L 158 
 .C5 
 1865 
 Copy 1 
 
 BY THE HOUSE OF DELEGATES, 
 
 February 24, 1865. 
 ) Copies ordered to be printed. 
 
 R E P O R T 
 
 OF THE 
 
 STATE SUPERINTENDENT 
 
 PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 10 THE 
 
 GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF MARYLAND, 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 A Bill entitled "A Uniform System of Public 
 Instruction for the State of Maryland." 
 
 , ANNAPOLIS: 
 RICHARD P. BAYLY, PRINTER. 
 
 1865. 
 
BY THE HOUSE OF DELEGATES, 
 
 February 24, 1865. 
 1,000 Copies ordered to be printed. 
 
 REPORT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 STATE SUPERINTENDENT 
 
 OF 
 
 PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 TO THE / 
 
 GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF MARYLAND, 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 A Bill entitled "A Uniform System of Public 
 Instruction for the State of Maryland." 
 
 
 ~vww- — "^V 
 
 ANNAPOLIS: 
 RICHARD P. BAYLY, PRINTER. 
 
 1865. 
 
Annapolis, Md., February 2, 1865. 
 
 To the 
 
 Senate and House of Delegates 
 
 in the General Assembly of Maryland : 
 Gentlemen : 
 
 I herewith submit for your consideration "A Uniform, 
 System of Public Instruction for the State of Maryland." 
 I have prepared a brief Commentary upon the Law, that 
 its several enactments may be readily comprehended, and 
 the bearing of each Section upon the whole System may be 
 understood. 
 
 Certain Statistical Tables are now in course of prepara- 
 tion and will be presented to the General Assembly as soon 
 as the returns from all the Counties are received. 
 
 I ask the favor of having this Report and Bill, together 
 with the Commentary thereon, printed in the City of Bal- 
 timore under my supervision, that it may be arranged with 
 index and other facilities for easy reference. 
 
 The Bill has been placed upon the Table of the Speaker 
 of the House of Delegates. 
 
 I am, Very Respectfully, 
 
 Yours, &c. 
 L. VAN BOKKELEN, 
 State Superintendent Public Instruction. 
 
To the General Assembly of Maryland : 
 
 On the 12th day of November, 1865, the Governor 
 honored me with the appointment of State Superintendent 
 of Public Instruction according to the provisions of the 8th 
 Article of our New Constitution. 
 
 As soon as practicable thereafter, I adopted such plans as 
 would enable me to collect information concerning the 
 present condition of Education both Public and Private 
 within the State, and also to avail myself of the experience 
 of those sister States which have preceded us in providing 
 Free Schools and Academies for all their Youth. 
 
 I invited personal conference with citizens interested in 
 the cause of Public Instruction, and specially with practi- 
 cal Educators, whether engaged in conducting private or 
 public Schools. 
 
 Letters were addressed to the Editors of City and County 
 Newspapers, asking them to direct the attention of their 
 readers to the important subject of Universal Education, 
 and to make such suggestions as would enable me to frame 
 the New System to meet the practical wants of the whole 
 State. 
 
 Having prepared and issued Circulars and a Schedule of 
 Queries embodying in detail the points on which Statistical 
 information is needed, I devoted the time which must neces- 
 sarily elapse before replies could be received, to visit other 
 States and to confer with their Superintendents of Public 
 Instruction in person, as I had previously done by letter. 
 For this purpose I visited Hartford and New Britain in 
 Connecticut, Boston, Albany and New York. In each City 
 I was received with gratifying cordiality and enjoyed every 
 
6 
 
 facility for examining into the State and Municipal School 
 Systems and for witnessing the practical working of Schools 
 of every grade. 
 
 The State Normal Schools at New Britain, Connecticut, 
 and at Albany, New York, received, as they merited, a 
 most careful and thorough inspection, and through the 
 polite assiduity of the members of the Faculty, I was 
 informed as to the minute detail of their modes of teaching 
 and training. 
 
 The information gained during this tour proved to be of 
 great value, and has enabled me to form some estimate of 
 the importance of the work committed to my charge, and 
 of the weighty responsibility imposed by the Constitutional 
 mandate which orders that within thirty days after January 
 4th, the State Superintendent shall report to the General 
 Assembly a Uniform System of Free Public Schools. 
 
 It was not until the last of December, 1864, that I 
 received copies of the Laws of the several States which have 
 established well-digested Systems of Free Schools, and was 
 able to commence a close study and a thorough analysis of 
 their provisions. 
 
 By this means, I have gathered practical knowledge ; and 
 taking suggestions from laws, tested by years of trial, have 
 endeavored to frame a System to meet the present wants of 
 our people,, and provide for the demands of .the large and 
 intelligent population which will crowd to our borders both 
 from the North and from the South. 
 
 To the Circulars issued, the full and satisfactory response 
 which was expected has not been received. The present 
 Systems of County Schools iiDder various Local Laws have 
 not awakened that interest essential to perfect organization 
 and detailed statistical reports. With the exception of a few 
 Counties, the School Authorities are unable to reply to the 
 larger number of queries, because they have never required 
 formal reports of work from Teachers or Commissioners. 
 The information collected has been embodied in this Report 
 and presents clear and unimpeachable evidence that we 
 have to begin almost at the foundation and erect anew the 
 Educational" Edifice. 
 
The plan herewith submitted is designed to embrace a 
 complete system of Public Instruction, beginning with the 
 Primary School, progressing through the Grammar School 
 to the County High School, in which young men are to be 
 prepared for the State Colleges, whence they pass to the 
 Schools of Medicine or Law, or to the practical duties of 
 active business 
 
 It is expected to add to this system, as the crowning fea- 
 ture, the Lectures of the Peabody Institute, to be delivered 
 by men eminent in the highest departments of Art, Litera- 
 ture and Science, and to present to our young men opportu- 
 nities for mental culture enjoyed by few, and surpassed by 
 none, in any portion of our Union. 
 
 Thus we will have within our own borders, fostered by 
 public money, and directed by the wisdom of the highest 
 official authority a complete System of Instruction, so 
 aided by liberal provisions for Free Tuition and Free 
 Scholarships that talent will never starve. It will be mani- 
 fest to every youth, whether blessed with wealth or pos- 
 sessing only the treasure of brilliant intellect and persever- 
 ing industry, that the way is open to him by which he can 
 reach the highest attainments of knowledge, and serve the 
 State with the expanded powers of a mind which else might 
 have been dwarfed into worthlessness or perverted by vice. 
 
 The noblest wealth of the State will be developed for the 
 Public weal, the wealth of intellect, which, because of our 
 sins of omission, has never yet been cultivated, and like 
 our Mines, our Forests, our Waters and our Soil has not 
 yielded its increase. 
 
 To correct, perchance atone for the errors of the past, it is 
 proposed to establish at once a thorough System, perhaps a 
 Model System. Maryland has no time for gradual develop- 
 ment. By one volition she can attain that which has cost 
 her Sister States years of experiment to secure. She has 
 taken her place among the Commonwealths that proclaim 
 Universal Freedom, why not rank also with those that pro- 
 vide Universal Education ? Not the Education which halts 
 before the door of the Primary School, but marches on ; 
 takes the poorest youth whom God has endowed with intel- 
 
lect, nurtures that intellect, gives it the benefit of the best 
 culture and exhibits the pure benevolence of Eepublicanism, 
 which, by bestowing equal privileges upon all, gradually 
 levels up the humble to an equality with those who enjoy 
 all the benefits of wealth and social position. 
 
 Wisdom counsels us not to wait for years to accomplish 
 that which by one earnest, vigorous, unselfish effort can be 
 done in months. The work is before us. Our duty is to 
 enter upon the field, and cause the waste places to bloom 
 with beauty. No partial System, of gradual development, 
 waiting for the decay of old prejudices,, or the abandonment 
 of local preferences, can do this. If done at all, it will be 
 by a system perfect in its adaptations, comprehensive in its 
 aims, and immediate in operations. 
 
 It will cost money, so do all great public works, but it 
 will be the best and most productive investment the State 
 has ever made. The purse appropriated to the development 
 of brain. 
 
 The School House will awaken into energetic life the 
 intellect which has been slumbering so long in our midst, 
 and invite to our borders thousands who else would turn 
 aside and seek a home where not only natural life is pro- 
 tected, and agriculture, manufactures and commerce pro- 
 moted ; but where Education is freely offered, and the claim 
 of the heart and mind to moral and mental nourishment is 
 broadly recognized. Such a home Maryland proposes now 
 to open to the multitudes whom she expects to welcome to 
 her fertile lands and salubrious climate. She invites them, 
 not to share the clouded destiny of the past, but the glorious 
 promise of the future — a promise so brilliant that we may 
 reverently thank God, that we live to see the dawn of these 
 good things to come. We behold them through the mists 
 of the battle-field, we reach them through the blood of 
 martyred citizens, but they promise to our children an 
 inheritance cheering to the heart of the patriot and of 
 entrancing joy to the philanthropist. 
 
 The enactments of the Bill submitted, are predicated 
 upon principles which have been often discussed, and now 
 
9 
 
 are accepted as the foundation of all sound legislation on 
 the subjects with which they are connected. 
 1st. Education ought to be Universal. 
 2nd. Education ought to be Free, and therefore, 
 3rd. The property of the whole State is responsible 
 for such education of every child in the State as will 
 prepare him to perform the duties of a man and a 
 citizen, in obedience to the laws of God and the laws 
 of the Commonwealth. 
 In the first Article of the Declaration of Rights, the 
 people of Maryland say, "That we hold it to be self- 
 evident that all men are created equally free ; that they 
 are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable 
 rights, among which are life, liberty, the enjoyment of the 
 proceeds of their own labor and the pursuit of happiness." 
 If this be our Faith, then our works ought to be mani- 
 fest. Our children must be carefully taught without any 
 distinction of person, the principles by which life may be 
 preserved and made productive of good to its possessors 
 and those whom they may influence. 
 
 Every mind must be expanded to embrace sound ideas 
 of self-respect and self-dependence — ideas which always 
 resist servility, and rebel against the pretentious claims of 
 hereditary caste. The knowledge of every sentient being 
 must be increased to discern the truth by which temporal 
 and eternal happiness can be secured as a sure inheritance. 
 Whatever natural rights, immunities and privileges 
 belong to any one of God's intelligent creatures, belong to 
 them all. The Beneficent Parent makes His Sun to shine 
 on the evil and on the good, withholds none of the bounties 
 of Creation from His humblest child. Men in their appro- 
 priate sphere* should reverently imitate this unlimited 
 benevolence, and organized into society for mutual benefit 
 should provide to extend every gift, but chiefly the highest 
 gift of mental culture and moral development. Generation 
 after generation would thus receive the accumulated wisdom 
 and virtue of its predecessor, and transmit them, with the 
 increment of its own gain to those who follow, even to the 
 end of time. 
 2 
 
10 
 
 The treasures of knowledge, like those of the material 
 world are not to be consumed or stayed in their beneficent 
 increase, or selfishly appropriated by any favored class of 
 men. They are held in trust to be used for the profit of 
 all, to be extended for the benefit of all who will enter upon 
 the inheritance when one scanty span of stewardship is 
 ended. Posterity receives the gift to hold it inviolate for 
 those who in process of time will succeed to its guardian- 
 ship. 
 
 To fulfil this duty, Education must be Universal. It 
 must also be Free. 
 
 The Light of Heaven should not be more free to all to 
 whom God has given the exquisite organ of vision, the 
 zephyr breeze should not fan the cheek of the invalid or 
 inflate with healthy air the lungs of all whom God has 
 made living creatures, more liberally than the light of 
 knowledge should extend to those whom the Great Creator 
 has endowed with minds and immortal spirits. 
 
 As He has formed the eye to see His light, the lungs to 
 breathe His air, so He has formed the intellect to under- 
 stand His mysteries of nature and of grace. Woe to the 
 man who steals light from the child whom God has made 
 to rejoice amid the beauties of creation. Woe to the man 
 who shuts out the pure air from those who gasp for it and 
 live by it ; and greater Woe to him who shrouds one mind 
 in ignorance, who shrivels one heart by vice, who makes 
 one life a blank or an abyss of crime and sorrow, while 
 God has so ordered the mind that it can comprehend the 
 true dignity of humanity, and claim for man a seat upon 
 the throne of sentient beings. 
 
 Education must be Free, free as the light and the air. 
 The Public School House must be open to e\*ery child — as 
 open as the Public Highway which leads to its door. 
 
 And this, not because it is the Charitable duty of the State 
 to offer education to all, but because it woulcl be a high 
 crime against humanity to withhold it. The Free Schools 
 of the State are in no sense Charity Schools. Through 
 them the State does not give one jot or tittle that each child 
 has not a right to claim. To withhold Education would be 
 
11 
 
 to steal from the young their birth-right, and meanly to 
 appropriate to selfish purposes that portion of the inheritance 
 which belongs to the child. It is the duty of the State as 
 the Agent of the people, as the legal Trustee of the whole 
 property which she protects and enables to be used, in greater 
 or lesser degree by her citizens, to take care that the young 
 are,not defrauded of their rights. To take care that they 
 who cannot be heard at public meetings or in legislative 
 halls, whose power cannot be felt through the ballot-box 
 until twenty-one yearsof age, are not cheated out of an Educa- 
 tion, by being deprived of the means to Secure it. To take 
 care that no man places an obstacle in the way, that none 
 come between the State and the child and stop the progress of 
 its little feet as it walks towards the School House, that no 
 ignorant parent or covetous master tasks the muscles of one 
 of these little ones and dries up its brain by making it 
 work, when it ought to be sitting by the side of the teacher. 
 In the same degree that the means of Education are freely 
 provided should the certainty of enjoying its benefits be 
 secured by the infliction of penalties on those who would in 
 any way debar the child from its rights and privileges. 
 Hence, as a natural sequence, the Law which provides, at 
 Public cost, Universal and Free Education, should oblige 
 Parents to send their children to School, should punish 
 Masters whe deprive their Apprentices of the opportunity 
 of securing an Education, and should inflict severe penal- 
 ties on Manufacturers who task young children in their mills, 
 wearing out their bodies and starving their minds. 
 
 To philanthropic citizens, recognizing the principle of 
 universal brotherhood, the popular arguments drawn from 
 expediency need not to be presented. 
 
 It is true that Universal Suffrage demands Universal Ed- 
 ucation. It is true that the only sure foundation upon which 
 a Republican Government can be erected is the intelligence 
 of the yeople. It is true that ignorance is the parent of 
 vice ; that vice begets want and thus imposes upon the State 
 the costly apparatus of Courts, Police Officers, Jails. Peni- 
 tentiaries, Aims-Houses and Asylums, the aggregate expen- 
 
12 
 
 diture for which now exceeds by far the most extravagant 
 sum that can be asked for the Support of Schools. 
 
 All these things are true, but they and similar axioms 
 are irrelevant when the higher claim of duty is acknow- 
 ledged, a duty as broad and imperative as to feed the 
 hungry, clothe the naked and minister to the necessities of 
 that humanity which embraces all sorts and conditions of 
 men. 
 
 The obligation which rests upon us is that promulgated 
 by the Divine Teacher whose precepts we, as a Christian 
 people recognize, it is enunciated in the best and most com- 
 prehensive law ever announced for the guidance of man, the 
 Golden Rule, the substance of all benevolence, the epitome 
 of every duty, " Whatsoever ye would that men should do 
 to you, do ye even so unto them." This law is limited in 
 its application by no boundary short of that which Political, 
 Moral and Personal obligation, reaches. With the people 
 of Maryland its application extends through the length and 
 breadth of their territory and its binding powers rests on 
 the whole property of the Commonwealth. 
 
 The duty of citizens in each section of the State is to 
 have an earnest and active solicitude for the welfare of all 
 within the limits of the State, and to take young and old, 
 the humble and those of high degree, the alien and those 
 born on our soil, the freedman and the free, and prepare 
 them all, as God has given us the ability and them the 
 capacity, for the duties which the Law of the Land, and 
 the Divine Law require. This is to be accomplished by 
 making the property of tin; whole State bear the expense 
 of educating every child in the State, and as far as practi- 
 cable, do for those of mature years what the law in time 
 past, forbid to be done. 
 
 Hence the wise and righteous provision of the Constitu- 
 tion, that Public Education shall be sustained by a General 
 State Tax, so as to insure its benefits to a certain limited 
 extent, but at the same time leaving to the people the priv- 
 ilege to impose upon themselves, by vote, such further tax 
 for the support of Schools in their Counties and Districts as 
 an enlightened and liberal sentiment may suggest, and the 
 
18 
 
 conviction that no money is better invested than that which 
 developes intellect may warrant. 
 
 The Declaration of Rights in Article 43 enunciates a 
 souod principle, and the 8th Article of the Constitution 
 gives that principle substantial, energetic life, proving 
 faith by works, for without works faith is worthless. The 
 Declaration of Rights says, "The Legislature ought to 
 encourage the diffusion of knowledge and virtue, the exten- 
 sion of a judicious system of general education, the promo- 
 tion of literature, the arts, science, agriculture, commerce 
 and manufactures, and the general melioration of the con- 
 dition of the people." 
 
 The Constitution enjoins that "the General Assembly 
 shall provide a uniform system of Free Public Schools, and 
 shall place an annual tax on all the taxable property 
 throughout the State for the support of Free Public 
 Schools." 
 
 But further, while the Constitution thus asserts the prin- 
 ciple that the whole property of the State is to provide 
 Education for every Child in the State, it does not design to 
 remove from the people all special and personal obligation, 
 and weaken that spirit of self-reliance which will be an 
 important element of success in our new and philanthropic 
 work. There is to be no interference with existing sources 
 of revenue, no repeal of taxes already imposed ; while pro- 
 vision is made for such expression of the popular will as 
 may originate or increase local taxation to raise the largest 
 amount needed for the proper and energetic management of 
 Schools, and to make them as good, as long, and as numer- 
 ous as the citizens most interested may deem expedient. 
 
 The State Tax is an enabling Revenue to the Counties. 
 It helps them to do their work thoroughly. It recognizes 
 the great principle of a common brotherhood, the duty of 
 the people of the whole State to have solicitude for the 
 increase in knowledge and the growth in correct moral sen- 
 timent of every child, even in its remotest sections. 
 
 With these principles in view, and aided by sugges- 
 tions derived from the Systems of Public Instruction which 
 have been diligently studied and collated, the Bill appended 
 
14 
 
 to this Report has been prepared ; and is presented to the 
 General Assembly for its consideration. 
 
 It is a source of regret that having proceeded thus far 
 with my work — and having framed a Bill which, according 
 to my best judgment, is based upon sound principles and 
 capable of practical application, I cannot lay it aside and 
 visit the Counties before submitting it to the General 
 Assembly. 
 
 Conference with the School Authorities, an^ personal 
 observation of the wants of the people, would enable me 
 the better to decide whether the System is adapted to the 
 great purpose for which it is designed. I suppose it so to be. 
 Experience will prove how far the decision is correct. 
 
 A Commentary which follows the Bill explains the mean- 
 ing of various Sections, the relation which certain parts 
 bear to the whole System, and gives such statistical and 
 other information as will enable Senators and Members of 
 the House to understand the design of the enactments, and 
 the object which the State Superintendent has in view, and 
 hopes ultimately to attain by the plan which he has the 
 honor to submit ; a plau harmonious in its parts and com- 
 prehensive in its aim, a plan not of "Common Schools" 
 but of thorough and extended Public Education. 
 
 THE SYSTEM OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 DEVELOPED IN THIS BILL EMBRACES 
 
 EIGHT TITLES: 
 
 I. Supervision. 
 
 II. That which is to be Supervised. 
 
 III. Modes of Securing Competent Teachers. 
 
 IV. Sources of Income. 
 
 V. University of Maryland. 
 
 VI. Benevolent, Remedial and Reformatory Institutions. 
 
 VII. Aids and Encouragements to Universal Education. 
 
 VIII. Miscellaneous. 
 
15 
 
 I. Siipervision : 
 
 1. Board of Education. 
 
 2. State Superintendent. 
 
 3. School Directors. 
 
 4. District Commissioners. 
 
 •II. That which is to be Supervised: 
 
 1. School District Meetings. 
 
 2. School Houses. 
 
 3. School House Sites. 
 
 4. Schools. 
 
 5. Teachers. 
 
 6. Pupils. 
 
 7. Text-Books. 
 
 8. High Schools. 
 Colleges. 
 
 Modes of Securing Competent Teachers : 
 Examinations. 
 Teachers' Associations. 
 Teachers' Institutes. 
 Normal School. 
 
 9. 
 III. 
 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 4. 
 
 IV. Sources of Income: , 
 
 1. State Tax. 
 
 2. County Tax. 
 
 3. District Tax. 
 
 4. Invested Funds. 
 
 5. Tax on Banks, &c. 
 
 6. State Doriations. 
 
 7. Surplus Revenue. 
 
 V. University of Maryland: 
 
 1. St. John's College, Anna- 
 
 polis, 
 
 2. Washington College, 
 
 Chestertown, 
 
 3. Faculty Arts and Sciences, 
 
 Baltimore, 
 
 4. Agricultural College, Pr. 
 
 George County, 
 
 Law School, 
 
 Medical School, J 
 
 Peabody 
 Institute. 
 
86 
 
 VI. Benevolent, Remedial and Reformatory Institutions: 
 
 1. Blind Asylum. 
 
 2. Deaf and Dumb Asylum. 
 
 3. School for Idiots and Feeble-Minded Youth. 
 
 r Penitentiary. 
 
 4. Schools in < Jails. 
 
 ( Aims-Houses. 
 
 5. House of Refuge. 
 
 6. Industrial Schools. 
 
 VII. Aids and Encouragements to Universal Education : 
 
 1. Scholarships in High Schools, Fifty Dollars per 
 
 annum. 
 
 2. Scholarships in Colleges, One Hundred Dollars per 
 
 annum. 
 
 3. Free Tuition in Colleges. 
 
 4. Tracts issued by State Superintendent. 
 
 5. School District Libraries. 
 
 6. Subscription to Educational Journals. 
 
 7. Honorary Membership of Peabody Institute. 
 
 8. Educational Library and Museum in Office of State 
 
 Superintendent and in Normal School. 
 
 VIII. Miscellaneous: 
 
 1. Colored Schools. 
 
 2. Private Schools to report. 
 
A BTLL 
 
 Entitled an Act to establish a Uniform System 
 of Public Instruction for the State of Mary- 
 land. 
 
 Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Mary- 
 land, That there shall he a Uniform System of 
 Free Public Schools, according to the provisions 
 of this Act, in each County of the State and in 
 every City now incorporated, or which hereafter 
 may be incorporated. 
 
 TITLE L— OF SUPERVISION. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Section 1. — 1. The supervision and control of Board of Educa- 
 
 . o, li °n. 
 
 Public Instruction shall be vested in a State 
 Board of Education, consisting of the Governor, 
 Lieutenant-Governor, Speaker of the House of 
 Delegates and the State Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction. 
 
 2. In a State Superintendent of Public Instruc- sta i e superin- 
 
 r tendent. 
 
 tion appointed by the Governor, subject to the 
 confirmation of the Senate. 
 
 3. In a School Director for the City of Balti- city and county 
 
 Directors. 
 
 more and one for each County ; to be appointed 
 by the State Board of Education. 
 
 4. In Boards of School Commissioners, for school commis- 
 the City of Baltimore and for each County. 
 
18 
 
 CHAPTER II.— OF THE BOARD OF EDU- 
 CATION. 
 
 When to meet. 
 
 To supervise 
 Colleges, &.c. 
 
 By Laws. 
 
 Appoint Normal 
 Professors. 
 
 May remove 
 Directors. 
 
 Reports to be 
 made. 
 
 To Hold in Trust 
 School Funds. 
 
 Section 1. The State Board of Education for 
 the purpose of promoting the interests of Public 
 Instruction shall hold regular meetings on the 
 first Wednesday in March, June, September and 
 December of each year, and special meetings as 
 often as the Governor may direct. 
 
 Sec. 2. The Board shall supervise all Colleges 
 and Academies that receive any State dona- 
 tion, or are incorporated by Act of the General 
 Assembly, visit the same in person, or by an 
 Agent, and require annual reports, which shall 
 be referred to the State Superintendent. 
 
 They shall select a uniform series of Text- 
 Books for use in every Public School and Aca- 
 demy established or aided under this Act. 
 
 They shall issue a uniform Code of By-Laws 
 for the government of all the County School 
 Boards, and the Schools and High Schools under 
 their charge. 
 
 They shall appoint the Professors of the State 
 Normal School, and determine their salaries. 
 
 They shall have power to remove any School 
 Director whenever it shall have been .proven to 
 their satisfaction that he has been guilty of any 
 wilful violation or neglect of duty under this 
 Act, or of wilfully disobeying any decision, ofder 
 or regulation of the State Superintendent. 
 
 They shall supervise and require annual re- 
 ports from all benevolent, reformatory and reme- 
 dial Institutions which receive a State donation, 
 or are incorporated by Act of General Assembly. 
 
 Sec. 3. The Board of Education may take 
 and hold to it and its successors, in trust for 
 the State, for any City or County, for any 
 
19 
 
 School District, or for any particular School with- 
 in the State, any grant or devise of lands and any 
 donations or bequest of money or other personal 
 property made to it for educational purposes; and 
 shall pay over to the State Treasurer for safe- 
 keeping and investment, all money and other 
 personal property so received. The Treasurer 
 shall, on warrant of the Comptroller, pay from 
 time to time the income of such investment, to 
 the School Authorities of the City, County or 
 District for whose benefit the bequest or donation 
 was made. 
 
 Sec. 4. The incidental expenses of the Board, incidental 
 
 ,» . i !• • Expenses. 
 
 and the expenses ot the members thereof in- 
 curred in the discharge of their official duties, 
 shall be included among the incidental expenses 
 of the office of the State Superintendent. 
 
 Sec. 5. The Secretary of the State Super- cierk. 
 intendent shall act, when necessary, as Clerk of 
 the Board. 
 
 CHAPTER III.— STATE SUPERINTEN- 
 DENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 His Powers and Duties. 
 
 Section 1. The office of the State Superinten-To employ a 
 dent of Public Instruction shall be located in the 
 City of Baltimore, and he is hereby authorized to 
 appoint a Secretary, at an annual salary of fifteen 
 hundred dollars, payable monthly by the Trea- 
 surer on the warrant of the Comptroller and the 
 certificate of the Superintendent. 
 
 Sec. 2. The Secretary of the State Superinten- secretary to be 
 dent when acting as Clerk to the Board of Edu- Education, 
 cation, shall receive no additional compensation, 
 except his traveling and personal expenses when 
 thus employed. 
 
20 
 
 To visit the 
 Counties. 
 
 To issue Circular 
 Letters, &c. 
 
 What he shall 
 report. 
 
 Condition of 
 Schools. 
 
 Abstracts of 
 County Reports. 
 
 Plans of Im- 
 provements. 
 
 Sec. 3. The State Superintendent shall have 
 the supervision of all the Public Schools in the 
 State, and shall be the general adviser and assist- 
 ant of the City and County School Directors. 
 He shall, if practicable, visit each City and 
 County annually, for the purpose of conference 
 with the School Commissioners, inspecting the 
 Schools, holding Teachers' Institutes, awakening 
 an interest in the cause of education, and diffus- 
 ing, by public addresses, such information as will 
 tend to improvement in the government and the 
 instruction of the Schools. 
 
 Sec. 4. He shall from time to time address 
 circular letters to School Commissioners and 
 Teachers, giving advice as to the best manner of 
 conducting Schools, constructing School houses, 
 furnishing the same, and on all other topics 
 which impart aid aud encouragement to Uni- 
 versal Education. 
 
 Sec. 5. He shall, on the fifteenth day of Decem- 
 ber of every year, report to the Governor: 
 
 1. The condition of the Schools and Colleges of 
 the State and of all Institutions under his super- 
 vision and subject to his visitation. 
 
 2. Estimates and accounts of expenditures of 
 School moneys, and a statement of the apportion- 
 ment of money to the Counties and City of Bal- 
 timore. 
 
 3. An abstract of all the Reports received by 
 him from the several City and County School 
 Directors, the Presidents of Colleges and the 
 Directors of benevolent and remedial Institutions. 
 
 4. All such matters relating to his office, and 
 all such plans and suggestions for the improve- 
 ment of the Schools and the advancement of 
 Public Instruction in the State as he shall deem 
 expedient. 
 
21 
 
 5. A statement of his travels in making official Travels. 
 visits during the past year. 
 
 Sec. 6. He may, on the recommendation of anTo issue certifi- 
 
 . cates to Teach 
 
 authorized examiner, or on other evidence satis- ers. 
 factory to himself, grant a certificate of qualifica- 
 tion, which, until revoked, shall be conclusive 
 evidence that the person to whom it is granted is 
 qualified by his moral character, learning and 
 ability, to teach in the Schools of the State. 
 
 Upon cause shown, to his satisfaction, he may May annul cer- 
 
 * ' _ J tihcates. 
 
 annul any certificate of qualification granted by 
 an authorized examiner, or declare any diploma 
 issued by the State Normal School, ineffective 
 and null within the State, and he may re-consider 
 and reverse his action in any such matter. 
 
 Sec. 7. He shall prepare suitable registers, Prepare school 
 
 1 l . Registers, &.c. 
 
 blanks, forms and regulations for making all 
 reports and conducting all business under this 
 Act, and shall cause the same, with necessary 
 instructions, to be transmitted to the City and 
 County School Directors, who shall distribute 
 the same. 
 
 Sec 8. He shall contract with publishers for contract tor 
 all the Text Books and Stationery authorized by 
 the State Board of Education and issue them to 
 the several Boards of City and County School 
 Commissioners, payment to be made at cost, and 
 five per cent, advance. 
 
 There shall be a clerk appointed by the State Book cierk. 
 Superintendent, who shall attend to receiving 
 and distributing text-books and stationery, shall 
 keep all accounts connected therewith, and per- 
 form such other duties as the Superintendent 
 may direct, receiving for his services an annual 
 salary of eight hundred dollars, payable monthly 
 by the Treasurer on the warrant of the Comp- 
 troller and the certificate of the Superintendent. 
 
22 
 
 To decide con- Sec. 9.— 1. He shall decide without appeal and 
 without cost to the parties all controversies or 
 disputes that may arise under this Law, the 
 facts of which controversies or disputes shall 
 be made known to him by written statements by 
 the parties thereto, verified by oath or affirma- 
 tion, if required, and accompanied by certified 
 copies of all documents necessary to a full under- 
 standing of the question in dispute. 
 
 2. The Superintendent shall file and arrange 
 in the order of time and keep in his office all 
 proceedings on every appeal to him, including 
 his decision and orders founded thereon. 
 
 Toeoiiect Maps, Sec. 10. It shall be the duty of the State Super- 
 intendent to collect in his office such School Books 
 Apparatus, Maps and Charts as can be obtained 
 without expense to the State, and also to purchase 
 at an expense not to exceed two hundred dollars a 
 year, rare and valuable works on education, to 
 be used as books of reference for the benefit of 
 teachers. He may also subscribe to such School 
 Journals and Journals of Education as he may 
 consider valuable, file the same for reference and 
 have them bound at the end of the year at an 
 annual cost of fifty dollars, and the said sums are 
 hereby annually appropriated, to be paid by the 
 Treasurer upon warrant of the Comptroller. 
 
 To be principal Sec. 11. The , State Superintendent shall be 
 
 school" 18 Principal ex officio of the State Normal School. 
 
 He also shall visit and report upon the condition 
 of the School for the Blind, the House of Refuge, 
 and all other Benevolent or Reformatory Institu- 
 tions which receive State donations. 
 
 school Libraries. Sec. 12. He shall publish from time to time a 
 list of Books suitable for School District Libra- 
 ries, and shall prescribe rules and regulations for 
 the arrangement of such libraries. 
 
Sec 13. He shall provide a seal with suitable seal, 
 device for the use of the office of Public Instruc- 
 tion, by which copies of papers deposited or filed 
 therein, and all official acts and decisions may 
 be authenticated. 
 
 Sec 14. The State uperintendent shall be Traveling 
 
 Expenses, &c. 
 
 allowed the amount expended for traveling and 
 personal expenses in making official visits as 
 required by law, also all necessary contingent 
 expenses for books, postage and stationery, fuel 
 and light, printing of blanks and other matters 
 essential to the organization of his office, and not 
 otherwise provided for in this Law, said amounts 
 to be paid by the State Treasurer quarterly upon 
 warrant of Comptroller. 
 
 CHAPTER IV.— SCHOOL DIRECTORS. 
 
 Their Appointment, Powers and Duties. 
 
 Section 1. On the first Monday of June, 1865, when and by 
 there shall be appointed by the Slate Board f woma PP° ine 
 Education one person of literary and scientific 
 attainments, and of skill and experience in the 
 art of teaching, to be Director of Schools in the 
 City of Baltimore, and one of like qualifications 
 for each County; to hold office for four years, or 
 until their successors have been appointed, and 
 to perform such duties as herein are provided, or 
 the General Assembly or Board of Education 
 may from time to time direct. 
 
 Sec 2. Whenever the State Superintendent of May besu9- 
 Public Instruction is satisfied that a City or pen e * 
 County School Director has persistently neglected 
 his duties, he may suspend him from the duties 
 of his office, and withhold his order for the pay- 
 ment of the whole or any portion of such Direc- 
 
24 
 
 tor's salary, until the case has been acted upon 
 by the State Board of Education. 
 
 vacancy, how During the vacancy the State Superintendent 
 may appoint a suitable person from among the 
 Board of Commissioners for Schools in the City 
 or County to perform such duties as may be 
 required, giving such compensation as he may 
 deem proper. 
 
 Sec. 3. — 1. The School Director shall constitute 
 a medium of communication between the State 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction and the sub- 
 ordinate School officers and the Schools. It shall 
 
 to vi S u schoois.be his duty to visit, as often in each term as shall 
 be practicable, the several Schools under his care, 
 to examine the pupils, to enquire into all matters 
 relating to the management, the course of study 
 and the mode of instruction and discipline, so 
 that each School shall be equal to the grade for 
 which it was established, and that there may be 
 uniformity in the course of study. 
 
 to address 2. He shall, as opportunity offers, address the 
 
 ' gs * people in their School Districts on the importance 
 of Public Instruction, and endeavor to enlist 
 their interest in the Schools and their teachers, 
 and make such suggestions as he may think im- 
 portant to be considered in the Annual School 
 District Meeting for the purpose of increasing 
 the efficiency of discipline as well as the comfort 
 of the pupils. 
 
 To examine 3. He shall examine into the condition of the 
 
 Schools, &c. m 
 
 School houses, sites, out-buildings and append- 
 ages, examine the District Libraries, advise with 
 and counsel the School officers of the district in 
 relation to their duties ; suggest methods for 
 warming and ventilating School houses, adorning 
 School grounds, recommend to teachers improved 
 modes of instruction and use every effort to ad- 
 
25 
 
 vance the cause of Public Instruction and carry- 
 out the advice and instruction of the State Super- 
 intendent. 
 
 4. He shall organize and conduct once in each to conduct 
 
 ° Teacher's Insti- 
 
 year, for his own County at such time as, after tutes - 
 conference with the State Superintendent, may be 
 designated, a Teachers' Institute at some central 
 locality in the County, to which access is conve- 
 nient, and where the Teachers will receive the 
 encouragement of hospitality. In tills work the 
 Director will be aided by a Professor from the 
 Normal School, or by some practical Teacher 
 appointed by the State Superintendent. 
 
 5. He shall also encourage and assist at Teachers' to assist at 
 
 . Teacher's Asso 
 
 Associations, to be convened at least four times ciations. 
 in each year, on the last Saturday of some month, 
 in each Commissioner District, or such Districts 
 united, requiring the attendance of the Teachers 
 of the District for the purpose of mutual confer- 
 ence and instruction in their duties 
 
 Sec. 4. He shall, by himself or together with to examine 
 a Professor of the Normal School or some other 
 practical teacher designated by the State Super- 
 intendent — examine and license Teachers, whose 
 certificates shall be of effect for two years from 
 date — re-examine any teacher holding his or his 
 predecessor's certificate, and if he find him 
 deficient in learning or ability, annul the cer- 
 tificate. 
 
 Sec. 5. All questions and controversies arising to decide con. 
 under the School Law in any County, shall first 
 be submitted to the County Director for his 
 opinion and advice, whence appeal may be taken 
 to the State Superintendent upon a written state- 
 ment of the facts, subscribed by the County Di- 
 rector and certified by representatives of each 
 party concerned. 
 4 
 
26 
 
 Toreport. Sfc. 6. The School Director shall cm or before 
 
 the 15th day of October of each year, report to 
 the State Superintendent in such form as he may 
 prescribe, the condition of all the Schools under 
 his care, embodying abstracts from the reports of 
 District Commissioners, suggesting such improve- 
 ments in the School System as he may deem use- 
 ful, and giving such other information in regard 
 to public instruction as may be of public interest. 
 He shall also report the number of private 
 Schools, Academies and Colleges in the County or 
 City, their course of study, number of pupils, 
 male and female, and all other information in 
 such form as the State Superintendent may pre- 
 scribe, so as to present a full view of their educa- 
 tional facilities. A copy of this report shall be 
 deposited in the office of the City or County Clerk, 
 who shall safely keep it. 
 
 salary &c. ^ec. ^' The an n ua l salary of the School Di- 
 
 rector in the City of Baltimore shall be deter- 
 mined by the. Mayor and City Council, to be paid 
 by the City Register, he performing such duties 
 and making such reports in addition to those 
 required in this Act as the Mayor and City Council 
 may determine. 
 
 The annual salary of each County Director 
 shall be determined by the State Board of Educa- 
 tion and paid by the County Commissioners, as 
 other County officers are paid. 
 
 CHAPTER V.— DISTRICT COMMISSIONERS, 
 whcn.andby Section 1. On the first Monday in June, 1865' 
 
 whom appointed. . . .. " 
 
 the State Board of Education shall appoint, to 
 hold office four years, such number of School 
 Commissioners in each County as the State Super- 
 intendent may direct. Each Commissioner shall 
 
27 
 
 have the special eharge of such number of School 
 Districts, not less than fifteen, as the State Super- 
 intendent may appoint, which shall constitute 
 and be designated Commissioner Districts No. 1, 
 No. 2, &c. 
 
 Sec. 2. The persons so appointed, and their to be a body 
 
 * l , corporate. 
 
 successors, are hereby declared to be a body poli- 
 tic and corporate, by the name and style of the 
 
 Board of School Commissioners of City or 
 
 County, and by that name shall have perpetual 
 succession, and shall be capable to sue and be 
 sued, and to have and use a common seal, and the 
 same at their pleasure to alter or break, and to 
 exercise all the powers and privileges hereby 
 granted to or vested in them.* 
 
 Sec. 3. The persons so appointed shall assem- when to organ- 
 ble on the second Tuesday of July, 1865, for the 
 purpose of organizing, and shall then or at some 
 subsequent meeting elect a President to serve 
 during their continuance in office, and also a 
 Treasurer, who shall act as Secretary, and receive 
 such compensation as the Board may direct. 
 
 Sec. 4. The County Director shall be ex officio 
 a member of the Board, and when the County 
 contains not more than fifty Schools, he shall act 
 as Treasurer and Secretary, and receive compen- Director to act as 
 sation for such duties in addition to his salary as 
 Director. 
 
 Sec 5. The Treasurer shall give bond to the Treasurer to give 
 State of Maryland, with at least two securities, ° n ' 
 to be approved by the Board of School Commis- 
 sioners, in the penal sum of ten thousand dollars, 
 with condition that he will faithfully perform 
 the duties of Treasurer, pay over and apply all 
 moneys that shall come to his hands or care as a 
 Treasurer, to such persons and in such manner 
 as the Board of School Commissioners may direct, 
 
 * For continuation of Section 2 of this Chapter, see page 70. 
 
28 
 
 and that he will keep a full account of all money 
 received and paid by him, and of all matters 
 relating to the duties of his office and preserve 
 the same, and all vouchers relating thereto, and 
 deliver up all books and vouchers relating to his 
 office whenever they are required by the Board of 
 School Commissioners, to such person as they 
 shall appoint to receive the same. 
 
 when elected. The Treasurer shall be elected annually, except 
 when the duties of the office are performed by the 
 County Director. 
 
 to divide county Sec. 6. In all cases where a County has not 
 been properly divided into School Districts, and 
 full records of the boundaries thereof have not 
 been made and recorded, the Board of School 
 Commissioners shall appoint a Committee, con- 
 sisting of two persons of intelligence and sound 
 judgment, members of their own body or other- 
 wise, who shall divide the County into suitable 
 School Districts, and define and describe the 
 boundaries of each, provided that no School Dis- 
 trict shall contain a greater area than four miles 
 square, unless a part of it be located in a moun- 
 tainous or unpopulated region. 
 
 How to be divided In the formation of the School Districts, the 
 Committee shall take into consideration the most 
 suitable site for the School house, the general 
 features of the country, such as streams or other 
 waters, mountains, roads, rail roads, villages, 
 towns, cities and especially the population, and 
 shall make each School District of such size and 
 form as will best accommodate the population 
 within its bounds. The Committee shall make a 
 full and clear description of the boundaries of the 
 School Districts accompanied by a plat, and shall 
 To report, &c. report the same to the School Commissioners, who 
 To be pubiishtd. shall publish the description in the newspapers 
 
29 
 
 of the County for two months, with a notice that 
 all applications for a change in the boundaries of 
 a district must be made within two months. 
 When the aplication shall have been made and 
 considered, the Board of School Commissioners 
 may then change the boundaries of the School 
 Districts, and revise the description, or they may, 
 without application, make such change as may be 
 deemed important, or they may ratify and confirm 
 the report of the Committee without alteration. 
 
 The description of the boundaries of the School Record to be 
 Districts shall be recorded among the land records 
 of the County, and also in the journal of the 
 School Commissioners, or in a book kept for that 
 purpose in their office. 
 
 In those Counties where no newspaper is pub- To be jP ubiished. 
 lished, the description of the School District shall 
 be published in the newspapers of the adjoining 
 County. 
 
 Wherever it may be necessary, the Board of To employ a 
 
 J J 7 Surveyor. 
 
 School Commissioners shall employ a Surveyor 
 to aid the Committee in dividing the County; and 
 they shall allow each member of the Committee, 
 and the Surveyor, such compensation for his ser- 
 vices as may be just and proper. 
 
 They shall report the entire cost of dividing Expense, now to 
 
 ° be paid. 
 
 the County and the publication of the description 
 of the School Districts, to the County Commis- 
 sioners, who shall levy the amount as other 
 County expenses are levied, and shall pay the 
 same to the Treasurer of Board of School Com- 
 missioners. 
 
 If a County has already been divided into Existing school 
 
 lT-v • • -i • -i Districts may be 
 
 School Districts which it may be necessary to re- revised - 
 vise, the Board of School Commissioners shall 
 have full power to make such revisions or altera- 
 tions as may be necessary to accommodate the 
 
30 
 
 population, aud increase the efficiency of the 
 Schools. 
 
 A full description of such changes and altera- 
 tions shall also be made and recorded as aforesaid. 
 Districts to be The School Districts shall be numbered in such 
 
 numbered. 
 
 manner as the State Superintendent may direct. 
 
 city of Baltimore The mode of dividing the City of Baltimore 
 into School Districts, and of locating School 
 houses, shall be fixed by the Mayor and City 
 Council, and not be subject to the requirements 
 of this section. 
 
 to employ Sec. 7. It shall be the duty of the School Com- 
 
 Teachers, &c. • , r , . t-> • , • i • . , 
 
 missioners, each tor his own District, subject to 
 the provisions of the By-Laws issued by the 
 State Board of Education to employ teachers 
 from among those persons who hold the proper 
 certificate, to attend to the distribution of Books 
 and Stationery, requiring each pupil to pay in 
 advance for the use of the same, unless exempted 
 therefrom ; to exercise a general supervision over 
 the Schools, visiting them at least once each term, 
 to have the care and custody of all School houses, 
 School furniture and apparatus, and School house 
 sites; purchase fuel and provide for all incidental 
 expenses, keep School houses and enclosures in 
 repair, have shade trees planted, advise concern- 
 ing the discipline and management and course of 
 instruction pursued, require examination of the* 
 pupils in any or all branches of study, and to use 
 their influence and exertions to increase the use- 
 fulness and elevate the standard of the Schools 
 and convince the people of the inestimable value 
 of Sound Education, 
 schools open at Sec. 8. They shall cause instruction to be given 
 
 least six months. . 
 
 in each School District for at least six months 
 consecutively in each year, and if the State and 
 County appropriations fail to prolong the School 
 
31 
 
 session, then to allow the use of the School houses 
 and furniture for subscription Schools under their 
 direction. 
 
 Sec. 9. Every District Commissioner shall have To ta ke affidavits 
 power to take affidavits and administer oaths in 
 all matters pertaining to Public Schools, but 
 without charge or fee ; and under the direction of 
 the State Superintendent of Public Instruction to 
 take and report to him the testimony in any case 
 of appeal. 
 
 Sec. 10. They shall examine any charge affect- To examine 
 ing the moral character of any Teacher within c arges 
 their District, first giving the Teacher reasonable 
 notice of the charge, and an opportunity to defend 
 himself therefrom, and if the charge be sustained, 
 shall annul the teacher's certificate, by whomso- 
 ever granted, and declare him unfit to teach ; 
 and if the Teacher hold a certificate of the State 
 Superintendent or a diploma of the State Normal 
 School, shall notify the Superintendent forthwith 
 of such annulment. Provided always, that the 
 Teacher shall have the right of appeal to the 
 Board of School Commissioners. 
 
 Sec. 11. They shall require the daily reveren- New Testament 
 
 n • /• i -vt • m to be read. 
 
 tial reading of some portion of the New Testament 
 Scriptures, by each Teacher at the opening of 
 School, and shall impress upon the minds of the 
 children the great truth incorporated in the 
 Declaration of Rights of the New Constitution, 
 under which, by the blessing of Grod, Universal 
 and Free Education is provided, viz: — "the exis- 
 tence of God, and that under His Dispensation 
 all men are held morally accountable for their 
 acts, and will be rewarded or punished therefor 
 either in this world or the world to come." 
 
 Sec 12. It shall be the duty of each District to report quar- 
 Commissioner to collect from each Teacher and ery " 
 
32 
 
 report in tabular form the condition of the Schools 
 in his District at each quarterly meeting of the 
 Board. These reports shall be filed by the Sec- 
 retary, and preserved for the use of the County 
 Director in making up his annual report to the 
 State Superintendent. 
 
 Graded schools. Sec. 13. Whenever the number of children 
 between the ages of six and eighteen attending 
 School in any School District is greater than one 
 hundred, then the Commissioner may, instead of 
 dividing the District, proceed with the consent of 
 the Board to establish Schools of different grades, 
 and to determine into which school each pupil 
 shall be admitted. 
 
 to publish an-; Sec 14. The Board of School Commissioners 
 shall publish annually in one of the papers of the 
 County or otherwise, a statement of the moneys 
 received and expended, setting forth all the finan- 
 cial operations of each district, and if there be no 
 newspapers within the limits of the County, then 
 they shall publish the same in such other form as 
 may be ordered and forward a copy to the office 
 of the State Superintendent. 
 
 county Direct™ Sec. 15. Whenever a Commissioner needs the 
 aid of the County Director in the organization 
 of a School, or in any matter relating to Schools 
 or School houses, or for the examination of 
 teachers, it is the duty of the Director promptly 
 to render the assistance required. 
 
33 
 
 TITLE II.— THAT WHICH IS TO BE 
 SUPERVISED. 
 
 SCHOOL DISTRICT MEETINGS.— SCHOOL HOUSES AND 
 SITES. — SCHOOLS. — TEACHERS. PUPILS. — TEXT- 
 BOOKS.— HIGH SCHOOLS— COLLEGES. 
 
 CHAPTER I.— SCHOOL DISTRICT MEET- 
 INGS. 
 
 Section 1 . For the purpose of providing Schools Districts, 
 in sufficient number and convenient of access, 
 the several Counties shall be divided as herein- 
 before provided. 
 
 Sec. 2. The resident voters of each School Dis- v °t e « to meet, 
 trict shall assemble at the School house on the 
 first Monday in May in each year, at four o'clock 
 in the afternoon, to discuss questions relating 
 to the condition of the School house, its site, and 
 furniture, and to take such action as may tend 
 to the improvement of education and make the 
 School as good as in the exercise of a sound dis- 
 cretion they may deem expedient. The meeting 
 shall be organized by the appointment of a Mod- 
 erator who shall preside, and a Clerk who shall 
 keep a minute of the proceedings. 
 
 Sec 3. The inhabitants of any School District May propose a 
 entitled to vote, when assembled in annual meet- 
 ing, may propose and discuss a tax upon the 
 taxable property of the District, for the improve- 
 ment of School houses, for the purchase of School 
 furniture, apparatus, and other necessaries for 
 School use — for the enlargement and adornment 
 of School grounds, and generally for such pur- 
 poses as will increase the comforts of the pupils, 
 and enlarge their facilities of instruction. 
 5 
 
34 
 
 When to be 
 decided. 
 
 Elections, how 
 conducted. 
 
 To build or en- 
 large School 
 Houses. 
 
 Not t( 
 
 $500. 
 
 Sec 4. Whenever any such District Tax is 
 proposed and assented to by one-third of the 
 voters present, the meeting shall be adjourned 
 to convene at the School house on the third 
 Monday in May of same year, at three o'clock in 
 the afternoon, when the question may be further 
 discussed and a final vote taken, and if a majority 
 of the legal voters present decide in favor of the 
 tax 'it shall be the duty of the County Commis 
 sioners to levy the same, and collect it as all 
 other taxes are collected, and pay the amount to 
 the Treasurer of the Board of School Commis- 
 sioners; to be by him disbursed upon order of the 
 said Board, and only for the purpose specified by 
 vote at the district meeting. 
 
 Sec. 5. School District Elections shall be con- 
 ducted as all other elections are, excepting that 
 there may be only one judge and one clerk, the 
 polls being kept open two hours, from four to six 
 o'clock, P. M., and the ballots to have upon 
 them the words "For the tax," or "Against the 
 tax." 
 
 Sec. 6. Whenever the number of children 
 attending School in any School District exceeds 
 one hundred and fifty, the legal voters may order 
 in the manner herein mentioned a tax for the pur- 
 pose of enlarging the School house or to aid in 
 building an additional School house, to establish 
 Schools of different grades ; and the teachers' sal- 
 aries and all incidental expenses of such graded 
 Schools, shall be paid for from the County School 
 funds, as they are in separate districts. 
 
 Sec. 7. No tax voted by a district meeting, 
 exceeding the sum of five hundred dollars, shall 
 be levied unless the District Commissioner ap- 
 prove of such larger sum. 
 
35 
 
 Sec. 8. A copy of all the proceedings of the copy f proceed- 
 District meeting shall be made by the Clerk and 
 certified by the Chairman and forwarded to the 
 District Commissioner, by him to be reported to 
 the Board of School Commissioners at the next 
 quarterly meeting. 
 
 Sec 9. Whenever a second School house is county to give 
 erected within the limits of a School District by*' 6 ' 
 special district tax voted and levied as before 
 mentioned, it shall be the duty of the County 
 Commissioners to order to be paid out of the 
 County Treasury the sum of one hundred and 
 fifty dollars to be applied to purchase of furni- 
 ture and apparatus. 
 
 CHAPTER II.— SCHOOL HOUSES. 
 
 Section 1. In each School District of every one House in 
 County there shall be erected at least one School each Dl8trict " 
 house conveniently located and properly furnished 
 for the accommodation of all the children entitled 
 to attend the Public Schools. The cost of these 
 buildings and the sites, shall be paid by the 
 County, and the title vested in the Board of 
 School Commissioners, provided, however, that 
 this law does not apply to such School District 
 as may be declared vacant of population by the 
 School Director, with the consent of the State- 
 Superintendent. 
 
 Sec 2. The District Commissioner shall have Care and contro , 
 the care and control of all houses and lands C0 n- ofSc " 0olHouse8 
 nected therewith within the limits of his district, 
 also, of the furniture, apparatus and other prop- 
 erty belonging to the district. He shall attend 
 to all necessary repairs, and charge the cost among 
 the incidental expenses of the School, to be paid 
 as such incidental expenses are provided for. 
 
36 
 
 JorSjrftSf- Sec - 3 - Every School bouse shall be built arid 
 form plans. furnished according to plans and drawings issued 
 from the office of the State Superintendent, or 
 according to plans from County Boards submitted 
 to and approved by him, that proper regard may 
 be had to light and ventilation, and other mat- 
 ters that conduce to the comfort, health and good 
 order of the pupils, 
 out buildings. g EC# 4 Every School house site must be pro- 
 vided with suitable out-buildings for convenience 
 and decency, also for the protection of fuel and 
 other articles needed for the good order of the 
 School, but not proper to be placed in the School 
 room. 
 fo e scn t oo f rndaie ry ^ EC - ^* ^ aD y person shall wilfully injure any 
 School house or the buildings and fences connected 
 therewith, or disfigure the same with paint or 
 otherwise, or mark thereon any obscene words, 
 figures or devices, or post thereon any paper or 
 other material bearing such words, figures or 
 devices, he shall be punished by fine not exceed-' 
 ing fifty dollars, or by imprisonment io the County 
 Jail not exceeding thirty days, or both, in the 
 discretion of the magistrate. The fine shall be 
 paid one-half to the informer and one-half to the 
 School house fund for the School District, 
 school site may Sec. 6. Whenever in the opinion of the voters 
 be changed. f an y School District, as expressed at the annual 
 School meeting, the location of a School house 
 ought to be changed, it shall be the duty of the 
 Board of School Commissioners to inquire into the 
 facts of the case, and if they deem it expedient, 
 they may sell and convey the said School house 
 and lands and appropriate the avails to the erec- 
 tion of another School house upon such site as 
 they may select. 
 
37 
 
 Sec. 7. No School house shall be used for any f°r what purpose 
 
 ^ House may be 
 
 other than Public School purposes, and School used - 
 District meetings, without the consent first 
 obtained, of the District Commissioner, and then 
 only for the purpose of giving and receiving 
 instruction in some branch of education or learn- 
 ing. 
 
 The location of School houses in the City off ch001 Housesin 
 
 J Baltimore. 
 
 Baltimore and all matters connected with the 
 building and furnishing thereof are to be decided 
 by the Mayor and City Council, or by the Board 
 of School Commissioners in the City of Balti- 
 more, if the Mayor and Council so direct. 
 
 CHAPTER III.— SCHOOL HOUSE SITES. 
 
 Section 1. It shall be the duty of the District Whoshaii select 
 
 site. 
 
 Commissioner, with the consent of the Board to 
 select a suitable School house site, in each School 
 District. 
 
 Sec. 2. The Board of School Commissioners Si,es ma y be 
 
 purchased. 
 
 may receive donations of such sites or locations 
 for School houses as may be designated, if any be 
 offered ; or may purchase the same, or may pur- 
 chase any house already built and adapted to 
 School purposes, which may be suitably located 
 in any School District, but in no case shall any 
 site be occupied or any School house be built 
 thereon until a good and sufficient title shall have 
 been obtained for the same in the corporate name 
 of the Board of School Commissioners for the 
 County. 
 
 Sec. 3. Where lands shall be required for the sites may be 
 
 o o i • a condemned. 
 
 site of a School house, or for enlarging a School 
 bouse lot, and the Commissioner of the District ' 
 shall from any cause be unable to contract with 
 the owner thereof, the Board of School Com- 
 
38 
 
 missioners may apply for a writ of ad quod 
 damnum to the Clerk of the Circuit Court for the 
 County, or the Superior Court for Baltimore City, 
 as the case may be, who shall forthwith issue the 
 same, and the sheriff shall execute the said writ 
 and return an inquisition describing the land and 
 stating the amount of damages to be paid to the 
 owner, and the Judge of the Circuit Court 
 for the County, or of the Superior Court of Bal- 
 timore City, may, at any time after the return 
 of the inquisition, in term or during the recess, 
 hear a motion to confirm such inquisition, on such 
 notice to the parties as he may direct, and confirm 
 or quash the same, and if he quashes the inquisi- 
 tion he shall order a new one forthwith to be 
 taken. But no lot so taken or enlarged shall 
 exceed in the whole, one square acre, including 
 the land occupied by the School buildings. 
 By whom paid. Sec. 4. In all cases when School house sites 
 are thus purchased or condemned, the cost thereof 
 shall be paid by the County, as other County 
 property is paid for. 
 
 CHAPTER IV.— SCHOOLS, 
 schom to be kept Section 1. In every School District in each 
 
 six months. ^ ^ Countyj there ghall be kept for ftt least 
 
 six months in each year, one, or more Schools, 
 according to population, which shall be free to all 
 youth over six and under nineteen years of age. 
 what shaii be Sec. 2. In every District School there shall be 
 taught Orthography, Reading, Writing, English 
 Grammar, Geography, Arithmetic, the History of 
 the United States and good behaviour. Algebra, 
 Book-keeping, Natural Philosophy, Vocal Music, 
 Drawing, Physiology, the Laws of Health and 
 of Domestic Economy shall also be taught when- 
 
 taught. 
 
ever the District Commissioners shall deem it 
 expedient. 
 
 Sec. 3. Whenever a School numbers over sixty when to be 
 children a female assistant teacher shall be em- 
 ployed, and the District Commissioner shall direct 
 the division of the pupils so as to form a graded 
 School, the principal teacher instructing the 
 higher classes. 
 
 Sec. 4. Public examinations shall be held in Examinations, 
 each School once in each term, of which due 
 notice shall be given, that parents and others 
 interested in public instruction may attend. 
 
 Sec. 5. School shall be open from nine A. M. Hours of session, 
 to twelve M., and from one P. M. to four P. M. 
 
 Sec. 6. Any person who shall wilfully disturb Penalty for dis- 
 
 -r\ • • oi • turbing. 
 
 interrupt or disquiet any District School in ses- 
 sion, or any persons assembled with the permis- 
 sion of the District Commissioner in any Dis- 
 trict School house for the purpose of giving or 
 receiving instruction in any branch of educatiou 
 or learning, shall forfeit twenty dollars for the 
 benefit of the School District. 
 
 Sec. 7. If any person convicted of the said Tube imprisoned 
 offence do not immediately pay the penalty with 
 costs, the Justice of the Peace shall commit him 
 to the Jail of the County, there to be imprisoned 
 until the penalty and costs be paid, but not 
 exceeding thirty days. 
 
 Sec. 8. The School year shall be divided into school year,no W 
 
 J \ divided. 
 
 four terms, which shall be designated the Fall, 
 Winter, Spring and Summer terms. 
 
 The Fall Term shall commence on the first 
 day of September, and close on the fifteenth day 
 of November. The Winter Term shall com- 
 mence on the sixteenth day of November, and 
 close on the thirty-first day of January. The 
 Spring Term shall commence on the first day of 
 
40 
 
 February and close on the fifteenth day of April. 
 The Summer Term shall commence on the six- 
 teenth day of April, and close on the thirtieth 
 day of June, 
 vacations. The months of July and August shall be vaca- 
 
 tion, and the following days shall be holidays, 
 viz: Thanksgiving day; from Christmas Eve to 
 the first day of January, inclusive ; Washington's 
 Birthday ; from the Thursday before Easter to 
 the Monday after Easter, inclusive. 
 
 These divisions of the year shall be strictly 
 adhered to throughout the State, and in case 
 it may be necessary to open a School for a frac- 
 tion of a term, it shall close at the end of the 
 term, and all accounts shall be settled at the 
 meeting of the School Commissioners held at the 
 close of the term. 
 
 CHAPTER V.— TEACHERS. 
 
 Teachers to hold Sec. 1. No person shall be employed as a 
 
 certificates. Teacher under this law, unless holding the cer- 
 tificate of qualification issued by an authorized 
 examiner, or the diploma of graduate of the 
 State Normal School. 
 
 By whom a P Sec. 2. Teachers shall be appointed by Ihe 
 
 District Commissioner, and may be removed at 
 any time said Commissioner may think proper. 
 
 Tokeep Regis- Sec. 3. Teachers shall keep, prepare and enter 
 into Registers provided for that purpose, an ac- 
 curate account of the attendance of pupils, text- 
 books used, and branches taught, and such other 
 statistics as may be required, and make due 
 return thereof to the District Commissioners at 
 the end of each term ; and no teacher shall be 
 entitled to receive payment for services until the 
 Register properly filled up and completed be so 
 returned. 
 
 pointed. 
 
 L.TS 
 
41 
 
 Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of all teachers in to teach morai- 
 . ity, &c. 
 
 Schools of every grade, to impress upon the 
 
 minds of youth committed to their instruction, 
 the principles of piety and justice, loyalty, and 
 a sacred regard for truth, love of their country, 
 humanity and benevolence, sobriety, industry, 
 and chastity, and those virtues which are the 
 basis upon which a republican constitution is 
 founded; and it shall be the duty of such instruc- 
 tors to lead their pupils into a clear understand- 
 ing of the tendency of these virtues, to preserve 
 the blessings of liberty, promote temporal happi- 
 ness, and advance the greatness of the American 
 nation. 
 
 Sec 5. Salaries of teachers in the City of Bal- salaries, by 
 
 ^ whom deter- 
 
 timore and in each County, shall be fixed by the mined - 
 Board of School Commissioners of the City, and 
 the several Counties, 'provided however, that the 
 aggregate sum paid in salaries to the teachers of 
 the City, or of any County, shall not be less than 
 its proportion of the amount received from the 
 tax levied by the State for the support of Free 
 Public Schools. 
 
 CHAPTER VI.— PUPILS. 
 
 Section 1. All youths between the ages of six Age f pupiia. 
 and nineteen years, are entitled to free instruc- 
 tion in any of the Public Schools of the State, 
 the studies of which they may be able to pursue, 
 provided, that wherever there are graded Schools, 
 the District Commissioner shall determine to 
 which School each pupil shall be admitted. 
 
 Sec 2. Pupils guilty of disorderly or immoral Pupils may be 
 conduct, who, after admonition refuse to reform, Mpe e 
 shall be suspended or expelled from the School 
 by the teacher, and his case referred to the Com- 
 missioner. 
 
42 
 
 May attend Sec 3 Children living remote from the Public 
 
 School of the School District in which they 
 reside, may attend the School in an adjoining- 
 District, under such directions as the Director 
 may prescribe, 
 vaccination. Sec. 4. No child shall be admitted to any 
 
 Public School who has not been duly vaccinated, 
 children required Sec. 5. Every cliilcl in the State between the 
 ages of eight and fourteen years, without fixed 
 employment, shall attend School at least six 
 months in each year, and in case any parent or 
 guardian shall neglect to send his or her child 
 or ward to School, it shall be the duty of the 
 Justice of the Peace to send a written admoni- 
 tion to such delinquents, and if they continue 
 to be negligent, to inflict such penalty as the 
 General Assembly may direct, 
 children in fac- s ECi 6. No child, under the age of fourteen 
 
 tones must ' > ° 
 
 attend school. y earSj shall be employed in any manufacturing 
 establishment, or in any business in this State, 
 unless such child has attended some public or 
 private School at least six of the twelve months 
 next preceding, and is permitted to attend three 
 months every year in which such child shall be 
 employed; any person who shall employ any 
 child contrary to the provisions of this act, shall 
 forfeit and pay for such offence a penalty of 
 twenty-five dollars, to be appropriated to the 
 support of Public Schools. 
 Directors to eia- Sec. 7. It shall be the duty of the City or 
 factories. rei in County Director personally, and as often as he 
 shall think proper, to examine into the situation 
 of children employed in manufacturing and other 
 establishments, and ascertain, if necessary, by 
 examination, whether they can read and write, 
 and to report all violation of this act to a Justice 
 of the Peace, that prosecution may be instituted, 
 
43 
 
 and it shall be the duty of the Justice of the 
 Peace, to prosecute for all such violations. 
 
 Sec. 8. The Mayor and City Council of Bal- JSSut ml* a 
 timore are authorized to adopt, without recourse trQant lawi 
 to the General Assembly, such police regulations 
 as they may deem expedient concerning truant 
 children and absentees from School, to compel 
 parents and guardians to send their children and 
 wards, between the ages of eight and fourteen 
 years, to some public or private School at least 
 six months in each year, and to enforce the other 
 provisions of Sections 5, 6 and 7 of this Chapter 
 entitled "Of Pupils." 
 
 CHAPTER VII.— TEXT BOOKS. 
 
 Section 1. To secure harmony in the System uniform series of 
 of Public Instruction, and to enable children 
 moving from one County to another, to pursue 
 their studies without interruption or unnecessary 
 expense to parents and guardians; and also to pre- 
 pare advanced pupils, uniformly, for the higher 
 grades of instruction in High Schools and Col- 
 leges, there shall be a uniform series of Text- 
 Books used in all the Schools of the State, orga- 
 nized under this law. 
 
 Sec. 2. The uniform series of Text-Books shall By whom *e- 
 
 lected. 
 
 be prescribed by the State Board of Education, 
 and contracted for by the State Superintendent, 
 under whose directions they shall be distributed 
 at cost, and five per cent, advance, to the Boards 
 of School Commissioners, in quantities and at 
 times as advised by them. 
 
 Sec. 3. On or before the first day of July eachjjjj™^*?^" 
 year, the several Boards of City and County ties ' kc - 
 School Commissioners shall send to the office of 
 the State Superintendent, a Schedule of Books 
 and Stationery required for use of Schools in 
 
44 
 
 their Cities and Counties during the following 
 School year, stating when and in what quantities 
 they shall be forwarded. Bills of books forwarded 
 shall be made and sent to the Board of School 
 Commissioners, who shall immediately pay for 
 the same, adding five per cent, to the cost price, 
 which shall be appropriated to pay the salary of 
 the Book Clerk, and the other incidental ex- 
 penses of the State Superintendent's Office, or 
 as much thereof as may be necessary, connected 
 with the purchase and distribution of the Uni- 
 form Series of Text-Books. 
 Accounts, how Sec. 4. The accounts for purchase and distri- 
 
 to be kept. . 
 
 bution of Text-Books and Stationery shall be 
 kept separate and distinct from all other accounts 
 connected with the office of the State Superin- 
 tendent, and a full statement of contracts, re- 
 ceipts and disbursements, shall be made annually 
 to the Governor or General Assembly, and ap- 
 pended to the report of said Superintendent. 
 Books, how to be Sec. 5. The Boards of School Commissioners 
 shall decide how the Text-Books and Stationery 
 shall be distributed, and upon what terms they 
 shall be sold, or the use of them be granted 
 to pupils, provided always, that if the District 
 Commissioner is of opinion that the parent or 
 guardian of any pupil is unable to pay the 
 expense of books, he may then permit the use 
 of the books to such pupil free of all charge. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII.— HIGH SCHOOLS. 
 
 course of study. Section 1. There shall be for each County and 
 the City of Baltimore one or more High Schools, 
 in which instruction shall be given to males and 
 females, in the higher branches of an English and 
 Scientific Education, and in the Latin and Greek 
 
45 
 
 Languages and Mathematics, sufficient to prepare 
 youth to enter any one of the State Colleges, 
 under control of the Council of the University of 
 Maryland. The terms of admission to the High 
 Schools shall be determined by the State Board 
 of Education. 
 
 Sec. 2. Whenever the Board of School Com- union nigh 
 
 Schools. 
 
 missioners of any two Counties shall think it 
 expedient, they may, with the consent of the 
 Board of Education, unite their funds and estab- 
 lish at some convenient and central location, a 
 Union High School which shall be open, upon 
 same terms, to youth of both Counties. 
 
 Sec. 3. Such Union High Schools shall be gov- how governed, 
 erned by a joint Committee consisting of the 
 County Directors and two members of each County 
 Board, and shall be subject to the visitation and 
 examination equally of the County Director of 
 each County uniting to establish the School. 
 
 Sec. 4. The State donations made to A cade- »ow supported, 
 mies and Schools, consisting of an annual 
 appropriation to each County, and now divided 
 among several Academies, or paid to the School 
 Commissioners for the General School Fund, 
 shall constitute, together with such other dona- 
 tions as from time to time may be made, or 
 annual appropriations by the County Board, a 
 High School Fund, and be used by the Board of 
 School Commissioners, to aid in paying the 
 salary of the Principal and other teachers of the 
 High School. 
 
 Sec 5. Suitable buildings for the High School ggJS*,;. 
 together with a residence for the Principal, to be 
 used also as a Boarding-house for students from 
 distant sections of the County, shall be erected at 
 the cost of the County, provided, however, that 
 before proceeding to locate the High School, the 
 
46 
 
 How kept in 
 repair. 
 
 To be visited and 
 examined. 
 
 To report. 
 
 Military Drill. 
 
 Board of Commissioners shall advertise and receive 
 offers from the citizens of any District or Town, 
 who may be inclined to provide suitable buildings, 
 apparatus, &c, in order to secure the location of 
 the High School in their neighbourhood. 
 
 Sec. 6. These buildings shall be kept in repair 
 at the County expense, and the title vested in 
 the Board of School Commissioners. In all par- 
 ticulars concerning Text-Books, course of study, 
 and mode of discipline, the High School shall be 
 under the control of the State Board of Educa- 
 tion. 
 
 Sec. 7. Each High School shall be visited and 
 examined annually by the State Superintendent, 
 or a Professor of the State Normal School ap- 
 pointed by him. They shall also be visited at 
 least once, each School term, by the School 
 Director, who shall report quarterly to the 
 Board the result of his observation, making 
 such suggestions as he may think will improve 
 the efficiency of the instruction and increase the 
 benefits which the School is designed to confer, 
 all of which shall be included in his annual report 
 to the State Superintendent. 
 
 Sec. 8. The Principal of each High School 
 shall report annually to the Board of School Com- 
 missioners. 
 
 Sec. 9. In every High School of the State, and 
 if practicable, in each College, Military Tactics 
 shall form a department of instruction, and the 
 General Assembly, from time to time, shall afford 
 all possible facilities to foster and render efficient 
 Military Instruction. 
 
 Annual dona- 
 tions continued. 
 
 CHAPTER IX.— COLLEGES. 
 
 Section 1. The annual donations to St. John's 
 College, Annapolis, Washington College, Chester- 
 
47 
 
 town, the Agricultural College in Prince George's 
 County and the Baltimore Female College, are 
 continued until otherwise ordered by the General 
 Assembly, subject to the condition that they shall 
 afford tuition in all the branches taught, and use 
 of books free of charge to one student for every 
 hundred dollars that such College receives from 
 the State; shall report annually to the State 
 Superintendent in such form as may be ordered 
 by the Board of Education, and comply with all 
 the other requirements of Article 84, of the Code 
 entitled "Schools, and of their respective char- 
 ters." 
 
 Sec. 2. The sum of three thousand dollars shall Donations to 
 on warrant of the Comptroller be paid annually and sciences, 
 by the Treasurer to the Faculty of Arts and Sci- 
 ences of the University of Maryland situate in 
 Baltimore for the support of the College Depart- 
 ment, said faculty to afford tuition in all branches 
 taught and use of books free of charge, to one 
 student for every hundred dollars received from 
 the State. 
 
 Sec. 3. The Faculty of Arts and Sciences of To report, 
 the University of Maryland shall report annually 
 to the State Superintendent according to such 
 form as may be ordered by the State Board of 
 Education, and comply with all other require- 
 ments of Article eighty-four of the Code of Pub- 
 lic General Laws, entitled "Schools," as they 
 apply to Colleges. 
 
 Sec. 4. St. John's College, Annapolis; Wash- university, 
 ington College, Chestertown ; the Maryland Ag- 
 ricultural College, Prince George's County; and 
 the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, with the School 
 of Medicine in Baltimore, and the Law School,* 
 
 * The Maryland Institute might be included in the University 
 organization, with an Endowment to aid the School of Design, and 
 to establish a Professorship of Practical and Theoretical Mechanics. 
 
48 
 
 Law School 
 located in An- 
 napolis. 
 
 Who to have 
 
 shall constitute the University of Maryland, to 
 be controlled and governed as may be directed. 
 Sec. 5. The Law School of the University of 
 Maryland shall be located at Annapolis, and be 
 connected with St. John's College, Annapolis, 
 with the consent of the Board of Visitors of said 
 College, and the sum of one thousand dollars is 
 hereby appropriated, to be paid on the first day 
 of April in each year, to the Board of Visitors 
 of St. John's College to aid in supporting the 
 Law School whenever it shall be organized to the 
 satisfaction of the State Board of Education. 
 For eve^ry one hundred dollars granted to the 
 Law School, one pupil, a graduate of one of the 
 Colleges of the University of Maryland shall 
 enjoy all the privileges of Lectures and other 
 instruction, free of charge. 
 
 Sec. 6, Graduates of the High Schools of the 
 city of Baltimore and of the several Couuties, 
 shall always have preference for appointments 
 to the privileges of free tuition in Colleges. 
 Such appointments shall be made by the School 
 Director and President of Board of District Com- 
 missioners on the first day of July in each year. 
 All applicants shall be examined and their fitness 
 determined by the Faculty of the College to which 
 they are appointed, and those who are not gradu- 
 ates of High Schools must present satisfactory cer- 
 tificates of scholastic ability, industry and good 
 morals, before they can be examined for admis- 
 sion to any College. 
 Appointments Sec. 7. These appointments shall be divided 
 among counties among the City of Baltimore and the Counties 
 according to population,, and in case the City of 
 Baltimore or any County does not by the first 
 day of September, avail itself of the privilege of 
 nominating students, then the vacancies may be 
 
49 
 
 filled by the State Superintendent from applicants 
 at large, so that the whole number of youth may 
 enjoy the advantage designed to be secured through 
 the State donation, and the system of Free Pub- 
 lic Instruction in "Primary Schools, Grammar 
 Schools, High Schools and Colleges, be realized. 
 
 Sec. 8. The annual commencements for con- cummencwnenu 
 ferring Degrees shall be held in the City of Bal- 
 timore on the fourth day of July, under such 
 regulations as the Council of the University of 
 Maryland may from time to time announce : this 
 shall not take effect until the Board of Education, 
 after, consultation with the Regents of the Uni- 
 versity, may direct, and shall in no way inter- 
 fere with such usual literary exercises and class 
 orations as are held at the different Colleges at 
 the close of each collegiate year. 
 
 TITLE III.— MODE OF SECURING COM- 
 PETENT TEACHERS. 
 
 CHAPTER I.— EXAMINATION OF 
 TEACHERS. 
 
 Section 1. It shall be the duty of the City or By whom exam- 
 County School Directors to examine all candidates ined ' 
 for the profession of Teachers in the presence of 
 any members of the Board of School Commis- 
 sioners, should they desire to be present, and 
 to give each person found qualified a certificate 
 setting forth the branches they are competent to 
 teach, but no certificate shall be granted without 
 satisfactory evidence of the moral character of 
 the applicant. 
 
 Sec. 2. The certificates issued shall be num- certificates, 
 bered and registered for each City and County, 
 in a book kept by the Director, and to be de- 
 livered to his successors in office, and shall be 
 1 
 
50 
 
 denominated first or second grade, as the case 
 may be. Certificates of the first grade shall em- 
 brace Orthography, Beading, Writing, Arith- 
 metic, Geography, History, English Grammar, 
 Book-keeping, Algebra and Natural Philosophy ; 
 and the second grade shall embrace Orthography, 
 Beading, Writing, Arithmetic, Geography, His- 
 tory and English Grammar. Blank certificates 
 to be obtained from the State Superintendent's 
 office, in same way that Text-Books and Sta- 
 tionery are. 
 
 Ape or Teachers. Sec. 3. No applicant shall be examined as a 
 teacher, being a male, under twenty years of 
 age; and if a female, under eighteen years of age. 
 Sec. 4. No certificate shall continue in force 
 longer than three years, unless issued from the 
 office of the State Superintendent. 
 
 Quarterly cxami- Sec. 5. The County School Director shall hold 
 regular examinations at each quarterly meeting 
 of the Board, and at other times, when requested 
 by any District Commissioner. 
 
 Re examination Sec. 6. Any teacher holding a certificate issued 
 by a School Director may be examined at any 
 time by the State Superintendent, or a Professor 
 of the Normal School, deputed by the State Super- 
 intendent, and if found deficient, the certificate 
 shall be cancelled. 
 
 Fee for ceruri. Sec. 7. Each teacher examined under this law, 
 before receiving a certificate, shall pay to the 
 Treasurer of the Board of School Commissioners 
 the sum of two dollars if first grade, or one 
 dollar if of the second grade. 
 
 CHAPTER II.— TEACHERS' ASSOCIA- 
 TIONS. 
 
 object of Section 1. District, County and State Teachers' 
 
 Assocmuon. Associations are recommended as an important 
 
51 
 
 method of elevating the standard of Public 
 Instruction by mutual conference, interchange of 
 views and suggestions as to systems of teaching 
 and discipline. 
 
 Sec. 2. These Associations being voluntary, it to be encour- 
 should be the care of the School Director and'* 86 
 District Commissioners to aid in their organiza- 
 tion, to encourage attendance, to secure compe- 
 tent lecturers, and to impart such information, 
 as they may be able, as will encourage teachers 
 in their work, and fit them for the performance 
 of their arduous and responsible duties. 
 
 Sec 3. These Associations must assemble at when to meet, 
 least once in each School term, on Saturday of 
 some month, and may occupy any of the School 
 houses. Stationery for the use of the meeting 
 shall be furnished gratuitously by the Board of 
 School Commissioners. 
 
 Sec. 4. For the purpose of organizing Teachers' Howto organize. 
 Associations and deciding upon the places of 
 assembling, the School Director shall convene 
 the teachers of contiguous districts, embracing at 
 least twenty -five Schools, who may select a Presi- 
 dent and Secretary, and adopt such By-Laws as 
 may be deemed expedient. The School Direc- 
 tor shall arrange the time of meeting of the sev- 
 eral Associations, that he may attend all or as 
 many as practicable. 
 
 CHAPTER III.— TEACHERS' INSTITUTES. 
 
 Section 1. A Teachers' Institute shall be held how often held, 
 once in each year, to continue at least ten days, 
 in every County that contains fifty teachers. 
 Whenever a County has less than fifty teachers 
 it may' then unite with an adjacent County; pro- 
 vided, the joint number of teachers does not 
 exceed one hundred. 
 
52 
 
 Penalty for non- 
 attendance. 
 
 Notice to be 
 given. 
 
 Who to preside. 
 
 Recess of 
 Schools. 
 
 Report to be 
 made. 
 
 Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of every teacher 
 under penalty of a forfeiture of twenty-five dol- 
 lars, to attend the Institute and remain through- 
 out its entire session. 
 
 Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the County 
 School Director to notify each teacher of the time 
 and place of meeting of the Institute. 
 
 Sec 4. These Institutes being designed as 
 temporary Normal Schools, shall be presided over 
 by the State Superintendent or a Professor of the 
 State Normal School, assisted by the County 
 School Director, and such members of the Board of 
 School Commissioners who may elect to attend. 
 
 Sec 5. During the session of the Institute 
 there shall be a vacation of the Schools, and an 
 appropriation shall be made to pay the traveling 
 expenses of the teachers. The School Director 
 shall select the place of assembling, and make 
 such arrangements as will secure to the 
 teachers a hospitable reception, and as far as 
 practicable, freedom from expense for board 
 during the session. 
 
 Sec 6. The County School Director shall 
 report to the Board of School Commissioners a cata- 
 logue of the names of all persons who shall have 
 attended such Institute, together with such other 
 information as may be of interest. 
 
 CHAPTER IV.— STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 
 
 Where located. 
 
 School building. 
 
 Section 1. There shall be located in the City 
 of Baltimore, until the Board of Education other- 
 wise direct, a State Normal School for the in- 
 struction and practice of teachers of Public Schools 
 in the science of education and the art of teach- 
 ing and the mode of governing Schools. 
 
 Sec 2. The sessions of the State Normal 
 School shall be held in such suitable building as 
 
53 
 
 may be provided by the Mayor and City Council 
 of Baltimore, of they declining so to do, in such 
 building as the State Superintendent may select; 
 the rent being charged among the incidental 
 expenses. 
 
 Sec. 3. The Faculty of the Normal School shall Faculty, 
 consist of two Male and two Female Professors 
 appointed by the State Board of Education, and to 
 have such salaries as they may direct. 
 
 Sec. 4. There shall be in each year two ses- sessions, 
 sions of the School, the first session commencing 
 September 15th, 1865, and ending December 20th; 
 the second commencing^ January 5th, 18G6, and 
 ending April 5th, and so on for each and every 
 year until otherwise ordered. 
 
 Sec 5. The number of students shall not Number or 
 exceed two huudred and fifty of both sexes. 
 Males being not younger than seventeen years 
 and females not younger than sixteen years, to 
 be appointed as follows: two for each member of 
 the House of Delegates and one for each Sena- 
 tor, to be selected from the respective Counties 
 and the City of Baltimore by the Board of School 
 Commissioners, whom the said Board together 
 with the School Director shall certify they have 
 examined and approved as possessed of the 
 qualifications required of teachers under this 
 law; the object of the Normal School being, not 
 to educate teachers in studies now required by 
 law, but to receive such as are found competent 
 in these studies, and to train them in the best 
 methods of teaching and conducting Public 
 Schools. Before any appointment shall be made, 
 the applicants shall file a written declaration 
 that their object in getting admission to the 
 School is to qualify themselves for the employ- 
 ment of Public School teachers, and that it is 
 
54 
 
 Pay Students 
 admitted. 
 
 State Superin- 
 tendent to be 
 Principal. 
 
 Model Schools 
 
 their intention to engage in that employment 
 within the State; and in case any students should 
 fail to fulfil their obligation, they shall forfeit 
 and pay thirty dollars for each session they have 
 attended the Normal School, as recompense for 
 their tuition and the use of text-books. If there 
 be not a sufficient number of applicants from any 
 County to fill the number of appointments, then 
 the State Superintendent may fill all vacancies 
 by selecting from among qualified applicants 
 from any other portion of the State. 
 
 Sec. 6. Iu addition to the students admitted 
 from the Counties who shall enjoy all the privi- 
 leges of the School and be furnished with the use 
 of text-books free of charge, there may be 
 admitted fifty pupils possessed of the required 
 qualifications who desire to prepare themselves 
 for the duties of teachers in private Schools and 
 Academies, who shall pay in advance, the sum of 
 twenty-five dollars per session, and purchase their 
 own text-books; and be subject in every respect to 
 the rules and regulations as other students are. 
 
 Sec. 7. The State Superintendent shall be ex 
 officio the Principal of the Normal School, shall 
 prescribe the course of study and supervise the 
 general curriculum in every particular not pro- 
 vided for in this law. He shall make provision 
 for Model Primary and Grammar Schools under 
 permanent and highly qualified teachers, in 
 which Model Schools the students of the Normal 
 School shall have opportunity to practice the 
 modes of instruction and discipline inculcated in 
 the Normal School. The salary of the teachers 
 of the Model and experimental Schools to be paid 
 in part from the tuition fees derived from the 
 pupils of said Model Schools. 
 
55 
 
 Sec. 8. The annual sum of eight thousand dol- Appropriation for 
 
 ,. , support of Nor- 
 
 lars is hereby appropriated for the support ot the mai school. 
 State Normal School, to be paid to the State Su- 
 perintendent in quarterly instalments, commenc- 
 ing on the first day of October, 1865, (by the 
 Treasurer on warrant of the Comptroller,) and to 
 be distributed by the State Superintendent as the 
 Board of Education may direct, but only for 
 teachers' salaries, and the purchase of educational 
 apparatus. 
 
 The cost of text-books, stationery, fuel, light, IncideiltaI 
 cleaning the rooms, &c, shall be charged to the expe " 8 
 incidental expenses of the School and paid on the 
 first day of January and first day of July in each 
 year by the Treasurer upon warrant of Comp- 
 troller and certificate of State Board of Education. 
 
 Sec 9. All donations or bequests of money or Trust, 
 other personal property and all grants or devises 
 of lands for the benefit of the State Normal 
 Schools shall be held in trust by the State Board 
 of Education. 
 
 Sec. 10. The sum of two thousand dollars is Furniture, 
 hereby appropriated to purchase furniture for the 
 Normal School, to be paid by Treasurer on war- 
 rant of the Comptroller and certificate of State 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 Sec 11. All male students of the State Normal Military Tactics 
 
 taught. 
 
 School shall be taught Military Tactics, embrac- 
 ing the Manual for Infantry, the School of the 
 Company and Battalion, to qualify them to intro- 
 duce a proper system of military instruction in 
 the Primary Schools and High Schools of the State. 
 
 Sec 12. The Adjutant General of the State Adjutant General 
 shall upon requisition from the State Board of ° 
 Education furnish to the State Normal School 
 such arms and equipments as are needed for the 
 use of the students. 
 
56 
 
 TITLE IV.— SOURCES OF INCOME. 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Annual state tax Seotion 1 . Iii addition to existing County Taxes 
 ' now provided for by Public General or Local Law, 
 a State tax of fifteen cents on each one hundred 
 dollars of taxable property throughout the State, 
 shall be levied annually for the support of Free 
 Public Schools, which tax shall be collected at 
 the same time and by the same agents as the 
 General State levy, and shall be paid into the 
 Treasury of the State, to be distributed by the 
 Treasurer to the Boards of School Commissioners 
 of the City of Baltimore and of the several Coun- 
 ties in proportion to their respective population 
 between the ages of five and twenty years. 
 
 Free school Sec. 2. The Treasurer shall pay, as heretofore, 
 
 to each of the Counties and the City of Baltimore, 
 the proportion of the Free School Fund to which 
 such County or City is entitled under the pro- 
 visions of the laws and resolutions existing at the 
 time this Act is adopted. 
 
 Sec. 3. The several Colleges shall respectively 
 receive the donations granted to them by laws or 
 resolutions existing at the time of the adoption 
 of this Act, subject to the conditions annexed 
 thereto, all donations payable to any Academy 
 or School or to the Common School Fund, to- 
 gether with the four hundred dollars appropri- 
 ated annually to certain Counties named in an 
 act passed March seventh, one thousand eight 
 hundred and sixty-four, entitled "An Act to add 
 a new section to the eighty-fourth Article of the 
 Code of Public General Laws of this State rela- 
 ting to Schools," shall after the first of January, 
 one thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, be 
 
 Fund. 
 
 l)r nations to be 
 continued. 
 
57 
 
 paid to the Board of School Commissioners to be 
 applied by them only to the support of the County 
 High Schools created under this law. 
 
 Sec. 4. To enable the inhabitants of any County District Tax. 
 or School District to make their Schools and 
 School houses as complete as they may deem ex- 
 pedient, a special County School Tax or School 
 District Tax may be levied whenever the legal 
 voters of said County or School District, at a 
 General Election, or at the annual School Dis- 
 trict meeting express by popular vote their desire 
 for such additional tax. 
 
 Sec. 5. Real and personal estate granted, con- Trust*, 
 veyed, devised or bequeathed for use of any par- 
 ticular County or any School District, shall be 
 held in trust by the State Board of Education 
 for the benefit of such County or School District, 
 and such bequests shall be free from all State tax, 
 commissions, &c. 
 
 Sec. 6. Funds now invested and forming agf^wdtf 
 part of the Public School Fund of any County, ^X n y d ,. 
 and any additions hereafter made thereto shall be 
 inviolably appropriated to the support of the 
 Public Schools in said County ; and the General 
 Assembly shall provide by law for the custody of 
 such funds, in vesting them in the State Board 
 of Education, to be held in trust for the benefit 
 of the Counties to which they belong ; and for all 
 purposes connected with the investment of such 
 County funds the Judge of the Circuit Court 
 shall be considered a member of and act with the 
 State Board of Education. 
 
 Sections 7, 8, 9 and 10, were inserted after the Bill was presented 
 to the General Assembly. 
 
 Sec. V. As soon as the Comptroller shall have comptroller to 
 received from the City of Baltimore and the seve- oTscUoTt^x 
 ral Counties, a return of the amount of the State ibVied ' 
 
58 
 
 School Tax levied in each, he shall certify the 
 same and the sum thereof to the State Superin- 
 tendent of Public Instruction, who shall imme- 
 diately thereafter, apportion the amount of the 
 whole levy among the several Counties and the 
 City of Baltimore, in proportion to their respect- 
 ive population between the ages of five and 
 twenty years, and shall transmit the whole ap- 
 portionment to the Comptroller, and a statement 
 of the amount apportioned to each County and 
 the City of Baltimore to the Treasurers of the 
 several Boards of School Commissioners of the 
 Counties and the City of Baltimore. 
 Times when Sec. 8. On the fifteenth day of June, the first 
 
 be C a p°pom a oned all day of October, the first day of January, and the 
 fifteenth day of March in each year, the Comp- 
 troller shall apportion the amount of School Tax 
 received by the Treasurer, among the several 
 Counties and the City of Baltimore in proportion 
 to the whole amount apportioned to each by the 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction, and 
 he shall notify the State Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction, and the Treasurer of each of the seve- 
 ral Boardsof School Commissioners of the Counties 
 and the City of Baltimore, of these amounts of lax 
 due to each County and the City of Baltimore; 
 and the Treasurer shall pay the several amounts 
 within ten days after said notification upon the 
 draft of the President and Secretary of the several 
 Boards of School Commissioners aforesaid ; Pro- 
 vided nevertheless, that no payment of said tax 
 shall be made to any County or the City of Bal- 
 timore until after the organization of the several 
 Boards of School Commissioners on the second 
 Tuesday of July, 1865. 
 Abatements, &c. Sec. 9. When the whole levy of any year shall 
 have been collected, the Comptroller shall appor- 
 tion among the several Counties and the City of 
 Baltimore, the amount allowed on the levy for in- 
 solvencies and abatements, and shall transmit a 
 statement of the same to the State Superintend- 
 ent ; and to each County and the City of Balti- 
 more a statement of the amount apportioned to it. 
 Sec 10. Whenever any additional means may 
 be required to build School houses, or support 
 the Schools, the Board of School Commissioners 
 
59 
 
 shall estimate and determine the amount, and 
 report the same to the County Commissioners, 
 who are hereby directed and required to levy the 
 amount reported, collect and pay over the same 
 to the Treasurer of the Board of School Commis- 
 sioners. 
 
 TITLE V.— UNIVERSITY OF MARY- 
 LAND. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Section 1. The corporate powers of the Univer- corporate powers 
 
 enlarged. 
 
 sity of Maryland are hereby enlarged so as to 
 embrace in addition to the "Faculty of Arts and 
 Sciences" situate in the City of Baltimore, the 
 three Colleges receiving an annual State dona- 
 tion, to wit, St. John's College, Annapolis ; 
 Washington College, Chestertown ; the Agri- 
 cultural College in Prince George's County. 
 
 Sec. 2. The University shall be governed by a Board of Regent. 
 Board of Regents consisting of the several Facul- 
 ties as now constituted, together with those of 
 St. John's College, Annapolis ; Washington Col- 
 lege, Chestertown ; and the Agricultural College, 
 Prince George's County. 
 
 Sec 3. There shall be a University Council, university 
 consisting of the State Board of Education, the 
 Presidents of the Faculties of the affiliated Col- 
 leges and of the Medical and Law Schools, and. 
 four citizens, appointed by the Governor, eminent 
 for their learning and zeal in the cause of Public 
 Instruction. The Council shall advise with re- 
 ference to the course of study and grade of attain- 
 ment required for graduation ; but in all cases 
 the examinations for degrees shall be conducted 
 by the Faculties of the respective Colleges. 
 
 Sec 4. All degrees shall be conferred by the Degrees 
 Provost of the University of Maryland on the 
 
Laws. 
 
 60 
 
 fourth day of July, in the City of Baltimore; 
 The Candidates for the Bachelor's degree shall 
 be presented by the President of the College in 
 which they have graduated. 
 
 course of study. Sec. 5. The Council of the University shall 
 appoint the course of study to be pursued in the 
 High Schools, adapting the Classical and Scien- 
 tific Course specially for admission to the Univer- 
 sity Colleges. 
 
 scientific degrees They may also confer degrees upon young men 
 of Scientific attainments, Graduates of the Col- 
 leges, although they may not have completed the 
 Course of Latin and Greek Classics. Such degree 
 shall be styled, Bachelor of Science. 
 
 to make By Sec.' 6. The Council of the University shall 
 
 make such By-Laws for their government as they 
 may, from time to time, deem expedient. 
 
 TITLE VI.— BENEVOLENT, REMEDIAL 
 AND REFORMATORY INSTITU- 
 TIONS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 schools, fcc-an Section 1. That the duty of the State to pro- 
 
 Asylum. . 
 
 vide for the amelioration of that portion of her 
 citizens who have been denied the full use of their 
 mental or physical powers, and of those who by 
 ignorance have been debased into criminals may 
 be recognized ; it is declared, that this System of 
 Public Instruction is designed to embrace, an 
 Asylum for the Blind, an Asylum for the Deaf 
 and Dumb, a School for Idiotic and Feeble- 
 Minded Youth ; and other Benevolent and Rem- 
 edial Institutions. Also Schools for the Instruc- 
 tion of the inmates of the Penitentiary, County 
 Jails and County Aims-Houses, for which it is 
 
61 
 
 the duty of the General Assembly to make pro- 
 vision as necessity may require. 
 
 Sec. 2. All annual appropriations heretofore Appropriation, 
 made for such Institutions are to be continued, 
 and the State declares her readiness to foster and 
 aid such Private Benevolence as may originate 
 agencies designed to alleviate the sufferings of any 
 class of her citizens. 
 
 Sec 3. It shall be the duty of the Warden o f schools in peni- 
 the Penitentiary with the advice of the Directors, 
 and of the Warden of each County Jail, and of 
 the Overseer of each County Aims-House, with 
 the advice of the County Commissioners, to pro- 
 vide the means of instruction for all the inmates 
 of these Institutions who may desire to learn; spe- 
 cially to have them taught Reading, Writing, 
 Arithmetic and such higher branches as may be 
 thought expedient. The expense of such Schools 
 shall be paid as the other expenses of the Peni- 
 tentiary, Jails and Aims-Houses are. 
 
 Sec. 4. The Wardens of the Penitentiary and Teachers. 
 Jails and the Trustees of Aims-Houses, may 
 select a teacher from among the inmates of these 
 Institutions, if after examination such person is 
 declared fit to teach, or they may engage any 
 Teacher who holds the certificate of qualifica- 
 tion. 
 
 TITLE VII.— AIDS AND ENCOURAGE- 
 MENTS TO UNIVERSAL EDUCA- 
 TION. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Section 1. To aid in qualifying Teachers for Scholarships _ 
 the High Schools, to encourage industry and to coii h eJ c s hoo,8and 
 enable meritorious young men to continue their 
 course of study in the High Schools and in the 
 
G2 
 
 Scholarships, 
 how divided. 
 
 Applications, 
 to whom made. 
 
 Applicants to 
 present Certifi- 
 cate. 
 
 Colleges connected with the University, Scholar- 
 ships are established, fifty of which are High 
 School Scholarships of fifty dollars each per 
 annum, and fifty are College Scholarships of one 
 hundred dollars each per annum. 
 
 Sec. 2. These Scholarships shall be divided as 
 follows : To the City of Baltimore, five High 
 School and five College Scholarships. To Alle- 
 gany, Baltimore, Carroll, Frederick, and Wash- 
 ington Counties each, three High School and three 
 College Scholarships. To Anne Arundel. Caro- 
 line, Cecil, Dorchester, Harford, Howard, Kent, 
 Montgomery, Prince George, Queen Anne, Somer- 
 set,- Talbot and Worcester each, two High School 
 and two College Scholarships. To Calvert, 
 Charles and St. Mary's Counties each, one High 
 School and one College Scholarship. 
 
 Sec. 3. Applications for Scholarships must be 
 made before the first day of June, in each year, 
 whenever a vacancy will occur, to the Board of 
 School Commissioners ; each application for a 
 High School Scholarship to be accompanied by a 
 certificate from the Teacher of a Primary or a 
 Grammar School, that the applicant is fitted to 
 enter upon the course of study required; and 
 from five citizens of respectability, by whom the 
 candidate has been known at least one year, that 
 he is of good moral character, sound health and 
 constitution, and likely to improve the advan- 
 tages conferred upon him. 
 
 If an applicant for a College Scholarship, the 
 candidate must present a certificate from the 
 Teacher of a Public High School or from some 
 other Teacher of established reputation, that he 
 will be fitted for College at the next commence- 
 ment, and from five citizens of respectability, to 
 whom he has been known, at least one year, that 
 
63 
 
 he is of good moral character, of sound health 
 and constitution and of laudable ambition to 
 learn. When there are several candidates the 
 Board of School Commissioners may require them 
 to be examined by the School Director or some 
 competent Teacher before deciding whom to 
 appoint. 
 
 If any City or County shall fail to present can- when state 
 didates for Scholarships, the State Board of Edu- may appoint, 
 cation, or they failing, the State Superintendent 
 of Public Instruction may make the appointment; 
 Provided always, that the person appointed shall 
 be a resident of the City or County for which he 
 is appointed. 
 
 Sec. 4. Students so elected shall enjoy the student* to hare 
 benefits of free tuition in the College to which certain colleges, 
 they are appointed, those from Anne Arundel, 
 Caroline, Charles, St. Mary's, Calvert, Howard 
 and Frederick Counties, in St. John's College, 
 Annapolis. Those from Dorchester, Worcester, 
 Somerset, Talbot, Kent and Queen Anne Counties, 
 to Washington College, Chestertown. Those 
 from Allegany, Washington, Montgomery, Hart- 
 ford and Prince George Counties, to Agricul- 
 tural College, Prince George's County. Those 
 from Baltimore City, Baltimore County, Carroll 
 and Cecil Counties, to the Faculty of Arts and 
 Sciences in the City of Baltimore. 
 
 The students receiving High School Scholar- 
 ships shall always attend the High School of the 
 County from which they are appointed. 
 
 Whenever students appointed to particular students may 
 Colleges desire to exchange, they may do so with" a " 8e ' 
 the consent of the School Director of the County 
 to which they belong. 
 
 Sec. 5. To each student so appointed, if for a High school 
 High School, shall be paid by the Treasurer of C ° a " 1P " 
 
64 
 
 the Board of School Commissioners for his County 
 or City, at the end of each Scholastic year, not 
 exceeding three, the sum of fifty dollars, upon his 
 producing a certificate from the Principal of the 
 School that he has been faithful in his studies, 
 exemplary in his deportment, and ranks in Schol- 
 arship among the first half of his class, 
 college scholar- If a student in a College he shall receive, at 
 
 ships. 
 
 the end of each Collegiate year, not exceeding 
 four, the sum of one hundred dollars upon pre- 
 senting a certificate from the President, that he 
 has been faithful in his studies, exemplary in his 
 deportment, and ranks in Scholarship among the 
 first half of his class, 
 vacancies, Sec. 6. Selections to fill vacancies occurring in 
 
 how filled. m n 
 
 such Scholarships shall be made by the Boards 
 of School Commissioners in like manner as the 
 original selections. 
 Female scholar- Sec. 7. To aid and encourage Young Women 
 
 ships in Balti- ° ° 
 
 coiie e emale * n tne pursuit °f the higher branches of know- 
 ledge and to qualify themselves for admission to 
 the State Normal School to learn the art of teach- 
 ing, twenty-two Female Scholarships of seventy- 
 five dollars each per annum are established. 
 These Scholarships are designed to aid those 
 young women who are designated by the Orphans' 
 Court in each County and of the City of Baltimore 
 to enjoy the privileges of free tuition in the Bal- 
 timore Female College. • 
 
 when and how Sec. 8. The amount of said Scholarships shall 
 be paid by the Treasurer of the Board of Schooi 
 Commissioners of the County or City at the end of 
 each year, not exceeding three to any one student, 
 upon her producing a certificate from the Presi- 
 dent of the Baltimore Female College that she has 
 been faithful in her studies, exemplary in her 
 deportment, and ranks in Scholarship among the 
 first half of her class. 
 
65 
 
 Sec. 9. The sum of nine thousand one hundred Appropriation, 
 and fifty dollars annually, or as much thereof as 
 may be needed, is appropriated from the Fund 
 known as the Surplus Revenue Fund to pay the 
 Scholarships herein established. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Section 1. Cheap Educational Tracts, Docu- Educationa , 
 ments and Periodicals shall be issued to Teachers Tractf '• 
 and others by the State Superintendent, as he < 
 
 shall deem expedient. Also, Tracts explanatory 
 of the School System of the State, containing such 
 information as may be important to the advance- 
 ment of sound instruction and good discipline. 
 
 Sec 2. For the purchase, printing and distri- Appropriation, 
 bution of such documents, the annual sum of two 
 hundred and fifty dollars is hereby appropriated 
 from the Surplus Revenue Fund. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Section 1. For the further encouragement of school District 
 Universal Education, District Libraries ought to 
 be established in each School District under the 
 care of the Teacher as Librarian. For this pur- 
 pose the sum of twenty dollars per annum is or- 
 dered to be paid to any School District, as Library 
 money, as long as the people raise the same 
 amount annually. 
 
 The Books must be selected by the District how selected. 
 Commissioner, from the Library list authorized 
 by the State Board of Education. The amount 
 required for Library money is appropriated from 
 the Surplus Revenue Fund. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Section 1. For the further encouragement of 
 Education, the State Superintendent is authorized 
 
67 
 
 Books of refer- 
 ence. 
 
 Educational 
 Museum. 
 
 to subscribe to such Educational Journals as he 
 may consider valuable, to be kept on file in hi s 
 office or in the Normal School for the use of 
 Teachers. The expense of such subscriptions 
 shall be included among the incidental expenses 
 of the office, but not to exceed fifty dollars per 
 annum. 
 
 Sec. 2. He will also keep for reference by 
 Teachers and those interested in Public Instruc- 
 tion, the rare and valuable works on Education, 
 which by Section 10, of Chapter III. Title I. of 
 this Act he is authorized to purchase. 
 
 These Books and Journals, together with' such 
 Text-Books and School Apparatus, Maps, Charts 
 and Diagrams as may be sent to him from time 
 to time, and all other objects of value, as being 
 aids and encouragements to Universal Education, 
 shall form an Educational Museum, to be enlarged 
 by private benefaction or public appropriation. 
 
 TITLE VIIL— MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 CHAPTER I.— COLORED SCHOOLS. 
 
 When to be 
 •stablisbed. 
 
 Under whose 
 control. 
 
 Section 1. The Board of School Commissioners 
 for each County, and for the City of Baltimore 
 shall establish separate Schools for the instruc- 
 tion of children and youth of African descent, 
 between the ages of six and twenty-one years, 
 whenever as many as twenty-five pupils claim 
 the privilege of public instruction. 
 
 Sec. 2. Such Schools shall be under the con- 
 trol of the District Commissioners and be sup- 
 ported and governed in the same manner, and 
 in all respects be equal to the Schools designed 
 for the education of other children, and be subject 
 in every particular to the same rules and regu- 
 
67 
 
 i 
 
 lations as to teachers, text-books, School libra- 
 ries, &c. 
 
 Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the City and Directors to vbis, 
 County Directors to visit such Schools, once in 
 each month, and to make special report of the 
 progress of the pupils. They shall suggest such 
 modes of teaching as may be specially adapted 
 to the need of this long-neglected class of chil- 
 dren, and advise the teachers so that they will 
 be able to impart to them knowledge by such 
 means as are best suited to their wants. 
 
 Sec. 4. In the City of Baltimore and in each certain Taxe» 
 
 ^ to be appro- 
 
 County, until Schools are established for theP riated - 
 
 instruction of children of African descent, there 
 shall be allowed and paid over to private Schools 
 for the education of such children under the 
 direction of Trustees, as the State Superinten- 
 dent may direct, a portion of the State School 
 tax and of* the City, County and District School 
 taxes equal to the amount of taxes collected for 
 School purposes, upon property belonging to 
 persons of African descent. 
 
 Sec. 5. Until separate Schools for children of JJgJJJj how 
 African descent are established, no City or 
 County shall be allowed to include any other 
 than the white inhabitants between the ages of 
 five and twenty years in the enumeration for 
 distribution of the State School tax and State 
 School funds. 
 
 Sec 6, The State Superintendent may, if he superintendent 
 think proper, select for the use of children in Books. 
 Colored Schools other Text-Books than those 
 prescribed by the State Board of Education. 
 
68 
 
 CHAPTER II.— REPORTS FROM PRIVATE 
 SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, AND COL- 
 LEGES. 
 
 Private school Section 1. For the purpose of collecting accu- 
 to report ra f. e statistical information relative to all the 
 
 facilities for education within the State, it is 
 ordered that every teacher conducting a private 
 School or Academy in the City of Baltimore or 
 any of the Counties, and the proprietor of every 
 Boarding School, shall on or before the first day 
 of July in each year report to the Director of the 
 City or County in which his School is located, the 
 average number of scholars male and female, 
 the number of months that the School has been 
 in session, the aggregate cost of tuition and 
 board, the course of study, value of its property, 
 and such other information as will enable the 
 Director to present to the State Superintendent a 
 statement of the condition of such private Semi- 
 naries of learning, 
 conegeito Sec 2. The President of each College in the 
 
 report. State established by private or denominational 
 
 enterprise shall report annually on or before the 
 first day of July to the State Superintendent, the 
 condition of such College, the value of its prop- 
 erty, amount of endowment, number of stu- 
 dents, cost of board and tuition, and all other 
 information that will enable the Superintendent 
 to present to the General Assembly an accurate 
 statement of the condition of the Colleges of the 
 State, 
 parochial Sec. 3. The requirements of this law apply to 
 
 school, to report.^ p aroc hi a l or Denominational Schools of every 
 grade, whether Free Schools or Pay Schools, con- 
 ducted by individuals or associations. 
 
69 
 
 Sec. 4. To secure uniformity and completeness 
 in these reports, the State Superintendent is 
 directed to prepare suitable .blank forms and to 
 distribute them, when requested, to the parties 
 concerned. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Section 1. No City or County School Director, Jg"*°3»*^ 
 nor any member of a Board of School Commis- tract - 
 sioners shall be interested, directly or indirectly, 
 in any contract for building School houses, or 
 furnishing articles purchased for the Schools 
 under his charge, whether for permanent use or 
 immediate consumption. 
 
 Additional Clause to Section 1, Chapter IX. page 47. 
 
 [The following is appended as an additional clause to Section 1, Chapter 
 IX. entitled " Colleges." Its object is to place the Baltimore Female College 
 upon the same footing with regard to what is required of it, as all the other 
 Colleges and Academies which receive State donations. The importance of 
 sustaining the Female College cannot be too highly estimated. It will be the 
 only active agency upon which the State can depend for the preparation of 
 Young Ladies for the Normal School.] 
 
 After the words "receives from the State," insert "in 
 accordance with which requirement Sections 10 and 15, of 
 Article 84, of the Code of Public General Laws, entitled 
 'Schools,' shall be, and hereby are amended by striking out 
 the word 'fifteen' and inserting 'twenty-two.' The above 
 Colleges," immediately after this the remaining part of 
 the Section follows: "shall report annually to the State 
 Superintendent in such form as may be ordered by the 
 Board of Education, and comply with all the other require- 
 ments of Article 84, of the Code entitled 'Schools,' and of 
 their respective charters." 
 
70 
 
 Continuation of Section 2 of Chapter V. Page 27. 
 
 All property, estate and effects, all money, all 
 funds, all claims, all State donations, now vested 
 by law in any County or School District, any 
 Board of School Commissioners, any Board of 
 County Commissioners, any Board of Inspec- 
 tors of Primary Schools, any Trustee or Trus- 
 tees of Primary Schools, or any other body of 
 persons whatever, for the use and benefit of 
 Public, Primary, Free or High Schools in the 
 several Counties or any of them, are hereby 
 vested in and transferred to the Board of School 
 Commissioners of the County. 
 
 And it shall be the imperative duty of all 
 the parties aforesaid to convey, transfer and 
 pay over, all such property, estate and effects, 
 all money, all funds, all claims, all State do- 
 nations to the said Boards of School Commis- 
 sioners, except such grant or devise of lands, 
 donations and bequests of money or other personal 
 property designed as or now constituting such 
 Permanent School Fund, as the State Board of 
 Education may take and hold in accordance with 
 the provisions of Section 3d, Chapter II. of Title 
 I., and Sections 5th and 6th, Chapter I. Title IV. 
 If any of the parties aforesaid shall refuse to 
 comply with the provisions of this section, the 
 Board of School Commissioners shall immediately 
 apply to the Judge of the Circuit Court for the 
 writ of mandamus to compel obedience thereto. 
 Provided nevertheless, that the titles to all 
 School houses and lots and all personal effects 
 now held by any Board of School Commissioners, 
 any Board of Inspectors of Primary Schools, any 
 Board of County Commissioners, any County or 
 School District, shall pass to the Board of School 
 Commissioners without any formal conveyance. 
 
COMMENTARY 
 
 Title I. Chapter II. Page 18. 
 
 Section 2. Whenever State money is appropriated, 
 the people have a right through some agent, responsible 
 to the Executive, to make close inquiry into the detailed 
 operation of the Institution receiving such donations. 
 
 For the money donated there is an implied, if not 
 declared, contract to perform specific duties. 
 
 Hence this supervision and investigation are not imper- 
 tinent, but highly proper and necessary. 
 
 Sec 3. Funds are now held in several of the Counties 
 for the benefit of Public Schools. They have accrued in 
 various ways, but chiefly, according to the best knowledge 
 that can be had, by allowing the annual State appropria- 
 tions for the instruction of children of the last generation 
 to accumulate, instead of being applied to their legitimate 
 purpose. 
 
 These Funds are carelessly invested and in more cases 
 than one have been diminished by injudicious loans to indi- 
 viduals. It is proposed to make the State Board of Educa- 
 tion the legal Trustee for all such property, that which 
 now exists and that which byHhe liberal action of philan- 
 thropic citizens will be added to the store of wealth devoted 
 to the cause of Universal and Free Education. 
 
 No more responsible body exists within the State, and to 
 it may be safely intrusted School Funds, with confidence 
 approximating to moral certainty that they will be safely 
 kept and duly appropriated. 
 
72 
 
 By enactment, Title IV. Chapter I. Section 6, in order 
 that the interests of each County may be fully understood 
 and guarded, the County Judge is declared a member of 
 the State Board of Education for counsel and vote on all 
 questions connected with the investment and disbursement 
 of these County School Funds. 
 
 Chapter III. Page 21. 
 
 Section 8. The additional charge of five per cent, is 
 made to meet, as far as practicable, the cost of ordering 
 and forwarding text-books, to pay salary of clerk and such 
 incidental expenses as will necessarily connect with so large 
 a business. 
 
 Sec. 9. This is a most important feature. Its design 
 is to save time and money ; to avoid those litigations which 
 are the fruitful source of personal bitterness, and result in 
 serious detriment to the Schools. 
 
 The opinion of the States which have tested this question 
 is unanimous in its favor, and the General Assembly is 
 urged to examine most closely into its bearing upon the 
 harmony and success of our School operations, before 
 authorizing any course which may bring the Schools into 
 Court. 
 
 Sec. 10. We have in view the formation of an Educa- 
 tional Museum containing in well arranged order, the pop- 
 ular text-books in every department of instruction. Also 
 such School apparatus now in use, and which may be 
 invented for the purposes of object teaching or the illustra- 
 tion of science. This Museum will be attractive and 
 instructive to Teachers-and to all interested in Education. 
 
 It will show the progress that from year to year is being 
 made in modes of teaching ,fa progress as rapid and diver- 
 sified as that which marks the machinery for the culture of 
 the soil or for subduing the elements. 
 
 The Library will place within the reach of practical Edu- 
 cators sources of .valuable information. It will exhibit the 
 plans adopted not only in America but also in Europe. It 
 
73 
 
 will present the views of those eminent thinkers who have 
 considered Education to be the noblest field upon which 
 their giant minds can expatiate. It will show that the 
 world of intellect is moving, and tell us that we, the people 
 of Maryland, must move on, or be distanced in the race. 
 
 Chapter IV. Page 23. 
 
 Section 1. The relation which the Director will hold to 
 the School Districts, into which the City or County is 
 divided, is similar to that which tile Superintendent holds 
 with reference to the Schools of all the Counties and Cities 
 of the State. The Director must be a practical Educator, 
 a master workman who understands what is to be done in 
 the School room. An overseer who can decide whether 
 the intellectual field is being successfully cultivated, good 
 seed sown and abundant harvests reaped. He will be 
 required to aid in organizing Schools, to look into their 
 daily routine, and by personal examination judge, not only 
 of the pupils' progress, but also of the teacher's capacity 
 to instruct and to govern. He will be both the main 
 spring and balance wheel of the Educational machine, and 
 upon his intelligence and energy will depend the success of 
 our effort in his County, more than upon any other officer. 
 
 The Director will be the connecting link between the 
 State Superintendent and the School Commissioners of the 
 County. It will be his duty to familiarize himself with the 
 detail of the School System, the authorized modes of 
 instruction and discipline, the plans for organizing the 
 classes, for dividing the time so as to give to each study its 
 proper proportion, for opening and closing School, as 
 arranged by the State Superintendent, and to put them 
 into operation in his County. In this way there will be a 
 certain degree of uniformity in the working of all the 
 Schools of the State, and a direct channel of communication 
 between the Superintendent and each School District. 
 
 Did we need experience to ratify the plain teachings of 
 common sense, reference might be made to that of our sister 
 States who at one time depended for efficient supervi- 
 10 
 
74 
 
 sion upon a State Superintendent and Local or Township 
 Trustees. 
 
 That plan has been a failure; and after much groping 
 about to discover where the trouble lay, they found that 
 there was a missing link. That link has been supplied in 
 the County Director. The outlays for Education in our 
 State will be doubly productive under thorough and intelli- 
 gent supervision by men well qualified, experienced and 
 able to devote themselves entirely to the work. This plan 
 embraces the City of Baltimore, where I am confident the 
 wheels of progress are stayed for the lack of efficient super- 
 vision of the Educational work, specially in the Pri- 
 mary Schools. With a practical Educator giving his entire 
 time and intelligence to the City Schools such uniformity 
 and efficiency of discipline and teaching will be secured as 
 will enable the officers to say, not "The Public Schools 
 generally are in a good condition," and "many of them will 
 compare with the best in the country," but to claim that 
 all are good, and all compare favorably with those of any 
 other City. 
 
 I am authorized by George N. Eaton, Esq., who for ten 
 years has been the efficient President of the Board of City 
 School Commissioners, and has watched the working of 
 the present system most closely and intelligently, to say, 
 that in his opinion, the great want now, is an active, 
 earnest and authoritative Supervision. 
 
 The Superintendent of an adjoining State says concern- 
 ing this mode of County Supervision, "The energizing 
 agency of the system is becoming more and more efficient 
 and potent every year, and the labors and influence of the 
 Superintendents are being more appreciated by the people." 
 
 The Director is charged with a supervision of School 
 houses and sites as well as the examination of Teachers, 
 because no School worjs. can be satisfactorily done without 
 the convenience and comfort of properly built and judi- 
 ciously furnished houses. 
 
 If we are able to secure County Directors of due energy, 
 zeal, intelligence and philanthropy, and can keep them 
 faithfully at work, free from all social, local and denomina- 
 
75 
 
 tional preferences, free from the entanglements and embar- 
 rassments of partizan politics we may thank God and take 
 courage that our new system will not be in vain. 
 
 Chapter V. Page 26. 
 
 The duties of District Commissioners correspond so closely 
 with that of similar officers under the present Public Local 
 Laws, that they need no explanation. 
 
 It is thought that the mode of appointment by the State 
 Board of Education instead of popular vote, and the 
 lengthened term of office will secure faithful and competent 
 gentlemen to perform the arduous and responsible duties. 
 
 From all the information that I have been able to gather, 
 I am inclined to advise that a change in the organization 
 of the School Commissioners of Baltimore City would be 
 attended with great advantage. While not prepared at 
 this moment to say precisely what that change ought to be 
 to meet practical demands, I am confident that a pro- 
 longed tenure of office, four years, the same as that of the 
 County School Commissioners would be desirable. The 
 mode of appointment ought to be such as to secure as many 
 practical Educators as possible, and to prevent the Board from 
 being influenced or disturbed by the action and reaction of 
 partizan politics. 
 
 Title II. Chapter I. Page 33. 
 
 Section 2. The object of the Annual School District 
 Meeting is to awaken a direct personal and practical interest 
 in Public Education. 
 
 As sovereignty comes up from the people, and all Consti- 
 tutions and Laws exist only by the will of the people, it is 
 essential to secure the hearty co-operation of the people to 
 advance the interests and increase the efficiency of the 
 Schools. 
 
 The parents and elder brothers of the children who 
 attend School, the citizens and property holders in whose 
 midst these children are to grow up and exercise the privi- 
 leges of freemen are deeply concerned that Education shall 
 be sound and complete in its several departments. 
 
76 
 
 They are concerned that the School house shall be neatly 
 built, an ornament to the District, and that the site shall 
 be judiciously selected. They are concerned that the furni- 
 ture shall be comfortable and suitable, that children may 
 pursue their studies during the six hours oi the School 
 session without being " cabined, cribbed, confined," their 
 spines distorted into every imaginable sort of curvature, 
 their muscular system taxed to balance their bodies upon 
 the narrow benches, too high for the small boy, and too 
 low for the tall boy. They are concerned to have kind 
 and efficient teachers, good text-books, maps, black boards 
 and all the simple apparatus for teaching. With them it 
 is a direct personal concern, and therefore the voice of the 
 people counselling, advising, but not controlling, ought 
 to be heard. 
 
 The District Meeting presents this opportunity, and if 
 attended and directed by intelligent voters will be produc- 
 tive of the most encouraging results. 
 
 Sec. 3. Authorizes the voters to order a tax to be levied 
 upon the property, within the limits of their School Dis- 
 trict, for the benefit of their School. Thus the School 
 House can be made as beautiful and convenient as the peo- 
 ple desire. The facilities of Education can be enlarged so 
 that no private Seminary will furnish better instruction ; 
 and every thing can be done, that ought to be done, should 
 the people so direct. 
 
 It may be that many years will elapse before our people 
 in every section of the State will work up to the full circum- 
 ference of their duty in the matter of Public Schools, but our 
 law should be framed so as to enable the performance of 
 that duty. The law should provide the way, trusting that 
 the people will have the will. In many sections these 
 District Meetings will be the most interesting assemblages 
 of citizens during the year, and the action taken in one 
 District will be emulated by another, and so on until the 
 noble contest will exist between Districts and between 
 Counties, which shall have the best School Houses and the 
 most perfect Schools. 
 
77 
 
 Chapter II. Page 35. 
 
 Section 1. The dilapidated condition of many School 
 Houses in the State, is a shame and reproach to our sense of 
 decency and humanity. To defective buildings and miser- 
 able furniture may be attributed the inefficiency of Schools, 
 and the utter disgust with which teachers of good manners 
 retire from the work at the first moment that their contract 
 sets them free. It is true that there are exceptions to the 
 general rule, and in some Counties the children are pro- 
 vided with comfortable tenements, but these exceptions are 
 lamentably few. 
 
 A letter received from a friend of Education says, "At 
 present our Private and Public Schools, with few exceptions, 
 are taught in places entirely unsuitable for Educational 
 purposes. Dilapidated store-rooms, and rooms above stores, 
 are the miserable dens into which our children are gathered. 
 The streets are their only play-grounds." 
 
 In a report of one of our County School Boards, I find 
 the following: "Architects have displayed evidence of 
 calculation for fitness and design in all buildings except 
 in School Houses. The stable shows marked improvement 
 for the comfort and convenience of its occupants, and even 
 the pig-stye is improved, but the School House, the sanctum 
 where the mind, the immortal mind, ' which connects hu- 
 manity with divinity, and may forever glow in the lustre of 
 a brighter day,' has been overlooked ; and unventilated, 
 diminutive erections are made to answer the purposes of 
 School Houses. It seems to have been forgotten that res- 
 piration is an essential support of health and life, and the 
 common pure air which God has poured out in world-wide 
 abundance is, in a great measure, denied to the youth of 
 our County, while endeavoring to obtain an Education." 
 
 Such flagrant deficiencies should be immediately rectified. 
 An ample appropriation ought to Ue promptly made to build 
 and repair' School Houses, even if roads and bridges have, 
 for a short period, to go without the annual sums which 
 their hungry appetites demand. 
 
78 
 
 Sec. 3. Provides that proper plans of School Houses with 
 specifications shall be prepared in the office of the State 
 Superintendent, according to which houses shall be erected. 
 This is an important provision and will secure a neat and 
 uniform architecture, with due regard to light, heat and 
 ventilation. 
 
 Plans might be adopted by which the frames of such 
 houses could be prepared in the vicinity of large depots of 
 lumber and sent to the School sites ready for erection. This 
 would save money and enable the work to be accomplished 
 in the least possible time. 
 
 Chapter IV. Page 38. 
 
 Section 2. In the opinion of many citizens of the City of 
 Baltimore, who are friends and close observers of the work- 
 ings of the Municipal School System, much may be done to 
 elevate the standard of Education, and to increase its effi- 
 ciency both in teaching and training. They specially 
 desire to have the course of study adapted to the practical 
 wants of a large portion of the Female Scholars by substi- 
 tuting for some other branches, topics which will be of 
 direct value as helps to the performance of the duties of the 
 vocation in life to which it may please God to call them, 
 the duties of wives and mothers. 
 
 Our City Schools, thus far, have attained a fair degree of 
 success, but to partake of the spirit of the wondrous times 
 in which we live, they must progress in thoroughness of 
 instruction, in judicious discipline and in expansiveness of 
 aim. They need more well trained Teachers from the Pri- 
 mary up to the High School, who will make the Public 
 School equal in every respect to the best Private School. 
 When such Teachers are found they ought to be retained 
 by the most liberal salaries, and not be obliged, as too often 
 is the case, to find full remuneration for their talent and 
 skill by instructing a Private School. 
 
 I take the liberty to incorporate in this Commentary, the 
 following letter from one of the most benevolent and active 
 workers in the cause of virtuous progress: 
 
79 
 
 Baltimore, January 2$th, 1865. 
 Rev. L. Van Bokkelen, 
 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction : 
 
 Dear Sir : — As you are engaged in the important work 
 of preparing a system of Public School Instruction for the 
 State of Maryland, will you pardon me for asking your at- 
 tention to a subject which for several years has claimed my 
 regard? It is stated in the thirty-fourth annual report of 
 the Commissioners of Public Schools in Baltimore, that 
 " more than nineteen-tioentieths of the pupils who pass 
 through the Public Schools, get all the School Instruction they 
 ever receive in the Primary and Grammar departments ;" 
 and the inference is drawn by the Commissioners, from this 
 fact, " that the Studies of the departments under consid- 
 eration, must therefore be adapted to their immediate prac- 
 tical needs." But the question occurs to my mind, are the 
 branches usually taught in those departments — (Reading, 
 Writing, Grammar. Arithmetic, Geography, History and 
 Natural Philosophy) — indispensable as they doubtless are, 
 sufficient for the ''practical needs " of the pupils? Ought 
 not their only opportunity for education to have a more di- 
 rect bearing upon the duties of actual life f In other words, 
 ought there not to be in our Public Schools a clue propor- 
 tion of industrial as well as of intellectual training ? I have 
 been a manager of the House of Refuge for the past eight 
 years, where it is well known that the boys are taught to 
 work at various trades, and the girls are instructed in all 
 the various employments of housewifery, in addition to the 
 ordinary exercises of the Schools. I am satisfied that under 
 this training they are better fitted for their future pasition 
 as working men and women, than they could possibly be 
 under the other system. Why should we not afford to 
 honest children the same advantages we give to young 
 criminals ? It may not be practical or advisable perhaps 
 in the case of boys, whose usual trades require a long ap- 
 prenticeship, and constant practice under the eye of a com- 
 petent master, to make them skillful workmen ; but I am 
 sure that even in the short time spent at School by the ma- 
 jority of girls, much may be done to render them proficient 
 in the duties of their future sphere — Home. 
 
 The family has well been called " God's University," the 
 School in which He has ordained that man shall be chiefly 
 trained for happiness and usefulness on earth, and immortal 
 bliss in heaven. Woman is its divinely appointed Teacher, 
 
80 
 
 its presiding genius. While man goes forth to the rough 
 tasks and stern struggles of life, she is to he a "keeper at 
 home," to make it the abode of comfort, neatness, order, 
 and virtue. The "home" is the corner-stone of the 
 "State," and nothing can be worse for a nation than ne- 
 glected, ill-managed homes. It is the testimony of an able 
 English Reviewer, that "the want of domesticity among the 
 women of the working classes is a great cause of most of 
 the social evils which are a plague-spot upon the nation." 
 Said an intelligent foreman: "There is no longer such a 
 thing now as a poor man's wife. His helpmate is a bad 
 economist, a bad cook; she cannot make his home com- 
 fortable to him, and the consequences are that want, debt 
 and disorder, and all that can make a man's home cheerless 
 and irritating, take from him all regard for so useless a 
 partner, and drive him to the ale-house." We trust the 
 charge brought by this English writer is not true of Amer- 
 ican girls, that " the majority of young women enter the 
 married state wholly unfit to discharge the functions of 
 their new office." The art of "making 'home happy' is 
 not understood by them. They lack cleanly and tidy habits, 
 habits of order, habits of punctuality. They are ignorant 
 of cooking, washing, darning and managing a house;" 
 and "this general want of handiness contributes more than 
 anything else to the domestic misery of the common 
 people." 
 
 But to save our young women from such ignorance, and 
 our homes from such wretchedness, ought not this most 
 important "art ' to find a place in our System of Educa- 
 tion? 
 
 Again, a very large number of women are obliged to 
 maintain themselves by their own labos. Female labor is 
 very inadequately remunerated at best, and unskilled labor 
 is almost equivalent to starvation. What drags so many 
 thousand recruits annually into the dens of infamy which 
 pollute the land, but the fact that women are paid for their 
 work but about one-half the wages of men, and that those 
 who cannot from ignorance, do their work well, are com- 
 pelled to choose between starvation and dishonor ? Let 
 them all have the chance to learn those domestic arts which 
 will make them more valuable members of society, and 
 enable them at least to secure an honest living. 
 
 No girl should be ignoraut of these things, whatever her 
 station in life, for if she has no occasion herself to put her 
 knowledge into practice, she will be often called on to direct 
 and assist others. Besides, in the mutations of fortune 
 
81 . 
 
 which are constantly occurring, the rich of to-day, may be 
 the poor of to-morrow. 
 
 As to the question how such industrial training can be 
 introduced into the Schools, it may require much thought 
 and experience, and perhaps one or two failures, to solve 
 the problem. But that it can and ought to be done, I am 
 fully convinced. In the first place the " principles of do- 
 mestic economy " can be taught by book, like any other 
 Study. The laws of health, the necessity of order, clean- 
 liness, ventilation, industry, economy can be inculcated by 
 the teachers as well as the laws of Hydrostatics or Mechanics. 
 Girls can be instructed in their future duties as wives, 
 mothers, daughters or nurses, as well as in drawing, 
 painting and music. Such works as " Miss* Beecher's 
 Domestic Economy," or " Florence Nightingales' Notes on 
 Nursing " might be made text-books, and it would be easy 
 to teach the Scholars how to buy food to the best advantage, 
 how to make a frugal use of provisions, and to give them a 
 few good plain, rules of cooking, by which wholesome and 
 nourishing meals might be prepared in an economical man- 
 ner. Two or three afternoons each week might be profita- 
 bly devoted to the art of sewing, or rather of making gar- 
 ments, cutting out and stitching, either by the patient 
 needle or the rapid machine. Mending, knitting, darning, 
 crocheting and embroidery should also be included in the 
 course. It would be easy to find work enough for the 
 Scholars in preparing their own clothes, or garments for 
 their families ; or if that resource should fail, doubtless the 
 " Association for the Poor " would be glad to avail itself 
 of the services of so many little busy workers. 
 
 An additional School might be opened — a sort of High 
 School — where those who desired such instruction might be 
 taught 'practically and thoroughly all the necessary arts of 
 cooking, washing and ironing, sewing, with the machine 
 and without, and nursing. The younger Scholars might 
 occasionally be taken to this School by their teachers, where 
 they could see the various processes exemplified in prac- 
 tice, and have them properly explained to them. 
 
 If to all this it is objected that it would take time which 
 ought to be given to more intellectual Studies ; the answer 
 is that these things have been proved to be as important in 
 their place, as any other Studies, and if it must be so, take 
 the time. But we believe further, that such a course would 
 not in the least injuriously affect the mental training of the 
 children, but be of positive benefit even in that respect. 
 11 
 
The testimony of the celebrated Miss Carpenter, o\ Eng- 
 land, is : "I feel confident from my experience and obser- 
 vation, that the real education of the working classes would 
 be improved by devoting three hours a day, instead of five 
 or six to direct intellectual instructions ; the faculties of the 
 children being strengthened and trained in other ways by 
 industrial occupation, which developes many powers com- 
 paratively untouched by book learning." Rev. Mr. Mor- 
 rison, Rector of the Free Church Training School in 
 Glasgow, well says : " I hold it to be an axiom in educa- 
 tion that no lesson is given, until it has been received. As 
 soon therefore as the receiving power of the child is ex- 
 hausted, anything given is useless, nay injurious, inasmuch 
 as you thereby weaken, instead of strengthen the receiving 
 power." 
 
 But I must not protract this letter, already too long. If 
 you can accomplish anything towards introducing the 
 industrial element into our public School system, I firmly 
 believe that thousands of future " happy homes " through- 
 out our Commonwealth will hold your name in warm regard 
 as a public benefactor. 
 
 Most respectfully, yours, 
 
 FRANKLIN WILSON. 
 
 Chapter IV. GRADED SCHOOLS. 
 
 Sec. 3. Education must necessarily be somewhat imper- 
 fect in a School of fifty or more children of various ages 
 from six to eighteen years and pursuing every branch of 
 Study, from the Alphabet to Algebra. 
 
 It is impossible for one Teacher surrounded by a groups 
 of such diversified attainments, and of such multifarious 
 desires, each one clamorous to be heard first or else careless 
 whether he is heard at all ; to accomplish half his work in 
 the brief six hours of School work. The amount of labor 
 to be performed is too great to be efficient. Could the 
 Teacher divide the children into three or four classes, 
 grading them according to their degree of advancement, he 
 would be able to give ample attention to every branch of 
 Study and would accomplish in one term more than now is 
 done in the whole year. 
 
88 
 
 For this purpose whenever it is practicable, as it will be 
 in many Towns and Villages, instead of having two 
 Schools located merely for the convenience of access and to 
 save children the trouble of a long walk, which means, to 
 deprive them of healthful exercise, let the Schools be graded 
 into Primary and Grammar, each child attending where he 
 is fitted to be. Much can be accomplished by a skilful 
 Teacher even in our mixed Schools, but nothing in com- 
 parison with the result in a School where the pupils are 
 arranged according to attainments and taught in large 
 classes, each class receiving a fair degree of instruction, 
 instead of the attention of the Teacher being engaged by 
 two or three advanced pupils and as much time occupied as 
 would suffice for a class of fifteen or twenty. 
 
 Chapter V. Page 40. 
 
 Section 1. We anticipate much difficulty for a few years, 
 in procuring well taught and capable teachers for our Public 
 Schools. Yet, without them, we cannot reach the results 
 which must be obtained before we can, in the least degree, 
 be satisfied with the School System. 
 
 Until the State Normal School has furnished teachers 
 from its graduates, we will be obliged to depend upon rigid 
 examinations, in every instance. No person should be per- 
 mitted to teach because holding a diploma from a High 
 School,- Academy or College, for experience proves that 
 graduates are not always skilful teachers. 
 
 Incompetent teachers not only render the system unpopu- 
 lar, but they defraud children of knowledge and the State 
 of property. Because of their neglect of duty or ignorance 
 of their vocation, Public Schools have literally degenerated 
 into Common Schools ; and Instructors have little more 
 than the claim of superior muscular strength to entitle 
 them to the name of School Master. 
 
 To make examinations accurate and searching they must 
 be conducted by practical Educators. Hence they are com- 
 mited to the State Superintendent, to the County Directors, 
 
$4 
 
 to Professors of the State Normal School and to such other 
 competent Teacliers as the State Superintendent may- 
 appoint. It is designed to conduct these examinations 
 according to a prescribed form, and to have all the neces- 
 sary directions, with lists of questions, &c. issued by the 
 State Superintendent, that, as far as practicable, there may 
 be a fixed and uniform standard of merit throughout the 
 Commonwealth, not the highest desirable standard, but one 
 below which no applicant can fall and be accepted as quali- 
 fied to teach. 
 
 In reply to criticisms, perhaps more severe than just, 
 upon the incompetency of teachers; it has been said with as 
 much truth as pleasantry, that the State has received a full 
 return for what she lias paid. Poor pay can claim only 
 poor teachers. 
 
 It is certainly true that the salaries of teachers have been 
 entirely inadequate to their comfortable support. A good 
 mechanic and, lately, a day laborer earns better wages than 
 the most faithful teacher in our County Schools. Outside 
 of the City of Baltimore the salaries are small, and although 
 the prices of the necessaries of life are more than two-fold, 
 no addition has been made to the originally insufficient 
 income. We must pay a liberal price to secure and retain 
 competent instructors. Young men and women must be 
 encouraged to prepare themselves for the duties of Public 
 Instruction by the assurance of a fair recompense for their 
 arduous and patient labor. This seems to have been for- 
 gotten, and teachers, like preachers, are expected to work 
 for nothing. 
 
 If we seek for educated labor in any kiad of business, the 
 mechanic, the clerk, the lawyer, the physician; we do not 
 get it without paying for it. We must pay with equal 
 liberality for teachers unless we wish to drive men of talent 
 and capacity from our State, and have inexperienced and 
 illiterate pedagogues to take their places. 
 
 The teacher ought to be a gentleman, of good manners 
 and good morals, a model of courtesy to the children. 
 Such a teacher is of worth beyond price. Happy the 
 
85 
 
 County that finds him, knows how to appreciate, and is 
 liberal enough to retain hira. 
 
 In the States north and west a large proportion of prin- 
 cipal and assistant teachers are females, and in many 
 sections of our own State female, teachers are more in num- 
 ber than male. In Baltimore City there are forty-seven 
 males and three hundred and ten females now engaged in 
 the Schools of various grades. 
 
 The proportion is certain to increase because of the 
 demand for young men occasioned by the war. In this 
 connection, it is .worthy of remark that the efficiency of 
 Schools under female instruction is laudably commended by 
 all the reports of State Superintendents which I have 
 examined. These teachers excel, not only in patient work 
 and prudent discipline, but manifest a tact for government 
 which is more potent than the strong arm and threatening 
 word of the male teacher. Under such circumstances, it is 
 the counsel of true wisdon to prepare for the inevitable 
 event, inevitable, but not lamentable; the placing of well 
 trained young women in charge of all the primary, and 
 many of our grammar Schools. Heretofore nearly all our 
 agencies have worked to prepare young men for the voca- 
 tion of teachers. Hereafter we must, at least in equal 
 degree, prepare young women, and encourage them to 
 attend our City and County High Schools, to avail them- 
 selves of such collegiate education as the State affords in 
 the Baltimore Female College, and finally to study the art 
 and science of teaching and make themselves experts in 
 their art bj{ attending the State Normal School. 
 
 Chapter V. Sections 5, 6, 7 and 8. Pages 42, 43. 
 
 The design of these enactments is to compel parents to 
 send their children to the primary School and to prevent 
 manufacturers from employing children who cannot read 
 and write, unless they grant them the facilities for such 
 moderate degree of instruction. 
 
 The general principle upon which this provision is 
 founded, has been stated and briefly discussed in the prefa- 
 tory remarks to this Keport. 
 
86 
 
 It seems to be nothing more than simple justice to those 
 who are taxed to build School houses, to pay teachers and 
 other expenses, that the benefit designed to be secured 
 should reach its object. The child is too young to have 
 any election in the matter.. He is not competent to judge. 
 He must be controlled, trained up in the right way ; that 
 is, must be sent to School. This is first, the duty of the 
 parent and guardian, but if they fail, it becomes the duty 
 of the State, a duty to be enforced by such humane and 
 prudent regulations as a wise legislation may suggest. 
 
 If this be not done, ignorant and unnatural parents, or 
 covetous masters can defeat the benevolent intention of 
 Free Education, and deprive children of instruction, 
 causing them to grow up without knowledge to prepare them 
 for the duties and privileges of citizenship. This law inti- 
 mates no interference with parental rights. It guards the 
 rights of the child when the parent neglects them. 
 
 It suggests no novel or strange expedient. Similar pro- 
 visions exist in the School systems of other States, and are 
 deemed essential to a just enforcement of the law, both as 
 regards duty to children, to tax payers and to society. 
 
 Sec. 8. The attention of the Honorable Senators and 
 Members from the City of Baltimore is earnestly directed to 
 the truant system as adopted in the City of Boston. Some 
 enactment of similar purport would be of incalculable good 
 to our Metropolis, not only in diffusing the elements of 
 Education by bringing children to School, but in pre- 
 venting disorder and crime, now too prevalent. The 
 necessity of such a law must be obvious to every citizen 
 who has occasion to frequent the outskirts of the City, 
 where vagrant boys congregate and commit offences against 
 civility and decency. 
 
 By reference to the statistics of the Baltimore City 
 Schools as exhibited in Table A, it will be seen that 
 out of sixteen thousand and eighty-six children regis- 
 tered as connected with the Schools, the average daily 
 attendance is only ten thousand seven hundred and fifty- 
 four. Thus for each day we have five thousand three hun- 
 dred and thirty-two absentees or truants, being the very 
 
87 
 
 large proportion of nearly one-third. One such fact is 
 better than a volume of arguments. 
 
 Chapter VII. Page 43. 
 
 Section 1. A uniform series of Text-Books is recommended 
 for economy and convenience, as well as to secure the same 
 system of instruction in all portions of the State. Thus a 
 child moving from one School District to another, or from 
 one County to another will be able to continue his studies 
 without interruption, without any expense for new books. 
 Purchasing from the publishers, the books will be procured 
 on the cheapest terms, and distributed to the City and 
 County authorities at the smallest possible expense. 
 
 It would be impracticable to employ any existing agencies 
 for the sale of books in the larger number of the Counties, 
 simply because they do not exist. Out of our large towns 
 there are no book stores which keep a general assortment of 
 books, and even if there were, the custom of past years 
 would prevail and all orders be sent to Baltimore. 
 
 It is supposed that the five per cent advance charged 
 upon the books and stationery distributed will pay the salary 
 of clerk and incidental expenses of the Book Department 
 of the State Superintendent's office. 
 
 Chapter VIII. Page 45. 
 
 Sec. 4. The Academies of Maryland educated some of the 
 most distinguished citizens of the past generation and now 
 are remembered with affectionate regard by those who knew 
 them in the day of their strength. Many of these Acade- 
 mies have ceased to exist. Others are struggling on, doing 
 the work of ordinary Grammar Schools, and that very im- 
 perfectly. The funds once appropriated to their support 
 have been divided, or else entirely diverted from the Acad- 
 emy to the Primary School Fund of the County. Thus we 
 have, with a few honorable exceptions, no Academies wor- 
 thy of the name, and youth are obliged to frequent expen- 
 sive private Boarding Schools in order to be prepared for 
 College. 
 
88 
 
 It is proposed to bring back the Academic funds or dona- 
 tions to their original and legitimate purpose ; and, if pos- 
 sible, increase them so as to secure liberal salaries to com- 
 petent teachers of talent and skill, teachers of classical 
 knowledge and capable to instruct in all branches required 
 for matriculation into the State Colleges. Youth will then 
 not be obliged to leave their County, or be far removed from 
 parental supervision until ready for College. Heavy ex- 
 pense will be avoided, and the home feeling and associa- 
 tion strengthened. 
 
 In addition to these practical advantages, which will be 
 readily appreciated by parents, the re-establishment of 
 County Academies, to be known in the Law as High Schools, 
 will form the second connecting link between the Primary 
 and Collegiate System of the State, and no youth will be 
 obliged to leave Maryland, or even his own County to qual- 
 ify himself for active business or for the study of. a Profes- 
 sion. He will find near home, Primary, Grammar and 
 High Schools. 
 
 The terms of admission to High Schools are left to the 
 discretion of the State Board of Education, because it is 
 uncertain whether salaries sufficiently liberal to secure Pro- 
 fessors of the highest ability can be provided from State 
 and County appropriations. The price of tuition ought of 
 course to be small, not exceeding fifteen or twenty dollars 
 per annum, and arrangements should be made for the 
 remission of the whole amount or a portion, whenever it is 
 required by the circumstances of the parents of a student. 
 
 In several counties the original Academic organization is 
 continued. These Academies would re-organize as High 
 Schools, and work under the new system, with increased 
 energy and efficiency. In Table B, a list of Academies is 
 given, together with such matters of interest as have been 
 reported to me. 
 
 Instruction in Military Tactics, as a part of the High 
 School curriculum for male pupils, ought to be diligently 
 fostered. Our Schools for the future have to be made ' the 
 School of the soldier as well as of the man of business and 
 the man of letters. It would be well to introduce the ele- 
 
89 
 
 mentary evolutions of the Company Drill into our Primary" 
 Schools, so that youth can be taught all movements that 
 can be executed without the musket, and be prepared for 
 instruction in the Manual when they reach the High School. 
 
 Such Military Drill will be conducive to good order and 
 precision, will cultivate habits of neatness and prompt- 
 ness, and help to develop the physical system. It will also 
 prepare youth for the duties of citizenship, one of which is 
 to defend the Government whenever assailed. 
 
 When our Schools are organized I will urge upon the 
 General Assembly such enactments as will make all of them 
 Schools for training soldiers, imparting to youth, at the 
 earliest age, the idea that they are to be prepared to defend 
 their flag and risk life for the safety of the Nation. 
 
 In Cecil County the High School system has been inau- 
 gurated. The^ following report by Mr. Ellis, shows what 
 progress has been made, and the Circular of the School 
 exhibits the advanced course of study proposed. 
 
 HIGH SCHOOL ENTERPRISE. 
 
 The Legislature at its last session transferred the Acad- 
 emy fund, eight hundred dollars, to this Board, but by the 
 same act required us to establish three High Schools, one 
 at Elkton, one at Port Deposit, and one at the Rising Sun. 
 The only provision for the support of these three Schools 
 is. the eight hundred dollars above named, and the addi- 
 tional four hundred dollars granted to this in connection 
 with all other Counties, by a special act at last session. 
 Neither act declares expressly that these funds are to be 
 appropriated to this special object, as the money goes into 
 one general fund without special direction. 
 
 Our Board however, anxious to carry out as far as possi- 
 ble the direction of the Legislature, has passed to the credit 
 of each of the proposed High Schools, the sum of four hun- 
 dred dollars. 
 
 In making the attempt tft establish the Schools however, 
 they have found it wholly impossible to establish more 
 than one with their limited means. 
 
 The tender of the use of the Elkton Academy Building, 
 &c, has led to that effect at Elkton. For this purpose we 
 have pledged out of the general fund (in addition to the 
 12 
 
90 
 
 four hundred dollars) the sum of one thousand dollars to 
 afford to the teacher or teachers, certain salaries. 
 
 The one thousand dollars we expect to be refunded to us 
 by the tuition fees set forth in the annexed Circular. The 
 School opened the seventh of November last, with some 
 twenty-two pupils in attendance. At the resumption of 
 the duties of the School on Tuesday next, there will be a 
 large increase, and we have every prospect of a successful 
 enterprise. 
 
 The other two Schools must await the result of this ex- 
 periment or the future action of the Legislature. 
 
 Male and Female Central High School of Cecil 
 County, at Elkton. 
 
 Wm. H. Zimmerman, Principal. John Timanus, Assistant. 
 
 The purpose of this Institution is to stimulate the whole 
 system of Public Schools in the County by holding out 
 the inducement of a higher education to those pupils whose 
 good conduct, industry and succes qualify them for admis- 
 sion. 
 
 It is designed to effect a greater development of individ- 
 ual character, and a more thorough mental and moral 
 training than is practicable in the Primary Schools. 
 
 Students will be carried through a regular Course of In- 
 struction, and thus be prepared for the pursuits of Com- 
 merce, Manufactures, and the Practical Arts; for the dis- 
 charge of the duties of Teachers, or for the higher pursuits 
 of Collegiate or Professional Study. 
 
 Candidates for admission must produce testimonials of 
 good moral character; and if from another School, evidence 
 of regular dismission 
 
 Students are admitted only on examination. Candidates 
 for the First Class are examined on the following branches: 
 Orthography, Reading, English Grammar, Geography and 
 Arithmetic. 
 
 Candidates for advanced standing are received at any 
 time; but will be examined on the studies previously pur- 
 sued by the class they propose to enter. 
 
 After the current Quarter which ends on the fifteenth of 
 February next, students will be required to pay the full 
 Quarterly Tuition. 
 
 Candidates for a partial course are examined only in ref- 
 erence to their qualification to pursue that course. 
 
91 
 
 The Scholastic year is divided into "four Quarters — thus: 
 
 First Quarter — From September first to November twen- 
 tieth. 
 
 Second Quarter — From November twenty -first to Febru- 
 ary fifteenth. 
 
 Third Quarter — From February sixteenth to May first. 
 
 Fourth Quarter — From May second to July twentieth. 
 
 Vacation from twentieth of July to September first. 
 
 Tuition Fees: — For the First Class — Four dollars per 
 Quarter. 
 
 For the Second Class — Five dollars per Quarter. 
 
 For the Third Class, French and German excepted — Six 
 dollars per Quarter. 
 
 For the Fourth Class, French and German excepted — 
 Eight dollars per Quarter. 
 
 An extra charge of $ per Quarter for each of the Mod- 
 ern Languages, French and German, and for Drawing and 
 Painting. 
 
 Class Books (except for Modern Languages and Orna- 
 mental branches) Stationery and Fuel will be supplied by 
 the Board, for which a moderate charge per Quarter will be 
 made. 
 
 Pupils from other Counties will be admitted upon the 
 same terms as the children of our own County, until other- 
 wise ordered by the Board. 
 
 A Public Examination of the Students will be held at the 
 close of every Quarter. 
 
 Board of Visitors: — James T. McCullough, Hiram McCul- 
 lough, R. D. Jamar, Esqrs., Dr. Joseph Wallace and Rev. 
 James Mclntire. 
 
 F. A. ELLIS, 
 President of Board of Commissioners of 
 Public Schools of Cecil County. 
 Wm. Torbert, Secretary. 
 
 Chapter IX. Page 46. 
 
 Sec. 1. In connecting with the System of Public School 
 Instruction the several State Colleges, we declare our pur- 
 pose not to stop short of a complete Educational System. — 
 These Colleges have for many years received annual State 
 donations and have in return rendered the State the 
 service required by law. But they have languished and 
 felt that general depression which has been the character- 
 
92 
 
 istic of nearly all of our Educational Institutions. Under 
 a more energetic System, their powers can be resuscitated, 
 and their agency made efficient for any literary and scien- 
 tific work the State may require. These Colleges are so 
 located as to he convenient of access to Students from all 
 sections of the State. Their buildings are commodious, 
 those of St. John's, Annapolis, extensive and beautiful. — 
 Their Apparatus and Educational facilities are reasonably 
 good ; but they need to be energized, to be aroused from 
 their inactivity, and to be put at vigorous work. This can 
 be done by efficient State aid, and especially by so directing 
 the Primary and High School course of Study, that it will 
 have direct reference to the State Colleges. 
 
 Should the Legislature decide to pay to the Visitors of St. 
 John's College the sum of money declared by the Court of 
 Appeals to be due to them, they will be able, when per- 
 mitted to re-occupy their premises, to support a Faculty of 
 great eminence in Science and Literature. 
 
 By an application of the United States donation of pub- 
 lic Lands to the Agricultural College and connecting there- 
 with thorough Military discipline and instruction, we can 
 have a well endowed Scientific College, and secure to our 
 young men every facility, and cause those of other States to 
 come and share the privileges so bountifully provided. 
 
 These Colleges are designed to furnish Free Tuition and 
 use of Books to one Student for every one hundred dollars 
 of annual State donation. Thus in St. John's College, An- 
 napolis, the State is .entitled to thirty Scholarships ; in 
 Washington College, Chestertown, to thirty Scholarships; 
 in the Agricultural College, to sixty Scholarships ; in the 
 Baltimore Female College, to twenty-two Scholarships. — 
 These will be used by the graduates of High Schools, who 
 with the aid and encouragement of the State prizes referred 
 to under Title VII. of the Bill, will enjoy the advantage of 
 the highest intellectual culture. 
 
 Sec. 2. The only portion of the State not provided with 
 proper Collegiate facilities by general appropriation is the 
 City of Baltimore. Here there is no College for young 
 men to which the High School graduates can be admitted 
 
93 
 
 free of expense. To meet this difficulty and to dp justice 
 to the City of Baltimore, and to give to its meritorious 
 youth equal opportunities with those of the Counties, it is 
 proposed to endow the "Faculty of Arts and Sciences" of 
 the University of Maryland, with three thousand dollars 
 per year, the same amount which is donated to Washington 
 and St. John's Colleges, and to require free Tuition with 
 use of Text-Books, for thirty Students. This Faculty has 
 been in successful operation since the year 1854, aud ranks 
 equally with any College in the State for effective instruc- 
 tion. It has a valuable property and with a small appro- 
 priation for Scientific Apparatus, can be made one of our 
 most efficient Colleges. 
 
 Sec. 6. The suggestion concerning the Law School at 
 Annapolis, merits careful attention. No locality more 
 suitable can be sefcjpted than the State Capital, where the 
 Court of Appeals holds its sessions, and where the State 
 Library with its valuable collection of Law Books will be 
 open to the Students. Baltimore City now has a Medical 
 School renowned for the skill and Scientific attainments of 
 its Professors, with an Infirmary offering every facility for 
 Clinic Lectures and Study. 
 
 The Law School will complete the provision for Profes- 
 sional Education and give to Maryland, within her own 
 borders, every opportunity for Instruction that her sons can 
 desire. The Colleges combined with the Medical School 
 and the Law School, will form the University of Maryland, 
 the plan of which is developed under Title V. and explained 
 in the comment thereon. 
 
 Title III. Chapter I. Page 49. 
 
 The present difficulty in procuring teachers of even ordi- 
 nary skill and ability commends the aim of this title of the 
 Law to most thoughtful consideration. We need a home 
 supply of teachers, for none will take so earnest an interest 
 in our Schools as they who claim to be fellow-citizens. 
 For the present, we will have to depend to a great extent 
 upon persons prepared to teach in the Schools of other 
 
94 
 
 States and drawn to us by our judicious system and liberal 
 return for services rendered. 
 
 Such applicants will be tested by examination before 
 being placed in charge of a School. 
 
 We have now many teachers, Male and Female, of 
 various degrees of qualification, engaged in our City and 
 County Schools. They are doing the best they can, but 
 never having enjoyed the advantages proposed to be here- 
 after offered, are necessarily ignorant of many of the duties 
 required of them. Such teachers will undoubtedly avail 
 themselves of the privileges and opportunities connected 
 with the Associations and Institutes, and thus become 
 qualified for -the performance of their work. It is not 
 strictly just to complain of the inefficiency of teachers 
 while nothing is done for their improvement, or while the 
 stipend is so pitifully small, that it offers no encourage- 
 ment to such self-culture as is essential to produce a capable 
 instructor. 
 
 Chapter II. Page 50. 
 
 Every effort ought to be made to render the Teachers' 
 Associations and Teachers' Institutes attractive and in- 
 structive. The Associations are assemblies of Teachers 
 from one, two, or more Commissioner Districts, as may 
 be convenient, for mutual conference, interchange of 
 views with reference to teaching and discipline, and discus- 
 sion of practical Educational questions. The Association 
 selects its own officers and arranges its own exercises. The 
 County Director is expected to be present and give his aid 
 to render the exercises as profitable as he can. Such meet- 
 ings are attended with very good effect. They make 
 teachers acquainted with one another, they create a profes- 
 sional ambition, an esprit du corps animating and encour- 
 aging. They will prove seasons of refreshing from which 
 the teacher will return to his work with new ideas and 
 vitalized energy. Should citizens interested in Public 
 Instruction be inclined to favor the Associations with their 
 presence and take part in the deliberations, it will increase 
 their interest and influence and, what is better, convince 
 
95 
 
 the teachers that they are not without the sympathy of 
 those who are laboring in less difficult spheres of duty. 
 Such evidence of interest is earnestly invoked. Should it 
 be extended, it will be one additional element of strength 
 to our new system, by operating as an incentive to the 
 teachers to prepare themselves for the exercises to which 
 they are appointed by the officers of the Associations 
 
 Chapter III. Page 51. 
 
 Teachers' Institutes are temporary Normal Schools, 
 and designed to accomplish, partially, for teachers now 
 engaged at their profession what the Normal School will 
 do for those who design to fit themselves for the charge 
 of Public Schools. They have been organized in every 
 State now claiming to have a successful system, and the 
 testimony in their favor is not only unanimous but most 
 emphatic. I quote the following: "These Normal Schools 
 have been in session from ten to eleven days each year 
 since I commenced my official term. The interest mani- 
 fested in them by Teachers and Educational men, at first 
 moderate, is now intense; and it is truly gratifying to hear 
 many of the attendants upon these sessions frankly declare, 
 at the close, that they are able to teach better than before. 
 There is no doubt in my mind of the fact that the Insti- 
 tutes are first in might among the auxiliaries for the 
 improvement of Teachers and creating an interest in our 
 Public Schools." In another report I find this: "Any 
 apprehension that the dismission of our Schools for the 
 week would be time lost to them, was wholly dissipated by 
 witnessing the renewed impulse given to the Teachers, and 
 their practical improvement of the valuable principles of 
 instruction presented in many of the Lectures and illus- 
 trated by model lessons." 
 
 The small amount of money appropriated for traveling 
 expenses will be wisely invested; and it is hoped that the 
 Teachers' hearts will be gladdened by such evidence of hos- 
 pitable interest on the part of the citizens of the town 
 where they assemble, that they will return to their Schools 
 feeling under increased obligation to do all in their power 
 for the progress of the Public School system. 
 
96 
 
 The Institute will be organized a portion of each day as 
 a School, and under the direotion of the Normal Professor 
 the various subjects of study will be taken up and proper 
 modes of teaching them illustrated. 
 
 The members will be called upon to exhibit their method 
 of organizing and conducting Schools, to state their sys- 
 tems of government and generally to explain their work. 
 Errors and defects will be discussed, and the true methods 
 shown, not only by Lectures, but by forming the Teachers 
 themselves into classes which will be required to recite in 
 regular form, thus exhibiting a Model or Experimental 
 School. 
 
 To a person who has not investigated these subjects, it 
 is astonishing how easy it is for an expert to teach and to 
 awaken and retain the interest of a class of children , while 
 the undisciplined bungles and stumbles and at last throws 
 down his book in despair, und declares English Grammar 
 to be a humbug, and boys and girls naturally perverse and 
 stupid. The difficulty is, that they do not know how to 
 use their tools. These Teachers are ignorant of their trade. 
 It is this ignorance which the Institute is designed to cor- 
 rect, it will show the Teacher how to work and to make his 
 profession a pleasure to himself, a delight to the little ones 
 wltom he is appointed to train, to educate; that is, whose 
 intellects he has by enticing arts to bring out, to develop, 
 to nurture. 
 
 To explain the full design of Teachers' Institutes and the 
 mode of their operation, would be to enter upon a descrip- 
 tion of a Normal School. This need not be done in this 
 Commentary, but perhaps in the course of debate, if neces- 
 sary, Senators and Members will avail themselves of the 
 opportunity to exhibit the importance of these and similar 
 Educational Agencies. What is done to improve the 
 Teacher will improve the School. 
 
 Chapter IV. Page 52. 
 
 No attempt to show the paramount importance of the 
 State Normal School to the success of the system of Public 
 Instruction will be made. 
 
97 
 
 That question may be .regarded as settled. All the testi- 
 mony combines in one grand, emphatic, unanimous "Aye." 
 The plan proposed embraces one feature which is supposed 
 to be original and another which is somewhat novel. 
 
 First.— It is intended to use the Normal Professors six 
 months of the year at the School in Baltimore, and during^ 
 four months, April, May, June and July, as itinerants; to 
 send them to the Counties to conduct Teachers' Institutes, 
 and to visit and inspect the Schools, under the direction of 
 the State Superintendent. This will give all the Teachers 
 the benefit of their experience and insure an early unifor- 
 mity in modes of conducting Schools. 
 
 Second. — It is designed to connect with the Normal 
 School Model or Experimental Schools, in which the Nor- 
 mal Students will assist. These Schools will be under the 
 charge of eminent Teachers and will be made, if possible, 
 superior to any private School .in the City, so that their 
 advantages will be sought after by our best citizens. They 
 will be pay Schools and soon will be more than self-sustain- 
 ing. These Model Schools will be open to inspection, and 
 it is thought will exhibit such advantages that every town 
 of one or two thousand inhabitants will desire to have simi- 
 lar graded Schools, and similar systems of instruction. 
 
 The State Superintendent urges upon the General Assem- 
 bly the most liberal appropriation for this Normal School 
 that can be made consistent with other demands upon the 
 Treasury, not only for payment of salaries, but for furnish- 
 ing the rooms and procuring all needful apparatus. 
 
 Title IY. Page 56. SOURCES OF INCOME. 
 
 Section 1. If money be withheld all else pertaining to this 
 system will fail. If a man wants a skilful mechanic, an in- 
 telligent clerk, an experienced physician, an able lawyer, he 
 can get them, but he must pay for them. So we can have 
 comfortable School houses and* faithful Teachers, but not 
 without money. They must be paid for. The question is 
 "What is a thorough System of Public Instruction 
 worth ? " 
 13 
 
98 
 
 We ask four millions of dollars .to pay men to go into the 
 field and break down the strongholds of Treason and Igno- 
 rance. Perhaps half that sum spent in enlightening the 
 human mind and diffusing sound principles of morality 
 would have saved us all this war and desolation, and these 
 millions of money. Men vote money by millions to crush 
 an evil, but will not give hundreds to prevent the growth 
 of evil. It is easier to pull out the lion's teeth when he is 
 young, than when he roams king of the forest. It is easier 
 by sound Education to prevent men from developing into 
 criminals, than to convert them when they have graduated 
 in crime. Hence to teach children to do right will be a 
 cheaper and more convenient process, than to force them to 
 do right after they have been trained to do wrong. 
 
 The answer to our query, " What is a thorough System 
 of Public Instruction worth?'' is, " It is worth more than 
 the money we give to punish men for doing wrong. " It 
 is worth more than the expenditure for Courts and Jails, 
 Penitentiaries, Alms-houses, Policemen, Sheriffs and the 
 whole equipment for the punishment and restraint of the 
 vice and crime which ignorance begets. 
 
 Are we ready to secure this System of Public Instruction 
 by paying for it? Here it is that the sincerity of our peo- 
 ple 'is to be tested. If they fail to come up to the standard 
 of their duty, if they are determined to count the dollars 
 and cents, if they continue to be penny-wise and pound- 
 foolish, of course the system fails ; and fails because the 
 people do not wish it, for if they really desire it they will 
 be ready to pay for it. 
 
 It is not my province to exhibit the resources of Mary- 
 land, but Maryland is rich enough to sustain her Public 
 Schools upon the most extended and efficient plan. She is 
 rich enough to be munificient. And if her ordinary sources 
 of Revenue do not reach our wants, the waters of our Bay 
 and Rivers and Creeks contain wealth enough to Educate 
 all our children. 
 
 Legislators are invoked to be liberal in this noblest of 
 Public Works, to be liberal even to what may to our pres- 
 ent dim vision seem rashness, a rashness which the next 
 
99 
 
 generation will pronounce to have been the highest 
 wisdom. 
 
 I propose a tax of fifteen cents in the hundred dollars, 
 leaving all County School Revenues and other sources of 
 Income unchanged until the citizens of the Counties may- 
 desire to increase or diminish them. 
 
 Fifteen cents in the one hundred dollars, will yield on the 
 old assessment four hundred and twenty-eight thousand 
 six hundred and thirteen dollars. This of course will be 
 reduced by the amount of property heretofore held in ser- 
 vants, now emancipated. Supposing all expenses except 
 the salaries of Teachers to be paid out of the County funds, 
 viz: those for building and furnishing School houses, pur- 
 chasing Books and Apparatus, cost of supervision whether 
 by County Directors or School Commissioners, incidental 
 expenses for fuel, repairs, &c, we would then have from 
 the State about four hundred thousand dollars for salaries 
 of Teachers. Of this one hundred and fifteen thousand 
 dollars will be paid to the City of Baltimore, and two hun- 
 dred and eighty-five thousand dollars to the Counties. In 
 the present estimates we deduct the City's proportion from 
 the total School income, and the population of the City from 
 total of inhabitants in the State according to the census of 
 1860. 
 
 There were in 1860 in the Counties four hundred and 
 seventy-five thousand persons, of these, fifty-four thousand 
 resided in Baltimore County. By reference to the School 
 statistics of this County, I find that the demands of the 
 population require at least one hundred and ten Schools. 
 According to this proportion, one thousand Schools are 
 needed for the whole State, and more than one thousand 
 Teachers. Placing the salaries of Teachers at an average 
 of five hundred dollars per annum it will take five hundred 
 thousand dollars to pay Teachers, while the fifteen cent tax 
 will yield to the Counties only two hundred and eighty-five 
 thousand dollars. To this we must add about sixty thou- 
 sand dollars to be received from the Free School Funds, 
 making in all three hundred and forty-five thousand dol- 
 lars. - From which it appears that the fifteen cents in the 
 
100 
 
 one hundred dollars, is the smallest tax that ought to be 
 levied. It will not yield an amount sufficient to keep the 
 Schools in operation the entire School year of ten months, 
 and hence the importance, indeed the necessity for the 
 Counties to help themselves by local taxation if they wish 
 their children to enjoy the full benefit of Public Instruction. 
 
 This subject will of course receive the most rigid scrutiny 
 by the appropriate Legislative Committee, to whom, at the 
 proper time, I will submit such statistical information, as 
 they may need to understand what is required to give 
 proper support to our Free Schools. 
 
 There has been much argument at different times about 
 the proportion of School money paid to the City of Balti- 
 more out of the present State Free School Fund. That 
 fund is divided one-half between the City and Counties in 
 equal parts, the other half in proportion to population. — 
 Under the provision of the Constitution the whole State 
 Tax is to be divided according to population, while the 
 division of the Free School Fund remains as heretofore. 
 That the framersof the old law, which gave to the Counties 
 a proportion of money larger than the ratio of * popu- 
 lation, were guided in their decision by sound practical 
 reasons, reference to statistical and other facts will show. 
 First, the proportion of children attending the Public 
 Schools in Rural Districts, will always be much larger than 
 in a City where wealth abounds, private Schools of all 
 grades are numerous, and Charity or Parochial Schools of 
 all denominations provide for many thousands of the rising 
 generation. Hence more money is needed in the Counties 
 because there is a larger proportion of children to be Edu- 
 cated. Second, where population is sparse the number of 
 School houses and of Teachers must be more in proportion 
 to the number of Scholars, than in a City where the popu- 
 lation is dense. The greater the number of Schools the 
 greater the expense for salaries and incidentals. 
 
 I venture to suggest that in the present condition of ou r 
 finances and our present pressing necessities, every dollar 
 of Revenue that can be raised ought to be immediately 
 applied. Hence the sixth Section of Act VIII. of the Con- 
 
101 
 
 stitution which requires the people to provide for the Edu- 
 cation of children of the next generation in addition to 
 taking care of their own, ought to he repealed. We trust 
 that they who follow us, living as they will under the 
 blessed influences of Universal Freedom and Universal 
 Education, will so increase in prosperity, that they will he 
 able to take care of themselves. We also hope that the 
 benefit of Free Public Schools will have been so clearly 
 demonstrated, that posterity will not refuse the full amount 
 needed for their support. Let us at least trust them for 
 that much. 
 
 Appropriate to this I refer to the opinion of Mr. Eaton, 
 the President of the Board of (School Commissioners, 
 of Baltimore City, with whom it has been my privilege 
 to have frequent conferences while preparing this Bill. — 
 His large experience and wise counsel have been of great 
 value. When each County can enjoy the services of such 
 a man as Baltimore City has, for half a score of years, 
 without a dollar of expense to the Treasury, the cause of 
 Public Instruction will progress and prosper. In his last 
 report Mr. Eaton says : 
 
 " As for the tax of five cents for a permanent fund, there 
 will be found many who object strenuously to it, seeing 
 that it imposes a burthen upon the present generation, in 
 addition to its own proper and unusual expenses, in order 
 that future generations may be relieved from all tax what- 
 ever for Educational purposes. In times . like these 
 especially, when taxes are heavy, and those demanded for 
 the immediate exigencies of Education are to be largely 
 increased, the propriety of a further assessment for the 
 object referred to may be questioned. But on this point 
 the Legislature must be its own judge as to its duties." 
 
 Among the sources of revenue allowed by General and 
 Local Laws, are certain fines, forfeitures and penalties. I 
 am of opinion that in many instances these are not collected 
 by the School authorities, and hence are lost to the funds 
 to which they most appropriately belong. The attention 
 of those concerned is directed to this subject with the sug- 
 
102 
 
 gestion that perhaps the General Assembly may find it 
 practicable to increase the School income from this source. 
 Sec. 6, Page 57. The importance of examining into the 
 present mode of investment of County School Funds is 
 evident, from the fact that these funds have diminished 
 through bad security. It was my expectation to lay before 
 the General Assembly the history of these funds, their 
 investment, income, &c. For that purpose, an order was 
 passed by the House of Delegates, calling upon the County 
 School Authorities for information. To this order no 
 response has been received that I know of. The whole 
 subject ought to be investigated, and the School money be 
 placed so as to be inviolable. 
 
 TITLE V. Page 59. 
 
 While the enactments of this Title are not positively 
 essential to the immediate success of the system of Free 
 Public Schools, yet they are of real importance and signifi- 
 cance in connection with the extended outline of Public 
 Instruction which is now presented. We aim at complete- 
 ness and harmony in our entire Educational Scheme. We 
 provide for all children of the State such instruction as will 
 fit them for the discharge of the ordinary duties of life, and 
 the exercise of the privileges of citizenship. All can learn 
 enough to secure what is termed an Elementary Education. 
 As we advance beyond this, the number of students will be 
 less in number, embracing only those who have talent and 
 ambition to learn. They will be provided for in the High 
 School. Completing the course of study in the High School, 
 the Colleges of the State are open to those who are eager for 
 knowledge, have the ability to appreciate its blessings and 
 the capacity to grasp them. The Colleges are combined 
 under one system, which will secure harmony of action while 
 it does not interfere with individual enterprise. We make 
 the Colleges parts of a general system, instead of leaving 
 them to work by themselves with little else than local pat- 
 ronage, and without the stimulus of even moderate emula- 
 tion. Each College as an integral part of the University, 
 
103 
 
 becomes responsible to the Regents, and is pledged to sus- 
 tain the Scholastic reputation of the University. They are 
 all preparing young men for the Law School and the 
 School of Medicine, they will all present candidates for the 
 Honors of the Peabody Institute, as explained in the com- 
 ment on Title VII. They will work together with an hon- 
 orable ambition to excel in the contest, in which all earnest 
 competitors find honor if not the highest reward. 
 
 I know of no State in which the idea of a University can 
 so readily and so beautifully become a reality as in Mary- 
 land, possessing as she does all the agencies, (but one,) now 
 in active operation, and the means to provide that promptly 
 and effectively. 
 
 The idea of uniting the Colleges in the celebration of their 
 Commencement Day, fixing it on the fourth day of July, in 
 the City of Baltimore, and within the Hall of the Peabody 
 Institute, the degrees being conferred by the Provost of the 
 University,- the candidates presented by the President of 
 each affiliated College, was suggested to me by the Hon. 
 John P. Kennedy, who, although having reached that age 
 when, full of honor and with a record of service to the 
 State that few citizens can claim, he might think that the 
 measure of his duty is full, enters with earnestness .into the 
 project of Universal Education for F.ree Maryland. 
 
 This Commencement Day will, if our plan be developed, 
 become one of the great days of the year in a double sense. 
 The combination of ideas will be strictly logical. Inde- 
 pendence and Intelligence. Under the shadow of the Mon- 
 ument of Washington, patriotic sentiment will be awakened. 
 In the Hall reared by the munificence of the Merchant 
 Prince, who dedicates Commerce to Art, Science and Liter- 
 ature, philanthropic munificence will be honored. The 
 assemblage of sympathizing citizens will greet the success- 
 ful aspirant for literary honors, and amid circumstances 
 novel and inspiring, he will pledge his talents to the honor 
 of the State of his nativity or adoption. 
 
104 
 
 TITLE VI. Page 60. 
 
 Upon no portion of this system can the philanthropic 
 heart dwell with warmer interest than that which provides 
 for those whom God in his inscrutable providence has de- 
 prived of the full use of those faculties which are to his 
 more favored creatures the source of so many blessings. 
 The State takes these helpless ones, and by judicious sys- 
 tems, fostered by her own bounty at home or abroad, mit- 
 igates, if she cannot remove, their calamities. She becomes 
 eyes to the blind and ears to the deaf. Opens avenues to 
 knowledge and to mental enjoyment which else would be 
 closed, and leave the unfortunate and afflicted to the sad 
 heritage of their bereavements. More noble does the State 
 appear in this Mission of mercy, than in her mightier efforts 
 in which she removes mountains by piercing them with 
 pathways, annihilates space by the rapid course of the Steam 
 Car, or goes down into the bowels of the earth to bring up 
 the hidden treasures. 
 
 Our plan would be sadly defective did it not put in a plea, 
 for the weak, and devise remedies for their distress. It 
 commends to the care of the State, Asylums for the Blind, 
 for the Deaf and Dumb, Schools for the Feeble-Minded, 
 Houses of Refuge and Industrial Homes, in which the 
 ignorant and vicious can be trained to knowledge and vir- 
 tue, and made useful, members of society, instead of vaga- 
 bond pests. 
 
 We feel constrained 'to go further and to make our system 
 one of comprehensive benevolence, passing by no duty, 
 neglecting no claim however feeble may be the voice with 
 which it appeals for relief. It embraces a plan for the 
 moral and intellectual culture of those whom ignorance has 
 debased into criminals, and now are the inmates of Jails 
 and Penitentiaries. It cares for those whom deficient Edu- 
 cation or the total lack of all Education has depressed into 
 idleness, penury, want, and now drag out a miserable ex- 
 istence in Aims-Houses, where they live and move, but 
 have no moral or intellectual being. We would have some 
 
105 
 
 ray of light illumine the darkness of the prison house, and 
 enliven the stolidity of the pauper's dreary home. 
 
 Maryland owes it to these unfortunates ; for, by her sins 
 of omission, by her neglect to provide the means of Educa- 
 tion, to send the bright beams of intelligence all over the 
 land, has she nurtured this race of criminals and indi- 
 gents. Behold the sad procession of generations covered 
 with vice and want and crime, that we have permitted to 
 move on to moral woe and physical suffering ; leaving, as 
 they pass, their stain upon society, pests, drones, non-pro- 
 ducers, destroyers ; because we did not give them light. 
 Their fault is in part the State's sin. The criminal records 
 of our Jails and Penitentiaries are loud-mouthed witnesses 
 to the neglect of our fathers to provide instruction, to dif- 
 'fuse that knowledge the entering in of which giveth life. 
 Let us go and sin no more. While we do what we can for 
 those who are entering upon the dangerous path of life, let 
 not the State forget those who have suffered long. It is 
 proposed to establish Schools for these unfortunates, to em- 
 ploy such agencies in our Houses of Punishment and Homes 
 of the Needy, that the people can be taught to read, to write, 
 to cipher — may learn (some of them) Book-keeping, and 
 gain such general information as will enable them to lead a 
 better life when they have worked out the penalty which 
 the Law exacts for crime. 
 
 All under twenty-one years of age ought to be obliged to 
 attend School, and once or twice each week the whole body 
 of these depraved congregations should be assembled to be 
 taught Geography and History, and to hear familiar Lec- 
 tures on the Natural Sciences, which will open to their 
 clouded minds a knowledge of God's goodness, and of the 
 marvellous means he provides to enable men to develop the 
 resources of the earth, and to mitigate the primal sentence, 
 "By the sweat of thy brow shalt thou eat thy bread." 
 
 14 
 
106 
 Title VII. Chapter I. Page 61. 
 
 These Scholarships are primarily designed as an aid 
 to meritorious students who need assistance to pay their 
 personal expenses while attending the High School or 
 College. They are also prizes to stimulate industry. The 
 State thus recognizes and rewards talent. She helps on 
 those who have earned for themselves a good report, and 
 have evidenced that intellectual power which the Common- 
 wealth needs for the development of her resources and for 
 wise progress in her civil and social systems. 
 
 The State to a certain extent becomes the foster-parent 
 of young men and women who have the laudable ambition 
 to attain to intellectual eminence, and shows by her annual 
 appropriations that she is not unmindful of those who have « 
 the capacity and the desire, but lack the means to increase 
 in knowledge. 
 
 Chapter II. Page 65. 
 
 While our system is in its infancy, there will be 
 need of agencies to explain its ideas and modes of prac- 
 tical development. To secure uniformity and intelligence 
 of action, County Directors, School Commissioners and 
 Teachers will need instruction, in detail, upon many, if 
 not all points conuected with their several duties. New 
 methods of teaching even the elementary branches will 
 require elucidation and explanation. Proper systems of 
 discipline and organization of Schools, suggestions as to 
 the relation which one officer bears to the other and the 
 duties of all to the community will furnish topics for dis- 
 cussion. 
 
 From time to time the Superintendent will desire to 
 exhibit his views on all questions connected with the 
 interests of the Schools and specially to impress upon 
 Teachers the nature of their duties and the responsibility of 
 the position which they occupy. 
 
 These and kindred subjects will furnish material for 
 short tracts, which will certainly prove of great value to 
 School officers, not only imparting opportune information, 
 but giving evidence that the General Superintendent is 
 
107 
 
 interested in their work and uses the means within his 
 reach to secure uniform, harmonious, and energetic action. 
 
 Chapter III. Page 65. 
 
 Section 1. When we educate the faculties of the miud 
 they become hungry and must have food to feed upon. 
 Books furnish that food, and that the health of the intel- 
 lect may be good the food must be wholesome. The Dis- 
 trict Library is designed as a free market of healthful moral 
 and mental nourishment. In our State, specially in the 
 Counties, where population is scattered, towns few and 
 books are never sold unless by an itinerant agent or from 
 a shelf in the corner of the grocery store, some plan must 
 be devised by which wholesome reading can be given to 
 the children of the Schools and through them reach the 
 whole community. The District Library is the cheap and 
 efficient agent by which this can be accomplished. Fifty or 
 one hundred well selected volumes of History, Biography, 
 Science and Art, with some books of Amusement for 
 younger children will be a source of enjoyment, encour- 
 agement and of strength. These books will be read at 
 home, they will present subjects for conversation and sug- 
 gest topics for thought, they will open to the minds of 
 many a knowledge of the world as it has been and as it is; 
 and perhaps stimulate many youths, male and female, to do 
 their best to accomplish what has been so well done by 
 others who had no better opportunities than they. The 
 Library will teach our people the value of books and per- 
 haps after ten or fifteen years some State Superintendent 
 may have the privilege to report that the District Libraries 
 are ceasing to be used, because every family has a Library 
 of its own. 
 
 The idea of including Honorary Membership of the Pea- 
 body Institute among the aids and encouragements to Uni- 
 versal Education was suggested by Messrs. Kennedy and 
 Eaton. The former gentleman is conversant with the 
 intended plan of operations and is able to speak with some 
 degree of authority. The General Assembly may therefore 
 proceed with confidence that this stimulus to intellectual 
 
108 
 
 championship will be offered. Perhaps yet more may be 
 done through the instrumentality of wealthy men of Mary- 
 laud, by appropriating money for prizes and medals, which 
 will evidence their zeal and encourage the youth of the 
 State, perhaps aid them in the pursuit of high literary and 
 scientific attainment. 
 
 Title VII. Chapter I. Page 66. 
 
 Maryland has given freedom to or removed the stain of 
 degraded servility from more than one-fourth of her 
 people. It remains for her to vindicate the policy and 
 humanity of this act of emancipation, by fitting its reci- 
 pients for their new privileges and obligations. Shall we 
 leave these colored people in ignorance and permit them 
 to degenerate until they become worthless and vicious, 
 inmates of Aims-Houses or of Jails? or shall we educate them, 
 make them intelligent, virtuous, useful? Upon the action 
 of the General Assembly depends the fact whether freedom 
 shall be fraught with richest blessings, or leave the freed- 
 man no better than when he was a slave, unless he avails 
 himself of his new facilities for change of residence and 
 leaves us for a more favored latitude. 
 
 I have no doubt as to what duty demands, no doubt but 
 that duty will be our guide. These freedmen and those 
 who have been degraded because of the same color as the 
 slave, must be educated; they must be made intelligent and 
 skilful, according to their capacity ; they must have every 
 opportunity that intelligent legislation and a sense of 
 moral obligation can give them. It is their right as much 
 as that of white children, for they have to do their part to 
 develop the resources of the State, and they have to bear 
 their full proportion of taxation upon every dollar of prop- 
 erty which they own or may earn. Hence it is proposed, that 
 they shall have Schools — Schools adapted to their wants — 
 Schools as good as any in the State, and have a fair oppor- 
 tunity to show what they can do when they have a fair 
 chance. 
 
 Sec. 3. Private benevolence has commenced the work 
 which properly belongs to the State, and agencies are now 
 
109 
 
 in successful operation to which the taxes collected from 
 colored persons can be paid over for the benefit of their own 
 children. 
 
 I am informed that the amount of School tax paid annu- 
 ally by these people to educate white children in the City 
 of Baltimore for many years has been more than five hun- 
 dred dollars. 
 
 The rule of fair play would require that this be refunded, 
 unless the State at once provides Schools under this 
 Title. 
 
 As evidence of what private liberality is now doing for 
 the honor of the State, I take the following from a late 
 report of the Association for Improvement of Colored 
 People. 
 
 Rooms Nos. 3 and 4 Bible House, 
 
 Baltimoke, February Qth, 1865. 
 
 To the Board of Managers 
 
 of Association for M. and I. Improvement 
 
 of Colored People : 
 
 Gentlemen, — I am directed by the Executive Committee 
 of the Association to report the work done by them since 
 your last meeting. 
 
 They have secured rooms and given directions to fit them 
 up for School use in four places in the City, and have made 
 arrangements for Teachers to enter upon their duties as 
 soon as the rooms are ready for occupancy. 
 
 They have numbered the Schools 1,2, 3, 4, — situated as 
 follows : 
 
 No. 1 is in Crane's Building, corner of Calvert and 
 
 Saratoga Street. 
 No. 2 is in Chesnut Street. 
 No. 3 is in Sharp Street. 
 No. 4 is in Biddle Alley. 
 
 Thus partially providing for all parts of the City, though 
 not affording accommodation for a tithe of the Colored 
 People who desire to avail themselves of this opportunity to 
 procure some Education. 
 
110 
 
 School No, 1 is in full successful operation, having on its 
 roll of day and night Scholars combined seven hundred and 
 fifty pupils. 
 
 The whole amount expended and contracted for by the 
 Executive Committee is sixteen thousand one hundred and 
 thirty-six dollars, distributed as follows : 
 
 SCHOOL No. 1. 
 
 Total, $4,999 00 
 
 Items .-—Fitting up, . . $1,269 00 
 
 Rent, ... 480 00 
 
 Teachers, . . . 2,800 00 
 Janitor and gas and fuel, 450 00 
 
 $4,999 00 
 
 SCHOOL No. 2. 
 
 Total, $3,160 00 
 
 Items : — Fitting up, . . $500 00 
 
 Rent, ; 60 00 
 
 Teachers, . . . 2,200 00 
 Janitor and gas and fuel, 400 00 
 
 $3,160 00 
 
 SCHOOL No. 3. 
 
 Total, $3,662 00 
 
 Items:— Fitting up, . . . $600 00 
 Rent, • . . . 12 00 
 
 Teachers, . . . 2,600 00 
 Janitor and gas and fuel, 450 00 
 
 $3,662 00 
 
 SCHOOL No. 4. 
 
 Total, $3,100 00 
 
 Items .-—Fitting up, . . . $500 00 
 Rent, Free. 
 
 Teachers, . . . 2,200 00 
 Janitor and gas and fuel, 400 00 
 
 $3,100 00 
 
Ill 
 
 OFFICE. 
 
 Total, . . . . . . . $1,215 00 
 
 Items .-—Fitting up, . . . $250 00 
 Rent, ... 240 00 
 
 Attendance, Clerk, &c. . 325 00 
 Gas, fuel, postage, station- 
 ery, ... 400 00 
 
 $1,215 00 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 School 
 
 No. 
 
 1, 
 
 et 
 
 " 
 
 2, 
 
 it 
 
 " 
 
 3, 
 
 et 
 
 a 
 
 4, 
 
 Office, 
 
 RECAPITULATION 
 
 Rents, 
 Salaries, 
 Fitting up. 
 Gas and Fuel, 
 Sundries, 
 
 $4,999 00 
 3,160 00 
 3,662 00 
 3,100 00 
 1,215 00 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 OF ITEMS. 
 
 
 $ 792 00 
 10,925 00 
 
 3,119 00 
 
 . 950 00 
 
 350 00 
 
 00 
 
 
 • . 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 5 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Number of Schools, . 
 " of Teachers, 
 " of Janitors, 
 
 of Clerks, 
 " of Rooms for Office, 
 " of Scholars that can be accommodated, 2,200 
 
 The Executive Committee have been very strongly urged 
 to open a School at Fell's Point, to supply instruction to 
 the large number of Colored People in that section of the 
 City, but have not as yet definitely agreed to do so. This 
 School which, if opened, would be No. 5, will add three 
 thousand six hundred dollars to the expenses of the Asso- 
 ciation. 
 
 The Committee are unanimously in favor of establishing 
 the School, and would urge the Board of Managers to so 
 direct them. Sixteen thousand one hundred and thirty- 
 
112 
 
 six dollars will pay all office expenses and the expenses of 
 the four Schools already contracted for, for one year from 
 January 1, 1865. If School No. 5 be opened, the amount 
 for the current year will be about twenty thousand dollars. 
 
 The Executive Committee respectfully suggest to the 
 Board of Managers that this amount of twenty thousand 
 dollars can be raised if all agencies are put in operation. 
 
 With very little effort on the part of the Finance Com- 
 mittee some five thousand dollars have been subscribed, 
 and the Executive Committee judge that five thousand dol- 
 lars more could easily and immediately be raised. They 
 also suggest, that a petition, signed by all the members of 
 the Board, and by their friends interested in this object, to 
 the City Council of Baltimore and to the State Legislature, 
 might induce some appropriation from those bodies, if 
 pressed upon their notice by Committees appointed from 
 the Board of Managers for that purpose. 
 
 They also deem it expedient to appoint a Committee to 
 draw up and publish an address to the people of the City, 
 and have the same published in all the daily papers, and 
 have a subscription paper opened at the offices of the Sun, 
 American, Clipper and Wecker. The names of subscribers 
 and amount subscribed to be published each day. 
 
 If the community can only be awakened jto the vital 
 importance of the movement inaugurated by this Associa- 
 tion it is believed that money would be forthcoming for its 
 purposes. 
 
 The Executive Committee would also ask the opinion of 
 the Board of Managers as to the expediency of procuring 
 an Act of Incorporation from either the Legislature or from 
 the Court. 
 
 Every day brings to your Committee urgent appeals for 
 aid in things educational from almost all sections of the 
 State, but as yet they have not felt able to do any thing, 
 except at Easton, and that School was opened at the expense 
 of the Penna Freedman's Association. * * * 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 Jos. M. Cushing, 
 
 Corresponding Secretary. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 THE MARYLAND INSTITUTE 
 
 IN THE CITY OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 After having presented this Report to the General Assem- 
 bly, my attention was directed to the Maryland Institute 
 as one of the important and efficient Educational agencies 
 of the State. By invitation I met the Board of Managers, 
 and after a prolonged conference and an opportunity to 
 visit the several departments of Instruction, have obtained 
 the information now presented. 
 
 It is somewhat remarkable that this Institute should for 
 the long period of seventeen years, have worked so prac- 
 tically, and yet so little be known of the valuable results 
 attained. It is evidence of the earnestness and sincerity of 
 the gentlemen who thus quietly and effectually have been 
 extending to many hundreds of young men in Baltimore, 
 facilities for practical Education which have proved of great 
 utility to those who have used them. 
 
 The Institute consists of 245 Life Members, 
 
 36 Honorary Members, 
 510 Senior Members, 
 1,669 Junior Members, i 
 in all about twentyfour- hundred, who by the payment of a 
 small annual fee, are entitled to the free use of a Library 
 containing over fifteen thousand volumes — of Exhibitions 
 and Lectures, and the privilege of joining any of the Schools 
 or Classes connected with the Institute, on payment of extra 
 charges, which are very small in proportion to the advan- 
 tages secured. 
 
 At present the Institute maintains a Course of Lectures 
 during the Winter months, on topics of popular interest, 
 15 
 
114 
 
 and supports an Educational Department comprising Classes 
 in Music, Drawing, Book-keeping, Writing and Chemistry. 
 
 The School of Design has over four hundred pupils, who 
 are instructed in Mechanical, Geometrical, Architectural, 
 and Artistic Drawing, at the exceedingly low price of 
 twelve dollars per year. 
 
 It provides a Day Class for Females. Nearly one hun- 
 dred members are engaged in the various branches of Study 
 from plain Pencil Drawing up to Oil Painting of a high 
 grade of Art. The object of these Lady Students is not 
 only to perfect themselves in a beautiful accomplishment, 
 but to make practical use of their skill in the many ways 
 that such skill is now in demand. 
 
 The Male graduates of the School of Design may be found 
 in the Departments at Washington, in our Machine Shops, 
 in the United States Navy, and wherever accomplished 
 draftsmen are employed. 
 
 The Female graduates, in many instances, are engaged 
 as Teachers of Drawing in Public and Private Schools 
 
 It is impossible to estimate the benefits which through 
 this agency have been conferred upon the present genera- 
 tion of Mechanics in enabling them not only to make their 
 own drawings and working plans, but in imparting a cor- 
 rect taste in Architecture. 
 
 The Music Class contains ninety members. 
 
 The Book-keeping Class has fifty members, and the 
 Weekly Lectures on Chemistry are attended by as many 
 as the room will accommodate. 
 
 All this has been accomplished by private effort, and 
 without any endowment except that of the Chemical Pro- 
 fessorship by a donation of three thousand dollars by Hon. 
 Thomas Swann. The point has now been reached when with 
 the fostering aid of the State, this Educational agency can 
 be strengthened and made available for more extended 
 work. 
 
 I think that the Institute ought to be a branch of the 
 proposed University, and would have included it in my 
 plan had the information which is now in my possession 
 been given within the thirty days to which I was limited. 
 
115 
 
 As it is the General Assembly can consider the subject, and 
 devise such plan as may to them seem wise. 
 
 I would suggest that the Maryland Institute might very 
 properly be made the Mechanical Department of the Uni- 
 versity. The State ought to endow a Mechanical Professor- 
 ship upon a plan somewhat similar, although by no means 
 so extended as the School des Arts et Metiers in Paris. 
 
 The State Geologist might be required to lecture under 
 the direction of the Managers of the Institute, thus extend- 
 ing the present course on Chemistry so as to embrace Ge- 
 ology and Mineralogy, especially as connected witli the 
 State of Maryland. 
 
 I can only thus briefly and cursorily refer to this important 
 agency for the diffusion of useful and practical knowledge, 
 and express the hope that it will receive the aid from the 
 State Treasury that it eminently merits. 
 
 The following letter handed to me by the President of 
 the Institute, is appended to this Report because of its bear- 
 ing upon the subject, and its practical suggestions concern- 
 ing the proposed University. 
 
 Maryland Agricultural College, 
 February 1st, 1865. 
 John F. Meredith, Esq., 
 
 President Maryland Institute, Baltimore : 
 
 Dear Sir: — I have been honored by the receipt of your 
 note of yesterday in which you are pleased to say, that 
 many of "the suggestions I made in our interview* on Satur- 
 day last, seemed to you, eminently proper and to express 
 the wish that I would write them out, for submission to 
 your Board at their meeting on Monday next. Whilst I 
 cannot hope to realize the expectations your kind language 
 implies, I do not feel at liberty to refuse a compliance with 
 your request. 
 
 I assume that it is the duty of every State to establish 
 and maintain a complete system of Education, so that her 
 sons may be qualified for any pursuit in life. That to do 
 this, their moral, intellectual and physical qualities should 
 be developed to the fullest extent of their capacities as well 
 if they are to devote themselves to Agriculture, Commerce 
 or a Mechanic Art, as to the profession of Divinity, Law or 
 
116 
 
 Medicine. That the pursuits of Agriculture, Commerce 
 and Mechanics have been and are degraded by the practical 
 admission of those who are, or are to be, engaged in them, 
 that less of moral and intellectual culture is necessary to 
 success and eminence in them, than in professional occupa- 
 tions. That the wisest, if not the only mode, of avoiding 
 this degradation in future, is to blend intellectual and 
 moral culture with these pursuits, thus dignifying labor 
 by its connection with science. That this is the most 
 auspicious time for an earnest effort to establish such a sys- 
 tem, and that union and concert of action among those 
 entertaining these views, is indispensable to the accomplish- 
 ment of this object — to secure this union and concert of 
 action some definite plan must be adopted, and steadily 
 adhered to by all who desire its success. 
 
 The plan which I have good reason to believe will be pro- 
 posed by Mr. Van Bokkelen, (the Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction,) and which meets my hearty approval, so far 
 as it goes, is simply this : a uniform system of Common 
 Schools, with the same course of instruction in each and. 
 every one of them, looking to and qualifying pupils for 
 admission into any one of the High Schools and Academies. 
 A uniform course of instruction in these, looking to and 
 qualifying their pupils for admission, into at least the 
 Freshman Class, of either of the Colleges. And the same 
 course of Scientific, Classical and Mathematical Instruc- 
 tion to be pursued in each College, (leaving each to adopt 
 and superadd its own specialty,) looking to and qualifying 
 their graduates for admission to either the Law, Medical or 
 Mechanical departments of the University. 
 
 A great University such as I hope to see established, and 
 which will be worthy our State, should embrace, a Law 
 department, a Medical department, a Mechanical and Com- 
 mercial department, a Teachers or Normal School, and four 
 or more Collegiate departments, each having its own 
 specialty. We have already in our limits Institutions 
 chartered, and generally endowed by the State, needing 
 only a common bond of Union, and a general supervising 
 power, to constitute such a University, except a Normal 
 School and a Law School. Let the Medical School already 
 established in Baltimore, be made the Medical department 
 of the University. Let a Law School be established in 
 Annapolis, and be made the Law department. Let your 
 noble Institute be made the Mechanical, and if you choose 
 the Commercial department. Let the Maryland Agricultu- 
 ral College, St. John's College, St. Timotliy College, the 
 
117 
 
 present Collegiate department of the University, Washing- 
 ton College, and any other College, whose Trustees will 
 adopt the prescribed course of Scientific, Classical and 
 Mathematical Studies, be severally constituted Collegiate 
 departments of the University; and a Normal School estab- 
 lished in some proper locality, these in connection direct and 
 immediate with the Academies, High Schools and Primary 
 Schools, will constitute what I consider a complete System 
 of Education. 
 
 The new Constitution requires the Legislature to estab- 
 lish a System of Common Schools and provides an ample 
 fund for their maintenance and support. The duty of sub- 
 mitting a plan has been wisely confided to a gentleman of 
 learning, experience and practical administrative talent, 
 whose suggestions I doubt not, will be adopted by the Leg- 
 islature. Thus is already laid the foundation of an Educa- 
 tional Edifice, whose beauty and utility will depend upon 
 the wisdom of those who are to erect the superstructure, 
 which if constructed with the literary skill and harmonious 
 proportions which characterizes the Architectural efforts of 
 many of your Baltimore Mechanics, will reflect honor upon 
 its builders and confer untold benefits upon our posterity. 
 
 To convert your Institute into the Mechanical department 
 of the University, it would only be necessary to engraft 
 upon what you have already so wisely and beneficently 
 done, two other Professorships, the one of Chemistry, Geol- 
 ogy and Mineralogy, and the other of the principles of 
 Mechanics and their application to the arts. The State 
 needs the services of a Geologist and Mineralogist, and the 
 Legislature will probably create the office and provide for 
 the salary of the officer. The duties of this office could be 
 performed by your Professor of Chemistry, by devoting the 
 summers and autumn to a Geological and Mineralogical 
 survey of the State, the collection of specimens of minerals 
 to be deposited in your Institute and the other departments 
 of the University, and the winter and spring to a course of 
 Lectures before your Institute upon Chemistry, &c, &c. 
 Thus whilst saving you the salary of a Professor of Chem- 
 istry, secure for herself more efficient services, than by any 
 other mode of filling the office. And if in addition to this 
 you should demand of the Legislature an annual sum, 
 equal to the salary of your Professor of the principles of 
 Mechanics — fair men would admit its justice and propriety. 
 
 The Council of the University, should in my opinion 
 consist of the present Provost of the University, the Presi- 
 dents of the several Colleges, the Dean of the Medical Fac- 
 
118 
 
 ulty, one of the Law Professors, the President of the Ma- 
 ryland Institute, the Governor, and Chief Justice of the 
 State, and the General Superintendent of Common Schools, 
 and should be clothed with only such general supervisory 
 powers as will insure the harmonious working of the sys- 
 tem, leaving the ordinary affairs of the several Institutions 
 embraced in the system, to be managed as they now are. 
 They should have the power to prescribe the course of* 
 Instruction to be pursued in the Colleges, Academies and 
 High Schools, and perhaps have a veto power over the 
 appointment of Professors in the Colleges, &c. 
 
 You will perceive that it is not proposed to interfere with 
 the management of the affairs of any existing Institution, 
 except so far as may be necessary to secure uniformity in 
 the Course of Instruction in the Colleges, High Schools and 
 Academies; and in regard to conferring Degrees, these 
 should be conferred by the University at an Annual Com- 
 mencement of all the Colleges, to be held in the City of Bal- 
 timore, upon the recommendations of the Faculties of the 
 several Colleges. Besides, it is to be hoped that there will 
 be no interference with appropriations to such Institutions 
 as may be embraced in the system, and above all, that 
 political differences and partizan feelings wtll be entirely 
 overlooked and disregarded. 
 
 If this system is adopted by the State, I have high au- 
 thority for saying that provision will be made by the Pea- 
 body Institute, for Courses of Lectures upon the highest 
 branches of Science by the most eminent Professors in this 
 and other countries, to which gratuitous admission will be 
 given to those who have distinguished themselves in any of 
 the Departments of the University. 
 
 I have thus given you hastily my views in relation to 
 the most important subject likely to occupy the attention of 
 the^present Legislature, and submitted a plan which though 
 imperfect itself, may lead to discussion, and the suggestion 
 and adoption of a better one. My earnest desire is to see a 
 Complete hducational System established, and shall be most 
 happy to find that I have, in any degree, contributed to 
 the accomplishment of such a purpose. 
 
 I shall be happy at any time to receive a visit from you, 
 and those associated with you, and in subscribing myself. 
 Your ob't serv't, 
 
 J. 0. WHARTON. 
 
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PRIVATE SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES 
 
 IN THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 
 
 This Table contains a Summary of the Schools from which reports were 
 received, or concerning which information could be procured. 
 
 Anne Arundel : 
 
 West River Academy— 2 Teachers, 60 Pupils. Tuition $50 to $75. Pro- 
 perty $7,500. 
 
 Allegany : 
 
 11 Schools, 16 Teachers, 640 Pupils. Tuition $12 to $40. 
 
 Baltimore City : 
 
 42 Private Schools, 121 Teachers, 2,843 Pupils. Tuition $15 to $130. 
 3 Free Schools by Societies, 250 Pupils. 
 20 Roman Catholic Parochial and Society Schools, Pupils, male and 
 female, 4,828. 
 
 Baltimore County : 
 
 6 Boarding Schools for Boys, 9 Teachers, 150 Pupils. Terms per annum, 
 
 $200 to $300. Property $60,000. 
 4 Female Boarding Schools, 14 Teachers, 185 Pupils. Terms per annum, 
 
 $200 to $300. Property $90,000. 
 Manual Labor School for Boys. No report. 
 
 Carroll : 
 
 4 Schools in Westminster, Taneytown and Uniontown, 6 Teachers, 140 
 Pupils. Tuition $18 to $45. Property $3,000. 
 
 Charles : 
 
 St. Mary's Seminary for Girls, at Bryantown. 
 
 Dorchester : 
 
 7 Schools, 7 Teachers, 145 Pupils. Tuition $16 to $40. 
 Frederick : 
 
 St. Joseph's Female Academy, Sisters of Charity, 20 Teachers, 75 Pupils. 
 
 Terms per annum, $325. 
 Frederick Female Seminary. No report. 
 2 Roman Catholic Schools, 130 Pupils. Frederick and Emmittsburg. 
 
126 
 
 Howard : 
 
 Patapsco Female Institute. No report. 
 Rock Hill Institute for Boys. No report. 
 
 Montgomery : 
 
 5 Schools, 10 Teachers, 100 Pupils. Tuition $12 to $25. 
 Fair Hill Female Seminary. A Boarding School. 
 
 Prince George's : 
 
 Oak Grove Female Seminary. 
 Alnwick Female Seminary. 
 
 St. Mary's : 
 
 5 Schools, 8 Teachers, 100 Pupils. Tuition $50 to $100. 
 St. Mary's Female Seminary. No report. 
 
 Talbot : 
 
 5 Schools, 6 Teachers, 120 Pupils. At Easton, St. Michael's and Trappe. 
 Washington : 
 
 9 Schools, 9 Teachers, 191 Pupils. Tuition $20 to $30. 
 Worcester : 
 
 1 Schools, 7 Teachers, 138 Pupils. Tuition $12 to $50. 
 
 COLLEGES IN THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 
 
 Anne Arundel : 
 
 St. John's College, Annapolis. Not in session. Annual State Donation, 
 $3,000. 
 
 Baltimore City: 
 
 Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Maryland. 6 Professors, 90 
 
 Pupils. Value of Property not reported. No State Donation. 
 Loyola College. 15 Professors, 130 Students. Property $40,000. No State 
 
 Donation. 
 Baltimore Female College. 8 Professors, 120 Students. Property $45,000. 
 
 Annual State Donation $1,500. 
 
127 
 
 Baltimore County : 
 
 St. Timothy's Hall, Catonsville. 8 Professors, 180 Students. Property 
 $40,000. No State Donation. 
 
 Carroll : 
 
 Calvert College, New Windsor. 6 Professors, TO Students. Property 
 $30,000. No State Donation. 
 
 Frederick : 
 
 Mount St. Mary's, Emmittsburg. No report. 
 
 Kent : 
 
 Washington College, Chestertown. No report. Annual State Donation 
 
 $3,000. 
 
 Prince George's : 
 
 Maryland Agricultural College. 5 Professors, 60 Students. Property 
 $60,000. Annual State Donation $6,000. 
 
 Washington : 
 
 College of St. James. Not in session. Property $50,000. No State 
 Donation. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND. 
 
 THE COUNCIL OF 'THE* UNIVERSITY. 
 
 All Degrees shall be conferred by the Council, upon recommendation by the 
 Faculties of the Colleges and Schools of Medicine and of Law. 
 
 The Course of Study in each College, — Scientific and Classical, —must be 
 approved by the Council. 
 
 Each College may select Specialties without authority from the Council, viz : 
 Military Science and Tactics. 
 Practical and Scientific Agriculture. 
 Civil Engineering. 
 Mechanical Arts. 
 
 The Course of Classics and Mathematics in every High School must be uniform 
 and designed as preparatory to the State Colleges. 
 
 The Council of the University shall nominate to the Curators of the Peabody 
 Institute the Graduates of the Colleges who merit Special Honor. 
 
 The Commencement of all the Colleges shall be on the Fourth Day of July, 
 and in the Hall of the Peabody Institute, when the Provost of the University 
 shall confer the Bachelor's and Master's Degrees. 
 
L'BRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 021 524 388 6 
 
 Hollinger Corp. 
 P H8.5