constituents were with him in feeling and action. All the other colonies had united in defence of their common country determined to resist the common enemy. St. John being a frontiei* settlement and more exposed than any other in the province, he prudently laid the subject before his people and called upon them to choose whom they would serve. They promptly decided against domination of royalty and declared for Liberty. They at once sepa- rated from the other parishes-formed a distinct political community- applied for admission into the confederation of the other colonies- passed resolutions of non-intercourse with Savannah so long as it remained under kingly authority except to obtain the absolute neces- saries of life and organized committees to carry these patriotic and decisive measures into effect. Placed on such an eminence they were welcomed into the general compact as men worthy of freedom. In March 1775 they elected Lyman Hall to the Continental Congress to represent the parish of St. John that stood like an isolated island of granite in the ocean regardless of the waves of fury that were foam- ing around it. This example had a powerful influence on the other parishes. From this lump of liberty-leaven the whole mass became rapidly impregnated-rose beautifully and was admirably baked in freedom's oven and soon fit for use. In July following Dr. Hall had 134 THE SAGES AND HEROES the proud satisfaction of seeing Georgia fully represented by men lioncst and true-always excepting Judas Iscariot alias Zubly. To Dr. Hall may be justly attributed the first impetus given to the revolu- tionary ball in his district which was formed into a new county in 1777 and named Libekty. On taking his seat in Congress Dr. Hall was hailed with enthusiasm as the nucleus of patriotism that would eventually draw to one com- mon centre the people of his province. He was a valuable acquisition to the various committees on which he was placed and gained the esteem of all around him. On the floor he was listened to with pro- found attention. He reasoned closely and calmly, confining himself to the question under consideration without any effort to shine as an orator. His known patriotism, decision of character, purity of purpose and honesty of heart-gave him a salutary influence that was sensibly felt, fully acknowledged and judiciously exercised. In 1776 he again took his seat in Congress and became decidedly in favor of cutting loose from the mother country. He had induced his own district to present a miniature example that stood approved by every patriot. He felt the justice of the cause of Liberty. He believed Providence would direct a successful result. He was fully convinced the set time had come to free the colonies. With such feelings he hailed the birth day of our Independence as the grand jubilee of Liberty. He cheer- fully joined in passing the mighty Rubicon-aided in preparing the sar- cophagus of tyranny and signed the certificate of freedom with a joyful heart. He was continued in Congress up to 1780 when he took his final leave of that body where he had rendered faithful and important ser- vice. In 1782 he returned to his own State and aided in rendering more perfect the organization of her government. The enemy had destroyed his property and wreaked a special vengeance on his district generally. His family had been compelled to fly to the North and depend on the bounty of others for support. In 1783 he was elected Governor of Georgia and contributed largely in perfecting the super- structure of her civil institutions and in placing her on the high road to peace and prosperity. This accomplished he retired from public life under the broad banner of an honest and well earned fame. He then settled in Burke County where he was again permitted to pursue the even tenor of his ways and enjoy the highest of all earthly plea- sure-the domestic fireside with his own dear family. Calmly and quietly he glided down the stream of time until 1790 when he closed his eyes upon the transitory scenes of earth-entered the dark valley OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 135 of death and disappeared from mortals to enjoy a blissful immortality. He was deeply mourned by his relatives and numerous acquaintances and by every patriot in our nation. His name is perpetuated in Geor- gia by a county being named after him' as a tribute of respect for his valuable services. Dr. Hall was among those who do good for the sake of goodness- not to be seen of men and applauded by the world. In person his appearance was prepossessing. He was full six feet in height with a graceful deportment and benignant countenance. His examples are worthy of imitation. Without the luminous talents that tower to the skies in a blaze of glory that dazzles every eye-he rendered himself substantially and widely useful. He was like a gentle stream that passes through a verdant field producing irrigation in its course with- out overflowing and tearing up its banks. Decision of character, pru- dence in action and discretion in all things marked his whole career. Not a stain tarnishes the bright lustre of his public fame or private character. He lived nobly and died peacefully. With such men our UNION is safe. JOHN HANCOCK. The thrilling history of American Independence is ever a subject of deep interest to the patriot and philanthropist. It has no parallel in the history of nations. Its causes, progress and successful termina- tion combine to throw around it a sacred halo that fills the reader with wonder and admiration. The noble spirits who planned and achieved it command the profoundest respect over the civilized world. As time advances that respect is ripening into veneration. The names of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, like those of the twelve Apostles, are surrounded with a refulgent glory-unfading and enduring as the planetary system. Among them was John Hancock, born near Quincy, Mass., in 1737. His father was a clergyman of eminent piety, highly esteemed by his parishioners. He died when this son was an infant, leaving him under the guardian care of an uncle, who bestowed upon him all the attention and tenderness of a father. He graduated at Harvard College in 1754, with great credit to himself and satisfaction to his numerous friends. His uncle was a wealthy and thorough merchant and placed his nephew in his counting house that he might add to his collegiate ac- quirements a more important acquisition-a knowledge of men and 136 THE SAGES AND HEROES things. In 1760 he was sent to England-saw the mortal remains of George II. laid iu the tomb and the crown placed upon the head of his successor. He continued in the employment of his uncle until 1761, who then died, leaving this nephew his entire estate, supposed to be the largest of any one in the province at that time. John Hancock was long one of the Selectmen of Boston. In 1766 he was elected to the General Assembly. He there exhibited talents of a liigh order as a statesman, at once gaining the esteem and admi- ration of his colleagues. He also gained the particular attention of a certain clique, who determined to rule or ruin him. They placed him in the crucible of slander, from which he came like gold seven times tried-triumphant and unscathed. In the Assembly he was uniformly chairman of the most important committees. He was also elected speaker but the Governor, jealous of his rising popularity and liberal principles, put his veto upon the election. He was a man of deep thought, general intelligence and strong mind. He had thoroughly investigated the laws of God, of nature and of man. He well understood that men are endowed by their Creator with certain inherent privileges-that they are born equal and of right are and should be free. He drank largely at the refreshing fountain of liberal principles and was among the first to expose the blind and cruel policy of the British ministers. He contributed largely in rousing his fellow sufferers to a sense of impending danger. Although deeply interested in commercial business and more exposed to the wrath of kingly power than any individual in the province-he boldly placed himself at the head of the association prohibiting the im- portation of goods from Great Britain. The other provinces caught the patriotic fire from these examples and became prepared to act their part in the tragic scenes that resulted in the emancipation of the pilgrim fathers from monarchical domination. As a mark of special attention to this uncompromising patriot, the first seizure that was made by the revenue officers under pretence of some trivial violation of the laws was one of his vessels. So great was the excitement produced by this impolitic transaction, that large num- bers were speedily collected to rescue the property. It was placed under the guns of an armed ship ready to open a broadside upon any who should dare to reclaim the vessel. The populace rose like a thunder cloud-rushed to the onset-brought away the vessel-razed to the ground some of the buildings occupied by the custom house offi- cers and committed to the flames the boat of the collector. For a time OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 137 this fire was arrested by the strong arm of power but it was never ex- tinguished-it was the fire of Liberty. It only required to be fanned by that ministerial oppression that ultimately blew it into curling flames. To prevent the recurrence of a popular outbreak several regiments of British troops, with all their loathsome vices fresh upon them, were quartered upon the inhabitants. This was like pouring bituminous coal tar upon a lurid flame. The independent spirits of Boston were not to be aired into subjection. The consequences were tragical. On the evening of 5th of March 1770, a party of these soldiers fired upon and killed five and wounded others of the citizens who had collected to manifest their indignation against those they hated more than they feared. Had the town been placed in the terrific cradle of an earth- quake and its foundations moved to the centre, the agitation could not have been greater. Had it been melting before the burning lava of a volcano the commotion could not have been increased. The tolling of bells-the groans of the dying and wounded-the shrieks of mothers, widows and orphans-the flight of soldiers-the rush of the inhabitants- the cry of revenge-popular fury rising into a tornado of vengeance-all combined to create a scene of consternation and horror at which ima- gination recoils, description quails, sympathy trembles, humanity bleeds. It is a commentary, eloquently strong, upon the gross impropriety of quartering soldiers upon citizens-of enforcing civil law by military force-of invading the sanctity of domestic peace and private enjoy- ment. On the following day a meeting was called composed of the concen- trated talent and virtue of Boston. Strong but discreet resolutions were passed. A committee was appointed to wait upon the governor to request him to remove the troops from the town, at the head of which were Samuel Adams and John Hancock. His excellency at first re- fused but finding that discretion was the better part of valor, at once ordered the soldiers to the castle. He also gave a pledge that the offenders should be arraigned and tried and thus restored transient tranquillity. The solemn and imposing ceremony of interring those who were killed was then performed. Their bodies were deposited in the same grave. Tears of sorrow, sympathy, regret and indignation were min- gled with the clods as they descended upon the butchered bodies of those victims of tyranny. For many years the sad event was com- memorated with deep and mournful solemnity. A hymn was sung to their memory and the torch of Liberty re-illumed at their tomb. 18 138 THE SAGES AND HEROES At one of these celebrations during the progress of the Revolution John Hancock dehvered the address. A few brief extracts will be read with interest. " Security to the persons and property of the governed is so evi- idently the design of civil government that to attempt a logical demon- stration of it would be like burning a taper at noonday to assist the sun in enlightening the world. It cannot be either virtuous or honora- ble to attempt to support institutions of which this is not the principal basis. Some boast of being friends to government. I also am a friend to government-to a righteous government, founded upon the principles of reason and justice-but I glory in avowing my eternal enmity to tyranny." He then portrayed vividly the wrongs inflicted by the mother coun- try and urged his fellow citizens to vindicate their injured rights. On speaking of the massacre his language shows the emotions of his heav- ing bosom-the feelings of his noble soul. " I come reluctantly to the transactions of that dismal night, when, in quick succession we felt the extremes of grief, astonishment and rage- when Heaven, in anger, suffered hell to take the reins-when Satan, with his chosen band opened the sluices of New England's blood and sacri- legiously polluted her land with the bodies of her guiltless sons. Let this sad tale be told without a tear-let not the heaving bosom cease to burn with a manly indignation at the relation of it through the long tracts of future time-let every parent tell the story to his listening chil- dren till the tears of pity glistens in their eyes or boiling passion shakes their tender frames." " Dark and designing knaves-murderous parricides ! how dare you tread upon the earth which has drunk the blood of slaughtered innocence shed by your hands! How dare you breathe that air which wafted to the ear of Heaven the groans of those who fell a sacritice to your accursed ambition ! ! But if the laboring earth doth not expand her jaws-if the air you breathe is not commissioned to be the minister of death-yet hear it and tremble ! the eye of Heaven penetrates the darkest chambers of the soul and you, though screened from human observation, must be arraigned-must lift up your hands, red with the blood of those whose death you have procured, at the tremendous bar of God." So bold had Mr. Hancock become that the adherents of the crown put every plan and artifice in operation that could be devised to injure him. His worst enemy, the governor, nominated him to the Council, knowing that his acceptance would turn the populace against him. The plan was just as feasible as to think of baking griddle cakes on the moon. OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 139 By a prompt refusal he put his enemies to shame and increased the confi- dence the patriots reposed in him. He was at this time Captain of the Governor's Guard and was immediately removed. His company was composed of the first citizens of Boston. As a testimony of respect to him the members promptly dissolved. The dread crisis finally came. The war car was put in motion on the heights of Lexington. American blood was again shed by British soldiers. The people heard the dread clarion of Revolution-multitudes rushed to the conflict-the hireling troops fled in confusion-messengers of death met them on the whole route-retribution pressed on them at every ,corner-the trees and fences were illuminated with streams of fire from the rusty muskets of the native yoemanry and many of Briton's proud sons slumbered in their gore on that eventful day. The watch- word was then fixed-LiBERXY or Death. On the reception of this news the governor issued his proclamation in the name of his most Christian Majesty, George the III. declaring the Province in a state of rebellion but graciously offering a pardon to all returning penitents-e.rcepim^ John Hancock and Samuel Adams. A secret attempt was made to arrest them but was foiled by information sent by Gen. Warren. They were preserved to aid in the glorious cause they had boldly and nobly espoused and to become shining lights in the blue canopy of FREDDOM-bright examples of patriotism for future generations. Their proscription by the royal governor endeared them still more to the people and their personal friends. They asked no pardon-desired no royal favor. In 1774 Mr. Hancock was unanimously elected President of the Massachussetts Provincial Congress and in 1775 he was called to pre- side over the Continental Congress. It was with great diffidence he accepted this high -mark of esteem, many of its members possessing towering talents and were much his seniors in age. He discharged the duties of his station with fidelity, great ability and to the satisfaction of the members and the country. His was the only name affixed to the Declaration of Independence when first published and stands, in bold relievo, at the head of the list of that noble band of fearless patriots who bearded the British Lion in his den and drove him from Columbia's soil- whose names are enrolled on the historic sunbeams of unfading light, there to remain in living brightness to the remotest ages of time. Impaired in health and worn down by fatigue, Mr. Hancock resigned his responsible station in Congress in October 1777, having presided over that body for two and a half years with a credit highly gratifying to his numerous friends and advantageous to the cause of human rights. 140 THE SAGES AND HEROES Soon after his return he was elected to the convention of his native state to form a constitution for its government. His talents and experience were of great service in aiding to produce a truly republican instrument. In 1780 he was elected the first governor under the new constitution and continued to fill the gubernatorial chair five years when he resigned. At the expiration of two years he was again elected to that office and continued to fill that important station during the remainder of his life. During his administration there were many difficulties to overcome- many evils to suppress. The devastation of the war had paralyzed every kind of business-reduced thousands from affluence to poverty- polluted the morals of society and left a heavy debt to be liquidated. Conflicting interests were to be reconciled-restless spirits subdued and visionary theories exploded. A faction of 12,000 men threatened to annihilate the new government. Riots were of frequent occurrence-the civil authority was disregarded and it became necessary to call out the military to enforce order. By the prudence, decision and wise conduct of the Governor and those acting under him, all difficulties were adjusted-the clamor of the people hushed-order restored and but few hves sacrificed at the shrine of treason. By his firm and determined course the Governor incurred the dis- pleasure of many prominent men for a time-but when reason resumed her station and prosperity alleviated the burdens that had been so strongly felt, their better judgment gained the ascendency, the sour feelings of party spirit lost their rancor-admiration and esteem for his sterling virtues and useful talents-the long and arduous services he had rendered his State and country-disarmed his enemies of their resentment and produced uniform love and respect. None but those who then lived can fully appreciate the Alpine barriers the patriots had to surmount to preserve the Independence they achieved and reduce to practice the long nursed vision of a Republican government. To recount them would require a volume. Let them slumber in the shades of oblivion. Gov. Hancock was strongly in favor of the adoption of the Federal Constitution and left his sick bed in the last week of the session of the Assembly and did much by his advice and influence to induce his State to sanction that important instrument of confederation which has thus far withstood the assaults of demagogues-the thunder gusts of party spirit and held us in the bonds of Union, strength and power. Para- lyzed be that arm that would cut the smallest fibre of the cord of our UNION. Silenced be that voice that would whisper the word disso- OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 141 lution even to a zephyr. If we are true to ourselves we are destined to become the greatest nation known to history. We are appointed by the sages and heroes of the Revolution executors in perpetual suc- cession of the richest estate ever bequeathed to a nation-LiBERXY in its pristine purity. Let us see well to its preservation that when we meet the testators in the realms of bliss, we may find our account approved and passed in the high court of heaven. John Hancock lived to see prosperity shed the benignant rays of happiness over the broad expanse of the infant republic. He saw her institutions, laws, trade, manufactures, commerce, agriculture-all based on the firm pillars of purchased treedom and eternal justice. His Pierian vision was reduced to a happy reality-he could then die peace- ful and happy. His ill health continued until the 8th of October 1793 when sud- denly and unexpectedly his soul left earth and returned to Him who gave it to join the kindred spirits that had gone before and entered upon the untried realities of the eternal world. Governor Hancock was a man of elegant person and accomplish- ments-amiable and pure in all the private relations of life-highly honorable in all his actions-a polished gentleman in his manners- fashionable in his dress and style of living-charitable and liberal-a friend to the poor-a visitor of the widow and orphan-diligent in busi- ness-open and frank in his disposition-a faithful companion-a con- sistent patriot-an honest man. BENJAMIN -HARRISON. Coolness, united with sound discretion, deep penetration, wisdom to plan and energy to execute, is an important quality. In times of high excitement it is indispensably necessary in those who wield the destiny of a community. When the fires of passion, burning in the bosoms of an enraged multitude, unite in one cyclopean volume, the mental rod of cooling discretion is necessary to regulate, guide and direct it to a proper destination. If all were alike charged with boiling desperation in times when angry commotions disturb the public peace, the holiest cause would lose its efficacy and be overwhelmed by the murky waters of fell revenge. The cool deliberations of the first Continental Congress, writhing under the lash of oppression, shed upon it a lustre that attracted the admiration of a gazing world, the smiles of angels and the approval of Heaven. The mother country 142 THE SAGES AND HEROES was left without an excuse or just reason for tlie continuation of her suicidal course. To the cool and discreet conduct of the Sages and Heroes of the American Revolution we may attribute the liberty we now enjoy. No one among them demonstrated more fully this quality combined with firmness of purpose and boldness of action than Benjamin Har- rison a native of Berkley, Virginia, supposed to have been born about 1730, the precise time not being a matter of record. His family de- scended from a near relative of Gen. Harrison, a bold leader in the revolution of the English Commonwealth who was sacrificed on the scaffold for his liberal principles. * This relative settled in Surrey, Vir- ginia, about 1640. His descendants sustained the high reputation of their ancestors and filled many important stations in the colony. It is recorded of Benjamin Harrison, son of the ancestor that located in Surrey, that " he did justice, loved mercy and walked humbly with his God," leaving a memento of character that forms the crowning excellence of human attainments. Benjamin Harrison, the father of young Benjamin now under review, was killed by lightning with two of his daughters. At that time this son was prosecuting his studies at the college of William and Mary where he finished his education at an early age. Before he arrived at his majority he had the manage- ment of a large estate left him by his father. As good sense dictated and as in duty bound, he shortly after married Elizabeth, the accom- plished daughter of Col. William Bassett and niece to Lady Wash- ington. She possessed all the high requisites of a wife. Before he arrived at the age then required by law, he was elected to the House of Burgesses and became a leading member. His talents were of the peculiar kind calculated to lead without an apparent de- sire to command. His magic wand was sound discretion coolly and firmly exercised, enlivened by a good humor and sprightliness that mellowed his otherwise stern qualities. Wielding a powerful influence, the creatures of the crown were particularly courteous to him just previous to the revolution and proposed to confer upon him the highest official dignity in the colony-except governor-who must be a native of the mother country. Mr. Harrison was too republican and far seeing to be caught in the silken web of ministerial intrigue or royal cunning. With all his wealth and influence he was a plain common sense man opposed to the pomp of courts and the flourish of high pretensions. He went for his country and the people. He scorned to be the hirehng or slave of a king. As early as 1764 he was on the committee in the House of Burgesses that prepared an address to the OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 143 crown, a memorial to the House of Lords and a remonstrance to the House of Commons of Great Britain predicated upon the Virginia Resohitions anticipating the odious Stamp Act. These documents as reported were then too hard metal in view of a majority in the House and were transmuted to soft solder by the process of political alchemy well understood by the creatures of the king. The time rolled on rapidly when hard metal was made the order of the day. As British oppression increased Virginia indignation kindled to a flame that illuminated the old Dominion to its utmost bounds. Mr. Harrison was a member of the convention that met at Wihiamsburg on the 1st of August 1774 and passed a series of strong resolutions in favor of equal rights-sanctioned the measures of opposition adopted by New England and appointed seven delegates to the general Congress, Mr. Harrison being one. The benefits resulting from the labors of that Congress may not now be apparent to many young readers as a deaf ear was turned to the dignified proceedings by the mother country. They were twofold. 1.* The true position of the two countries was clearly defined and held up to the world leaving England without an excuse for her subsequent course. 2. A personal acquaintance and free interchange of views served to establish mutual confidence and produced a concert of action between the colonies. On the 20th of March 1775 Mr. Harrison was a member of the convention that met at Richmond and passed the bold resolutions offered by Patrick Henry. Many had the royal film removed from their eyes at that time and came to the rescue. Anticipating the ap- pointment of delegates to a second Congress, Lord Dunmore issued his proclamation forbidding the procedure affecting to treat the con- vention as a mere bagatelle. Royal proclamations had lost their original efficacy. The delegates were elected, among whom was Mr. Harrison. He repaired to his post which was then more imposing than the year preceeding. A crisis had arrived big with consequences. Amidst the flashes and roar of the gathering storm cool deliberation pervaded his bosom. Mr. Randolph, the President of the first Con- gress being absent, Mr. Hancock was elected to fill the vacancy. When his name was announced he seemed overcome with a modest diffidence and did not move. Mr. Harrison ■ took him in his gigantic arms and placed him in the chair saying-" We will show mother Bri- tain how little we care for her-by making a Massachusetts man our President whom she has excluded from pardon by public proclama- tion." Action-noble and god-like action became the order of that eventful 144 THE SAGES AND HEROES era. Each gale from the north brought tidings of fresh outrages and increasing aggressions on the part of mother Britain. Congress pre- pared for the worst although many of the members turned a willing ear to the siren song of peace. Mr. Harrison was one of the committee appointed to devise ways and means for defence and to organize the militia throughout the colonies that were represented. After laboring arduously for a month the plan of military operations w^as reported that carried the American Colonies through the war. Mr. Harrison was the military man of Congress. He had the unlimited confidence of Wash- ington. In September of that year he was one of the committee of three to consult with the Commander-in-chief and with the authorities of the regenerated colonies relative to a preparation for vigorous action. On the 29th of November he was made chairman of the committee of five to take charge of the foreign correspondence. On the 2d of December he was sent to Maryland to aid in organizing a naval armament to repel the predatory warfare of Lord Dunmore along the shores of the Chesa- peake. On the 17th of January 1776 he laid Before Congress a plan for the recruiting service which was adopted. On the 21st of the same montli he was placed upon the committee to organize the War Depart- ment. On the 23d he went to New York with Messrs. Lynch and Allen to aid Gen. Lee in devising plans and means of defence and for erecting fortifications upon the two confluent rivers. On his return he was placed on the committee for organizing the military departments of the middle and southern Colonies. On the 6th of March he was placed on the Marine Standing Committee-bestowing on him labor in proportion to his physical as well as mental powers. He was found equal to the task imposed. On the 26th of March 1776 Congress published a full preface to the Declaration of Independence, setting forth the contempt with \^ hioh the petitions, remonstrances and appeals for relief had been treated-portray- ing in lively colors the constitutional and chartered rights of the Ameri- can people and the manner they were trampled under foot and steeped in blood by British hirelings. The same document authorised the colonies to fit out vessels of war to meet the mistress of the seas on her own element. Mr. Harrison was chairman of a committee to select and have fortified one or more ports for the protection of these vessels and such prizes as they might take. In May he was made chairman of the committee on the Canada expedition. After consulting Generals Washington, Gates and Mifflin, he laid a plan of operations before Con- gress which was adopted. On the 26th of the same month he was made chairman of a commiitce of fourteen to confer with the general officers OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 145 of the army relative to the plan of operations for the ensuing campaign. When matured he laid it before Congress and during its consideration was chairman of the committee of the whole. With slight amend- ments the report was adopted. On the 15th of June he was made chairman of the Board of War and continued in that important station until he retired from Congress. In his discharge of its duties Judge Peters remarks of him-"He was chairman when I entered upon the duties assigned me in the War Department. This gave me an opportunity of observing his firmness, good sense and usefulness in deliberation and in critical situations and much use indeed was required of these qualities when everything around was lowering and terrific." Mr. Harrison became very popular as chairman of the committee of the whole. If in the House he uniformly presided when important ques- tions were under consideration. He was in the chair during the discus- sion of the Declaration of Independence. He presented the resolution that recommended the formal preparation of that sacred document and on the glorious 4th of July 1776 sealed his heart felt approval with his vote and signature. At the thrilling moment when the members were signing what many called their death warrant, as the slender Mr. Gerry finished his signature Mr. Harrison pleasantly remarked to him " when the hanging scene commences I shall have all the advantage over you. It will all be over with me in a minute but you will be kicking in the air half an hour after I am gone." During the protracted discussions upon the Articles of Confederation Mr. Harrison was uniformly in the chair. From August to the 5th of November he was engaged in the service of his own state in the formation of the new government when he again returned to his place. He was one of the committee to advise in the movements of the northern army. When the members of Con- gress were compelled to fly from Baltimore to Lancaster, where they remained but one day and from there to York, Pa. he remained firm at his post. The enemies of Liberty predicted a final dissolution but proved fiijse prophets. They even reported that Mr. Harrison was about to desert the American cause. His coolness and deliberation were often made useful in softening down hasty and harsh propositions. When the question was agitated relative to punishing the Quakers he interfered in their behalf. In after life one of them often remarked of him-" He saved us from persecution. He had talents to perceive the right and firmness enough to pursue it however violently opposed." At the close of 1777 Mr. Plarrison resigned his seat in Congress and returned to the bosom of his family. No one member had performed more labor than him-no one was more highly esteemed and honored. 19 146 THE SAGES AND HEROES He "was emphatically a working man-a colossus in the cause of liberty and human rights. He returned home to enjoy repose. This was of but short duration. He was immediately elected to the Virginia Legislature and made Speaker, which station he ably filled for five consecutive years. During that period the revolutionary storm spent its fury upon the Old Dominion. The traitor Arnold and the tyrant Cornwallis were tinging its streams and saturating its soil with the blood of its noble sons. Fire, sword, murder, rapine, ruin and destruction marked their savage course. Her legislature was driven from Richmond to Charlotteville-to Staunton- to the Warm Springs and found but a transient rest at either place. During these rapid removes Mr. Harrison remained cool, collected and firm and was prolific in the best measures to ward oflf impending dangers. He did much to rouse the people to action and dispel the terrors of their minds. He knew no " fugitive feai'"-the assertion of another writer to the contrary notwithstanding and without any foundation in fact, for the purpose of raising his own hero above his proper level by climbing upon the shoulders of the towering reputation of Mr. Harrison. This fictitious capital will not answer even at this late day. Records speak for the dead in a voice that paralyzes the slanderer like the hand writing that shook the sturdy frame of Belshazzar. Ill 1782 Mr. Harrison was elected Governor of Virginia and assumed a herculean task. The recent devastations of the British army aided .by tories who remained on the soil, had thrown everything into one chaotic mass. He entered upon the discharge of his duties with an energy that showed no " fugitive fear" and became one of the most popular chief magistrates that ever filled the gubernatorial chair of the Old Dominion. He was re-elected twice and was then inelligible by the constitution and once more sought retirement, Without his knowledge or consent he was immediately after nominated for the le- gislature and for the first time defeated. This was effected by a cun- ning device of his opponent. When Governor he had ordered the militia to level the embankments at Yorktown which was the first and last unpopular act of his life. This was the political hobby-horse on which his opponent gained the race. Mr. Harrison removed into the adjoining county of Surry and was returned to the same Legislature with his successful competitor. To add to the chagrin of his oppo- nents he was elected Speaker of the House. Before the year expired he was ura^ed to return to his former residence. Old aa:e and declinins; health induced him to permanently retire from public life. In 1788 he was a member of the Convention of his State to which the Federal Constitution was submitted and was chairman of the first OF THE AMERICAN KEVOLUTION. 147 committee — that of privileges and elections. He opposed the docu- ment in some of its details as being too indefinite in defining the powers of the General and State Governments but approved it as a whole with certain amendments that were returned with it. So strong was the opposition to its adoption by nearly half of the delegates that this large minority held a private meeting in the night for the purpose of adopting plans of opposition that were calculated to produce the most fatal consequences. Fortunately this cool and deliberate patri- arch of Liberty gained admittance and prevailed upon them to submit to the majority of nine and pursue the legal remedy for obtaining amendments after it became the law of the land. This noble and patriotic act formed the crowning glory of his public career. In 1790 he was nominated for Governor but declined serving and used his utmost influence in favor of Mr. Randolph and induced his own son to vote against him who was a member of the House which elected the Chief Magistrate. Mr. Randolph was unpopular with some of the members who were confident of defeating him could they prevail upon Mr. Harrison to consent to be used as a party man. His Roman integrity and influence prevailed and Mr. Randolph was made Governor. During the next year his health declined rapidly. Shortly after his unanimous election to the Legislature he was prostrated by a severe attack of the gout which terminated his long and useful life in April 1791, leaving a large family of children to mourn the loss of a kind father-his country to lament the exit of a favorite son and noble patriot. He was the father of the late President Harrison who sur- vived just one month after his inauguration. Mr. Harrison was a man of great muscular power-above the mid- dle height, graceful but plain in his manners with an intelligent coun- tenance indicating strength of mind and decision of character. During the latter part of his life he became quite corpulent in consequence of a quiet mind and good dinners. His private character was above reproach. His wit and humor made him a pleasant companion-his intelligence and good sense made him an instructive one. His cool head, good heart, sound judgment and agreeable temperament made him an important public servant just suited to the times in which he lived. Were all our legislators of the present day like him-fanaticism and ultraism could not flourish-our UNION would be safe. 148 THE SAGES AND HEROES JOHN HART. No occupation is so well calculated to rivet upon the heart a love of country as that of agriculture. No profession is more honorable-but few are as conducive to health and above all others it insures peace, tranquillity and happiness. A calling independent in its nature- it is calculated to produce an innate love of Libert3\ The farmer stands upon a lofty eminence and looks upon the bustle of mechanism, the din of commerce and the multiform perplexities of the various lite- rary professions, with feelings of personal freedom unknown to them. He acknowledges the skill and indispensable necessity of the first-the enterprise and usefulness of the second-the wide spread benefits of the last-then turns his mind to the pristine quiet of his agrarian domain and covets not the fame that clusters around them all. His opportuni- ties for intellectual improvement are superior to the two first and in many respects not inferior to the last. Constantly surrounded by the varied beauties of nature and the never ceasing harmonious operation of her laws-his mind is led to contemplate the wisdom of the great Architect of worlds. The philosophy of the universe is constantly pre- senting new^ phases to his enraptured view. Aloof from the commov- ing arena of public life but made acquainted with what is passing there through the medium of the magic PRESs-he is able to form deliberate opinions upon the various topics that concern the good and glory of his country. In his retired domicil he is less exposed to that corrupt and corrupting party spirit that is raised by the whirlwind of selfish ambi- tion and often rides on the tornado of faction. Before he is roused to a participation in violent commotions he hears much, reflects deeply, re- solves nobly. When the oppression of rulers becomes so intolerable as to induce the yeomanry of a country to leave their ploughs and peaceful firesides and draw the avenging sword-let them beware and know the day of retribution is at hand. Thus it was at the commencement of the American Revolution. When the implements of husbandry were exchanged for those of war and the farmers joined in the glorious cause of Liberty, the fate of England's power over the Colonies was hermetically scaled. The con- centrated phalanx of commingling professions was irresistible as an avalanche in the full plenipotence of force. Among the patriots of that eventful era who left their ploughs and rushed to the rescue was John Hart, born at Hopewell, Hunterdon County, N. J. about the year 1715. The precise time of his birth is OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 149 not a matter of record-his acts in the cause of Liberty are. He was the son of Edward Hart, a brave and efficient officer who aided the mother country in the conquest of Canada and participated in the epic laurels that were gained by Wolfe on the heights of Abraham. He raised a volunteer corps under the cognomen of Jersey Blues-an ap- pellation still the pride of Jerseymen. He fought valiantly and was recompensed with praise-not the gold of the mother country. John Hart was an extensive farmer, a man of strong mind improved by reading and reflection, ever ambitious to excel in his profession. In Deborah Scudder he found an amiable and faithful wife. In the affec- tions and good conduct of a liberal number of sons and daughters he found an enjoyment which bachelors may affect to disdain but for which they often sigh. Eden's fair bowers were dreary until Heaven's first best gift to man was there. Known as a man of sound judgment, clear perception, liberal views and pure motives, John Hart was called to aid in public business long before the Revolution. For twenty years he had served in various stations and was often a member of the legislature. He took a deep interest in the local improvements necessary in a new country. He was a warm advocate for education, was liberal in donations to semi- naries of learning. He was a friend to social order and did much to produce an equilibrium in the scales of justice. In organizing the mu- nicipal government of his county he rendered essential service. He looked on public business as a duty to to be performed when required- not as a political hobby-horse to ride upon. The public men of that day said but little. They despatched business promptly with an eye single to the general good. Sinecures were unknown-office hunters few and far between. Industry, frugality and economy in public and private matters were marked characteristics of the pilgrim fathers. Golden days ! when will ye return in the majesty of your innocence and banish from our land the enervating follies, the poisonous weeds, the impugning evils that augur the destruction of our far famed Republic. Mr. Hart was quick to discern the encroachments of the British ministry upon the chartered and constitutional rights of the colonies and prompt to resist them. The passage of the Stamp Act on the 22d of March 1765 was followed by a commotion that indicated a slender tenure of kingly power in America. This odious Act was repealed on the 18th of March 1776. But the ministerial alchemists were madly bent on new experiments. The colonists had borne the yoke of artful and increasing restrictions upon their trade and industry for fifty years. 150 THE SAGES AND HEROES It was pi-csumcd their necks were liardened so as to bear a lieavier burden. Deluded alchemists-they little understood the kind of metal put in their crucible. Direct taxation without representation was no part of the English constitution. This violation could not be tamely submitted to. The second edition of the revenue plan revised and ste- reotyped in 17G7 by Charles Townshend, Chancellor of the Exchequer, imposing a duty on glass, paper, pasteboard, tea and painters' colors- kindled a flame in the Colonies that no earthly power could quench. Public meetings against the measure-resolutions of the deepest censure, remonstrances of the strongest character, arguments of the most con- clusive logic were hurled back upon the ministry. Boston harbor was converted into a teapot and all the tea afloat used at one drawing. Non-importation agreements, committees of safety, preparations for defence, non-intercourse, bloodshed, war and Independence followed. In all these movements Mr. Hart concurred and firmly opposed the en- croachments of the crown. In 1774 he was elected to Congress and entered upon the high duties of his station with a deep sense of the responsibilities that rested upon that body at that particular time. JMild, deliberate, cautious, dis- creet and firm in his purposes-he became an important member in carrying out the measures then contemplated-reconciliation and a restoration of amity. On the 10th of May 1775 he again took his place in Congress. The cry of blood, shed on the 19th of the pre- ceding April at Lexington, had infused a spirit among the members widely different from that which pervaded their minds at the previous meeting. It was then that the cool deliberation of such men as-ISIr. Hart was indispensable. The ardor and impetuosity of youth had passed away-propositions and arguments were placed in the balance of reason. Causes, effects, objects, ends, plans, means, consequences- all were put in the scales of justice and honestly weighed. In this manner every act was performed with clean hands, the cause of Liberty honored, prospered and crowned with triumphant success. At this time Mr. Hart was a member and Vice President of the Assembly of New Jersey and shortly after had the proud satisfaction of aiding in the funeral obsequies of the old government and joined in the festivi- ties of forming a new one upon the broad platform of republicanism. Ou the 14th of February 1776 he was again elected to the Conti- nental Congress and when the Chart of Liberty was presented he care- fully examined its bold physiognomy-pronounced its points, features, landmarks, delineations and entire combinations \vorthy of freemen gave it his vote, his nature and his benediction. At the close of the OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 151 session he retired from public life and declined a re-election. As he anticipated, the British drove away his family, destroyed his property and after he returned hunted him from place to place and several times had him so nearly cornered that his escape seemed impossible. His exposure in eluding the pursuit of the relentless foe brought on illness that terminated his life in 1780. He was a worthy member of the Baptist church-a devoted Christian-an honest man. PATRICK HENRY. Genius is one of the indefinable attributes of man. We may think, see, talk and write upon this noble quality, rehearse its triumphant achievements, its magic wonders, its untiring efforts-but what is genius ? that's the question-one that none but pedants will attempt to answer. The thing, the moving cause, the modus operandi can no more be comprehended and reduced to materiality than the spirit that animates our bodies. The man who can do this can analyze the tor- nado, put the thunder cloud in his breeches pocket and quaff lightning for a beverage. Metaphysicians, physiologists and craniologists may put on their robes of mystery, arm each eye with a microscope, each finger with the acutest phrenological sensibility, whet up all their men- tal powers to the finest keenness, strain their imagination to its utmost tension, tax speculation one himdred per cent, and then call to their aid the brightest specimens of this occult power-the combined force could not weave a web and label it genius that would not be an insult to common sense. Genius is the essential oil of mental power. No frost can freeze it, no fog can mildew it, no heat can paralyze it, no potentate can crush it. In all countries and climes it springs up spon- taneously but flourishes most luxuriantly and attains a more perfect symmetry and greater strength when nurtured by intelligence and free- dom. So versatile is this concentrated essence of mental power that we can form no rule to pre-determine its personal locality, its time of development, its measure of strength or the extent of its orbit. Like a blazing meteor-it bursts suddenly upon us as in the darkness of night, illuminating the world and like the lightning thunder bolt- shivers every obstacle that stands in its way. Thus it was with Patrick Henry born at Studley, Hanover County, Virginia, on the 29th of May 1736. His father was a highly reputa- ble man of Scotch descent-his mother was the sister of Judge Wins- ton who was justly celebrated as an eloquent speaker. During his 152 THE SAGES AND HEROES childhood ;uul youth Patrick was remarkable for indolence and a love of recreation. lie arrived at manhood with a limited education and ignorant of all occupations. His mind was not cultivated, his native talents were not developed, his genius was not awakened until after he ' was a husband and a father. His friends vainly endeavored to put him on a course of application to business by setting him up in the mercantile line. Prcfering his fishing rod and gun to measuring tape he soon failed. Finding himself bankrupt he concluded that the in- creasing troubles of his pilgrimage were too numerous to bear alone. He married the daughter of a respectable planter and became a tiller of the ground. Unacquainted with this new vocation he soon swamped in the quagmire of adversity. He then gibed, put his helm hard up and tacked to the mercantile business. Still he was unfortu- nate. Poverty claimed him as a favorite son and bestowed u]ion him special attention. An increasing family needed increased means of support. Creditors had the assurance to shower duns upon him and cruelly reduced him to misery and want. He then conceived the idea of studying law. For the first time he felt most keenly the waste of time in his childhood and youth. He saw many of his age who had ascended high on the ladder of fame whose native powers of muid he knew to be inferior to his. He bent his whole energies to study and in six weeks after he commenced was admitted to the Bar, more as a compliment to his respectable connexions and his destitute situation than from the knowledge he had obtained of the abstruse science of law during the brief period he had been engaged in its investigation. Folded in the coils of extreme want for the three ensuing years he made but slight advances in his profession. He obtained the necessa- ries of life by aiding his father-in-law at a tavern bar instead of being at the Bar of the court. He was still ardently attached to his gun. He often took his knapsack of provisions and remained in the woods several days and nights. On his return he would enter the court in his coarse and blood stained hunting dress-take up his causes -carry them through with astonishing adroitness and finally gained a popular reputation as an advocate. In 17G4 he was employed in a case of contested election tried at Richmond, which introduced him among the fashionable and gay whose dress and manners formed a great contrast with his. He made no preparation to meet his learned and polished adversaries. As he moved awkwardly among them, some, who were squinting at him and his coarse apparel, suppossed him no7i compos ineniis. When the case was tried the audience and court were electrified by his torrent of OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 153 native eloquence and lucid logic. Judges Tyler and Winston who were upon the bench declared they had never before witnessed so happy and powerful an effort in point of sublime rhetoric and conclu- sive argument. The towering genius of Patrick Henry then burst from embryo into blooming life. From that time his fame spread its expansive wings and soared far above those of gayer plumage but of less strength. A lucrative practice banished want, sunshine friends returned and flashed around him, he leaped upon the flood tide of pros- perity. From his childhood he had been a close observer of human nature-the only germ of genius visible in his juvenile character. He had studiously cultivated this important attribute which was of great advantage to him through life. So familiar had he become witii tlie propensities and operations of the mind that he comprehended all its intricacies, impulses and variations. This gave him a great advantage over many of his professional brethren who had studied Greek and Latin more but human nature less than this self-made man. He took a deep and comprehensive view of the causes that impel men to action and of the results produced by the multifarious influences that control them. He grasped the designs of creation, the duty of man to his fellow and his God, the laws of nature, reason and revelation and became a bold advocate for liberty of conscience, equal rights and universal freedom. From the expansive view he had taken of the rights of man, the difierent forms of government, the oppression of kings, the policy pursued by the mother country towards the Ameri- can colonies, he was fully convinced that to be great and happy a nation must be free and independent. With the eye of a statesman he had viewed the increasing oppression of the crown. They had reached his noble soul and roused that soul to action. Patrick Henry first charged the revolutionary ball with patriotic fire in Virginia and gave it an impetus that gathered force as it rolled onward. In 1765 he was elected to the Assembly and at once took a bold decisive stand against British oppression. He introduced resolutions against the Stamp Act that were so pointed and bold as to alarm many of the older members although they admitted the truth and justice of the sentiments expressed. They had not his genius to design or his moral courage to execute. To impart a share of these to them and allay the palpitations of their trembling hearts was the province of this young champion of freedom. In this he succeeded-his resolutions were passed. Each was drawn from the translucent fountain of eter- nal justice-based upon equity and law and within the orbit of Magna 20 154 THE SAGES AND HEROES Charta that had been the polar star of tlie English government ever since the 19th of June 1215. Read them and judge. " Resolved-That the first adventurers and settlers of this his ma- jesty's colony and dominion brought with them and transmitted to their posterity and all other his majesty's subjects since inhabiting in this his majesty's said colony-all the privileges, franchises and immu- nities that have at any time been held, enjoyed and possessed by the people of Great Britain. " Resolved-That by two royal charters granted by King James I. the colonies aforesaid are declared entitled to all the privileges, liber- ties and immunities of denizens and natural born subjects to all intents and purposes as if they had been born and abiding within the realm of England. "Resolved-That the taxation of the people by themselves or by persons chosen by themselves to represent them who can only know what taxes the people are able to bear and the easiest mode of raising them and are equally affected by such taxes themselves, is the distin- guishing characteristic of British freedom and without which the an- cient constitution cannot subsist. " Resolved— That his majesty's liege people of this most ancient colony have uninterruptedly enjoyed the right of being thus governed by their own Assembly in the article of their taxes and internal police and that the same hath never been forfeited or in any other way given up but hath been constantly recognized by the king's people of Great Britain. " Resolved therefore-That the General Assembly of this colony has the sole right and power to lay taxes and impositions upon the inhabi- tants of this colony and that any attempt to vest such power in any person or persons whosoever other than the General Assembly afore- said has a manifest tendency to destroy British as well as American freedom." The cringing sycophants of a corrupt and corrupting ministry could noi-dare not deny the correctness of these resolutions. They were hailed by every patriot as the firm pillars of American liberty. They were based upon the well defined principles of the English constitution and confined within the limits of the ancient landmarks of that sacred instrument. They were enforced by the overwhelming eloquence and logic of Mr. Henry and seconded by the cool deep calculating John- son, who sustained them by arguments and conclusions that carried conviction and conversion to the minds of many who were poising on the agonizing pivot of hesitation a few moments before. Some mem- bers opposed them who subsequently espoused the cause of equal rights OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 155 with great vigor. This opposition brought out in fuller, richer foHage the genius of the mover. He stood among the great in all the subli- mity of his towering intellect the acknowledged champion of that legis- lative hall which he had but recently entered. Astonishment and delight held his electrified audience captive as he painted the increas- ing infringements of the hirelings of the crown in bold and glowing colors. He presented in perspective the torrents of blood and seas of trouble through which the colonists had waded to plant themselves in the new world. With his paralyzing finger he pointed to the chains forged by tyranny already clanking upon every ear with a terrific sound. To be free or slaves was the momentous question. He was prepared and determined to unfold the banner of LiBERiY-drive from his native soil the task-masters of mother Britain or perish in the attempt. His opponents were astounded and found it impossible to stem the mighty current of popular feeling put in motion by the gigan- tic powers of this bold advocate of right. The resolutions passed amidst cries of treason from the iox'iGS- Liberty or death from the patriots. The seeds of freedom were deeply planted on that day and Old Virginia proved a congenial soil for their growth. From that time Patrick Henry was hailed as one of the great advocates of human rights and rational liberty. He stood on the loftiest pinnacle of fame, unmoved and unscathed by the fire of persecution calmly surveying the raging elements of the revolutionary storm in boiling commotion around him. In August 1774 a Convention met at Williamsburg and passed a series of resolutions pledging support to the eastern Colonies in the common cause against the common enemy. Peyton Randolph, Rich- ard Henry Lee, George Washington, Richard Bland, Benjamin Harri- son, Edmund Pendleton and Patrick Henry were appointed delegates to the general Congress. On the 4th of September this august assem- bly of patriotic sages met in Carpenter's Hall at the city of Philadel- phia. The object for which they had met was one of imposing and thrilling interest, big with events, absorbing in character and vast in importance. The eyes of gazing millions were turned upon them-the burning wrath of the king was flashing before them-the anathema of the ministers was pronounced against them. But they still resolved to go on. The hallowed cause of freedom impelled them to action. After an address to the God of Hosts imploring his guidance the pro- ceedings opened by appointing Peyton Randolph of Virginia President. A deep and solemn silence ensued. Each member seemed to appeal to Heaven for aid and direction. At length Patrick Henry rose in all the majesty of his greatness. Echo lingered to catch a sound. Like 150 T II £ S A G E S A N D II E R E S a colossal statue there he stood and surveyed the master spirits around him-his countenance solemn as eternity. O, my God ! what a moment of agonizing susj)ense ! His lij)s opcncd-his stentorian voice broke the painful silence-respiration regained its freedom-the hall was illumi- nated with patriotic fire. Witii the eloquence of Demosthenes, the philosophy of Socrates, the justice of Aristides and the patriotism of Cincinnatus he took a bold, broad, impartial and comprehensive view of the past, present and future-held up to the light the relations betw^een the mother country and the Colonies-unveiled the dark designs of the corrupt unprincipled ministry-exposed their unholy claims to wield an iron sceptre over America-demonstrated clearly that their ulterior ob- ject was the slavery of the people and extortion of money and painted a nation's rights and a nation's wrongs in flaming colors of lurid bright- ness. The dignity and calmness of his manner, the clearness of his logic, the force of his arguments, the power of his eloquence, the solemnity of his countenance and voice-combined to inspire an awe and deep toned feeling until then unknown to the astonished audience. His elevation of thought seemed supernatural and purified by divinity. He seemed commissioned by the great Jehovah to rouse his country- men to a sense of impending danger. He sat down amidst repeated bursts of applause the acknowledged Demosthenes of the new world- the most powerful orator of America. In March 1775 he was a member of the Virginia Convention that convened at Richmond, where he proposed resolutions to adopt imme- diate measures of defence sufficient to repel any invasion by the mother country. In these he was strongly opposed by several influential mem- bers who were still disposed to cringe to royal power. Reeking with wrongs and insolence as it was, he held that power in utter contempt. His dauntless soul soared above the trappings of a crown backed by bayonets and sought for rest only in the goal of freedom. The follow- ing extract from his speech on that thrilling occasion will best convey the tone of his emotions-deeply felt and strongly told. His overwhelm- ing eloquence we can but faintly imagine. " Mr. President-It is natural for man to indulge in the illusions of hope. We are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth and listen to the songs of that siren till she transforms us into beasts. Is this the part of wise men engaged in a great and arduous struggle for liberty ? Are we disposed to be of the numl)er of those, who, having eyes see not and having ears hear not the things that so nearly concern their tem- poral salvation? For my part whatever anguish of spirit it may cost, I am willing to know the whole truth-to know the worst and provide OF THE AMEKICAN REVOLUTION. 157 for it. I have but one lamp to guide my feet and that is the lamp of experience. I know of no way of judging the future but by the past. I wish to know what there has been in the conduct of the British minis- try for the last ten years to justify those hopes with which gentlemen are pleased to solace themselves and the House? Is it that insidious smile with which our petition has lately been received 1 Trust it not sir-it will prove a snare to your feet. Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed by a kiss. Ask yourselves how this gracious reception of your petition comports with those warlike preparations that cover our waters and darken our land. Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation? Have we shown ourselves so unwil- ling to be reconciled that force must be called in to win back our love? Let us not deceive ourselves sir. These are the implements of war and subjugation-the last arguments to which kings resort. I ask gen- tlemen, sir, what means this mortal array if its purpose be not to force us to submission ? Can gentlemen assign any other possible motive for it? Has Great Britain any enemy in this quarter of the world to call for all this accumulation of navies and armies? No sir-she has none. They are meant for us, they can be meant for no other. They are sent over to bind and rivet upon us those chains which the British ministry have been so long forging. And what have we to oppose to them ? Shall we try argument? Sir, we have been trying that for the last ten years. Have we anything new to offer upon the subject ? Nothing. We have held the subject up in every light of which it is capable but it has been all in vain. Shall we resort to entreaty and humble suppli- cation ? What terms shall we find that have not already been ex- hausted ? Let us not, I beseech you sir, deceive ourselves longer. Sir, we have done everything that could be done to avert the storm that is coming on. We have petitioned-we have remonstrated, we have supplicated, we have prostrated ourselves before the throne and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and Parliament. Our petitions have been slighted, our re- monstrances have produced additional violence and insult, our suppli- cations have been disregarded and we have been spurned with con- tempt from the foot of the throne. •' In vain after these things may we indulge the fond hope of peace and reconciliation. There is no longer room for hope. If we wish to be free- if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable privileges for which we have been so long contending-if we mean not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so long engaged and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon until the glorious object of our 158 THE SAGES AND HEROES contest shall be obtained-i/r muslfiglit! I repeat it sir-7/'e must fight! ! An appeal to arms and the God of Hosts is all that is left us. It is vain sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry-peace! peace !-bi\t there is no peace. The war is actually begun. The next gale that comes from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms. Our brethren arc already in the field. What is it gentlemen wish? What would they have? j WHiy stand we here idle? Is life so dear and peace so sweet as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it Almighty God! I know not what course others may take but as for me-give me Liberty or Death ! ! .'" See the resolutions to which he thus spoke in the life of Nelson. ! The efiect of this speech was electrical. It insulated nearly every heart with the liquid fire of patriotism. The cry to arms-Liberty or death resounded from every quarter, rang through every ear and w-as responded by every patriot. The resolutions were seconded by Richard Henry Lee and adopted without further opposition and a committee appointed to carry them into effect. From that time the Old Dominion was renewed, regenerated and free. Her noble sons rushed to the rescue and cheer- fully poured out their blood and treasure in the cause of rational liberty. Soon after, the convention adjourned to August. About that time Lord Dunmore removed a quantity of powder from the magazine at Williams- burg on board the armed ship to which he had retreated. On learning this fact Mr. Henry collected a military force and demanded the restora- tion of the specific article or its equivalent in money. The needful was paid and no claret drawn. A royal proclamation was issued against these daring rebels which united the people more strongly in favor of their orator and soldiers whose conduct they sanctioned in several pub- lic meetings. In August when the Convention met Mr. Henry was again elected to the Continental Congress and remained one of the boldest champions of right and justice. In June 1776 he was elected governor of his native state. He served faithfully for two years and although unanimously re-elected declined serving longer. In 1780 he was a member of the legislature of his state and manifested an unabating zeal in the cause he had nobly espoused and essentially advanced. In 17S8 he was a member of the Virginia Convention convened to consider the Federal Constitution. To that instrument he was strongly opposed because he believed it con- solidated the states into one government destroying the sovereignty of each. His eloquence on that occasion is believed to have reached its zenith for the first time. His closing speech surpassed all former efforts and operated so powerfully that only a small majority voted for the OF THE AMERICAN KE VOLUTION. 159 adoption of the Constitution. During his remarks an incident occurred that enabled him almost to paralyze his audience. After describing tho magnitude of the measure on which hung the happiness or misery of the present generation and millions yet unborn-with a voice and countenance solemn as the tomb-his eyes raised upward, he appealed to the God of Heaven and to angels then hovering ovei*. them to witness the thrilling scene and invoked their aid in the mighty M'ork before him. At that moment a sudden thunder storm commenced its fury and shook the very earth. Upon the roar of the tempest his stentorian voice continued to rise-he figuratively seized the artillery of the elements as by supernatural power-enveloped his opponents in a blaze of liquid lightning-hurled the crashing thunderbolts at their heads and seemed commissioned by the great Jehovah to execute a deed of vengeance. The scene was fearfully sublime-the effect tremendous. The purple current rushed back upon the aching heart-every countenance was pale, every eye was fixed, every muscle electrified, every vein contracted, every mind agonized-the sensation became insupportable-the members rushed from their seats in confusion and left the room without a formal adjournment. Mr. Henry remained in the legislature of his state until 1791 when he retired from public life. He had toiled long, faithfully and successfully for his country and his state. He anxiously desired and sought that felicity and repose found only in the family circle. In 1795 his revered friend, President Washington, tendered him the important office of Secre-. tary of State. With a deep feeling of gratitute he declined the proffered honor. In 1794 he was again elected governor of Virginia but was in too poor health to serve. In 1799 President Adams appointed him Envoy to France in conjunction with Messrs. Murray and Ellsworth. His rapidly declining health would not permit him to accept this last of his appointments. Disease was fast consummating the work of death and consuming the iron constitution and athletic form that had enabled him to perform his duty so nobly during the toils of the Revolution. He was sensible that the work of dissolution was nearly completed and looked to his final exit with calm submission and Christian fortitude. On the 6th of June 1799 he bowed to the only monarch that could conquer him-the death king. With a full assurance of a crown of unfading glory in Heaven he threw off" the mortal coil and was numbered with the dead. His loss was deeply mourned by the American nation and most strongly felt by those who knew him best. The following affectionate tribute is from one who knew him well. " Mourn, Virginia, mourn ! your Henry is gone. Ye friends to liberty in every clime drop a tear. No more will his social feelings 160 THE SAGES AND HEROES spread delight through his house. No more will his edifying example dictate to his numerous oflsprings the sweetness of virtue and the majesty of patriotism. No more will liis sage advice, guided by zeal for the common happiness, impart light and utility to his caressing neighbors. No more will he illuminate the public councils with senti- ments drawn from the cabinet of his own mind ever directed to his country's good and clothed in eloquence sublime, delightful and com- manding. Farewell-first rate patriot-farewell ! As long as our rivers flow or mountains stand-so long will your excellence and worth be the theme of our homage and endearment and Virginia, bearing in mind her loss, will say to rising generations-iMixATE my Hexry !" In tracing the character of this great and good man his examples in public and private life are found worthy of imitation. As by magic he threw off the cumbrous mass that so long confined his mighty genius and at once became a gigantic and brilliant intellectual man. Nature had so moulded him that the ordinary concerns of life never roused him. Had not the momentous subject of freedom engaged the mind of this bold and noble patriot he might have closed his career with its strongest powers unspent and left his loftiest talents to expire beneath the surface of the quarry from which they sublimely rose in peerless majesty. It required occasions of deep and thrilling interest to bring his latent energies into action. The exciting causes of the . revolution were exactly calculated to bring him out in all the grandeur of his native greatness. As an advocate, orator, patriot and statesman- he was the colossus of his time. As Grattan said of Pitt-there was something in Patrick Henry that could create, subvert or reform-an understanding, a spirit, an eloquence to summon mankind to society or break the bonds of slavery asunder and rule the wilderness of free minds with unbounded authority-something that could establish or overwhelm empires and strike a blow in the world that should resound through the universe. He maintained his opinions with great zeal but held himself open to conviction of error. When under discussion he opposed the Federal Constitution but subsequently approved its -J form and substance. >v^ His private character was as pure as his public career was glorious. He was twice married and the father of fifteen children. As a hus- band, father, friend, citizen and neighbor he liad no superior. The closing paragraph of his will is worthy of record, showing a profound veneration for religion. " I have now disposed of all my property to my family. There is one thing more I wish I could give them and that is the Christian religion. If they had this and I had not given OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 161 them one shilling they would be rich and if they had not that and I had given them all the world they would be poor." Coming from one of the clearest minds that ever investigated the truths of revelation this short paragraph speaks volumes in favour of that religion which is despised by some-neglected by millions and is the one thing needful to prepare us for a blissful immortality beyond the confines of the whirling planet on which we live, move and have a transient being. Ponder it well, dear reader and govern yourself accordingly. JOSEPH HEWES. Charity, like the patriotism of '76, is more admired than used- more preached than practised. It descended from heaven to soften the hearts of the human family-mellow the asperities of human na- ture. It is the substratum of philanthropy, the main pillar of earthly felicity, the brightest star in the Christian's diadem, the connecting link between man and his Creator, the golden chain that reaches from earth to mansions of enduring bliss. It spurns the scrofula of green- eyed jealousy, the canker of self-tormenting envy, the tortures of heart-burning malice, the typhoid of boiling revenge, the cholera of damning ingratitude. It tames the fierce passions of man, prepares him for that brighter world where this crowning attribute of Deity reigns triumphant. Could its benign influence reach the hearts of all mankind the partition walls of sectarianism would be lost in pure philanthropy, individual and universal happiness would be immeasu- rably advanced, many of the dark clouds of human misery would vanish before its heart cheering soul reviving rays like a morning fog before the rising sun. It is an impartial mirror set in the frame of love embossed with equity and justice. Let broad and universal charity pervade the family of man with its sunbeams of living light- then a blow will be struck for the King of kings that will resound through the wilderness of mind and cause it to bud and blossom as the rose. Then the human race will be rapidly evangehzed and made free in the fraternizing gospel of the woRD-a gospel untrammelled by the inventions and dogmas of men-a gospel crowned with all the glory of original simplicity and heavenly love. These practical remarks are induced from a review of the life of Joseph Hewes whose father was one of the persecuted Quakers of New England and was compelled to fly from Connecticut in conse- 21 162 TUE SAGES AND HEROES quence of his religious tenets. A marked inconsistency has often been fearfully exemplified by those wholiavefied from religious perse- cution. The moment they obtained the reigns of power they have become the relentless persecutors of all who would not succumb to their authority and dogmatical dictation. In the biography of Charles Carroll the reader has one example. Under the administration of tlic Saybrook and Cambridge platforms a sterner policy was pursued towards the Quakers of New England than against the Roman Catho- lics of Maryland. Before these platforms were systematically dove- tailed together the Baptist denomination was banished from the old settlements. Roger Williams came from Wales to Massachusetts in 1631 and preached the Baptist doctrine at Salem and Plymouth until 1636 when he and his flock were banished for their religious opinions. He and his adherents removed into the wilderness of Rhode Island and commenced the town of Providence. They formed the first church in New England where undisturbed freedom of conscience was enjoyed with a republican form of church government. The frame- work of the Cambridge platform was commenced by an ecclesiastical convention in 1646 and the superstructure completed in 1648. On this platform the municipal and legislative proceedings of Massachu- setts were based for sixty years. In 1656 the legislature passed a law prohibiting any master of a vessel from bringing a Quaker into the Colony under a penalty of one hundred pounds. The next year a law was passed inflicting the most barbarous cruelties upon the mem- bers of this peace-loving sect-such as cutting ofl' their ears, boring their tongues with a hot iron, unless they would desist from their mode of worship and doff their straight coats and ugly bonnets. In 1669 a law was passed banishing them on pain of death. Four of them who refused to go were executed. Some historians have had the eff'rontery to excuse this cruelty because the Quakers promulged their doctrines too boldly and thus provoked the Cambridge authori- ties. This sophistical apology is too far fetched. It shrinks from the mellow touch of charity and the fair scrutiny of justice. The cruelty admits of no palliation until we can convert the baser passions into virtues. By recurring to the bigotry and fanaticism of that period we can readily learn why such a course was pursued. This affords no healing balm for the mind of a true philanthropist. We can only regret the past and rejoice that charity and liberty have so far tri- innphed in our now free and happy country as to dispel religious darkness and restore man to a degree of reason that has paralyzed OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 163 persecution unto blood for opinion's sake-the brightest luminary in the constellation of a free government. To avoid the penalties imposed, Adam Hewes, the father of Joseph, fled from Connecticut with his wife Providence and located near Kingston, New Jersey, where they lived peacefully and died happily. When they crossed the Housatonic river in their flight tiiey were so closely pursued by the Indians that Providence was severely wounded in the neck by a ball from one of their guns. Joseph Hewes was born at the new residence of his parents in 1730. After receiving a gooa education in the Princeton school he commenced a commercial appren- ticeship in Philadelphia. On completing this he entered into a success- ful mercantile business. For several years he spent his time in New York and Philadelphia and engaged largely in the shipping business. He was of a cheerful turn, had a penetrating mind, a sound judgment, a good heart and was persevering in all his undertakings. He was fond of social intercourse, convivial parties and sometimes exhibited the light fantastic toe. He entered into the full fruition of rational enjoyment without abusing it. In 1760 he located at Edenton, North Carolina. He was soon after elected to the Assembly of that province and became a substantial and useful member. He made no pretensions to public speaking, was a faithful working man, a correct voter and punctually in his place. When the revolutionary storm commenced he faced its fury without the umbrella of doubt or the overcoat of fear. He was among those who pledged their lives, fortunes and sacred honors in the cause of In- dependence. He was a member of the Congress of 1774 and one of the committee that reported the rights of the American Colonies-the manner they had been violated and the proposed means for obtaining redress. From this circumstance we may infer that Joseph Hewes was a man of cool deliberation, clearness of perception and understood well the principles of constitutional law and chartered rights. The report of this committee is a lucid and elaborate document. By refer- ring to the Declaration of Independence the reader will have the fea- tures of the first part portraying the rights of the colonies. By reading the instructions from the primary convention of Pennsylvania in the biography of James Smith the second part will be seen pointing out the violations. The third part proposing the preliminary means for ob- taining redress are fully set forth in the following extract. After relat- ing the injuries of the mother country the report proceeds — " Therefore we do, for ourselves and the inhabitants of the several 1G4 TIIV. SAGES AND HEROES colonies \vhom \vc represent, firmly agree and associate under the sacred ties of virtue, honor and love of our country as follows — " First. That from and after the first day of December next we will not import into British America from Great Britain or Ireland, any goods, wares or merchandize whatsoever or from any other place any such goods, wares or merchandize as shall have been exported from Great Britain or Ireland-nor will we, after that day, import any East India tea from any part of the world nor any molasses, syrups, coffee or pimento from the British plantations or from Dominico nor wine from Madeira or the West Indies nor foreign indigo. " Second. We will neither import nor purchase any slaves imported after the first day of December next, after which time we will wholly discontinue the slave trade and will neither be concerned in it our- selves nor will we hire our vessels nor sell our commodities or manu- factures to those who are concerned in it." " Third. As a non-consumption agreement, strictly adhered to, will be an effectual security for the observation of the non-importation, we as above solemnly agree and associate, that from this day we will not purchase or use any tea imported on account of the East India Com- pany or any on which a duty has been or shall be paid and from the first day of March next we will not purchase or use any East India tea whatever-nor will we nor shall any person for or under us purchase or use any of these goods, wares or merchandize we have agreed not to import which we shall know or have cause to suspect were imported after the first day of December, except such as come under the rules and directions of the tenth article hereafter mentioned. " Fourth. The earnest desire we have not to injure our fellow sub- jects in Great Britain, Ireland or the West Indies, induces us to sus- pend a non-importation until the 10th day of September 1775 at which time, if the said Acts and parts of Acts of the British Parliament therein mentioned [see them in the life of James Smith] are not repealed, we will not directly or indirectly export any merchandize or commodities whatsoever to Great Britain, Ireland or the West Indies except rice to Europe. "Fifth. Such as are merchants and in the British and Irish trade will give orders as soon as possible to their factors, agents and corre- spondents in Great Britain and Ireland not to ship any goods to them on any pretence whatever as they cannot be received in America and if any merchants residing in Great Britain or Ireland shall directly or indirectly ship any goods, wares or merchandize for America in order to break the said non-importation agreement or in any manner contra- OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 165 vene the same, on such unworthy conduct being well tested it ought to be made public and on the same being so done we will not from hence- forth have any commercial connection with such merchants. " Sixth. That such as are owners of vessels will give positive orders to their captains or masters not to receive on board their vessels any goods prohibited by the said non-importation agreement on pain of im- mediate dismission from service. " Seventh. We will use our best endeavors to improve the breed of sheep and increase their number to the greatest extent and to that end we will kill them as seldom as may be, especially those of the most profitable kind nor will we export any to the West Indies or elsewhere and those of us who are or may become overstocked with or can con- veniently spare any sheep will dispose of them to our neighbors, espe- cially to the poorer sort, on moderate terms. " Eighth. We will in our several stations encourage frugality, eco- nomy and industry and promote agriculture, arts and the manufactures of this country especially that of wool and will discountenance and discourage every species of extravagance and dissipation, especially all horse-racing and all kinds of gaming, cock-fighting, exhibitions of shows, plays and other expensive diversions and entertainments and on the death of any relation or friend, none of us or any of our family will go into any further mourning dress than a black crape or ribbon on the arm or hat for gentlemen and a black ribbon and necklace for ladies and that we will discontinue the giving of gloves and scarfs at funerals. " Kinth. Such as are venders of goods and merchandize will not take the advantage of the scarcity of goods that may be occasioned by this association but wall sell the same at the rate we have been respec- tively accustomed to do for twelve months last past and if any vender of goods or merchandize shall sell any such goods on higher terms or shall in any manner or by any device whatsoever depart from this agreement, no person ought nor will any of us deal with any such per- son or his or her factor or agent at any time hereafter for any com- modity whatever. " Tenth. In case any merchant, trader or other persons shall import any goods or merchandize after the first day of December and before the first day of February next, the same ought forthwith, at the election of the owners, to be either re-shipped or delivered up to the committee of the county or town wherein they shall be imported, to be stored at the risk of the importer until the non-importation agreement shall cease or be sold under the direction of the committee aforesaid-and in the last mentioned case the owner or owners of such goods shall be reim- 1G6 THE SAGES AND HEROES burscd out of the sales the first cost and charges, the profits, if any, to be applied towards relieving and employing such poor inhabitants of tlie town of Boston as are the immediate sufierers by the Boston Port Bill and a particular account of all goods so returned, stored or sold, to be inserted in the public paper and if any goods or merchandize shall be imported after the first day of February the same ought forth- with to be sent back again without breaking any of the packages thereof. ''Eleventh. That a committee be chosen in every county, city and town by those who are qualified to vote for representatives in the legis- latures whose business it shall be attentively to observe the conduct of all persons touching the association and when it shall be made to ap- pear to the satisfaction of a majority of any such comtnittee that any person within the limits of their appointment has violated this associa- tion, that such majority do forthwith cause the truth of the case to be published in the Gazette to the end that all such foes to the rights of British America may be publicly known and universally condemned as the enemies of American liberty and henceforth we respectively will break oflTall dealings with him or her. " Twelfth. That the committee of correspondence in the respective Colonies do frequently inspect the entries of the custom house and in- form each other from time to time of the true state thereof and of every other material circuiVistance that may occur relative to the association. " Tliirteenih. That all manufactures of this country be sold at reason- able prices so that no undue advantage be taken of a future scarcity of goods. " Fourteenth. And we do further agree and resolve that we will have no trade, commerce, dealings or intercourse whatsover with any colony or province in North America which shall not accede to or which shall hereafter violate this association but will hold them unworthy the rights of freemen nnd inimical to the rights of their country. " And we do solemnly bind ourselves and our constituents under the ties aforesaid to adhere to this association until such parts of the several Acts of Parliament passed since the close of the [French] war as impose or continue duties on tea, wine, molasses, syrups, coffee, sugar, pimento, indigo, foreign paper, glass, painter's colors imported into America and extend the powers of the Admiralty Courts beyond their ancient limits, deprive the American subjects of trial by jury, authorize the judge's cer- tificate to indemnify the prosecutor from damages that he might otherwise be liable to from a trial by his peers, require oppressive security from a claimant of ships or goods before he shall be allowed to defend his pro- OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 167 perty are repealed. And we recommend it to the Provincial Conventions and to the coiiimiltee in the respective Colonies to establish such further regulations as they may think proper for carrying into execution this association." Upon tliis report all the subsequent proceedings of Congress were pre- dicated. It is a reasonable conclusion that nothing but the most aggravated violations of their rights could induce such men as composed the first general Congress to enter into a solemn agreement like the one hero recited. By every true patriot it was adhered to with the most scrupu- lous fidelity. The spirit of liberty was infused through the whole mass of patriots-men, women and children. The oppression had become intolerable. After a session of about two months Congress adjourned to the ensuing May when Joseph Hewes again took his seat with the venerable sages of the nation. He was an important member of committees. He was continued at his post the next year and hailed with joy the proposition to cut the gordian knot that bound the Colonies to mother Britain. When the set time arrived to strike the final blow for liberty he sanctioned the procedure with his vote and signature. His industry, accurate know- ledge of business, his systematic mode of performing every duty, gained for him the admiration and esteem of all the members, one of whom remarked of his duties upon the secret committee-" Mr. Hewes was remarkable for a devotedness to the business of this committee as even the most industrious merchant was to his counting house." He was upon several of the most important committees. Upon the one for fitting out a naval armament he stood in the front rank. He was virtually the first Secretary of the Navy. With scanty funds he speedily fitted out eight armed vessels. He was very active in raising supplies in his own state to strengthen the sinews of war and oil the wheels of the general government. In 1777 when the enemy threatened vengeance on his state he declined his seat in Congress and gave his services specially to her until 1779 when he resumed his place in the national legislature. He was then worn down with labor and in poor health. He attempted active duty but disease had prostrated his physical powers and sown the seeds of death. He continued to attend in the House when able until the 29th day of October when he left the Hall for the last time. On the 10th of November 1779 his immortal spirit left its earthy tabernacle and returned to Him who gave it. His premature death was deeply lamented and sincerely mourned. Congress passed the usual resolutions-the mem- bers and oflicers wore the badge of mourning for thirty days. His remains were buried in Christ Church yard, Philadelphia, followed by 1G8 THE SAGES AND HEROES the members and ofTicers of Congress, tlie General Assembly and Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, the French minister, the military and a large concourse of other persons all anxious to pay their last respects to one whom they esteemed in life and whose memory they delighted to honor after death. The funeral ceremony was performed by Bishop White, then chaplain of Congress. His dust has ever since reposed in peace undisturbed by malice or slander. His name is recorded on the Magna Charta of our Liberty-his fame will live until the last vestige of American history shall be blotted from the world. Not a blemish rests upon his private character or public reputation. In all things he was an honest man. The person of Joseph Hewes was elegant, his countenance open and intelligent, his manners pleasing and polished, his whole course honorable and just. He would have been a good man had there been no Heaven to gain or misery to shun. He practised virtue for its intrinsic worth- not to gain the applause of men. It was not a cloak for him-it emanated from the inmost recesses of his pure heart. With such men to guide our ship of state our UNION is safe. THOMAS HEYWARD. Man, to understand and correctly estimate the magnitude and design of his creation, must become familiar with the thousand springs of the undying spirit within him. The labyrinthian mazes of the immortal mind must be explored and traced from earth to native heaven. The depths of human nature must be sounded and its channels clearly marked. Upon the axis of reason revolving thought performs its endless cir- cuit with mathematical precision guided by the centripetal force of sound discretion-or it is projected from its legitimate orbit by the cen- trifugal power of random folly into the regions of senseless vacuity or visionary sophistry. Its ceaseless motion is as perpetual as the purple stream of our arteries-its momentum is inconceivable-its tenure-EXER- NiTY. It travels through space with more celerity than lightning-its earthly career can be arrested only by death. To reflect, investigate, reason, analyze-is the province of our intel- lectual powers. To comprehend the grand and harmonious organic structure of nature-the wisdom of the great Architect of universal worlds-the relation man bears to his God and his fellow man-is to learn that human beings are endowed by their Creator with equal and inalienable rights and that they are in duty bound to maintain them. OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 169 Justice marks out the golden path, reason leads the way-patriotism Tipels to action. The man whose mind is cast in the mould of wisdom 'y the almighty hand of the great Jehovah-if he brings into proper ex- ercise the coinbined powers of intellectual and physical force, can never be made a pliant slave. As his soul is expanded by the genial rays of htelligence he duly appreciates his native dignity, becomes enraptured with the blessings of LiBERTY-resolves to be free. If he is groaning under the oppressions of tyranny and wears the galling chains of servi- lity-as light shines upon him he will be roused to a mighty effort to burst the ignominious thongs that bind him-assert his inherent rights- assume his proper sphere. Thus acted the patriots of the American Revolution with whom Thomas Heyward was associated during that eventful period. He was the eldest son of Col. Daniel Heyward a wealthy and respectable planter and was born in the parish of St. Luke, S. C. in 1746. His opportunities for obtaining a liberal education were freely afforded by the father and faithfully improved by the son. He became ardently attached to the Greek and Roman classics and was enraptured with the history of their Republican Freedom with all its corruptions clus- tering around it. The principles of rational Liberty became deeply rooted in his mind at an early age. As manhood dawned upon him they were thoroughly matured. On completing his collegiate education he commenced the study of law under Mr. Parsons. His proficiency in that intricate branch of science was rapid-substantial. He possessed an analyzing mind and never passed over a subject superficially. He was a close student-ex- plored the vast fields of civil and common law with a zeal and rapidity as rare as it is necessary and commendable. When he became fami- liar with the principles laid down by Blackstone and understood fully the rights secured to persons and property-by Magna Charta and the British Constitution and compared them with the iron rod of restric- tion held aver the Colonies by the mother country-he was roused to a jusfindignation— more than p?'/ma /aci'e evidence of a clear head and sound common sense. After completing his course with Mr. Parsons he went to England and entered the Middle Temple where he became a finished lawyer-a polished gentleman. Although amply supplied with money he was not led astray by the fascinating allurements of pleasures that flatter to seduce-then ruin and destroy. To enrich his mind with science, legal lore and useful knowledge, was the ultimatum of his soul. He mingled with what was termed refined society in London which formed a strik- 22 170 THE SAGES AND HEROES ing contrast with the republican simphcity of the same grade in his own country. The fastidious liauteur of Enghsh etiquette was far from being congenial to his mind and did not accord with his ideas of social life. He there met claims of superiority over native Americans that he knew were based alone on vain pride or wilful ignorance. His feelings were often wounded by indignities cast upon his countrymen. This riveted his affections more strongly upon his native land. They served as fuel to replenish the glowing fire of patriotism already burn- ing in his bosom. The pomp of royalty. and the empty splendor of the court had no charms for him. The awful distance between the haughty monarch and the honest peasant-the towering throne and the worthy yeomanry, operated on his mind like a talisman and gave his soul a fresh impetus towards the goal of Liberty. The more he saw of practical monarchy, the more he became opposed to its iron sway. The more he saw of the action of ministers the more he was convinced the king was a mere automaton and did not exercise common volition. Officially he w'as a marble Colossus-impervious to all feeling-only to be gazed at. As a human being he was not to be consulted or trou- bled with complaints from his subjects but to act as directed by those whose tool he was. After closing his course in the law temple he made the tour of Eu- rope and returned to the warm embrace of his relativ^es and friends richly laden with legal attainments and experimental knowledge. He had become familiar with the theories of monarchical government and their practical demonstration. He understood well the policy of the mother country toward the American Colonies. He had seen her political artificers engaged at the forge of despotism preparing chains for his beloved countrymen. He had seen her cofl^ers yaw^ning to re- ceive the ill gotten treasures wTested from his fellow citizens by the hireling tax gatherers. His own estate had been laid under contribu- tion to swell the unholy fund. His neighbors were wn'ithing under the lash of British oppression. To enlighten their minds, to make them fully understand their danger, their interests and their duty, became the business of this zealous patriot. Possessed of a bold and fearless mind directed by a clear head, an honest heart, a sound judgment and a rich store of useful intelligence-his exertions were crowned with auspicious success. His salutary influence was extensively felt-his sterling worth was duly appreciated. Mr. Hey ward was a member of the first Assembly of South Carolina that set British power at defiance. He was also a member of the council of safety. He discharged his duties with firmness, prudence OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 171 and zeal. No fugitive fear disturbed his mind-no threatened vengeance moved his purposes. His eyes were fixed on the temple of freedom, his soul was insulated by the electric fluid of patriotism, he was resolved on liberty or death. His life, property and sacred honor were freely pledged in the glorious cause. He was elected to the Continental Congress in 1775 but declined serving because so young. A large delegation of his constituents subsequently waited upon him and per- suaded him to take his seat in the Congress of 1776. He was a warm advocate for the adoption of the Declaration of Independence-the re- vered instrument that shed new lustre on the intellect of man. By his signature he confirmed the sincerity of his soul in all he had said in its favor. His conscience, his country and his God approved the act. Under the new form of government he was appointed a Judge of the civil and criminal courts. In that capacity he was called to perform a painful but imperious duty. Several persons were arraigned before the court charged with treasonable correspondence with the enemy. They were tried, found guilty and condemned to be hung in sight of the British lines at Charleston. With feelings of deep sympathy and humanity but with the firmness of a Roman he performed his duty with great dignity and delicacy. He knew they had immortal souls and soared above the cold indifierence-the keen invective that sometimes have but never should be resorted to. Judge Heyward also participated in the perils of the field. He com- manded a company of artillery at the battle of Beaufort and was se- verely wounded. At the attack upon Savannah he exhibited the bravery of a practised veteran. At the siege of Charleston he commanded a battalion and was one of the unfortunate prisoners who were incarce- rated in the Spanish castle at St. Augustine, Florida. During his ab- sence his property was destroyed by the enemy. To cap the climax of his severe afflictions, his amiable and accomplished wife had been laid in the tomb. She was the daughter of Mr. Matthews and married in 1773. The tidings of these heart rending occurrences did not reach him until he was exchanged and arrived at Philadelphia. With the calm and dignified fortitude of a Christian, philosopher and hero-he met the shafts of afflictive fate. He mourned deeply but submissively the premature exit of the wife of his youth, the companion of his bo- som. His physical sufferings and loss of property he freely offered at the altar of liberty without a murmur. He again resumed his duties upon the judicial bench and discharged them ably and faithfully up to 1798. He was an influential member of the convention that framed the constitution of his native state in 1790. 172 THE SAGES AND HEROES He married Miss E. Savage for Wis second wife. After the close of the trying and bloody scenes through which he had passed he sat down under his own vine and fig tree and enjoyed the rich fruits of that lib- erty he had sacrificed so much to obtain. A peaceful quiet reigned in his bosom and around him. The British yoke had been thrown ofi!'-the Gallic chain had. been broken-the increasing millions of his country- men could look through the vista of the future with cheering hope and exquisite pleasure. In the enjoyments of the present-past pains were merged. He was happy. Infirmity and old age admonished him that his mission on earth was fast drawing to a close. He retired from the public arena covered with epic and civic honors enduring as the pages of history. In the full fruition of a nation's gratitude and a nation's freedom his last years passed smoothly away. He went to his final rest in March 1809, leaving his tender wife to mourn the loss of a kind husband, his inter- esting children to feel deeply the loss of a tender father-his country to regret the exit of a devoted patriot, an able judge, an honest man. He was a noble philanfhropist-an able judge-a discreet statesman-a pure citizen-a sterling patriot-a friend to our UNION. STEPHEN HOPKINS. Many gravely contend that there should be at least two political par- ties to insure the safety of our Republic that one may watch and detect the corrupt designs of the other.. If this position is sound we are pre- eminently safe for we have some half dozen distinct organizations be- sides remnants of old ones and guerrilla squads that plunder from each. The argument would have force if the people would fix political land- marks as distinctive as those of 1800-banish demagogue leaders-revive the patriotism of '76-be guided entirely by love of country, prudence, strict justice and the fear of God which is the beginning of all wisdom. As now constituted, for one to correct the faults of the other would be like Satan rebuking sin. There are good men under the banners of each party but they have neither brass or intrigue enough to become leaders. According to modern political tactics as practised, a suc- cessful party leader must unite an oily tongue with a gum elastic con- science, a grain of truth with a pound of falsehood, a spark of honesty with any quantity of deception circumstances may require and be ready to sacrifice honor, integrity and friends to carry out party plans- ever pressing toward the end with the force of a locomotive regard- OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 173 less of the means put in requisition. Merit is not sought for by dema- gogues. Available is the omnipotent word-the grand countersign-the magic passport to a nomination and u-hen nominated the candidate must be voted for although destitute of capacity, moral virtue and every requisite of a statesman. The sad consequences are more fearfully de- monstrated as time rolls onward. Dignity, decorum, common cour- tesy are often banished from our legislative halls. Crimination and recrimination usurp the place of sound logic-reason is dethroned, com- mon decency outraged, the business of our country neglected, our national character disgraced-all because the people do not rise in their majesty and do their duty. We have an abundance of men in the back ground as pure as the patriots of '76. Let them be brought for- ward and put to work. The few of this kind who are in the public arena cannot long stem and never roll back the mighty torrent of poli- tical corruption now sweeping over this land of boasted freedom. To render our UNION safe our political leaders and public functionaries must be men who are influenced alone by an ardent desire to promote the general good of our whole country-aiming at holy ends to be ac- complished by righteous means. Such were the sages of the American Revolution. The patriarch Stephen Hopkins stood among them in all the dignity of an honest man. He was born at Scituate, Rhode Island, on the 7th of March 1707. He was the son of William Hopkins a thorough farmer whose father, Thomas Hopkins, was one of the pioneers of that province. The school advantages of Stephen were limited to the ele- mentary branches of an English education, then very superficially taught. By the force of his own exertions he perfected this embryo basis and reared upon it a magnificent superstructure. He spent all his leisure hours in exploring the fields of science. At his majority he was a farmer in easy circumstances and devoted a portion of the day and his quiet evenings to the acquisition of useful knowledge. No pro- fession not literary affords so much facility for mental improvement as that of agriculture. Independent tillers of the soil-if you are not intel- ligent tha fault is your own. The time was when ignorance was winked at. That dark age has passed away. Now common sense and reason command all to drink at the scholastic fountain. Mr. Hopkins acquired a thorough knowledge of mathematics at an early age and became an expert surveyor. At the age of nineteen he was placed in the ranks of men by marrying Sarah Scott whose pater- nal great grandfather was the first Quaker who settled in Providence. She died the mother of seven children. In 1755 he married the widow 174 TUE SAGES AND HEROES Anna Smith a pious member of the Society of Friends. In 1731 he was appointed Town Clerk and Clerk of the Court and Proprietiersof the county. Tiie next year he was elected to the General Assembly where he continued for six consecutive years. In 173.5 he was elected to the Town Council and for six years was President of that body. In 1736 he was appointed a Justice of the Peace and a Judge of the Com- mon Pleas Court. In 1739 he was elevated to the seat o/ Chief Justice of that branch of the judiciary. During the intervals of these public duties he spent much of his time in surveying. He regulated the streets of his native town and those of Providence and made a projected map of each. He was the Proprietary surveyor for the county of Provi- dence and prepared a laborious index of returns of all land west of the seven mile line, which still continues to be a document of useful refer- ence. Beauty and precision marked all his draughts and calculations. In 1741 he was again elected to the assembly. The next year he removed to Providence where he was elected to the same body and became Speaker of the House. In 1744 he filled the same station and was appointed a Justice of the Peace for that town. In 1751 he was appointed Chief Justice of the Superior Court and for the fourteenth time elected to the assembly. In 1754 he was a delegate to the Colo- nial Congress held at Albany, N. Y. for the purpose of effecting a treaty with the Five Nations of Indians in order to gain their aid or neutrality in the French war. A system of union was then and there drawm up by the delegates similar to the Articles of Confederation that governed the Continental Congress which was vetoed by England. In 1755 the Earl of Loudoun in command of the English forces made a requisition for troops upon several colonies and on Rhode Island for four hundred and fifty men to check the triumphant career of the French and Indians then devastating the frontier settlements. Mr. Hopkins ren- dered efficient aid in this service and had the pleasure of seeing the com- plement promptly made up. In 175G he was elected Chief Magistrate of the colony and Was found fully competent to perform the duties of the office. In 1757 the loss of Fort William Henry and the sad reverses of the English army made it necessary that the colonies should raise an efficient force for self-protection. A company of volunteers was raised in Providence composed of the first gentlemen of the town and Mr. Hopkins put in command over it. The timely arrival of troops from England deprived them of their anticipated epic laurels. The next year this useful man was again elected Chief Magistrate and served seven of the eleven following years. In 1767 party spirit was rolling its mountain waves over Rhode Island OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 175 SO fearfully that it threatened the prostration of social order and civil law. Anxious for the welfare of the colony this patriotic Roman put forth his noblest efforts to check its bold career. In his message to the Assembly he expressed his deep solicitude for the restoration of harmony and proposed retiring at once from the public service if it would contribute in the slightest degree to heal the political breach. To prove his sincerity he shortly after left the public arena contrary to the wishes of his friends. His picture of that era so much resembles the political map of our country at the present time that an extract may be excused. " When we draw aside the veil of words and professions-when we attend to what is done and what is said-we shall find that Liberty is a cant term of faction and freedom of speaking and acting, used only to serve the private interests of a party. What else can be the cause of our unhappy disputes? What other reason for the continual struggle for superiority and office? What other motive for the flood of calumny and reproach cast upon each other? Behold the leading men meeting in cabals [caucusses] and from thence dispersing themselves to the several quarters to delude the people. The people are called together in tippling houses, their business neglected, their morals corrupted, them- selves deluded-some promised offices for which they are unfit and those with whom these arts will not prevail are tempted with the wages of unrighteousness and are offered a bribe to falsify their oath and betray their country. By these scandalous practices elections are carried and officers appointed. It makes little difference whether the officer who obtains his place in this manner is otherwise a good man-put in by a party he must do what they order without being permitted to examine the rectitude even of his oiim actions. The unhappy malady runs through the whole body politic. Men in authority are not revered and loose all power to do good. The courts of judicature catch the infection and the sacred balance of justice does not hang even. All complain of the present administration and hard times and wish they might grow better. But complaints are weak, wishes are idle, cries are vain-even prayers will be ineffectual if we do not universally amend." This catalogue of evils is followed by a strain of paternal advice that should come home to the reader like a voice from the tomb. " My countrymen permit me to remind you of the blood, the suffering, the hardships and labors of our ancestors in purchasing the Liberty and privileges we might peaceably enjoy. How can you answer it to fame, to honor, to honesty, to posterity if you do not possess these inestimable blessings with grateful hearts, with purity of morals and transmit them with safety to the next generation. Nothing is desired but that every 176 THE SAGE^ AND HEROES man in community act up to the dignity of liis own proper character. Let every freeman carefully consider the particular duty allotted to him as such by the constitution. Let him give his sufTrage with candor for the person he sincerely thinks best qualified. Let him shun the man who would persuade him how to vote. Let him despise the man who offers him an office and spurn the sordid wretch who would give him a bribe. Let him think it his duty to give his vote according to his con- science and not depend on others to do his duty for him. * * * * Officers and magistrates I would humbly entreat to consider that your turn has come to serve the cojntiionu-ealth and not yourselves. Your own discreet and exemplary behaviour is your best authority to do good. It is vain to command others to practice what we ourselves omit or to abstain from what they see us do. When moderation and example are insufficient to suppress vice, power ought to be used even to its utmost severity if neces- sary and above ail-that in all cases and under all circumstances-jMS/ice should he equally, impartially and expeditiously ad?ninistered." This plain lucid exposition of the duties of freemen merits the highest consideration of every private citizen and public officer. It is the inspired effusion of a clear head, a good heart and a noble soul. In language of sublime simplicity it exhibits laconically the only sure foundation of a republican government. It strikes at the very root of alarming evils that are now hanging over our beloved country like an incubus. It is plain truth plainly told and should be strongly felt and implicitly obeyed bv all who desire the perpetuity of our glorious UNION. In June 1769 Mr. Hopkins was called to aid in taking observations upon the transit of Venus over the disk of the sun. So highly were his services prized on that occasion that the pamphlet published on the sub- ject was dedicated to him. This rare phenomenon occured in 1739-61- 69 and will occur again in 1874 and 1996 if the planetary system con- tinues its usual revolutions-of which no man knoweth-not even the angels in Heaven. Previous to the American Revolution Governor Hopkins had incurred the displeasure of the British ministry by licensing vessels from his province to trade with the French and Spanish Colonies. In this he did not violate the constitution or any law of England. He continued to grant the privilege regardless of the authority illegally assumed by Great Britain to direct the local concerns of the Colony. He had long been convinced that the mother country cared more for the Jleece than the Jlock she claimed in America which had been often left to con- tend alone against a merciless foe. With such convictions on his mind, a republican to the core and valuing liberty above life-he was pre- OF THE'AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 1/7 pared to resist the first scintillations of the unconstitutional claims made by corrupt and corrupting ministers. When the Stamp Act was passed his voice and pen were arrayed against it. He showed clearly that this and other Acts of parliament had no foundation in justice and were in violation of the British constitution. In 1772 tlie mountain waves of local party spirit having subsided in Rhode Island and its effervescence calmed by the absorbing question of British oppression Mr Hopkins again took his seat in the Assembly and was contiuued for three years. In 1774 this patriarch statesman was elected to the Continental Congress and entered with a calm de- termined zeal upon the responsible duties of that august Convention. The same year he proposed and obtained the passage of a bill pro- hibiting the slave trade in his Colony which greatly incensed the crown officers. To show that he strongly felt what he earnestly advocated- he emancipated all his negroes-the descendants of whom still reside in Providence. He had incorporated their freedom in his will dated some time previous. In 1775 he was appointed Chief Justice of his Colony-was a mem- ber of her Assembly and member of Congress. The ensuing year he was one of the immortalized band of patriots by whose exertions a nation was born in a day and who signed and delivered the certifi- cate of legitimacy to their grateful constituency. The same year he was President of the board of commissioners of the New Eng- land States who convened at Providence to devise plans for the pro- motion of the glorious cause of freedom. The next year he presided over a similar board at Springfield, Mass. In 1778 he was a member of Congress for the last time. The next year he closed his long, useful and arduous public career in the Assembly of his native state and retired crowned with the rich foliage of unfading honors-the growth of near half a century. The pure escutcheon of his public fame and private worth was without a spot to obscure its brilliant lustre. As a municipal officer, judge on the bench, legislator, Chief Magistrate of the Colony and member of the Continental Congress-he discharged his duties faithfully, honestly and ably-with an eye single to the glory of his country. As a public speaker Mr. Hopkins made no pretensions to elocution but was ever listened to with profound attention. His reasoning was strong-always to the point and his speeches short. His was a vigor- ous, clear, inquiring, analyzing mind, that surmounted every barrier with the same fortitude, energy and determined resolution that carried Bonaparte over the Alps, Roger Sherman to the pinnacle of fame, 23 178 THE SAGES AND HEROES Franklin to the summit of science. He was a laborious and extensive reader and a friend to education. He was the principal founder of the Providence library in 1750 and when it was destroyed by fire in 17G0-contributed largely towards the purchase of a new supply of books. He was the father of the free school system still in successful operation in Rhode Island. He was a friend to unshackled religion- breathing charity for all whose deportment gave them the impress of divine grace-the only genuine touchstone of true piety. He admired most the creed of the Society of Friends who frequently held meet- ings at his house. All gospel ministers were made welcome to his hospitable mansion which many called the ministers tavern. He was plain in everything and deprecated pomp and vain show in others. In addition to his multifarious public duties he was extensively en- gaged in agriculture, manufactures and commerce. He was a sys- tematic and thorough business man-scrupulously honest, honorable and liberal. He never became wealthy but enjoyed a competence through life. He was repeatedly placed in the crucible of domestic affliction. Of the seven children by his first wife not one survived him. One son was murdered by tlie Indians, another died in Spain- the youngest, who was the fourth sea captain of the brothers, was presumed to have been lost at sea as his vessel was never heard from after leaving the port of Providence. The eventful career of patriarch Hopkins was closed on the 13th of July 17S5 after enduring the course of a lingering fever with the same calm fortitude that had marked his whole life. He had lived respected and esteemed-he died peaceful and happy. To the last moments of his life he retained full possession of his mental powers and approached the confines of eternity with a seraphic smile that augured heaven. He had long labored under physical infirmities of a nervous nature. For many years it had been difficult for him to write his name in consequence of an attack of paralysis. His ashes rest peacefully in the city of Providence in his native state. His death produced a mournful sensation over the whole country. In the relations of husband, father, kinsman, friend, gentleman, citizen, benefactor, philanthropist, neighbor and Christian-this public sprited man and pure patriot was a model of human excellence. By the force of his own exertions he made himself one of the most useful men on record in our history. Let us all imitate his bright examples that we may do our duty in life, be triumphant in deatli and happy through the rolling ages of eternity. OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 179 FRANCIS HOPKINSON. Wit and wisdom are seldom both prominently developed in the same person. Wit serves to amuse or exhilarate but rarely produces useful reflection or an improvement of mind. It is emphatically a plume and exposes the head it ornaments to many an arrow from the bow of re- venge. Wit makes many conquests but no willing subjects. It pro- duces many bo?i mots and but few wise sayings. It is an undefined and undefinable propensity-more to be admired than coveted-more or- namental than useful-more volatile than solid-a dangerous sharp edge tool-like a coquette, pleasing company for the time being but not desi- rable for a life companion. Rare instances have occurred where the sage, statesman, philoso- pher and wit have been combined in the same person. Sheridan was such a man and in our own country Francis Hopkinson was the Ame- rican Sheridan. He was the son of Thomas Hopkinson of Philadelphia, •born in that city in 1737. His father was a man of superior attain- ments-his mother one of the best and most intelligent matrons of that age. His father died in 1751 and left the widowed mother with limited means to struggle with all the accumulating difficulties of raising and educating a large family of children. Under her guidance and instruction young Francis improved rapidly in his education and exhibited a bright and promising intellect. To advance the interests of her children she confined herself to the abso- lute necessaries of life. Being devotedly pious, she took peculiar care in planting deeply in their tender minds the pure principles of virtue and cautiously guarding them against all the avenues of vice, the por- tals of which are ever open. She taught them the design of their crea- tion-the duty they owed to God and their fellow men and that to be truly happy they must be truly good. With this foundation firmly laid, she placed this son in the University of Pennsylvania where he gradu- ated at an early age and commenced the study of law under Benjamin Chew. He was a close student and made rapid advances in legal ac- quirements. He possessed a brilliant and flowing fancy, a lively ima- gination and captivating manners. Although ardently attached to the solid sciences he was fond of polite literature, poetry, music and paint- ing. He excelled in humorous satire, keen as that of Swift and She- ridan. Fortunately these combined talents were brought into extensive usefulness. 180 THE SAGES AND HEROES In 17G5 he visited London where he continued two years making the acquaintance of the leading men of that metropolis and learning the political aspect and designs of the ministers toward his native country, lie added largely to the fund of knowledge before acquired and came home prepared to work. Soon after his return he married the accomplished Ann Borden of Bordentown N. J. thus fulfilling an important part of the design of his creation. He also appreciated the value of the institution he had honored and the joys of connubial felicity. In rearing his children he took the system that had been so successfully adopted by his vene- rable mother whose instructions were fresh upon his memory. He could adopt no better plan or find a more perfect model to imitate. For a time the cares and pleasures of his family and his professional business engrossed his attention. A crisis soon arrived that arrested this translucent stream of happiness. The oppressions of the mother country had become alarming. Agitation had commenced among the people. The best services of every patriot were needed. His were promptly and efficiently rendered. It was for him to do much in open- ing the eyes of the great mass to a just sense of their violated rights. This he did by various publications written in a style so humorous and fascinating as to be generally read. He painted the injustice of the crown and the insults of its hireling officers in vivid colors. His Pretty Story-his Letters to James Rivington-his Epistle to Lord Howe-his two Letters by a Tory-his translation of a Letter written by a Foreigner-his Political Chatechism and the New Roof-were all productions of taste and merit. They were of vast importance in rousing the people to a vindication of their rights-the achievement of their Independence. During the administration of Gov. Dickinson, political dissensions and party spirit rolled their mountain waves over Pennsyvlania threat- ening to destroy the fair fabric of her new government. The pen of Mr. Hopkinson was instrumental in restoring order. In an essay called-" A full and truo- Account of a violent Uproar which lately hap- pened in a very Eminent Family"-he exposed the factious partisans to such keen and severe ridicule that they threw down the weapons of rebellion sooner than if a thousand bayonets had been pointed at their breasts. He was among the first delegates elected to the Continental Congress and fearlessly recorded his name on the Declaration of Rights that has proved a consolation to the sons of FREEcoM-a Boanerges to the ene- mies of Liberty. Always cheerful and sprightly, he contributed much OF THE AMERICAN K EVOLUTION. 181 towards dispelling the gloom that often pervaded the minds of his col- leagues amidst disaster and defeat. He knew their cause was right- eous-he believed Heaven would crown it with ultimate success and triumphant victory. His personal sacrifices had been many-still he was ever cheerful and illuminated all around him with flashes of the most brilliant wit. At the commencement of the struggle he held a lucrative situation in the Loan Office under the crown and was a fa- vorite of the king-but the king was not a favorite of his-he promptly severed the connection. With all his wit and humor he was firm as a herculus. With the fancy of a poet he united the soundness of a sage- with the wit of a humorist he united the sagacity of a politician. He succeeded George Ross as Judge of the Admiralty Court and was subsequently Judge of the U. S. District Court in Philadelphia. He was highly esteemed for his judicial knowledge, impartial justice and correct decisions. He filled every station in which he was placed with credit and dignity. His frequent essays continued to do much towards cor- recting the morals of society by ridiculing its evils and abuses. Guided by a sound discretion, sarcasm and satire are the most powerful weapons wielded by man. Their smart upon the mind is like cantharides on the skin but often requires something more than a cabbage leaf and cerate to heal it. The wit of Mr. Hopkinson was of a noble cast flowing from a rich and chaste imagination-never violating the rules of propriety- always confined within the pale of modesty but keen as a finely finished rapier. He was an admirer of sound common sense and a zealous advocate of Common School education. He properly appreciated the bone and sinew of our country and knew well that the perpetuity of our Liberty depends more upon the general diflusion of useful knowledge fit for every day use in the ever varying business concerns of life than upon the high toned literature of colleges and universities. He admired the Indus- trious mechanic-he esteemed the honest farmer. In the yoemanry of the soil and inmates of the shops he recognized the defenders of our country. The useful career of Judge Hopkinson was closed prematurely by an apoplectic fit on the 9th of May 179L He left a widow, two sons and three daughters to mourn his untimely end and their irreparable loss. He was amiable and urbane in his manners-open and generous in his feelings-noble and liberal in his views-charitable and benevolent in his purposes-an agreeable and pleasant companion-a kind and faithful husband-an affectionate and tender parent-a stern and inflexible patriot- a consistent and active citizen-a useful and honest man. He was like some rare flowers-while their beauty pleases their medicinal qualities are of great value. In the hands of such men our UNION can be preserved. 182 THE SAGES AND HEROES WILLIAM HOOPER. An astute writer has beautifully observed-" If the sea was ink, the trees pens and the earth parchment, they would not be sufficient to write down all the praises due to God for Liberty." IIow few there are in our wide spread Republic who realize the truth of this sublime sentiment. How few among the directors of the destiny of our nation who make the law of God the beginning of wisdom. This apothegm is based upon reason, justice and sound philosophy. No sophistry can controvert it-no casuistry entangle it. To shun all wrong and practise all right is the great desideratum of earthly bliss. Vice is crowned with thorns and plumed with thistles. All the evil passions are a laboratory for the manufacture of the miseries of human life. The futile pleasures of earth-vanity, vain glory-the whole category may be richly clustered with blossoms but bear no nutritious fruit. We must look to the great Author of all good for substantial enjoyment. We must implicitly obey his laws to be truly wise. The greatest men who have ever graced the stage of action fully recognized the power and feared to oflend the great Jehovah. The Sages and Heroes of the American Revolution were constantly under the influence of this salutary principle. This is inferred from their writings, examples and the proceedings of the Continental Congi'ess. Days of humiliation and prayer were frcvquently fixed and recommended by legislative proclamation by the general government and by the states. Among those of the sages who appear to have lived in the fear of God was William Hooper, born at Boston, Massachussetts, on the 17th of June 1742. He was the son of the Rev. William Hooper who came from Kelso, south of Scotland and was for many years pastor of Trinity Church in Boston. He was a man of high accomplishments, a finished scholar, a learned theologian, an eloquent preacher, a devoted Christian, a useful and beloved pastor. Being of a slender constitution William received the first rudiments of his education from his father. At the age of seven he entered the school of Mr. Lovell where he remained eight years. He then became a student of Harvard University. His talents were of a high order-his industry untiring. He was ever averse to fleeting pleasures and trifling amusements. During vacation he explored his father's library instead of indulging in a relaxation from study and mingling in the convivial circle. He had a great taste for the classics and belles lettres. He paid close attention to elocution and composition. lie aimed at refinement in evervthins:. OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 183 He graduated in 1760 and commenced the study of law under James Otis one of the most distinguished counsellors of that time. From tiie piety he had exhibited from his youth his father had hoped he would incline to the pulpit but freely yielded to his choice. He was a thorough law student and was admitted to the Bar richly laden with the elements of his profession. By several wealthy connections residing in Wilming- ton, North Carolina, he was induced to locate at that place where ho soon obtained a lucrative business. To convince the people that he con- templated a permanent residence and a fulfilment of all the noble designs of his creation-he married Anna Clark, a lady of unusual accomplishments, strength of mind and high attainments. His legal fame rose rapidly upon a substantial basis. In 1768 he was employed to conduct several important public trials which he managed with so much skill and address as to place him in the first rank of able advocates. He was treated with marked attention by Governors Tryon and Martin and by Chief Justice Howard. His estimable character, superior talents and extensive influence were worth securing for their royal master. The ulterior object they had in view it required no Daniel to interpret. Mr. Hooper was one who had no price. He was not a man of principle according to his personal interest but a noble patriot of the first water. He had received his legal education in Boston where the designs of the British ministers had been probed for years. He had imbibed liberal views, was a friend to equal rights and had planted himself upon the firm basis of eternal justice from which flattery could not seduce or dangers drive him. Previous to the Revolution he gave a sample of his moral and per- sonal courage worthy of record. In 1766 a dangerous association was formed in North Carolina called RegidatoTs-com^osed mostly of poor, ignorant, desperate men who were led by those of more intelli- gence but with baser hearts who promised them large rewards in the end. They had increased so rapidly that in 1770 they amounted to three thousand. They opposed the civil authorities-drove the judges from the bench, committed personal outrages and threatened to destroy all order, defying civil and military power. Mr. Hooper took a bold stand against them-advised a prompt attack by the military-his plan was approved-a severe battle ensued-the insurgents were dispersed and quiet restored. In 1773 he was elected to the Assembly of his province at the very time the creatures of the crown attempted to throw a ministerial coil around the people. In William Hooper they found a troublesome customer-a bold, fearless, eloquent, un- compromising opponent to their schemes of tyranny. In the legis- 184 THE SAGES AND HEROES lafive hall he met them with unanswerable arguments. By a series of essays he spread their designs before the people. He was no longer flattered by the crown officers but became a favorite with those he esteemed more highly-the people who returned him again to the Assembly. A question came before that body that tested the powers of Mr. Hooper. The statute creating the judiciary had expired. In framing a new one an attempt was made to model it so as to meet the designs of the British cabinet. So powerful was the influence of this friend of the people that he kept his opponents at bay and the province was a year without courts. Pie was then fully before his constituents the champion of equal rights. By the people he stood approved and admired. On the 25th of August he was elected to the general Congress in which he rendered efficient services. He was one of the important committee that prepared a statement of the rights of the colonies, the m.anner these rights had been infringed and the most probable means of eff'ecting their restoration. He was one of the committee that reported the statutes that affected the trade and manufactures of the colonies. Upon the report of these two committees the proceeduigs of that Congress were based which raises a fair presumption that the very best men were placed upon them. The next year he was re- turned to Congress and was chairman of a committee to prepare an address to the people of Jamaica relative to British oppression. It was written by him in a bold and vigorous style and proved conclu- sively that ministerial insolence was lost in ministerial barbarity-that resistance or slavery had become the issue. On the 12th of June 1775 Mr. Hooper offered the following pream- ble and resolution which were passed by Congress, corroborating the intimation in the exordium to this article. " It is at all times an indispensable duty devoutly to acknowledge the superintending providence of the great Governor of the world, especially in times of impending danger and public calamity-to rever- ence and adore His immutable justice as well as to implore his mer- ciful interposition for our deliverance-therefore Resolved-That it is recommended by Congress that the people of the American Colonies observe the 20th day of July next as a day of public humiliation, fasting and prayer." The zeal and exertions of this ardent patriot in the glorious cause of freedom were constant and vigorous. He served industriously in committee rooms and was greatly esteemed as a forcible debater in the House. In the spring of 1776 he was a member of the conventions OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 185 that convened at Hillsborough and Halifax in N. C. and was one of the leading and most eloquent speakers. He also prepared an address to the people of the British empire which was written with great nerve and energy. He then took his seat in Congress and boldly sup- ported the Declaration of Independence. He had long been convinced of its necessity and rejoiced to find his views so warmly supported by the ablest men of that eventful era. When the thrilling moment arrived to take the final question his vote and signature sanctioned the bold measure. In February 1777 he obtained leave of absence from Congress and returned to his family. When the news of the defeat of Washington at Germantown reached him he was surrounded by a circle of his friends who seemed dismayed at the intelligence. He rose calmly from his seat and earnestly remarked-" We have been disappointed but now that we have become the assailants there can be no doubt of the issue." Before his return from Congress his property at Wilming- ton had suffered from royal vengeance. His personal safety was then in jeopardy-he was compelled to flee to the interior to avoid the hemp. His family had removed several times. He and all the signers had made arrangements with the French minister to remove to one of the French West India islands in the event of the failure to maintain Inde- pendence. He did not return to Wilmington until it was evacuated by the enemy in 1781. Durhig his absence his family remained ex- posed to the proverbial insults of his Christian majesty's officers and soldiers. He remained in the province for the purpose of rousing the people to action and was an efficient member of the new government. In 1782 he removed to Hillsborough for the purpose of resuscitating his long neglected private affairs and again took his place at the Bar. In 1786 he was appointed by Congress a member of the court organ- ized to determine the controversy between New York and Massachu- setts relative to disputed territory which was amicably settled by the parties. Mr. Hooper continued to aid in the legislation of his adopted state and pursue his profession until 1787 when his health became impaired which compelled him to retire from public life and the bar and seek that repose in domestic enjoyment that had always been more conge- nial to his mind than public stations however lofty. In his retirement he carried with him the esteem of his fellow citizens and the gratitude of a nation of freemen. Not a blemish soiled the bright escutcheon of his public character or private reputation. He had served his country faithfully and sacrificed his fortune on the altar of liberty. With the 24 186 THE SAGES AND HEROES strictest fidelity he had discharged the duties of husband, father, friend, citizen, lawyer, patriot, statesman. From the high eminence of con- scious integrity he looked down upon a life well spent. With the eyes of faith he looked forward to a crown of unfading glory. In October 1790 he closed his eyes in death and returned to the bosom of that God ■whom to fear is the beginning of wisdom. Dear relatives, ardent friends and a grateful nation mourned his premature death. Mr. Hooper was of the middle height, slender and elegant in form, gentle- manly and engaging in his manners, with strangers rather reserved, ■with his friends frank and familiar, free from affectation, of a serious turn, at all times candid and sincere. His countenance beamed with intelligence and benignity, his powers of conversation were pleasing, instructive, chaste and classical. His habits were in strict accordance ■with the religion he exemplified. His disposition was benevolent, hos- pitable and kind. As a public speaker he was eloquent, logical, per- suasive, sometimes sarcastic. As a whole he ■was among tne best spe- cimens of man as he comes from the clean hands of the Creator. Whilst we admire his virtues let us imitate his examples. SAMUEL HUNTINGTON. Consistency is the crowning glory of meritorious fame. It is a bright jewel in the escutcheon of a name. It sheds a radiating lustre over the actions of men. " Be consistent" was a Roman motto and once guided its sages, heroes and literati in the path of duty-the surest path of safety. Consistency dignifies the man and prepares him for noble and god-like deeds. It is based upon wisdom and discretion-the pilot and helm of the bark of life in navigating the ocean of time. Without it the breakers of chaos, the sand bars of folly-the rocks of disaster cannot be avoided. Without it the brightness of other talents and attainments of a high order are often eclipsed by the clouds of error and obscured by the breath of ridicule. With it-mediocrity shines and enables the plough-boy of the field-the mill-boy of the slashes-the apprentice of the shop to reach the pinnacle of enduring fame and leave the indiscreet classical scholar to sink into a useless gilded ornament in the world. Dr. Young has truly said-" With the talents of an angel a man may be a fool." Consistency is susceptible of cultivation and should be kindly and earnestly pressed upon youth by parents and teachers. It is of more importance than the entire con- OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 187 tents of the magazine of classic lore combined with an eloquence that could move the world of mankind. The sages of the American Revolution were remarkable for con- sistency. Many of them rose from the humble walks of life to emi- nence by the force of their own exertions guided by this darling attri- bute and became the most useful men of that eventful epoch. Among this class Samuel Huntington held a respectable rank. He was born on the 2d of July 1732 at Windham, Connecticut. He was the son of Nathaniel Huntington a plain farmer, who gave this son only a common Enghsh education whilst three of the others graduated at Yale College, all of whom became ministers of the gospel, one of them attaining a fair eminence as a theological writer. Their pious mother led them to the pure fountain of gospel truth and had the pleasure of seeing the four walking hand in hand towards the goal of unfading joy. Samuel followed the plough until he was twenty-two years of age. He was remarkable for industry and sterling honesty. He was an exten- sive reader and a close observer of men and things. His native talent was strong, his judgment clear, his reflections deep. From his child- hood to his grave consistency chastened every action. This was his strong forte and insured his success through life. It was a passport beyond the power of a college to give. Samuel Huntington went from the plough to the study of law in his father's house, loaning books from Zedekiah Elderkin of the Norwich bar. With astonishing rapidity he mastered the elementary books- was admitted and opened an office in his native town. His reputation as an honest and consistent man was already on a firm basis. His fame as a safe counsellor and able advocate soon added another story to this superstructure. He did not aim at Ciceronean power or De- mosthenean eloquence but closely imitated Solon and Socrates. His manner was plain but marked by a deep sincerity that seldom fails to impress the minds of a court and jury favorably-often foiling the most brilliant displays of forensic eloquence. With his other strong quali- ties he combined the motive power of business-puNCTUALiTY. Although he had gained a lucrative practice in his native town he removed to Norwich in 1760 where a wider field opened before him. Carrying out the principle of consistency, in 1762 he emerged from the lonely regions of celibacy with Martha, the accomplished daughter of Ebe- nezer Devotion and entered the delightful bowers of matrimony-thus giving him and her an importance in society unknown to single bles- sedness. Martha proved an' amiable companion-blending the accom- 188 THE SAGES AND HEROES plishmcnls of a lady, the industry of a housewife, the economy that en- riches, the dignity of a matron-tiie piety of a Christian. In 170 1 JMr. Huntington was elected to the Assembly and made a very cllicicnt member. In 17G5 he was a])pointed king's attorney and performed the duties of that office until the pestiferous atmosphere of monarchical oppression drew him from under the dark mantle of a cor- rupt and impolitic ministry. In 1774 he was elevated to the bench of the Superior Court and the next year was a member of the Council of his state. When the all important subject of American rights and British wrongs came under discussion he threw the whole force of his influence in favor of the cause of equal rights. In October 1775 he took his seat in the Continental Congress and became a prominent and useful member. In January following he again took his seat in the Hall of Independence and fearlessly advocated the necessity of cutting the Gordian knot that held the Colonies to England. The solemnity of his manner, the strong force of his reasoning, the lucid demonstra- tions of his propositions and the unvarnished sincerity of his patriotism- were calculated to carry conviction to every heart and impart confi- dence to the wavering and timid. He was present at the birth of our nation on the 4th of July 1776 and aided in presenting the admired infant at the sacred font of Liberty and became a subscribing witness to the imposing ceremonies of that eventful day. He was continued in Congress until 1781 when ill health compelled him to retire for a season. He was a man of great industry, honesty of purpose, profound re- search, clearness of perception and had acquired a large fund of prac- tical knowledge. Human nature he had studied closely. He was well versed in general business, political economy, principles of government and rules of legislation which gave him a place upon important com- mittees. He succeeded Mr. Jay as President of Congress and so ably discharged the duties of that responsible station that when compelled to retire from ill health a vote of thanks was placed upon the record. Hoping that he might be able to return the chair was not permanently filled for a long time. During a part of the interim of his absence from Congress he presided on the bench and was a short time in Council. In 1783 he returned to Congress and at the termination of the session declined a re-election. He had aided in finishing the mighty work of national freedom-the star spangled banner was floating in the breeze of Liberty-his country had triumphed over a merciless foe-her politi- cal refreneration had been consummated-America was disenthralled and he desired retirement from public life. This he was not permitted OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 189 to enjoy. In 1784 he was appointed Chief Justice of his state-the en- suing year Lieutenant Governor and the next year was elected Gover- nor of Connecticut, which office he held until the 5th of January 1796, when death took him from earth and its toils. He had lived the life of the righteous man-his last end was like his. He was a ripe shock full of corn-uniformly beloved in life-deeply mourned in death. Mr. Huntington was a man of middle stature, dark complexion, keen eyes, countenance expressive, with a deportment calculated to make a favorable impression at first sight. In his life we find much to admire- nothing to condemn. His superior virtues and uniform consistency eclipsed the frailties of his nature. In the performance of all the duties of public and private life he was a model worthy of the closest imita- tion. From the plough in the field through his bright career to the presidential chair in Congress-to the chief magistracy of his own state- his every action was marked with consistency. His fame is based upon substantial merit-he rendered his name dear to every fi'eeman. The history of his examples should exercise a salutary influence over the mind of every reader capable of appreciating the high importance of being consistent in all things and of perpetuating our UNION through all time. WILLIAM IRVINE. MoBocRACY is a fearful spirit that is roused to action by a greater variety of elements than either of the unfortunate propensities of human nature. Based upon the boiling anger of those who put this ball in motion-reason is dethroned-reflection paralyzed-justice unheeded- mercy banished-the laws disregarded-power defied. It is the volcano of human society-the earthquake of social order-the whirlpool of bru- tality-the vortex of destruction. It is fanned by fell revenge-inflamed with burning fury-propelled by reckless impulse-delights in human gore-revels in demoniac confusion-rides on the tornado of faction- snufis the whirlwind of discord and provokes the indignation of all peaceful citizens. Occasions rarely occur to justify these sudden demonstrations of dis- order and more rarely result in good. Deliberate action is usually the best to remedy evils that exist in fact-most certainly the best to cure those that are only imaginary. Thus reasoned the Sages and Heroes of the American Revolution and governed themselves accordingly. After petitions and entreaties for redress failed to remove the wrongs 190 THE SAGES AND HEROES heaped upon them-a systematic and dignified mode of resistance was adopted-not mobocracy. They could then appeal to Heaven for the justice of their cause and elicited the admiration of gazing nations in the course they pursued. Among those who put forth their noblest exertions to advance the interests of the cause of equal rights was William Irvine who was born near Enniskillen, Ireland, in 17 42. His ancestors removed from the north of Scotland to the Emerald Isle. His grandfather was an officer in the corps of grenadiers that fought so desperately at the battle of the Boyne. The grandfather of General Wayne was a brave officer in the same service. The noble descendants of both were in the same corps in the glorious cause of American Independence. After completing his school education Mr. Irvine became a student of the celebrated Dr. Cleghorn and proved to be an excellent surgeon and physician. On the completion of his studies he was appointed a surgeon on board a British man of war where he served for several years with great diligence and success. In 1763 he came to America and located at Carlisle, Pennsylvania. His eminent talents-professional acquirements and large experience, soon gained for him a liberal prac- tice and proud reputation. Having no innate love for mother Britain, he was prepared to meet the fearful crisis of the American Revolution. There were numerous powerful influences in Pennsylvania adverse to war with England. There was a large number of the Society of Friends opposed to war under all circumstances, although quick to seize the benefits resulting from it. The Proprietary interests were very extensive and in favor of the crown. To rouse the people to resistance was a herculean task. In this work Mr. Irvine was active and successful. He was a member of the several preliminary conven- tions in the colony and became extensively influential in preparing the people for action. In January 1776 he was commissioned to raise and command a regi- ment which duty he performed promptly. On the 10th of the following June he joined Gen. Thompson's brigade with his troops near the vil- lage of Trois Rivieres. A disastrous attack w^as immediately made upon the vanguard of the British army stationed at that place. Gen. Thompson, Col. Irvine and near two hundred subordinate officers and privates were taken prisoners and sent to Quebec. An exchange was not effected until April 1778. On his return Gen. Irvine was put in command of the second Pennsylvania brigade and continued in that position until 1781. He was then transferred to Pittsburgh and assigned to the important and delicate duty of guarding the north-western fron- OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 191 tier. It was important because difficult to obtain supplies and was menaced with British and Indians. It was delicate because there ex- isted strong animosities between the first inhabitants of that region and those from Western Virginia who claimed the territory occupied. Under these circumstances the appointment was a high compliment from the sagacious Washington. The happy results were a strong eulogy upon the wisdom of both. Gen. Irvine succeeded in reconciling the two contending factions-brought order out of confusion and restored harmony and good feeling among those who had long been at vari- ance. This augmented his strength against the enemy and increased the confidence of the people in that entire section of country. He was continued in that command until the war closed and the star spangled banner waved triumphantly over the United States of America. In 1786 Gen. Irvine was elected to Congress and proved an efficient and valuable member. He was active and useful in the board to settle the accounts between the states and the general government. He was a member of the Pennsylvania convention that sanctioned the Federal Constitution. In 1796 he was one of the commissioners who were despatched to visit the whiskey boys and endeavor to bring them back to reason, duty and safety. When it became necessary to order out a military force to quell the insurrection Gen. Irvine was put in com- mand of the Pennsylvania troops. A short time after he rendered this last service in the tented field he removed to Philadelphia. He there received the appointment of In- tendant of military stores which office was subsequently long and ably filled by his son Callender. He was also President of the Society of Cincinnati. Peacefully and calmly Gen. Irvine glided down the stream of time until the summer of 1804 when he closed his active and useful career and took his departure for '• that country from whose bourne no traveller returns." He had lived highly respected-his death was deeply mourned. His public and private reputation were untarnished-he per- formed all the duties of life nobly and fulfilled the great design of his creation. THOMAS JEFFERSON. Genuine moral courage is a sterling virtue-the motive power of the true dignity of man. It invigorates the mind like a refreshing dew falling gently on the flowers of spring. It is a heavenly spark- animating the immortal soul with the fire of purity that illuminates 192 THE SAGES AND HEROES the path of rectitude. It is an attribute that opposes all wrong and propels its possessor right onward to the performance of all right. Based on virtue and equity, it spurns vice in all its borrowed and de- lusive forms. It courts no servile favors-fears no earthly scrutiny. No flattery can seduce it-no eclat allure-no bribe purchase-no tyrant awe-no misfortune bend-no intrigue corrupt-no adversity crush-no tortures can subdue it. On its breastplate is inscribed in bold relievo- Fiat justitia-ruat cmlum. [Let justice be done though the heavens fall.] Without it, fame is ephemeral-renown transient. It is the saline basis of a good name that gives enduring richness to its memory. It is a pillar of light to revolving thought-the polar star that points to duty, secures merit and leads to victory. It is the soul of reason-the essence of wisdom-the crowning glory of mental power. It was this that nerved the leaders of the American Revolution to noble and god- like action. In the front rank of this band of patriots stood Thomas Jefferson, who was born at Shadwell, Albemarle County, Virginia, on the 24th of April 1743. His ancestors were among the early pioneers of the Old Dominion and highly respectable. They were Republicans to the core-in affluent circumstances and exercised an extensive and happy influence. Thomas was the son of Peter Jefferson, a man much esteemed in public and private life. The liberal feelings imbibed from him by this son were conspicuous at an early age. From his childhood the mind of Thomas Jefferson assumed a high elevation-took a broad and expansive view of men and things. He was educated at the college of William and Mary and was always found at the head of his class. Untiring industry in the ex- ploration of the fields of science marked his collegiate career. He analyzed every subject he investigated, passing through the opening avenues of literature with astonishing celerity. His mind became enraptured with the history of classic Greece and republican Rome. Improving upon the suggestions of liberal principles found in the clas- sics, he early matured his political creed and opposed every kind of government tinctured with the shadow of monarchy, hierarchy or aristocracy. After completing his collegiate course he commenced the study of law under Chancellor Wythe, whose liberal views were calculated to mature and strengthen those already preponderating in the mind of Jefferson. With regard to the oppressions of the mother country-the justice and necessity of resistance by the Colonies, their kindred hearts OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 193 beat in unison. By a thorough investigation of the principles of law and government, Jefferson became rapidly prepared to enter upon the great theatre of public life-the service of his injured country. Plant- ing himself upon the broad basis of Magna Charta-encircling himself within the pale of the British Constitution-he demonstrated most clearly that the ministry of the crown had long been rapidly advanc- ing beyond the bounds of their legitimate authority-exercising a tyranny over the Colonies not delegated to them by the constitution of the monarchy they represented. So luminous were his expositions of chartered rights on the one hand and accumulating wrongs on the other, that he became the nucleus of a band of patriots resolved on LIBERTV OR DEATH. At the age of twenty-two he was elected to the legislature which enabled him to disseminate his liberal principles throughout the Colony. He proclaimed himself the unyielding advocate of equal rights and had engraved upon his watch seal-" Resistance to tyrants is obedience to God." By his eloquence and unanswerable arguments he kindled the flame of opposition in old Virginia which increased as tyranny advanced. In 1769 a resolution was passed by the legisla- tme-not to import a single article from Great Britain. In the advocacy of this proposition by Mr. Jefferson, the adherents of the crov\/-n were astonished at the boldness and firmness with which he exposed and laid bare the venal corruption of the British cabinet. It gave a fresh impetus to the cause of Liberty just bursting into life. With ample pecuniary means-with talents equal to the work he had undertaken, his soul illuminated with the fire of patriotism-his indig- nation roused against the hirelings of the king-his sympathies excited by the suff'erings of his country-his moral courage raised to the zenith of its glory-Mr. Jefferson was amply armed for the conflict and be- came one of the master spirits of the Revolution-a gigantic champion of universal freedom-a pillar of fire, flashing terror and dismay into the ranks of the foe. He wrote " A Summary View of the Rights of British America"- addressed it to the king respectfully but very plainly pointed to the true position of the two countries and the final result of the policy of minis- ters. The following is an extract. " Open your breast, sire, to liberal and expanded thought. It behooves you to think and act for your people. The great principles of right and wrong are legible to every reader. To perceive them needs not the aid of many counsellors. The whole art of government consists in the art of being honest." The art of being honest in matters of government is a knotty problem 25 194 THE SAGES AND HEROES for some modern politicians to solve. Were they all honest a political millennium would illuminate our country-bring us back to primitive tangible landmarks and unmask multitudes of political wolves cun- ningly dressed in sheep's clothing. So exasperated was Lord Dunmorc on perusing this article from the pen of Jefferson that he threatened to arrest him for high treason. Finding most of the members of the legislature, then in session, quite as treasonable in their views he at once dissolved that body. The following year the British ministry, in answer to petitions for redress of grievances, sent to the legislature of the Old Dominion a series of propositions that they termed concihatory but which added insult to injury. Their fallacy was exposed by Mr. Jellerson in such a masterly strain of eloquent burning logic and sarcasm, that conviction was carried to a large majority of his colleagues. They were referred to a committee which reported an answer written by him and was very similar to the Declaration of Independence. This reply was immedi- ately adopted. The ball of resistance was put in motion-the electric fluid of patriotism commenced its insulating powers in the north and south-extending from sire to son, from heart to heart, until the two streams of fire met in the centre-then rising in grandeur, formed the luminous arch of Freedom-its chord extending from Maine to Geor- gia-its versed sine resting on the city of Penn. Under its zenith at Philadelphia, Mr. Jefferson took his seat in the Continental Congress on the 21st of June 1775. Although one of the youngest members of that venerated assembly of patriotic sages, he was hailed as one of its main pillars. Known as a man of superior intelligence, liberal sentiments, strict integrity, stern republicanism and unbending patriotism-his influence was strongly felt and judiciously exercised. From the beginning he advocated a separation from the mother country and ably met every objection urged against it. In his view, oppression, not recognised by Magna Charta, had dissolved all alle- giance to the crown-that the original contract had been cancelled on the heights of Lexington by American blood. Submission was no longer a virtue-the measure of wrongs had been overflowing for years -public sentiment demanded the sundering of the Gordian knot-a voice from Heaven proclaimed in tones of thunder-" Let my people go'"' The following year the Declaration of Independence was proposed. Mr. Jefferson was appointed chairman of the committee to prepare this momentous document. The work was assigned to him by his col- leac^ues. He performed the task with a boldness of design and beauty OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 195 of execution before unknown and yet unrivalled. The substantial result of his labor has long been before the world. Admiring nations have united in bestowing the highest encomiums upon this sacred in- strument. As a masterpiece of composition-a lucid exposition of the rights of man-the principles of a free government-the sufferings of an oppressed people— the abuses of a corrupt ministry and the effects of monarchy upon the destinies of man-it stands unequalled. Pure in its origin-graphic in its delineations-benign in its influence and salutary in its results-it has become the chart of patriots over the civilized world. It is the ne 'plus ultra [nothing more beyond] of a gigantic mind raised to its loftiest elevation by the finest touches of creative Power-displaying its noblest eflx)rts-brightest conceptions-holiest zeal- purest desires-happiest conclusions. It combines the attributes of jus- tice-the flowers of eloquence-the force of logic-the soul of wisdom. It is the grand palladium of equal TaoHTs-the polar star of rational LiBERTY-the Magna Charta of universal freedom and has crowned its author with laurels of enduring fame. In the autumn of 1776 Mr. Jefferson was appointed a commissioner to the court of France in conjunction with Messrs. Franklin and Deane for the purpose of forming a treaty of alliance. Ill health of himself and family and an urgent necessity for his services in his native state, induced him to decline the proffered honor and resign his seat in Congress. He was immediately elected to the first legislature of his state con- vened under the new Constitution. On taking his seat in that body his attention was at once directed to the demolition of the judicial code which had emanated from the British Parliament. The work of rear- ing a new superstructure was mostly performed by him. The first bill he introduced was aimed at the slave trade and prohibited the farther importation of negroes into Virginia. This is a triumphant refutation of the accusation often reiterated against Mr. Jefferson-//ia^ he was an advocate of slavery. To its principles he and a large majority of the South were always opposed and submitted to it practically by entail. It is a fact beyond dispute that he struck the first blow in the Colonies at the unhallowed trade of importing human beings for the purpose of consigning them to bondage. That this was the first great step towards a correction of the most cruel feature of this system, originated by phi- lanthropic England, is equally true. To transfer those negroes, born in the United States, from one section of this country to another, bears no comparison in cruelty to the heart-rending barbarity of forcing the African from his native home-even should he fall into the hands of 196 THE SAGES AND HEROES those emancipators who, instead of returning him to his native shores- put him an "ArPRENxicE" to hard labor on their own plantations. Con- sistency thou art a jewel rather rare. Common humanity forbids the sudden emancipation of the slaves as proposed by emissary Thomp- son and his converts. Mr. Jefferson next effected the passage of bills destroying entails- primogeniturc-thc church as established by England and various others-assimilating the entire system of jurisprudence in the state to its republican form of government. He reported one hundred and twenty-six bills, most of which were passed and constitute the present much admired statutory code of Virginia. In 1779 Mr. Jefferson was called to the gubernatorial chair of his native state, then surrounded by perils. The British troops, led on by the proud Tarleton and the traitor Arnold, were spreading death and de- vastation over the Old Dominion and contemplated the capture of the governor. Terror seized the more timid patriots-the boldest were alarmed at the approach of the merciless foe. The energy of the go- vernor was equal to the emergency. He rallied the bone and sinew of old Virginia, who " with hearts of oak and nerves of steel," checked the enemy in their bold career of indiscriminate slaughter. He im- parted confidence and vigor to the desponding and roused them to bold and noble action. He dispersed the black cloud that hung over his bleeding state and inspired the friends of liberty with cheering hopes of ultimate success. So highly were his services appreciated during the eventful term of his administration that the legislature entered upon their records a unanimous vote of thanks to him for the able and efii- cient manner he had discharged his public duties-highly complimenting his talents, rectitude, moral courage and stern integrity. In 1783 he again took his seat in Congress-one of the brightest lumi- .naries in the galaxy of statesmen. The chaste and moving address to Washington when he surrendered his commission, was from the soul- stirring pen of Jefferson. He was chairman of the committee to form a territorial government for the extensive regions of the then far west. True to his long cherished desire to ultimately emancipate the negro, he introduced a clause prohibiting slavery in any of the territories or the states that should be formed from them after 1800. In May, 1784 he was a minister plenipotentiary in conjunction with Dr. Franklin and John Adams, with power to negotiate treaties of commerce with several European nations. In July he embarked for France and arrived in Paris on the 6th of August. During his absence he visited several foreign courts but spent most of his time in France. OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 197 He commanded the highest respect and was made a welcome guest in the halls of literature, legislation and jurisprudence. Kings and cour- tiers treated him with profound deference and were convinced intelli- gence and talent were not exclusively confined to the old world. He was in Paris when the French Revolution commenced and was often consulted by the leading members of the national convention relative to the best course to be pursued in order to establish their go- vernment upon the Republican basis. So far as was proper he gave his opinions freely in favor of rational Liberty. He returned on the 23d of November 1789 and was received with great enthusiasm and kindness by his fellow citizens. Soon after his arrival he resigned his ministerial commission and became Secretary of State under President Washington. The appointment was a com- pliment to the matured judgment of the chief magistrate and proved a lasting benefit to our country. Familiar with every principle of government-comprehending the requisites necessary to perfect and perpetuate the new confederation-he proposed amendments to the constitution, which, with some suggested by John Adams and others, were adopted. He did much towards reducing the new order of things to harmonious system. Well versed in diplomacy, international law and the policy of European courts-he was prepared to plant the permanent land marks of foreign intercourse which stand as beacon lights to guide our nation safely in its onward career. A reciprocity of commerce and honorable peace with other governments-a rigid neutrality with belligerents-a careful avoidance of entangling alli- ances were some of his leading principles. To submit to nothing that was clearly wrong-io ask for nothing that was not clearly right-\va.s a doctrine of Jefferson forcibly inculcated in his able correspondence with the French ministers during the brief period of their Republic. This motto has been handed down from sire to son and is firmly nailed to the flag stafl" of the star spangled banner. To the domestic concerns of our country he devoted a laudable and laborious attention. He recommended the adoption of a uniform system of currency, weights, measures and many other things de- signed to advance the best interest of the infant Republic. He urged the importance of protecting our fisheries and of encouraging enter- prise in all the branches of industry. He demonstrated the advan- tages of every species of commerce and the necessity of preventing others from monopolizing the sources that legitimately belonged to the United States. He exhibited a masterly exposition of existing facts, showing the increasing policy of European courts to restrict the inter- 198 THE SAGES AND HEROES course of America that they might engross trade. He submitted to Congress an elaborate and able report relative to the privileges and restrictions of the commercial intercourse of this with other countries, which showed great foresight, close observation and thorough investi- gation. It received great attention and was the foundation of a series of resolutions introduced by Mr. Madison, embracing the doctrines it contained-forming the great line of demarkation between the old school federal and democratic parties. It would require a skilful engineer to trace the original line jiow in consequence of the rapid growth of under brush. Having served his country long and faithfully and contributed largely in placing her on the great highway of freedom and pros- perity, Mr. Jefferson retired from public life on the 31st of December 1793 enjoying for a season the more peaceful and substantial comforts of life at Monticello. He imparted comfort to all around him-treated his slaves in the kindest manner, reducing to practice the mode of treatment he always recommended to others. The education of his children-the cultivation and improvement of his land and the resump- tion of his scientific researches, gave to him an exhilarating conso- lation he had long desired and could never enjoy in the arena of public business and political turmoil. His manner of life at the time alluded to is happily described by the Duke de Liancourt who vished him during this brief time of repose. " His conversation is of the most agreeable kind. He possesses a stock of information not inferior to any other man. In Europe he would hold a distinguished rank among men of letters and as such he has already appeared there. At present he is employed with activity and perse- verance in the management of his farms and buildings and he orders, directs and pursues, in the minutest detail, every branch of business relating to them. I found him in the midst of harvest from which the scorching heat of the sun does not prevent his attendance. His ne- groes are nourished, clothed and treated as well as white servants could be. Every article is made on his farm-his negroes being cabinet makers, carpenters and masons The children he employs in a nail manufactory and the young and old negresses spin for the clothing of the rest. He animates them all by rewards and distinctions. In fine, his superior mind directs the management of his domestic concerns with the same ability, activity and regularity, which he evinced in the conduct of public aftairs and which he is calculated to display in every situation of life." During his recess from the toils of public life Mr. Jefi"erson was OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 199 unanimously elected President of the American Philosophical Society with which he was highly gratified. It afforded him much pleasure to occupy the chair which had been ably filled by his revered friends- the illustrious Franklin and philosophic Rittenhouse. After a repose of three years he was again called to the theatre of public action. President Washington had announced his determina- tion to retire to the peaceful shades of Mount Vernon. The people had become divided in two political parties, each determined to nomi- nate a candidate for the high and responsible office about to become vacant. The federalists nominated John Adams-the democrats Thomas Jefferson, The former was elected President-the latter Vice President of the United States. As the presiding officer of the Senate Mr. Jef- ferson discharged his duty with dignity and impartiality. Familiar with parliamentary rules, he was prepared to decide questions promptly and uniformly to the satisfaction of members. At the next Presidential Election he was again opposed to Mr. Adams. The mountain waves of party spirit rolled over the United States like a sweeping torrent. Each party presented a bold front regardless of danger pressed on by a rear rushing to conflict. The two candidates were bosom friends. Honest political differences did not interrupt their private good feelings. Not a word fell from the lips of either disparaging to his opponent. They regretted the fever heat of their partisans during the canvass but could not allay it. The Democrats carried the election and returned an equal number of votes for Mr. Jefferson as President and Col. Burr as Vice President. This singular circumstance imposed the election of the Chief Magistrate upon the House of Representatives. To defeat the election of the great leader of the popular party, several of his opponents voted for Col. Burr. A very spirited contest ensued. Thirty-five ineffectual ballotings were made. The ambition of Burr for promotion induced him to omit doing at once what propriety dictated and that which would have rendered him popular and perhaps saved him from the vortex of disgrace into which he subsequently plunged-^Ae im- mediate ivithdrawal of his name. This he was finally compelled to do and on the thirty-sixth ballot Mr. Jefferson was duly elected President by a majority of eight votes and Col. Burr Vice President. I have long been convinced that the Federal Constitution should be amended with reference to the election of these two officers. The votes for each should be confined to each office independent of the other. T/ie election should never go to the House of Representatives, especially as political honesty is constantly deteriorating. The history of all time shows clearly, that as a government grows older corruption increases 200 THE SAGES AND HEROES until it filially dissolves the state. Let the President be elected for four years and until another shall be elected in his place and let this be done directly by the PEorLE. Reckless party management would then be stripped of half its horrors. Better pay the expense of two elections than have one unworthy incumbent in the Presidential Chair. The following extract from the Inaugural Address of Mr. Jefferson should be committed by every man and boy in our country-the principles would then be better understood and perhaps more generally exemplified in practice. " Equal and exact justice to all men of whatever state or persuasion- religious or political-peace, commerce and honest friendship with all nations-entangling alliances with none-the support of the state govern- ments in all their rights as the most competent administrations for our domestic concerns and the surest bulwarks against anti-republican ten- dencies-the preservation of the general government in its whole constitu- tional vigor as the sheet anchor of our peace at home and safety abroad- a zealous care of the right of election by the people-a mild and safe cor- rective of abuses which are lopped by the sword of revolution when peaceable remedies are unprovided-absolute acquiescence in the decisions of the majority, the vital principle of Republics from which there is no appeal but to force-the vital principle and immediate parent of despotism- a well disciplined militia our best reliance in peace and for the first moments of war till regulars may relieve them-the supremacy of the civil over the military authority-economy in public expenses that laboi may be lightly burthened-the honest payment of our debts and sacred preservation of the public faith-encouragement of agriculture and of com- merce as its handmaid-the diffusion of information and arraignment of all abuses at the bar of public reason-freedom of religion, freedom of the press and freedom of the person under the protection of the habeas corpus and trial by juries impartially selected. These principles form the bright constellation which has gone before us and guided our steps through an age of revolution and reformation. The wisdom of our sages and blood of our heroes have been devoted to their attainment. They should be the creed of our political faith, the text of civic instruction, the touch stone by which to try the service of those we trust and should we wander from them in moments of error or alarm, let us hasten to retrace our steps and to regain the road which alone leads to peace, liberty and safety." Here is a statesman's chart drawn by one of the ablest navigators that ever stood at the helm of government. His soundings were frequent-his observations were made with mathematical precision-he combined science and experience and traced his lines with boldness and truth. To follow its directions is to ensure safety. Its delineations are not designed OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 201 for partisan use but for our whole country and the freemen of the world through all time. Based upon these principles practically, the administration of Jefferson became popular, peaceful and prosperous. He understood the reasona- ble desires of the people and exerted his noblest powers to gratify them. He knew that the art of governing harmoniously consisted in honesty and governed himself accordingly. He anticipated the future wants of the rising and expanding Republic and proposed in his annual and special messages to Congress wise and politic measures to meet them. So fully was his course approved that he was re-elected by a majority of one hundred and forty-eight. His second inaugural address reiterated the same magnanimous principles of his first, manifesting a deep and growing interest in the prosperity and welfare of our common country. As he has been repeatedly charged with infidelity by those who de- scend so low as to desecrate the ashes of the illustrious dead and the charge repeated but a few days ago in a prominent print in the city of New York, I insert the following extract from his annual message, which sentiment is found in all his writings where the subject is alluded to. I have recently read two of his unpublished letters to a gentleman who is now a member of the New Jersey Senate, in which the same view is expressed. " I shall need, too, the favor of that Being in whose hands we are, who led our forefathers, as Israel of old, from their native land and planted them in a country flowing with all the necessaries of life-who has covered our infancy with his Providence and our riper years with his wisdom and power." Washington and Adams said no more. If all who piofess the religion of the Cross discarded sectarianism and honored unsophisticated practical religion as much as did Thomas Jefferson, the prospect of christianizing the world would burst upon us with refulgent brightness. The partition walls of various creeds, claimed to be drawn from the same pure fountain, would be dissolved by heaven-born Charity and the superstructure of the Redeemer's king- dom would rise in majesty sublime. Soon after Mr. Jefferson entered upon the duties of his second term, a portentous storm darkened the horizon of our country, charged with the lightning of discord. In consequence of being disappointed in riding into the presidency on the whirlwind of confusion he created at the time he was made Vice President and at the end of four years-dropped like a traitor as he was, Aaron Burr mounted upon the tornado of his wild ambition and attempted the formation of a new Republic in the Spanish Provinces on the Mississippi, aiming at an ultimate division, if 26 202 THE SAGES AND HEROES not dissolution of the Union. He was arrested and tried for high trea- son but being a man of great foresight, consummate genius and deep cunning-no ovei't act could be proved against him within the technical meaning of the law and he was acquitted-yet the dark stigma is marked upon the splendor of his brilliant talents in traces so deep, that time nor angels' tears can ever remove it. Like a comet propelled by its own centrifu2:al force from its constitutional orbit, he fell to rise no more- our country was saved from his Cataline grasp by the Cicero of our nation. About the same time France and Great Britain were at war-both of whom and more especially the lattcr-had repeatedly insulted the American flag under various but false pretences. Redress was promptly demanded and measures pursued to obtain it. Anxious to preserve peace but determined to vindicate our rights and dignity-Mr. Jefferson simultaneously prosecuted a negotiation and prepared for war. He well understood the importance of the importing and exporting trade to EnSevcraI of them were devoted ministers of the gospel. Among these was John Witherspoon, born in the parish of Yester near Edinburgh, Scotland, on the 5th of February 1722. He was a lineal descendant of John Knox the celebrated reformer. The father of John was minister of Yester parish and moulded the mind of this son in the ways of wisdom, virtue and science. At an early age he placed him in the Haddington school where the rare beauties of his young mind unfolded like the flowers of spring. He soared above tlie trifling allurements that too often lead childhood and youth astray. His studies were his chief delight. He exhibited a maturity of judgment, clear- ness of perception and depth of thought-seldom maifested in juvenile life. He entered the Edinburgh University at the age of fourteen and fully realized the anticipations of his friends in his educational advancement. Especially did he excel in theology. He passed the ordeal of his final examination at the age of twenty-one and was licensed to proclaim to liis fellow men the glad tidings of the Gospel of Peace. He immediately became the assistant of his revered fither-a favorite among their parish- ioners-an eloquent preacher of plain practical Christianity. On the 17th of Januar}- 1746, he was a ''looker on in Vienna" at the battle of Falkirk and with many others whose curiosity had led them to the scene of action, was seized by the victorious rebels and imprisoned in the castle of Doune. After his release he resided a few years at Beith, subsequently at Paisly-rendering himself very useful as an exem- plary and faithful minister. During his residence at the latter place ho received urgent calls from Dublin, Rotterdam and Dundee tie also had an invitation to fill the presidential chair of the College of New Jersey in America to which he had been elected on the 19th of November 1760. This was done at the suggestion of Richard Stockton. A general demurrer by his friends and a special demurrer by his relatives were entered against his acceptance. Ingenious arguments were used to sustain the pleas put in. The delights of his native home-the horrors of OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 401 the western wilderness were placed before him in fearful contrast. A very wealthy bachelor relative offered to will him his large estate if he would remain. For a year he declined the proffered chair. During that time his lady caught "the missionary fever" and became anxious to embark for the new world-removing every obstacle with the ingenuity and perseverance peculiar to woman when bent upon the accomplish- ment of a noble object. On the 9th of December 1767 Mr. Stockton had the pleasure of communicating his acceptance to the trustees of the college which was most joyfully received. Early in the ensuing August he arrived with his family and was inaugurated at Princeton on the 17th of that month. His literary fame had been spread through the Colonies and caused an immediate acces- sion of students-a new impetus to the institution-a renovation of the empty treasury of the college. He introduced a thorough and har- monious system in all its departments and fully answered the most sanguine anticipations of his warmest friends. His mode of instruction was calculated to expand the ideas of his students and launch them upon the sea of investigation. He expelled the dogmatical and bewildering clouds of metaphysical fatality and mystic physiology that rendered darkness visible in the old schools. He illuminated the minds of his students with the mellow rays of scien- tific truth based upon enlightened philosophy, sound reason, plain com- mon sense and liberal principles. He taught them to explore the laby- rinthian avenues of human nature-the vast circuit of their own immortal minds. He raised before them the curtain of the material, moral, phy- sical and intellectual panorama-lucidly demonstrated their harmonious unity of action-perfected by the great Architect of this mighty ma- chinery made for man. He pointed them to the duties they owed to themselves, their fellow men, their country and their God. He awa- kened in their souls the living energies of charity that assimilates man to Deity and prompts him to noble god-like action. He taught them how to live and be useful-how to throw their mortal coil when the journey of life should end. His instructions were luminous andenrich- ing-his precepts fertilizing as the dew of Hermon. On the flood tide of a high literary and theological fame he floated peacefully along until the revolutionary storm drove him from the col- lege and the pulpit of his church to a different sphere of action. Before coming to America he understood well the relations between the mo- ther country and the colonies. He was master of civilian philosophy, international law, monarchical policy and the principles of rational free- dom. The enrapturing beauties of Liberty and the hideous deformity 51 402 THE SAGES AND HEROES of tyranny passed in review before his gigantic mind. la the designs of creative Wisdom he saw the equal rights of man and resolved to vindicate thein. He at once took a bold stand in favor of his adopted country. With an eagle's flight he mounted the pinnacle of political fame-with a statesman's eye he surveyed the mighty work before him. The plan of political regeneration stood approved by Heaven-he deter- mined to give his aid to the glorious cause. Most nobly did he dis- charge every duty assigned him. From the commencement of revolutionary agitation he was a mem- ber of various committees and conventions formed for the purpose of seeking redress from the king-peaceably if possible-^/brcz^/y if neces- sary. He was a member of the Convention of New Jersey that framed the new Constitution in 1776. On the 20th of June the same year he was elected to the Continental Congress and most ably and eloquently advocated the Declaration of Independence to which he affixed his name, appealing to his God for approval-to the world for the justice of the cause he espoused. He was continued a member of Congress up to 1782 with the exception of one year and contributed largely in shed- ding lustre over its deliberations. With a mind and intelligence able to grasp, comprehend and expound the whole minutias of government and legislation, he combined a patriotic zeal and holy devotion for his country-unsurpassed by any of his colleagues. His labors were inces- sant, his industry untiring, his perseverance unyielding-his patriotism as clear as the crystal fountain-pure as the pellucid stream. During the time he served in the legislative halls he did not neglect the higher honors of the vineyard of his Lord and Master. He was often at the family altar, in the closet and the pulpit. He was one of the most able, eloquent and profound preachers of that eventful period. He was one of the brightest ornaments of the religion of the Cross-one of the strongest advocates in the cause of Liberty. As a speaker he was listened to with deep interest-as a systematic and logical debater he had few equals. His arguments were a posteriori, a priori and a for- iion-leading the mind from effect to cause, from cause to effect and deducing the stronger reason. His corollaries were often of the most thrilHng character. He sometimes resorted to syllogism with great effect. His speeches would be a syllabus to many of modern times upon the same subjects. His memory was remarkably retentive, his perceptions clear, his judgment acute. He was a member of the secret committee of Congress the duties of which were delicate and arduous. He was a member of the committee to co-operate with Gen. Washington in replenishing and regulating the OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 403 army-of the committee of finance and upon several other working com- mittees. The eloquent appeals to the people from Congress, recom- mending days for fasting and prayer were from his nervous pen. The burning and melting manifesto, protesting against the inhuman treat- ment of the American prisoners confined on board the filthy prison- ships at New York, was supposed to emanate from him. Dr. Witherspoon was prophetic in his mode of reasoning when point- ing out the results of propositions laid before Congress and opposed all those he believed would terminate unfavorably. He strongly remon- strated against the issue of continental money. His predictions of sud- den depreciation were too fully realized. It took a rapid downward course and soon reached the ruinous discount of one hundred and fifty dollars of paper for one of silver and then took a fatal leap and plunged into the abysm of worthlessness. So deeply did he probe every subject that he investigated, that his powers of penetration became proverbial. Most of the measures he proposed when he entered the legislative arena that were adopted proved successful and those he opposed and were adopted uniformly proved disastrous. In the halls of classic literature, the ecclesiastic courts or on the floor of Congress, he was a shining light to those around him. His literary, theological and political writings were numerous, of a high order and are justly celebrated here and in Europe. They exhibit a pleasing and rich variety of though t-a strong and chaste imagination-a luminous and flowing fancy-a keen and sarcastic wit-a brilliant and fascinating style-broad and liberal views-philosophic and logical propositions- clear and convincing conclusions-all mellowed with the rich freshness of living charity and universal philanthropy. In 1779 he resigned his seat in Congress inconsequence of ill health. His son-in-law. Rev. Dr. Smith was Vice President of the college and relieved him from the most arduous duties of President. The next year he was agaiu elected to Congress and resigned finally in 1782. The trustees of the college then persuaded him to embark for Europe for the purpose of raising funds for the institution. As he predicted before he left, his efforts were unsuccessful. He returned in 1784 and retired to his country seat a mile from Princeton, there to enjoy the blessings of peace and the golden fruits that had been richly earned by years of peril and toil. Surrounded by relatives and friends, enjoying the praise and gratitude of a nation of freemen-his name imuiortalized as a scholar, divine, civilian, statesman and patriot-he sat down under the bright canopy of a clear conscience-an approving Heaven-antici- pating a crown of unfading glory beyond the skies. 404 THE SAGES AND HEROES In this manner he gUded down the stream of time peaceful and happy until the 15th of November 1794, when he fell asleep in the arms of his Lord and Master, calm as a summer morning, serene as a cerulean sky-welcoming the messenger of death with a seraphic smile. He was buried at Princeton. A review of the life of this great and good man affords an instruc- tive lesson for every considerate reader. He was endowed with all the qualities calculated to ennoble and dignify man and assimilate him to his Creator. His superior virtues and endowments eclipsed his frailties and placed him on a lofty eminence beyond the reach of envy, malice or slander. His fame is clustered with refulgent beauty that will spread a lustre over his name that will brighten and shine until the death knell of Liberty shall be sounded and social order rush back to original anarchy. In all the relations of public and private life. Dr. Witherspoon stood approved, admired, revered. Let all strive to imitate his examples that our lives may be useful in time-our final exit tranquil and happy-ever remembering that virtue is the crowning glory of talent. OLIVER WOLCOTT. The unrestrained oppressions of imperial and kingly power, long exercised with impunity, have been receding before the light of intelli- gence with an ominous but rather unsteady pace for the last few cen- turies. As the genial rays of Liberty illuminate the crowding millions of the human family the tenure of thrones will become more slender- monarchies more limited if not annihilated. In Europe kingly powrer has been vibrating for years in the cradle of a political earthquake. The love of freedom has never been extinguished in the old world. The same motive power that prompted the pilgrims to court the dangers and privations of this western hemisphere, still pervades the bosoms of those held in bondage by mihtary force. Volcanic erup- tions occasionally occur-new craters open-the time is rolling on rapidly when these craters will rush together and deluge kingly and imperial power with one broad sheet of liquid fire. In thunder tones of retri- bution the people will proclaim their Freedom. When our ancestors planted themselves on the granite shores of America they had clear conception of a republican form of government as organized by Greece and Rome. Many of them had read the thrilling history of the rise, progress and fall of those republics in the OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 405 original languages where none of the beauties or force are lost by translation. They were prepared to improve upon those governments by avoiding their errors and preserving all that was valuable. With these Hghts the pilgrim fathers appear to have been illuminated when rearing the incipient superstructure of a more pure republic than any before known. At first, articles of association were entered into by the people of a single or contiguous settlements, based upon the broad platform of equal rights and universal Liberty circumscribed only by eternal justice and sterling honesty. Among the earliest of these miniature republics was that consolidating Windsor, Hartford and Weathersfield in Connecticut. The articles of association adopted by this infant Colony were penned by Roger Ludlow. The revised constitution of that state is either substantially copied from the instru- ment drawn by Ludlow or the ideas of republicans must run in a channel that has no change. Among those who directed the destiny of the pioneers of the new world the name of Wolcott stands conspicuous. Henry Wolcott, the patriarch ancestor, removed from England to Dorchester, Mass. in 1630. In 1636 he founded the town of Windsor, Connecticut. During the perils of the Indian wars-the difficulties with the Canadian French and through all the various vicissitudes that have pervaded New Eng- land down to the present time, the descendants of Henry Wolcott have acted a conspicuous part. They were ready to go where duty called- to the field or legislative hall. Oliver Wolcott, the subject of this brief sketch, was the son of Roger Wolcott who was appointed Governor of Connecticut in 1751. This son was born on the 26th of November 1726 and graduated at Yale College in 1747. The same year he was commissioned to raise and command a company which he marched to the defence of the northern frontiers where he remained until the peace of Aix la Chapelle. He then returned and applied himself to the study of medicine until he was appointed the first sheriff" of Litchfield County formed in 1751. In 1755 he married Laura Collins a discreet woman of great merit. In 1774 he was appointed counsellor which station he filled for twelve consecutive years. He was also chief judge of the Common Pleas Court and for a long time a judge of the Probate Court. In the mili- tary field he rose from the grade of captain to that of major-general. In the summer of 1776 he commanded the fourteen regiments raised by Gov. Trumbull to act with the army in New York. He headed his division at the memorable battle that resulted in the capture of Bur- goyne and revived the drooping spirits of those who were engaged in 406 THE SAGES AND HEROES the glorious cause of equal rights. He was uniformly consulted on im- portant military movements and listened to with great confidence. From its cominencement he was a zealous and efficient advocate of the cause of freedom and stood firm amidst the revolutionary storm undaunted by the roaring of the British lion. In 1775 Congress made him commissioner of Indian aflairs for the Northern Department then an important trust. During the same year * he efl!ected much towards reconciling disputes between Colonies rela- tive to their boundaries. Amiable and persuasive in his manners-im- bued with a clear sense of justice, he was an admirable mediator. He merited the blessing pronounced on peace-makers. In 177G he took his seat in Congress and remained until he afiixed his signature to that Declaration of Rights which burst the chains of maternal bondage-gave birth to our nation in a day-astonished gazing millions-shook the British throne to its centre and gave us a Republic that surpasses all Greek-all Roman fame. He then returned to the field and on all occasions proved a brave, skilful and prudent officer. When he deemed his services more useful in Congress than in the army he would take his seat in that body, which he did at intervals up to 1783. In 1785 he was associated with Arthur Lee and Richard Butler to conclude a treaty of peace w^ith the Six Nations of Indians. The year following he was elected lieutenant- governor and performed the duties of that office with great ability and dignity up to the time of his death which occurred on the 1st day of December 1797. He died regretted by the nation at large, but most by those who knew him best. His numerous public services were highly appreciated. They were promptly and judiciously performed without any parade, pomp or vain show. His private character was adorned by all the richness of purity- purpose and action, that render a man an ornament among the virtuous. He possessed all the sterling virtues-was a devout and consistent Chris- tian-a useful and honest man. In the hands of such men our govern- ment is securc-our UNION safe. GEORGE WYTHE. To be born rich is oftener a misfortune than a blessing. Action is designed by the great Creator-noble and god-like action. Riches are prone to produce inertness. With the young, who are left to the bent of their own inclinations either by the erroneous indulgence of parents OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 407 or for the want of pai-ents or an efficient and kind guardian, an abun- dance of riches often proves their ruin. A thousand emissaries are abroad to lead them into the purheus of vice and hurry on their sure destruction. Money attracts attention in all circles. Although the love of it is the root of all evil-still it commands undue attention. Thousands live who will not earn, but must have it. These sharks are ever on the lookout for young men of fortune and too often succeed in plucking every feather from their newly fledged wings. The poor young man is in less danger. He has no attractions for fashionable blacklegs-the vilest things that creep on earth. Necessity impels him to action. He labors industriously-studies economy-saves his earnings and eventually becomes rich. Many of the most wealthy men of our country commenced without a dollar. Few who are left large fortunes retain them and but few who have lost them in profligacy have moral courage to break the fetters of vice, spurn the demons who have robbed them, return to the paths of rectitude, redeem a lost fortune-a shattered reputation and again stand up like men. We wonder and admire to behold such instances-rare to be sure-but they have occurred. This was fully exemplified by George Wythe born in Elizabeth City, Virginia, in 1728. His father was a wealthy planter-his mother a woman of unusual talents, learning and w^orth. To her this son was indebted for his education and early impressions of the correct and noble principles that actuated him after he assumed the dignity of a man. From her he acquired the Greek and Latin languages and gene- ral science. Unfortunately for him both his parents were snatched away by death nearly at the same time, leaving him a buoyant youth without a hand to guide or a voice to warn him against the allurements of vain pleasure or the seductions of ruinous vice. His father left him a fortune which was sufficient to have made a prudent man in easy circumstances for life. Like too many only sons, he had been put to no business. He was a stranger to labor and had no inclination to make its acquaintance. He was soon led away by idle company, became dissipated and pursued the road to ruin until he was thirty years of age, neglecting study and business and spending all his substance. Like the prodigal he then came to himself-returned to the paths of virtue, studied the profession of law, was admitted to the Bar and be- came one of its brightest ornaments. During the remainder of his life he walked in the ways of wisdom most scrupulously and proved to his friends and the world that a young man may be led astray by the prowling wolves of vice-be torn and lacerated by the demon robbers 408 THE SAGES AND HEROES that arc permitted to prey upon the community by the ofTicial guardians of our cities and towns and yet recover from liis wounds, redeem his character and become a virtuous and useful member of society. God grant that this example may influence thousands to go and do^like- wise. No man ever dignified his profession more than Mr. Wythe. He was rigidly honest and would not proceed in a cause until convinced justice required his services. If drawn into a cause by misrepresenta- tion that was tinctured with wrong, he would abandon it the moment he discovered that fact and return the fee. His virtuous habits, ex- treme fidelity, legal acquirements and untiring industry, gained for him the esteem and confidence of his friends and the people at large. He was a member of the House of Burgesses for a long time and under the new government was appointed Chancellor of the State, which office he filled with great ability to the time of his death. He was highly esteemed as a legislator for integrity, talent and independence. In poli- tics he was guided by his own matured judgment irrespective of part}''. On the 14th of November 17G4 he was appointed on a committee to prepare a petition to the king, a memorial to the House of Lords and a remonstrance to the House of Commons on the impropriety and injus- tice of the proposed Stamp Act. The remonstrance was from the able pen of Mr, Wythe and was drawn in language so bold and strong that it alarmed many of his col- leagues and underwent a modification to divest it of what they deemed a tincture of treason. He understood and properly appreciated the true dignity of man and did not live to quail at the tyranny of a haughty monarch or corrupt ministry. He was a prominent member of the House of Burgesses in 1768, when Virginia blood and Virginia patri- otism were roused and passed the memorable resolutions asserting their exclusive right to levy their own taxes-accused ministers and Parlia- ment of violating the British Constitution and denied the right of the crown to transport and try persons in England for crimes committed in America. In passing these resolutions parliamentary rules were dis- pensed with, the members anticipating the proroguing power of the governor, who, on learning their tenor, immediately dissolved the House. He was half an hour too late-they had passed their final read- ing-were entered upon the records and beyond his power to veto or expunge. This action of the governor was unfavorable to the interests of the crown-the people took the helm as they sliould do now and re- turned all the old patriotic members to the next session with several new ones of the " same sort." OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 409 Among the new members was Thomas Jefferson who had been a law student under Mr. Wythe-was charged with the same rebel prin- ciples and was a bold and fearless champion of Liberty and equal rights. The atmosphere was becoming rather too highly charged with patriotic fire to be comfortably inhaled by the governor and the bipeds of the crown. It was rather too caloric for the free respiration of mo- narchical lungs. The people, awakened to their true position-saw the path of duty and pursued it. With an enlightened mass there is safety. From that time Mr. Wythe continued to oppose parliamentary and ministerial oppression and boldly vindicated the rights of his injured country. At the commencement of the revolutionary movements he joined a volunteer corps, determined to vindicate in the field the prin- ciples he had advocated in the legislative hall. He lived up to the motto-" we do what we say." In August 1775 he was elected a member of Congress and took a high rank in that body-then the observed of all observers. When the proposition of Independence was made it met his warm approbation. He was to the hilt in this measure. When the day arrived for final action he put his name to that bold instrument that he knew must prove the Chart of Liberty or the death warrant of the signers. In all the majesty of conscious dignity these master spirits of freedom shook off the corroding rust of kingly power, planted deep the tree of Liberty and proved to a gazing world that a nation can be born in a day and live. Language can never portray nor imagination fully conceive the enthusiastic joy that marked the promulgation of the Declaration of In- dependence among the people. The bells sounded a requiem and tolled the funeral knell of monarchy-illuminations and roaring artillery con- veyed the glad news from the central arch of the Union to its remotest bounds-the replenished torch of Liberty rose, a pillar of fire to guide the patriots in their onward march-on the wings of thanksgiving and praise the happy tidings were carried to the throne of Heaven, received the sanction of Jehovah's high authority and were recorded in the book of everlasting fame by the hand of justice with an angel's pen. In November 177G Messrs. Wythe, Pendleton and Jefierson were appointed to revise the laws of Virginia. Although much other busi- ness devolved upon them they prepared and reported one hundred and twenty-six bills by the 18th of the ensuing June. The new code com- menced the revision at the time of the revolution in England and brought it down to and in accordance with the new government. In 1777 Mr. Wythe was chosen Speaker of the House of Delegates- 52 410 THE SAGES AND HEROES the same year a Judge of the High Court of Chancery and subsequently Chancellor. A more impartial judge never graced the Bench. No- thing could induce him to swerve from strict justice. He was a pro- found jurist and a lucid expounder of the law. He graced the law pro- fessorship in the College of William and Mary until other duties com- pelled him to resign. He was a member of the legislature when Vir- ginia sanctioned the Federal Constitution. He put in full practice his principles of Liberty by the emancipation of his slaves and })roviding them with the means of support. He tried the experiment of education upon one so far as to teach him Latin and Greek when he suddenly died. He was extremely anxious to see a development of African intellect that its calibre might be more clearly known. Chancellor Wythe died suddenly on the 8th of June 1806, believed to be from the effects of poison administered by George Wythe Sweny, a grandson of his sister, for the purpose of arriving immediately at the enjoyment of a part of his estate which was fortunately prevented by a codicil made just before his decease. Although there was not proof to convict the ungrateful demon, circumstances were so strong against him that the public verdict stamped upon him the damning stigma- murdercr. In his private character Chancellor Wythe was amiable, modest, cha- ritable and humane. He sought to improve the society in which he moved and used great exertions to guard young men against the pur- lieus of vice. He was industrious, temperate, frugal but liberal and proverbial for charity and a practical Christian. Jefferson, in delineating the character of his law instructor-remarks- j " No man ever left behind him a character more venerated than George ' Wythe. His virtue was of the purest kind-his integrity inflexible and his justice exact. Of warm patriotism and devoted as he was to Li- berty and the natural and equal rights of men he might be truly called the Cato of this country without the avarice of a Roman, for a more disinterested person never lived. Such was George Wythe-the honor of his own and a model for future times." ROBERT YATES. Time is wasted by many persons as if it had no limit and they were to live for ever. But few place a proper value upon it-but a small portion oi these reduce it to an advantageous system. If every person OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 411 realized that " time is money" and ends in eternity-it would be used very difierently by many-not by all. The instances are very rare where a man of fifty can look back upon his career and not see that he has squandered a large portion of his time in senseless vacuity or improper appropriation. If he then realizes its full worth he will gaze upon the past with keen regret and vainly wish he could live his life over again-a wish that the illustrious Washington said he did not in- dulge. If no one of the human family wasted or improperly used time, earth would be a Paradise-Pandemonium a fable. If all would assign a due portion of time for each class of incumbent duties-rigidly adhere to the one and promptly perform the others-a harmony in action and an amount of labor would be produced that would effect a change in the social, religious and business departments that would astonish the most visionary theorist of system and order. Profligacy of time too often commences in childhood-increases in youth and is made bankrupt in manhood. Let all feel more deeply the importance of a judicious arrangement and wise improvement of precious time. Its whirling wheels are rolling us on rapidly to " that country from whose bourne no traveller returns." It is a boon from our Creator-to Him we must render an account of every hour from the moment our reason assumed and presided over its empire. Let all be prepared to render that ac- count with a joy that shall increase in ecstacy through the ceaseless ages of ETERNITY. In perusing this history of the Sages and Heroes of the American Revolution the reader has learned that all of them were industrious- several of them bright models of perfect system in the distribution of their time. No one was more diligent in the performance of his duties than Robert Yates who was born in the city of Schenectady, N. Y. on the 27th day of January 1738. The early developments of his mind were of unusual solidity and free from that frivolity that too often re- tards the course of boys in their preparation for manhood. Let my young readers remember this and become men in conduct during your minority. You will then be prepared to appear upon the stage of action with credit to yourselves and usefulness to our common country. Im- prove your minds by storing them with useful knowledge. If the tree has no blossoms in spring we gather no fruit in autumn. If your youth is barren of healthful culture-if the vain allurements-the trifling amuse- ments of this deceiving world exclude from your immortal minds salu- tary improvement-your mental powers may darken with age and rush you into the murky waters of lasting disgrace-perhaps ruin you for ever. Soon the mighty concerns of our country will devolve on you. 412 THE SAGES AND HEROES In your hands will be placed the destiny of our nation. Some of you must fill up the swelling ranks of the professions-the arena of politics and posts of honor and profit. Let these reflections raise you above the trifles that amuse without benefitting you. Learn to be men when you are boys-you may then be intellectual giants when you reach manhood. Remember your Creator-study the Bible and let it be deeply impressed upon your minds that to become eminently great you must be truly good. Robert Yates commenced his classical education in the city of New York and completed it at an early age. He then read law with William Livingston of that city and became an ornament to the profession. He located at the city of Albany-obtained a lucrative practice-the high esteem of his numerous acquaintances and a title of honor too rare and priceless-" THE honest lawyer." An additional proof of his good sense was exhibited by his leading to the hymeneal altar the amiable Miss Jane Van Ness who proved worthy of the noble man of her judicious choice. They sailed buoyantly, prosperously and joyfully on the flood tide of domestic felicity until the angry elements of an oppressed people were concentrated by British oppression and raised the rough storm of the Revolution. Mr. Yates was a whig of the first water-bold, fearless, calm, prudent and firm as the iron mountain of Missouri. No one better understood the relative condition of the two countries-the powers and rights of each and the law of nations. He was conversant with the liberal principles of Magna Charta as granted by King John and as im- proved and confirmed by King Henry III. in the ninth year of his reign. He was familiar with the provisions of the British Constitution-the Char- ters of the Colonies and the various declaratory Acts of Parliament defining the rights of the American people which had grown sacred by long and peaceful enjoyment. To see thein now rudely trampled upon by a venal ministry roused the patriotism and indignation of Mr. Yates. He wrote and published several pungent essays exposing the usurpations of the British Cabinet. He took an active part in the public meetings of the people that prepared, them to strike for libertv. At that time he was a member of the corporation of Albany and attorney for that board. He was a leading member of the Committee of Safety when it was virtually the supreme government of the empire state. The tories greatly feared and most sincerely hated this bold cliampion of equal rights. His ardent zeal was tempered with a discreet moderation and equal justice to all. He never passed the orbit of legitimate power nor hesitated in performing his whole duty rei;;nil!css of consequences. He was an active member of the first ri-u\i..i iul Congress of New York- OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 413 chairman of the committee to organize the military and did much towards producing a concert of action against the invading enemy. In 1777 he was an efficient member of the Convention that framed the first constitution of his native state. Under that constitution he was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court. His acceptance raised him to the zenith of rebelUon in view of the creatures of the crown. He was menaced by them and threatened by the tories. He promptly assumed the duties of his responsible station and boldly performed them. Stern justice, tempered with charity, directed his course. Officially he favored no friend-persecuted no enemy. His courts were held in the midst of bitter foes. No dangers could intimidate-no threats deter him from the faithful discharge of all the duties devolving upon him. When tories were arraigned before the court the overcharged zeal of jurors sometimes paralyzed their sense of right. On one occasion he sent out a jury of this kind four times with a direction to change their verdict of " guilty" which was not warranted by the testimony. The legislature talked ''loudly of calling him to an account for this act but on a sober second thought wisely determined to permit the old Roman to pursue the even tenor of his ways! His salary was far below the income of his practice at the Bar. To advance the interests of his country was above all pecuniary considerations. His salary for one year was paid in paper apology for money which depreciated so much in a few days that it took the whole to buy a pound of tea. This did not disturb his equanimity or abate his zeal in the glorious cause of Independence. After the close of the Revolution Messrs. Robert Yates, Alexander Hamilton and Chancellor Livingston were chosen to represent the state of New York in the Convention that framed the Federal Constitution. His services on that important occasion were highly appreciated. He was opposed to some features of that sacred instrument but voted for its adoption when it came before the Convention of his own state. When it became the supreme law of the land he was one of its firmest supporters. In his first charge to the grand jury after it had been legally sanctioned he used the following language which I implore the reader to ponder well and let it come home with all the force of living truth proclaimed from the tomb of a departed patriot. " The proposed form of government for the Union has at length re- ceived the sanction of so many of the States as to make it the supreme law of the land. It is not therefore any longer a question whether or not its provisions are such as they ought to be in all their difierent branches. We, as good citizens, are bound implicitly to obey them. The united wisdom of America has sanctioned and confirmed the act 414 THE SAGES AND HEROES and it would be but little short of treason against the Republic to hesi- tate in our obedience and respect to the Constitution of the United States of America. Let me, therefore, exhort you gentlemen-not only in your capacity as grand jurors but in your more durable and equally respectable character as citizens-to preserve inviolate this Charter of our national Rights and safcty-a Charter second only in dignity and importance to the Declaration of our Independence. We have escaped, it is true, by the blessing of divine Providence, from the tyranny of a foreign foe-but let us now be equally watchful in guarding against worse and far more dangerous e?iew/es— domestic broils and intestine di- visions." Would to God this patriotic language of Judge Yates could be writ- ten in flaming capitals of living fire raised in bold relievo on pl-ates of burnished gold and suspended in every court room, legislative hall, church, school-house and public place in our land. It should be circulated by every press in our country and committed to memory by every child. Judge Yates was one of the Commissioners to settle the boundary question between New York and the States of Massachusetts and Con- necticut. He was subsequently employed to prosecute claims of his native State against Vermont. In 1790 he was appointed Chief Justice of the Empire State and presided with great dignity until the 27th of January 1798 when his age reached the constitutional limit and closed his long, useful, arduous and brilliant judicial career. He had been an ornament to the Bench for twenty-one years. Not a stain had soiled his official ermine. He then resumed the practice of law and was ap- pointed by the legislature of his state to settle disputed titles in the military tract which office he held until the Act creating it expired. In comparative poverty and peace he glided down the stream of time until the 9th day of September 1801 when an arrow from the quiver of death pierced the shining mark-released his noble soul from its earthly prison and returned it to its original home of enduring bliss. He had exemplified primitive Christianity-his last hours were bright with hope, strong in faith, calm, peaceful and happy. He was greatly beloved in life-deeply mourned in death. In the performance of all the multiform duties of public and private life he stood approved by his friends, his country, his conscience and his God. He was an admired model of system in all the concerns of life-arranged his time judiciously, improved it wisely and earned a lofty fame that will endure while vir- tue is esteemed and patriotism lives. In the hands of such men our Republic will continue to rise in majesty sublime until its burning light shall illimiinate the world and become too hrilHant for the vision of all those who do not love and support our UNION. ^^^v. ^5^ '^ OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 415 PART II. ALLEN ETHAN was a native of Salisbury, Connecticut and re- moved to Vermont when a boy. He was a man of strong mental pow- ers which were improved by a close observation of men and things-not by a school education. He took an active part in public affairs from an early age to the time of his death. He was emphatically a " Rough and Ready." When the revolutionary storm commenced he was the kind of man to brave its fury. He was then a militia colonel and at once rallied a brave band of Green Mountain boys around him. Soon after the battle of Lexington he received orders from the general As- sembly of Connecticut to make a descent on Ticonderoga and Crown Point. About that time Arnold had been charged by the Massachusetts Committee to raise 400 men for the same purpose. On his arrival he found Col. Allen prepared to march with 300 men and became his aid in the expedition. On the 9th of May 1775 they arrived at the lake opposite Ticonderoga and with great difficulty landed 83 men near the garrison during the night. As day was approaching the Colonel deter- mined on an immediate attack. He led his Spartan band to the wicket gate where a sentinel snapped his gun at the bold intruders and fled into the fort closely followed by the Green Mountain boys who rushed in and formed on the parade ground facing the two barracks and made the welkin ring with three loud huzzas. One of the guard who begged for quarter pointed out the apartment of the officers. Col. Allen entered with his sword drawn and demanded the surrender of the fort from the astonished Capt. De la Place who was in command. He jumped out of bed, rubbed his eyes and asked by whose authority the demand was made. The Colonel quickly replied-" / demand it in the name of the great Jehovah and the Continental Congress.'^ The summons was promptly obeyed. Crown Point surrendered the same day and shortly after, llie only British sloop of war, which gave Col. Allen the mastery of Lake Champlain. In the fall of that year Col. Brown pledged him- self to act in concert in an attack upon Montreal but failing to meet him Col. Allen was overwhelmed by numbers and taken prisoner, loaded with irons and treated with proverbial British cruelty-a mistaken policy on the part of the crown officers that did much towards rousing the Americans to resistance. He was sent to England with a strong pro- mise of a halter on his arrival. In 1776 he was returned to N. York and was not exchanged until the 6th of May 1778. Bad treatment had ruined iiis iron constitution. A base attempt was made to bribe him which he resented with the dignity of an honest freeman. He wrote a history of the cruelties uniformly practised upon the American prison- k 4 ^} i^J^i^ ^4 416 THE SAGES AND HEROES ers. During his confinement in N. York he estimated that over 2000 perished by hunger, cold and disease produced by the impurity of the prisons and prison ships. Col. Alien was highly esteemed as a stern patriot, a good citizen-an honest man. He died suddenly at his iiome in Colchester, Vermont, on the 13th of February 1789. ALLEN EBENEZER a brave subaltern officer who was with Col. Allen at the capture of Ticonderoga. At the head of only 40 of his Spartan comrades he took the fortress on the hill Defiance without the loss of a man. At the brilliant affair near Bennington he headed the small division that was stationed behind a ledge of rocks and kept the enemy at bay until Gen. Stark could form his men to drive back the reinforcement that came up before he could properly dispose of the large number of prisoners he had taken. Mr. Allen closed his mortal career in 1805, ALLEN MOSES was born in Northampton, Mass. on the 14th of September 1748. He graduated at Princeton college-prepared for the ministry-became pastor of the Presbyterian church at Medway, Georgia-advocated the cause of equal rights in the pulpit and when mingling with the people. In 1778 the British under Gen. Provost made a descent upon Medway-laid in ashes the meeting house and most of the private dwellings. Mr. Allen was made chaplain of the Georgia brigade-repaired to Savannah-was there taken prisoner-sent on board a ship of war-was treated with great cruelty-attempted an escape by swimming to the shore and was drowned on the 8th of February 1779. ALEXANDER WILLIAM was born in the city of New York in 1726. He was a Major General in the Continental army-fought bravely at the battle of Long Island on the 27th of August 1776 where he was taken prisoner. At the battle of Germantown his brigade was a part of the reserve. At the battle of Momnouth he commanded the left wing of the American troops and did himself great credit as a brave, discreet and accomplished officer. This noble veteran died at Albany, New York on the 15th of January 1783. ARMSTRONG JOHN was early enrolled with the list of heroes that periled life for Liberty. He was one of the brave officers who so nobly defended fort Moultrie against the desperate attack of Sir Peter Parker when he visited Charleston harbor on a belligerent pleasure excursion. He was raised to the rank of Brigadier General and dis- tinguished himself at the battle of Germantown and other places. After the Revolution he located in Pennsylvania and was elected to Congress from that state. He was in all respects a worthy man and took his final leave of his friends in 1795. BARRY JOHN was born in the county of Wexford, Ireland in 1745 and came to Philadelphia, Pa. when he was but 15 years of age. Previous to the American Revolution he became a skilful mariner and rose to the rank of captain of a large merchant vessel. In February 1776 Congress put him in command of the brig Lexington with 16 guns with which he made several successful cruises. In 1777 the British attacked the little American Navy in the Delaware, then under the command of Commodore Barry and destroyed it at White Hall. He subsequently took charge of the Raleigh of 32 guns and was run OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 417 on shore in Penobscot Bay by the enemy and lost his ship. He was then transferred to a ship commissioned with letters of marqne and reprisal and cruised among the West India Islands with success. On his return he was put in command of the Alliance frigate and left Boston in February 1781 for France with John Laurens, American minister to that kingdom. When returning lie came in contact with the British ship Atlanta and brig Treposa on the 29th of May and captured them both after a severe engagement. In February 1782 he had what the British captain called a drawn battle with an English frigate of equal metal with his own but could out sail her. The enemy had 37 killed and 50 wounded-Com. Barry but 3 killed and 11 wounded. Lord Howe offered him 20,000 guineas and command of the best frigate in the British navy if he would turn traitor. This base proposition was repelled with contempt. When war seemed inevitable with P'rance he was put in command of the frigate United States and cruised on the West India Station. He was noble in spirit, humane in discipline, discreet and fearless in battle, urbane in his man- ners, a splendid officer, a good citizen, a devoted Christian and true patriot. He died in Philadelphia on the 30th of September 1803. BEATTY WILLIAM born in Frederick county Maryland on the 19th of June 1758. In 1776 he was commissioned an Ensign under Col. Griffith and served under Gen. Washington at New York. The next year he was commissioned Lieutenant and in a iew months was raised to the rank of Captain and ultimately transferred to the renowned 1st Maryland regiment of regulars under Col. Gunby which was ordered south and performed astonishing feats of noble daring at the battle of Cowpens and at Guilford court house on the 15th of March 1781. He there engaged in single combat when the battle was raging with the fnry of desperation and pierced his antagonist through the heart. That battle was emphatically fought hand to hand like those of Chippewa, Lundy's lane and Bridgewater during our last war with mother Britain. At the battle near Camden South Carolina on the 25th of the next April, Captain Beatty fell mortally wounded as he was gallantly leading on his company to the charge. His loss was keenly felt. He was in all respects a noble man and an officer of great promise. In his report Gen. Greene remarked-" Among the killed is Capt. Beatty of the Maryland line one of the best of officers and an ornament to his profession," BIDDLE NICHOLAS was born in the city of Philadelphia, Penn- sylvania ill 1750. He became a seaman when but 14 years of age and gave great promise of becoming one of the noblest sons of the main. He and his shipmates were cast away on a barren island on the 2d day of January 1766 two remaining there with him for nearly two months in a state of extreme suffering. In 1773 he and Horatio- afterwards Lord Nelson, doffed their uniforms and shipped before the mast on board the Carcase bound on a voyage to the north pole and penetrated to 81° 39' north latitude. At the commencement of the American Revolution Capt. Biddle was put in command of the Camden galley on the Delaware. He was subsequently transferred to the Andrew Dorin of 14 guns with 130 men and attached to the infant fleet of Commodore Hopkins, destined for the Island of New Provi- 53 418 THE SAGES AND HEROES dence. On arriving at the capes the small pox became general among the other crews-disease obliged the fleet to run into New London. After replenisiiing his numbers Capt. Biddle was ordered to cruise off the banks of Newibundland where he was so successful in capturing British ships that when he arrived in the Delaware he liad but five of his original crew, the others having been put on board the prizes. On his return he was placed in command of the frigate Randolph of 32 guns and sailed from Philadelphia in February 1777 with a crew partly made up of English seamen. Shortly after he got to sea he was overtaken by a gale which carried away nearly all the masts of his frigate. lie then steered for Charleston to repaii\ On the way mother Britain's children formed a plan to dispatch the Americans and take the ship although they were shipped upon their own urgent solicitation pro- fessing to sustain the cause of Independence. They were promptly put down and sullenly returned to duty. When thoroughly repaired he again put out to sea. On the third day he fell in with four English vessels, one the True Briton with 20 guns, all of which he captured. He took several other prizes and returned to Charleston. So highly did the citizens of that city esteem Capt. Biddle as an otiicer and gentleman that they fitted out the ship General MouUrie-the brigs Fair American, Polly, and Notre Dame and placed on board the Randolph fifty men from the first regiment of the South Carolina infantry to act as marines- the whole of which were placed under command of Capt. Biddle. His Httle ileet continued cruising and capturing prizes until the night of the 7th of March 1778 when it came in contact with the English two decker ship Yarmouth of G4 guns, Capt. Vincent. At 8 P. M. a severe action commenced. Capt. Biddle was severely wounded in the thigh but continued on deck encouraging his brave tars. His fire was inces- sant-at least three broad sides to that of one from the enemy. In 20 minutes after the commencement of the fight the Randolph blew up-the brave, accomplished, intrepid and gallant Biddle was launched into eternity. The Yarmouth was so badly crippled that she permitted the other vessels to depart unmolested. BLAND THEODORIC was born in Virginia in 1742. He was one of the early patriots and left a lucrative medical practice and took com- mand of a regiment of dragoons. In several actions he proved himself a brave and etficient officer. In 1779 he was put in command of the convention troops at Albemarle barracks. The next year he was elected to Congress. He was a member of the Virginia Legislature when the Federal Constitution was adopted and voted with the minority for the same reasons that induced Patrick Henry to oppose it. When adopted he was its firm adherent and was a member of the first Congress that convened under its broad mantle. He died on the 1st of June 1790 while a member of the House of Representatives. He was a good, discreet and honest ir.an. BLOUNT THOMAS was born in North Carolina in 17G0. He entered the Continental army at the age of IG and served faithfully to the close of the war. He was subsequently made a major-general of the militia of his native state. He was a valued member of Congress for many years. He was a man in the full sense of the word. He died on the 8th of February 1812 while at his post in the national legislature. OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 419 BOUDINOT ELIAS was ushered into life on the 2d day of May 1740 in the city of Philadelphia. He read law with Richard Stockton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. In 1776 Congress appointed him Commissary General of prisoners. The next year lie was elected to the Continental Congress and proved an able and efficient member. In 1782 he was elevated to the presidential chair of that bright galaxy of sages and had the high honor-the untold pleasure of signing the treaty of peace forced from mother Britain. In 1789 he was elected a member of Congress under the new constitution. In 1795 President Washington placed him at the head of the Mint at Philadelphia which office he filled for 12 years. Pie then retired from the public arena and settled at Bordentown, N. J. where he died on the 24th of October 1821. He was a noble, generous, talented and good man. He was the first Presi- dent of the American Bible Society and made liberal donations to that and several other benevolent institutions. BOWDOIN JAMES first breathed the vital air in Boston, Mass. in 1727. He became a prominent public man at an early age-was a bold and sterling whig-opposed the usurpations of the crown-was one of the trio of the committee that bearded Gen. Gage, who ostracised him. Dex- ter and Winthrop from the General Assembly. Mr. Bowdoin was elected to the first General Congress in 1774 but was prevented from attending by ill health. He was President of the Convention that framed the first constitution of Massachusetts under the new order of things. In 1785-6 he was Governor of his native state. He was an able statesman, a firm patriot, a devoted Christian-an honest man. He died at Boston on the Gth of November 1790. BRADFORD WILLIAM was born in the city of Philadelphia, Pa. on the 14th of September 1755. In the spring of 1776 he was made brigade-major under Gen. Roberdeau who commanded the flying camp. He subsequently commanded a company of regulars under Col. Hamp- ton for a short time and was then appointed Deputy Paymaster General and served two years when he left the military service-resumed the study of law-was admitted to the Bar in 1779 and in 1780 was made Attorney-General of the Keystone state. On the 22d of August 1791 Gov. Mifflin raised him to the Bench of the Supreme Court of Pennsyl- vania which office he filled with great dignity until the 28th of January 1794 when he was appointed Attorney-General of the United States, which office he held up to the time of his death. He performed all the duties of public and private life with great ability and strict fidelity. He stood approved by his country, his conscience and his God. He died at Philadelphia on the 23d of August 1795 in full hope of an unfading crown of glory. BROAD HEZEKIAH was born in Massachusetts in 1748. He was a man of strong common sense, great moral courage, stern integrity- discreet and consistent in all things. He early and firmly opposed British oppression. He was a member of the Provincial Congress in 1774 and a delegate of the Massachusetts Convention that framed the state consti- tution in 1779. He filled various public offices with honor to himself and usefulness to his constituents. He died at Nantick, Mass. on the 17th of March 1824. BROOKS ELEAZER was first introduced to his friends in Con- 420 THE SAGES AND HEROES cord, Mass. in 172G. He was a man of bright intellect and untiring perseverance. Without the advantages of a school he became a man of extensive information by studying books, men and things. In 1774 he was elected to the General Court and remained a distinguished mem- ber of the dillerent branches of the Legislature for 27 years, lie was an uncompromising enemy to all tyranny. At the battle of White Plains in 1776 he commanded a regiment with the skill of a veteran soldier. At the battle of Still Walter on the 7th of October 1777 his cool and determined courage was the subject of general remark. He lived esteemed and died lamented at Lincoln, Mass. on the 9th of No- vember 1806. BROOKS .JOHN was first presented to the human family in Med- ford, Mass. in 1752. He was well educated-became a physician and commenced a successful practice in the town of Reading near his na- tive place. When the revolutionary storm commenced its fury he ex- changed his amputating knife for a sword. His noble bearing and skill in military tactics attracted the attention of Washington. He was soon promoted to the grade of lieutenant-colonel and rendered important ser- vice in the capture of Burgoyne. At the close of the war he resumed the practice of medicine at Medford. He became major-general of mi- litia and commanded the military that put down the insurrection in Massachusetts in 1786. During the last war with mother Britain he was the adjutant-general of Gov. Strong and succeeded him as chief magistrate of the State. He performed all the duties of public and pri- vate life with a well tempered zeal and unquestioned integrity. He died in Medtbrd, Mass. in 1825. BROWN ANDREW was one of those brave spirits who seized their rusty muskets, powder horns and slugs and met the enemy on the heights of Lexington. At the noted battle of Bunker's and Breed's Hill he was among the last who left the entrenchments for want of " a little more grape." He removed to Philadelphia when his war-toils w^ere over and conducted the Federal Gazette in Chestnut Street. On the 27th of January 1797 his otlice and dwelling house were consumed by fire. His wife and three children perished in the flames. In an attempt to rescue them he was so severely injured that he expired on the 4th of February following. BROWN JOHN was born in Providence, Rhode Island in 1736. He led the party that dared to resist the crown task-masters and de- stroyed the British sloop of war Gasper in Narraganset Bay in 1772. That was the second kick the Rhode Islanders gave the revolutionary ball. He was an enterprising merchant-at one time member of Con- gress-a friend to education and public improvements, a good citizen and worthy man. He died at Providence, R. I. in 1803. BROWN MOSES was welcomed to earth in 1741 at some place in New England-of the precise location we have no record. He was a bold mariner-never liked old England-became an active patriot-com- manded several privateers with great success and did good service for his country until he saw her free and independent with the white, red and blue floating in the breeze of Liberty. He lived respected and died regretted in 1803. BROWN ROBERT was born in Nortliampton County, Pa, in 1745. OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 421 He was among the first officers who entered the field against the in- vading foe and was taken prisoner at the unfortunate affair on Long Island. Being a nnan of fine sense, pleasing manners and good address, he was not closely confined and was permitted to work at his trade of blacksmith and distributed his earnings among the destitute prisoners. He was subsequently raised to the rank of brigadier-general of militia in his native State-filled many civil stations-was member of Congress for sixteen years-voted for the war in 1812-lived to see mother Britain flogged a second time-spent his last years in the full sunshine of quies- cent peace-died at Allentown, Pa. in 1823 most deeply mourned by those who knew him best. BRYAN GEORGE was a native of Ireland-when he came into the world and made his final exit the record saith not. He came to Phila- delphia soon after he reached his majority and became a wholesale merchant and highly respected citizen. He had imbibed no love for England during his youth-in manhood he sternly opposed her innova- tions upon the chartered rights of his adopted country. He was a member of the Continental Congress in 1775. He was subsequently made Vice President of Pennsylvania and in 1778 filled the presiden- tial chair of that State. He adorned every station he occupied with becoming dignity and usefulness. He was a Christian, gentleman and scholar. BURD BENJAMIN was born at Fort Littleton, Bedford County, Pa. in 1755 and was made a lieutenant in Col. Thompson's regiment of riflemen at the age of twenty. He was in several fights near Boston in 1775. He was at the disastrous battle of Long Island and behaved with great gallantry. In 1777 he was commissioned captain in the 4th Pennsylvania Regiment-was at the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Bran- dywine, Germantown and Monmouth and in every instance stood highly approved by iiis superior officers. At Germantown he acted as major. In 1779 he was with the detachment that dispersed the Indians up the Hudson and burnt their towns. After the war he located at Fort Lit- tleton-subsequently removed to Bedford where he lived highly esteemed for his past noble services, uniform virtue and correctness in the dis- charge of all the duties of a life well spent. He died at Bedford on the 5th of October, 1823. BURR AARON commenced his remarkable life in Newark, N.J. in 1756. As manhood dawned upon him his genius rose in all the bright- ness of the sun on a cloudless morning. He was hailed as a brilliant luminary to light up the pathway to the goal of Liberty. He was a powerful advocate in the cause of freedom and exemplified his precepts by feats of noble daring in the battle field. He was aid to the brave Putnam and rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. At the close of the Revolution he stood on a lofty eminence and commanded the admira- tion of the populace. His towering genius was fast ascending to high meridian in refulgent glory. He was elected to the United States Se- nate where his giant intellect became more conspicuous-his thirst for power more prominent. He was next elected Vice President and onade a desperate attempt to supplant Thomas Jefierson as President. He made an unsuccessful Cataline grasp at the presidential chair which blotted out his political sun for ever. Alexander Hamilton made some 422 THE SAGES AND HEROES prophetic remarks upon the prospective clanger shadowed by his reach- jn"- demonstrations and idterior designs. He planned and consummated the death of that illustrious statesman. The commingled clouds of wild ambition, consuming malice and fell revenge eclipsed the sunbeams of his genius. A blacker cloud spread its ebony mantle over these. The charge of TREASON veiled the bright morning of Aaron liuiui in darkness im- penetrable and paralyzed his day-spring of usefulness. Mis great legal acumen and consummate shrewdness saved him from its technicality- not from the burning curse of a nation of freemen. To render his darkness more visible he was the Promethean vulture that devoured bloominc innocence-the blighting sirocco that withered the bovvers of domestic felicity. Like an isolated majestic oak with its green foliage seared by lightning fire-he stood alone for nearly half a century ex- posed to* the scorching heat of bitter scorn-the chilling blasts of cold netrlect-a fearful warning to those who wander from the path of wis- dom-the only path of safety. He died on Staten I. 14th. Sept. 1836. BUTLER RICHARD is first introduced by the record as a brave lieutenant-colonel in Morgan's rifle corps. For his correct deportment at all times and noble daring on various occasions at tlie south under La Fayette, he was raised to the rank of colonel. He was next in command under Gen. St. Clair in his unfortunate expedition against the western Indians in 1791. At the sanguinary and disastrous battle of the 4th of November of that year Col. Butler commanded the right wing of the army with the rank of general and repeatedly led his men to the charge and for a time seemed certain of victory. Bleeding from seve- ral wounds he retired for surgical aid and in a few moments was rushed upon by an Indian warrior who gave him a mortal wound with his to- mahawk. He immediately killed the savage with his pistol-they slum- bered in death together. BUTLER THOMAS was introduced into the great family of man in 1754. He was brother to Col. Richard Butler just mentioned. There were five brothers engaged in the Continental army. They ap- pear to have been natives of Pennsylvania. Thomas was a law student under James Wilson of Philadelphia at the commencement of the Revo- lution. In 1776 he exchanged the law office for the camp and proved a brave and elHcient oiiicer. He had command of a company to the close of the Revolution and was in nearly every severe battle in the middle States. At Brandywine he received the thanks of Gen. Wash- ington on the field of battle through his aid Gen. Hamilton, for rallying a detachment of flying troops and giving the enemy a severe check. At the battle of Monmouth he received the thanks of Gen. Wayne for defending a delile while CoL Richard Butler removed his regiment from a perilous position. He had command of a battalion under Gen. St. Clair on the memorable 4th of Nov. 1791 and behaved with great coolness and intrepidity. Mounted on his horse he led his men to the charge after his leg was broken by a ball. His surviving brother-Capt. Edward Butler, had great dilliculty in bringing him from the field. In 1794 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel and put in com- mand of the 4th sub legion. He commanded at Pittsburgh and by his undaunted courage more than by the numerical tbrce of his troops he prevented the whisky insurgents from taking possession of the garri- OF THE AMEllICAN REVOLUTION. 423 son. He was continued on the peace establishment-made several trea- ties with the Indians-was persecuted by jealous enemies-charged with misconduct-tried by a court martial-honorably acquitted and died the 7th of September 1805. CADWALADER THOMAS was ushered into this world in 1743 in the city of Philadelphia, Pa. At the commencement of the struggle for Liberty he was in the front rank of the brave revolutionary generals and enjoyed the unlimited confidence of the illustrious Washington. At the beginning of the war he commanded a corps called the " Silk Stocking Company'-rather a problematical name for patriot soldiers as they were-for so perfect was this corps in military tactics that nearly all of its members were made commissioned officers. He was soon made a brigadier-general and put in command of the Pennsylva- nia troops. During 1776-7 he was constantly on duty-participated in the battles of Princeton, Brandywine, Germantown and Monmouth- displaying great courage, skill and prudence on each occasion. He loved Washington better than his own life. When Gen. ('onway slan- dered the commander-in-chief he was at once challenged by Gen. Cad- walader and was dangerously wounded. Supposing he might not sur- vive, he wrote to Washington acknowledging he had done him great injustice. Gen. Cadwalader was an ornament to the age in whicli he lived. In him the soldier, statesman, gentleman and scholar were all harmoniously blended. In public and private life he filled up the mea- sure of a good man and crowned the design of his creation with an imperishable fame. His career was a continued round of usefidness. CASWELL RICHARD is first introduced by the record in the ca- pacity of Governor of North Carolina previous to the Revolution. He was an esteemed member of the Bar and remarkable for his kindness to the poor. He was a staunch whig and member of the first general Congress in 1774. In 1770 he commanded a regiment and proved himself a brave and skilful officer. With 1000 minute men he engaged Gen. McDonald with a force of 1500-killed and wounded 70 of iiis men-took him prisoner with 1500 rifles. This victory gave a fresh impetus to the glorious cause of Independence in Norili Carolina. This bold patriot ultimately reached the rank of major-general of militia. He was President of the Convention that framed the first Constitution of his State and governor for four years under that Constitution. He was President of the Senate at the time of his death. His life was nobly spent, his usefulness extensive, his reputation unsullied, his death deeply lamented. He died at Fayetteville, N. C. on the 20th of No- vember 1789. CHAMPE JOHN was introduced on this whirlingplanet in Loudoun county, Virginia, in 1752. He was naturally a soldier. In 1770 he was appointed sergeant-major of Lee's legion of cavalry and gained a hi^h reputation for bravery and noble daring. He was engaged in the hazardous enterprise of apparently deserting to the enemy at N. York for the purpose of capturing and returning Arnold to the American camp that the life of Andre might be saved. Arnold changed his quar- ters on the very evening fixed for his abduction and thus saved himself and sacrificed one of the brightest ornaments of the British army. Had Sir Henry Clinton complied with the request of Washington and ex- 424 THE SAGES AND HEROES changed Arnold for Andre, justice would have been vindicated-huma- nity honored and England relieved from supporting a base traitor and his present descendents. Champe went south with the enemy-returned to his corps the first opportunity and met with a warm reception from his old companions. Washington rewarded him liberally and dis- charged him from the service for fear he might fall into the hands of the Britisii and be treated with a jialter. lie removed to Kentucky where he died in 1797. CHRYSTIE JAMES was born near Edinburgh, Scotland, 1750. At the age of 15 he came to Philadelphia and the next year received the commission of Lieutenaut in the Continental army. He was soon put in command of a company and held the commission of Captain to the end of the war. He was one of Washington's favorites. No one better deserved his esteem. He was a brave soldier, a firm patriot, a good citizen, an honest man and a consistent Christian. The time of l]is death is not on the record. Lieutenant Colonel James Chrystie of the 15th regiment of U. S. Infantry, who fought so desperately at Queenston and other places during the last war with England, was his son and worthy of his noble sire. CLARK GEORGE ROGERS is first introduced to us as a colonel in the service of the state of Virginia and the pioneer warrior of the then far west. No man ever understood better the Indian character and mode of warfare and no man did as much hard service on the frontier as Col. "Clark. He was the protecting father of all the early settlements in Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio and south western Pennsylvania. He became a terror to the red men. During the whole time of the Revolution he had command of the small forces on the western frontier and was commissioned a Brigadier General of the Continental army in 1781. In all respects Gen. Clark was well quali- fied to perform the hazardous duties tliat devolved upon him and did more tlian the acutest human sagacity dared anticipate. After a general peace took place with mother Britain and ultimately with her savage ally-the red men-Gen. Clark settled near Louisville, Kentucky to enjoy the fruits of his long and arduous toils. He was looked upon as the father of that broad section of country. Respected, beloved and honored-he glided down the stream of time until 1817 when his noble spirit went to its final rest. CLINTON CHARLES father of James and George, was born in Longtord, Ireland in 1690. On the 20th of May 1729 he embarked for America and after a tedious passage with a ruflian captain who compelled the passengers to give hmi a large sum of money above the price of their passage, he landed at Cape Cod instead of Philadelphia according to agreement. Mr. Clinton ultimately located in Ulster County New York, then a dense wilderness filled with wild beasts and savages more wild than them. He became a prominent public man and opposed the first indications of British oppression. He diffused liberal principles among his neighbors and planted them deep in the minds of his sons who did honor to their noble sire. He lived long enough to see the lurid clouds that portended the Revolutionary storm- just long enough to pre])are his brave sons and neighbors for the ap- proaching crisis. He was an honest man and a Christian. He died OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 425 at his original residence in Ulster County on the 19th day of Novem- ber 1773. CLINTON GEORGE, a brother of James, born in Ulster county, New York, on the 26th of July 1739. They were sons of Col. Charles Clinton who was a native of Ireland. George was liberally educated, possessed a strong mind, great decision of character and highly charged with original-not modern demagogue patriotism. He was a member of the Congress of 1775-6. He was present and voted for the Decla- ration of Independence but being a Brigadier General of the Conti- nental army he was compelled to leave before that sacred instrument was prepared for signatures-the reason why his name is not enrolled with the other sages. In April 1777 he was elected the first Governor of the State of New York under the new order of things and filled that office 18 consecutive years wiien ill health compelled him to decline. He commanded at Forts Clinton and Montgomery on the Hudson when they were taken by an overwhelming force after a most des- perate resistance of several hours. The British force amounted to 4000-the American to only 500 within a very imperfect fortification. The works were stormed in the night which enabled the governor and many of his officers and men to escape through the defiles in the mountains. In ISOl he was again elected Governor 'of New York and in 1805 Vice President of the United States in which office he continued until the time of his decease Avhich occurred at the city of Washington on the 20th of April 1812 when Congress was in session. A nation mourned the loss of one of her noblest sons, his friends one of their best companions, his kinsmen one of their dearest relatives. The closing sentence on his monument at Washington speaks volumes. '•While he lived, his virtue, wisdom and valor were the pride, the orna- ment and security of his country and when he died he left an illustrious example of a well spent life worthy of all imitation." CLINTON JAMES was first announced to his friends on a bright Thursday-the 9th of August 1736 in Ulster County, New York. He was by nature a military genius-by heritage a stern patriot. With an iron constitution and great physical powers he united an accomplished education, great military experience acquired in the French war of 1756 and the subsequent border wars up to the time the American Revolution commenced. In 1775 he was appointed colonel by the Continental Congress and fought by the side of the brave Montgomery when he fell at Quebec. On the 9th of August 1776 Congress raised him to the rank of Brigadier General. He was at the desperate de- fence of Fort Clinton in October 1777 and was severely wounded and escaped after the enemy had stormed the imperfect works with 4000 regulars against 500 soldiers mostly raw militia. He commanded a division under Gen. Sullivan in his expedition down the Susquehanna against the Indians and was one of his most reliable officers. He was raised to the rank of Major General and closed his brilliant military career at the siege of Yorktown. He subsequently filled several civil stations. In all the duties of public and private life he acquitted him- self nobly and with great usefulness to his country. He died on tha 22d of Decemher 1822 nearhis native place. COMSTOCK ADAM was first introduced to his relatives in 1743. 54 42G THE SAGES AND HEROES He was a soldier by nature-powerful in body, of undaunted courage, an enthusiastic patriot and good disciplinririan. lie had the confidence of Washington who raised him to the rank of Colonel in the Conti- nental line. At the brilliant victory at Red Bank he was the officer of the day. Alternately witli Gen. Smith of JNlaryland he commanded at the successful defence of Mud Fort. After the war he filled various civil stations and was many years a member of the New York Legis- lature, His long and arduous services are a matter of history— no higher Piulogy need be pronounced. He died at his home in Saratoga County, New York on the 10th of April 1819. COWARD JOSEPH was a native of Monmouth County, New Jersey. In view of this cognomen we may well exclaim-" What's in a name my lord ?" He was a Coward and yet one of the bravest of the Revolutionary captains. He was a great terror to the refugees alias tories. At the battle of Monmouth and several other places his un- daunted courage was conspicuous. When the British fleet lay off Sandy Hook, one of the supply ships ran too near the shore and stuck fast. With a few men Capt. Coward captured her in defiance of two barges manned with superiors numbers that were sent to the rescue. At the close of the war he returned to his farm-became the esteemed citizen and fully exemplified the noble attributes of an honest man. CROGHAN WILLIAM was born in Ireland in 1752 and came to America at an early age. He had imbibed no love for mother Eng- land in his native country-he detested lier tyranny in America. At the commencement of the Revolution he pledged his life in favor of equal rights. In 1776 he received the commission of Captain in the Continental army and took command of a company of Infantry in the Virginia line. He was in the battles of Brandywine, Germantown and Monmouth and received the high approbation of his superior officers. When the enemy invaded the south he was ordered to that field and raised to the rank of Major. At Charleston he was among the prisoners surrendered by Gen. Lincoln and was not exchanged during the war. He returned on parole and was a looker on at the siege of Yorktown but could not participate in that glorious victory. In the spring of 17S4 he located at Locust Grove, Jefferson County, Kentucky, where he lived respected until September 1822 when he departed to the spirit world deeply mourned by his numerous friends. CROPPER JOHN was born in Virginia in 174G.' He was a captain in the 0th Virginia Regiment at the age of 19 which joined the northern army in December 1776. He was soon raised to the rank of major in the 5th Virginia Regiment which was literally cut to pieces at the battle of Brandywine. He retreated with those who could march and lay concealed in a thicket until after midnight and then proceeded to Ches- ter with a red handkerchief upon a ramrod for a flag. His friends were no less astonished than rejoiced to see him and his brave remnant of soldiers, supposing they had fallen or were prisoners. He was subse- quently raised to the rank of colonel and commanded the 11th Virginia Kegiment until the 30th November 1782 when he returned to his long neglected home. When Commodore Whaley was attacked in the Che- sapeake Bay by five British barges and was deserted by the three that were with him at the commencement of the fight, Col. Cropper was in OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 4^7 the barge with him. The Commodore and half of his men being killed the Colonel continued the action and for some minutes defended himself against two white men and a negro of his own who was the means of saving his life. The moment he discovered it was his young master he cried out-'' Save ?ny i/oimg master T-for which Col. Cropper gave him his freedom and settled him comfortably in Baltimore. The Colo- nel was ultimately promoted to the rank of ge'neral-Iived highlv esteemed at Bovv^man's Folly until the 15th of January 1812'when he departed in peace to the upper world leaving an untarnished reputation and a well- earned fame on the records of history. CUSHING THOMAS was ushered into life at Boston, Mass. in 1725. He received a good education and commenced a useful public career soon after reaching his majority. In 1763 he was chosen speaker of the General Court of Massachusetts and was continued for several years. He was with Adams, Hancock and the other bold Whigs in all the measures of that eventful period. He was a member of the Continental Congress in 1774-5 and continued active and unwa- vering in the cause of freedom until it was consummated. He filled various legislative and judicial stations after the Revolution and per- formed all the duties of public and private life with ability and fidelity. He adorned the Christian character. He was lieutenant-governor when he died on the 28th of February 1788. DALE RICHARD was born in Virginia in 1756. In 1776 he was made a midshipman on board the Lexington. The next year he was taken by the enemy and sent to the celebrated Mill Prison in England. At the end of a year he escaped to France and joined Paul Jones on board the American armed ship Bon Homme Richard and was made first lieutenant. Pie was in the desperate action with the British fri- gate Serapis. In 1794 he became a captain in the United Slates navy. In 1801 he was put in command of the American squadron that sailed to the Mediterranean and humbled the insolent Bashaw of Tripoli by battering down his castle. On his return in 1802 he located in Phila- delphia where he lived in peace and plenty until 1826 when he made his final bow to the king of terrors and launched upon the ocean of eter- nity. He earned an enduring reputation for bravery, skill and humane discipline as a naval officer. As a citizen he sustained an unblemished character. DARKE WILLIAM made his first appearance on earth in the county of Philadelphia, Pa. in 1736. His parents removed to Virginia when he was a child. He was with Braddock at his memorable defeat in 1755. At the commencement of the Revolution he entered the Con- tinental army with the commission of captain and served faithfully to the close of the war when he had reached the rank of major. In 1791 he was put in command of a regiment under Gen. St. Clair-lost a son in the disastrous battle of the 4th of November of that year and had several hair-breadth escapes himself. His latter years were peaceful and happy. He died at his seat in Jefferson County, Virginia, on the 26th of Nov. 1801. He left an unsullied reputation." DAVIE RICHARDSON WILLIAM came into the world under / the auspices of the crown of Britain at Egremont, England, on the 20th of June 1756. In 1763 his father brought him to North Carolina ^ 428 THE SAGES AND HEROES and left him with tlic Rev. William Ixicliardson a maternal uncle, who adopted iiim as a son and gave him a liberal education. At the com- mencement of the Revolution he resolved to join the patriots in the de- fence of equal rights. He was soon put in command of a company of dragoons and annexed to the legion under Count Pulaski. In a few months Capt. Davie was promoted to brigade major of cavalry. When Gen. liincoln attempted to dislodge Lieut. Col. Maitland at Stono, Maj. Davie was severely wounded and disabled for five months. After his recovery he raised a corps of one company of dragoons and two of mounted infantry and sj)ent the last shilling of a large estate in furnish- ing equipments and supplies for the service. He participated in the trying scenes of the southern campaigns under Generals Gates, Greene and others, until the foe was conquered and Independence secured. No oflicer of his grade did more to promote the cause of Liberty. After the war he became an eminent lawyer. He was a member of the Con- vention that framed the Federal Constitution. Every station he occu- pied in public and private life he filled with dignity and integrity. He was major-general of militia-governor of his State and minister to France in 1799. On his return his amiable wife was ill and soon died. He then removed to South Carolina and died at Chester in 1820. In life he exemplified all those high qualities that adorn the man and the Christian. He never united with any church because he considered manufactured creeds too dogmatical and sectarian lines drawn too closely for the growth of charity which he considered as broad as the human family-as diffusive as mountain air. DAVIDSON WILLIAM was first presented to his fond parents in Lancaster County, Pa. in 1746 and when but four years of age removed with his father to Rowan County, N. C. At an early age he enlisted under the star spangled banner and was presented with the commision of major in one of the first regiments raised in North Carolina. Under Gen. Nash he repaired to the main army then in New Jersey. In 1779 he returned south, colonel of his regiment. By calling a few days at his home he escaped being made prisoner at the surrender of Charleston. He was very efficient in raising troops and supplies in his own state. In an engagement at Colson's Mills he was severely wounded and disabled for five weeks. On the last day of January 1780 Gen. Greene detached him with 300 men to prevent tlie enemy from passing the Catawba river. His corps was too small to repel the overwhelming force of Lord Corn- wallis. He made a desperate defence and was instantly killed at his post. Col. Hall and several more of the British fell at the same time. In life Col. Davidson was greatly beloved and was an officer of great promise. His loss was kcenlv regretted and sincerely mourned. DICKINSON PHILEMOxN was ushered into blooming life at Dover, Del. on the 5th of April 1739. Previous to the Revolution he located on a farm near Trenton, N. J. where he soon became prominent in public affairs. As in duty bound he boldly opposed the arrogant assumptions of mother Britain. He was a member of the Convention that formed the first constitution of his adopted state. He was made Commander-in- chief of the militia of N. J. and was very active in promoting the glorious cause of Independence. When stationed at Somerset Court House in January 1777 with only 300 plough boys of the true blue, Lord Corn- OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 429 wallis sent a foraging party of 400 regulars to a mill on the opposite side of Millstone river. Gen. Dickinson and his men forded the cold river which was up to their hips and rushed upon the enemy with such impetuosity that the red coats ran for dear life leaving their field pieces, nearly 50 wagons and over 100 English draft horses with a considerable number of cattle and sheep. So rapid was the flight that but 10 prisoners were taken. A number of killed and wounded were carried away in light wagons. Gen. Washington reported the brave act to Congress. Gen. Di(;kinson possessed great energy of character. When Red Bank was in jeopardy the Governor refused to order out the militia because his time had just expired and the election had passed through his own default. The General assumed the responsibility and brought them into the field in good time. He rendered essential service at the battle of Monmouth. He performed all the duties of life with promptness and fidelity. He was a member of the Senate of the U. S. He died at his residence in February 1809. DRAYTON WILLIAM HENRY commenced his infantile career at some place in South Carolina in 1742-at what point the record saith not. He was educated in England but did not fall in love with the prin- ciples of monarchy. He was among the first, boldest, ablest and most energetic patriots of his native state. He did much with his pen to open the minds of the people to a sense of their true condition politically. In 1774 he addressed a pamphlet to the Continental Congress under the title of "Freemen" which raised him to a prominent position among the patriots. It contained a bill of American Rights which was substantially adopted by that Congress. In 1775 he was President of the Provincial Congress and issued the first official order to oppose the enemy by force of arms. It was addressed to Col. William Moultrie directing him to " oppose the passage of any British naval armament that may attempt to pass Fori Johnson." This marked his boldness and his zeal. He passed through several judicial ofiices up to Chief Justice of the state. In April 1776 he used this remarkable language in his charge to- the grand jury- remarkable in point of time and the then existing circumstances of the Colonies. " The Almighty created America to be independent of Britain. Let us beware of the impiety of being backward to act as instruments in the Almighty hand now extended to accomplish his purpose." So long as South Carolina can produce such men she will not secede from the UNION but leave the fanatics of the north to blow oflf their harmless gas in their political deploys at home. In 1778-9 Mr. Drayton was a member of the Continental Congress and died at his post in Philadelphia in September 1779. He was cut down in the prime of life and in the midst of a bright career of usefulness. He had earned an imperishable fame and stood approved by his country-his conscience and his God. DYER ELIPHALET commenced his first stage of human life at^ W^indham, Conn, on the 28th of September 1721. He was liberally educated and became a sound lawyer. He took command of a Con- necticut regiment in 1755 and served ungrateful mother Britain faithfully during most of the French war. In 1763 he went to England on business and there became thoroughly acquainted with the base designs of the ministry upon the American Colonies. On his return he was prepared to warn the people of approaching danger. He was an ardent whig-a 430 THE SAGES AND HEROES fearless opposer of tyranny. He was a nnember of the Congress of 1766- 74. He was Chief Justice of his state for many years and retired from public life in 1793. He adorned the prominent virtues that dignify a man and make him useful in life-happy in death. He closed his earthly pilfrrimage in 1807. ELLSWORTH OLIVER was born at Windsor, Conn, on the 29th of April 1745. He graduated at Princeton College, N.J. and became an eminent member of the Bar. He was a firm advocate of chartered rights-a stern opposer of British wrongs. He used his noblest exertions to induce the people to strike for liberty. Li 1777 he was elected to the Continental Congress. His commanding talents, stern integrity, power- ful eloquence, keen perception, conclusive logic, lucid demonstrations-all combined to render him an efficient and highly appreciated member. He was a useful delegate of the Convention that framed the Federal Constitution. In 1789 he was elected to the U. S. Senate-in 1796 appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United S.tatcs-in 1799 Envoy Extraordinary to France and dignified each of these high stations. Owing to ill healtli he resigned his seat at the head of the Supreme Bench in 1800. Several high offices were subsequently ten- dered to him which he respectfully declined. His whole life was chastened with a republican simplicity and primitive purity seldom found among those in high life at the present ominous era. All admire his brilliant examples-too few will imitate them. Judge Ellsworth slumbered in death on the 26th Nov. 1807. FORREST URIAH was ushered into life in the county of St. Mary, Md. in 1756. In his youth he was commissioned a lieutenant in one of the Maryland regiments and soon gained the reputation of a brave and skilful officer. He rose rapidly to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He acted a brilliant part in the battle of Germantown where he lost a leg which closed his active military career. A man of strong intellect improved by a good store of useful knowledge-he had a bright career before him. He was a man of unbounded popularity and influence- filled various public stations in his native State-was a member of the Continental Congress-of the Legislature of Maryland and a member of Congress under the Federal Constitution. He was for many years major-general of the Maryland militia. In all his public stations he ac- quitted himself nobly-in private life he had the esteem of a large con- ^ course of friends. The time of his final exit isLnot tJ-pon-tije-^eGoxd. 1^^" GADSDEN CHRISTOPHER was born in South Carolina in 1724. He was the originator of the Liberty tree in America. To cut loose from mother Britain was a cherished project in his penetrating mind long before the Revolution. He did not join in the general joy caused by the repeal of the Stamp Act. He looked upon it like the transient calm in a storm that often precedes the increased fury of the elements. As early as 1762 he frequently said that nothing but open resistance w^ould ever obtain justice from Great Britain. Upon these matured conclusions he continued to act until his long, nursed vision became a happy reality and was eclipsed by the more refulgent glories of the De- claration of Independence. He was a member of the Congress con- vened at New York in 1765 and of the one at Philadelphia in 1774. He was also a general of militia. He was of great service in rousing OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 431 the people to action. He was among the prisoners at the city of Charles- ton and then h"eutenant-governor. Being ill he was paroled. On the 27th of August 1780 he was dragged from his sick bed— put on board a prison ship and taken to the castle at St. Augustine in violation of the rights of prisoners on parole. He was there treated with great cruelty. A parole tor the town was offered him at St. Augustine which he indig- nantly refused, saying he could place no dependence on any promise from a British officer. When Maj. Andre was executed Gen. Gadsden was tauntingly admonished to prepare for death as he would be made the retaliatory sacrifice. He firmly replied-" I am always prepared to die for my country." A more inflexible patriot, a more noble spirit, a more ardent friend of Liberty never came from the clean hands of the Creator. Gen. Gadsden had the love, sympathy, confidence and admi- ration of every friend of the American cause. He died in 1805. GANSEVORT PETER entered upon the first stage of human life at Albany, N. Y. on the 16th of July 1749. His taste for military tactics was manifested in his boyhood. When he arrived at manhood he raised a company of grenadiers that elicited the admiration of every beholder. Not one of its members was under six feet-Capt. Gansevort was six feet three. In point of discipline and martial appearance, this company had no superior. Being a firm Whig Capt. G. was ready to do good service for his country at the commencement of the Revolu- tion. He was appointed a major by Congress on the 19th of July 1795. On the 19th of the next month he took command of the second battalion of the New York forces and shared the perilous campaign with Gen. Tilontgomery which terminated the life of the latter. Congress made him lieutenant-colonel on the 19th of March 177G and on the 21st of November of that year appointed him colonel of the 3d Regiment in the Continental army. His defence of Fort Stanwix in August 1777 was one of the most brilliant achievements of the American Revolution. It was besieged by a large body of British, Tories and Indians, com- manded by Col. St. Leger, who threatened summary vengeance unless an unconditional surrender was made. He soon found he had waked up the wrong passenger. He was promptly informed that Col. Ganse- vort never surrendered. The fort was defended until aid was sent when Col. St. Leger was compelled to leave suddenly. For this brave act Congress recorded him a vote of thanks on the 4th of October of that year. In 1778 he was ordered to Albany-the next year accompa- nied Gen. Sullivan in his expedition against the Indians and with a chosen band of kindred spirits surprised and took the lower Mohawk castle and a large number of prisoners. In 1781 an arrangement was smuggled through Congress by improper influences that legislated this officer and several other gallant men out of the army to the great mor- tification of Washington. His native State made him a major-general of militia. After the war he held the office of sherift' in Albany County- was commissioner to fortify the frontier posts-make treaties with the Indians-military agent of the Northern Department and in 1802 was commissioned a brigadier-general in the army of the United States which he held until the 2d of July 1812 when he was suddenly called from time to eternity at the moment our country needed just such men to conduct the second war of Independence. Gen. Gansevoort was 432 THE SAGES AND HEROES endowed with an unusual share of the noble qualities that dignify a man in public and private life all of which were purified by a life of practical piety. GIBSON JOHN was born in Lancaster. Pennsylvania on the 23d of jNIay 1740. At the age of IS he was an excellent classical scholar. He was in service under Gen. Forbes when Fort Du Quesne [now Pittsburgh] was taken from the French and Indians. He settled there in 1763 for the purpose of trade. In a short time he was taken prisoner by the Indians and had his life saved by an old squaw who adopted him in the room of a lost son. He was detained several years-became familiar with tlie language of several tribes-with the general habits of red men which prepared him for future duties. On gaining his liberty he returned to Pittsburgh and served under Lord Dunmore in his ex- pedition against the Shawnee Towns which resulted in a treaty with the children of the forest. Gen. Gibson was the mediator and inter- preter. To him alone was the celebrated speech of the noble hearted Logan delivered in a copse a short distance from the council ground. By him it was communicated to the other Chiefs and to Lord Dunmore. At the commencement of the Revolution Gen. Gibson conmumded a regiment in the regular army-served a short time in New York and New Jersey-was then transferred to his more appropriate place upon the frontiers to keep in check the Indians. After the war he filled various civil stations and was appointed Secretary of Indiana in 1800 and filled the office until the state was formed. He then took up his residence with George Wallace, near Braddock's Field, who had mar- ried his daughter with whom he lived until the 10th of April 1S22, when h.is immortal spirit returned to Him who gave it. GIBSON GEORGE first made his appearance anjong his friends at Lancaster, Pennsylvania in 1747. He was well educated-became a clerk to a merchant in Philadelphia-sailed to the West Indies several times as supercargo and finally went to his brother John at Pittsburgh. There he was employed in a trading voyage down the Ohio and was unfortunate. He changed his location and business several times up to the period of the Revolution when he raised a company of the border men who were not of polished manners but would fight like tigers. With them he joined the Virginia troops at Williamsburgh, Virginia. They were all sharp-shooters of which Lord Dunmore became con- vinced on the 25th of October 1775 when he attacked Hampton with a naval force and was driven back by this company with considerable loss. Capt. Gibson performed a perilous journey to New Orleans for the purpose of obtaining powder for the army from the Spanish which was a very delicate mission and was performed with skill and success. He returned through the wilderness and Indian tribes and travelled 1800 miles on foot. Wonder how many public functionaries we have now who would perform a similar journey for the sake of their country- even if they should get their mileage, hot toddy, roast beef and ^8 per day. On his return he was put in command of a Virgiania regi- ment and joined Lee's division of the Continental army at New York. This division covered the retreat of the main army and formed a junc- tion with it on the west bank of the Delaware. At the battle of Trenton Col. Gibson served under the direct command of Washington. OF THE AMERICAN KE VOLUTION. 4SB He continued with him and participated in the battles, privations and snfferings of that forlorn hope of American Freedom up to 1779 when the term of his regiment expired. He was then put in command of the prison station near York, Pennsylvania, where he continued to the close of the war. In 1791 he commanded a regiment under Gen. St. Clair and acted a most gallant part in the unsuccessful sanguinary battle of the 4th of November of that year where his regiment was nearly annihilated and himself mortally wounded. He lingered in great pain at Fort Jefferson until the 11th of December following when death relieved him from his sufferings. While living he was the delight of every circle in which he moved-noble, generous, warm hearted, persevering, brave, prudent, just and honest. His well earned fame is enduring as history. GREENE CHRISTOPHER commenced his earthly career at War- wick, Rhode Island in 1737. He received a good English education- became familiar with mathematics-was partial to military tactics and became a member of the " Kentish Guards" at an early age and was made their Lieutenant. In May 1775 he was commissioned a Major in the brigade under his kinsman Gen. Nathaniel Greene. At the attack on Quebec he connnanded a company in the division of Gen. Montgomery and headed the party that entered the town and was taken prisoner. Soon after he was exchanged he was put in com- mand of the regiment previously commanded by Gen. Varnum. In 1777 Washington placed Fort Mercer, at Red Bank on the Delaware, in his charge with only 500 men. This was attacked soon after the battle of Brandy wine by Col. Donop on the Jersey side with 1200 men. The enemy were repulsed with great slaughter-Col. Donop, Lieut. Col. Mingerode and several other othcers were killed and 400 of their soldiers killed and wounded. At the same time the British fleet and a battery on the Pennsylvania side opened a heavy fire on the contiguous Fort Mifliin, then called Mud Fort, and succeeded in having their favorite ship Augusta, of 64 guns, blown up with a part of her crew and the armed ship Merlin burned-glory enough for one day. Col. Greene received the thanks of Congress and was voted a splendid sword which was presented to his son Job in 17S6. In 1781 Col. Greene was posted in advance of the army near Croton river above New York and had quartered his men in several farm houses. On the night of the 13th of May of that year he was suddenly attacked by a superior force of refugees alias tories. They broke into the room of the Colonel who despatched a number of them with his sword but was eventually overpowered and cut up in the most horrid manner. Maj. Flagg was also murdered with every soldier they could find. No ofR.cer fell during the Revolution more deeply lamented-no one of his grade better deserved the gratitude and esteem of his country. GRAEFF GEORGE was born in Lancaster, Pa. in 1755. He was a brave captain in the Continental army and did good service in the cause of Independence. He acted a gallant part at the battle on Long Island in 1776. Subsequent to the war he filled several civil offices with credit and usefulness. He was emphatically an honest man. He died at his native town on the 13th of November 1823. GRIFFIN CYRUS was one of the bold Virginians who early 55 434 THE SAGES AND HEROES advocated the glorious cause of Independence. lie used every energy to rouse the people to a sense of impending danger. He ably filled every public station-was a member of the Continental Congress and one of the Presidents of that august assemblage of Sages. He lived in the esteem of his country and associates until 1810 vvlien he made his exit to the spirit world. GURNEY FRAiNCIS was first introduced on this whirling planet in Bucks County, Pa. in 1738. His military genius became early developed. He entered the service of mother Britain at the age of 18 and braved the perils and hardships of the French war from its com- mencement to its close. His reputation for bold enterprise and noble daring he carved high on the temple of epic fame. At the capture of Cape Breton he acted a conspicuous part. At the taking of Guadaloupe his bravery was a subject of general remark. At the close of these arduous services he commenced a successful career in the mercantile business in the city of Philadelphia. There he was when the revolutionary storm loomed up. He looked upon the conduct of mother England as basely ungrateful. He snuffed the breeze of Liberty and struck for Free- dom. His noblest energies were roused to action. His large military experience and keen perception enabled him to point out those who were best calculated to make efficient officers. Mifflin, Cadwalader and others were first recommended by him. His zeal and activity in the cause of suffering humanity were abov^e all praise. Believing he could render more service out of thearmythaninit-hedeclined a commission until the 25th of May 1775 when he took command of an infantry company of volunteers. The next year he entered the regular service with the com- mission of lieutenant-colonel in the 11th regiment of the Pennsylvania Line. He was in the battle of Iron Hill, Brnndywine and Germantown ^vhere he fully sustained his reputation for daring bravery. The wire- Working system of promotions that was early introduced and injuriously pursued did not comport with his fine sense of military usage which caused him to resign. This did not abate his zeal in the cause-he con- tinued to advance the best interests of the patriots until he saw his country free from bondage. After the Revolution he resumed his business at Philadelphia-filled many municipal and legislative stations-commanded a regiment in the army of 1794 which put down the whiskey insurgents- became brigadier-general of militia-performed every duty that devolved upon him in public and private life with ability and fidelity-was in all respects a man who commanded the confidence and esteem of all who made his acquaintance-adorned the Christian character and slumbered in death at his country seat near Philadelphia on the 25th of Mav 1815. GWINN WILLIAM was born in Ireland in 1748. In 1772 lie came to Pennsylvania and from that time to the close of his life manifested a deep interest for the welfare of his adopted country. During the Revolu- tion he served in the staff' of Gen. MilBin and was highly esteemed for his faithful performance of every duty and his uniform zeal in the cause of Independence. After the war he removed to Monkton JMills, Baltimore County, Md. where he lived highly respected until the 1st of October 1819 when he died deeply mourned by his numerous friends. HALE NATHAN entered upon his eventful career of life at Coventry, Conn, at what time we have no word. He was liberallv educated-a OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 435 young man of great promise and entered the army at the commence- ment of the Revolution in command of a company under Col. Know 1 ton. He was at the battle of Long Island on the 27th of August 1776 and one of the 9000 who efiected a retreat during the night to the great chagrin of the British who were encamped not over 600 yards from the Americans. Shortly after that disastrous affair Washington employed Capt. Hale to enter the English camp as a spy. Unfortunately he was detected and executed the next morning by order of Sir William Howe under circum- stances of fiendish barbarity that left a black spot upon the escutcheon of that proud olhcer that time or angel's tears can never expunge. He was denied a clergyman and a bible and the letters that he wrote to his widowed mother and relatives were destroyed. He died a brave and willing martyr to the cause of Liberty and lamented with his last breath that he had but one life to sacrifice for his country. How great the contrast between the course our country has pursued in memory of this young hero and that of England towards Andre. In point of talent and exalted character, Hale was equal to him. The one was engaged as a simple spy-the other was in league with a base traitor on a grand scale. The one has no extended notice in our history-the other has been lauded to the skies by the historians of both nations. Not a stone marks the resting place of Capt. Hale-a splendid monument has been erected by England sacred to the memory of Andre. The family of the one was neglected by our government-that of the other pensioned in a princely manner. The fact that our nation was then just bursting into life is the only apology to be offered. HAMILTON ALEXANDER was born on the Island of Nevis in 1757. His father was an Enghshman, his mother an American and brought him to New York in 1773 and placed him in Columbia college. His towering genius burst upon the world like a blazing meteor in the darkness of night. At the age of 17 he grasped the mighty concerns that were then rocking England and America in the cradle of fearful commotion. He then wrote several essays upon the rights and wrongs of the two nations that were attributed to Mr. Jay. College walls could not keep him from the field of glory. At the age of 19 he commanded a company of artillery and was ever ready for a little more grape when it could be used to advantage. He soon attracted the attention of the penetrating Washington who appointed him one of his aids in 1777 with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. A selection was never more judiciously made-no commander could be better served. From that period to the close of the war our country was benefited by the combined wisdom and noblest efforts of two of the brightest constellations of genuius that have ever illuminated our world. In every battle where Washington com- manded Col. Hamilton was at his post regardless of danger. When the two destructive redoubts were carried at the siege of Yorktown facing a storm of iron hail he led the advanced corps under La Fayette. Not a gun was fired-the charge was like a rushing avalanche. The surrender of that garrison closed his Revolutionary services. His manly brow was decked with epic laurels that can never lose their amaranthine freshness whilst patriotic fire glows or history endures. In 1782 he was elected to Congress and shed fresh lustre on that au- gust body of sages. He grasped every subject with a gigantic mental 436 THE SAGES AND HEROES power that filled the more experienced members with astonishment and admiration. He originated measures with a surprising faoiHty and wisdom that were truly beneficial. He was a member of the Conven- tion that iVamed the Federal Constitution. He was in favor of what he considered a stronger government than the one formed-one that some would call ullni federal. yVt the final organization under the new Constitution he was placed at the head of the Treasury Department. To the surprise and joy of all concerned he raised the credit of the na- tion rapidly from the lowest depths of depreciation to a lofty eminence of credit. At the end of six years he resigned and resumed the prac- tice of law in the city of New York. When the provisional army was raised in 1708 in anticipation of a -war with France, he was placed next in command to Washington and proved one of the most efficient disciplinarians that ever graced the profession of arms. On the dis- banding of this army he again resumed his profession at the bar. In 1804 he was challenged by Col. Burr and sacrificed his life on the bar- barous field of false honor contrary to his better judgment and finer feelings. He was mortally wounded on the 11th of July 1804 and died the next day. So opposed was he in principle to duelUng that he fired his pistol in the air. He died deeply regretting the sad error, with full faith in the merits of his Saviour to wash every slain from his noble soul and present him \vith a crown of unfading glory. His sudden death and the manner his bright career was terminated spread a mantle of gloom over our country and the civilized world. His transcendent talents had attracted the admiring gaze of Europe and America. He was in all respects a remarkable man. His flashes of genius were like vivid lightning that startles-their force like crashing thunderbolts that shiver every obstacle in their way. He mastered everything in the course of his business by talismanic intuition. He filled the orbit of every station he occupied-he illuminated his pathway with a brilliancy that dazzled. He left a pillar of living light on the bright pages of his- tory that will reflect its mellow rays on the horizon of Liberty through all time. HAMHvTON PAUL was one of the unflinching native patriots of South Carolina who resolved on Liberty or death. He filled a large space in the public mind and peribrmed many public duties with ability and fidelity. He was governor of his Slate-Secretary of the Navy under President Madison and dignified every station he occupied. He / bid farewell to his friends, earth and its toils in 1810. J HATHAWAY BENONI was born in New Jersey in 1754. He was among the first who boldly struck for Liberty. He did not wait until the iron was hot before he raised his hammer but healed it by continuous and heavy blows. He commanded a company of citizen rangers that became a terror to the scouting and foraging parties of the enemy and frequently captured them and the sentinels of their main camp in the darkness of night. When Gen. Kniphausen was encamped at Elizabethtown with his Hessians his most bewitching hours were often interrupted by this sleepless company. At one of these attacks Capt. Hathaway was wounded in the head by a musket ball and was unconscious for several hours but recovered and continued his guerrilla warfare until the last loyal Briton made good his retreat across the OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 437 great heron pond. He was highly esteemed through life and met death with Christian fortitude at Newark, N. J. on the 19th of April 1823. HAWKINS NATHAN was first introduced to the human family in Rhode Island in 1749. His patriotism grew with his growth and strengthened with his strength. When a mere youth he was the dele- gate of South Kingston to carry assistance to the citizens of Boston when reduced to distress by the infamous Port Bill. The war-cry from the heights of Lexington broke his slumbers at the hour of midnight— in less than twelve hours he was leading a brave volunteer corps to the rescue. He served faithfully during the whole period of the Revolu- tion—acted a gallant part in several battles and is fully entitled to a place upon the records of enduring fame. When the war closed he lo- cated and closed his life at Charlestovvn, Mass.-filled several civil otiices —was highly esteemed by his fellow citizens-sustained the noble reputa- tion of an honest man-died October 3d 1817. HAWLEY JOSEPH entered upon his earthly pilgrimage in North- ampton, Mass. in 1724. He was one of the first who opposed the usur- pations of the crown officers and the patriot who wrote to John Adams just as the Congress of 1774 closed and used the truly prophetic lan- guage-" AFTEU ALL WE MUST FIGHT." He was a man of strong intellect, great penetration of mind, a close observer of men and things, an in- flexible friend to the cause of equal rights. In public meetings, in the legislature, in his social intercourse-at all proper times and places-he sowed the seeds of Liberty broadcast. When told the Colonies were too weak for resistance he replied-" We must put to sea-Providence will bring us into port." He was a lawyer of eminence and strongly opposed to accepting public office although he served his State in the Legislature several times. He exemplified the Christian religion by a life of primitive piety but was an uncompromising foe to fanaticism, bigotry, sectarianism and the dogmatical creeds of men. His charity spread its broad mantle over tlie whole family of man. He held the commission of major of militia but owing to his frequent and sudden attacks of illness he did not serve in the tented field. He enjoyed the esteem and confidence of every friend of freedom and passed peacelully from earth on the 10th of March 178G. HAYNE ISAAC-[see the Biography of John Penn in Part I.] 1 can find no record of his birth. HEATH WILLIAM was born in Roxbury, Mass. in 1737. He left his plough in the furrow the moment the war-cry reached him and has- tened to the field of epic glory. He was constitutionally a military man. Congress conferred upon him the commission of brigadier-gene- ral in 1775. The next year Congress raised him to the rank of major- general. He commanded a division at tlie battle of King's Bridge in 1776 and next year was placed over the Eastern Department with his headquarters at Boston and filled that arduous station until November 1778. Burgoyne and his army were under his charge as prisoners of war and at first gave him much trouble. The haughty British general and his officers supposed General Pleath a novice in the rules of mili- tary etiquette and put on airs that induced insubordination among the English soldiers. In this they wei'e mistaken. Gen. Heath had been a close military student from his boyhood. He had nothing new to learn 438 THE SAGES AND HEROES from tlicsc high dirrnitarics but an insolent assumption of importance that he soon cured and reduced them to their proper level. With the humanity of a philanttiropist and tlic polish of an old school gentleman he united the firmness of a Human, the courage of a hero and tiie dig- nity of a nobleman. In the summer of 1780 he was master of ceremonies at Rhode Island on the reception of the French fleet under the command of Admiral de Ternay with the troops that were sent to aid in sustaining our Inde- pendence. A mutual pleasure was experienced on that occasion which matured into lasting friendship. In 1781 Gen. H. was successfully em- ployed at the east in raising supplies for the army. When Gen. Wash- ington repaired to Yorktown Gen. Ileatli was left in command of the northern and eastern branches of the army that remained to sustain the garrisons upon the Hudson and Atlantic. At all times and under all circumstances he acquitted himself nobly and received a letter of sin- cere thanks from Washington at the close of the war for his zeal and promptness in the performance of the long and arduous services that had devolved upon him. After the war closed he filled various legisla- tive and judicial stations with dignity and ability. He was elected lieutenant-governor in 180G but refused to serve. He had earned a lasting fame-was beloved by his countrymen at large and glided down the stream of time peacefully until the 24th of January 1814 when his spirit returned to its original happy home. HESTON EDWARD was ushered into Hestonville, county of Philadelpliia, Pennsylvania in 1745. He was one of the brave farmers \vho exchanged the plough for the sword. He entered the army as Captain and rose to the rank of Lieut. Colonel. By his vigilance in walcliing Lord Cornwall is when in Philadelphia he saved the brigade of Gen. Potter from being captured. The day previous to the battle of Germantown, with a few bold spirits he faced a heavy fire and suc- ceeded in cutting the rope at the middle ferry to prevent the communi- cation of the enemy with Philadelphia. In a skirmish with a party of British he received a severe sword cut on the back of his head, was taken prisoner and sent to Long Island where he was detained for seven months. After the Revolution closed he was an active member of the legislature of his native state and was esteemed through life for benevolence, charity, patriotism and rigid honesty. He died at his residence in Hestonville on the 14th day of March 1824. HOLDEN LEVI was born in New Jersey in 1754. He entered the Continental army as Captain in 1776 and served faithfully until mother Britain relinquished her maternal care over the Colonies and left her froward child to act its own will and pleasure-a prudent course for tlie old lady and a fair business transaction. For three years Capt. Holden was attached to Washington's life guard and was highly esteemed by him. After the war he located at Newark, New Jersey where he enjoyed the esteem of the connnunity for 30 years and descended to the tomb on the 19th day of April 1823, ripe in years and rich wilh honors. HOUSTON JOHN w^as one of the nucleus of patriots who put the Revolutionary ball in motion at the Liberty Pole meeting in Georgia. Himself and Mr. Bullock were among the few who dare express their OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 439 opinions at that meeting. Before it adjourned the fire of patriotism was kindled in so many bosoms that royal power trembled at the probable result. Mr. Houston was a member of the Continental Congress in 1775 and performed his duty nobly. He was subsequently a judge of tlie Supreme Court and governor of his state. He was a man of fine talents, great energy, sterling integrity and devoted patriotism. He enjoyed the fall fruition of the love of his country and friends until 1796 when he pavssed peacefully from time to eternity. HOWARD JOHN EAGER commenced infancy in Baltimore Md. in 1752. He resolved on Liberty or death at the commencement of that long and doubtful struggle that resulted in Freedom to America. He was among those who dared snatch the laurels from the proud sons of mother Britain and place them upon their own manly brows. He entered the army with the commission of Captain and was raised to the rank of Lieut. Colonel in 1779. He was one of the bravest of the brave. At the victory of Cowpens he held the swords of seven British officers at one time who had surrendered personally to him. His skill and bravery were exhibited at the battles of Germantown, White Plains, Monmouth, Camden and Hobbick's Hill. So highly were his services appreciated by Gen. Greene that lie used this strong language— " As a patriot and soldier Col. Howard deserves a statue of gold no less than the Roman and Grecian Heroes." This short sentence is the crowning capital of the climax of eulogy. At the close of the Revolu- tion Col. Howard returned to his large real estate in the city of Balti- more. Subsequent to the formation of the Federal government he was a member of the United States Senate and Governor of Maryland. No man was more beloved by his fellow citizens-no one better deserved their esteem. He died at liis residence in 1827. HUMPHREY UAVID commenced his career of life in Derby, Conn, on the — of July 1752. He was a graduate of Yale college and fre- quently danced attendance to the muses. He was a staunch Iriend of his country and entered the army a Captain. In 1773 he was aid to Gen. Putnam and in turn aid to Parsons, Greene and in 1780 became an aid to Gen. Washington with the rank of Lieut. Colonel with whoni he re- mained until Lord Cornwallis fired his last gun at Y'orktown. On all occasions Col. Humphrey acted a brave and noble part. His chivalrous conduct at the siege of Yorktown induced Congress to vote him an elegant sword. In 1784 he was the secretary of Mr. Jelferson then minister to France. In 1786 he retired to his native place and was elected to the legislature. In 1788 he was placed in conmiand of a regiment raised for the western service. In 1790 he was- appointed ambassador to the Court of Portugal and in 1 797 miiiister plenipotentiary to the Court of Madrid. On his return from Spain he introduced the Merino sheep into the United States and deserves great credit for his successful exertions in the improvement of wool and its manufacture. In all the multiform duties of his active life Col. Humphrey had the full approbation of his country. In private life he exemplified the virtues that make a good citizen. He closed his useful career at New Haven Connecticut on the 21st of February 1818. HUNTINGTOiV JEDEDIAH was born in Norwich, Connecticut in 1743. He was a graduate of Harvard College, an enterprising mer- 440 THE SAGES AND HEROES chant and a wliig of iho first wator. He led his regiment to the head quarters of the army at Catnhridi^e early in 1775. His activity, zeal, courage and ediciency in tlie field gained the admiration of Washington who procured his advancement to the rank of Brigadier General. He rendered his best services to promote the glorious cause of Indepen- dence and remained in the field during the whole period of the war. He subsequently filled various civil oliices. He was appointed Collec- tor of the Port of New London by Washington and performed his duties faithfully during four consecutive administrations. He enjoyed the profound respect of the very intelligent citizens of New London until the 25th of September 1818 when he took his departure to the spirit world. IRVINE ANDREW was a native of Ireland, brother to Gen. Wil- liam Irvine spoken of more at length in Part I. Dr. Matthew Irvine of Charleston, South Carolina was a third brother and served in the Continental army. Andrew entered the regiment of his brother Wil- liam as Lieutenant and was engaged in the Canada service under Gen. Wayne. He was in every action with that General up to the mas- sacre of Paoli where he received seventeen bayonet wounds and miraculous as it was, recovered and was actively engaged in the northern and southern campaigns. No officer of his rank did more service-no one could do it in a more heroic manner. After tlie war he lived in the esteem of the citizens of Carlisle, Pa. where he died oji the 4th of May 1789. IRWIN JARED was born in Mecklinbnrg, North Carolina in 1751. At the age of seven years he became a resident of Georgia. At the com- mencement of the Revolution he was a pioneer in one of tlie frontier settlements adjacent to the Indian tribes where he became the leader of his neighbors in keeping the red men at bay and teaching the tories salutary lessons. In that department he rendered himself eminently use- ful during the war. He was a member of the lirst legislature of Georgia under the new government which convened at Savannah in 1781. From that time forward he became emphatically a leading public man. He was long a member of the Georgia Senate and for many years its presi- dent. He was repeatedly Governor of the state. He filled every station in a manner that gained the unqualified approbation of his constituents. His public life was adorned by those private virtues that are indispensable to render a man truly great. ]]e died at Union, Washington County, Georgia, on the 1st of March 1818. JACKSON ANDREW commenced his brilliant life in the Waxhaw settlement, S. C. in 17G7. He was constitutionally a patriot, soldier and statesman. He enlisted in the Continental army at the age of 14 and performed feats of noble courage that would have honored manhood. When fighting bravely for his country he was wounded and taken prisoner. After much sufiering he w-as exchanged and at the close of the war prosecuted liis studies and became a respectable member of the Bar. He commanded a successful expedition agaiust the southern Indians-in 1820 was the commissioner to receive the Floridas from Spain-was made governor of that territory and performed many public duties with great energy. He was a major-general during the last war with mother Britain. His defence of New Orleans airainst the veteran OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 441 army of Gen. Packenliam has no parallel in modern warfare. In 1828 Gen. Jackson was elected President of the United States and served two terms. He was emphatically a man of the people. In point of physical and moral courage he had no superior. He was stern in his integrity, honest in his purposes, unbending in his resolves-determined in his course of action. When time shall absorb the bitterness of party spirit that his bold administration created-the liistorian will trace the fair lines of the career of Andrew Jackson and present a picture to after generations that will command their profound admiration. He lived a patriot-he died a Christian in 1845. JACKSON JAMES first inhaled the atmosphere at Moreton Horn- stead in the County of Devon, England, on the 21st of September 1757. His father was a strong whig and brought him to Georgia in 1772 and left him with his friend John VVereat, Esquire. James Jackson did not fancy hereditary monarchy or purse-proud aristocracy. His very nature •was republican. At the dawn of the Revolution he was ready to peril his life in the cause of equal rights. The war cry that came rushing on mighty wind from the blood stained heights of Lexington he hailed as the day-spring of FREEooM-the morning star of liberty. At the age of 18 he was a volunteer in the party of bold spirits that made a descent on Savannah. At the attack on Tybee his dauntless courage attracted the attention of Archibald Bullock who was the acting head of the patriots. In a short time Jackson was in command of a volunteer company of light infantry. In 1778 he rose to the rank of brigade-major of the Georgia militia. At the storming of Savannah his gallantry could not be excelled. He was in the battle of Blackstocks on the 20th of August 1780. After Tarleton had retreated Major Jackson was put on his track and brought back 30 horses. At the battle of Cowpens the Major received the thanks of Gen. Morgan on the battle field. When in service under Gen. Pickens his noble daring was particularly noticed in the reports of that oilicer. About this time he was made a Colonel with the privilege of raising his own regiment, which he quickly accomplished. He com- manded at the capture of the British fort at Ogechee, the post at Butler's White house and seemed to court danger whenever an opportunity pre- sented. In his victory over CoL Brown on the 21st of May 1782, Gen. Wayne awarded great praise to Col. Jackson. On the 12th of July of that year the British surrendered Savannah and by arrangement delivered the keys to this brave Colonel who continued to command it until the close of the war. He then commenced a successful practice of law and stood on a lofty eminence of merit. He was hailed as one who had con- tributed largely towards achieving the Liberty all then enjoyed. He was raised to the otfice of major-general of militta-was a member of the legis- lature-quorum of the state and a member of the U. S. Senate. He was found equal to every station he was called to fill. He died at Washington city while at his post in the Senate on the 19th of January 1806. JAMES JOHN was born in Ireland in 1732. His father and several of his neighbors came to Virginia in 1733 and settled at Williamsburg which name they gave to the place in honor of King William. They had all imbibed an unconquerable dislike towards England. At the commencement of the Revolution all their descendants were prepared to oppose her unjust pretensions. No one amongst them was a more 56 442 THE SAGES AND HEROES determined opponent than John James. FamiHar with border warfare he was prepared to act elliciently. He had long been a captain of miUtia under tlie crown and at once resigned his commission. II is com- pany all declared for Liberty and retained him in command. In 1776 he left his plough and marched his men to the defence of Charleston where he remained for some time. He was soon promoted to the rank of major and became one of the most active oliicers in service. He was with Gen. Moultrie when he was closely pressed by Gen. Provost. At the skirm- ish at Tulifinny he commanded the rille cor))s. He acted a brave part at the battle of Eutaw. His riliemen expended 24 rounds of cartridges on the enemy and rarely wasted any ammunition. He was the original nucleus of Marion's brigade. He performed many bold exploits-had numerous hair-breadth escapes. At one time he was alone and attacked by two British dragoons who were in advance of their comrades. As they drew their sabres to cut him down he brought them to a sudden halt by drawing an empty pistol and then leaped over a chasm a little too broad for Tarleton's sportsmen. Just previous to the close of the war he returned to his rusty plough and lived in the high esteem of a grateful country and his numerous acquaintances until 1791 when he closed his useful career in death. He was a member of the Virginia legislature and filled several civil offices with credit and fidelity. JASPER WILLIAM was a brave sergeant in the division of Gen. Moultrie. For personal bravery and shrewdness he had few equals, -QV In the heat of the attack upon Fort Moultrie the Hag stall" was shot ofl' bv a cannon ball. The banner fell outside of the works. Amidst a storm of iron hail Jasper leaped from one of the embrasures, recovered the flag, mounted it on his spontoon staff and unfurled it to the breeze. He was promoted to the highest rank he would accept-a roving com- mission and the privilege of selecting his companions to aid him in his bold and romantic enterprises. He often brought in prisoners before Gen. Moultrie was aware of his absence. On one occasion several prisoners were ironed and put under a guard of eight soldiers with a corporal and sergeant and started for iSavannah with a fair prospect of the hemp. One was a Mr. Jones whose young wife was in great agony on his account and followed him with their only child-a lovely- boy five years of ago. Jasper and his kindred spirit Sergeant Newton, resolved on their rescue. Within two miles of Savannah in a copse of wood is a spring of excellent water about six rods from the road. There Jasper and Newton lay in ambush. When the party arrived eight of them laid dow^n their guns in the road and went to the fountain to drink, leaving two to guard their prisoners. The next moment the two on guard slumbered in death-the rest of the British party were all made prisoners-the Americans released and the whole arrived at the American camp the next morning at Perrysburg. The distressed wife had no intimation of the heroic adventure until the crack of the two guns from Jasper and Newton. Tlie next moment she clasped her fond husband to her convulsed bosom. Her joy may be faintly imagined- not described. Gov. Rutledge presented Jasper with an elegant sword for his noble daring at Fort Moultrie. Soon after the brave defence of Fort Moultrie Mrs. Elliott presented a splendid stand of colors to Col. Moultrie's regiment that composed the force in that action. At the OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 443 storming of Savannah two officers fell in an attempt to plant tliese colors upon a redoubt of the enemy. When a retreat was ordered Jasper was mortally wounded while in the act of rescuing tliis standard from the enemy. After the retreat Maj. Horry called to see him and ■was made, the bearer of the following message. " I have got my fur- lough. That sword was presented to me by Governor Rutledge for my services in defence of Fort Moultrie. Give it to my father and tell him I wore it in honor. If the old man should weep tell him his son died in hope of a better life. Tell Mrs. Elliott I lost my life in sup- porting the colors she presented to our regiment. Should you ever see Jones, wMfe and son-tell them Jasper is gone but the remembrance of that battle which he fought for them brought a secret joy in my heart when it was about to stop its motion for ever." In a few moments after he closed this message his noble soul soared to heaven. JAY JOHN was born in the city of New York in 1745. He was one of the noble sages who dared to be free. He took an early and decided stand in favor of Liberty. He was of great service in rousing the people to a sense of their true interests. He was elected to Con- gress and took his seat in that body the latter part of 1776 and presided in the presidential chair for some time. In 1778 he was minister to Spain-in 1782 he was one of the commissioners to negotiate a treaty with Great Britain. In 1795 he was elected governor of the Empire Stale. He was an able public officer-a valuable' private citizen. His sold joined its kindred in the spirit world in 1829. JOHNSON FRANCIS was born in Pennsylvania in 1749. At the coinmcncement of the conflict with mother Britain he was enjoying a lucrative practice at the bar. He well understood the merits of the high contending parties and enlisted under the banner of freedom. He commenced his military career with Gen. Wayne with the commission of lieutenant-colonel in the first regiment raised by that brave oliicer. He shared with him all the fatigues and glory of the numerous expedi- tions and battles in which he was engaged up to the time Gen. Wayne went south. He succeeded him in the command of the 5th Pennsylvania regiment. His services were ably and zealously rendered and highly appreciated. He ventured his life and spent his fortune lor Libertv. After the close of the Revolution he was elected sheriff of the city and county of Philadelphia as a tribute of merit awarded by both political parlies. No man could be more generally beloved-no one better de- served it. He died in Philadelphia on the 22d of February 1815. JOHA^SON SAMUEL was one of the most talented and ardent pa- triots of the chivalric south. From the dawn of the Revolution he boldly espoused the cause of equal rights. He was a member of Con- gress and after the adoption of the Federal Constitution he was made a United States Senator. He was a judge of the Supreme Court of North Carolina and governor of that State. He discharged the duties of public and private life with energy, ability and scrupulous fidelity. His career of life was closed in 180(5. JOHNSON WILLIAM SAMUEL was a native of Connecticut and a zealous friend of the cause of Independence. He was a man of strong native talents improved by a sound education. He exercised a salutary influence over his constituents and served them faithfully in various 444 THE SAGES AND HEROES public capacities. lie was a member of the old Congress-a delegate to the Convention that framed tlic Federal Constitution and the first United States Senator from his native State. He lived in the esteem of his numerous friends until 1819 when his lamp of life went out. JONES JOHN PAUL commenced his remarkable life in the district of Galloway, Scotland, in 1747. His original name was John Paul and Jones was added when he came to America in 1775. He had been a mariner from the age of 15 and was master of his profession. He left England in disgust in consequence of imjjroper treatment by the autho- rities relative to his quelling a mutiny on board his ship, in doing wiiich he was compelled to kill the ringleader, for wdiich he was tried and ac- quitted and was threatened with a second trial. In the expedition of Com. Hopkins against New Providence he was a lieutenant and exhi- bited a dauntless spirit that at once placed him on the list of the brave. On his return he was placed in command of a sloop with 12 guns. In a short time he captured a British vessel with 18 guns. He then cruised boldly along the coast of Scotland-made several landings and a few contributions and proceeded to the Irish coast where he found the Eng- lish armed vessel Drake in the harbor of Waterford-gave her a chal- lenge-she entered the list of combat-was quickly flogged and hastened back to her old moorings crippled and her commander mortified. In the summer of 1779 he was put in command of the Bon Homme Richard of 40 guns and 415 men with some small craft. After visiting France he sailed from there on the 14th of August of that year-took several vessels of war and merchantmen and proceeded in search of the Baltic fleet which he discovered on the 22d of September at 2 P.M. otf Flam- borough Head under convoy of a frigate and sloop of war. He at once prepared for action. Just as the moon was rising, at quarter before 8 P. M. one of the most desperate naval actions commenced that can be found recorded on the pages of histor}^ When the two larger ships came within pistol shot the British frigate opened the liall with a brisk fire from her upper and quarter deck. Jones returned the compliment v.'ith the grace of a naval hero. At the onset three ol !)is six 18 pound guns burst and killed those around them. He ordered the other three not to be used. This accident induced him to grapple with the frigate and come to close quarters which he accomplished so completely that the muzzles of the guns of each were in contact. The rage of battle then commenced with all the desperation of gladiators. 1'he English- man had nailed his flag to the mast-Jones never surrendered. His ship was the most crippled-more of his guns silenced than on the frigate. This preponderance of metal was soon changed by a brave tar advanc- ing over the frigate on the main yard of the American ship with a basket of hand grenades and lighted match. He dropped these messen- gers of death among the enemy and through the scuttles-killing many and setting the cartridges on fire in every direction. The figlit raged on-the frigate was several times on fire-the Bon Homme Richard was leaking Irom shots between wind and water-all her guns silenced but four and not until both ships took fire was the fury of the conflict re- linquished for a moment. When the flames were extinguished the car- nage was renewed. Jones had taken over 100 prisoners and put them to the pumps under the directiun of Lieut. iJale wiio was severely OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 445 wounded. The English flag was at last torn down by the captain of the frigate which proved to be the Serapis mounting 50 carriage guns commanded by Capt. Pearson. All hands were removed on board the prize and at 10 the next morning the Bon Homme Richard went to the bottom. Capt. Pearson had 137 men killed and 76 wounded. Capt. Jones had 165 killed, 137 wounded. It is supposed many of his men were killed and wounded by one of his own vessels that fired into him some time by mistake at pistol shot. At the commencement of the action he received the fire of both British vessels until he closed with the frigate. The next morning the Pallas, Capt. Cotineau, attacked the British sloop of war and after a severe battle of over two hours com- pelled her to surrender. She was the Countess of Scarborough. Capt. Jones then proceeded home with his prizes and prisoners and was hailed with an enthusiasm that none but freemen so ardently feel and so strongly express. On the 14th of April 1781 Congress passed a strong resolution expressive of their high appreciation of his valuable services. A more skilful, daring and resolute man never commanded a ship. After the termination of the Revolution he visited Russia and held a naval commission for a time under the Empress Catharine. From there he went to Paris in France where he died in 1792.* KENNARD NATHANIEL was born in Massachusetts in 1755. He was a'volunteer in one of the first regiments raised in Massachu- setts. In that he served one year and then entered on board a private armed vessel-was taken prisoner-taken to England and confined in Mill Prison for 27 months with a standing threat he should be hanged. He was finally sent to France and shipped on the Bon Homme Richard and was in the action described in the preceding article. Pie was put on board one of the prizes and ordered for France-was again taken prisoner-put on board the British frigate Unicorn and compelled to do duty until he found an opportunity to escape on the Island of Jamaica and reached home just before the close of the Revolution. During the war of 1812 he commanded a Revenue Cutter. From that period he was Inspector of Customs at Portsmouth N. H. up to the time of his death which occurred on the 24th of June 1823. KING RUFUS commenced his life career in New York in 1755. In his youth he was an ardent friend to the cause of Freedom and a patriot in action. He was a member of Congress when convened at Trenton New Jersey in 1784. He was a very efficient member of the Convention in 1787 that formed the Federal Constitution and was soon after elected to the United States Senate. From 1796 to 1803 he was minister at the Court of St. James. In 1813 he was elected a United States Senator and was minister to England during the administration of John Quincy Adams. All his public and private duties were per- formed with a single eye to the glory of his country, the good of the human family and the preservation of our glorious UNION. He bid farewell to earth, its toys, toils, griefs and joys in April 1827. KIRKWOOD ROBERT was a native of Newcastle county, Dela ware. When the oppression of mother Britain became so intolerable that forbearance was no longer a virtue, Robert Kirkwood exchanged the implements of agriculture for the sword and entered the Delaware regiment under Col. Hazlet with the commission of Lieutenant. He * Com. Jones's remains are expected liere shortly on board the Frigate St. Lawrence. 44G THE SAGES AND HEROES was in thirty-two battles during the war and received the highest praise from every general oflicer under whom he served. At the battle of Camden fought by Gen. Gates, the Delaware regiment was reduced to 195 men who were formed into a company imder the com- mand of Capt. Kirkwood. A particular history of his bold exploits would fill a respectable volume. At the close of the war he was brevet Major. He was a universal favorite and richly deserved to be so. He fell fighting under Gen. St. Clair on the 4th of Novem- ber 1791. KNOWLTON THOMAS was a native of Ashford Connecticut and one of the first brave spirits that entered the field and among the first martyrs in the cause of Freedom. He commanded a regiment at the battle of Long Island in August 1776 which formed the van of the American army. In September following he came in contact with Gen. Leslie with a superior force and. fell while gallantly leading his men to the charge. The command then devolved on Major Leitch of Virginia who was severely wounded but drove the enemy from the field. Col. Knowlton was an officer of great promise, an esteemed citizen-an honest man. KNOX HENRY was born in Boston, Mass. on the 25th of July 1750. He was created a freeman and nobly fulfilled the design of his creation. In early life he became familiar with the engineer depart- ment of military tactics. He was among the first Major Generals appointed by Congress and directed the ordnance operations during the whole period of the Revolution. The practised veterans of mother Britain were often compelled to admit that he liad no superior in the management of artillery. His skill was effectually illustrated on every battle field where he was present. The victory at Monmouth over superior numbers was attributed by the enemy to the artillery of Gen. Knox. Washington referred to the fact in his report to Congress. From the commencement of his useful military career at Cambridge to its brilliant close at Yorktown, this brave and accomplished General stood on a lofty eminence of fame, admired and beloved by the com- mander-in-chief, by the whole army, by Congress and by our nation. He succeeded Gen. Lincoln in the War Department after the close of the Revolution and was the first Secretary of War under the Federal Constitution. On retiring from public life he settled at Thomastovvn, Maine, where his death was occasioned by a chicken bone lodging in his, throat on the 25th of October 1S06. In the private walks of life he exemplified those virtues most prominently that best adorn the man i yrind assimilate him to his Creator. KOSCIUSZCO THADDEUS commenced his noble existence in 174G in the palatinate of Brescia, Lithunia, once an iudependent grand duchy containing 60,000 square miles which was united to Poland in 1569 and now forms the Russian provinces of Wilna, Grodno and Minsk. When reading the classics in his youth this noble patriot became enraptured with the vision of a Republic. He completed his education by a military course that he might be better prepared to battle for Liberty. Wlien the story of the American Revolution reached him he at once resolved to enroll his name with those who dared to make an eff"ort to be free. On his arrival, Washington appointed OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 447 him a Colonel of engineers and one of his aids. His undaunted bravery on all occasions, his patriotic zeal, his amiable disposition, his purity of life, his noble bearing-all combined to endear him to the army and to every friend of freedom. He returned to his native land at the close of the Revolution and left his name carved high on the temple of our Liberty. Having aided in acliieving the Independence we now enjoy, he saw his long nursed vision of a Republic reduced to a happy reality. His own countrymen were groaning under a bondage more servile than that which liad oppressed the Americans. He longed to see them free. A few noble spirits were prepared to strike for Liberty. The time arrived for action. Kosciuszco was made commander-in-chief in 1789. Five years passed in preparation. In 1794 his army was attacked at Raslavice by the Russian General Denisoff who was de- feated with great slaughter. For six months he kept at bay the com- bined forces of Russia and Prussia. On the 4th of October of that year, the officer who commanded the advance position of the Polish army proved a traitor and permitted the enemy to occupy it without opposition. This effected the ruin of the liberating army-Kosciuszco fell covered with wounds and was incarcerated in a dungeon at St. Petersburg until Alexander was crowned who at once restored him to freedom. He then visited the United States and landed at Phila- delphia where he was made a welcome guest. He subsequently spent some time in France. From thence he went to Solence in Switzerland where he died on the 16th of October 1817. LACY JOHN was born in Bucks County, Pa. on the 4th of February 1755. His paternal ancestor came from the Isle of Wight under the auspices of William Penn. John's ancestor and all his descendants belonged to the Society of Friends. The love of Freedom predominated over the anti-war creed of John and he made up his mind to obtain it, peaceably if he could-forcibly if he must. He took the commission of captain from Congress on the Gth of January 177G and was at once thrown over the fence by his Quaker brethren. He left his home, his society and his mill to do battle for his country. He served under Gen. Wayne in Canada and performed the hazardous duty of carrying an express from Gen. Sullivan to Arnold when before Quebec. On his return the next year he resigned in consequence of a difficulty with Gen. Wayne. He was then appointed by the legislature of Pennsylvania to organize the militia in Bucks County. He was soon elected colonel. He was now in the midst of tories and Quakers who were acting in concert with the enemy and threatened him with personal vengeance. These threats he disregarded as the idle wind. He brought his regiment into the field and performed feats of valor that at once raised him to a high standard on the list of heroes. His conduct was particularly noticed by Washington and he was honored with the commission of brigadier- general on the 9th of January 1778 and ordered to relieve Gen. Potter. He was then but 22 years of age. Probably influenced by his refugee neighbors-the British in Philadelphia determined on taking him dead or alive. His duties were onerous, his watchfulness untiring. On the 1st of the ensuing May he was stationed at what is now Ilatborough with less than 500 men, mostly raw militia. Owing to the negligence of the officer of his picket guard his little camp was surrounded just at the dawn 448 T II E s A G t: S A X u ir E K E s of morning by about 800 British infantry, rangers and cavalry. He formed his men quickly and cut his way through with such impetuosity that he threw the enemy into confusion and escaped with the loss of only 2G killed with a few wounded and prisoners who were treated with a barbarity that casts savage warfare so far in the shade that their most cruel tortures would appear as refulgent sun light in comparison. This bold manoeuvre of Gen. Lacy and his brave Spartans was a matter of applause throughout the country. He was constantly employed by Gen. Washington on hazardous enterprizes and in every instance received his unqualified approbation. After the evacuation of Philadelphia Gen. Lacy was made a member of the legislature and served three consecu- tive sessions. In 1781 he closed his military career and like a good citizen, married an amiable daughter of Col. Reynolds of New Jersey and commenced a successful career of domestic felicity. He filled various civil offices, lived in the esteem of every patriot (not of all his Quaker relatives) and died at the village of New Mills, Burlington County, N. J. on the 17th of February 1814. LAURENS HENRY was ushered into the world at Charleston, S. C. in 1724. He was one of the first in his state to put the revolutionary ball in motion. He was President of the Provincial Congress of South Carolina that convened in June 1775. He prepared articles of associa- tion that demonstrated how clearly he perceived-how strongly he felt the oppressions of mother Britain. In November 1777 he succeeded John Hancock in the Presidential chair of the Continental Congress. In 1780 he was comissioned to proceed to Holland to negotiate a loan and form a treaty with the United Netherlands. On his passage he was captured by a British war vessel and on the 6th of October was committed to the tower in JLondon under the charge of high treason. He was there con- fined for 14 months and treated with the proverbial cruelty that has left a dark stain upon the names of the British ministers then in power, that if they were linen the concentrated powers of a thousand suns could not efface it in a million of years. Many stratagems were devised to obtain from him concessions and promises that would lessen his sufferings and apparent danger but which did not honor his country. They were spurned with an indignity that none but freemen can so burningly exhibit. When his son was sent to the court of France the father was recjuested to write and request him to desist from his mission or the life of his parent would be taken. He promptly refused and replied-" My son is of age and has a will of his own. I know him to be a man of honor. He loves me dearly and would lay down his life to save mine but I am sure he would not sacrifice his honor to save my life and I applaud him for it." The indignation of the Americans and many in the mother country was roused against those who held Mr. Laurens in bondage. The authorities found themselves in a tight place. They dare not try and con- demn him as a rebel. For this a swift retribution awaited them. Burgoyne and many other high functionaries were prisoners of war. The old patriot could not be moved from the position of a freemen. He correctly considered himself only a prisoner of war-his own countrymen and other nations were of the same opinion. After much ado about a plain simple matter the king's counsellors had him bound, with Messrs. Oswald and Anderson as sureties, to appear at the Easter term for trial after being OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 449 compelled to strike from the recognizance the words " our sovereign lord the king." Before leaving he was entirely released and requested by Lord Shelburne to hasten home to assist in consummating a peace. Before leaving he received a commission from Congress to repair to Paris and act in conjunction with Messrs. Franklin, Adams and Jay and had the proud satisfaction of signing the preliminaries of peace on the 30th of November 1782. His cruel deprivations during his imprison- ment laid the foundation of disease which terminated his life near Charleston, S. C. on the 8th of December 1792. His name is enrolled with the patriotic, the virtuous and the good. LAURENS JOEIN was the noble son of Henry before alluded to. He was one of the bravest of the brave. He entered the army in 1777 with the rank of lieutenant-colonel and was a member of the military family of Washington. At Germantown he was severely wounded in an attempt to dislodge the enemy from Chew's house. He gained lau- rels at Rhode Island, Monmouth, Savannah, Charleston and at several other points of desperate conflict. He was among the first to enter the lines at Yorktov^n. He courted danger ardently-his courage was im- petuous-he knew no fear. Dr. Ramsay said of him-" A dauntless bravery was the least of his virtues and an excess of it his greatest foible." His love for Washington knew no bounds. He challenged Gen. Charles Lee for speaking disrespectfully of the father of our coun- try and marked him for life. He was asked how young Laurens be- haved and replied-" I could have hugged the noble boy he pleased me so." His mission to France in 1781 to effect a loan was successful. His private virtues were as bright as his public career was brilliant. He was a high-minded, honorable, accomplished gentleman. At a tri- fling skirmish after the war was virtually closed this noble young man was killed in 1782. LEDYARD WILLIAM was born in Connecticut in 1738. He was a murdered martyr in the glorious cause of Liberty. After bravely defending Fort Griswold at New London against an overwhelming force under the traitor Arnold he was compelled to surrender [see the Life of Arnold]. A British officer entered and asked who commanded the fort. Col. Ledyard replied-" I did but you do now " and handed him his sword which he immediately plunged through the body of his defenceless prisoner. Nearly 70 were slaughtered after the surrender. The fort was manned by 157 militia hastily collected ggad poorly armed. But 6 were killed in the regular attack. The British had two commis- sioned officers and 40 privates killed-135 non-commissioned officers and privates wounded-conclusive proof of the bravery of Col. Ledyard and his men in an action of only forty minutes. The following extract from the inscription on the tomb-stone of Col. Ledyard shows the high estimation in which he was held. " By a judicious and faithful discharge of the various duties of his station he rendered most essential services to his country and stood confessed the unshaken patriot and intrepid hero. He lived the pattern of magnanimity, courtesy and humanity— he died the victim of ungene- rous rage and cruelty." LEE ARTHUR commenced his mortal career in Virginia in 1740. He was highly educated in Endand-took the degree of M. D. at the 57 450 THE SAGES AND HEROES medical university of Edinburgh-returned to Williamsburg in his native State and commenced the successful practice of his profession. In a few years he returned to England-read law in the Temple and became a political writer over the signature of Junius Americanus which gave him an acquaintance with the popular party and gained him a member- ship in the famed society of tiie supporters of the Bill of Rights. His numerous political essays in favor of the cause of Liberty gained for him a high reputation at home. He was associated with Messrs. Franklin and Deane in negotiating a treaty of alliance with France in 1776. Upon learning tiiat false accusations had been circulated by Mr. Deane alleging improper political conduct he resigned and re- turned home. He was elected to the Virginia Legislature in 1781 and then to Congress where he remained until 1785. The previous year he had effected a treaty with the Six Nations of Indians. He went from Congress into the Treasury Department where he continued up to 1789 when he left the public arena and died in 1792. He was a man of parts and a zealous patriot. LEE CHARLES was a native of North Wales and held a military commission at the age of eleven. His was emphatically the life of a soldier. He served at an early age in Canada-under Burgoyne in Portugal-in the Polish army-travelled the tour of Europe-killed an Italian officer in a duel-came to America in 1773-declared for Liberty and was made a major-general by Congress in 1775. He commanded for a time in New York-then in the south-was soon transferred to New Jersey where he was made prisoner in 1776 and treated in the most brutal manner and not exchanged until the close of the next year. In 1778 he was arraigned before a court martial for disobeying orders at the battle of Monmouth and suspended for one year. He lived in se- clusion in Virginia until 1782 when he repaired to Philadelphia and died in October of that year-poor and friendless-friendless because he was poor. He was a man of energy-a brave ofiicer-rather morose and not calculated to captivate or gain popular applause. LEE HENRY was born in Virginia in 1756 and entered the mili- tary arena in 1776 with the rank of captain of cavalry. At the battle of Germantown his company was the body guard of Washington. In 1780 he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel and put in command of the celebrated " Lee's Legion" so often referred to and which was a terror to the enemy during the war. At Eutaw Springs and in nume- rous battles he gained imperishable laurels. From 1786 to the time of the adoption of the Federal Constitution he was a member of Congress and a member of the Convention that framed that sacred instrument. In 1799 he was elected to Congress and selected to pronounce the fu- neral oration of President Washington. In 1792 he was governor of Virginia. For military courage, skill and prudence Col. Lee stood in the front rank. His capture of the garrison of Paulus Hook opposite New York in open day without the loss of a man and in sight of the main British army and navy, was a feat scarcely equalled during the Revolution. So perfect were his plans-so rapid were his movements that he eluded pursuit and took every man found in the garrison to the American camp. He commanded the army that put a quietus on the Whisky boys in Pennsylvania. With all iiis honors fresh upon him OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 451 he was incarcerated in prison for the crime of debt. He there wrote his " Memoirs of the Southern Campaign." He was severely wounded at the riot in BaUimore in 1814. He died at Cumberland Island in Georgia at the house of a friend in 1814. His remains repose near those of Gen. Greene who was his warm friend and companion in arms. His relentless creditors could rob him of his personal liberty but could not chain his noble mind nor rob him of a well earned fame or of the glorious title of an honest man. LEE EZRx\ was born in Connecticut in 1749. He left his plough in the furrow to avenge tlie wrongs that were heaped upon his country by the hirelings of the crown. With the commission of a Captain he entered the service under Gen. Parsons. He had the marked esteem of Gen. Washington and performed many secret missions for him. He fought with him at Trenton, Monmouth and Brandywine. When the British fleet lay in New York bay he sent every war vessel to Sandy Hook as fast as wind could take them-the men sweeping the bottoms of the ships with chains for fear some live Yankee might still be there. An ingenious apparatus for blowing up ships was invented by David Bushnel of Saybrook, Conn. Washington employed Capt. Lee to put it in operation. For the want of a resisting power to work the attaching screw he was not able to penetrate the copper on the bottom of the vessel. He finally detached the apparatus containing the magazine of powder and left it under one of the large war ships. In due time it exploded-put the water in earthquake agitation and shook the very earth. The brave Britons were as badly frightened as when they had the dreadful battle with the kegs on the Delaware opposite Philadelphia. They were missing in a short time. After the Inde- pendence of his country was secured Capt. Lee returned to his farm where he lived in the esteem of his fellow citizens and pursued the even tenor of his ways at Lyme Connecticut until the 29th of October 1821 when his noble soul returned to its original happy home. LEE THOMAS SIM was a citizen of Maryland and early espoused his country's rights and sternly opposed British wrongs. He served bis country in various public capacities-was a member of the Conti- nental Congress-a delegate to the Convention that framed the Federal Constitution and governor of his state. He lived in the full enjoy- ment of the esteem of his numerous friends until 1819 when his lamp of life was snufled out by death. LINCOLN BENJAMIN was introduced on our rolling planet at Hingham, Mass. on the 23d of January 1733. Like Cincinnatus he left his plough and hastened to repel the invading foe. As Colonel of militia he had taken the entered apprentice degree in military tactics and rose rapidly in rank. In 1776 the Council of Massachusetts made him a Major General and in February of the ensuing year Congress conferred on him a similar commission at the suggestion of Washington. He was with him at New York and in Jersey and rendered eflicient aid during that trying period. In July 1777 he joined the northern army and did much toward preparing the way for the capture of Burgoyne. He made his head quarters at Manchester, Vermont. On the 13th of Septeriiber he sent Col. Brown to lake George with 500 men who surprised the enemy-seized 200 batteaux-took 293 prisoners 1/ 452 THE SAGES AND HEROES and liberated 100 Americans with a loss of only three killed and five wounded. lie soon united his force with that of Gen. Gates and was second in command. During the bloody battle of the 7th of October he commanded within the lines. On the Sth of October he was severely wounded in the leg and disabled for a long time. He suffered several surgical operations and lost a considerable portion of the bone which lamed him for life. In 1778 he was put in command of the southern division of the army then in a miserable condition. Near the last of December Gen. Provost arrived with several armed vessels and 3000 fresh troops and occupied Savannah. In September 1779 Gen. Lincoln and Count D'Estaing made a bold but unsuccessful attack upon the enemy. A column under Count Dillion missed their way and were not in the action, to which accident may be attributed the failure of success. In leading on a corps of cavalry Count Pulaski was mortally wounded. Gen Lincoln then repaired to Charleston and used his best exertions to place it in a state of defence. In February 1780 Sir Henry Clinton arrived and on the 30th of March planted himself in front of that city. After wasting considerable powder he demanded a surrender on the 10th of April which was promptly refused. A vigorous siege was prosecuted until the 11th of May when terms of capitulation were arranged. Gen. Lincoln had kept the enemy at bay much longer than was anticipated by friend or foe. His conduct stood approved by all whose good opinion he valued. At Yorktown he commanded the central division. His conduct elicited the high appro- bation of Washington who mentioned him particularly in his report to Congress. In 1781 he was placed at the head of the War Department. At the end of two years he resigned and was complimented by Con- gress with a resolution of strong commendation. In 1784 he was one of the commissioners who made a treaty with the Penobscot Indians. In 1787 he connnanded the troops who quelled the rebellion of Shay and Day. The same year he was elected Lieut. Governor. In 1789 he was one of the commissioners who effected a treaty with the Creek Indians and in 1793 with the Western Indians. He was appointed Collector of the Port of Boston in 1789 which office he held until two years before his death which occurred on the 9th of May 1810. In all respects he was a worthy citizen and exemplified every virtue that renders a man truly useful. LIPPITT CHRISTOPHER was born in Rhode Island in 1744. From early life he took a deep interest in the welfare of his country and filled many public stations. When the war cry was sounded he was Colonel of a regiment and marched his yeoman troops to the battle field. He subsequently entered the Continental army-was raised to the rank of Brigadier-fought bravely at Harlaem Heights, White Plains, Trenton and Princeton and received the high commendation of Washington for his zeal, courage and uniform consistent course. He was elected governor of his native state before the close of the war and was several times called out to repel the invading foe. He was always at the post of duty and knew no fugitive fear. He acted a noble part in the drama of life-when the curtain of death closed upon him he was ready. He died at Cranston, Rhode Island in 1824. LIVINGSTON ROBERT R. was a native of the Empire State and OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 453 one of the early and bold patriots who bearded the British lion and drove him from his lair of illegitimate power. He was an acute law- yer, a profound jurist, an able statesman. He was a member of Con- gress in 1776 and on the committee appointed to prepare the Declara- tion of Independence. He was Secretary of Foreign Affairs-minister to France and for a long time chancellor of the State of New York. He dignified every station he occupied, graced the walks of private life and made a peaceful exit from earth in 1813. LIVINGSTON WILLIAM was born in New York in 1723. He was a ripe scholar, a firm patriot and was among the first to expose the usurpations of mother Britain and rouse the people to a vindication of their chartered rights. He was an able writer and was most sin- cerely hated by the creatures of the crown. He removed to New Jer- sey just previous to the war storm. He was an able member of Con- gress in 1774. He was the first governor of his adopted State under the new order of things and ably filled that dignified office for fourteen consecutive years when he was called " to that country from whose bourne no traveller returns." He died near Elizabethtown, N. J. on the 25th of July 1790 full of years and crowned with honors enduring as history. McCLINTOCK NATHANIEL commenced his earthly career in New Hampshire on the 21st of March 1757. He received a finished education and was a favorite in every circle where he moved. He was courted by the hirelings of the crown with the promise of high honors. He was affianced to Liberty and could not entertain their pro- positions. Soon after the war-cry was raised on the heights of Lexing- ton he entered the army with the commission of lieutenant. He rose quickly to the rank of major over older captains which created dissa- tisfaction among them although they fully agreed that his talents and services made him worthy of the promotion. He proved the noble magnanimity of his soul by at once resigning that perfect harmony might be restored. He had fought bravely at Trenton-at Ticonderoga and in all the battles with the troops of Burgoyne up to the time of his surrender. On leaving the army he entered on board the private armed ship General Sullivan of 20 guns, (Japt. Manning, as second lieutenant. In 1780 this ship was captured by two British cruisers of much supe- rior force after a severe engagement in which Maj. McClintock was killed. Thus prematurely fell one of the brightest and most promising sons of New Hampshire. McKlNSTRY JOHN is first ushered into historic notice at the battle of Bunker's Hill where he acted a brave part in repelling the overwhelm- ing force of the enemy. From that time to the surrender of Yorktown he was constantly in the field with a commission of captain often com- manding a partisan corps in bold and daring enterprises. In Canada he had become a terror to the enemy. At Cedar Keys, 30 miles above Montreal on the St. Lawrence, he was taken prisoner and soon bound to a tree by the savages and surrounded with faggots. All hope of escape had fled-a torturing death seemed inevitable-the torch w^as ready to be applied-the war dance was arranged-the Captain uttered what he supposed was his last prayer. Al that awful moment Heaven reminded him that he was a Mason and had heard that the ruling chief, / 454 THE SAGES AND nEROES Brandt, belonged to the same lime honored fraternity. He gained his eye-gave him the proper sign-was instantly released-treated with great kindness and exchanged in a short time. Many instances are on record of a similar character and others of a different nature where a bro- ther has been rescued from the jaws of death. Gen. Freegift Patchin, of my native place was rescued by Brandt when a prisoner in Canada under exactly similar circumstances. I have often heard it from his own lips. If all mankind were true Masons and no black sheep in the flock-a harmony would succeed before unknown. The instances above cited should silence every objector to an institution pure in principle but sometimes dishonored by the unworthy. Capt. McKinstry resumed the business of agriculture when the army was disbanded and lived in the esteem of his countrymen in the town of Livino-ston,N. Y. until 1822 when his mourning neighbors performed the last solemn duty of placing him in his grave. McPHERSON WILLIAM was born at Philadelphia, Pa. in 1750. He was made a cadet in the British army when but 13 years of age. At the commencement of the American Revolution he was adjutant of the 16th Regiment of the king's troops. This did not make him a loy- alist. His innate love of freedom induced him to at once tender his resio-nation which w^as not accepted till 1779 when he repaired to the American camp. Having been stationed at Pensacola up to this time he had never drawn his sword against his country. He had been long personally and favorably known to Gen. Washington who at once made him a brevet major. He was an aid under Gen. La Fayette for some time and subsequently placed over a corps of cavalry in Virginia. On all occasions he acquitted himself nobly. On the 19th of ^September 1789 he was made surveyor of the port of Philadelphia-in 1792 inspec- tor of revenue-in 171)3 naval officer, which station he held until 1813 when he was called from time to eternity. MADISON JAMES was born in Orange County, Virginia, on the 16th of March, 1751. Although young at the commencement of the Revolution he took a deep interest in its success. After the close of the struggle for Independence he was among those who clearly saw that the old Articles of Confederation could not preserve the priceless Liberty obtained. He has the imperishable honor of proposing the Convention that framed the inestimable Federal Constitution that has thus far held our ship of state to its moorings amidst the dashing waves of party spirit-the roaring breakers of political fanaticism-the angry surges of impolitic ultraism. His fame as a far-seeing statesman stands on a lofty eminence. His voluminous writings bear the impress of giant intellect-unalloyed patriotism-sterling integrity and untirmg industry. He succeeded Thomas Jefferson in the Presidential chair and served two terms. He steered the ship of state through the second war of Independence and run her close to the wind. His life was a continued course of usefulness-his demise left a vacuum in our nation not readily filled. The curtain of death closed upon him in 1830. MANLY JOHN commenced his earthly pilgrimage in Massachu- setts in 1734. He was one of the first wlu) met the enemy on her fa- vorite element. He was put in command of the armed schooner Lee on the 24th of October 1775 and cruised in and around Massachusetts OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 455 Bay. His success was beyond all anticipation. He made numerous captures of great value to the American army and embryo navy. His noble daring and consummate skill were hailed as germs of future great- ness. He was transferred to the privateer Hancock and launched out upon a more extensive cruise and captured the British sloop of war Fox and several other prizes. On his return he was received with great enthusiasm and transferred to the privateer Jason. Soon after he sailed he was attacked by two English privateers of 18 and 10 guns. He ran the Jason between them before he fired a gun and in a few brief moments they both surrendered. On his return passage with these prizes he was captured by the Rainbow of 40 guns on the 8th of July 1777 and was confined in Mill Prison and at Halifax until near the close of the war and treated with the proverbial cruelty so often before noticed. In 1782 he was put in command of the frigate Hague. Dur- ing his cruise he was run on a sand bank near Guadaloupe by a 74 gun ship which was joined by three other ships of the line. They opened a tremendous fire upon the frigate which was continued for three days. On the morning of the fourth day the Hague swung clear, hoisted the Continental colors-fired a farewell salute of 13 guns and returned to Boston. Charges were there brought against this gallant captain by one of his officers. These were partially sustained before a court mar- tial but appear not to have been placed upon the public records nor well understood by the community. His unsurpassed bravery may have operated in his favor. He died at Boston on the 12th of February 1793. MARSHALL JOHN was born in Virginia in 1756. He was one of the noble sons of the Old Dominion who threw themselves in the breach made upon our country by the corrupt British ministry. He was a long time in the tented field under Washington and acted a bold and glorious part in the achievement of our Independence. lie was a man of superior talents-sound education and strong mind. In 1707 he was envoy to France-Secretary of State under Thomas Jetierson and soon after was made Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court which station he dignified to the close of his life. He wrote an elabo- rate Life of Washington. He was universally esleeined as an orna- ment to the bench, his country and to every circle in which he moved. MATHEWS THOMAS is first spoken of as a citizen of Nortblk, Virginia and a brave officer of the Revolution. It is painful to the his- torian in search of facts relative to the Sages and Heroes of the Ame- rican Revolution to be unable to ascertain even the birth-place of many who did good service in the glorious cause of Independence. So in this case. Mr. Mathews was a prominent man-rose to the rank of general-was speaker of the House of Delegates in Virginia and nobly perfi)rmed the public and private duties of life that devolved upon him. He died at Norfolk, Va. on the 20th of April 1812. MERCER HUGH was born and educated at Aberdeen, Scotland. He became a physician and was surgeon's mate at the battle of Cullo- den Moor, Scotland, where the young Pretender was defeated by the Duke of Cumberland in 1745. He came to Pennsylvania in 1746 and was actively engaged in the border wars. He was with Gen. Braddock in 1755 and witnessed the avvfiil slaughter on the day that general was mortally wounded. He formed an intimacy with Washington during 456 THE SAGES AND HEROES that cnmyiaign. The next year he served under Gen, Armstrong and greatly distinguished himself at the battle with the Indians at Kittanning above l^iltsburgh. He there narrowly escaped being caj)turcd-had his right arm broken with a ball-became separated from his companions and was alone in tlie wilderness two weeks before reaching Cumber- land without any food but \vater and the flesh of a rattlesnake that he fortunately killed. The city of Philadelphia presented him with a splendid medal for his bravery on that occasion. In 17G3 he removed to Fredericksburg, Va. wiiere he enhanced his importance in society by leading Isabella Gordon to the hymeneal altar. He soon gained a good practice in his profession and the esteem of a large circle of ac- quaintances. He was an ardent Whig and was among the first to repel the enemy by force of arms. He was at once made a brigadier-gene- ral. His brigade was a part of the left wing of the American army at the battle of Trenton in December 1776. On the 3d of January fol- lowing he commenced the attack at Princeton with 350men. Before the main force could be brought to his support he was charged by the whole regiment commanded by Col. Mawhood. His line was broken- he was surrounded in person and compelled to surrender alter which he was tuortally wounded. At tliat moirienl Washington came up and quickly routed the enemy and rescued the brave Mercer. lie lived but one week and was buried at Princeton. His death was not only deeply deplored by his friends, the army and Congress but was a most serious loss to the country at large. His age, experience, talents, high charac- ter-all combined to render him one of the niost important men of our nation at that eventful era. In the memoirs of Gen. Wilkinson he is placed next in rank to Washington in point of prospective usefulness. His whole soul was enlisted in the glorious cause of Liberty. MEIGS RETURN JOiNATHAN was a native of Middletown, Conn. At the commencement of the struggle for freedom he had his military lamp trimmed and burningbrightly with the fire of patriotism. He was in command of a splendid company of infantry volunteers in beautiful uniform, well armed and eager for service. He marched to Cambridge immediately on receiving intelligence of the battle of Lexington. He was soon raised to the rank of major and endured the fatigues of the expedition to Quebec under Arnold. In the desperate attack on that fortress he commanded a battalion and was among the first who scaled the walls and entered the city where he was taken prisoner and was not exchanged until near the close of 1776. In 1777 he was made a colonel and performed many astonishing feats of valor. On the 23d of May of that year he proceeded to Sag Harbor, Long Island, with 170 men-destroyed 12 British vessels fully laden with supplies for the army then in New York-killed six of the enemy-took DO prisoners and returned to New Haven without the loss of a man. For this bold and successful enter- prise Congress voted him an elegant sword. In 1779 he commanded one of the regiments under Gen. Wayne at the storming of Stony Point. He was a reliable man on all occasions and under the most trying cir- cumstances. In 1787 he was one of the pioneer colony that located at the mouth of the Muskingum river on the Ohio. He was their esteemed governor until the ofhcers of the territory arrived. He formed a code of regulations which were subscribed and placed upon a venerable oak where OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 457 they were as frequently and more usefully consulted than the oracle Apollo at Delphi. He was a man of great philanthropy-a warm friend of the injured red men and accepted the agency of the Cherokee station. He gained the confidence and love of that noble nation who named him " the rrliite path." With them he lived usefully and died peacefully on the 28lh of January 1823 strong in hope, rich in faith with a full assurance of a glorious immortality. MIFFLIN THOMAS commenced his earthly career in Pennsylvania in 1744. He was an influential Quaker until he was read out of meeting in 1775 because he dared strike for Liberty. He was an early, warm and able advocate of equal rights. He was an efficient member of the Congress of 1774. He was commissioned Quarter-Master-General in August 1775. He was one of the most successful stump-orators of that time. No one could more effectually excite the populace-when incited to action it needed a cooler head to direct the tornado and rule the storm of passion. He was very useful in rousing the militia to rush to the rescue. In 1787 he was a member of the Convention that framed the Federal Constitution. In October 1788 he succeeded Franklin in the chair of the Executive Council of the state. He aided in forming the first republican Constitution of Pennsylvania and was the first Governor under it. He was eminently useful in terminating the whisky rebellion. In all that he undertook he executed with great zeal and energy. His life was devoted to the good of his country-he filled his measure of useful- ness and left the theatre of life at Lancaster, Pa. on the 20th of January 1800. MILLER HENRY is first introduced as one of the bravest officers of the Continental army. He rose to the rank of colonel and was a tliorny customer of the enemy when retreating through New Jersey. At numerous battles he was distinguished for cool and undaunted courage. At the battle of Monmouth he had two horses killed under him while leadinij; liis men to the charge. He commanded a brigade of militia at Baltimore the last time mother Britain attempted to chastise her truant child. He filled several civil offices and dignified them with old school civility-an article rather on the decline in these modern days of new fangled notions. He died at Carlisle, Pa. on the 5th of April 1824. MONROE JAMES commenced his busy life in Virginian in 1759. He entered the Continental army at the age of 17 and proved a noble and brave boy. He distinguished himself in the battles of Harlaeni Heights, White Plains, Trenton, Brandywine, Germantown and Mon- mouth. At the latter he was aid to Gen. Sterling. At the close of tlie war he held the commission of Captain. He then read law with Thomas Jefferson-became a member of the Virginia legislature-was elected to Congress in 1783-in 1790 was a member of the United States Senate-in 1794 was minister to France-in 1799 governor of Virginia-in 1803 minister to France, the same year minister to Eng- land-in 1804 minister to Spain-in 1806 minister to Erigland-in 1811 Secretary of State under Madison-then Secretary of War-in 1817 President of the United States and served two terms-labor and glory enough for the life of one man. James Monroe came from the search- ing crucible of all these responsible stations like gold seven times tried-free from dross and full in weight-a fact that renders the eulogy 58 458 THE SAGES AND HEROES of words on his fame imbecile. He made his last bow upon the stage of life on the glorious 4th of July 1831 when the curtain of death dropped and hid him from the admiring view of a gazing world. MONTGOMERY RICHARD commenced his journey in this world of fickle spirits in the north of Ireland in 1737. He was one of the noblest sons of the Emerald Isle. His genius was brilliant-his educa- tion finished, his manners accomplislied, his soul patriotic-the whole man was worthy of admiration. He fought for Great Britain under Wolfe and fell on the very groinid where he had joined in shouts of victory in 1759. He came to America to remain permanently in 1772-purchased an estate near 100 miles above New York City-mar- ried a daughter of Judge Livingston and become a prominent citizen and a warm friend to the cause of Liberty. In 1775 he was appointed Major General and in conjunction with Gen. Schuyler placed over the northern forces. In October the illness of his colleague left him in sole command. He captured Fort Chamblee, St. Johns and Montreal by the 12th of November. He then proceeded to Quebec and formed a junction with Arnold at Point Aux Trembles. On the 1st of Decem- ber a siege was commenced on Quebec and continued until the 31st of that month. On the memorable last day of 1775 the gallant little band under these two ardent soldiers was led to the storming attack of the town in four divisions with strong fortifications to overcome and double their force within the walls. The first gun that was fired upon the division led by the gallant Montgomery killed him and his two aids. His death spread a general gloom over our land and was deeply lamented in the mother country. Congress caused a monument to be erected to his memory in front of St. Paul's church in the city of New York with a suhable inscription. By direction of the legislature of the empire state his remains were brought from Quebec and deposited near this moiuinient on the 8th of July 1818. His widow lived to see the last vestiges of the husband of her youth-our nation rejoiced to have this noble hero repose in the bosom of our own soil. The fame of Gen. Montgomery is above eulogy. It will grow richer with age-time cannot corrode it. MORGAN DANIEL was a native of Durham, Bucks county, Pa. From there he removed to New Jersey and then to Virginia where he was a common laborer for some time and by his industry and economy saved money sufficient to ultimately purchase a farm in the county of Frederic. When a common laborer his company was not of the highest order-his habits not rigidly moral but in that company he was the ruling spirit. He was with Braddock when defeated by the P'rench and Indians and received a wound that marked him in the face for life. Like many more with a rough exterior, he had a noble heart within hini-a heart full of daring courage, patriotism and philanthroj)y. He was among the first who rushed to the standard of Washington at Cambridge with the commission of Captain. He was with Arnold in his memorable expedition to Quebec and was taken prisoner during the attack on that city. On being exchanged he returned and took command of the celebrated rifle corps that so often carried death into the ranks of the enemy. At the capture of Burgoyne the carnage pro- duced by this corps was terrific-especially among the bravest of the OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 459 British officers-contributing very largely in achieving that splendid victory that first rolled back the tide of war upon the conquering foe. Of this all seemed sensible but Gen. Gates who did not award to him his just share of credit in his report to Washington and Congress. For a time he left the service. When Gates was ordered to the command of the southern army he personally solicited Col. Morgan to accom- pany him. He was plainly referred to past improper treatment but the Colonel ultimately repaired to that field with the commission of Briga- dier General. He became the hero of the Cowpensfor which Congress voted him a gold medal. That brilliant affair has been previously described. About that time Gen. Greene succeeded Gates. A dis- agreement occurred between him and Morgan as to tlie route to be taken in the retreat. Morgan took his own way-joined Greene at Guilford court house and then left the service. He subsequently com- manded the Virginia troops in the campaign against the whisky boys in Pennsylvania. He was elected a member of Congress and filled the station with dignity. He ultimately located at Winchester, Va. where he lived in the high esteem of his fellow citizens-became a con- sistent member of the Presbyterian church and died in 1799. He was possessed of strong common sense-a brave but sensitive soldier-a good citizen-a worthy and honest man. MORGAN JOHN was born in Philadelphia in 1735 and became an eminent physician and sterling whig. In 1765 he was elected Pro- fessor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine in the Medical College of Philadelphia. In October 1775 he was appointed chief physician of the hospitals of the American army. Jealousy and envy put the tongue of slander in motion and induced false accusations against him and succeeded in effecting his removal in a few months. He did not again enter the thorny course of public life and died at Philadelphia in 1789. MORRIS GOVERNEUR commenced his earthly pilgrimage near the city of New York in 1752. He was liberally educated and became an eloquent and sound lawyer. He was a member of the Provincial Con- gress of N. Y. in 1775 and on the committee that dral'ted the first con- stitution of that state. In 1777 he was a member of the Continental Congress-in 1781 was associated with Robert Morris as assistant super- intendent of Finance-in 1787 a member of the Convention that framed the Federal Constitution-in 1792 minister plenipotentiary to France and in 1800 was elected to the U. S. Senate where his extensive acquire- ments and Ciceronean eloquence shed fresh lustre on that body-on his country and his own high reputation. Mr. Sparks has published his speeches and writings with an interesting biographical sketch of his life. He was an ornament to every circle in which he moved-an honor to every station he filled-a particular star in the galaxy of the Sages of his day and generation. MOULTRIE WILLIAM was ushered upon this mundane sphere in England in 1730 and came to Charleston, South Carolina to enjoy Free- dom. When mother Britain violated that inherent privilege he was among the first to resist the invading foe. He was a prominent member of the public meetings and conventions that prepared the people to vindicate their rights. He was appointed colonel of one of the three regiments raised in 4G0 TUE SAGES AND HEROES his adopted state in 1775. He superintended the. erection of the Fort on SulHvan's Ishind that bears his name. So hastily was it constructed and so slender was its formation that he was advised to abandon it on the approach of the British fleet. On the 28th of June 177G Sir Peter Parker came up with eight ships of war and opened a tremendous hre upon this fragile fortress and the presumptuous rebels. To his utter astonishment streams of flashing fire gleamed from the American battery-a storm of iron hail came crashing among his ships. Splinters flew-rigging dropped-blood flowed-men fell. For ten hours Sir Peter raved and foamed with anger and urged his men to renewed exertions. At length a rebel cannon ball kissed ofl'the nether part of his silk breeches which he considered a per- sonal reflection upon his dignity and sullenly retired with his fleet after having been badly cut up. This brave defence by a few raw militia against an overwhelming veteran force was a theme of enthusiastic praise throughout America and Europe. Col. Moultrie was raised to the rank of brigadier-general and in 1779 was made a major-general in the Con- tinental army. He participated in the most trying scenes of the south up to the surrender of Charleston on the 12th of May 1780 when he became a prisoner and was not exchanged until near the close of hostilities. He then returned to his home and aided in perfecting measures to preserve that Independence for which he had so nobly fought and conquered. He was elected governor of Virginia and filled several minor offices with usefulness and dignity. He died at Charleston S. C. on the 27th of September 1805. MUHLENBURG PETER was born in Pennsylvania in 1740. His father was the Patriarch of the German Lutheran church in the Keystone state. This son was liberally educated and became the Rector of an Episcopal church. He loved his flock well but loved his country and her freedom more. At the commencement of the struggle for Liberty he exchanged his gown for regimentals, his pen for the sword, his pulpit for the tented field. In 1770 he received the commission of colonel- raised a regiment and marched it to head-quarters. The next year he was raised to the rank of brigadier and near the close of the war to the rank of major-general. He was a prudent, deliberate, brave and reliable officer. He had the unlimited confidence of Washington and performed his duty nobly on all occasions. At the siege of Yorktown he acted a bold and conspicuous part. After the war closed he was Vice-President of the Executive Council, member of the legislature, a U. S. Senator, Supervisor of excise and Collector of the Port of Philadelphia at the time of his death which occurred on the 1st of October 1807 at his country seat in Montgomery Co. Pa. As a Christian, minister, soldier, general, civil officer, citizen, husband, father, relative and friend-he acted a noble part and fulfilleJ the design of his creation. NICHOLSON JAMES was born at Chestertown, Md. in 1737. He was a hardy son of Neptune from his youth and an uncompromising opponent of tyranny. When the revolutionary storm commenced he dared to brave its fury and tempt the bosses of its foaming surges. He was put in command of the armed ship Defence at the commencement of the war of Liberty and for a long time was a successful cruiser. Just before the close of the Revolution he was captured and put on board a prison ship at New York. He was a skilful, daring, nuble and vigilant OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 461 officer. His name is worthy of a place with the Sages and Heroes of our Independence. He died in 1806. OGDEN MATTHIAS was a brave colonel in the Continental army and among the first in the field of military glory. He passed through the wilderness to Quebec with Arnold and was carried from the walls of that city severely wounded on the day of the unfortunate attack by the Americans. He served to the close of the war with credit to himself and usefulness to his country. Near the termination of the Revo- lution he was raised to the rank of brigadier-general. He was a man highly honorable in all things and under all circumstances-liberal, charitable and honest. He died at Elizabethtown N. J. on the 31st of March 1791. OLNEY JEREMIAH commenced his exemplary life in Rhode Island in 1750. He was remarkable for mildness and an abundant share of the milk of human kindness and just as remarkable for his undaunted bravery in the field of battle and unshaken firmness in the cause of Freedom. He was much admired by Washington and frequently led the Rhode Island line to victory. He participated in the dangers and glory of the battles of Springfield, Monmouth, Red Bank and Yorktown. Subsequent to the war he was Collector of the Port of Providence and President of the Society of Cincinnati of his native state. No man enjoyed more fully the affection of all who knew him-no one more richly merited it. He died at his residence on the 10th of Nov. 1812. ORR JOHN was born in New Hampshire in 1748. He was an officer under the brave and independent Stark and so severely wounded in one of his legs at the battle of Bennington that he was crippled for life. He was a man of strong intellect and filled several judicial and legislative offices with ability and strict fidelity He had the respect and confidence of his fellow citizens through life and was sincerely mourned at his death which occurred at Bedford, N. H. in 1823. PAINE THOMAS commenced his eventful life in England in 1737. He pursued the business of stay maker for some time in London-then went to sea in a British privateer-was subsequently an excise man and a grocer. On learning the situation of the American Colonies from Franklin he became deeply interested in their behalf and came to this country in 1775 when his intellectual powers suddenly burst into a blaze of light. His vigorous essays and eloquent speeches in favor of American Independence did much towards consummating that glorious event. Had he published or said nothing against that religion which is held sacred by the great mass of our nation he w^ould have remained as he was at first-one of the npiOst popular political men of that time. If professing Christians all honored the religion of the cross infidelity would be robbed of its richest aliment. Hypocrites, degenerate and lukewarm church members, bigoted sectarians, dogmatical dictators, deluded fanatics-are all caterers for infidelity. The editor of the Cottage Bible remarks in commenting on the 19th chap, of Judges-" More inhumanity and villany may be found among degenerate professors of Christianity than among infidels and in general where we expect the most kindness we meet with the greatest injuries." This remark is painfully true but is not an argument against primitive Christianity. If we had no pure coin or solvent banks, counterfeit notes and bogus money could not be circulated. If Christianity 462 THE SAGES AND HEROES was not essentially good, hypocrites would be left without a motive to pro- fess it. Aside from the question of its divine origin, as a system of social order-as the foundation of rational liberty and moral rectitude-as a system imparting the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number-it rises sulJHmcly above all others. This is conceded by the ablest infidel writers. I refer to primitive Christianity as taught and practised by the immacu- late Redeemer and his disciples. As this is nol-cannol be denied, com- mon sense dictates that all should practice at least its moral precepts if only upon the ground of self-preservation and interest which are ever dependent upon social order and good government. Thomas Paine took an active part in the French Revolution-was a member of the National Assembly-incurred the displeasure of Robespierre-fled to escape the guillotine-returned to America and died in the city of New York in 1809 not in a quiescent state of mind. PARSONS SAMUEL HOLDEN was a citizen of Connecticut and an eminent lawyer. Wiien the Revolution commenced he. left his office for the tented field resolved on Liberty or death. His zeal and daring courage gained for him the commission of major-general. He had the unlimited confidence of Washington-the esteem of his fellow officers- the love of his brave soldiers-the admiration of his numerous acquain- tances-the gratitude of his bleeding country. His useful career was cut short by his being drowned near Pittsburgh, Pa. in 1789. PAULDING JOHN was born in the State of New York in 1732. He was a brave soldier and rose from the ranks to the grade of major after he aided in the capture of Major Andre. For that noble act the names of Paulding, Williams and Van Wert are embalmed in the af- fections of every patriot whilst the name of the traitor Arnold rouses a manly indignation in the bosom of every man who loves his country. His portrait wall darken as time rolls on. For this important capture Congress passed a highly complimentary resolution on the 3d of No- vember 1780 and made the following order which was placed upon the records. " That each of them receive annually, out of the public trea- sury, two hundred dollars in specie or an equivalent in the current money of these States, during life and that the Board of War procure for each of them a silver medal, on one side of which shall be a shield with this inscription-' Fidelity' and on the other the following motto- * Vincit amor patricB' [the love of our country prevails] and forward them to the commander-in-chief, who is requested to present the same, with a copy of this resolution and the thanks of Congress for their fide- lity and the eminent service they have rendered their country." Maj. Paulding died at Staatsburgh, Duchess County, N. Y. on the 30th of December 1819. PETERS NATHAN was a native of Connecticut and a bold de- fender of his country's rights. On the morning after the cry-" To arms! to arms!" sounded in his ears and ran through his soul like vivid lightning he was on his way to the field of battle. He rose rapidly from the grade of lieutenant to that of major and became one of the boldest of the bold. He fought bravely at Long Island, Frog's Point, Trenton, Princeton and in every place where he met the enemy in mortal com- bat. On the 6th of September 1781, before Arnold left Fort Gris- wold, he caused a slow train of powder to be set on fire communicating OP THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 463 with the magazine. Just before it reached the volcanic mass Major Peters rushed into the fort and prevented a destructive explosion. No dangers prevented him from the prompt performance of every duty. At the close of the successful struggle for freedom he resumed the prac- tice of lav/ at New London where he lived in the high esteem of his friends and his country to a ripe old age. He was a sound lawyer, a safe counsellor, a brave soldier, a good citizen-AN honest man. PETERS RICHARD was born in the balmy month of June in 1744. He was educated at Philadelphia and became an eminent member of the bar of that city. Understanding the rights of his country and the ad- vantages of freedom he determined to maintain them at all hazards. In 177G he was made secretary to the Board of War and faithfully per- formed the arduous duties of that important station until 1781 when he was elected a member of Congress and continued in that august body to the close of hostilities. He was appointed the first United States District Judge for Pennsylvania and highly honored that dignified sta- tion for thirty-six consecutive years. His decisions in the Court of Admiralty form the foundation on which our superstructure of that branch of jurisprudence is raised. This platform was adopted by the celebrated maritime judge Lord Stowell of England-a high compliment to the judicial acumen of Judge Peters. He was deservedly popular because scrupulously impartial, rigidly just and proverbial for humanity and kindness. In his performance of all the public and private duties of life he was a luminous example of human excellence worthy of ad- miration and imitation. He was a liberal patron of public improve- ments and did much to improve agriculture. He died at his residence in August 1828. PETTIT CHARLES was born in New Jersey in 1737. He was a sensible lawyer and opposed to the usurpations of the hirelings of mo- ther Britain although himself secretary of his native province when the revolutionary storm commenced its pitiless peltings. Congress made him a deputy quartermaster under Gen. Greene in conjunction with Col. Coxe. They performed the perplexing and arduous duties of that responsible office whilst Gen. Greene was in the field to the entire satis- faction of Washington, the army and Congress-a high encomium upon their perseverance and activity when we reflect upon their limited means to perform a mighty work. At the close of the Revolution he removed to Philadelphia and became a successful merchant. He was a member of Congress from Pennsylvania under the old Confederation- a member of the State Convention that sanctioned the Federal Consti- tution and in every public station which he was called to fill he per- formed his duty with the strictest integrity and great industry. His private virtues rendered him dear to every good man. He was presi- dent of the first insurance company incorporated in Philadelphia. He died at his residence on the 6th of September 1806. PICKERING TIMOTHY commenced his infancy at Salem, Mass. in 1746. He was favored with a classical education and superior ta- lents. He took an early and active part in the cause of equal rights and rendered efficient service in organizing the new government of his native State. He was made a judge of the Common Pleas and Mari- time courts-adjutant-general of the United States army and a member 464 THE SAGES AND HEROES of the Board of War. From 1790 to '98 he negotiated several treaties with sundry tribes of Indians, lender President Washington he was in succession Postmaster General, JSecretary of War and Secretary of State. From 1803 to 1811 he was a member of the United Slates Se- nate-from 1814 to '17 was a representative in Congress. Few men of his time performed more public work-no one acted with more fidelity and faithfulness. lie was an able judge, a firm patriot, a judicious legislator, an efficient officer-a credit to his 8tate-an honor to our na- tion and in ail respects a worthy man. He died in Salem, Mass. in 1829. PICKENS ANDREW commenced his earthly existence in Bucks County, Pa. on the 13th of September 1739. When Andrew was a child his father removed to Augusta County, Va. and then to Waxhaw, in South Carolina. Andrew commenced a brilliant military career in the French war-served with Marion and Moultrie in 1761 in the san- guinary expedition against the Cherokees under Lieut. Col. Grant and became a hardy frontier warrior. When mother Britain became inso- lent and oppressive he was as ready to fight as he had been to serve her. He became a terror to the refugees alias Tories. At Kettle Creek he pounced upon an army of them under Col. Boyd of double his force and flogged them so severely that they were quiet until the British army afterwards spread over the south. At the Cowpens he commanded the militia and inspired them with the courage of veteran regulars. Con- gress voted him a sword for his gallantry on that occasion. At Eutaw he commanded the Carolina militia in conjunction with Marion. He was severely wounded in the breast by a musket ball early in the action and but for the buckle of his sword belt would have been shot through. When Charleston surrendered he was obliged to flee before the enemy to North Carolina and was among the first to rally under the indomita- ble Greene. In 1781 he commanded the last expedition against the Cherokees and laid the foundations of the peace that has never since been broken. Through the entire course of his military career he stood approved by his superiors and beloved by those under his command. He rose to'the rank of brigadier-general in the regular army and was made major-general of militia in 1794. At the close of the war he filled several civil otiices and aided essentially in consummating the treaty of Hopewell with the Cherokees to which place he removed soon after. He was a member of the convention that formed the Constitution of his State-a member of the legislature and in 1794 was elected to Congress. In 1797 he was returned to the legislature of his State where he re- mained fourteen consecutive years. He was a commissioner in all the treaties w^ith the southern Indians. In this department Washington considered him the most useful man of that time. He took a deep inte- rest in the war of 1812 and was that year governor of his State. He then retired to private life full of honors and years with a fame that will grow richer as it shall be rehearsed by each succeeding genera- tion. His private character was as spotless as his public life was bril- liant. He died at his residence on the 11th of October 1817. PORTER ANDREW was born in Worcester, Montgomery County, Pa. on the 24th of September 1743. Without the advantages of a school education he became an eminent mathematician by the force of his own OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 465 genius and industry. When the Revolution commenced he was at the head of a large mathematical school in the city of Philadelphia. Deem- ing the cause of Liberty paramount to all other interests he tendered his services to. Congress and on the 19th of June 1776 he was made a captain of marines and placed on board the frigate Etiingham. He was shortly after transferred to the artillery corps where he made himself extremely useful during the whole period of the war. He was ulti- mately raised to the rank of Colonel and commanded the 4th Pennsyl- vania regiment of artillery. He distributed iron hail etiectually at the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Germanlown and Brandywine. At Ger- mantown he received the thanks of Gen. Washington on the field for his skill and undaunted courage. He was with Gen. Sullivan in his expedition against the Indians on the Susquehanna. It was Col. Porter who suggested to Gen. Clinton the plan of raising the water of Otsego Lake by a dam at its narrow outlet which produced a iiood sutiicient to float his troops on rafts to Tioga Point where they formed a junction with Sullivan. When the siege of Yorktov/n was planned Gen. Wash- ington placed Col. Porter in charge of the military laboratory in Phila- delphia to prepare the shells, cartridges, &c. for that important occasion. Although deprived the pleasure of being at the siege he had the high honor of preparing the thunder and hail that terminated the sanguinary conflict. Subsequent to the war he was one of the commissioners to run a line by astronomical observations between Pennsylvania and the adjoining States. He succeeded Gen. Muhlenberg as major-general of militia. Governor Snyder appointed him surveyor-general of the State of Pennsylvania in 1809 which oiiice he ably filled until the 16th of No- vember 1813 when he left earth for a fairer, brighter world on high. He was buried in the Presbyterian church-yard at Harrisburg with mi- litary honors. PREBLE EDWARD commenced his earthly career at Portland, Maine, an the 15th of August 1761. From his youth he gloried in hazardous enterprises. At the age of eighteen he became a midshipman on board the Protector of 26 guns commanded by the brave Capt. John Forster Williams. On his first cruise young Preble had the proud satis- faction of contributing to the capture of the Admiral Duti' of 36 guns after a brief but sanguinary action which so injured the British vessel that she sunk in a few moments with 40 of her crew. In the second cruise the Protector was captured and most of the officers taken to England. Preble was permitted to return and was made first lieutenant on board the sloop of war Winthrop. Shortly after that he took a party of brave tars in the night and captured a British armed brig lying in Penobscot Bay and of superior force to the Winthrop. This was ac- complished with fourteen men dressed in white frocks. The brig lay near the shore and a large number of the enemy jumped overboard as the shrouded tars gained the deck and made for land where lay a con- siderable British force with artillery. Amidst a brisk fire Preble towed out his prize and moored her safely along side of the Winthrop. He continued on this ship till the close of the war. In 1801 he commanded the frigate Essex-in 1804 was made a commodore and placed in charge of the Mediterranean fleet of seven sail which prepared the way for placing the Bashaw of Tripoli upon his proper level and induced him 59 466 THE SAGES AND HEROES to cnlcr upon an honorable peace and relinquish all claims to a tribute. This act placed Com. Preble high on the list of naval heroes. He died on the 2.5th of August 1807. PRKSCOTT WILLIAM was born at Goshen, Massachusetts in 1726. He early engaged in the service of mother Britain and acted a distinguished part at the capture of Cape Breton in 1758. He was a Colonel of militia when the war commenced and one of the first in the field. He commanded at the sanguinary battle at Bunker's and Breed's Hill on the 17th of June 1775. With 1200 men hastily col- lected and with a temporary breast-work-made principally by excavat- ing a shallow ditch and placing two rail fences parallel near each other and fining the interval with fresh mowed grass-he continued to re- pulse 5000 veteran troops, with a slaughter equalled only at the battle of New Orleans, until his ammunition was expended when he retreated with a loss of 453 men-killing 1054 of the enemy. Col. Prescott then entered the regular service and continued in the army mitil 1777 and then resigned. He was a volunteer at the capture of Burgoyne and rendered essential service. After the Revolution he served in the legislature and filled various civil offices with fidelity. He was brave, noble, generous and humane. In his " Memoirs" Gen. Lee beauti- fufly remarks-" When future generations shall inquire where are the men who gained the brightest prize of glory in the arduous contest which ushered in our nation's birth ? Upon Prescott and his com- panions in arms will the eye of history beam. The military annals of the world rarely furnish an achievement which equals the firmness and courage displayed on that proud day by the gallant band of Americans and it certainly stands first in the brilliant events of the war." Col. Prescott died in 1795 sincerely mourned. PRIOLExAU SAMUEL was a native of Charleston, South Carolina, born in 1743 and among the first of that noble band of patriots who resolved on Liberty or death. He was in active service until taken prisoner at the surrender of his native city. He was then taken to the castle at St. Augustine and treated with great cruelty. His wife with five children fled to Philadelphia. He possessed great firmness and was emphatically a true patriot-a good citizen-an honest man. He died at Charleston on the 23d of March 1813. PULASKI COUNT was a native of Poland and put forth his noblest eff'orts to redeem her from thraldom. In 1771 he called around him a few brave spirits-penetrated the capitol and carried away King Stanislaus in the face of his petrified guards. He soon made his escape and proclaimed Pulaski an outlaw. He then came to America and was created a Brigadier General. Being unacquainted with our lan- guage he could not command to advantage but no one could better lead a column of cavalry in a charge. He served some time at the north and was then transferred to the south and fell at Savannah boldly charging the enemy witli his daring dragoons. His noble bear- ing, polished urbanity, open frankness and amiable disposition had gained the admiration of all who knew him-his patriotism, bravery and unwavering love of Liberty placed his name upon the records of unfading glory. PUTNAM ISRAEL commenced his eventful life at Salem, Mass. OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 467 on the 7th of January 1718. He was a man of iron constitution and herculean powers. He served mother Britain faithfully in the French war and had many hair breadth escapes. He was taken prisoner and nearly burned to death by the savages. He was rescued by a French officer. His great feat with a wolf is familiar to every school boy. His manner of capturing an armed vessel when under Gen. Amherst was as novel as it was simple and successful. With four others he proceeded under her stern in the night-drove several wedges between the rudder and hull which placed her at the mercy of the wind-she drifted on shore and was easily captured the next morning. When the war cry from Lexington reached his ears he left his plough in the furrow-mounted his horse-rode 100 miles in a single day to reach the scene of action-was soon created a Major General and carried more original thunder than any other man in the army. His voice could be heard above the roar of battle. He was in the sanguinary affair at Bunker's Hill and had charge of erecting the tem- porary fortifications. He was at the battle of Long Island-superin- tended the fortifications at Philadelphia and in all his duties manifested an energy and skill that placed him high in the estimation of every patriot. In the spring of 1777 he was placed in command of the troops at the High Lands. A refugee Lieutenant was detected in his camp as a spy. Governor Tryon wrote him to at once liberate the officer or he would give him particular thunder. Old Put replied thus laconically. " SiR-Nathan Palmer, a Lieutenant in your king's service, was taken in my camp as a spy-he was tried as a spy-he was condemned as a spy and he shall be hanged as a spy. " P. S. Afternoon. He is hanged. " Israel Putnam." Gen Putnan was the founder of West Point. Whilst superintending the fortifications at that place he was disabled from further duty by an attack of paralysis. This did not impair his mental powers or disturb the equanimity and cheerfulness of his mind or prevent him from being a pleasant, amusing and interesting companion. He lived at Brook- line Conn, in the enjoyment of the gratitude of a nation of freemen until the 29th of May 1790 when his soul left its tenement of clay and returned to its Creator. He was truly an honest man. On the 16th of June 1776 he spurned a princely bribe that was tendered to him by Sir William Howe. PUTNAM RUFUSwas born in Sutton, Mass. in 1738. At the age of 16 he commenced serving mother Britain in the French war and proved a gallant soldier. In the Continental army he was the principal engineer with the rank of Brigadier General. He was at the head of the Ohio Company for the purpose of settling the North West Territory. On the 7th of April 1788 he planted about forty emigrants at Marietta on the Ohio river. In 1789 he was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of that territory-in 1791 a Brig. General in the army of the United States under Gen. Wayne and in 1795 Surveyor General of the United States which office he held until towards the close 468 THE SAGES AND HEROES of Jeflferson's adininislrution. Ho adorned all the virtues that dignify the man and crowned his life with a consistent course of ])riniitive piety. He continued to reside at Marietta until the 4th of ^Iay 1824 when his happy spirit soared to reahns of unending bliss beyond the skies. RAMSAY DAVID was ushered into life at Lancaster, Pa. in 1749. He was thoroughly educated and became an eminent physician. After a brief residence in Cecil County, Md. he removed to Charleston, vS. C. in 1773. He was an ardent ])atriot and was commissioned a surgeon in the Continental army. At the surrender of his adopted city he was among the prisoners who were sent to St. Augustine. In 1782 he was elected a member of Congress and continued there up to 178G except one year. A part of that time he was President of that body. He became an able historian and has enriched our libraries with a history of the Revolution-of South Carolina-of America and a biography of VVashing- ton and several other interesting publications. He stood at the head of his profession in Charleston In 181.5 he was called into court to give evidence relative to an insane man who followed him in a rage and killed him on the street. RANDOLPH EDMUND was a native of Virginia and an eminent member of the Bar. He aided largely in giving an impetus to the revo- lutionary ball and was among the boldest patriots who early resolved to cut the maternal cords that bound the American Colonies to mother Britain. He was a member of Congress in 1779-subsequently Governor of Virginia-Attorney-General of the United States and for a time Secretary under Washington whose confidence he lost in 1795 for reasons not on the record. He lived in the esteem of his friends until 1813 when he quietly retired to the spirit world. RANDOLPli PEYTON was a native of Virginia and early engaged in the border wars. He was a good lawyer and Attorney-General under the crown as early as 1748. Ho became a })rominent legislator and was among the first and boldest to expose and oppose British oppression. He was prudent but firm. He threw his whole soul into the cause of Liberty. In all the preliminary meetings of the Old Dominion he was a leading member and a perfect regulator among those whose zeal some- times led them beyond the orbit of sound discretion. He was President of the important Congress of 1774 and added to the dignity of the pro- ceedings of that august assemblage of Sages. He was returned to Con- gress the next year but was detained as speaker in the legislature of his state until late in the session. On the 21st of October 1775 he attended a dinner party at the house of a friend and while there fell from his seat in a fit of apoplexy and expired in a few moments. His body was taken to Virginia and interred. Thus prematurely was extinguished one of the bright luminaries that illuminated the horizon and dawn of the Revo- tion. His loss was deeply deplored. REED JOSEPH was born in New Jersey on the 27th of August 1741. He became a distinguished member of the Philadelphia Bar where he was pursuing a lucrative practice when he was called to aid in the emancipation of his country. He was a member of the committee of correspondence. President of the Provincial Convention and member of Congress. In 1775 he repaired to Cambridge where he was made an OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 469 Aid and Secretary of Washington. In 1776 he was adjutant-general of the army and acted a brave and useful part at Trenton, Princeton and in every battle under Washington, During the campaign of 1777 he was constantly in the field. He had a horse killed under him at Monmouth, Brandywine and White Marsh but was preserved from a wound in the numerous hard fought battles at which he was present. The following answer to a proposition of bribery from the British Governor Johnstone is attributed to him and has been claimed for another. " I am not worth purchasing but such as I am the king of Great Britain is not rich enough to buy me." Nor was she rich enough to buy the humble soldiers who captured Andre. In 1778 Gen. Reed was elected President of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania which station he held for three consecutive years and was very efficient in the work of infusing a proper spirit in the militia of his state. He filled every place he occupied witli great zeal and ability. He was the man to be substantially useful wherever duty called him. He wore himself out in the service of his country and died in Philadelphia on the 5th of March 1785 in the very prime of life and when on the flood tide of an enduring fame. REVERE PAUL was born in Massachussetts in 1735. It was he who carried the express from Gen. Warren to Messrs. Adams and Han- cock the evening previous to the battle of Lexington. He was a colonel of militia and a devoted patriot. He was in the unfortunate Penobscot expedition in the summer of 1779. His was a life of purity and stern integrity. He died in Boston in 1818. SARGENT WINTHROP was a native of Massachusetts and graduated at Harvard College in 1771. With all the circumstances of his life before him, the historian could present him to the admiring reader in a blaze of glory. Thousands of the noble actors on the stage of the Revolution have passed away without a place on the historic page. From the commencement to the close of the long and sanguinary struggle for Independence he was actively and honorably engaged in the military field. In 1780 he was appointed Surveyor of the North Western Terri- tory and in 1787 Secretary of that government. He was adjutant- general of the army of Gen. St. Clair in his disastrous expedition against the Indians and of the army of Gen. Wayne when he conquered the same red men who had defeated St. Clair. He was subsequently Governor of Mississippi. In all the duties of public and private life he acquitted him- self nobly and fulfilled the design of his creation. He died in 1820. SCAMMEL ALEXANDER commenced his infancy in Mendon, Mass. about 1748. He was liberally educated and excelled in mathe- matics-strong evidence of an analyzing mind. He was among the first and the last in the war field of the Revolution. In 1775 he was made a brigade-major and the next year a colonel in the line of Continental troops raised by New Hampshire. At the battle of Saratoga in 1777 he commanded the 3d regiment and was severely wounded. He was sub- sequently appointed adjutant-general of the American army and was generally beloved. As this did not lead him into the din of battle and clash of arms he resigned and took command of a regiment of infantry. On the 30th of September 1781 he was examining the position of the enemy at Yorktown-was suddenly sprang upon and captured. After he had surrendered the barbarous foe gave him a mortal wound which 470 THE SAGES AND HEROES terminated liis brilliant career at Williamsburg, Ya. on the Cth of October 1781. The deatli of no officer was more deeply lamented-no one of his grade deserved better of his country and his friends. ST. CLAIR ARTHUR was a native of Edinburgh, Scotland. He was a Lieutenant under Wolfe and served through the French war. He subsequently located in Pennsylvania, became naturalized and took a deep interest in the prosperity of his adopted country. He was President of the Cincinnati Society of his state. At the commence- ment of the Revolution he espoused the cause of Freedom and in 1777 was commissioned a Major General. His military laurels increased and rested gracefully upon him during the war with mother Britain. In 1785 he was elected a member of Congress and in 1787 was Presi- dent of that body. He was the first governor of the North West Ter- ritory. In 1790 he was put in command of the memorable expedition against the Miami Indians. On the 4th of November 1791 he met them in mortal combat and was defeated with the loss of many brave officers and soldiers who had braved the fury of the Revolutionary storm imscathed. By many he was censured-how justly is not a sub- ject to be discussed in this place. That he was a brave and skilful officer when opposed to regular troops he liad fully proved. Brad- dock had done the same. To fight the red man on his own ground is a very different affair. It is reasonable to presume that his disastrous defeat arose from an ignorance of Indian warfare-not from any want of courage or an ignorance of regular military tactics. On his return he resigned his military commission. He was severely pierced by the keen arrows of poverty during his latter years. He died in 1818. SCHAICK GOSEN VAN commenced his mortal career at Albany, New York in 1737. He entered the British army in 1756 with tlie commission of Lieutenant and served mother Britain faithfully to the end of the French war at which time he had reached the rank of Lieut. Colonel. Had he not been a superior officer lie could not have attained that rank among Englishmen. At the first sound of the war cry in 1775 he was on hand ready for action and spent his life and foitune in the cause of Freedom. He was placed in command of the first regiment of the New York line and ultimately rose to the rank of Brig. General of the regular army. He fought bravely at Monmouth and other places and had the high esteem of Washington. In 1779 he commanded the successful expedition against the Onondaga Indians for wliich Congress passed a resolution of most hearty thanks. Gen. Schaick did honor to his country and to every station in which lie moved. He was an able officer, a good citizen-an honest man and repaired to his final rest in 1784. SCHUYLER PHILIP was born in New England in 1732. He was commissioned a Major General and had no superior in energy, vigilance and courage. For some time previous to the approach of Burgoyne he ably discharged the multifarious duties of the northern command. When that proud General advanced he found traces of Schuyler's industry at every point and his scouts in all directions. l3ridges were demolished-the roads blocked with trees-the navigation of Wood creek deranged-supplies removed and his army kept in constant alarm by the light troops of Schuyler who laid the foundation of the OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 471 victory that virtually saved our Independence. This opinion was often expressed by a revered uncle of mine who was with Schnvler during all his services in the north. At the very time this General was pre- pared to snatch the laurels of victory from Burgoyne'sbrow and place them on his own-Gates superseded him. He loved his country too well to be governed by the strict rules of military etiquette at that momentous point of time. He surrendered the command to him with all the papers and information he had acquired, with these burning remarks-" I have done all that could be done, as far as the means were in my power, to injure the enemy and to inspire confidence in the soldiers of our army and I flatter myself with some success-but the palm of victory is denied me and it is left to you, General, to reap the fruits of my labor. I will not fail to second your views and my devo- tion to my country will cause me, with alacrity, to obey your orders." This language would have been more terrible to me than a thousand crashing thunder bolts. It would have taken more than the laurels of Saratoga to heal the deep gashes my mind would have received from this keen sarcasm of the injured but patriotic and magnanimous Schuyler. A sarcastic remark from Schuyler to Gen. Burgoyne when dining with Gates soon after the surrender is worthy of record. The British General had caused Schuyler's house to be reduced to ashes and attempted an apology which was interrupted by the other-" Make no excuses General. I feel myself more than compensated by the pleasure of meeting you at this table." Gen. Schuyler was in all respects a first rate man. Jealously had put slander in motion against him which was the reason he was superseded. Investigation cleared away the fog from the minds of those in power but did not heal the wounds in his. He was subsequently a member of the Continental Congress and served 12 years in the United States Senate under tlie Federal Constitution! He died in 1S04. SEDGEWICK THEODORE began his earthly career at Hartford Conn, in 1746. He became a strong lawyer and firm supporter of the cause of Liberty. He was frequently in the legistature of Massachu- setts and a member of the Continental Congress. He was a member of the convention of his adopted state that sanctioned the Federal Constitution and was subsequently a member of the United States Senate. At the end of his term he was placed upon the Supreme Bench of Massachusetts and dignified his station until 1813 when he was summoned from earth and its toils to the dread tribunal of the great Jehovah. SERGEANT JONATHAN DICKINSON was born at Princeton, New Jersey in 1746. He became an eminent lawyer and a strong advocate for American rights. He was elected a member of Congress in February 1776 and conthiued in that body until July 1777 when he was made Attorney General of Pennsylvania. Why he did not sign the Declaration of Independence is a problem I should like to see solved. In the Comiecticut controversy he was employed by his adopted state to advocate her interests. When the yellow fever raged at Philadelphia in 1793 he was a very efficient member in the Board of Health and fell a victim to that fearful disease in October. His private virtues shone conspicuously through his whole life-his country, 472 THE SAGES AND HEROES the poor, tlio widow and the orphan decjily mourned his premature death. SMALLWOOD WILLIAM was a citizen of Maryland and a brave Brigadier General in the Continental army— a member of the old Con- gress and governor of his state. In every station and in all the depart- ments of life he performed his whole duty and enjoyed the love and confidence of his friends and country until 1792 when he cancelled the debt of nature and descended peacefully to the tomb. STEUBEN FRANCIS WILLIAM AUGUSTUS BARON DE com- menced his noble life in Prussia in 1733. He became perfect master of military tactics at an early age in the Prussian army-was an Aid to Frederic the great with the rank of Lieutenant General and was in constant service in his native land until he embarked for America. He landed in New Hampshire in 1777 and was soon after appointed Inspector General of the American army with the rank of Major General. With untiring industry and great energy he rapidly intro- duced an effective system of discipline, tactics and evolutions, that essentially improved the whole army and rendered it much more effi- cient in the field. He participated in the battle of Monmouth and had charge of the entrenchments at the siege of Yorktown. At the con- clusion of peace his valuable services were partially re^A'•arded in the grant of a farm by the state of New Jersey and 16000 acres of land in Oneida county New York granted by that state. He died on his farm near New York city November 28th 1794. STRONG CALEB was born at Northampton, Mass. in 1744. He was a profound counsellor at the bar of his native town-an able advo- cate in the cause of Independence. He was a prominent member of the Committee of Safely that was virtually the government of the State for some time. He was a member of the legislature and fearlessly espoused the cause of Liberty. He was a member of the convention that framed the Constitution of Massachusetts and of the one that formed that of the United States. He was elected to the Uniied States Senate and was governor of his native State eleven years. He was an efficient public oilicer, a devoted patriot, an esteemed citizen-an ho- nest man. He died in 1820 sincerely mourned by his country and most deeply regretted by those who knew him best. SULLIVAN JOHN entered on his earthly career in Maine in 1741. His father came from that country called by Aristotle and Strabo Irene— by Ca)sar, Tacitus and Pliny, Hibetmia-by Mela and others Juverva-^W of which names may be traced to the origlual-Ir, E)'i. Eriv-how called Ireland. Gen. Sullivan left a lucrative practice at the bar and was com- missioned a brigadier-general in 1775 and the next year was raised to the rank of major-general. On the 4th of June 1776 he superseded Ar- nold in Canada and on the death of Gen. Thomas he was left in com- mand of all the American troojis then there. Owing to the illness of Gen. Greene Sullivan was put in command of his division on Long Island and was taken prisoner at the battle on the 27th of August. On the 22d of August 1777 he planned a successful expedition agflinst Staten Island. He acted a brave part at tiie battles of Braridywine, German- town and in every place where he was engaged. In 1778 he was placed in command of the trouj)s at Rhode Island and commenced a OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 473 siege on Newport in August of that year in anticipation of the co-ope- rating aid of the French fleet which was prevented by a storm. This compelled him to raise the siege at once and retreat from a superior force which he effected with consummate skill and success after repuls- ing the pursuing enemy on the 29th of that month. The next year he commanded the successful but cruel expedition against the Six Nations of Indians. He penetrated the very heart of their country, killed and captured considerable numbers, burnt eighteen of their towns, many of their isolated wigwams-destroyed 160,000 bushels of their corn, all their vegetables, fruits and everything that could be found to sustain life. The expedition was suggested in consequence of the Wyoming massacre. It can be sanctioned by the law of retaliation-no other. Gen. Sullivan was subsequently a member of the Continental Congress for three years-president of New Hampshire and in 1789 was ap- pointed a judge of the District Court which office he dignified until the 23d of January 1795 when he cancelled the debt of nature and slum- bered in death. He was very efficient in quelling Shay's insurrection. In every sphere of life he exhibited talents of a high order and left a public fame and private reputation untarnished bv corruption. SULLIVAN JAMES was born at Berwick, Me. in 1744. He be- came a bright ornament of the bar and an able advocate of the cause of freedom. He was an active member of the legislature-of the Pro- vincial Congress and of the Continental Congress. He was a judge of Probate and in 1790 was appointed attorney-general of his State. In 1807-8 he was elected governor of Massachusetts and died in Decem- ber 1808, He was an admirable niodel of human excellence, adorned those qualities that dignify a man and crowned his life with the lucid exemplification of primitive Christianity. STEVENS EDWARD commenced his earthly career in Culpepper County, Va. and his bold military achievements at the battle of the Great Bridge near Norfolk, Va. where he commanded the rifie batta- lion with a bravery and skill that elicited general commendation. Soon after that he w^as placed in command of the 10th Virginia regiment and repaired to the headquarters of Washington. At the battle of Brandy- wine his skill and courage in covering the retreat of the Americans astonished friends and foes and saved the army from capture. At the action of Germantown his gallantry was publicly applauded by Wash- ington upon the field of glory. He was subsequently placed in com- mand of the Virginia Brigade and fought with great bravery at Cam- den under Gates, at Guilford Court House under Greene and at the siege of Yorktown under Washington. From the formation of the republican Constitution of Virginia to 1790 he was constantly a member of her legislature. He was a man of untarnished reputation, substantial talent and usefulness. His patriotism soared above all party considerations- he could not be swayed by demagogues.- He went for his whole coun- try-the Constitution and our UiSllON for ever. He looked upon the Federal Constitution as the Jews did upon their ark-the repository of the safeguards and glory of our Republic. He closed his useful life at his residence in Culpepper, Va. on the 17th day of August 1820-ripe in years and full of honors. THOMAS JOHN was reared in Kingston, Mass. He was a brave 60 474 THE SAGES AND HEROES ofTicer in the service of England during the Frcncli war. He was one of the first who rushed to the battle field in 1775. At the siege of Boston-on the heights of Dorchesier-in every place where duty called him he acted a bold and noble part. He was soon raised to the rank of brigadier-general and ordered to Canada to take command of the troops who had survived the fatigues of the campaign under Arnold and Montgomery where he fell a victim to the small pox. His great experience, ardent patriotism, known courage, untarnished character- all combined to render his loss a great misfortune to his country and his friends. THOMAS THOMAS was born in the State of New York in 1745. He was among the first and most devoted patriots. He was a briga- dier-general and commanded a body of troops in 1776 at the battle of Harlaem Heights and White Plains. In the autumn of that year the British burnt his house and carried his aged father to New York where their proverbial inhumanity soon produced his death. Gen. Thomas was a severe scourge to the enemy-ever on the alert-energetic, bold and shrewd. He was subsequently taken prisoner, stripped of his regi- mentals and hat and marched through the streets of New York in the most disgraceful manner. He was at length placed on parole and per- mitted the limits of Brooklyn. After he was exchanged he sought every opportunity to make up lost time until the foe was driven beyond the great heron pond. He then removed to the town of Harrison, Westchester County, New York where he lived respected and died deeply regretted in July 1824. He was several times a member of the legislature of his State. TRUXTON THOMAS took his station on this rolling planet at Rhode Island in 1755. He was delighted with old Ocean from his boy- hood and became an expert mariner at an early age. He loved Liberty and was willing to pay its price without discount. He was placed in command of an armed vessel in 1775 and continued capturing prizes during the whole period of the Revolution without a single reverse of fortune. He made constant inroads on the commerce of Great Britain and was too wary a fox to be trapped, cornered or run down by the celebrated British sportsman of the seas. In 1794 he was put in com- mand of the frigate Constitution. In 1799 the French government be- came ripe for naval exercise and quite belligerent in its manners. The frigate L'Insurgent made battle with Commodore Truxton and after a brief action surrendered. The French ship of war La Vengeance then met the Constitution and after passing the very significant salutes usual at hostile meetings surrendered at discretion to Com. Truxton. On his return to the United States he retired to Philadelphia where he lived in the esteem of our nation and his friends until 1822 when his cable of life was cut and his soul launched on the ocean of eternity. WADSWORTH JEREMIAH was a native of Connecticut and early in the field to do battle for his loved-his injured country. He rose to the rank of general and was remarkable for great energy, undaunted courage, ardent patriotism and untiring industry. He was a member of Congress for some time. In public and private life he adorned the virtues that ever dignify the man and passed from the stage of life peacefully in 1804. OF THE AMEKICAN REVOLUTION. 475 WARD ARTEMUS was born in New England in 1727. He was a man of fine parts, strong common sense, thorough education, a zealous patriot. He was the first major-general commissioned by the Continental Congress, his commission bearing date the 7th of June 1775. At the siege of Boston he commanded the right wing of the army resting on Roxbury. His feeble constitution induced him to resign the ensuing April. In a legislative capacity he continued to serve his country faith- fully. He was repeatedly a member of the old and new Congress. A more incorruptible man never came from the clean hands of the Creator. He patiently endured a lingering illness for years and was relieved from the toils and pains of earth on the 28th of October 1800. WARD HENRY was a valued citizen of Rhode Island and stood in the front rank of her noble and daring patriots. He did good service in the tented field-u'as Secretary of his state-filled up his measure of usefulness and called his friends to mourn over his final exit and perform the last rites of sepulture in 1797. WASHINGTON WILLIAM was a native of Stafford County, Va. He was a distant relative of George Washington and among the first of the chivalric sons of the Old Dominion to respond to the thrilling war cry- Llherty or death. He commenced his military career in command of a company of infantry in the 3d regiment of the Virginia line commanded by Col. Mercer. Chaplain Washington first distinguished himself for undaunted courage at Vork Island and in New Jersey. When Gen. Washington attacked Col. Ralle in command of the Hessians at Trenton, Capt. Washington led the advance of one of the columns. He received a musket ball through one of his hands which was not men:ioned by him until after the enemy had surrendered. Soon after the brilliant affair at Trenton and Princeton he was transferred to Col. Baylor's regi- ment of cavalry with the rank of major and proceeded to Virginia with the regiment to increase its strength with fresh recruits. In 1775 this regiment was surprised by a superior force under Maj. Gen. Grey and nearly annihilated. Major Washington escaped and was then put in command of the consolidated remnants of the cavalry regiments of Cols. Baylor, Bland and Maylan and ordered to report himself to Gen. Lincoln in South Carolina. He was in constant service from the time of his arrival. His corps suffered at the battle of Monk's Corner and at Le- neau's Ferry. He then proceeded with Col. White to North Carolina for the purpose of raising recruits. This laudable object was not approved by Gen. Gates for reasons not explained which formed a link in his chain of disasters. Col. Washington proceeded to replenish his regiment and resumed field service under Gen. Morgan. At Cowpens, Hobbick's Hill, Eutaw, Guilford Court House-Col. Washington gained increasing epic laurels for himself and Spartan corps. At the battle of Eutaw he was unfortunately taken prisoner and not exchanged until after the sur- render of Yorktown. In 1782 he led the amiable and accomplished Miss Elliott to the hymeneal altar and located at the ancestral seat of his wife at Sandy Hill in South Carolina. He there enjoyed life with his family and friends in the happy way that Virginians well understand and fully exemplify. A braver soldier, a more noble and generous man than Col. Washington did not exist in the human family. He made his final exit in 1810. 47G THE SAGES AND HEROES WINDER LEWIS was a resident of Maryland and a brave soldier of the Revolution. In the struggle for Independence the best men were not oflice seekers but sought the good and glory of their country. Many soldiers in the ranks were men of strong intellect and substantial educa- tion. So with this veteran. After the close of the war toils he filled various public stations and became governor of his state. He enjoyed the esteem of his country and friends until 1819 when he slumbered in death. JOHN WHEELOCK was a favorite son of Massachusetts and one of the noble patriots who left the halls of literature and periled their lives in defence of chartered rights. He was an active officer in the army and had the esteem of his countrymen. He was subsequently a popular President of Dartmouth College. He made himself extensively useful until 1817 when he took his journey to " that country from whose bourne no traveller returns." WILLIAMS OTHO HOLLAND was ushered into life at the county of Prince George, Md. in 1748. At the commencement of the Revolution he resigned a lucrative office under the crown to teach the man who dishonored that crown that Americans dared to assert their rights at the cannon's mouth as well as in paper essays. He was lieutenant in a rifle corps under Capt. Price and marched to head quarters at Cambridge in 1775. In 177G he was raised to the rank of major in the rifle regiment under Col. Stephenson. He was in the garrison of Fort Washington when attacked by the overwhelming force of Sir William Howe and was taken prisoner. When exchanged he was placed in command of the 6th regiment of the Maryland line and ordered to South Carolina with Baron de Kalb. He was raised to the grade of adjutant-general under Gen. Gates and shared the keen reverses of that general. Lender Gen. Greene he was retained in the same olhce wliich he bravely filled to the close of the struggle for Liberty. At Guilford, Hobbick's and Eutaw his efficient services were warmly acknowledged by the judicious Greene, whose bosom friend and constant adviser he was. At all times and under all circumstances he nobly performed his duty in public and private life. At the close of the war he was commissioned a brigadier- general as a compliment to his high merit. Subsequent to the Revolu- tion he was appointed Collector of the Port of Baltimore where he died in July 1794. WOLCOTT ERASTUS was a favorite son of Connecticut of com- manding talents-a strong lawyer-an ardent patriot-a good citizen-a brave officer-an honest man. He rose to the rank of brigadier-general and subsequent to the Revoluticjn was elevated to the Bench of the Superior Court of his state. His measure of usefulness became full in 1798 when the hermetical seal of death closed his bright career. WOOSTER DAVID was born in Staff'ord, Conn, in 1711. Although frosted with near 70 winters when the Revolution commenced, he was eager to share in the glory of repelling an insolent foe from his native land and in making that land the happy abode of the brave and the free. In 1775 he was made a brigadier-general by Congress and put in com- mand of the Connecticut troops. This commission he resigned and became a major-general of the militia of his state. On the 27th of April 1777 he was mortally wounded in leading on his troops against a British OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 477 force at Ridgefield and died on the 2d of May. His fall was deeply- lamented by Congress and our nation. He had all the ai'dor of youth united with the experience of age. Such men were greatly needed in such a contest as the American Revolution-uniting the sage, hero, citizen and honest man in a harmonious whole. WYLLIS SAMUEL was a citizen of Connecticut-a major-general of great promise-a man of sterling merit-a patriot of great zeal-a citi- zen of great worth and was killed by a party of British in 1777 on a predatory " beauty and booty" excursion. Thus closes a condensed view of the most prominent Sages and He- roes of the American Revolution. I have aimed at an object of greater importance than the relation of historical incidents-an illustration of the heaven-born principles-the god-like actions of the patriots of '76. If these are not cherished and practised by the present and coming gene- rations of our expanding Republic-the LiBEiixY-the priceless freedoji; we now enjoy will be buried in the smoking ruins of the Elysian temple of our Independence— now towering in majestic grandeur. I have ho- nestly 'and frankly expressed what I strongly feel relative to the vital interests of our beloved country. My conclusions are based upon labo- rious investigation, close observation and large experience. In com- mon with every true friend to our government I feel a deep interest in the portentous question of slavery which has so recently rocked our nation in the volcanic cradle of civil discord. J have taken full notes of its whole course from its embryo inception to the present time. I have listened to the arguments of the ablest men in each of the hi^h contending parties. I have read all I could find upon the subject of West India emancipation. So far as the British politicians were con- cerned I am satisfied that act was a bold stroke of ulterior policy-not of philanthropy. I have made myself familiar with the practical ope- rations of the slave system in our own country by leisurelv visitino- all the cities, large towns, most of the small ones and numerous plantations in all the slave States except Florida and Texas. Without such a tour no man can well form a correct conclusion upon this momentous sub- ject. He can only make an imaginary chamber survey-not the best evidence to present in court. I am not an advocate for the principle of bondage-but few can be found in the slave States who are. I look at slavery as it is-not as represented on the high colored charts of ultra abolitionists. It was forced upon the American Colonies by mother Britain. It is here by entail-not from original choice [see the Pream- ble of the Virginia Constitution.] This charges George the Third with " prompting our negroes to rise in arms among us-those very negroes, whom, by an inhuman use of his negative he hath refused us permission to exclude by law." Its present form in the south is infinitely more hutnane than the cunningly devised apprentice system of England. In- stead of rescued Africans being returned to their native land by that arrangement they are put to hard labor on the British Islands for a season and may then be sent adrift at the pleasure of the employer. A provision for life is insured to all the subjects of bondage in the slave States. There the free man may be stripped of the means of support by process of law-the slaves never. They are practically the most 478 THE SAGES AND HEROES potent freeholders in those States. A large majority of the slaves there arc better cared for than the same proportion of the colored population in the free States, both mentally and physically. Larger numbers of them enjoy religious instruction and become church members. Immediate emancipation would involve these slaves in the keenest misery unless they were provided with inonns of support far beyond the resources of their owners and the aboHiionists combined. Huma- nity would recoil with horror at the practical workings of the proposed abolition system. It was originated in Europe for the express purpose of destroying our Union. Its paternity is illegitimate-its object our ruin-its tendency chaotic. Its tare seeds were first sown broadcast in our country by Thompson-^ hired emissary from Great Britain who is now in our midst a second time on the same demoniac mission. His breath is pestilence-his pathway is marked with the fomenting scum of a meddlesome demagogue. In addition to his salary paid by England he is filling his pockets from the hard earnings of our people whom he blinds to destroy. The Syracuse Journal states that after the meeting this member of the British Parliament addressed at that place a short time since ^^ had joassed resolutions against the Union the remainder of the time was consumed in receiving subscriptions to support Mr. Thompson in his anti-slavery itineracy. Thus the anti-slavery agitators are obliged to call in paid British assistance to help them break up the Union." At the same meeting this vile emissary made this startling assertion in substance-You have not famine and pestilence but what is worse you are cursed with 30,000 recreant priests. No American would be per- mitted to pursue this course in Europe a moment. If we tolerate such foreign interference we are unworthy of freedom. When I speak of abolition I refer to ultra political abolilion-that which tramples upon our Constitution as an unholy thing and would rejoice at the dissolution of our Union and urge the slaves on to murder. I have no sympathy for ultraism in any section or in any cause. We must look at slavery as it exists in our country. Time has planted it too deeply to be eradicated by the caustic of abolition. Fine spun arguments upon the Declaration of Rights-the Federal Constitu- tion-the Missouri Compromise-free soil and philanthropy cannot re- move it. The question is local and belongs exclusively to the slave States. As well may the south interfere with the internal policy of the north as for us to dictate to the high minded slave owners who might have been gained by the talismanic power of love-never by threats or coercion. As a whole, a more humane, noble, generous people never came from the clean hands of the Creator. They can be led by a single hair of kindness-fanatical power may crush but can never drive them. But for the unfortunate issue of abolition raised by the foreign emissary alluded to-gradual emancipation would long before this have been on the flood tide of progress in several of the slave States. I write from the record. A violation of the eleventh commandment has added greatly to the perpetuity of slavery in our country. For these reasons and others I would name if space permitted, I ve- rily believe the abolition issue fraught with more danger to our Inde- pendence than any that has yet been conceived and promulged by the OF THE AMERICAN RE VOL \ UTION. 479 enemies of our Liberty. It is like cutting off the head of a man to cure a cancer on his face. The preservation of our glorious Union is para- mount to all other considerations which have yet engaged the attention of our nation. Could the following advice from the Farewell Address of the illustrious Washington be carefully read and implicitly obeyed by all in our land-then our freedom would be safe-our UNION pre- served. " In contemplating thecaiises which may disturb our Union, it occurs, as a matter of serious concern, that any ground should have been fur- nished for characterizing parties by geographical discriminations- northern and southern-atlantic and western-whence designing men may endeavor to excite a belief that there is a real difference of local interests and views. One of the expedients of party to acquire influence within particular districts, is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other districts. You cannot shield yourselves too much against the jealousies and heart burnings which spring from these misrepresenta- tions. They tend to render alien to each other those who ought to be bound together by fraternal affection. " To the efficacy and permanency of your Union a Government for the whole is indispensible. No alliances, however strict, between the parts can be an adequate substitute. They must inevitably experience the infractions and interruptions which all alliances in all times have experienced. Sensible of this momentous truth, you have improved upon your first essay by the adoption of a Constitution of Government better calculated than your former for an intimate union and for the efficacious management of your common concerns. This government, the offspring of our own choice, uninfluenced and unawed, adopted upon full investigation and mature deliberation, completely free in its principles, in the distribution of its powers, uniting security with energy and containing within itself a provision for its own amendment, has a just claim to your confidence and your support. Respect for its authority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in its measures, are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of true liberty. The basis of our political systems is the right of the people to make and alter their constitutions of government. But the constitution which at any time exists, till changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole people, is sacredly obligatory upon all. The very idea of the power and the right of the people to establish government presupposes the duty of every individual to obey the established government. " All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all combinations and associations, under whatever plausible character, with a real design to direct, control, counteract or awe the regular deliberation and action of the constituted authorities, are destructive of this fundamental prin- ciple and of fatal tendency. They serve to organize faction-to give it an artificial and extraordinary force-to put in the place of the delegated will of the nation the will of a party, often a small but artful and enter- prising minority of the community and according to the alternate triumphs of different parties to make the public administration the mirror of the ill-concerted and incongruous projects of faction rather than the organ of consistent and wholesome plans digested by common counsels and modified by mutual interests. 480 THE SAGES AND HEROES, &C. " Ifo wevcr combinations or associations of the above description may now and then answer popular ends, they are likely, in the course of time and things, to become potent engines by which cunning, ambitious and unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people and to usurp for themselves the reins of government destroying afterwards the very engines which have lifted them to unjust dominion. " Towards the preservation of your government and the permanency of your present happy state, it is requisite, not only that you steadily discountenance irregular oppositions to its acknowledged authority but also that you resist with care the spirit of innovation upon its prin- ciples however specious the pretexts. One method of assault may be to effect in the forms of the constitution, alterations which will impair the energy of the system and thus to undermine what cannot be directly overthrown. In all the changes to which you may be invited, re- member that time and habit are at least as necessary to fix the true character of governments, as of other human institutions, lliat ex- perience is the surest standard by which to test the real tendency of the existing constitution of a country-that facility in change upon the credit of mere hypothesis and opinion exposes to perpetual change from the endless variety of hypothesis and opinion and remember, especially that for the efficient management of your common interest in a country so extensive as ours, a government of as much vigor as is consistent with the perfect security of liberty is indispensable. Liberty itself will find in such a government, with powers properly distributed and ad- justed, its surest guardian. It is, indeed, little else than a name where the government is too feeble to withstand the enterprises of faction, to confine each member of the society within the limits prescribed by the laws and to maintain all in the secure and tranquil enjoyment of the rights of person and property. "Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you to believe me fellow citizens) the jealousy of a free people ought to be covstanthj awake since history and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government. " In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old and affectionate friend, I dare not hope they will make the strong and lasting impression I could wish-that they will control the usual current of the passions or prevent our nation from running the course which has hitherto marked the destiny of nations! but if I may even flatter myself that they may be productive 'of some partial benefit, some occasional good-that they may now and then recur to moderate the fury of party spirit-to warn against the mischiefs of foreign intrigue- to guard against the impostures of pretended patriotism-this hope will be a full recompense for the solicitude for your welfare by which they have been dictated." Note — In a recent speech the emissary Thompson used this most specific language: — "I do not behave there is one minister in the United States who behoves what he says. I know enough of ministers in that country to beheve that they preach wilfully and designedly what they know to be false! These men deliberately go to their closets, and, for purely political and pro-slavery purposes, write sermons for the Sabbath-day, which they all the while know to be palpably and damnably untrue !" LtJ>