ETYMOLOGICAL AND PRONOUNCING DIOTIONAKY THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE INCLUDING A VERY COPIOUS SELECTION OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS FOR USE IE" SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES AND AS A BOOK OF GENERAL REFERENCE THE REV. JAMES STOEMONTH AUTHOR OF 'SCHOOL ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY AND "WORD-BOOK' ' THE HANDY SCHOOL DICTIONARY,' ETC. THE PRONUNCIATION CAREFULLY REVISED BY THE REV. P. H. PHELP M.A. CANTAB. 10' .\_ SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED WITH AN APPENDIX OF SCRLETIIRE^PROPER NAMES, ETC., RESPELT WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS EDINBURGH AND LONDON MDCCCLXXIV vt v&*« S ■ \*-H /d? PREFACE. This work, the result of the labours of many •ears, is designed to supply a full and com- plete pronouncing, etymological, and explan- atory Dictionary of the English Language, staining an unusual number of scientific, clinical, and other terms, in a handy form r general reference, and at such a price as ill put it within the reach of persons of the most moderate means. Many new and im- portant Teatures will be found in the work. T uz Dictionary "Words.— These are printed in a" bold, black type, and in single letters, that being the form in which words are usually presented to the reader. Capital letters begin such words only as proper names, and others which are always so printed. This distinc- tion will be of considerable use to the learner. English phrases, familiar colloquialisms, and slang and other terms useful for reference by the general reader, have been freely inserted and defined. The addition of participial ter- minations will be found a useful feature. The Grouping of Words.— The Dictionary words are grouped under a leading word, from which they may be presumed naturally to fall or be formed, or simply follow in alphabetical order. Only, however, are they so grouped when they are derived from the same leading root, and when their alphabetical order may not be materially disturbed. When words occur in a group out of their alphabetical order, they will also be found in their place with a simple reference to the heading under which they are grouped. Care has been taken not to group to such an extent as to create diffi- culty in consulting the work, but the alphabet- ical order of words in respect of their terminal letters is in no case attended to in the group- ing. The plan of grouping will be found to have important advantages. The words the most nearly related are immediately presented to the eye in a bold, black type, and not scat- tered over several pages, merely because their terminal letters are different. The Pronunciation.— The Dictionary words, for pronunciation, are respelt phonetically with italic letters, and divided into syllables by dots instead of hyphens, and accented. The pronunciation has been carefully revised, in conformity with the best modern usage, by the Rev. P. H. Phelp, M.A. Cantab., to whom the Author has also to acknowledge his great obligations for very valuable assistance he has afforded in other departments of the work. The scheme of phonotypes or sound-symbols is fully detailed in a Table at the beginning of the work, and again briefly repeated, for the con- venience of reference, at the bottom of each two consecutive pages. The leading word of each group is uniformly respelt and marked in full ; but the succeeding ones, especially when the seat of the accent is the same, have, generally, only the terminal parts re- spelt, the full respelling of the leading word being sufficient to indicate the first part. The Etymology of Words.— For the roots, or the supposed roots, enclosed within brack- ets, the works of the best and most recent authorities have been carefully consulted. In the words given as derived from the non-clas- PEEFACE. sical languages— that is, not from the Latin and Greek — Wedgwood, Latham, .and Max Miiller have been generally followed. When a Latin or Greek noun is given as a root-word, the genitive case is frequently added in order to exhibit the literal elements more promi- nently to the learner. For the same reason, in Latin verbs, the supine in urn is often pre- ferred to the infinitive in re. It must not be supposed that all the root-words given within the brackets indicate really the ultimate sources of the English words. In a very large class of English words they really are so, as in scien- tific terms, and words directly derived from the Latin or Greek, or in the case of that large class which are merely imitative of natural sounds ' or natural appearances. The root-words are meant to show— (1) the probable origin of the English words; (2) their primary meanings; or, (3) their equivalents in other languages. The root-words may be considered as a core for a group of related English words. Apart from this their chief use in an educational point of view, their meanings will be found highly use- ful in enabling the general reader to ascer- tain, in most cases, without difficulty, the pri- mary significations of the English words. When no meaning is attached to a root-word, it is to be considered as an analogue— that is, it has the same sense as the leading Dictionary word. In regard to a numerous class of Eng- lish words usually considered as derived from the literary Latin, or from the Latin through the French, Italian, or Spanish, the best au- thorities now teach precisely the opposite. Such words are really derived from some one of that large class of related European lan- guages called the Romance, including the French, Italian, and Spanish ; or from a source common not only to them, but also to English and literary Latin. Literary or classical Latin had its origin in the unwritten lan- guages and dialects of Italy. When the former ceased to be a living tongue, the latter still survived. In the same way, the present substratum of literary English has not sprung from the Anglo-Saxon of Wes- sex only, but from it and the languages and dialects, however derived, spoken in every part of Great Britain. While these facts must be distinctly borne in mind by the student, it is convenient to retain the fiction of derivation from or through the literary Latin in regard to the classes of words re- ferred to. In this view, the exact equiva- lents of English words in Italian, French, or Spanish, will be found highly useful and sig- nificant. It will be observed in numerous instances that successive entries occur of words spelt precisely in the same way, and that they are so entered because they are derived from dif- ferent roots, and have, of course, different sig- nifications. This fact of itself will afford a striking example of the advantage of having related words grouped under their common root-words, instead of the usual plan of Eng- lish Dictionaries of having the most contra- dictory senses placed under the same word which itself, in two, three, or more of these senses, has quite a different origin, though spelt in the same way. The Meanings. — The meanings of the words are those usually given, but they have been simplified as much as possible. In the way of definition there will be found, however, a vast quantity of entirely new matter. The separate entries made, in works ft 1 the same kind, to indicate distinctions in the significa- tions of verbs, when used transitively and in- transitively, have been abandoned, as confus- ing to the learner, and as practically useless ; at the same time, however, the distinctions themselves have generally been retained No attempt has been made to render the defini- tions exhaustive ; yet in these the work is very full. Very frequently words in a group ending in nes, ble, and bly, especially the last, are not followed by definitions. When so found, the meanings are easily formed : Thus, distinctness, state of being distinct ; distinctly, in a distinct manner ; bleakness, state of being bleak; bleakly, in a bleak manner; improvable, that may be improved ; improvably, in an improvable manner ; im- provableness, state of being improvable : Thus, ble, meaning "that may be;" bly, manner ; and ness, state of being. The Appendices.— They are— a note in re- gard to prefixes being placed first— (1) A full list of postfixes in alphabetical order, having their origin indicated, and followed by exam- ples of their use ; (2) A list of common abbre- viations, with their meanings, and their full uncontracted forms, when not English, within brackets ; (3) A very full list of Latin, French, and other phrases, the name of the language, and their signification in English. Concluding Remarks. — Such is a brief outline of the nature and contents of the present work. In a work necessitating so great an amount of research, and the elabora- tion of so great a mass of matter from such i PREFACE. a variety of sources during the unremitting labour of many years, there cannot but occur matter and arrangement that may call for adverse criticism, or at least call forth differ- ence of opinion. Where, too, there is such a variety of type, symbols, and marks employed, and so many elaborate details, errors may oc- cur. It is believed, however, that these will be found but few in number, and of little im- portance. Besides the Rev. Mr Phelp, already referred to, highly-qualified gentlemen were engaged on the revision of the proof-sheets as they were passing through the press. The Author begs to acknowledge his obligations to those gentlemen for their important services. Dr Page, Professor of Geology in the Durham University of Physical Science, Newcastle, and author of well-known works on Geology and Physical Geography, specially attended to the correctness of the numerous scientific terms introduced into the work. To give a list of authorities used in compil- ing the present work would serve no good end. Suffice it to say that numerous works have been diligently consulted and compared, including the best and most recent authori- ties. While the Author's field of review has been a very extensive one, and while he has of necessity trodden a path common to authors of works of the same kind, it is hoped that no undue use of materials from other works has been made. The most laborious care has been employed, and considerable expense in- curred, in securing accuracy. The Author trusts that this work will secure public appro- bation, and fulfil, in the opinion of those best able to judge, the objects for which it is chiefly designed. Edinburgh, October 1871. NOTE TO THE SECOND EDITION. In this Edition a considerable number of important corrections have been introduced into the body of the work. A Supplement and a List of Proper Names have also been added. The Supplement contains about 450 additional words— chiefly such new scientific and other words as are now becoming current in our popular literature. Several emendations referring to the body of the work, and new ex- planatory matter, have also been inserted in the Supplement. The List of Proper Names consists of (1) Scripture proper names taken afresh from the authorised version, (2) all the proper names found in the Apocrypha, (3) common classical names, and (4) common historical and other names— all respelt for pronunciation according to the method em- ployed in the Dictionary. In placing the ac- cent, the authority of Smart and Dr Smith has been followed— chiefly the latter. In re- spelling the proper names, and employing the sound-symbols used in the Dictionary, a dis- tinctness and precision have been given to the pronunciation of them never before attempted. Dr Page and the Rev. Mr Phelp have care- fully read over the Supplement. Mr Phelp, and two other gentlemen well known in the literary world, kindly took the trouble care- fully to go over the List of Proper Names, and adapt their pronunciation to English usage. It will be observed, however, that though the pronunciation according to English idiom and usage has been preferred, the strictly classical has been sufficiently often indicated. It is hoped that, with these improvements and ad- ditions, this work will not only maintain the high position which it has already attained, but find increasing favour with the general public. Edinburgh, September 1874. CONTENTS. PAGE PREFACE, iii SCHEME OE PHONOTYPES OR SOUND - SYMBOLS FOR THE PRONUNCI- ATION of words, • . . vii AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE WORK, . viii THE DICTIONARY, 1 SUPPLEMENT OF ADDITIONAL WORDS, 742 APPENDICES. LIST OF POSTFIXES, 749 LIST OF COMMON ABBREVIATIONS, 752 WORDS AND PHRASES FROM THE LATIN, FRENCH, ETC., . . . 755 LIST OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES, AND OTHER NAMES, . . 761 SCHEME OF PHONOTYPES OR SOUND-SYMBOLS FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF WORDS. Note.— {■) is the mark dividing words respelt phonetically into syllables; ('). the accent indicating on which syllable or syllables the accent or stress of the voice is to be placed. The marks (•") and (") above the vowels are to be understood as having relation to the character of the sound alone, not to the prolongation, or the reverse, of the sound— that is determined in ordinary cases by the accent- uation of the word. The mark { ~) above the symbols aw, dw, do, and ay, designates these as diph- thongal sounds. Sound-symbols Rmrewnfinn the Vnwruli a« Words respelt with employed in ^SAeTintheWorJ Sound-symbols and Marks Respelling. exemplified in the words. ^ Fronunciation . a mate, fate, fail, aye, there mat, fat, fdl, a, thdr. d mat, fat mdt, fdt. a v far, calm, father .fdr, kdm, fdth-'er. aw fall, laud, law Jawl, lawd, law. 6 mete, meat, feet, free met, met, fet,fre. € met, bed mSt, bed. e her, stir, heard, cur her, ster, herd, Mr. I pine, ply, height .pin, pit, hit. I pin, nymph, ability .pin, nlmf, a-btt'l-tl. 6 note, toll, soul not, tol, sOl. 6 not, plot not, plot. 6 move, smooth m6v, smofh. dw noun, bough, cow ndwn, bow, kdw. dy boy, boil boy, bdyl. do woman, foot wdbm'dn, foot. u pure, due, few | .pur, du, fu. « bud, come, tough bud, kiim, tuf. ch chair, match choir, mdch. 9 game, gone, gun gam, gon, gun. §• judge, gem, gin .juj, jSm, jln. & king, cat, cot, cut king, kdt, kot, kut. s • sit, scene, cell, city, cypress. sit, sen, sSl, slt'-l, sl'prSs. sh shun, ambition shun, dm-blsh'un. th thing, breath thing, brSth. *fc i i there, breathe thdr, brefh,-. z ........zeal, maze, muse zel, m&z, muz. zh azure, vision a'zhdbr, vizh'iin. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. a. or adj.. . .adjective ad adverb agri agriculture alg algebra anat anatomy anc ancient arch architecture arehreol. . . .archaeology arith arithmetic astrol astrology astron astronomy bot botany chem chemistry chron chronology com common com commerce comp comparative conch conchology conj conjunction contr contraction dim diminutive dyn dynamics E east E.I East Indies eccles ecclesiastical affairs Eng. hist. . .English history engin engineering entom antomology etym etymology Fahr. Fahrenheit far farriery fem feminine fort fortification gen gender ; genitive geog geography geol geology geom geometry gram. grammar her. heraldry hist history hort horticulture imp imperfect participle impera imperative infin infinitive instr instrument int interjection interrog. . ..interrogative pronoun lit literature masc masculine math mathematics mech mechanics med medicine meta metaphysics mil military affairs min mineralogy mod modern myth mythology N north n noun nat. hist.. . .natural history nav _ f navigation or naval af- ""\ fairs neut neuter nom nominative obj objective opt optics ornith ornithology paint painting palaeon palaeontology path pathology pers person pert pertaining phil philosophy an phrenology phys physiology or physical plural s possessive pp perfect participle pref. prefix prep preposition pres present pron pronoun prov provincial past tense relative pronoun rhet rhetoric T royal navy R.Cath. Ch. Roman Catholic Church south Scrip Scripture sculp sculpture ing singular uperl superlative surg surgery surv surveying theol theology trigonometry U. S United States verb W west W.I West Indies zool zoology Alb Albanian Amer American or America Ar Arabic AS Anglo-Saxon Bav Bavarian Beng Bengalee Bohem Bohemian Bret Breton Celt Celtic Chald Chaldee Chin Chinese Dan Danish Dut Dutch Eng. English Esthon Esthonian F French Fin Finnish Flem Flemish Fris Frisian Gael Gaelic Geno Genoese Ger German Goth Gothic Gr Greek Gris Grisons Heb Hebrew Hind Hindustani Hung Hungarian Icel Icelandic Ind India or Indies Ir Irish It Italian L Latin Lang Languedoc Lap Lapland Lim Limousin Lith Lithuanian Mai Malayan Manx language of Isle of Man {Latin of the middle ages, or late Latin Milan Milanese Norm Norman Norm. F Norman French N. Fris North Frisian old Eng. ... old English old F old French old Fris .... old Frisian old H. Ger. .old High German Pers Persian Piedm Piedmontese Pol Polish Port Portuguese Prov Provencal prov. Eng. .provincial English Rom Roman Russ Russian Sam Samaritan Sans Sanscrit Scand Scandinavian Scot Scotland or Scotch Serv Servian Sic Sicilian Slav Slavonic Sp Spanish Sw Swedish Swab Swabian Syr Syriac Teut Teutonic Turk Turkish Venet Venetian W Welsh Wal Walachian WaU Walloon Westph Westphalian ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, AND REFERENCE BOOK. A, a, the first letter of the alphabet in most lan- guages; an adjective of number, signifying one ; the indefinite article— used before adjectives or nouns that begin with a consonant or with the sound of a consonant; an Anglo-Saxon prefix signifying at, to, in, or on; a Greek prefix, also its form an, signifying vithout, not; a Latin prefix, with its forms ab and abs, signifying/rom or aivay. A 1, a one, a mark to denote a ship of the first class as to newness and being seaworthy. Aaronic, a. d-ron'lk; also Aaronical, a. d-ron'l-kdl, of or pert, to Aaron or his priesthood. ab, db, a Latin prefix; also a and abs, signifying from or away. 'irreus — dr'sJil- inn, of arts; bdk'kd-law'rl-us, bachelor — meaning Bachelor of i mic title. aback, ad. d-bdkf (AS. on-baec), on the back; back- wards, as used by sailors ; by surprise ; unexpectedly. abacus, n. db'd-kus (L., from Gr. abakos, a board for calculations), a counting frame ; in arch., the crown- ing table of a column. Abaddon, n. a-bCid'-don (Heb. abad, to be lost or destroyed), the destroying angel of the bottomless pit. abaft, ad., prep, d-bdff (AS. ceftan, after, behind), a seaman's term ; at or towards the stern or hinder part of a ship ; behind. . abandon, v. d-bdn'-dun (F. abandonner, to desert), togiveup; to desert; to i- i ■'■-: aban'doning, imp.: aban'doned, pp. : adj., wholly forsaken; given up; extremely profligate or corrupt: abandonment, n. a giving up wholly ; a total desertion : aban'doner, n. the person who gives up. abase, v. d-bds' (F. abaisser, to lower— from L. ad; basis, the foot or base), to bring low ; to degrade ; to cast down: aba'sing, imp.: abased, pp. d-bdst': abase'ment, n. the act of humbling or bringing low. abash, v. d-bdsh' (old F. esbahir, to set agape, to confound), to confuse with guilt; to make ashamed: abash'ing, imp. : abashed, pp. d-bdsht', confounded ; put to silence : abash'ment, n. confusion from shame. abate, v. d-bdf (F. abattre, to beat down : It. abbot- ere, to overthrow), to lessen ; to lower in price ; to grow less ; to subside : aba'ting, imp. : aba'ted, pp. : abat- able, a. d-ba > : m be lessened or abated: abate'ment, n. a reduction; a lessening; the sum abated: aba'ter, n. the person or thing that abates. abatis, n. db'd-tis or db-d-te", also spelt ab'attis ■ i] iles of trees or their larger branches, with sharpened points outward, laid down for the protection of troops. abattoir, n. db-dt-ivar' (F.), a public slaughter- house. ABEL abb, n. db (AS.), the yarn of a weaver's warp. abba, n. db'bd (Chaldee), a father; a name given in the East to church dignitaries— hence baba, papa, pope : abbacy, n. db'bd-sl, the dignity or rights and privileges of an abbot: abbatial, a. d-bd'shl-dl; also abbatical, d-bdt'l-kdl, of an abbey: sibte, n. db'bS, a father ; a title of courtesy or honour given to persons in many Catholic countries who have given themselves to the study of divinity: abbess, n. db'-bes, a lady placed over a nunnery. Among persons living secluded from the world in religious houses, the males are called monks, and the females nuns. The residence of a monk is called a monastery, and that of a nun a nun- nery, abbey, n. db'-U, plu. abbeys, db'-blz, a monas- tery ; a resident i in med., a drawing away from ; a carrying away by fraud or open violence : ab- ducent, a. db-du'sent, separating ; drawing back. abed, ad. d-bed' (AS.), on or in bed. abele, n. d-be'-le (Pol. bidlo, white), the white poplar- tree. ABER ! aberration, n. db'-Sr-rd'-shun (L. ab ; erro, I wander), a wandering from the right way, as from truth ; moral perversity ; mental weakness ; an apparent motion of the fixed stars: aberrant, a. db-er'rdnt, differing widely ; aberUng, a. wandering: aberrance, n. db-Sr- rdns; also aberrancy, n. db-er'-rdn-si, a wandering from the right way. abet, v. d-bef (AS.: old F. abetter, to incite; abouta, to set dogs on), to aid ; to incite ; to encourage, chiefly in a bad sense : abet'ting, imp. : abet'ted, pp. : abet'tor , n. one who abets or encourages, usually in a bad sense : abet'ment, n. abeyance, n. d-ba'dns (F. abayer, to gape at, to pant after), state of being held back for a time ; state of expectancy ; temporary suppression. abhor, v. db-hof (L. ab ; horreo, I shake or look ter- rible), to hate very much; to despise; to detest: ab- hor'ring, imp. : abhorred, pp. db-hord': abhorrence, n. db-hor'rens, very great hatred : abhor'rer, n. the person who abhors : abhorrent, a. db-hor'-rent, hating ; detesting ; odious ; repugnant to : abhorrently, ad. ■II. Abib, n. d'blb (Heb. ab, swelling, protuberant), the first month of the Jewish year ; also called Nisan. abide, v. d-bld' (AS. abidan: Goth, beidan, to ex- pect), to remain; to continue; to rest; to be firm: abi'ding, imp.: abode, d-bod', pp.: abider, n. cl- one who : abi'dingly, ad. -IT. ■ ■■■ ■ m'Iv, ; ;,> ',; , ; /, ability, n. d-btt'i-ti (L. habilitas, fitness or apti- tude—from habeo, I have: F. habiller, to dress), power to do, whether with the body or mind— opposed to capacity, power to receive; aptitude; skill; legal right to do — in this sense the opposite is disability : abilities, plu. d-bil'i-tiz, mental endowments. abject, a. db'jSkt (L. abjectus, downcast— from ab; jactus, thrown or cast), cast down ; worthless ; mean ; without hope: ab'jectly, ad. -II: abjection, n. Ob- jek'-shun; also abject'ness, n.; and abject'edness, a mean or low state ; meanness of spirit. abjure, v. ab-jdr 1 (L. ab; juro, I swear), to deny or renounce upon oath; to renounce with solemnity: abjured, pp. db-j6rd': abju'ring, imp.: abjura- tion, n. db-job-ra'-shun, renouncing upon oath: ab- ju'ror, n. one who denies upon oath: abju'rator'y, a. -I, containing abjuration. ablactation, n. db'-ldk-ta'-shun (L. ab; lacto, I suckle), the weaning of a child from the breast; a method of ingrafting, now called inarching. ablative, n. db'ld-tlv (L. ab; latus, carried), name of a case in Latin nouns, in which the actions of carrying away or taking from are signified: ablation, db-lu- shun, a taking away. _ . : ableness, n. d'bl-nes: aT)le-bod'ied, -id, hav- ing a sound strong body ; able to work. ablution, n. db-16'shun (L. ab ; luo, I wash), a wash- ing, cleansing, or purification by water : abluent, a. db'16-ent, cleansing by liquids: n. an attenuant or purifier. abnegate, v. db'-nS-gdt (L. ab; nego, I deny), to deny; to renounce: ab'nega'ting, imp. : ab'nega'ted, pp. : ab'nega'tion, n. -shun, a denial; self-denial: ab'- nega'tor, n. one who denies. abnormal, a. db-nor'mdl ; also abnor'mous, a. ■mus (L. ab ; norma, a rule), irregular ; anything out of the usual or natural course ; without rule or order : abnormity, n. db-ndr'ml-tl, irregularity; deformity. aboard, ad. d-bord' (AS. a, on; Icel. bord, the side of a ship), on or in a ship or boat. abode, n. d-bod' {see abide), a habitation; stay or continuance; pp. of abide. abolish, v. d-bol'-lsh (L. abolesco, I decay or wear away— from ab; alesco, I grow up: F. abolir), to put an end to, to make void ; to annul ; to destroy : abol'- ishing, imp. : abolished, pp. -isht : abol'isher, n. the person that puts an end to: abolishable, a. d-bol'-lsh-d-bl, that may be put an end to or destroyed : abolishment, n. ti-bol'-ish-me'nt ; also abolition, n. db'-d-lish'un, the act of putting an end to or destroy- ing; emancipation: ab oliti'onist, n. a person who favours the putting an end to anything, as slavery: abolitionism, n. db-o-llsh'un-lzm, the tenets of the abolitionists. abomasus, u. d-bo-md'-zus (L. ab; omasum, tripe), mate, mdt,far, laio; mete, mSt, ABSE the fourth stomach of ruminating animals ; the part of the paunch nearest the intestines. abominate, v. d-bom'-l-ndt (L. abominor, I wish away, I detest— from ab ; omen, a portent), to hate ex- cessively; to abhor; to detest: abom'ina'ting, imp. : abom'ina'ted, pp. : abominable, a. a-bom'-l-nd-bl, very hateful ; detestable : abominably, ad. -II : abom'- inab'leness, n. state of being very hateful: abomina- tion, n. d-bom'-i-nu'shun, an object of extreme hatred or detestation ; evil doctrines or practices. aboriginal, a. db'-o-rlj'i-ndl (L. ab; origo, gen. ori- ginis, a beginning or origin), first ; primitive : n. an original inhabitant of a country : aborigines, n. db' 6-rij-i-nez, the first or primitive inhabitants of a country; the original stock, flora or fauna, of a geo- graphical area. abortion, n. d-bor'shun (L. abortio, a miscarriage— from orior, I arise), anything that does not corne to maturity ; an untimely birth ; failure ; a coming to nought: abortive, a. -tlv, not come to maturity: abortively, ad. -II -. abor'tiveness, n. abound, v. a-bownd' (L. abundo, I overflow— from ab; unda, a wave), to have or possess in great quan- tity: abonnd'ing, imp. : abound'ed, pp. : abundance, n. d-bun'-ddns, great store; overflowing quantity: abun'dant, a. plentiful ; fully sufficient : abun'dantly, ad. -II. about, prep, d-bowt' (AS. abutan — from ymb, around; utan, outward), encircling; near to; con- cerning : ad. nearly ; here and there. above, ad. d-buxf (AS. abufan— from a, on, be, by; ufa, high: Dut. boven), overhead; in a higher posi- tion: prep, higher in place, rank, power, or excel- lence; in excess: above-board, openly: above all, in preference to all other things : above cited or above mentioned, taken notice of in the preceding part of a book: above-ground, alive ; not buried. abracadabra, n. db'rd-kd-ddb'rd, an Assyrian deity ; a word used in incantations, or as a charm. abrade, v. d-brdd' (L. ab; rado, I scrape), to rub or scrape off; to waste by friction : abra'ding, imp.: abra'ded, pp.: abrasion, n. db-ra'-zhun, the operation of wearing away by rubbing or friction ; a superficial injury from friction. Abrahamic, a. d'-brd-hdm'lk, of Abraham or his age. abranchiata, n. plu. (Gr. a, with- out; branchia, the gills of a fish), applied to animals which have no apparent external organs of respira- tion, as the leech, earthworm, &c: abran'chiate, a. abreast, ad. d-brest' (AS. a, and breast), side by side ; keeping equally forward. abreption, n. ab-rip-shun (L. ab; raptum, to snatch), a carrying away. abridge, v. d-brif (F. abreger: L. ab, brevio, I shorten), to shorten by using fewer words ; to make anything shorter or less; to epitomise: abridging, imp. : abridged, pp. d-brljd': aDridg'er, n. one who abridges or makes less: abridgment, n. d-brlj'ment, the thing made less in size or extent ; an epitome. abroad, ad. d-brawd' (AS. on, and broad), at large; in the open air; beyond the limits of a place, as a house; in a foreign country; widely. abrogate, v. db'-ro-gdt (L. ab; rogo, I ask), to do away with; to repeal; to abolish; to make void: ab'- roga'ting, imp. : ab'roga'ted, pp. : abrogation, n. -gd'-shun. abrood, ad. d-brod' (AS.), in brood. abrupt, a. db-rupf (L. ab -, ruptus, broken), broken ; steep; unconnected; sudden: abruptly, ad. -U: abruption, n. db-rup'shun, a sudden and violent breaking off: abruptness, n. steepness ; suddenness; unceremonious haste or vehemence. abscess, n. db'ses (L. ab; cessus, gone: F. abscez), a gathering of humours into one mass in some part of the body. abscind, v. db-slnd" (L ab; scindo, I cut), to cut off; to sever : abscinding, imp. : abscind'ed, pp. : ab- sciss, n. db'-sls; or abscissa, n. db-sis'-sd— plu. ab- sis'ses, or absissse, -sis'e— a part of the diameter, or a segment of a conic section : abscission, n. ab-sizh- mi. n cutting off. abscond, v. db-skdncl' (L. abs; condo, I hide), to run away; to conceal one's self; to withdraw one's self in a private manner: absconding, imp.: abscond'ed, pp. : abscond'er, n. one who runs away for conceal- ment. absent, v. db-sSnt' (L. abs; ens, gen. entis, being), to keep away ; to withdraw or retire from : absenting, imp. : absent'ed,pp.: absent'er.n. one who takes him- her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; ABSI self away: absentee, n. db'sen-te', one who goes away from Ms country, his office, or his estate : ab'sentee'- ism, n. -Izm, the practice of residing or stopping away from one's office or estate: absence, n. db'sens, the being away, or at a distance; want; inattention to tilings present: ab'sent, a. not present; at a dis- tance. absintbian, a. db-sin'thi-dn (L. absinthium, worm- wood), of or like wormwood ; absin'tniat'ed, a. -thl- dt'ed, impregnated with wormwood: absinthe, n. db'slnth (F.), a well-known French liqueur; wine im- pregnated with the qua 1 Mum or worm- wood: absin'thic, a. -thik, pert, to absinthium, or to an acid obtained from it: absin'thin, n. the bitter principle found in absinthium. absolute, a. db'so-lot (L. ab; solutus, loosened or set free), without contn lent of any per- son or thing; despotic: absolutely, ad. db'-t-O-hjt'-H: absolution, n. db'-so-lo'shun, a sentence of acquittal ; a declaration of innocence: absolutism, n. ab'so- lot' izm, state or principle of despotism: ab'solut'- ist, n. one who: absolutory, a. db-sol'-u-tor-l, that absolves. absolve, v. db-zolv', (L. ab; solvo, I loose, I set free), to set free ; to release from some burden or penalty; to acquit: absolving, imp.: absolved, pp. db-zolvd': absolv'er, n. one who: absolvatory, a. db-zolv'd-tdr'-l. absonant, a. db'so-ndnt (L. ab ; sonus, sound), dis- cordant ; deviating from the true sound, tone, or har- mony; absurd. absorb, v. db-sorb'(L. ab; sorbeo, I drink up or suck in), to drink in, as a sponge ; wholly to engage ; to en- gross: absorbing, imp.: absorbed, pp. db'Sdrbd'; ab- sorbent, a. that which sucks up or imbibes, or a vessel which imbibes or takes up: absorbable, a. db-sorb-d- bl, what may be sucked up : absorptive, a. db-sorp- tlv (L. absorptum, to suck up), having the power to suck up: absorption, n. db-sorp'shiln, the act of drinking in or sucking up: absorbability, n. db- sorb'd-bll'l-tl, state or quality of being absorbable. abstain, v. db-stdn' (L. abs; teneo, I hold), to keep or refrain from ; to forbear : abstain'ing, imp. : ab- stained, pp. db-stand': abstain'er, n. one who keeps from; abstinence, n. db'stin-Sns, the practice of keep- ing from, of one's own free will : ab'stinent, a. refrain- ing from, especially in the use of food or drink; tem- perate : abstinently, ad. -ll. abstemious, a. db-ste'mi-iis (L. abstemius, tem- perate or sober), sparing in the use of food or strong drinks; temperate: abstem'ious'ly, ad. -II: abstem'- ious'ness, n. being sparing in the use of food or strong abstergent, a. db-ster'-jSnt (L. abstergeo, I wipe dry —from abs; tergeo, I rub off), having a cleansing pro- perty—thus fuller's earth is an abstergent: abster- sive, a. db-stefslv, cleansing. abstract, a. db'strdkt (L. abs; tractus, drawn), dis- tinct or separate from something else ; existing in the mind only ; difficult; abstruse : n. a summary or epi- tome ; an abridgment : v. db-strdkt, to separate ; to draw from ; to epitomise ; to purloin : abstracting, imp. : abstrac'ted, pp. separated ; absent in mind : abstrac'tedly, ad. : abstrac'tedness, n. state of being separated from a real existence : abstracter, n. one who; abstraction, n. db-strdk'-shun, the act of the mind when considering some part or property of a body by itself, as hardness; absence of mind; deep thought; purloining: ab'stractness, n. being in a separate state; not being connected with any object: abstrac'tive, a. -tlv, having the power to abstract: - : tractly, ad. db-strdkt-ll. abstringe, v. db-strinj' (L. ab; stringo, I bind or tie tight), to unbind: abstrin'ging, imp. : abstringed, pp. db-strinjd': abstricted, a. db-strik'ted, unbound. abstruse, a. db-stros' (L. abstrusus, hidden), con- cealed; difficult to be understood; obscure: ab- strusely, ad. -li: abstruseness, n. db-strds'n&s, dark- ness in meaning ; obscurity. absurd, a. db-serd' (L. ab; surdus, that will not hear), not fit to be heard ; what is plainly opposite to the truth; contemptibly foolish: absurdly, ad. -II: absur'dity, n. -dl-ti, what is absurd: absurd'ness, n. abundance, abundant, and abundantly, (see abound.) abuse, v. d-buz' (F. abuser: L. ab; usus, used), to treat wrongly or ill ; to misuse anything ; to violate ; to revile; to impose on: n. d-bus', ill use of any- thing; rude reproach; misapplication: abuse'ful, a. cow, bdy,fo~bt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, ACCE using abuse : abu'sing, imp. : abused', pp. a-buzd't abu'ser, n. one who: abusive, a. a-bu'siv, carrying on bad language or ill treatment ; reviling ; contain- ing abuse : abu'sively, ad. -II : abu'siveness, n. abut, v. d-biif (F. aboutir, to meet at the end; butt, to strike with the head, as a goat), to border upon ; to touch: abut'ting, imp. : abut'ted, pp.: abutment, n. d-but'mint, what supports the end of a bridge; that which borders upon. abyss, n. d-blsf (Gr. abussos, without a bottom; a, without ; bussos, a bottom), a very deep place ; that ac, dk, a Latin prefix, a form of ad, meaning to; the forms of ad, meaning to, are, a, ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at, and is so varied for the sake of euphony, according to the commencing letter of the part of the word of which it forms the prefix. acacia, n. d-ka'shl-d (L. a thorn), the Egyptian thorn; gum-arabic. academy, n. d-kdd'S-ml (L. and Gr. academia, name of an ancient school where Plato taught), a public or private school ; a society of learned men : academic, or academical,.' im'i-kdl, pert, to a college or university; academically, ad. -Hi academician, n. d-kdd'S-mlsh'-dn ; also ac ade'mian, n. a member of a university or learned society ; also acad'emist, n. Acadia, n. d-kd'dl-d (F. Acadie), the original and now the poetic name of Nova Scotia. acalephae, n. plu. dk'd-le'/e (Gr. akalephe, a net- tle), a name applied to the soft gelatinous radiata known as medusae, sea-nettles, jelly-fish, &c. acanthodes, n. plu. d-kdn'-tho-dez (Gr. akantha, a spine), a genera of fossil ganoid fishes having thorn- like fin-spines— the type of the family acanthodidse, dkdn-thod'l-de': acanthaceous, a. d-kdn-thd'-shus ; also, acanaceous, a. d-kd-na'shus, armed with prick- les: acanthus, n. d-kdn'thus, the herb bear's-breech ; in arch., an ornament resembling the foliage or leaves of the acanthus: acanthine, a. d-kdn'-thln, pert, to or like the acanthus : acanthopterygian, a. dk-dn-thop- ter-lj'l-dn (Gr. akantha, a spine ; pterugion, a winglet or fin), a term applied to fishes having the back or dorsal fin composed of spiny rays, as the perch, gur- nard, &c. acanthoteuthis, n. d-kdn (Gr. akantha, a thorn ; teuthis, a cuttle-fish), a genus of fossil cuttle- fishes. acaridse, n. plu. d-kdr'l-de ; or acarea, d-kd'rlti (L. acarus: Gr. akari, a mite), a term applied to such insects as the mite, the tick, the water-mite, &c. acatalectic, a. d-kdt'd-lek'-tlk (Gr. akatalektos, not defective at the end), not halting short ; without de- fect: n. in poetry, a verse having the complete num- ber of syllables. acaulous, a. d-kaw'lus; also acauline, d-kcvw'lln (Gr. a, without; kaulos, a stalk), in bot„ applied to a plant without a stalk ; stemless. accede, v. dk-sed' (L. ad; cedo, I yield), to agree to the (proposal or request of another; to comply; ac- ce'ding, imp. : acce'ded, pp. accelerate, v .ad; celero, I hasten; or celer, swift), to quicken ; to hasten ; to cause to move faster : accel'era'ting, imp. : accel'era'ted, pp. : ac- celeration, n. a the act of increasing speed or motion: accelerative, a. dk-sSl'er-d'tiv ; also, acceleratory, a. dk-seT-er-d-tor'i, quickening; hastening. accendible, a. dk-sSn'dl-U (L. accendo, I set fire to), capable of being inflamed or kindled : accendi- bility, n. dk'sen-dl-bU'i-ti. accent, n. dk'-sint (L. ad; canto, I sing with energy), the stress or force of voice put upon a syllable orword ; the mark indicating the same ; manner of speaking : accent, v. dk-senf; or accentuate, v. dk-sen'tu-dt, to pronounce a word or syllable with a particular stress or force of voice : accenting, imp. : accent'ed, pp.: accentuating, imp. : accen'tuat'ed, pp. : accen- tuation, n. «/. the placing accents on syllables ; the act of pronouncing words and syl- lables properly: accen'tor, n. in music, one who leads : accentual, a. dk-sen'-tu-dl, relating to accent. accept, v. dk-sdpf (L. acceptum, to receive — from ad; captus, taken), to take what is offered; to agree or consent to ; to acknowledge or promise to pay: ac- cept'ing, imp. : accept'ed, pp. : accept' er or accept'- — who accepts: acceptable, a. dk-s6pt'-d-U, xun, thing, there, zeal. ACCE pleasing or gratifying to a receiver; agreeable in person or by services ; welcome : acceptably, ad. dk- srpi'a-bli: accep'tableness, n. : acceptability, n. -btl'l-tl: acceptance, n. dk-sept'-dns, the receiving with approval; a written promise to pay money: accept'or, n. the person who gives a written promise to pay money: acceptation, n. dk-sep-td'-shmi, recep- tion, the meaning or sense in which a word or expres- sion is generally understood. access, n. dk-s&s' or dk'-ses (L. accessus, a coming to), admission to ; approach, or means of approach : accessible, a. dk-sSs'sl-bl, easy of approach; affable: acces'sibly, ad. -l-bli: acces'sibillty, n. -b'U'-i-ti: ac- cession, n. dk-sesh'-un (L. ad; cessio, a yielding or giving up), an increase; an addition; an arri-. in- -n that which is added : accessional, a. dk-sesh'-uu-di, additional: accessorial, a. dk'-ses-so'-rl-dl, relating to an accessary: accessary, a. dk'ses-sdr'-l; also spelt -sory, -sor'-l, aiding in doing something, or privy to it : additional : n. anything additional ; one who aids or gives countenance to a crime: ac'cessar'ily, ad. -i-li: accessar'iness, n acciaccatura, n. dk'-she-dk'd-td'-rd {It. acciaccata), in music, a grace-note. accident, n ' a < iccid n , gen. accidentis, slipping, happening to), sometime. baking i - m. expectedly; an event not foreseen; a quality not es- sential: accidental, a. dk'-sl-dent'al, happening by chance ; casual : n. anything non-essential : accident- ally, ad. -II: ac'cidentalness, n. : accidence, n. dk'- sl-dS-ns, a book containing the definitions and rules of grammar as they fall from or succeed each other. accipenseridae, n. plu. dk'-sip-6n-ser'i-de (L. accipen- ser, the sturgeon), the sturgeon family— a limited group of ganoid fishes ; the existing species are chiefly of large size. accipitres, n. plu. dk-slp'-t-trez (L. accipiter, a hawk— from accipio, I seize), in omith., a term applied tothe rapaeimi bird? is ea-l. fa.! mis, hawks, &c: , pp. -kldmd': acclamation, n. dk'kld-md'- shim, applause expressed by the voice, or by a noise with the hands or feet: acclamatory, a. dk-kldm'-a- tor'-i, expressing joy or applause. acclimate, v. dk-kli'-mdt ; also acclimatise, v. dk-kli'-md-tiz' (L. ad; and climate, which see: F. acclimater), to accustom the body to live in a foreign country in a state of health; to inure a plant or animal to a climate not natural to it : accli'mating, imp.: acclimated, pp. dk-kll'-ma-ted .- acclimation, n. ak-kli-md'-shun: acclimature, n. dk-kli'mo-tih-': acclimatising, imp. ak-kli'-md-tiz'-lng : acclima- tised, pp. dk-kli'-md-tizd' -. acclimatisation, n. dk. ll-zd'-shun. acclivity, n. dk-kllv-t-tt (L. ad ; clivus, a slope), a slope ; rising ground ; the face of a hill in going up : declivity, the face of a hill in coming down : acclivous, a. dk-kli'-vus, rising as a hill. accolade, n. dk'-o-ldd' (L. ad; collum, the neck), a word formerly used to designate the ceremony of con- ferring knighthood by a gentle blow of a sword on the neck or shoulder. accommodate, v. dk-kom'-mO-dat (L. ad; con, to- gether ; modus, a measure, a limit), to make suitable for ; to adapt to ; to supply ; to help ; to lend : accom'- moda'ting, imp.: accommodated, pp.: accommoda- tion, n. dk-kom'-mo-dd'-shun, suitable convenience; what is furnished to supply a want: accom'moda- Kii i i dion; obliging: accom'modate'ness, n.: accom'moda'tor, n. one who. accompany, v. dk-Mm'-pd-ni (F. accompagner— from compagnie, company), to attend or escort ; to go with as a companion ; to be an associate : accompany- ing, imp.: accompanied, pp. dk-kum'pdn- id: accom- panier, n. dk-k&m'-pd-nl-er -. accompaniment, n. dk- kum'-pdn-l-mSnt, something that attends or is added by way of ornament or improvement : accompanist, n. dk-kum'-pdn-ist, in music, the person who accom- panies. accomplice, n. dk-kom'-pKs (L. ad; con; plico, I fold: F. complice), a companion in doing something wrong; a <-(in I | i ally in an ill sense. accomplish, v. dk-kom'-pllsh (L. ad: compleo, I fill completely), to complete ; to finish entirely ; to bring to pass: accomplishing, imp.: accomplished, pp. -pllsht: adj. rich in acquin d qualities and manners; elegant; refined: accomplishment, n. the finishing ACCU entirely; attainment; fulfilment; completion; polite manners or education: accom'plisher, n. one who: accomplishable, a. dk-kdm'plish-d-bl : accomplish- ments, n. pin. pnbte acquirements. accompt , old spelling of account, which see. accord, v. dk-kawrd' (L. ad; cor, gen. cordis, the heart), to make to agree or correspond; to grant or give; to be suitable : n. agreement; consent; harmony: accord'ing, imp. : adj. agreeing; granting; suitable: according to, prep, phrase: accord'ed, pp.: accord'er, n. one who : accordance, n. dk-kord'-dns, agreement with a person: accord'ant, a. agreeable to; corres- ponding to : accordantly, ad. -II -. accordingly, ad. -II : accordion, n. dk-kor'-di-on, a keyed wind instrument. accost, v. dk-kost' (F. accoster, to join side to side, to come up to), to speak first to ; to address or salute : accosting, imp.: accost'ed, pp.: accostable, a. dk- kost'-d-bl, easy of access. accoucheur, n. dk'-kob- slier' (F. — from L. ad: F. couclie, a bed), a surgeon who attends women in child- birth : accouchement, n. dk-Mosh'-mdng, lying in child-birth: accoucheuse, n. dk'-koo-shez' , a midwife. account, n. dk-kownt' (L. ad; con, together; puto, I think— this word used to be written accompt), a sum stated on a slate or paper ; a narrative or statement ; regard ; explanation a statement of prices, expenses, &c: v. to judge; to esteem; to value; to give rea- sons; to explain; to be liable: accounting, imp.: account'ed, pp.: accountable, a. dk-kownt'-d-bl, liable to answer for one's conduct : accountability, n. -d- hil'i-/l, luing liable to answer for one's conduct: ac- countably, ad. -bli: account'ableness, n.: account'- ant, n. one skilled in accounts ; a clerk : accountant- ship, n. the office of an accountant: accountancy, n. dkkownt'-dn-sl. accoutre, v. dk-k6-ter (F. accoutrer, to dress or equip), to dress or equip for military service : accou- tring, imp. ak-ko'trlng: accoutred, pp. dk-ko'terd: accoutrements, n. plu. dk-kd'-tir-ments, military dress or equipments. accredit, v. dk-kred'U (L. ad; credo, I believe or trust in), to give trust to ; to procure honour or credit for: accrediting, imp.: accredited, pp. dk-kred'-lt-ctl .- adj. authorised to appear as one possessing the confi- dence of another, or as a public character. accretion, n. dk-kre-shun (L. ad; cresco, I grow, or cretum, to grow), increase by external addition of new matter: accretive, a. dk-kre'tiv, growing by external additions : accrescence, n. dk-kres'-ens. accrue, v. dk-kro' (L. ad; cresco, I grow), to arise from ; to proceed ; to come to ; to be added as increase or profit: accruing, imp.: accrued, pp. ak-krod': accru'ment, n. accumbent, a. dk-kum'-bent (L. accumbo, I lay my- self down upon— from ad; cubo, I lie down), leaning upon ; reclining at meals : accum'bency, n. -si. accumulate, v. dk-ku'-mu-iat (L. ad.; cumulus, a heap), to heap or pile up ; to collect or gather to- gether; to increase greatly: adj. heaped; collected: accu'mula'ting, imp.: accu'mula'ted, pp.: accu'mula- tion, n. -la'shun, the act of heaping up or collecting together; the things accumulated: accu'mula'tive, a. taken as a whole or in the mass : accu'mula'tively, ad. -la'-ttv-ll : accu'mula'tor, n. one who gathers or amasses. accuracy, n. dk-ku-rd-sl (L. ad; cura, care), cor- rectness ; exactness : accurateness, n. dk'-ka-rdt'-nes, freedom from error or mistake : accurate, a. dk'-ku- rat, very exact ; free from error or mistake : accura- tely, ad. -K. accurse, v. dk-kers' (L. ad: AS. corsian, to execrate by the sign of the cross), to devote to destruction ; to call down evil or misery upon : accursed, pp. dk- kerst': adj. dk-ker'-sed, doomed ; wicked; execrable. accuse, v. dk-kuz' (L. accuso, I blame— -from ad; causa, a cause), to charge with a crime or fault ; to blame : accu'sing, imp. : accused, pp. dk-kuzd': ac- cusation, n. dk'-kil-za-shun, being declared guilty of a crime or fault ; the charge brougb.1 ■ ainst anyone: accu'ser, n. one who blames or charges some one with a fault or crime: accu'sable, a. -d-bl, charge- able with a crime : accusatory, a. dk-ku'-zd-tor-i, that blames ; tending to accuse : accusative, a. dk- kfi'-zd-tii:, the name for the case in Latin which called in English the objective; censuring: accu'- satively, ad. -tlv'-li. accustom, v. dk-kus'tum (L. ad: F. coutume, cus- tom, habit), to make familiar with by habit or use ; to inure to: accus'toming, imp.: accus'tomed, pp. mate, mdt, far, law; mete, met, Tier; pine, pin; note, nOt, m6ve; ACE 1 -tiimd: adj. frequent ; usual : accus'tomar'y, a. -ctr'-l, usual; customary: a ecus tomar ily, ad. -l-ll. ace, n. as (L. as, a unit or pound : F. as : It. asso, a single point of cards or dice), a unit ; a trifle ; a mark on a card. aceous, a'shiis (L.), a postfix signifying resemblance to, or partaking of the qualities of a substance— as car- bonaceous, partaking of the qualities or appearance of carbon. aceldama, n. d-sel-dd-md or -Ml- (Ch. akel, a field; (lama, blood), a field of blood. acephala, a. d-sef'-d-ld (Gr. a, without; kephale, the head), applied to those molluscs that have no dis- tinct head— as the oyster, the scallop, &c. : aceph- alous, a. d-sSf-d-liis, headless. acerb, a. d-sirb' (L. acerbus, unripe, sour), sour; bitter: acerbity, n. d-serb'-i-ti ; also acerbitude, n. a-sirb'-i-tud, sourness with bitterness; sharpness of temper and manners. aceric, a. d-sir'-ik (L. acer, a maple-tree), of the maple-tree— as aceric acid, an acid found in its juice. acerose, a. ds'-er-oz; also acerous, ds'-er-us (L. acus, a needle, or chaff; acer, sharp), in hot., linear and sharp-pointed, applied to the leaves of the fir tribe ; chaffy. acerval, a. d-ser'-idl (L. acervus, aheap), in heaps: acervate, v. d-ser'-vdt, to heap up: acer'vaticg, imp. : acervation, n. ds'-er-vd'shun, act of heaping up. acescent, a. d-ses'-ent (L. acesco, I become sour), slightly sour; tending to acidity: acescence, n. i ; or acescency, a-sSs'en-st. ■ — '^'■u-Uf-t *; Jen. inns or tentacles nished with rows of little cups or suckers : ac'etab- ulum, n. -u-liim, in zool., applied to such organs as the cuplike sucking-discs on the arms of the cuttle- fish; in anat., the socket of the hip-joint: plu. ac- etab'ula. acetarious, a. ds'-e-td'ri-us (L. acetum, vinegar), applied to plants used as salads: acetax'y, n. ds'-e- tdr'-l, the acid pulp of certain fruits : acetate, n. ds- e-tdt; also acitite, n. ds'e-tlt, a salt of acetic acid: ac'eta'ted, a. combined with vinegar : acetic, a. d-set'-ik, of vinegar; sour: acetic acid, the pure acid of vinegar. acetify, v. d-set'-i-fl (L. acetum -, facio, I make), to convert or change into acetic acid or vinegar : acet'- ifylng, imp.: acet'ified, pp. -fid: acet'ifi'er, -fl'-er, that which: acetification, n. (L-set't-ft-ka-shiui : ac- etone, n. ds'-e-ton, pyro-acetic spirit: acetose, ds'-e- toz; also acetous, a. d-se'-tiis, sour; sharp: acetos- ity, n. ds'-e-tos'-i-ti. ache, n. dk (Gr. achos, grief, pain either in body or mind: Ger. ach, alas, applied to grief), a continued pain in a moderate degree ; also aching, n. : v. to be in continued bodily pain; to suffer grief: aching, imp. : ached, pp. dkd. achieve, v. d-chev' (F. achever, to perfect, to complete— from L. ad; caput, the head), to finish or complete successfully; to carry on progressively to an end: achieving, imp.: achieved, pp. d-chevd': achieve'ment, n. an escutcheon; something done by continued exertion : achiev'er, n. one who : achiev- able, a. d-chev'-d-bl: achievance, n. -dns, perform- ance. achmite, n. dk'-mlt (Gr. akme, a sharp point or edge), one of the hornblende family, found in long greenish-black crystals, terminating in sharp points. achroite, n. dk'-ro-lt (Gr. a, without; chroa, col- our), applied to the colourless varieties of tourma- line. achor, n. d'-kdr (Gr. achor, a soreness of the head), a species of scald-head with soft and scaly eruptions. achromatic, a. dk'-ro-mdt'-ik (Gr. a, without; chro- ma, colour), free from colour ; object-glasses not pro- ducing colours, when rays of light pass through them, are termed achromatic Unses: achromatism, n. a- krom'-d-tizm ; also achrom'aticlty, n. -tis'-i-ti, state of being achromatic. acicular, a, d-sik'-u-ldr (L. acus, a needle; acicula, a little needle), formed like a needle, applied to min- eral crystals which occur in slender needle-like prisms or prickles: acic'ularly, ad. -lar'-ll -. aciculite, n. .. . ■'■ii-lit, needle-ore; an ore of bismuth found im- bedded in quartz in long, thin, steel-grey crystals : aciform, a. ds'-i-fawrm (L. acus; forma, shape), needle- shaped, acid, n. ds'-ld (L, acidus, sharp to the taste— from cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. ACQU acus, a needle), something which causes sourness to quality of being sour: acidiferous, a. Os'id-IJ'er-us (L. acidus, sour ; fero, I bear), containing acid: acid- ify, v. d-sid'-l-fi (L. acidus; facio, I make), to make a body sour; to change into an acid: acid'ifying, imp. : acidified, pp. -fid : acidification, n. d-sld'-l- fi-ka'-shun, the act or process of changing into an acid: acidifi/er, n. d-shi-i-fi'-ir, that which changes into an acid: acidifiable, a. d-sid'-ifi'd-bl, that may be converted into an acid: acidimeter, n. ds-l-dlm' e-ter (L. acidus: Gr. metron, a measure), an instru- ment used in testing the strength of acids. acidulate, v. d-sid'-il-ldt (L. acidulus, a little sour), to make slightly sour; to make moderately acid: acidulating, imp. : acidulated, pp. : acid'ulous, a. slightly sour : acidulae, n. plu. d-sid'-u-le, mineral springs rich in carbonic acid. acidaspis, n. ds'-i-dds'-pls (Gr. akis, a spear-point; asjris, a buckler), certain fossil crustaceans, so called from the central lobe of the head-plate projecting over the body in the form of a pointed stomacher. acinaceous, a. ds'-i-nd-shiis (L. acinus, a stone or seed in a berry), full of kernels : acenose, a. ds'-e-nu;, applied to mineral textures and surfaces which have a granulated appearance like the raspberry. acinaciform, n. ds'in-ds'-l-fawrm (L. acinaces, a straight sword or sabre), in bot., shaped like a Turkish sword or scimitar. acknowledge, v. ak-nol'-ej (L. ad, to; and know- ledge), to own; to confess; to admit to be true; to assent to : acknowledging, imp. : acknowledged, pp. dk-nol'-ejd -. acknowledgment, n. itk-nol'-ej-min-, the owning to be true ; confession ; the expression of thanks for a benefit received ; a receipt : acknowl- edger, n. one who. acme, n. dk'-me (Gr. akme, the point), the highest point ; the top ; maturity or perfection ; the height or crisis of a disease. acne, n. dk'-ne (Gr. contr. from akmai, pimples on the face), a small hard pimple, chiefly affecting the forehead. acolyte, n. dk'-o-llt (Gr. akoloutheo, I follow as a servant), in the Rom. Cath. Ch., one whose duty it is to prepare the elements for the offices, to light the church, &c, and to attend on the officiating priest. aconite, n. dk'-d-?ilt (L. aconitum: Gr. akoniton), the herb wolf's-bane, or monk's-hood; a deadly poison extracted from it: aconitine, n. d-kon'-l-tin, the alka- loid of aconite. acorn, n. a'-kawm (AS. cecern: Icel. akarn: Dut. aker), the fruit of the oak-tree, formerly used as human food. acorus, n. dk'-orus (L., from Gr. akoron), the sweet flag, or sweet rush. acotyledon, n. a-kd-tl-le"-ddn {Gr. a, without; kotu- ledon, a seed-lobe), in bot., a plant whose embryos or germs have no seed-lobes : acotyledonous, a. a'-ko- til-e'-do-nus, having no seed-lobes. acoustics, n. plu. d-koiv'-stiks (Gr. akoustos, that may he heard), the science that treats of the cause, nature, and phenomena of sounds ; remedies for deaf- ness: acou'stic, a. -stik; also acou'stical, a. -stl-kdl, relating to hearing or sound. acquaint, v. dk-kwdnf (old F. accointer, to make known), to inform ; to give notice of; to make familiar of being acquainted ■ dge of, either intimate or but a little. acquiesce, v. dk'-kivl-es' (L. ad; guiesco, I am quiet), to agree in ; to rest satisfied with ; to assent quietly : ac quies'cing, imp.: acquiesced, pp. dk'-kwi-est' : ac'quies'cence, n. -es-Sns, agreement in ; satisfaction with; also ac'quies'cency, n. -en-si: ac'quies'cent, a. -ent, easy; submitting. acquire, v. dk-kwir' (L. ad; guozro, I seek), to gain possession of something as one's own, as money or knowledge; to earn or attain: acquiring, imp.: ac- quired, pp. dk-kwlrd' -. adj. gained; not natural: ac- quire'ment, n. something gained by study— as gram- tlv, desiring possession: acquisitively, ad. -tiv'-ll: acquisitiveness, n. dk-kicis'i-tlv'-nes, in phren., the desire of the mind to gain or possess. ACQU acquit, v. dk-kwlf (F. acquitter, to set free, to clear — from L. ad; quietum, to keep quiet), to clear from, blame or guilt ; to discharge : acquit'ting, imp. : ac- quit'ted, pp. : acquit'tal, n. a setting free ; the being found not guilty: acquit'tance, n. -tdns, a release from a debt : the writing or receipt to show this. acre, n. d-ker (AS. acer: Ger. acker, a field of culti- vated land), a portion of land containing 4840 square yards: acreage, n. d'ker-dj, the number of acres in a piece of land : acred, a. d'kerd, possessing acres or land. acrid, a. dk'rid (L. acer, gen. acris, sharp), hot and bitter ; of a sharp or biting taste ; pungent ; corrosive : acridness, n., or acridity, n. dk-rid'i-ti, sharpness; bitterness: acrimonious, a. dk'ri-mo'nl-us (L. acri- monia, sourness), sharp; severe; sarcastic — applied to manner of speaking : ac'rimo'niousness, n. : ac'ri- mo'niously, ad. -li: acrimony, n. dk'ri-mOn- 1, sharp- ness or bitterness in speaking: acritude, n. dk'-rl- tud, bitterness. acrita, n. dk'rl-td (Gr. akritos, indistinct), a divi- sion of the animal kingdom, comprising the lowest classes of radiata, characterised by an indistinct or molecular condition of the nervous system. acroamatic, a. dk'ro-d-mdt'lk; also ac'roamat'ical, a. -i-kdl (Gr. ukroama, a hearing), pert, to the more obscure or deeper parts of learning ; abstruse. acrobat, n. dk'ro-bdt {Gt. akros, high; baino, I go), a rope-dancer ; a vaulter ; a tumbler. -applied to the high-skulled tribes of the human family. acrodont, n. dk'ro-ddnt (Gr. akros, high; odous, gen. odontos, a tooth), a term applied to certain fossil saurians from the manner in which their teeth were fixed: acrodus, a. dk'-ro-dus, certain fossil fish-teeth, characterised by their enamel being covered with fine grooves, known by the name of fossil leeches. acrogen, n. dk'ro-jen (Gr. akros, high; gennao, I produce), in bot., applied to plants which increase by growth at the summit or growing point : acrogenous, a. d-krof-6-nus, increasing by growth at the summit or growing points— as the tree ferns. acrognathus, n. dk'rog-na'-thus (Gr. akros, high, pointed ; gnathos, the jaw-bone), a genus of fossil fishes from the lower chalk, characterised by their deep jaws. acronyc, a. d-kron'lk; also acron'ycal, -l-kal (Gr. akros, high, extreme ; nux, gen. nuktos, night), in as- iron., a term applied to the stars when they either appear above or sink below the horizon at the time of sunset : acron'ycal'ly, ad. -li. acropolis, n. a-krop-6-lls (Gr. akros, high ; polls, a city), the highest part or citadel of a city. acrosaurus, n. dk'-ro-saw'rus (Gr. akros, high; sauros, a lizard), an extraordinary fossil reptile found in South Africa. acrospire, n. dk'rO-spir (Gr. akros; speira, a spiral line), the shoot or sprout at the end of a germinating seed : ac'rospired, a. -splrd. across, prep., ad. d-kros 1 (AS. a, at, on: Icel. kross, a cross), from side to side ; laid over something so as tc cross it. acrostic, n. d-kros'tlk (Gr. akros, high, extreme : stichos, a row or line), a short poem of which the first letters of the lines or verses form a word— generally a proper name: adj. pert, to: acros'tically, ad. -II. act, n. dkt (L. actus, done), a deed ; a doing ; power exerted ; an exploit ; a decree or law : v. to do ; to exert power; to perform: acting, imp.: act'ed, pp.: action, n. dk'shun, the state of acting or moving ; force exerted by one body on another ; a deed; a battle: actionable, a. dk'shun-d-bl, something in word or deed that may be carried to a court of law: ac'tionably, ad. -li: ac- tionary, n. <£k iionist, n. one who: ac- tive, a. dk'tiv, nimble ; lively ; not dull : ac'tively, ad. -li: activity, n. dk-tlv'i-ti, nimbleness; the habit of diligence : actor, n. dk'ter, he that acts or performs— fern, ac'tress: actual, a. dk'tu-dl, real; what truly exists: ac'tually, ad. -li: actuality, n. dk'tu-dl'i-ti, reality: actuary, n. dk'tu-dr'i, a notary; the man- aging director of an insurance office : actualise, v. dk'tu-d-liz', to realise ; to make actual : ac'tualislng, imp. : actualised, pp. dk'-tu-d-lizd' : actuate, v. dk' tu-dt, to move ; to incite to action: actuating, imp.: ac'tuated, pp. : actuation, n. dk'tu-d'shun. acteosaurus, n. dk'te-6-saw'riis (Gr. acte, the sea- shore ; sauros, a lizard), a fossil lizard-like animal of the chalk period having very small extremities. 6 ADDR actinia, n. dc-t%n'l-d (Gr. aktin, a ray), the sea-ane- mone, so called from the ray-like arrangement of its tentacles, which surround the mouth like the petals of " flower: phi. actiniae, dk-tin'l-e. actinocrinus, n. dk'tin-ok'ri-nus ; also actinocri- nite, dk'-tin-6k'-rl-n%t (Gr. aktin; krinon, a lily), a ge- nus of encrinites characterised by the thorn-like side- arms which project from the main column. actinolite, n. dk-Un'o-lit (Gr. aktin, a ray; lithos, a stone); also actinote, n. dk'-tln-ot, a mineral com- posed of radiating or thorn-like crystals of a dark or greenish hue. actinometer, n. dk'tm-din'c-t&r (<;r. aktin; metron, a measure), an instrument for measuring at any in- stant the direct heating power of the solar rays. aculeate, a. d-ku'le-dt (L. acus, a needle), in bo'., sharp-pointed; thorny; prick'y: in zool., having a sting or prickles. acumen, n. d-ku'men (L. acuo, I sharpen), sharp- ness; quickness; penetration; sagacity: acuminated, a. d-ku'mi-nd'ted, sharpened to a point: also acu- minate and acu'minous, a. -nus: acumination, n. d-ku'mi-nd'shun. acupressure, n. dku-prSsh'ur (L. acus, a needle; _ ressum, to press), in surg., the employment of needles instead of liga bu trl 'Ties, &c. acupuncture, n. d-ku-pungk'-tur (L. acus, a nee- dle; punctus, a pricking), in surg., the pricking a diseased part with a needle : acupunc'tura'tion, n. acute, a. d-kut' (L. acutus, sharp -pointed), sharp; penetrating ; opposed to dull or stupid : acutely, ad. -li: acute'ness, n. ad, dd (L.), Latin prefix meaning to; it assumes, for the sake of euphony, the various forms of a, ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar,as, at, according to the commencing letter of the primitive or root. adactyl, n. d-ddk'til (Gr. a, without; daktulos, a finger), in zool. , a foot or locomotive extremity without toes. adage, n. dd'aj (L. adagium, a proverb), a pro- verb ; an old saying. adagio, n. d-dd'-ji-o (It.), slow time: ad. slowly. Adam, n. dd'dm, the first man: Adamic, a. a-ddm' ik, pert, to : Ad'am's ap'ple, n., the prominent part of the throat: Adamites, n. plu. dd'd-rnits, an ancient religious sect : Adamitic, a. dd'd-mit'lk, pert, to the time of Adam: pre- Adamite, a. pre-dd'd-mit, before the time of Adam. adamant, n. (hi'a .;-,,, inj (L. adamas, a hard stone— from a, not ; damao, I subdue), what cannot be broken, tamed, or subdued ; a stone or metal of impenetrable hardness : adamantine, a. ddki-rndn'tin, hard-heart- ed ; not to be broken or subdued : also ad'aman'tean, a. -te-dn. adapis, n. dd'd-pis (Gr. a, without ; dapis, a carpet), a fossil animal somewhat resembling a hedgehog, but three times its size. adapt, v. d-ddpf (L. ad; apto, I fit), to fit; to make to suit: adapting, imp.: adapt'ed, pp.: adaptable, a. d-ddpt'd-bl, that may be suited : adaptability, n. d-ddpt-d-bil'-i-ti, the being fitted or suited for: adap- tation, n. ad'dp-ta'shun, the act of making suitable ; fitness : adapt'edness, n. add, v. dd (L. ad ; do, I give), to put together ; to join; to unite: ad'ding, imp.: added, pp. dd'ded : ad- dible, a. dd'dl-U; also additive, a. dd'dl-tiv, that may be added: ad'dibil'ity, n. : addition, n. dd-dish'un, an increase ; uniting two or more numbers into one sum; something put to : additional, a. dd-dlsh'-un-dl, something more : additionally, ad. -li. addendum, n. dd-den'dum, plu. adden'da, -dd (L. ), an appendix ; something added. adder, n. dd'-dAr (AS. azttr: low Ger. adder: W. neidr: Goth, nadrs), a poisonous serpent; a viper: adder-fly or adder-bolt, n. dragon-fly. addict, v. dd-dikt' (L. ad; dictus, said, named), to give one's self up to, as to a custom or habit— usually in an ill sense : addicting, imp.: addict'ed, pp.: addict'- edness: addiction, n. dd-dik'-shun. addition, &c, see under add. addle, v. dd'dl (AS. adl, disease : prov. Sw. adel, urine), to make corrupt : addle or addled, a. dd'dld, rotten— applied to eggs ; barren : addling, imp. : ad- dled, pp. : ad'dle-head'ed, a. of weak intellect ; also ad'dle-pat'ed, a. pd'ted. address, v. dd-dres^F. adresser, to direct : L. direct- us, made straight), to speak to ; to write a direction on a letter; to pay court to, as a lover: addressing, imp:: addressed, pp. dd-drSst': address', u. a speak- mdte, mdt.fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; ADDU ing to; direction on a letter; skill; maimer or mode of behaviour: plu. addresses, dd-dres'-ez, courtship paid to a woman : addresser, n. one who. adduce, v. dd-dusf (L. ad; duco, I lead or bring), to offer; to bring forward; to cite; to name: addu- cing, imp.: adduced, pp. dd-dusf: addu'cer, n. one who : addu'cible, a. -si-bl : adduction, n. dd-duk'-shun: adducent, a. ringing forward or toge- ther: adductive, a. dd-duk'-tiv (L. ad; ductus, led), that adduces: adduc'tively, ad. -tiv-li: adduc'tor, n. in anat., a muscle that contracts parts. adenology, n. ad'g-nol'6-jl (Gr. aden, a gland; logos, discourse), in anat., the doctrine of the glands ; their nature and their uses: adenose, a. dd'-e-noz; alsoade- nous, dd'-6-nus, gland-like: adenography, n. dd'-en- vg'rd-fi (Gr. aden; grapho, I write), a treatise on the giands. adept, n. d-dSpf (L. adept fully skilled in anything : adj. adequate, a. dd'-e-kwdt (L. ad; cequatus, made equal or like), fully sufficient for; equal to: ad'equately, ad. -II: adequacy, n. dd'-e-kwd'-si, the being equal to; sufficiency for a particular end : ad'equate'ness, n. adfected, a. dd-fekt'ed (L. ad; /actus, done), in alg., consisting of different powers of the unknown quantity ; also affect'ed. adhere, v. dd-her' (L. ad; hcereo, I stick), to stick to; to cleave to; to hold to an opinion: adhering, imp.: adhered, pp. dd-herd': adherence, n. ad-he- r&ns, steady or fixed attachment to; adhe'rency, n. -ren-si, the act of sticking or adhering to : adhesion, n. dd-he'-zhun, applied to matter— the act of sticking to ; a union of parts of any body by means of cement, glue, growth, &c. ; steady attachment : adhesive, a. dd-he- siv, gluey; sticky: adhe'sively, ad. -li: adhesive- ness, n. : adhe'rent or adhe'rer, n. one who adheres to ; a follower : adhe'rently, ad. -li. adhibit , v. b itum, to add to,— from ad; habeo, I have or hold), to put to ; to use or apply : adhibiting, imp.: adhibited, pp.: adhibition, n. dd'-hl-bish'-un, application; use. adiantites, n. plu. dd'-l-dn'-tits or -tl'-tez (Gr. adi- antos, unmoistened), a genus of fossil ferns found in the coal-measures, so called from their resemblance to the existing adiantum or maiden-hair. adieu, n., ad., interj. d-dil' (F. a, to; JDieu, God), a farewell ; an expression of regard or kind wishes. adipocere.n. ad'-i-po-ser' (L. acleps, fat; cera, wax), a light, waxy, or fatty substance, of a whitish-grey colour, into which animal flesh is changed when buried in moist earth ; often found in burial-grounds— hence called "grave-wax"— in peat-bog, &c: adipocerous, a. dd'-i-pos'-er-us, pert, to; adipbcerite, n. dd'-i-pos'- er-it, the fatty or waxy matter found in certain peat- mosses : adipocere mineral, a fatty waxy substance found in certain coal-formations. adit, n. dd'-it (L. aditus, an approach or entrance), an under-ground gallery or tunnel into a mine for carrying off water or for extracting the ore. adjacent, a. dd-jd'-sent (L. ad; jaceo, I lie), lying near; bordering upon: adja'cently, ad. -li: adjacen- cy, n. dd-ja'-sen-si. adject, v. dd-jekt' (L. ad; jactus, cast), to add or put to: adjecting, imp.: adjected, pp. dd-jekt-ed: adjec- tion, n. dd-jek-shun: adjectitious, a. dd'jek-tish'us, added to or on: adjective, n. dd'jek-tiv, a word put to a noun to modify its meaning: adj. qualifying; depending on another: adjectival, dd'-jek-ti-vdl, a. pert, to: ad'jective'ly, a.d.-tiv-li. adjoin, v. dd-jdyn' (L. ad-.jungo, I join), to lie next to; to lie close to: adjoining, imp.: adjoined, pp. adjourn, v. dd-jern' (L. ad: F. jour, a day), to put off from one day to another; to delay: adjourning, imp.: adjourned, pp. dd-jurnd' -. adjourn'ment, n. putting off to another day ; the time or interval during which the business is suspended. adjudge, v. dd-juf (L. ad; judico, I judge: F. ad- juger), to determine ; to decide ; to award sentence : adjudging, imp.: adjudged, pp. dd-jujd' : adjudg'- ment, n. adjudicate, v. dd-jd-cli-kdt (L. adjudico, I give sentence in behalf of— from judico, I judge), to pro- nounce judgment upon ; to try or determine as a court : adjudicating, imp. : adju'dica'ted, pp. : ad- judication, n. dd-jo'di-kd'-shun, the pronouncing judgment upon ; the decision or award of a court. cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, ADON adjunct, n. dd'-junkt (L. ad; junctus, joined) some- thing added to another, generally to modify or quali- fy: adj. assisting: adjunct'ly, ad. -li: adjunction, dd- junk' shun: adjunctive, a. -tiv, joining; tending to join : n. that which is joined : adjunc'tively, ad. -li. adjure, v. dd-jor' (L. adjuro, I swear solemnly— from ad; juro, I swear), to charge solemnly; to bind on oath: adju'ring, imp.: adjured, pp. dd-jord' : ad- juration, n. dd'-joo-rd'-shiln, the act of solemnly charging on oath ; a solemn charge on oath : adju'rer, n. one who. adjust, v. dd-justf (L. ad; Justus, just or proper), to fit to; to make to correspond; to put in order; to settle: adjusting, imp.: adjust'ed, pp.: adjustment, n. tid-jusPm&nt, the act of settling; a settlement: ad- justlve, a. -iv. adjutant, n. dd'-jdb-tdnt (L. ad; jutum, to help), in a regiment, one who assists the major, and next in rank to him: adjutancy, n. dd'-jdb-tdn-si, the office of the adjutant: adjutor, n. ad-jb'-Ur, any one who assists: adjutrix, n. dd-jo'-triks, a woman-helper : ad'juvant, a. helping : n. an assistant ; in med., a remedy. admeasurement, n. dd-mezh'-dbr-ment (L. ad; and metior, I measure), adjustment of proportions ; art or practice of ni< i administer, v. dd-min'-is-ter (L. ad : ministro, I serve or assist), to direct the application of laws, as a king or judge ; to manage ; to add to ; to bring aid or supplies to: administering, imp. dd-min'-is-trlng .- adminis- tered, pp. dd-min'ls-terd : administration, n. dd- min-is -trd'- shun, the act of carrying into effect ; direc- tion; the government of a country: administrable, a. dd-min'-is-trd-bl : administerial, a. -ste'ri-al, mini- sterial: ad'ministe'riariy, ad. -li: administrative, a. dd'-min-is-strd'-tiv, able to carry into effect : ad'mini- stra'tor, n. the man who carries into effect ; one who directs: administratrix, n. dd'-mln-is-strd'-triks, the woman who carries into effect or directs : ad'mini- stra'torship, n. admiral, n. dd'-mi-rdl (F. amiral: Arab, emir or amir, a noble or chief in command), the commander of a fleet or navy ; a flag officer : admiralty, n. dd'- mi-rdl'-tl, the supreme court in naval affairs; the building in which the court sits. admire, v. dd-mir' (L. ad .- miror, I wonder), to look upon with pleasure; to regard with wonder or sur- prise ; to love or esteem greatly : admi'ring, imp. : admired, pp. dd-mird': admirable, a. dd'-mi-rd-bl, worthy of esteem or praise; that may excite wonder or esteem: admirably, ad. dd'mi-rd-bli: admiringly, dd-mi'-ring-li, in a manner to excite wonder; with esteem; with admiration: ad'mirab'leness, n. : ad- mirability, n. dd'-mi-rd-bil'-i-ti: admiration, n. dd'- mi-ra'-shun, wonder mingled with pleasure or slight surprise : admirer, n. dd-mi'-rer, one who admires. admit, v. dd-mit' (L. ad; mitto, I send), to permit to enter; to receive as true; to allow: admit'ting, imp. : admit'ted, pp. : admit'table, a. -bl : admit'ter, n. one who; admittance, n. dd-mif-tdns, permission to enter : admission, n. dd-mish'-un (L. missus, sent), entrance; power or permission to enter: admissible, a. ldd-mis'-si-bl, that may be allowed or admitted: admis'sibly, ad. -bli-. admissibility, n. -bil'-i-ti, the quality of being admissible. admix, v. dd-miks' (L. ad; mixtum, to mingle), to mingle with something else: admixing, imp.: ad- mixed, pp. -mikst': admixture, n. dd-miks'-tur, a substance formed by mingling one substance with another; also admixtion, n. dd-mikst'-shun. admonish, v. dd-mon'-ish (L. ad; moneo, I warn; monitus, warned), to warn ; to reprove gently ; to ad- vise: admonishing, imp. : admonished, pp. dd-mon'- isht: admonlsher, n. ; or admonltor, one who admon- ishes: admonition, n. dd'-mo-nish'-un, gentle reproof ; caution: admonitive, a. dd-mbn-itiv ; admonitory, dd-mon'i-tor-i, that conveys caution or warning: ad- monltively, ad. -tiv'-li. adnascent, a. dd-nds-ei '/zscens, growing), growing to or upon; also adnate, a. dd-ndt' (L. ad; natus, born), grown to. ado, n. d-do' (AS. a, and do), fuss ; bustle ; difficulty. adolescence, n. dd'-O-Us'Sns ; adolescency, dd'-o- les'-en-sl (L. adolesco, I increase or grow), in a growing state ; youth up to manhood : adolescent, a. dd'6-les' ent, growing ; pertaining to youth. Adonic, a. d-don'-ik (from Ado'nis— in anc. myth., a youth, the favourite of Venus, the goddess of love), pert, to a certain kind of verse : n. a poetical verse consisting of a dactyl and a spondee or trochee. game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. ADOP adopt, v. A-dopV (L. ad; opto, I wish, I choose), to take or receive as one's own what is not naturally so— as a person, a thing, an opinion ; to choose : adopting, imp.: adopt'ed, pp.: adoption, n. d-ddp'shna, the taking as one's own that which is not so naturally: adop'tive, a. -tlv, that adopts : adopt'er, n. one who : adopt'edly, ad. -II. adore, v. d-dor' (L. ad; oro, I pray to, entreat), to pay divine honour to ; to worship solemnly ; to regard with esteem; to love highly: ado'ring, imp. : adored, pp. d-dord'-. ador'er, n. one who: adorable, a. A- do'-rd-M, worthy of worship ; that ought to be loved or respected: ado'rably, ad. -Ml: ado'rable'ness, n. : adoringly, ad. A-do'-rlng-h: adoration, n. dd'-o-rd- shun, the worship of God ; the act of praying. adorn, v. A-ddwrn' (L. ad; orno, I deck or beautify), to deck; to make beautiful : adornment, n. d-dawrn- ment, an adorning ; ornament : adorn ing, imp. : ad- orned, pp. d-dawriid' : adorn'ingly, ad. -II. ado3Ciuation, n. Ad-os'-ku-la'-shun (L. ad; osculum, a kiss, or a little mouth), the impregnation of plants ; a propagation of plants by inserting one part of a plant into another. adown, prep. A-dduon' (AS. adilne), downward ; from a higher to a lower situation. adrift, a. or ad. A-drlff (AS. adrifan, to drive away, to expel), floating about at random ; driven. adroit, a. A-drdyt' (F. a; droit, to the right), clever in the use of the hands; ready-witted; dexterous: adroitly, ad. -li ; in a ready, skilful manner : adroit'- ness, n. readiness; dexterity. adry.a. a-drl'(AS. a; drig, dry), thirsty: ad. athirst. adstriction, n. Ad-strlk'-shun(L.ad: str ictus, drawn together), a binding fast; constipation. adularia, n. Ad-u-ld'-ri-d (Gr. adularos, sweetly fair— from (h)adus, sweet; laros, pleasant), a trans- parent variety of potash felspar. adulation, n. dd'-u-ld'-shun (L. adulatio, fawning like a dog), mean flattery ; praise in excess : adulator, n. dd'ula'-tdr, one who: adulatory, a. Ad'-u-ld-tor'-l, containing excessive praise. adult, n. d-diutf (L. adultus, grown), a person grown to maturity; from fifteen years of age upwards: adj. mature; grown up: adult nes3, n. adulterate, v. d-ddl'-ter-dt (L. adidtero, I corrupt), to corrupt ; to make impure by a base mixture : adul'- tera'ting, imp. : adul'tera'ted, pp. : adulteration, n. a-dul'-ter-a'shun, the being corrupted or debased an article not pure and genuine: adul'tera'tor, n. one who ; also adulterant, n. : adul'terate'ly, ad. -li : adulterate'ness, n.: adulterer, n. d-dfd'-ter-er, a man guilty of adulti.-ry; an idolater: adulteress, n. wo- man guilty of adultery: adulterous, a. A-dal'-ter-iis, guilty of adultery; unclean: adul'terous'ly, ad. -II: adultery, n. A-dul'-ter-l, violation of the marriage- bed; idolatry: adulterine, a. d-dul'-ter-ln, resulting from adultery ; spurious : n. a child born from adulter- ous intercourse. adumbrate, v. dd-um'-brdt (L. ad; umbra, a sha- dow), to give a faint shadow or sketch ; to describe : adunVbrating, imp. : adumbrated, pp. : adumbrant, a. giving a faint shadow: adumbration, n. dd'-um- bra'-shun, the act of making a shadow or faint resem- blance. aduncous, a. A-dung'-kus (L. aduncus, hooked), in tot., crooked ; bent in the form of a hook. advance, v. dd-vdns' (F. avancer, to advance), to move or bring foiward ; to raise to a higher rank ; to propose ; to pay beforehand ; to be promoted : n. a moving or bringing forward; promotion; a rise in value or price ; a giving beforehand ; a proposal : advan'cing, imp.: advanced, pp. dd-vdnst' -. ad- van'cer, n. -sir, one who: advancement, n. the act of moving forward ; a step in rank or promotion : ad- vancive, a. Ad-vdn'-slv, tending to advance: ad- vanced' -guard, n. the detachment of troops which precedes the main body of an army or division. advantage, n. dd-vdn'fdj (F. ('.vintage, profit— from F. avant : It. avanti, before), superiority in any state, condition, or circumstance ; gain ; interest : advan- taged, pp. ad- 1. " er, 1 in, or honour: aggrandisable, a. dg'grdn-di'zd-bl. aggravate, v. dg'-grd-vdt (L. ad; gravis, heavy), to make anything worse or less endurable: ag'grava'- ting, imp. : ag'grava'ted, pp. : aggravation, n. dg- grd-vd'-shun, a making worse ; what excites anger. aggregate, v. dg'gre-gOt 1 tgrego I gather toge- ther as a flock— from grex, a flock), to collect into one sum, mass, or body; to accumulate: adj. formed by a collection of many particulars : n. the sum total ; the result of many particulars : ag'grega'ting, imp. : ag'- grega'ted, pp.: agj^regate'ly, ad. -II: aggregation, n. dg'gre-gd'shun, the act of heaping together: ag'- gregat'or, n. one who : ag'gregat'ive, a. -iv, collective : ag'gregat'ively, ad. II. aggress, v. dg-gres' (L. ad; gressus, walked or gone), to begin a quarrel or controversy; to commence an attack: aggres'sing, imp.: aggressed, pp. dg-grest'.- aggression, n. dg-gresh'un, the first act leading to a quarrel or dispute : aggressor, n. one who first attacks or begins a quarrel: aggressive, a. dg-gre's'lv, tending to or relating to the first attack: aggressiveness, n. •tv-nes. mate, mat, far, law; mete, mSt, ) AGUE aggrieve, v. dggr6v'(L.ad; grains, heavy: F. grever, to wrong), tn atliict; to pain or injure any one; to in- jure in one's right: aggrieving, imp.: aggrieved, pp. dg-grevd': aggrievance, n. dg-grev'dns, injury; wrong; oppression. aghast, a. or ad. d-gdsf (AS. a, at, or on : It. guasto : F. gaster or gdter, to lay waste : Scot, gousty, waste, dreary), struck wil.li horror; stupefied with sudden fright. agile, a. dj'U (F. from L. agilis, quick), nimble; not slow; active: agilely, ad. dj'll-ll: agility, n. a-jW-l-tl, nimbleness; the power of moving quickly. agio, n. d'jl-0 (It. aggio), the difference in accepted value of bank-notes and that of current money or coin ; agiotage, n. d'jl-otdf, the methods employed by speculators in the public funds to lower or raise their price by spreading false minimis, &c. agist, v. d-jlst' (L. ad ; jaceo, I lie down : old F. giste, a place to lie down in), to ta.lo in the cattle of others to graze: agis'tor or agistator, n. dj'is-td'tor, one who : agist'ment, n. agitate, v. dj'-i-tdt (L. agito, I shake: F. agiter; It. agitare), to put into motion ; to stir violently ; to disturb: ag'ita'ting, imp.: ag'ita'ted, pp.: agitable, a. uj'i-td-bl: agitation, n. dj'l-td'sliun, the putting into violent motion; excitement of the mind: agita- tor, n. dj'l-td'tor, one who rouses or stirs up ; a stirrer or mixer: agitative, a. dj'btd'-tlv, having power or tendency to agitate. aglet, n. dg'-let: also aiglet, n. dg'lSt (F. aiguille, a needle), the tag of a point; any small object hang- ing loosely— as a spangle, the anthers of a tulip or of grass, or the catkins of a hazel. agnail, n. dg'-ndl (AS. a; nccgel, a nail), a sore under the nail ; a whitlow. agnate, n. dg'ndt{L. ad; natus, born), paternally related ; related in the male line : n. any descendant by the father's side: agnation, n. dg-nd'shun: ag- natic, a. dg-nM'4k, pert. to. agnition, n. dg-nish'vn (L. agnitio, a knowing— from ad; notum, to know), acknowledgment. agnomen, n. dg-n6'm6n (L. ad; nomen, a name), a name added iii praise or dispraise. Agniu-Dei, ag'-ntis-de'-l (L. the Lamb of God), the fig- ure of the Saviour under the form of a lamb, bearing a staff head with a Greek cross, and having the head surrounded by a nimbus ; certain oval medallions. ago, ad. d-go" (old E. ygo or ygon, gone away, passed by— y being the augment of the pp.), time gone by; past: agoing, ad. d-go'lng, in or into action: agone, ad. d-gon', past and gone. agog, ad. d-gog' (Icel. a; gazgium, on the watch or look-out), excil ration; ready to start or jog in pursuit of an object of desire. agonise, v. dg'6-niz' (Gr. agonia, a contest, an- guish of mind), to suffer extreme pain or anguish ; to distress exceedingly: ag'oni'sing, imp. : adj. suffering extreme pain: agonised', pp.: ag'oni'singly, ad. -II: agony, n. dg'o-nl, extreme pain or anguish either of body or mind: agonist, n. dg'-o-nlst; also agonistes, n. dg'-o-nls'-tez, one who contends for the prize in pub- lic games: agonistic, a. dg'o-nis'-tik; also ag'onis'ti- cal, a. tl-kdl, pert, to contests of strength : ag'onis'- tically, ad. -II. agrarian, a. d-grd'ri-dn (L. agrarius, pertaining to a field— from ager, a field), relating to land in gen- eral: agra'rianism, n. the equal division of land or property: agra'rianist, n. one who. agree, v. d-gre (F. agre'er, to receive with favour: L. gratus, pleasing: It. grado), to be of one mind; to live in peace ; to be like ; to settle : agreeing, imp. : agreed', pp.: agreeable, a. d-gre'd-bl, pleasing; suitable to: agree'ably, ad. -bli: agree'ableness, n. -bl-nSn, the quality that makes a thing grateful to the taste, or pleasing to the mind; resemblance: agree'ment, n. a bargain ; a renewal of friendship. agriculture, n. dg'ri-kul'tur (L. ager, a field ; cultura, tillage), tilling or working the ground to make it fruitful; husbandry: ag'ricul'tural, a. -tu- rdl, pertaining to the tillage of the ground: ag'ricuT- turist, n. one engaged in farming: ag'ricul'turarijr, ad. -II. agrimony, n. dg'ri-mon'l (L. agrimonia), a medi- cinal plant. aground, ad. d-grdwnd' (AS. a, and ground), on the ground : among seamen, stranded ; ran ashore. ague, v. d'gu (L. acutus, sharp: F. aigu, sharp, keen), to cause to shiver : n. intermittent fever, attend- ed with cold fits and shivering: aguing, imp. a'gu- Iter; pine, pin; note, n6t, mdve; AGUI ] ing: agued, pp. a'gud: aguish, a. somewhat cold ivering. aguilla, n. d-givil'-ld (F. aiguille, a needle), an obe- lisk, or the spire of a church-tower. ah, int. d, an exclamatory word denoting surprise, pity, dislike, &c. : aha, int. d-ha', expressing triumph, surprise, or contempt : ahoy, int. d-hoy', attend ye— a sailor's call. ahead, ad. ti-hed' (AS. a, and head), in advance; further forward than another. ahull, ad. d-hul' (AS. a, and hull), the condition of a vessel with her sails furled and helm lashed a-lee. aid, n. ad (F. aider, to help— from L. adjutare, to assist), help j reliel ■ : v. to help ; to support ; to relieve : aiding, imp. : aid'ed, pp. : aider, n. one who: aidless, a. dd'les: aidant, a. dd'dnt, helping: aidance, n. dd'dns, help ; assistance. aid-de-camp, n. dd'dS-kong, nlu. aids'-de-camp (F. aide, an assistant; du camp, of the camp), in an army, an officer whose duty it is to receive and convey the orders of a general. aigret, n. d'gret; also egret, n. e'grSt (F. aigrette), the little white heron; in hot., the feathery down of the thistle. aigre, n. d'ger— see eagre. aiguille, n. a'gwel' (F. needle), applied to the sharp serrated peaks of lofty mountains ; an instr. for pierc- ing holes for the lodgment of powder when blasting : aigulet, n. d'gu-l&t, or aiglet, dg'-let, a point or tag on fringes. pain: ailing, imp.: adj. unwell; full of sickness: ailed, pp. d^: ail'i x disease. il'ment, n. sickness ; trouble ; slight aim,v. dm, (oldF. esmer, to estimate— from L. cestimo, I value), to throw at an object ; to direct a weapon to ; to endeavour; to purpose or design: n. the object or point intended to be struck; purpose; intention: aiming, imp. : aimed, pp. dmd: aim'er, n. one who : aimless, a. dm'-Us. air, n. dr (F. , from Gr. or L. aer, air), the atmosphere ; a gas ; a light breeze ; a tune or melody ; look or mien ; affected manner : v. to dry; to expose to the air: air'- ing, imp. : aired, pp. drd : airy, a. dr'i, high in air ; light like air; trifling; vain: airily, ad. dr'l-li: air'- ing, n. a ride or walk in the open air: airless, a. wanting fresh air: airiness, n. dr'i-nSs, the state of being opened freely to the air ; lightness of manner ; gaiety : air-tight, so close and compact as to prevent the passage of air : air-bed, a large air-tight bag filled with air for the repose of ailing persons: air-cells, cavities in vegetable and animal structures filled with air : air-gun, a musket or gun in which compressed air, instead of powder, is made the propelling agent : air- hole, an opening to admit air: air-pipe, a pipe for the escape or supply of air: air-plants, plants rooted on others, and suspended, as it were, in the air: air- pump, a machine for exhausting or pumping out the air from vessels : air-shaft, a passage made into mines for the admission of air: air-vessels or air-sacs, spiral ducts in plants containing air, analogous to lungs in animals. aisle, n. II (L. ala, a wing ; F. aisle or aile, a wing), wing of a house ; the side passages of a church— the middle passage is called the nave: aisled, a. lid, hav- ing aisles. ait, at (a contr. of eyot, from eye, an island), a small flat island in a river. Aix-beds, dks, the flanks or sides of a deep valley in which the town of Aix, in France, is situated, com- posed of a thick fresh-water tertiary formation, being a perfect storehouse of fossil fishes, plants, and insects. ajar, ad. d-jar" (AS. ceorran, to turn : Swiss, achar, ajar), a little opened. ake, n. dk, another spelling of ache, which see. akimbo, a. d-klm'-bo (AS. a, at : It. sghembo, crooked, athwart: Gr. skambos, crooked), arched; crooked; bent. akin, a. d-kln' (AS. a ; and cyn, family), related to by blood ; having the same properties. al (L.), a prefix, being another form of ad, signify- ing to ; in Ar. al signifies the. alabandine, n. dl'd-ban'din (L. alabandicus), a stone mentioned by Pliny, and so called from Alabanda,, where it was cut and polished. It is a sulphuret of manganese, and usually occurs in massive granular ALCO alabaster, n. al'd-bds'-Ur (Gr. alabastron), a kind of soft semi-ti:ui-.j>.TiViii marble: adj. pert. to. alack, int. d-ldkf (corrupted from alas), an exclama- tion expressive of sorrow : alack-a-day, an exclama- tion to express regret or sorrow. alacrity, n. d-ldk'ri-ti (L. alacritas, liveliness, ardour: F. alacrite), cheerfulness; gaiety; a smart willingness or readiness. a-la-mode, ad. d'ld-mod' (F. after the fashion), ac- cording to the fashion. alarm, v. d-larm' (F. alarmer, to frighten : It. all' arme, to arms— from L. ad; arma, arms), to give a sign to warn of approaching danger ; to surprise ; to arouse to danger: n. an outcry to announce danger ; sudden surprise ; terror : alarm'ing, imp. : alarmed, pp. d-ldrmd' : alarmingly, ad. -II: alarmist, n. d-h'rrm'-ist, one prone to terrify with danger: alarum, n. d-lcfr'um, a piece of mechanism in a clock by which a loud ringing noise is produced at any fixed time for the purpose of rousing one out of sleep. alary, a. dl'dr-i (L. ala, a wing) wing-like: alate, a. dl'dt, winged ; furnished with appendages like wings. alas, int. d-lds' (L. lassus, wearied: Fr. las, weary), an exclamation of sorrow or pity. alb, n. dlb (L. albus, white), a vestment of white linen worn by the Roman Catholic clergy. albatross, n. dl'-ba-tros, a large South-Sea bird. albeit, conj. dl'be-lt (AS. all, be, and it), although; ■[h..i:i'Ml;i!v Albert coal or albertite, dl'ber-tit, a bituminous mineral found in Albert county, in the province of New Brunswick, North America. albescent, a. dl-b&s'-ent (L. albesco, I grow white), growing white; moderately white; in bot., having a pale tinge or hoary appearance. Albigenses, n. plu. dl'M-jen'sez, a sect or party who separated from the Church of Rome in the twelfth century.so called from Albigeois in Languedoc, France, where they first arose,— not to be confounded with the Waldenses, who were a different sect, and arose at a different time. albino, n. al-bl'no (L. albus, white), a person, or any animal, with '.\Lui<> hair and red eyes; a white negro: albinism, n. dl'bin-izm, state of being an albino. Albion, n. dl'-bl-on (L. albus, white), an anc. name of England, frequently used in poetry— so called from the appearance of the white chalk cliffs on its coast to persons coming from the Continent. albite, n dl'-blt, a variety of felspar of a greyish- white or milky-white colour. album, n. dl'bum (L. albus, white), a scrap-book ; a memorial book: album graecum, n. dl'bum gre'kum, the whitish hardened excrements of dogs, wolves, &c. albumen, n. dl-bu'-min (L. from albus, white), the white of an egg; white matter: albuminous, a. dl- bu'-mi-nus, having the nature of albumen. alburnum, n. dl-bilr'niim (L., from albus, white), the soft white part of a tree next to the bark ; the sap- wood: albugineous, a. dl'bu-jln'i like <'" iv'hii of an egg: albugo, n. dl-bu'go (L. a white spot), the white of the eye. alcahest, n. dl'-kd-hesf ; also al'kahest' (Ar.), a pretended universal solvent. Alcaic, a. dl-ku'ik, relating to Alcseus or to the verse invented by him : n. a Greek metre. alcaid, n. dl-kdd' (Sp. alcaide), the chief magistrate of a town or city in Spain : sometimes spelt alcalde, dl-kdl'-de (Sp.) alcedo, n. dl-se'do (L.), the king-fisher. alchemy, n. dl'ke-ml (Ar. al kimia, the secret art ; probably Ar. al, and Gr. chuma, a melting or fu- sion), the professed art of changing the other metals into gold ; the art that professed to find a universal remedy and other impossible things: alchemic, a. al-kern'lk; also alchemical, a., dl-kem'i-kdl, relating to alchemy: alchemist, n. dl'ke-mist' , one who prac- tises alchemy: al'chemis'tical, a.: al'chemis'tically, ad. -It The above are also spelt with y for e, as al- chymy. alcohol, n. dl'ko-hol (Ar. al kohol, the impalpable powder of antimony with which the Orientals stain their eyelids; a pure extract), spirits of wine; dis- tilled spirits highly rectified; the intoxicating prin- ciple in all spirituous or fermented liquors: alco- holic, a. dl'ko-hol'-tk, pert, to alcohol: alcoholate, n. dl'ko-hol'dt, a salt containing alcohol: alcoholise, v. dl'-ko-ho-lizf, to convert into alcohol: al'coholis'ing, cow, boy, /dot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. ALCO ] imp. : al'coholised', pp. : alcoholisation, n. -hol'-l-zd- shun: alcoholrneter, n. ol'-ko-hoi- mn-tir (Ax. al kohol: Gr. rnetron, a measure), an instrument for ascertain- ing the strength of spirits. Alcoran, n. dl'-ko-rdn' (Ar.), the book containing the Mohammedan law, precepts, and doctrines— now more commonly spelt koran. alcove, n. dl-kov' (Sp. alcoba, a part of a room railed off to hold a bed of state), a recess in a room for a bed or sideboard; a shady recess in a garden. alcyonite, n. dl-si'6-nlt (L. Alcyone, a daughter of ^Eolus, who, from love to her shipwrecked husband, threw herself into the sea, and was changed into the bird king-fisher: Gr. halkuone), a general term applied to the spongiform fossils so common in the chalk- formation. alder, n. dl'-der (AS. air-. Ger. tiler: Sw. al: L. alnus), a tree resembling the hazel: al'dern, a. made of alder. alderman, n. dl'-der-mdn, plu. al'dermen (AS. eald, old; eulder, an elder, a chief), a senior or superior; a civic dignitary next in rank to the mayor: al'der- man'ic, a. -ik, in the manner of an alderman : al'der- man'ly, a. -II. ale, n. al (AS. tale: Icel. 61: Lith. alus— from Gael. ol, to drink), beer; a drink made from malt: ale- berry, n. dl'-ber-rl, a beverage made by boiling ale with spice, sugar, and sops of bread: ale-cost, an herb: ale-hoof, ground ivy: alegar, n. dl'-e-gdr (ale, and F. aigre, sour), sour ale. a-lee, ad. d-le' (AS. hleo, shelter), a term used to denote the position of a ship's helm when put in a direction opposite to that from which the wind blows, s alembic, n. d-lem'-blk (At. al, the; anbiq, a chemi- cal vessel in flu- shape of a gourd : Sp. alambique), a gourd-like vessel with a lid, for chemical purposes. alength, ad. d-length' (a and length), stretched to the full extent. alert, a. d-lert' (F. alerte, diligent: It. a Verta, on fine's guard), watchful; on one's guard; sprightly; nimble : alert 'ness, n. watchfulness ; nimbleness. alethiology, a. u-U'thl-dl'6-jl (Gr. alethes, true; lo- gos, word, doi'tiine), doctrine ur principle of truth. alethopteris, n. dl'-e-thop'-ter-is (Gr. alethos, truly ; pteris, fern), a genus of fossil ferns abounding in the lower coal-formations. Alexandrine, a. dl'-egz-dn'-drln (city of Alexandria, N. Africa), noting a verse of twelve syllables : Al'exan'- drian, a. -dri-dn, pert. to. alexipharmic, a. d-Uks'-l-fdr'-mik (Gr. alezo, I keep off; pharmakon, poison), having the effect of expel- ling poison or infection by sweat: n. the medicine that expels poison: alexiteric, a. d-leks'-i-ter'-lk (Gr. alexo; deleterion, poison), resisting poison: n. the medicine which does so. algae, n. dl'-je (L. alga, sea-weed), sea or aquatic plants: algous, a. al'-gus, pert, to sea-weed: algoid, a. dl'-goyd (L. alga: Gr. eidos, a form), like sea-weed. algebra, n. dl'je-brd (Ar. al, gabr, the putting to- gether of broken things: Sp. and It. algebra), arith- metic by signs— commonly the letters of the alphabet —the first letters, a, b, c, d, &c, represent known quantities, and the last letters, w, x, y, z, unknown quantities: algebraic, a. dl'je-brd' ik ; also alge- braical, -l-kdl, pertaining to algebra: al'gebra'ical- ly, ad. -II: al'gebra'ist, n. one who is skilled in algebra. Algerine, a. dl'-jS-rln, of or belonging to Algiers: n. an inhabitant. algor, n. dl'gor (L. from algeo, I feel cold), the sense of coldness experienced at the onset of fever : algid, a. dl'-jid, chilled with cold ; become cold. alguazil, n. dl'-ga-zel' (Sp.), an inferior officer of justice in Spain. alias, conj. a'-ll-ds, (L. alius, another), otherwise: n. a second writ of execution when the first has failed. alibi, n. dl'-l-bl (L.), a law term, being elsewhere; being with another person in another place. alien, n. dl'yen (L. alienus, of another country), a foreigner ; a stranger ; one born in or belonging to another country: adj. foreign; strange: alienage, n. 0J':irn-aj, state of being an alien: alienate, v. dl'-yen-at, to transfer anything: to another; to mis- apply ; to withdraw love or affection from : al'iena'- ting, imp. : al'iena'ted, pp. : alienable, a. dl'yen- d-bl, that may be transferred or withdrawn: alien- ability, n. dl'-yen-d-bll'-l-tl, the being able to be transferred: alienation, n. dl'-yen-a'shiln, the trans- fer of anything to another : alienator, n. al'-yen-d'-tor, mate, mdt,fdr, lav); mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve, ALL , . -ro, I carry), having wings: aliform, al'-l-fawrm (L. ala; forma, shape), wing-shaped. alight, v. d-llf (AS. alihtan, to light on anything, especially on the ground), to get or come down; to settle on, as birds: alight'ing, imp. : alight'ed, pp. alignement, n. d-lin'-ment (F. a row, a level— from F. litjne, a line : L. lima, a line), in mil., the position of a body of mm in n straight line; a supposed line to preserve a fleet, or part of one, in its just direction. alike, a. ad. d-llk' (AS. — see like), the same in appearance; not different; in the same manner or degree. aliment, v. dl'-i-mtnt (L. alimentum, food), to maintain: n. food ; liourishmeiil ; support: al'iment'- ing, imp. : al'iment'ed, pp. : alimen'tal, a. supply- ing food that ran nourish: al'inien'tally, ad. -II: ali- mentary, a. dl'-i-rncit'tdr-i, having the property of nourishing: al'imen'tariness, n. : al'imenta'tion, n. -ta'shiln, the power of affording nourishment; the state of being nourished : alimony, n. dl'-l-mon-i, the sum allowed for the support of a wife who is separated from her husband: al'imen'tiveness, n. in phren., the organ which gives a desire for food and drink. aliped, n. dl'i-ped (L. ala, awing; pes, gen. pedis, a foot), an animal, such as the bat, whose feet, con- nected by a membrane, serve as wings. aliquant, a. dl'-i-kwdnt (L. aliquantum, a little), that does not divide exactly. aliquot, a. dl'4-kwot (L. some — from alius, another; quot, how many), that measures or divides exactly; an aliquot part of a number is a part contained in it exactly— thus 3 is an aliquot part of 6, 9, 12. alive, a. d-liv' (AS. a: Goth, liban, to live), endued with life; not dead; sprightly; active; easily im- pressed. alizarine, n. d-liz'-d-rin (alizari, anc. name for the plant madder), a colouring principle in madder. alkahest, n. dl'-kd-liest—see alcahest. alkali, n. dl'kd-li, plu. alkalies, dl'-kdliz (Ar. al- qali, the salt of ashes), a substance, such as soda or potash, which neutralises the action of an acid, and changes vegetable blues into green, yellows into brown: alkaline, a. dl'-kd-lin, having the properties of an alkali ; the alkaline earths are lime, magnesia, baryta, and strontia: alkalinity, n. -i-tl: alkalisa- tion, n. (U'kdl-l-zd':-/tnn, the making a body to have the properties of an alkali: alkalisable, a. al'kd-iu- d-bl: alkalescent, a. dl'kdles'-6nt, tending to be, or slightly alkaline: alkalescence, n. dl'-kd-Us'-ens -, also aFkales'cency, n. -si : alkalify, v. dl-kdl'-lfi, to convert into an alkali ; I o ne: alkal'ify- ing, imp.: alkalified, pp. dl-kdl'-i-fid .■ alkalifi'able, a. -fi'd-bl: alkaligenous, a. dl'-kd-llj'e-nus {alkali; Gr. gennao, I generate), producing alkali : alkalime- ter, n. dl-kdl-lm'-e-ter (alkali ,- Gr. metron, a measure), an instrument used in testing the strength of alkalies : al'kalim'etry, n. -t>l, t!j -in ,; alkalies: alkaloid, n. dl'-kd-loyd (alkali; Gr. eidos, form, resemblance), a substance having alkaline pro- perties in a slight degree ; the alkaline principle of a vegetable. alkanet, n. dl'-kd-net' (Ar. alkanah, a reed), a plant whose root yields a red dye. alkermes, n. dl-ker'-mez (Ar. al; kermes, reddish grains of certain oaks), a confection; a compound cordial. Alkoran, n. (see alcoran), the spelling with k should be preferred : al'koran'ic, a. pert, to : al'koran'ist, n. one who. all, a. awl (AS. eall: Goth, alls: Icel. allr— from a or ei, aye, ever), the whole; every one: n. the whole number ; the entire thing : ad. wholly : when used in union with other words, all generally denotes wholly, completely, or perfectly : all along, continually,- regu- larly: alfthat, collection of similar things or occur- rences; et castera: all in all, everything: all-fools'- day, the first of April: all-fours, a game at cards; moving on the legs and arms : all-gracious, perfectly gracious : all-hail, a phrase of salutation expressive of a wish for health : all-heal, name of a plant : all- just, perfectly just : all-merciful, of perfect mercy ; all -hallow, n. all -saints' -day, 1st November: all- hallow-tide, n. the time near to 1st November: all- saints' -dav, 1st day of November, also named all- hallow: all -souls' -day, 2d of November: all-spice, n. Jamaica pepper or pimento, the fruit of a tree. ALIA 1 Allah, n. Mitt (At.), the Arabic name for God. allantoic, a. dl'-dn-to'-ik (Gr. alias, a sausage; eidos, form), name of an acid found in the liquor of the al- lantois — a membrane enveloping the foetus. allay, v. alia (old E. allege; AS. alecgan, to lay down: old F. alleger; It. alleggiare,- L. alleviare, to lighten, to mitigate), to set at rest; to make quiet; to make less in pain or grief: allaying, imp. : allay- ed, pp. dlad': allayment, n. dlld'-ment, state of rest after disturbance : allay'er, n. one who or that which. allege, v. dllef (F. allcguer, to produce reasons : L. ad, to ; lego, I send, I intrust to), to plead as an excuse ; to affirm; to declare: alleging, imp.: alleged, pp. dl-lejd'-. allegeable, a. d-lej'-d-bl, capable of being alleged: alleg'er, n. one who: allegation, n. dl'-le- gd'-shiin, something offered as a plea or an excuse; an affirmation ; an assertion. allegiance, n. al-Wjdns (L. ad, to; mid. L. litgan- tia, the duty of a subject to his lord— from litus, a man owing services to his lord— see liege), the tie or duty that binds any one to obedience to the govern- ment and laws under which he lives ; an oath, called the oath of allegiance. allegory, n. dl'-le-gor'-l (Gr. alios, another, differ- ent; agoreuo, I harangue), figurative speech; lan- guage that has another meaning than the literal one ; the Jews compared to a vine in the 80th Psalm is an allegory; allegorise, v. dl'-U-go-rlz' , to form into an allegory; to use figurative speech: al'legori'sing, ner of an allegory : allegorlcally, ad. -II : allegor'- icalness, n. : allegorist', n. one who. allegro, ad. dlle'-gro (It.: F. leger, light, nimble), in music, a term denoting merrily; cheerfully: n. a brisk movement: allegretto, ad. dl'-le-gret'-to, a move- ment not so quick as allegro. alleluiah, n. dl'lS-16'ya—see halleluiah. alleviate, v. dl-le'-vl-dt (L. alleviare, to mitigate —from ad; levis, light— see allay), to make light ; to make easier ; to lessen, as pain, sorrow: alle'via'ting, imp. : alle'via'ted, pp. : alleviation, n. -shun, the act of lessening or making more endurable : alle'vi- ative, a. -d'-tlv, that lessens or palliates. alley, n. dl'-ll (F. allele, a passage— from aller, to go), a narrow walk or passage ; a close. alliaceous, a. dl'-ll- u- shits (L. allium, garlic), pert. to the garlic or onion tribe, as alliaceous odour. alliance, n. dlll'-dns (F. : L. ad; ligo, I bind), union formed by marriage; a treaty or union between nations ; a union for any purpose : allied, dl-lld", pp. of ally, which see; connected by marriage, interest, or friendship : allies', see ally. alligation, n. dl'-ll-ga -' < (I ill ■ nfio, a binding or tying to), a rule in arithmetic for finding the value or price of any mixture. alligator, n. dl'-ll- gd'-tor (Sp. lagarto, a lizard: L. lacerta: Port, allagarto), an animal of the reptile kind ; the American crocodile. alliteration, n. dlllt'-er-a'-sliun (L. ad; litera, a let- ter), in poetry, commencing two or more words in the same line or verse with the same letter: alliterative, a. -dt'-lv, pert. to. allochroite, n. dl-lok'-ro-it (Gr. alios, different; chroa, colour), a fine-grained, massive variety of iron- garnet, exhibitii ; . ■ of colours when melted with phosphate of soda before the blow-pipe. allocate, v. dl'-lo-kdt (L. ad .- locus, a place), to give each one his share or part ; to set apart for any pur- pose; to distribute: al'loca'ting, imp.: alloca'ted, pp. : allocation, n. dl'-lo-kd'-shun, the act of setting apart for; th i place for. allocution, n. dl'-lo-ku'-shun (L. od; locutus, spok- ' :V i ; or spoken. allodium, n. dllo'-dl-um (Dan. odel, a patrimonial estate: Icel. odal, goods abandoned), land not held from a superior ; unconditional free tenure : allodial, a. dl-lo'-dl-dl, free of rent; independent. allopathy, n. dl-lop'-d-thi (Gr. alios, another; pa- thos, disease), that mode of medical practice which consists in the use of drugs to produce in the body a condition opposite to the disease to be cured. It is opposed to homoeopathy (hom-e-op'd-thl), which at- tempts to cure disease by medicine which, in a state of health, would have produced a similar disease. allopathic, a 4 to allopathy: allopathlcally, ad. -ll: allop'athist, n. one who practises allopathy. 3 ALMS allophane, n. dl'-lo-fdn (Gr. alios, different; phaino, I appear), a mineral, generally of a pale-blue colour- id in veins. allot, v. allot (L. ad: Icel. hlutr, lot: F. allotir— see lot), to assign to; to divide and parcel out: to apportion: allot'ter, n. one who: allotting, imp.: allotted, pp.: allotment, n. that which has been parcelled out ; a share ; the part assigned. allotropy, n. dlldt'-rd-pl (Gr. alios, another; trope, a conversion or change), a term employed to denote the fact that the same body may exist in more than one usual comlii u ohj'sical char- acteristics: allotropic, a. dl'-lo-trop'-lk, pert. to. allow, v. dl-lolo' (L. ad; laudare, to praise, in one sense; locare, to place or to let, in another: F. allouer, to assign), to admit ; to grant ; to permit ; to own ; to deduct: allowing, imp.: allowed, pp. dl-loivd' : allowable, a. alldiv'-d-bl, that maybe permitted; not improper or unlawful: allow'ably, ad. -bll: allow- ableness, n. dllolv'-a-blnds, lawfulness; fitness: al- lowance, n. dl-loiv-dns, the act of allowing; permis- sion ; a settled rate ; a salary. alloy, v. dl-ldii' (F. loi or aloi; It. lega; L. ad, lex, the law or rule: Sp. ley, the proportion of silver found in ore), to mix any metal with another, gene- rally with one less valuable ; to reduce or lessen by mixture: n. a baser metal mixed with a finer; a mixture of two or more metals ; a mixture of a metal with mercury is called an amalgam; evil mixed with good: alloying, imp. : alloyed, pp. dl-ldyd': alloy- age, n. dlloif-aj, the act of mixing metals ; a mixture of different metals. allspice, n. aYcl'-sjAs (all arid spice), pimento, so call- ed from its m flavour. allude, v. dllod' (L. ad; luclo, I play), to refer to something not particularly mentioned; to hint at: allu'ding, imp. : allu'ded, pp.: allusion, n.dl-16'ihiin, a reference to something not mentioned particu- larly; a hint: allusive, a. tfll6'-siv, having reference to something but vaguely noticed before : allu'sively, ad. -1%. allure, v. dl-l6r r (L. ad; F. leurre, a bait: Ger. ludern, to entice), to tempt by the offer of something good; to entice, in a good or bad sense: allu'ring, imp.: allured, pp. dl-l&rd: allurement, n. dl-ldr- ment, some real or supposed good that attracts; temptation; enticement to pleasure: allu'rer, n. one who : allu'ringly, ad. -II. alluvium, n. dllo'-vl-um, plu. allu'via (L. ad; lavo or luo, I wash), earth and other matter deposited any- where by the ordinary operations of water; also allu'vion: alluvial, a. al-16'vl-dl, deposited or laid down by means of water. ally, v. dill' (F. oilier, to mix: L. ad; ligo, I hind), to unite, as families In marriage; to bind together in friendship, as states with states : n. one that is al- lied; a confederate; plu. allies, dl-llzf, countries or persons united by treaty or agreement ; confederates : allying, imp. : allied, pp. allld'-. alliance, n. dill' ■ i ■ 1 1 < ' ii n, , i, . . soriation. alma -mater, dl'-ma-ma'-ter (L. fostering mother), a name applied to any university by those who have studied in it. almanac, n. apposed corrupted form of AS. all-moon-heed or allmonaght, a rude tracing or representation of the course of the moon), a small book containing the days of the month, with remark- able events, the tides, &c. ; a calendar. almandine, n. dl'-mdn-dln' (Allabanda, a city of Caria), a lapidary's term for the violet or violet-red varieties of spinel, ruby, &c. Almighty, a. awlmlt'-i (AS.: aft and mighty), pos- sessing all power; omnipotent: n. the omnipotent God : almightlly, ad. -II: almight'iness, n. - almond, n. d'-mund (F. amande: Sp. almendra-. Gr. amugdalon : L. amygdala), the kernel of the nut of the almond-tree: plu. I glands i ituated on each side of the mouth near the base of the tongue : al- mond-oil, an oil obtained from almonds. almoner, n. dl'-mon-er (Ger. almosen, alms : F. au- monier, the officer for dispensing alms: Gr. eleemos- une, pity, alms), a person appointed by a king or queen, or a monastery, to dispense their alms or charity to the poor: almonry, n. dl'-mon-rl, the residence of the almoner ; the house where alms are given. almost, ad. awl-most (AS. : all and most), nearly; for the greatest part. alms, n. dmz (AS. eclmesse, alms), anything given <,fSbl; pure, oiid; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal: ALMU ] to the poor in charity to relieve their wants : alms- houses, houses for the reception and relief of the poor: alms'-deed, an act of charity. almug, n. dl'-mug (Heb. almug), a tree mentioned in Scripture, probably sandal-wood. aloe, n. dl'-o (Gr. and L. aloe, a bitter herb), name of a bitter plant used in medicine : aloes, dl'-Oz, the juice of the aloe: aloetic, a. dl'o-et'-ik; also al'oet'ical, a. -i-kdl, of or containing aloes. aloft, ad. d-loff (Icel. d lopt, on high : Ger. lufl, the air), in the air; among seamen, up among the rigging : alow, ad. d-lo', in a low place ; not aloft. alone, ad. d-lon' (all and one), by itself; singly: adj. single ; without company. along, prep, along'; also alongst, prep, d-longsf (AS. andlang: Ger. entlang: It. lungo), by the length; lengthwise ; forward : ad. in company with : along - ship ; aloof, on loof— viz., out of danger: Dut. locf, an oar-pin), keeping away from ; at a distance from. alopecy, n. dl'6-pe-sl; also, alopecia, -shl-d (Gr. alopex, a fox), the fox-evil or scurf; any kind of bald- ness. aloud, ad. d-ldivd" (AS. a, on: Ger. laut, sound), with a high tone of voice ; with much noise. alpaca, n. dl-pdk'd, or paco, pdk'-o, a ruminating animal of the mountainous districts of S. Amer., al- lied to the camel, but of smaller size, and having long woolly hair ; a fabric or cloth made from its hair. Alpha, n. dl'fd (Gr.), the first letter of the Greek alphabet ; the first or beginning : alphabet, n. dl'fd- bet (Gr. alpha, a ; beta, b), the letters of any language arranged in a fixed order: alphabetic, a. dl'-fd-bdt'-ik ; also alphabetical, a. -I kdl, arranged in the order of the alphabet : al'phabet'ically, ad. -II. Alpine, a. dl'-pln (L. alpes, the Alps: Gael, alp, a height, a mountain), from or like the Alps ; very ele- vated; belonging to elevated regions, as alpine flora: al'penstock (Ger.), staff used for ascending the Alps. alquifou, n. dl'-ki-f6, an ore of lead called potter's- ore. already, ad. awl-rSd'l [all and ready), now; at this time ; at some time past. also, ad. awl'-so (AS. ealles swa, all so) likewise ; in like manner. Alstonite, n. dl'ston-U, a mineral of a snow-white or greyish-yellow colour, so called from occurring in the lead-mines of Alstone Moor, Cumberland. alt or alto, n. dlt, dl'-to (It.— from L. altus, high), the highest note that can be sung with the natural voice by men: alto-rilievo, n. dl'-io-rl-U'-vo (L. altus; and It.), raised figures on a flat surface, so as to show also called bass-relief. altar, n. awl'-tdr (L. altare, an altar for sacrifice— from Icel. eldr, fire, and am, a hearth ; or AS. em, a place), a small square or round building of turf, wood, or stone, varying in height, on which animals were burnt— these were called sacrifices ; the communion- table : altarage, n. awl'tar-dj, profits arising to priests from oblations: al'tar-piece, a painting or decoration placed over an altar: altar-cloth, in a church, the cloth laid over an altar. alter, v. awl'ter (L. alter, another: F. alterer, to alter), to change ; to vary ; to make different in some way: altering, imp.: altered, pp. awl'-terd: alter- able, a. awl'-ter-d-bl, capable of being changed ; that may be varied: alterably, ad. -Mi: alterableness, n. fiTcl-t/'r-d-bl-nBs ; also alterability, n. awl'ter- d-bll'-l-tl, the being able to be changed: alteration, n. awl'-ter-a'-shun, a varying in some way; a change: alterative, a. awl'-ter-d'tlv, having the power to change or alter : n. a medicine that gradually changes the constitution or habit of body. altercate, v. dl'-ter-kdf (L. alterco, I contend), to contend in words ; to wrangle : al'terca'ting, imp. : al'terca'ted, pp. : altercation, n. dl'-ter-ka-shun, a contention in words ; a wrangling. alternate, v. dl-ter'ndt, (L. alterno, I do anything by turns), to do by turns ; to happen by turns ; to change in succession : adj. that succeeds or follows by turns: alternating, imp. : alter'nated, pp. : alternately, ad. -II: alternant, a. in geol., in alternating layers: alternation, n. dl'ter-nd-shun, the act of <)oin.j; : » v turns ; the act of taking one and leaving one in suc- cession : alternative, a. dl-ter'-nd-tlv, offering a choice of two things : n. of two things, an offer to take the t AMAR one and leave the other; often used, of more than two: alter'native'ly, ad. -II: alter'nativeness, n. : alter'nate generation, a mode of reproduction among the lowest animal types, in which the young do not resemble the parent, but the grand-parent. althaea or althea, n. dl-the'-d (Gr. althaia: L. althaea, the marsh-mallow— from Gr. altheo, I cure), a genus of plants, some of which possess medicinal qualities. although, conj. awltito' (all and though), notwith- altimeter, n. dl-tlm'6-ter (L. altus, high : Gr. rnefron, ameasure), an instrument for taking leights: altim'- etry, n. -6-tri, art of measuring heights. altitude, n. dl'tl-tud (L. altus, high : It. alto), height, as of a mountain ; extension upwards ; highest point: altitude of a celestial body, the angular dis- tance of the body from the horizon. alto, a. dl'-to (It. — from L. altus, high), in music, high; also in sculp.— basso, low, its opposite: al'to- rilie'vo, n. (It.), see under alt. altogether, ad. awl'-to~o-getfb'-£r (all and together), wholly; entirely. alum, n. dl'um (L. alumen : Gr. (h)als, salt), a white saline substance used in medicine and dyeing: al- umed, a. dl'-umd, imbued or mixed with alum: alu- mina, n. d-W-ml-nd; also al'umine, n. -mln, the clay, loam, or other substance from which alum is obtained ; pure alumina consists of oxygen and the new metal ' now called aluminum: aluminiform, a. d-16-min'l- fawrm (L. alumen; forma, shape), formed like alumi- na: aluminiferous, a. d-ld'-mln-lfer-us (L. alumen; fero, I produce), containing alum : aluminous, a. of or relating to alum: aluminite, n. u-lo'-ml-nlt, a mineral of a silver or yellowish white colour : alumi- num, n. d-W-ml-num ; also aluminium, n. d-16-mln' i-um, the metallic base of alumina— as a metal, now prepared to a considerable extent: al'um-stone, a mineral of a white, greyish, or reddish colour, from which much of the best alum is procured. alumnus, n. d-lum'-nus (L. alumnus, a pupil— from alere, to nourish), a pupil or scholar of a school or university. alunite, n. dl'-obn-lt (F. alun, alum), alumstone; a mineral containing alum, found in minute shining crystals of a white, greyish, or reddish colour : alun- ogene, n. d-ldbn'-o-jen (F. alun ; Gr. gennao, I produce), an ore of alumina, known as hair-salt or feather-alum —is a frequent efflorescence on the walls of quarries or mines. alveary, n. dl'vedr-l (L. alvearium, a beehive— from alvus, the belly), in anat., the hollow of the external ear: alveolar, a. dl-ve'6-ldr ; also alve'olar'y, a. -ldr'-l, containing sockets: alve'olate, a. -lat, divided into cells or pits : alveole, n. dl'-ve-ol, the socket of a tooth : alveolus, n. dl-ve'o-lus (L. a small hollow or cavity), in nat. hist., a little trough or hollow channel : alveo- lites, n. plu. dl-ve'6-lits, a genus of corals composed of concentrically-arranged tables of short tubes, angu- lar without, and rounded within : alvine, a. dl'-vin, of or from the bowels. always, ad. awl'-ivaz; also, alway ad. awl'wa (AS. ealle wazga, the whole way), continually; for ever. A.M. , initial letters of ante meridiem (L. before mid- day)— opposed to P.M., for post meridiem (L. after mid-day) ; initial letters of Magister Artium (L. Mas- ter of Arts), an academic degree higher than B.A. am,v. dm (Moeso-Gothic im: Icel. em: AS.eom: Gr. eimi), 1st sing. pres. tense of the verb be; I AM, one of God's titles. amadou, n. dm'd-do (F.), Ger. tinder; a substance resembling doeskin leather, prepared from a dry lea- thery fungus found on old ash and other trees. amain, ad. d-man' (AS. a; and Goth, magan, to be able), with energy or force. amalgam, n. d-mdl'-gdm (Gr. ama, together; gameo, I marry: or ama; malagma, that which softens— from malasso, I soften), a mixture of mercury with another metal ; an alloy of which mercury forms a constituent part: amalgamate, v. d-mdl'-gd-mat, to compound or mix mercury with another metal ; to blend ; to incor- porate: amalgamating, imp.: amal'gama'ted, pp.: amalgamation, n. d-mal'gd-ma'shun, a mixing to- gether different bodies ; a union of two or more bodies into one, as of railway companies. amanuensis, n. d-mdn'u-6n'sls (L.— from ab, and manus, the hrnei \ ,,.< u utes down the words of another ; a writer to dictation. amaranth, n. dm'-d-rdnth; also am'aran'thus (L. amarantus: Gr. amarantos, unfading), a flower in- mdte, mat, far, luTc; mete, mM, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; AMAR ] olined to a purple colour; in poetry, a flower which never fades : amaranthine, a. -thin, pert. to. amaryllis, n. d-m-a-fil-tis (name of a country girl in Virgil), a family of plants esteemed for their beauty; the lily -asphodel. amass, v. it-nuts' (F. amasser, to heap up : L. massa, a mass), to gather into a heap ; to collect many things together: amas'sing, imp.: amassed, pp. d-mdsf: amassment, n. amasthenic, a. dm'ds-then'-ik (Gr. ama, together; sthenos, force), uniting the chemical rays of light into one focus, as a certain kind of lens. amateur, n. dm'd-ter' (F. ; L. amator, a lover), one who loves and cultivates any art or science, but does not follow the one preferredas a profession. amativeness, n. am'a-tiv'nes (L. amo, I love ; ama- tus, loved), a propensity to love; in phren., the name of an organ of the brain, the supposed seat of the sexual passion: amatory, a. dm'a-tdr'-i, relating to love; causing love: amatorial, a. dm'd-to'-rl-dl : am'- ato'rially, ad. -dl-ll. amaurosis, n. dm'aw-ro'sls (Gr. from amaiiros, obscure), decay or loss of sight without visible defect in the eye. amaze, v. d-maz' (It. smagare : Sp. desmayer, to discourage : Norm. F. s'esmaier, to be sad), to strike with astonishment or fear: amazing, imp.: adj. very wonderful ; exciting fear, surprise, or wonder : amazed, pp. dmdzd' : amaze'ment, n. astonishment; sudden fear: ama'zingly, ad. -II: amazedness, n. dond'zed-nis. Amazon, jx. dm'd-zon (Gr. a, without ; mazos, a breast), a race of female warriors; a river in S. America: amazonian, a. dm-dL-zo'-ni-dn, pert, to; of bold, masculine manners: am'azon-stone, a bluish- green ornamental variety of felspar from the river Amazon. amb or ambi, drnb or dm'bl (L. or Gr.), a prefix signifying both, about. ambages, n. dm-bd'-jez (L.— from ambi, around; ago, I go), a circuit of words ; a circumlocution. ambassador, n. dm-bds'-sd-dor (F. ambassadeur : mid. L. a mbascia: It. ambasciata ;.- old H. Ger. ambaht , a minister: Goth, andbahts, a servant), a person sent by a sovereign to represent him in a foreign country: ambassadress, n. -dres, a woman who: ambassa- dorial, a. -ado'rl-dl, pert. to. amber, n. dm'ber (F. ambre: It. ambra: Sp. ambar: Arab, anbar or anbarum), a fossil gum or gum-resin, with a tinge of yellow, and semi-transparent, found chiefly on the shores of the Baltic Sea : adj. made of amber: amber-seed, musk-seed: anther-pine, the tree producing amber. ambergris, n. dm'ber-gres' (F. ambre; and gris, grey— grey amber), an ash-coloured waxy substance found floating on the seas frequented by sperm whales, supposed to be an internal secretion from these ani- mals—used as a fragrant drug. ambidexter, n. dm'-bl-deks'-ter (L. arribo, both; dex- ter, the right hand), one who uses both hands alike ; a double dealer: ambidextrous, a. -triis, able to use either hand ; double dealing ; deceitful : amTridex'- trously, ad. -triis'll. ambient, a. dm'-bl-Snt (L. ambiens, going about), surrounding on all sides. ambiguity, n. dm-bl-gu'i-tt (L. ambiguus, doubt- ful—from ambi, around, and ago, I go : F. ambigu .- It. ambiguo), uncertainty as to meaning; doubtfulness ; state of doubt: ambiguous, a. dm-big'u-us, doubtful; having more meanings than one : ambigliously, ad. ■II: ambig'uous'ness, n. -us'nes. ambilogy, n. dm-bll'6-ji (L. ambo, both: Gr. logos, discourse), ambiguous discourse: ambil'oquy, n. -6-kwi (L. ambo; loqui, to speak), ambiguity of expression. ambition, n. dm-bish'-un (L. ambitio, seeking eagerly for a favour— from ambi, around, and ire, to go ; F.), the desire of power, fame, excellence, or superiority : ambit'ionless, a. : ambitious, a. dm-blsh'us, aspiring; desirous of fame or superiority ; eager to attain some- thing: ambitiously, ad. -It amble, v. dm'bl (F. ambler: L. ambulo, I walk), to move at an easy pace, as a horse : n. the pace of a horse between a walk and a trot ; a canter : amTDling, imp. : adj. going at an Than walking : ambled, pp. dm'-bld: ambler, n. he or that which. amblygonite, n. dm-blig'o-nlt (Gr. amblugonios, having an obtuse angle— from amblus, blunt ; gonia, an angle), a mineral of a greenish-white or sea-green colour. > AMIA amblypterus, n. dm-bUp'ter-iis (Gr. amblus, blunt ; pteron, a fin), a genus of fossil fishes, disting&ashed by their very large and wide fins, composed of numer- ous rays. ambreine, n unber), the active prin- ciple of ambergris: ambreic, a. -ik, pert. to. ambrosia, n. dm-bro'-zhl-d (Gr.— from a, not; brotos, mortal), said by the ancients to have been the food of the gods; whatever is p] ste or smell: ambrosial, a. -zhi-dl, pert, to the food of the gods ; pleasing to the taste or smell : ambro sially, ad. -ll : Ambro sian, a. -zhi-dn, of St Ambrose ; ambrosial. ambry, n. dm'-bri; also aumry, n. awm'-rl (F. ar- moire: Sp. armario: Ger. aimer, a chest or cupboard), a place where alms are deposited for distribution to the poor, a cupboard or pantry. ambs-ace or ames-ace, n. dmz'as (F. ambezatz ■. L. ambo, both, and ace), a double ace ; two aces turned up at the same time. ambulacra, n. dm'bu-ld'krd (L. ambulacrum, a walking-place), the perforated series of plates in the crusts of the sea-urchins through which the walking feet are protruded: amTvola'cral, a. -krdl, pert. to. ambulant, a. dm'-bu-lant (L. ambulans, walking), walking; moving from place to place: ambulance, n. dm'bii-l&ns, the movable hospital of an army: ambulation, n. a walking about ; the act of moving about: ambulatory, a. dm'-bu-ld'ter-t, that has the power of walking : n. a place for walking. ambuscade, n. dm'biis-kdd' (F. embuscade: It. im- boscare, to hide in a wood), a lying in concealment to attack an enemy by surprise ; the place where troops lie in wait: v. to lie in wait: am'busca'ding, imp.: ambush, n. dm'boosh (F. embuche, a snare: It. im, in, and bosco, a wood or thicket), a lying in wait ; soldiers concealed in order to attack an enemy by surprise : v. to lie in wait for ; to surprise : amTjushing, imp. : amlmshed, pp. -bobsht. ameliorate, v. d-mel'yo-rdt (L. ad; melior, better: F. ameliorer, to improve), to make better; to im- prove : ameliorating, imp. : ameliorated, pp. : ameliorator, n. one who : amelioration, n. d-mel- king better; improvement. amen, v. d'men' or d'men' (Heb., Gr.), so let it be: n. stability ; firmness ; truth. amenable, a. d-me'-nd-bl (F. amener, to bring or lead into), liable to answer, liable to be called to ac- count: ame'nably, ad. -bll: ame'nabillty, n. -i-tl, liability to answer. amend, v. d-mend' (F. amender: L. a, from, and raenda, an error), to correct ; to make or grow better ; to improve: amending, imp. : amend'ed, pp. : amend- able, a. d-mend'd-bl : amend'ator'y, a. -i, corrective: amend'ment, n. a change for the better; improve- ment : amends, n. d-mendz', satisfaction ; a recom- pense. amende, n. d-mongd' (F. a fine or penalty), repara- tion : amende-honorable, d-mongd" '-on'-o-rd'bl, a full apology for insult or injury. amenity, n. d-men'bti (L. amamitas, delightful- ness: F. am&niti . 3 ;; that which delights the eye. amentia, n. d-men'shl-d (L.— from Gr. a, without ; and L. mens, gen. mentis, the mind), imbecility of mind; idiotism. amentum, n. d-rnen'tum; also ament, n. dm'Snt (L. a leathern thong), a catkin or imperfect flower hanging somewhat like a rope or cat's tail: amenta- ceous, am'en-td'shus, producing catkins. amerce, v. d-mers' (F. a, at; merci, mercy— contr. from L. misericordia, mercy), to cause to pay a sum of money by way of punishment : amer'cing, imp. : amerced, pp. a-merst' : amercement, n. d-mers'menf, money paid byway of punishment or fine at the mercy of the court : amer'cer, n. -ser, one who : amerceable, a. d-mers'd-bl. American, a. d-m&r'l-kdn, of or from America: Americanism, -izm, an American peculiarity of speech. amethyst, n. dm'e-thist (Gr. amethustos, without intoxication), a precious stone of various colours — generally of a purple or violet-blue colour, like wine mixed with water: amethystine, a. am'-e-thu'-tln, having the violet-blue tin- 1 hart the amethyst; pert, to: amethystoliii Vbn, a name anplied to the volatile fluid found in the minute - of the amethyst. amiable, a. a'mi-d-bl, (L. amabilis, lovely: F. aimable), worthy or deserving of love or affection ; bdy,f$bt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. AMIA 1 pleasing : amiability, n. d'ml-d-bXV4-tl, sweetness of disposition: a'miable'ness, n. loveliness; agwseable- ness : a'miably, ad. -Ml. amianth, n. dm'i-dnth ; also amianthus, n. dm- ■hftn'/hi'is (Gr. a, without; miaino, I soil or pollute), that variety of .-i.sbc.sto;-; u-liic.li is i id in delicate and regular silky fibres: am'ian'thiform, (Gr. a, miaino ; L. forma, a shape): am'ian'thoid, -thoyd (Gr. a, miaino ; eidos, form), having the form or likeness of amianthus. amicable, a. dm'4-7cd-bl (L. amicus, a friend), friendly; peaceable; disposal to tririidly intercourse: amicably, ad. -6 11: amicableness, n. dm'4-kd-bl-nes. amice, n. dm'ls (L. amictus, an outer garment), an oblong piece of linen, resembling an embroidered collar, tied about the neck of a Rom. Cath. priest. amide, n. dm'id; or am'mide, n. -mid (Gr. ammi, a plant; amnion, starch), a peculiar chemical sub- stance entering into a large number of compounds : amidine, n. dm'4-dln, a substance resulting from the action of hot water on starch : amidogen, n. d-mld'-o- jSn, a peculiar chemical substance: ammonide, n. dru'dn-ld, an amide. amiss, a. d-mls 1 (AS. on; misse, in error: Dut. mitten, to fail), wrong ; faulty ; out of order : ad. in a faulty manner. amity, n. dm'l-tl (L. amo, I love: F. amitie), friend- ship ; harmony. ammonia, n. dm-mo'-nl-d (Amman, Egyptian god Jupiter; also, place where first found), a transparent pungent gas ; a substance used in medicine and the arts, from which hartshorn is made ; the volatile al- kali: ammoniac, a. dm-mo'nl-dk, pert, to: n. a gum brought from Persia, and used in medicine as an ex- pectorant: ammoniacal, a. dni'mo-nl'd-kdl, pert, to ammonia; pungent: ammonium, a. -nl-iim, the sup- posed metallic base of ammonia: sal ammoniac, in chem.,-t\\e salt usually called muriate of ammonia. ammonite, n. dm'mon-lt, a varied family of fossil chambered shells, coiled in a plane spiral, so called from a resemblance to the horns of the statue of the ancient Egyptian god Jupiter- Ammon: ammonitidae, n. plu. dm'm'hi-U'l-de, the family of fossil shells of which the ammonite is the type. ammunition, n. dm'mu-nlsh'un (L. ad; munio, I fortify) military stores — as powder, ball, shells, &c. amnesty, n. dm'nes-tl (Gr. and L. amnestia, forget- fulness of the past), a general pardon of past offences by a government ; an act of oblivion. amnion, n. dm'-nl-on; also am'nios (Gr., from amnos, a lamb — so called from its softness to the touch), in anat., the inner membrane covering the foetus ; in tot., the covering of the embryo of the seed: am- niotic, a. dm'nl-ot'lk, pert. to. among, d-mung'; also amongst, d-mungsf, prep. (AS. amang or onmang), mingled or conjoined with. amorous, a. dm'6-rus (L. amor, love : F. amoureux), fond; loving; inclined to love: am'orously, ad. -II: am'orous'ness, n. fondne being Inclined to i>>v amorphous, a. d-mdr'fus (Gr. a, without; morphe, form), having no regular structure or definite form : amorphozoa, d-mor'fo-zo'd (Gr. a, without ; mor- phe, form ; zoon, an animal), the lowest class of the animal kingdom, such as sponges, that have no regular symmetrical structure. amortise, v. d-mor'tlz (Norm. F. amortizer: Sp. amortizar, to render inalienable— from L. ad, at ; mors, gen. mortis, death), to transfer lands to mortmain : amor'tised, pp. -tlzd: amor'tisa'tion, n. -tle-a'shUn. amount, v. d-mdivn? (L. ad: F. monter, to ascend— from L. mons, a mountain), to rise up to in the whole ; to reach or extend to : n. sum total : the whole ; the result: amount'ing, imp.: amount'ed, pp. amour, n. d-m6r f (F., from L. amor, love), a love affair or intrigue. ampelite, n. dm'pSl-lt (Gr. ampelos, a vine), a name applied to alum-slate ; an earth used by the ancients to kill insects on vines. amphi, dm'fi (Gr.), a prefix, signifying on both Sides, about, two ; used to imply doubt ; sometimes changed into ambi. amphibia, n. dm-flb'4-d; also, amphib'ians, -l-dnz (Gr. amphi ; bio i Is that can live either in water or on land— as the seal, walrus, frog, &c. : am- phib'ian or amphib'ial, a. pert, to: amphibious, a. dm-fWi-us, able to live on land or in water : amphib'- ioualy, ad. -II: amphibiousness, n. dm-fib'4-us'nes. 5 AMUS amphibichnites, n. plu. dm'fl-Mk'-nlts (Gr. amphi- bia., animals that can live on land or under water; ichnon, a footstep), in geol., a generic term applied to those footprints of extinct reptiles that seem to have been impressed by their feet as they passed over tin- sort yielding beach to and from the water. amphibole, n. dm-fib'6-le; also amphibolite, dm- flb'-O-lit (Gr. amphibolos, ambiguous or equivocal), a name applied by F. geol., to hornblende and horn- blende rock, from the diiiiculty of distinguishing them from augite. amphibrach, n. drn'-fl-brdk" (Gr. amphi, on both sides ; brachus, short), in poetry, a foot of three syl- lables—a short, a long, and a short, w - u ; in Bag. poet., used as the last foot of a line. amphid, a. dm'fld (Gr. amphi, both ; eidos, a form), consisting of acid and a base. amphicyon, n. dm-flk'l-on (Gr. amphi, implying doubt; kuon, a dog), a fossil ca-nivorous quadruped. amphigens, n. dm'fl-jenz (Gr. amplii; ge/ws, birth), plants that increase in size by their growth on all sides, like the lichens. amphisarca, n. dm'fl-sdr'kd (Gr. amphi, on both sides; sarx, gen. sarkos, flesh), in bot., a particular kind of fruit with a hard exterior, and pulp round the seeds, as in the Baobab. amphisbaena, n. dm'fls-bc'nd (Gr. amphisbaina— from amphi; baino, I go), a kind of serpent, supposed, from the thickness of the tail, to have two heads, and to be able in consequence to move forwards witli either. amphiscii, n. plu. dm-fish'l-i, (Gr. amphi, on both sides; skia, a shadow); also amphiscians, dm-flsh'- l-dnz, persons living between the tropics, whose sha- dows fall both ways— that is, northward one half of the year, and southward during the other. amphitheatre, n. dm'fl-the'd-ter (Gr. amphi, on both sides ; theatron, a place for seeing, a theatre), a large circular building, where plays and games were publicly exhibited, with seats gradually rising one behind the other; ground rising on more than one side from a level : am'phitheat'rical, a. -the-ut'rl-kdl, pertaining to an amphitheatre. amphitropal, a. dm-fit'ro-pdl (Gr. amphi, arc tropeo, I turn), in bot., applied to an embryo s curved that both ends are brought close toget turned towards the hilum. amphora, n. dm'-ford (L.— from Gr. amphi, on sides; phorein, to bear), an anc. two-handed e~ vessel for holding wine, oil, &c. ample, a. dm'-pl (L. am/plus, large), large; wide; extended; spacious: am'ply, ad. -pll: ampleness, n. am'-pl-nes, largeness; sufficiency in space: ampliat- ive, a. dm'pll-dt'iv, adding to that which is already known or received ; synthetic : amplify, v. dm'-p" "~ (L. amplus; facio, I make), to increase; to enla to describe in many words : am'plify'ing, imp. ; l plified, pp. -fid: amplification, n. dm'-pU-fi-ka'-xhthi, Mi .- 1 1 ■ i r :nlarging; enlargement; a description in many words : am'plifi'er, n. one who : amplitude, n. dm'-pli-tud, largeness or extent of anything; abun- dance. amplexicaul, a. dm-pWcs'4-kawl (L. amplector, I embrace; caulis, the stem), in bot., embracing the stem over a large part of its circumference, as the base of a leaf. ampulla, n. dm-pul'-ld (L.), among the ancients a flask or bottle swelling out in the middle; in bot., a hollow leaf: ampullaceous, a. dm'pdb-la'shus, in bot., swollen out in the middle like a bottle. amputate, v. dm'pu-tdt (L. amputafus, cut off, —from am, round about ; puto, I prune), to cut off an arm or a leg; to prune: am'puta'ting, imp.: am'pu- ta'ted, pp. : am'puta'tion, n. -shun, the act of cutting off a leg, or a part of a body ; the act of pruning. amuck, ad. d-muW (Malay, amok), wildly; madly; without discrimination, after the manner of a Malay. amulet, n. dm'u-let (L. amuletum, a charm: Ar. hamalat, anything worn, as a sword-belt — from hamala, to cart , ithing from, generally around the neck, in thi '■ •■ it will ward off disease or evil : am'ulet'ic, a. -ilk, pert. to. amurcous, a. d-mur'-kus (L. amurca — from Gr. amorge, the refuse of expressed olives), full of lees or scum: am'urcos'ity, n. -kos'i-tl. amuse, v. d-muz 1 (F. amuser, to detain, to divert, —from Gr. a, without; muzo, I murmur or mutter to express displeasure), to fill the mind with thoughts which engage . dieting it; to entertain agreeably : amu'sing, imp. : adj. pleasing : also mdte, mdt.fdr, law; mete, m§t, her; pine, pin; note, ndt, m6ve; AMYG ] amu'sive, a. entertaining: amused, pp. ti-muzd' .- amu'ser, n. one who: amusement, n. that which diverts ; that which entertains pleasantly : amu'sing- ly, ad. -li : amu'sively, ad. -iv-li. amygdaloid, n. d-mig-dd-ldyd (Gr. amugdalon, an almond ; ■ / h applied to certain igneous rocks containing small almond-shaped cavities rilled with agate, jasper, and other minerals, having the appearance of almonds in a cake : amyg'daloid'aL a. pert, to: amygdalate, a. d-mig'ddl-at, made of al- monds: n. milk of almonds: amygdalic, a. dm'-lg- ddl'lk, pert, to: amyg daline, n.-dd-lin, a crystalline substance o't; tonds: adj. pert, to; also amyg'dalin'ic, a. -lln'ik. amyline, n. dm'l-lin (L. amylum : Gr. amulon, starch), the insoluble part of starch: amylic, a. a-inil- ik, of or from starch: amylaceous, a. dm-l-ld'shus, of starch; starchy. an, an (AS. an: Dut. en), noting a single individ- ual, but less emphatic than one; the indefinite article, put before nouns or adjs. in the sing, beginning with a vowel or the sound of a vowel— as, an egg, an hon- ourable man. ana, dri-d; also sometimes contr. an (Gr. ana), a prefix, signifying up, through, among, back, again; in composition, similar to ; according to : as & postfix, signifying a collection of memorable sayings or loose thoughts— as Johnsonia/ia.- in med., prescriptions de- noting a repetition, or, of each. anabaptist, n. dn'd-bdp'-tlst (Gr. ana; baptizo, I dip under water), one who rejects infant baptism: an'- abap'tists, a religious sect : an'abaptis'tic, a. -tlk: an'- abap'tism, n. -tlzm, the doctrine of the anabaptists. anacamptics, n. plu. dn'-d-kdm'tiks (Gr. ana, back; kampto, I bend), the doctrine of reflected light or sound : an'acamp'tic, a. pert. to. anacardium, n. dn'd-kdr'-di-urn (Gr. ana, similar to; kardia, the heart), the name of a genus of ornamental trees, one of which yields the cashew or marking nut. anacathartic, a. dn'-d-kd-thar'-tik (Gr. ana, upward; katharsis, purging), exciting discharges from the mouth and nose : n. a medicine which does so ; oppo- site of cathartic. anacharis, n. dn-dk'd-rls, a troublesome plant, re- markable for the rapidity with which it has recently naturalised itself in the canals and rivers of England. anachronism, n. dn-dk'ro-nizm' (Gr. ana, back; chronos, time), an error in point of time; a mistake in telling when an event happened : anach'ronis'tic, a. -tlk, erroneous in date. anaclastics, n. plu. dn'd-klds'tlks (Gr. ana, back; klasis, a breaking), that part of optics which, treats of the refraction of light— now called dioptrics : an'aclas'- tic, a. -tlk, pert. to. anaconda, n. dn'-d-kon'-da, the largest of serpents; a species of boa belonging exclusively to the Amer. continent. anacreontic, a. dn-dk're-on'tik, after the manner of the Greek poet Anacreon ; joyous. anadem, n. dn'd-dem (L. anadema — from Gr. ana, up ; dein, to bind), a garland or fillet. anadiplosis, n. dnhi-di-plo'sis (Gr. ana, again; di- ploids, double), in poet, and rhet., a repetition of the last word or words in a line or clause in the beginning of the next. anadromous, a. dn-dd'ro-mus (Gr. ana, up; dromos, a running, a race), in zool., applied to those fish, as the salmon and sturgeon, which periodically visit fresh- water lakes and rivers. anaglyph, n. dn'd-gttf (Gr. ana, up ; glupho, I en- grave), an engraved or sculptured ornament in relief: an'agliph'ic, a, -ik, pert, to : an'aglyp'tic, a. -tik, pert, to the arts of chasing, engraving, sculpture, &c. anagogical, a. dn'-d-goj'-hkdl (Gr. ana, up; agoge, a leading), religiously exalting; spiritual: an'agog'i- cal'ly, ad. -li. anagram, n. dn'd-grdm (Gr. ana, back ; gramma, a letter), a new word formed from the letters of another word ; a transposition of letters : an'agrammat' ic, -ik; also -ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to: -ical'ly, ad. -II: an'a- gram'matise, v. -tiz, to make anagrams : -tis'ing, imp. : -tised', pp. -tizd': -tist, n. one who. anagraph, n. dn'-d-grdf (Gr. ana, up; grapho, I , -write), a commentary. anal, a. a'-nal (L. anus, the excretory orifice), pert. to, or situated near, the anus. analcime, n. dn'-dl-sim (Gr. a, without; alkimos, Strong), a zeolitic mineral found abundantly in trap- pean rocks, so called from its feebly electric properties. r ANAT analects, n. plu. dn'-d-lekts (L. analecta, a slave who gathered up the crumbs left at meal-time: Gr. ana, up ; legein, to gather), collected fragments of authors ; analectic, a. dn'-d-lek'-tik, selecting; collected. analemma, n. dn'-d-lem'md (L.— from Gr. ana, up ; lambano, I take), in geom., a projection of a sphere on the plane of the meridian. analepsis, n. dn-d-lep'-sis (Gr. a recovery), in med., recovery; convalescence: analeptic, a. tik, restora- tive : n. a medicine which gives strength. analogy, n. d-ndl'-o-ji (Gr. ana, similar to; logos, ratio, proportion), resemblance between one thing and another in some points ; similarity or likeness between things in their properties or qualities : analogous, a. d-ndi-0-aus, bearing some resemblance or proportion to: analogical, a. dn'-d-loj'-l-kdl, used byway of ana- logy: analogically, ad. -U: an'alog'icalness.n.: anal- ogise, v. d-ndl'-o-jiz, to explain by analogy: anal'o- gising, imp.: analogised, pp.: anal'ogist, one who: anal'ogism, n. -jlzm, investigation by analogy: ana- logue, n. dn-d-log, an object that has a resemblance to, or correspondence with, another object— analogue regards similarity of funcaon, homologue, identity of parts: analogously, ad. -li. analysis, n. d-ndl-l-sis (Gr. ana, again; lusis, a loosing), the separation of a compound into its ele- ments; the tracing of things to their source; the opposite of syyithesis: anal'yses, plu. -i-sez: analyse, v. dn'-d-llz, to separate a compound into its elements; to trace a thing to its first principles or motives: analysing, imp.: analysed, pp. -lizd: analyst, n. dn'-d-list, one who analyses: an alys'er, n. one who: analys'able, a. -bl .- analytic, a. dn'-d-lit'-ik; also an alyt'ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to analysis ; that separates a compound into its elements: an'alyt'ically, ad. -i-kdl-l: analytics, n. plu. dn'-d-llt'-iks, the science of analysis. anamnestic, a. dn'-dm-nes'tik (Gr. ana, again ; mnesis, remembrance), that aids the memory. anamorphosis, n. dn'-d-mor'-fo-sls (Gr. ana, again; morphe, a form or shape), in perspec, an image or pic- ture on a plane or curved surface, which appears dis- torted or deformed from one point of view, and in just proportion from another. ananchytes, n. an-dn-ki'tez, (Gr. ana; chute, a mound), a subdivision of fossil sea-urchins, distin- guished by their elevated helmet-like or mound-like form— known as "shepherds' crowns" or "fairy loaves." anapest, n. dn'-d-pest (Gr. ana; paio, I beat), a foot in poetry, consisting of three syllables— the first two short, the third long or accented— thus, u o - : an'a- pes'tic, a. -tlk, pertaining to an anapest ; also ce for e. anarchy, n. dn'-dr-kl (Gr. a, without; arche, gov- ernment), want of government; a state of lawless confusion in a country : anarchist, n. dn'-dr-klst, one who attempts to introduce disorder or confusion into a country: anarchic, a. dn-dr-kik; also anarchical, a. -ki-knl, lawless; confused. anasarka, n. dn'-d-sdr'-kd, (Gr. ana, throughout ; sarks, flesh), general dropsy throughout the surface of the body: ana. . <• ', dropsical. anastatic, a. dn'd-stdt'ik (Gr. ana, up; statos, that stands), a term applied to a method of printing from zinc plates. anastomose, v. an-ds'-to-mdz? (Gr. ana, through; stoma, a mouth), to unite the mouth of one vessel to another, as one vein to another : to inosculate : anas - tomo'sing, imp.: anas'tomosed, pp. -mozd: anas'- tomo'sis, n. -sis, in bot., union of vessels ; union of the final ramifications of the veins of a leaf; anas'tomot'- ic, a. pert, to : n. a medicine having the power to open the mouths of vessels. anatase, n. dn'-d-tdz (Gr. anatasis, a stretching forth), a name for pyramidal titanium ore, of a dark indigo blue, hyacinth-red, or yellowish-brown colour. anathema, n ri and L. anything de- voted, especially to evil— from ana, up ; tithemi, I put or place), a curse ; a separation for destruction : an- athematise, v. d-ndth'-e-md-tiz', to pronounce a curse against ; to excommunicate : anathematizing, imp. : anath'ematised', pp. -tizd': anath'emati'ser, n. one who: anath'ematisa'tion, n. -ti-zd'-shun. anatomy, n. d-ndt'o-nvi (Gr. ana, up ; tome, a cut- ting), the art of Nil II 1_ I h ll I HI ii li I i| I > i or of an animal ; the art of dissection : in dramatic lan- guage, a thin, meagre person; a skeleton: anatomise, v. d-ndt'o-miz', to separate the parts of an animal body : anat'omi'sing, imp. : anat'omised', pp. -mizd': cdiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. ANAT 1 anat'omist, n. one who is skilled in dissecting bodies : anatomical, a. dn'-d-tom'-l-kdl, pert, toanat.: an'atom'- ically, ad. -II: anatomisation, n. a-nat'-o-mi-zd'-shan. anatropal, a. d-ndt'-ro-pdl ; also anatropous, a. dn- dt'-ro-pus (Gr. ana, up or over; trepo, I turn), in hot., an inverted ovule, the hilum andmicropyle being near each other, and the chalaza at the opposite end. ancestor, n. dn'-s&s-ter (L. antecessor, he that goes before— from ante, before ; cessum, to go : F. ancestre), a forefather ; a progenitor ; a woman is called an an'- cestress: ancestral, a. an-ses'-trdl, relating to or de- scending from ancestors : ancestry, n. dn'-ses-trl, birth ; descent ; a series of ancestors. anchor, n. dng'-kor (L. anchora: Gr. angkum), an iron grappling instrument which, when dropped on the sea-bottom by means of a cable or chain, keeps a ship from drifting; any firm support: v. to stop at; to fix or rest on : an'choring, imp. : anchored, pp. dng- kord: an'chorage, n. ang'-kor-aj, a place where a ship can anchor: anchorable, a. -abl, fit for anchorage: to drop or cast anchor, to sink an anchor into i he • -■> i keep the ship from drifting : to weigh anchor, to raise the anchor from the sea-bottom : anchor comes home, when it drags by the violence of the wind, by a heavy sea, or by the force of a current : at anchor, or to ride at anchor, when the ship is kept from drifting by the anchor having a proper hold on the sea-bottom. anchoret, n. dng'-ko-ret; also an'chorite, n. -rlt (Gr. anachoretes, one who retires— from ana, up, back ; ohoreo, I retire), a hermit; a religious recluse: an- choretic, a. dng'-ko-ret'-ik ; also an'choret'ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to a hermit or his mode of life. anchovy, n. ancho'-vl (Sp. and Port, anchova.- Sicil. and Geno. anciova), a small fish caught in vast numbers in the Mediterranean, used as a sauce. anchylosis, n. dng'-ki-lo'-sls (Gr., from angkuloun, to crook or stiffen), the immovable state of a joint: anchylosed, a. dng'-kl-lozd" ', fixed: anchylotic, a. dng'-kl-lot'-lk, pert. to. ancient, a. dn'-shent (F. ancien, old: L. antiquus, old: It. anziano), old; what is long past; belonging to former times : n. (corruption of ensign), the flag or streamer of a ship : ancients, n. plu. those who lived in old times : an'ciently, ad. -II : an'cientness, n. : ■ ■ n-nt lineage. ancile, n. dn-si'-le (L.), in anc. Rome, the sacred shield of Mars, said to have fallen from heaven. ancillary, a. dn'sil-ldr'l (L. ancilla, a maid-servant), subservient ; subordinate ; as a handmaid. doubtful; double-formed; double-faced; in hot., two- edged. ancyloceras, n. dn'-sl-los'er-ds (Gr. ankulos, crooked or curved ; keras, a horn), a genus of fossil chambered shells curved like a horn. and, conj. dnd (Icel. enn: old Sw. cen: Dan. end), a joining word. andalusite, n. dn'-dd-u , Indalusia, in Sp., where first found), one of the garnet family, of varied colours —grey to green, violet, blue, &c— found in crystals in mica-schist. andante, a. dn-ddn'-td (It.), in music, moderately slow; expressive. Andean, a. dn-de'-dn, of or pert, to the Andes, dn'- dez, a great chain of mountains running through S. America: andesite, n. dn-de-sit, a mineral found in the Andes containing the felspar called andesine, dn' de-sln, of a white, grey, greenish, or yellowish colour. andiron, n. dnd'irn (mid. L. andena: Flem. wen- dijser — from wenden, to turn), in ancient kitchens, the iron bar which supported the logs used as fuel, or the spit— now applied to movable fire-irons. androcceum, n. dnklro-sc'iun (Gr. uncr, gen. dndros, a man), in hot., the male organs of the flowers. androgynus, n. dn-droj'4-nus (Gr. aner, a man; gune, a woman), an hermaphrodite: androg'ynal, also androg'ynous, a. -nus, of both sexes ; having male and female florets on the same footstalk : androg'ynal'ly, ad. -U. android, n. dn'-drdyd (Gr. aner, a man ; eidos, form), an automaton in human form : androides, plu. dn-droy- dez. anecdote, n. dn'-ek-dot (Gr. anekdoton, not giving out— from a, without ; ek, out ; doton, given), origin- ally, secret history— wow;, a short story ; a matter in- teresting in a man's life or conduct : anecdotal, a. dn'- Sk-do'-tdl; also an'ecdot'ical, a. -i-kul, pert to. anemone, n. d-nem'o-ne, also spelt anem'ony (Gr., I ANHE from anemos wind), the wind-flower: anem'onine, a. -nin, a substance obtained from the anemone: anem- oscope, n. (Gr. anemos, wind ; skopeo, I view), an in- strument to show the course of the wind : anemom- eter, n. &n'-6-mdm'-6-ter (Gr. anemos; metron, a mea- sure), an instrument for determining the course, the force, and velocity of winds : an'emom'etry, n. -tri: sea-anem'one, see actinia. anent, prep, d-nent (AS. ongean, opposite : Sw. on gent, on opposite), regarding; concerning; respecting. aneroid, n. dn'-er-oyd (Gr. a, without ; neros, wet, moist; eidos, form), the air barometer, consisting of a small metallic box nearly exhausted of air, and easily acted upon by the external pressure of the atmosphere. aneurism, n. an'-u-rlzm (Gr. ana, throughout ; eurus, broad), the disease of an artery when it ex- pands and sometimes bursts, permitting the blood to spread about in the surrounding tissues : an'euris - mal, a. pert. to. anew, ad. d-nu' (on new), again ; newly. anfractuose, a. dnfrdk'-tu-oz (L. anfractus, a turning or bending round), wavy or sinuous, as the anthers of gourds and cucumbers ; full of turnings or windings. angel, n. dn'-jel (Gr. anggelos, a messenger: L. angelus), a heavenly being: angelic, a. dnjei'-ik; also angelical, a. -i-kdl, partakimr of tin- nature of angels: angelically, ad. -It: angelicity, n. an'jel-is'-l-tl .- an- gelica, n. dn-jel'-ikd, the name of a plant: an'ge- lol'ogy, n. -lol-6-jt (Gr. anggelos, a messenger; logos, discourse), the doctrine of angelic beings. anger, n. dng'-ger (L. angor, sorrow: Icel. angr, pain), rage ; displeasure : v. to provoke ; to enrage : an'gering, imp.: angered, pp. dng'-gerd: angry, a. dng'-gri, displeased; provoked; raging: angerly, ad. mm i I ilso angri angina, n. dn-ji'-nd (L. ango, I choke or strangle), an inflammation or tumour in the throat, impeding respiration: angina -pectoris, -pek'to-rls (L. ango; pectoris, of the breast), a dreadful disease, in which a most excruciating pain in the breast is felt, with a sense of strangulation. angiography, n. dn'jl-og'-rdfl (Gr. angeion, a ves- sel ; graphe., a description), a description of the vessels in the human body. angiosperms, n. plu. dn'jl-6-spermz' (Gr. angeion, a vessel ; sperma, seed), plants which have their seeds encased or enclosed in a seed-vessel : an'giosper'mous, a. -sper'-mus, having seeds contained in a seed-vessel. angle, n. dng'gl (L. angulus, a corner: Gr. angku- los, bent : AS. angel, a fish-hook), any corner, small or large ; the point or corner where two lines meet ; a hook to fish with : v. to fish for anything : an'gling, imp. : angled, pp. dng'-gld: an'gler, n. one who fishes: angular, a. dng'-gu-ldr, sharp ; pointed ; having an- gles or corners: an'gularly, ad. -II: angularity, n. dng'gu-lOr't-tl, the quality of having corners or an- gles : angle-iron, n. a rolled bar of iron of an angular shape for forming the edges of bridges, safes, &c, or the corners of boilers, &c. Angles, n. plu. dng'-glz (L. angli), a German tribe on the Elbe, of the race of the Suevi, who afterwards passed over with the Saxons into Britain and gave their name to that country : Angle-land, dng'gl-ldnd, England : Anglo, dng'-glo , prefixed to a proper name- as Saxon, Norman, &c, dei ighsh: Anglo- Saxon, -sdks'on, partly English and partly Saxon, or derived through both. Anglican, a. dng'gll-kdn (AS. Angles, the English : L. arniU), Knu'iisli; pertaining to England : n. a mem- ber of the Church of England : anglice, n. ad. dng'gli- se, in the English language or manner : anglicism, n. dng'-gli-slzm, a way of speaking or writing peculiar to the English language ; an English idiom : anglicise, v. dng'-gtt-siz, to render any form of expression in an- other language into the English idiom : an'glici'sing, imp. : anglicised, pp. dng'gll-slzd'. anguilliform, n. dn-gwU-t-fawrm (L. anguilla, an eel; forma, shape), formed like an eel or serpent: anguineal, a. dn-gwin'-l-dl, of or like a snake. anguish, n. dng'-gwisli (L < ike, referring to the writhing or twisting of the animal body when in pain : F. angoisse: Gr. angos, a funeral urn), intense pain of body or mind ; excessive grief : v. to inflict anguish : an'guishing, imp. : an'guished, pp. -gulsht. angular— see under angle. anhelation, n. dn'-he-ld'-shun (L. anhelo, I breathe with difficulty— from Gr. ana, up : L. halo, I breathe), state of being out of breath ; a panting. mate, mdt, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; ANHY 19 ANOP anhydrous, a. dn-hi'-driis (Gr. an, without; hudor, water), not having any water ; dry ; applied to miner- als and gases not having water as an ingredient: anhydrite, n. dn-hl'drit, a transparent sulphate of lime found in a crystalline form without the usual ingredient of water. anil, n. dn'-ll (F. ; Arab, annil), the indigo plant. anile, n. dn'-il (L. anilis— from anus, an old wo- man), pert, to an old woman ; aged ; imbecile : anil- ity, n. dn-ll'i-ti, dotage. animadvert, v. dn'i-mdd-rirf (L. animus, the mind, or anima, the soul or principle of life ; ad, to ; verto, I turn), to turn the mind to ; to consider ; to remark upon : animadverting, imp. : animadverted, pp. : an'imadvert'er, n. one who: an'imadver'sion, n. -ver'-shim, severe reproof ; censure. animal, n. dn'4-mdl (L. animal, a living creature), a body possessed of life, sensation, and power of motion; adj. pertaining to a living creature; gross; opposite of spiritual: animalise, v. dn'-l-mdhiz', to give ani- mal life to : an'imali sing, imp. : an'imalised', pp. -llzd' : animalisation, n. dn'4-mdl'4-zd'shun, the act of endowing with life : animalism', n. -izm', sensual indulgence; mere life without intellectual activity: an'imality, n. 4-tl, state of animal existence. animalcule, n. dri-i-mdl'-kul (L. animalculum), a creature very small or very minute, generally invis- ible to the naked eye: plu. an'imal'cula, also anl- mal'cules, -kulz: an'imal'cular, a. ; also an'imal'cu- line, a. -lin, pert. to. animate, v. dn'l-mat (L. anima, the animal life), to give life to; to enliven; to invigorate; to inspirit: adj. alive: animating, imp.: animated, pp.: adj. lively ; vigorous : an'ima'tor, n. one who : animation, u. dn'l-rna'shun, the state of being animated ; pos- sessing life or spirit : an'ima'tingly, ad. -1% : anima- tive, a. dn'4-md'tiv, capable of giving life. anime, n. dn'im-e' (Sp.), a white resinous drug brought from America. animosity, n. dn'-i-mos'-l-tl (F.: L. animus, mind; osus, hating— from odi, I hate), violent hatred ; a high degree of enmity: animus, n. dn'l-mus, the feeling that prompts ; purpose ; temper. anion, n. dn'l-un (Gr. ana, up ; ienai, to go), an elec- tro-negative body. anise, n. dn'is (L. anisum: Gr. anizon), an annual plant whose seeds have an aromatic smell, and pleas- ant warm taste: anise-seed or aniseed, dn'4-sed, the seed of the plant : anisette, dn'4-zef, aniseed cor- dial. _ ._, a, dn'i-sos-tem'd-nus (Gr. anisos, unequal; stemon, L. stamen, a thread, a fibre), in hot., stamens not equal in number to the floral envelopes, nor a multiple of them. anker, n. dng'-ker, a Dutch liquid measure. ankle, n. dng'kl (AS. ancleow: Ger. enkel, an ankle: Gr. angkule, a loop, the bending of the leg), the joint that connects the foot with the leg : anklet, n. dng- lid. , n. dn'nd, in the East Indies, < , value , n. dn'ndlz (L. annus, a year), a brief narra- tive of events divided into periods, each period con- sisting of one year: an'nalist, n. a writer of annals: annats, n. plu. dn'ndts, a year's income of a spiritual living; in Eng., applied to the augmentation of poor livings; in Scot, a half-year's stipend paid to the heirs of a deceased clergyman. anneal, v. dn-nel' (AS. an, on : It. niello, a kind of black enamel on gold or silver : F. neller, to enamel), to temper ; to heat glass or metal, and then to cool slowly, in order to render less brittle : anneal'ing, imp.: annealed, pp. dn-neld': anneal'ing furnace, a furnace for annealing. annelida, n. dn-nel'4-dd ; also an'nelids (L. annel- lus, a little ring : Gr. eidon, form), those creatures that have their bodies formed of a great number of small rings, as the earth-worm. annex, v. dn-neks 1 (L. ad, to; nexus, tied), to unite; to join to the end ; to affix : annex'ing, imp. : annexed, pp. dn-neksf : annexible, a. dn-neks'4-bl, that may be annexed: annexation, n. dn'-neks-a'-shun, the act of uniting or joining to ; addition of something : an- nexe, n. dn-neks', a wing to a building, or an out- building communicating with the main one. annihilate, v. dn-nl'-hi-ldt (L. ad: nihil, nothing), to reduce to nothing ; to destroy a body utterly, or the peculiar properties of a body : anni'hila'ting, imp. : cow, toy, f Cot; pure, bud; chair. thing ; a total destruction. anniversary, n. dn'-ni-ver'sdr-i (L. annus, a year ; versus, turned), the day on which an event is annually celebrated ; the yearly return of any event : adj. at a stated time ; returning with the year. annotate, v. dn'-no-tdt (L. annoto, I set down in writing— from ad, to or at ; nota, a mark), to make written remarks on a book : an'nota'ting, imp. : an'- nota ted, pp. : annotation, n. -td'shun, a written remark on some passage of a book ; a note ; generally used in the plu. annotations : annotatory, a. dn- no'-td-tdr'-l, containing annotations: annotator, n. dn-nO-td'-tdr, one who writes notes on a book. annotto, n. dn-not-6; also arnot'to, which see. announce, v. dn-nowns' (F. annoncer: It. annun- ziare, to declare— from L. ad, to ; nuncio, I tell), to tell to; to declare; to publish: announ'cing, imp : an- nounced, pp. -ndwnst': announcement, n. dn- ndwns'-ment, a declaration ; the act of giving notice ; publication: announcer, n. dn-ndivn'-ser, one who. annoy, v. dn-ndy' (It. annoiare, F. ennuyer, to an- noy or vex— from L. ad; noceo, I hurt or injure: Sp. enoyo, anger, offence), to vex ; to tease or molest ; to harass : annoyance, n. dn-ndy'dns,- something that teases ; a matter that harasses or molests : annoy'ef , n. one who : annoying, imp. : annoyed', pp. -noyd'. annual, a. dn'-nu-dl (L. annus, a year: F. annuel: It. annuale), yearly; that returns every year: n. a flower or plant that grows and dies within a year ; a book published every year: an'nual'ly, ad. -II: an- nuity, n. dn-nu44l, a fixed sum of money paid every year: annuitant, n. dn-nu'4-tdnt, one who receives a sum of money every year for maintenance. annul, v. dnnul' (L. ad, to; nullus, none, no: F. annuler), to make of no effect ; to make.void ; to abo- lish: annulling, imp.: annulled', pp. dn-nuld' : an- nulment, n. the act of making void. annular, a. dn-nu-ldr; also annulary, a. dn-nu- Idr'l (L. annulus, a ring), having the form of a ring: an'nularTy, ad. 41: an'nula'ted, a. furnished with rings : an nulose', a. 46zf, composed of many rings : an'nulet, n. a little ring: annularia, n. dn'nu-la'-ri-d, a genus of fossi 1 tceou plants, having whorls on the same plane with their stems, supposed to have been aquatic: annulosa, i ) ; vaU a term applied to the articulata, in allusion to their ringed bodies. annunciate, v. dn-nun'-shi-at (L. ad, to; nuncio, I tell), to declare; to bring tidings: annun'cia'ting, imp.: annun'cia'ted, pp.: annun'cia'tor, n. one who: annun'cia'tion, n. -shi-d'-shun, the act of announcing. anode, n. dn'-od (Gr. ana, up; {h)odos, a way), the positive pole; the way by which electricity enters substances through which it can pass. anodon, n. dn'-o-don; also an'odon'ta (Gr. an, with- out ; odo^is, gen. odontos, a tooth), the river-mussel. anodyne, n. dn'-o-dln (Gr. an, without; odune, pain), any medicine that relieves pain: adj. soothing. anoint, v. d-ndynf (Norm. F. enoindre, to anoint — from L. in, in, and ungo, I anoint), to rub or smear with oil; to consecrate : anoint'er, n. one who : anoint- ed, ppl: n. the Messiah: adj. consecrated: anointing, imp.: n. the act of smearing with oil: adj. rubbing with oil : anoint'ment, n. the act of anointing. anomaly, n. d-nom'-d-U (Gr. anomalos, rough, un- even—from an, not ; (h)omalos, like to, or similar), irregularity; a departure from the common rule: from common or established rules : also, i tical, a. 4%-kdl. anomopteris, n. dn-o-mop'-ter-ls (Gr. anomos, with- out rule ; pteris, fern), fossil ferns, differing from all recent ones, having the leaves very large and deeply pinnate. anomoura or anomura, n. dn'-6-m6'rd (Gr. ano- mos, irregular, without rule ; oura, a tail), a family of crustaceans characterised by their irregular tails, as the hermit-crab ; an'omou'ral, a. pert. to. anon, ad. d-non' (AS. on an ; in one), soon ; quickly. anonymous, a. d-non4-mus (L. anonymus, without a name— from Gr. a, without; onoma, a name: F. anonyme), having no name ; without the name of the author or writer : anon'ymous'ly, ad. -II. anoplotherium, n. dn'-o-plodhe'rl-um (Gr. a, with- out ; (h)oplon, a weapon ; therion, a wild beast), a genus of fossil quadrupeds destitute of any organs of defence, as tusks, claws, or horns. game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. ANOR anorthite, n. d-nor'thit (Gr. a, without; orthos, upright), Lino of the felspar family whose cleavages are Without right angles. another, a. d-nuth'-er (one and other), not the same ; one more. anoura, n. d-n6'rd (Gr. a, without; oura, a tail), a class of reptiles without tails, as the frog, toad, &c. : anourous, a. -rus, destitute of a tail. anserine, a. dn'ser-in (L. anser, a goose), of the goose tribe ; uneven. answer, v. dn'ser (AS. andstuarian— from and, against, and swerian: Goth, svaran, to swear Icel. svara, to answer), to reply; to be accountable for; to suit: n. something said in reply to a question: an'swering, imp. : answered, pp. dn-serd : an'swerer, n. one who : answerable, a. dn'ser-d-bl, what may be replied to; accountable; suitable: an'swerably, ad. -bli: an'swerableness, n.: an'swerless, a. that cannot be answered. ant, dnt; or an'ti, dn'-tl (Gr.), a prefix meaning against, opposite. ant, n. dnt (AS. ozmet), a small insect ; an emmet— of which it is a contracted form: ant'-hill, a nest of ants : ant-eater, a quadruped, having a long snout or muzzle and long tongue, which feeds upon ants. antacid, n. dnt-ds-id (Gr. anti, against: L. acidus, acid), any substance, as potash, soda, magnesia, lime, &c, which counteracts acidity or neutralises it. . ..' ,1 . ,, , , . ... , | '. „, . _ ||,| , „ istes, a combatant), one who contends with another ; an opponent ; an enemy: antagonism, n. -nlzm, active opposition: antagonise, v. dn-tdg'o-nlz', to act in opposition ; to strive against : antagonising, imp. : antagonised, pp. -nlzd: antagonistic, a. da-tdg'o- nls'-tik, striving against: antag'onis'tical'ly, ad. -nis' tl-kdl'l : antag'onis'tic forces, two powers in nature, the one counteracting the other, as fire and water. antalgic, a. dnt-dl'-jlk (Gr. anti, against; algos, pain), applied to that which can assuage pain. antarctic, a. dnt-drk'-tlk (Gr. anti, opposite ; arktos, the constellation of the Bear), opposite to the northern or arctic pole ; a circle about 23i deg. from the S. pole. ante, dn'-te (L.), a prefix meaning before, either in time or place. antecede, v. an'-tS-sed' (L. ante, before ; cedo, I go), to go before in time : an'tece'ding, imp. : an'tece'ded, pp.: an'tece'dent, n. -sc-daif, that which goes before in time or place: adj. going before in time or place : an'tece'dently, ad. -li. an'tece'dence, n. -dens; or an'tece'dency, n. -si: antecessor , n. (L. ante; cessus, gone), one who lived or possessed before another. ante-chamber, n. dn'-te-chdm'-ber ,- also an'te-room, n. (L. ante, before, and chamber), a room to be passed through to a principal room. antecians, n. plu. dn-te'-shi-dnz ; also antoeci, n. plu. dn-te'-si (Gr. anti, against ; oikeo, I dwell), those who live in the same latitude and longitude, but on different sides of the equator. antedate, v. dn'-tS-ddt (L. ante: datum to -j-; i i*. date before the true time : an'teda'ting, imp. : an- teda'ted, pp. antediluvian, a. dn'-tS-dUo'-vX-dn ; also antedilu- vial, a. -vl-dl (L. ante; diluvium, a deluge), existing or happening before the flood of Noah: n. one who lived before the flood. antelope, n. dn'-te-lop (Gr. antholops— from antlws, beauty ; ops, the eye), a beautiful creature, partly like a deer and partly like a goat. antelucan, a. dn'-te-lo'kdn (L. ante ; lux, gen. lucis, light), before daylight. antemeridian, a. dn'-tS-mS-rld'-i-dn, (L. ante; meri- dies, mid-day), before noon or twelve o'clock : post '- merid'ian, after twelve o'clock. antemundane, a. dn rite; mundus, the world), before the creation of the world. antennae, n. plu. dn-ten'-ne (L. antenna, a sail-yard), the feelers or horns of insects, Crustacea, &c: anten'- nal, a. pert. to. antenuptial, a. dn'-te-nup'shdl (L. ante; nuptice, marriage), being before nuptials or marriage. antepaschoi kdl (L. ante and paschal), pert, to the time before Easter. antepast n. dn'-tS-pdst (L. ante ; pastus, fed), a fore- taste. almost; ultimus, last), in a word, the last syllable but two: antepenultimate, a. -pin-ul'-ti-mdt, pert, to the last syllable but two. anterior, a. dn-te'-rl-er (L.), before in time or place ; i ANTI previous; in front: ante'riorly, ad. -li .- anteriority, 11. -i-ti, priority. anthelion, n. dnt-he'-li-on (Gr. anti, over against; (h)elios, the sun), a bright spot opposite to the sun : anthelia, plu. anthelmintic, a. dn'-thel-mln'-tlk (Gr. anti, against ; elm ins, a tape-worm), destructive to intestinal worms : n. the medicine. anthem, n. dn'thSm (Gr. anti, opposite ; (h)umnos, a hymn: AS. antefen: F. antimne), a sacred song, or a portion of Scripture set to music. anther, n. dn'-thtr{GcT. antheros, flowery, blooming), in bot., the head part of the stamen of a flower, con- taining the pollen or fertilising dust: an'theral, a. pert, to: antheriferous, a. dn-tlier-lf-er-us (Gr. an- theros: L.fero, I bear), bearing anthers or flowers. anthesis, n. an-tlic'sis (Gr. anthesis, bloom— from anthos, a flower), in bot., the opening or bursting of the flower. anthocarpous, a. dn'-tho-kdr'-pfis (Gr. anthos, a flower; karpos, fruit), fonmu, as a, certain class of fruits, from a number of blossoms united into one body. anthodium, n. dn-tho'iji-vm (Mr. anihos,& flower; duo, I put on), the capitulum or head of flowers of composite plants. anthohtes, n. plu. dn'-tho-lits ; or antholithes, n. plu. dn'-tho-li'-thez (Gr. anthos, a flower ; lithos, stone), a general term for the fossil impressions of flowers, such as occur in the shales of the coal-measures. anthology, n. dn-thol'6-ji (Gr. anthos; logos, dis- course), a discourse on flowers : a collection or selec- tion of flowers of literature : an'tholog'ical, a. per' ' anthophore, n. dn'-tho-for (Gr. anthos, a f- phero, I carry), in bot., a stalk supporting the floral envelopes and separating them from the c; anthophylite, u. dn'-tho-flV-llt (Gr. anthos; • Ion, a leaf), a variety of hornblende of a grey or c brown colour, so named from the resemblance of its colour to that of the anthophyllum or clove. anthracite, n. dn'-thrd-sit' (Gr. anthrukis, a burn- ing coal), a hard shining coal that bums without smoke or flame: anthraconite, n. dnthrdk'-onit, a term applied to those varieties of marble which have a coal-black lustre when polished: an'thracit'ic, a. ■slt'-ik, pert. to. anthracosaurus, n. dn'-thrd-lco-saw'-rus (Gr. anthrax, coal ; sauros, a lizard), a large fossil saurian occurring in the coal-measures of Britain. anthracotherium, n. -ko-the'-ri-um (Gr. anthrax; therion, a wild beast), a fossil thick-skinned animal of the hippopotamus kind, found among the lignites or wood-coals of Liguria. anthrakerpeton, n. -ker'pS-ton (Gr. anthrax; erpe- ton, a reptile), a genus of fossil reptiles of a primi- tive air-breathing type. anthropography, n. dn'thro-pog'rd-fi (Gr. anthro- pos, a man; graph,: a n mum, that branch of physi- cal geography which treats of the distribution of the human species: anthropoid, a. an'-thro-poyd' (Gr. — " ; is of the mon- key which most nearly approach t anthropolite, n. dn-throp'ollt (Gr. — ; lithos, a stone), a petrifaction of the human body: anthro- pology, n. dn'thro-pol'o-jl (Gr. — ; logos, discourse), the natural history of the human species : an'thropo- log'ical, a. -loj'-l-kdl, pert, to : anthropopathy, n. dn'-thro-pop'd-thl (Gr. — ; pathos, affection or feeling), human affection- oi ,i i ,,„• a , pert, to the Supreme Being : an'thropopath'ical, a. anthropomorphite, n. dn'thro-po-mor'flt (Gr. an- thropos, man ; morphe, form, shape), one who attri- butes a human form to the Deity: -mor'phism, n. the doctrine : -mor'phous, a. pert, to that which re- sembles a human form. anthropophagi, n. plu ,i (Gr. anthro- pos, a man ; pha r men that eat human flesh : an'thropoph'agous, a. -pof-d-gus, feed- ing on human flesh: an'thropoph'agy, n. -pof'djl, Hi' i iractice of eating human flesh. anti, dn'-tl (Gr.), a prefix, with its form ant, signifies against or opposite ; in place of. antibilious, a. dn'ti-Ml'4-us, (Gr. anti, against, and bilious), good for the cure of bilious complaints. antic, a. dn'-tlk (L. antiquus, old), odd; fanciful: n. odd appearance ; a buffoon : an'ticly, ad. -li. antichrist, n. dn'ti-krist (Gr. anti, against, and Ch, *.■■..'■). a i'a! ■< ' i. . - .- .,'••.,' ...'■:,,.;. Christian, a. -krist'i-an, opposing the Christian reli- gion, or opposite to it. mate, melt, far, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; n6te, not, move; ANTI \ anticipate, v. dn-tls'l-pdt (L. ante, before ; capio, I take), to be beforehand ; to take first possession ; to take before the proper time; to foretaste: an- ticipating, imp. : antic ipa'ted, pp. : anticipation, n. -pCi'-s/tun, the act of anticipating; prevention: an- tic ipa'tor, n. one who : anticlpa'tive, a. -pa'-tiv; also anticipatory, a. -pd'tor-i, taking beforehand. anticlinal, a, dn-ti-kli- nal (Or anti, against; Uino. I bend),in geol., applie d h dip in opposite directions in a roof-like form ; opposite of synci i nal. anticous, a. dn'tl-kus (L. anticus, in front), in hot., placed in front of a flower, as the lip of orchids. antidote, n. dn'ti-dot (Gr. antidotos, a remedy— from anti, against; didonai to give), a medicine to counteract the bad effects of poison; a remedy for any evil: antidotal, a. dn'ti-do'tdl ; also an'tidotlcal, a -i-kdl, expelling the effects of poison: an'tido tally, ad. -tall: an tidot ically, ad. -li. antimony, n. dn'ti-mon-i (L. antimonium: F. an- timoine), a metallic substance, much used as an al- loy: antimonial, a. an'ti-mo'ni-al, pert, to antimony, or containing it: n. the medicine: an'timoniate, n. -ni-at, a salt of antimonic acid: antimo'niat'ed, a. dt'-ed, made of antimony or mixed with it : an ti- mon'ic, a. -ik; also antimo'nious, a. -nl-us, of anti- mony ; applied to the acids of antimony : antimonite, n. dn'-tl-monif, a salt of antimonious acid. antinomian, n. dn'ti-nd'ml-dn (Gr. anti, against ; nomos, law), one who denies that the moral law is binding on Christians, and affirms that faith alone is necessary to salvation : adj. relating to : an'tino'mian- ism', n.-lzm', the tenets of: antinomy, n. dn-tin'om-i, the opposition of one law or rule to another law or rule. antipathy, n. dn-tip'd-thl (Gr. anti, against ; pathos, a feeling of hatred; natural aversion. antiphlogistic, a. dn'-ti-flo-jls'tik (Gr. anti; phlogizo, I consume or burn up), applied to medical treatment intended to subdue inflammation : n. a medicine that checks inflammation. antiphony, also antiphone, n. dn-tif-o-nl (Gr. anti, opposite ; phone, sound), the alternate singing of two choirs : antiphonal, a. dn-tif-o-ndl, pert, to : n. a book of antiphons or anthems: antiphon, n. dn'ti-fon, the chant of alternate singing in choirs. antiphrasis, n. dn-tif'rd-sis (Gr. anti, opposite ; phrasis, a form of speech), the use of words in a sense opposite to their proper meaning ; irony : an'tiphras- tical, a. -ti-kdl: an'tiphras'tical'ly, ad. -kdl'i. antipodes, n. plu. dn-tip'6-dez (Gr. anti, opposite ; podes, feet), those who live on the opposite side of the globe, and whose feet are directly opposite to those of the speaker: antipode, n. an'tl-pod, one who lives on the opposite side of the globe : antipodal, a. having the feet directly opposite. antiquarian, n. driti-kzva'-ri-an, or antiquary, n. dn'ti-kwd-rl (L, antiquarius, studious of antiquity— from antiquus, old), a person who studies the history of ancient things: adj. pert, to antiquity: an'ti- qua'rianism, n. : antiquate, v. dn'-tl-kwat, to put out of use ; to make old : an tiqua'ting, imp. : an'tiqua'ted, pp.: adj. grown old; old-fashioned: an'tiqua'tedly, ad. -II: an'tiqua'tedness, n. : antique, a. dn-tekf (F. antique), old; ancient: n. a remnant of antiquity; a relic: antiquely, ad. -II: antiqueness, n. an-tek'nes, ancientness ; the appearance of being old : antiquity, n. dn-tlk'-wi-tt, former ages; times long.since past; antiquities,;: :. relics of olden times. anti - Sabbatarian, n. dn'tl-sdb'bd-td'rl-dn (Gr. anti, and Sabbath), one opposed to the observance of the Sabbath: adj. pert. to. antiscians, n. plu. dn-tish'i-anz ; also antis'cii, dn-tish'i-i (L. antiscii — fromGr. anti; skia, a shadow), the inhabitants of the earth living on opposite sides of the equator, whose shadows at noon fall in contrary directions. antiscorbutic, a. dn'ti skor-bu'ttk (Gr. anti, against, and scorbutic), good against the scurvy. antiscripturaJ, a. dn'tl-skrlp'tu-rdl (Gr. anti and scriptural), not in accordance with the Scriptures, or in opposition to them. antiseptic, n. dn'-ti-sip'-tlk, (Gr. anti, against ; sep- tos, putrid), a substance that prevents putrefaction: adj. opposing putrefaction. anti-slavery, n. dn'-ti-sld'ver-l (Gr. anti, against, and slavery), hostility to slavery. antispasmodic, a. dn'ti-spds-mod'ik (Gr. anti, against ; S2)asmos, a convulsion or spasm), applied to medicines that have power to allay spasmodic pains. L APET antistrophe, n. dn-tis'-tro-fl (Gr. anti; strophe, a turning), the stanza of a chorus or ode succeeding the strophe. antithesis, n. . . gainst; thesis, a placing), o; >p< brast in words or senti- ments: antithetic, a. dn'tl-thet'ik ; or antithetical, a. -i-kdl, being in contrast ; containing opposition of words or sentiments : an'tithet'ical'ly, ad. -II. antitropal, a, dn-tit'ro-pdl ; also antit'ropous, a. -pus (Gr. anti, against ; trepo, I turn), in hot., at the extremity most remote from the hiluin, as the embryo — or inverted with respect to the seed, as the radicle. antitype, n. dn'ti-tlp (Gr. anti, against ; tupos, a pattern), the reality, of which the resemblance or pattern is called the type— thus, the paschal lamb is called the type, and Christ the antitype: antitypical, a. dn'-tl-tip'i-kal, that which explains the type: an'ti- typ'ically, ad. -II. antler, n. dnt'-Ur (F. andouiller), a branch of a stag's horn: antlered, a. dnt'-lerd, furnished with antlers. antre, n. dn'-ter (L. antrum, a cave), in poetry, a cavern ; a den. antoeci, dn-te'sl— see antecians. antrorse, a. dn-trors' (L. ante, before ; versum, to turn), in bot., having an upward direction towards the summit of some part. anus, n. d'-nus (L.), the lower orifice of the bowels. anvil, n. dn'vll (AS. anfilt : low Ger. ambolt : Dut. aenbeld, a block to hammer on), an iron block with a smooth face and a horn, on which smiths shape their work. anxiety, n. dng-zl'itl (L. anxius— from arm, I have vexed), distress of mind about something future ; great uneasiness : anxious, a. angk'shiis, distressed in mind ; perplexed: anxiously, ad. -li: anxlousness, n. any, a. inhil (AS. aenig: Ger. einig : Dut. eenig), every ; whoever ; oneorsome: anywise, ad. en'ni-wiz, in any degree : an'ywhere, ad. -hwdr, in any place : anyhow, ad. in'ni-hdiu, at any rate ; in any event : anybody, n. Sn'nl-lod'i, one out of many selected indifferently. Aonian, a. d-6'nl-dn (from Aonia, in Greece), pert, to the Muses or to Aonia. aorist, n. d'6-rist (Gr. aoristos, unlimited), name of an indefinite past tense in the grammar of the Greek language: aoristic, a. a'6-rls'tlk, pert. to. aorta, n. d-or'td (Gr. aorte, the great artery), in the human body, the great or trunk artery: aortal, a. d-or'-tdl; also aortic, a. a-or'tik, pert. to. apace, ad. d-pds' (AS. a, on: F. pas: L. passus, a step), with some degree of speed ; in haste ; quickly ; by-and-by. apagoge, n. dp'd-go'je (Gr. apo, from; ago, I lead), in logic, a kind of argument or proposition not very evident ; in math., the step leading from one proposi- tion to another, when the first, after demonstration, is employed in proving the second or others : apagogi- cal, a. dp'd-goj'i-kdl, proving indirectly. apart, ad. d-pdrf (F. a part, aside, separate: L. pars, gen. partis, a part), separately ; at a distance : apart'/ment, n. a room in a house : plu. apart'ments, a set of rooms. apathy, n. dp'd-thl (Gr. a, without; pathos, any emotion of the mind), want of feeling; freedom from passion: ap'athist, n. one who: apathetic, a. dp'-d- Until, ilsn apathet c ating in feel- phate of lime of every variety of colour, occurring both massive and crystallised, and very apt to be mis- taken for another mineral. ape, n. ap (AS. apa: Icel. apt: Dan. abe), a kind of monkey ; a vain imitator ; a mimic : v. foolishly to try to imitate: a'ping, imp. : aped, pp. apt: a'per, n. one who: apish, a. d'pish, like an ape; foolish; imitating the manners of superiors: a'pishly, ad. -li: a'pishness, n. foppery. apeak, ad. d-pek', (a and peak), on the peak or point ; in a posture to pierce. Apennine, n. dp'e-nin, a range of mountains run- ning through Italy: adj. pert, to the Apennines. aperient, n. d-per'-l-ent (L. aperiens, opening), a medicine that opens the bowels; a laxative: adj. opening; gently purgative: aperitive, a. a-pir'-i-tiv, purgative. aperture, n. dp'er-tur (L. apertum, to open), an opening ; a cleft or gap. apetalous, a. d-pet'-d-lus (Gr. <7, without; petalon, hfdot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. APEX 22 APOT a flower -leaf), having no petals or flower -leaves: apet'alous'ness, n. apex, n. d'peks (L.)— plu. apexes, d'pSks-Ss, or api- ces, dp'l-sez— the top point or summit of anything: apical, a. dp'i-kdl, relating to the top ; apiculus, n. d-plk'-ii-lus, in hot., a short but sharp point in which a leaf or other organ terminates, but not very stiff: apiculate, a. d-pik'-u-ldt, suddenly terminated by a distinct point. aphseresis or apheresis, n. d-fe'rS-sls (Gr. apo, from ; (h)aireo, I take or seize), the taking away a letter or syllable from the beginning of a word. aphanite, n. df'dn-W (Gr. aphanes, obscure, not apparent— from a, not; phaino, I bring to light), a compact sort of trap-rock, consisting of hornblende, quartz, and felspar so intimately combined that they cannot be individually distinguished : aphanistic, a. df-dn-is'-tik, pert, to ; indistinct. aphelion, n. d-fe'-ll-on, plu. aphelia, d-fS'-ll-d, (Gr. apo, from; (h)elios, the sun), the position of a planet in the heavens when farthest from the sun— when nearest to the sun, the position is called its peri- helion. aphis, n. d'-fls, plu. aphides, df-l-dez (L.), the vine-fretter or plant-louse. aphlogistic, a. df'-lo-jis'tlk (Gr. a, without ; phlo- gizo, I burn up), flameless. aphony, n. df-6-nl; also aphonia, d-fo'nld (Gr. a, without; phone, voice), a loss of voice; dumbness. aphorism, n. a/'o-rizm (Gr. aphorismos, a defini- tion; apo, from; orizo, I mark bounds or limits), a short sentence expressing some important truth; a maxim: aphoristic, a. df'6-ris'tik ; also aph'- oris'tical, a. -ti-kdl, expressing some truth in a short sentence: aph'oris'tically, ad. -II: aph'orist, n. one who. aphrite, n. df-rlt (Gr. aphros, froth or foam), a scaly variety of calcareous spar, having a shining pearly lustre and a greasy feel. aphrodisiac, a. df-ro-diz'-i-ak (Gr. aphrodisios, pert. to Venus), thct which excites to sexual intercourse. aphthae, n. hthai, ulcers in the mouth), small white ulcers on the tongue, gums, palate, &c. : aph'thous, a. df-thus, pertaining to thrush or ulcer- ous affections of the mouth. aphthong, n. df 'thong (Gr. a, without ; phthong- gos, a sound), a silent letter or letters. aphyllous, a. df-fU'-liis or df, (Gr. a, without ; phul- Ion, a leaf), in hot., destitute of leaves. apiary, n. a'pl-dr'i (L. apis, a bee), a stand or shed for bees ; place where bees are kept : a'piarlst, n. one who rears bees. ap'ical, ap ices, apic'ulate, &c— see apex. apiece, ad. d-pesf (AS. a and piece), to each, as a sep- arate share. apiocrinite, n. dp'i-ok'-rin-it (Gr. apion, a pear; krinon, a lily), a sub-genus of fossil radiata, like the star-fish or sea-urchin, distinguished by their pear- shaped receptacle. apish, &c— see ape. aplanatic, a. dp'pldn-dt-lk (Gr. a, without ; planao, I wander), applied to a telescope which entirely cor- rects the aberration of the rays of light. aplomb, n. dp'plom (F. aplomb, perpendicular line), settling down into its fit place as naturally as if by simple gravitation. apncea, n. dp-ne'd (Gr. a, without ; pneo, I breathe), apokalupsis, an uncovering; apo, from; kalupto, I cover or conceal), a revelation; a vision; the last book of the New Testament : apocalyptic, a. d-pok- d-lip'tik; also apoc'alyp'tical, a. -ti-kdl, pertaining to revelation : apoc'alyp'tically, ad. -kal'U. apocarpous, a. dp'd-kar'pns {Gr. apo; karpos, fruit), applied to fruits when their carpels are either quite separate or only partially united. apocope, n. d-pok'-o-pe (Gr. apo, from; kopto, I cut), omission of the last letter or syllable of a word : apoc'opat'ed, a. shortened by cutting off the last letter or syllable. Apocrypha, n. d-pok'-rl-fd (Gr. apo, from ; krupto, I hide), some disputed books, received as parts of inspired Scripture by Catholics and others, but generally rejected by Protestants: apocryphal, a. d-pok-rl-fdl, doubtful; uncertain: apoc'ryphal'ly, ad. -II: apoc ryphal'ness, n. apodal, a. dp'-o-ddl (Gr. a, without ; pons, gen. podos. a foot), destitute of feet or ventral fins— applied to such fishes as the eel, sword-fish, wolf-fish, &c. apodixis, n. dp'-o-dlks'-U (L. : Gr. apodeixis, a set- ting forth— from opo; dciknumi, I show), full demon- stration : apodictic, a. op'-o-dllc-tilc ; also, ap'odic- tical, a. -ti-kdl, evident beyond contradiction ; clearly proving: ap'odic'tical'ly, ad. -IX. apodosis, n. d-p6d'-6-sl$ (L.-. Gr. apo, from; didomi, I give), in gram., the consequent clause in a condi- tional sentence, expressing the result— the clause expressing the condition being called the j>rotasis. apogee, n. dp'-O-je (Gr. apo, from; ge, the earth), the point in the moon's orbit, or that of a planet, most remote from the earth: apogean, a. dp'-o-je-du, \mi. to. Apollyon, n. d-pol'-lon (Gr. apolluo, I destrco'), a name used in the Kevelation of St John to designate the destroying angel of the bottomless pit. apology, n. d-pol'-o-ji (L. and Gr. apologia; apo, from ; logos, speech), an excuse ; a defence : apol- ogetic, a. d-pol'-o-jet-ik; also apol'oget'ical, a. -jct'-i- kal, excusing ; defending by words : apol'oget'ical'ly, ad. -li : apologetics, n. plu. d'pOl'O-jit'iks, that branch of tneology which defends tiie Scriptures, and sets forth the evidence of their Divine authority: apologist, n. d-pol'-o-jist ; also apol'ogi'ser, n. ■ji'-zer, one who makes an apology, or writes in defence of another : apologise, v. d-pdl'0-jlz', to make an excuse for; to speak in defence of: apol- ogising, imp.: apologised', pp. -jizd': apologue, n. dp'-o-log, a story; a moral fable. apophysis, n. d-pof-i-sls (Gr. apo, from; phuo, I grow), in anat., a process or protuberance on the surface of a bone, generally at the ends : in hot., any irregular swelling on the surface ; a tubercle at the base of the seed-vessel of certain mosses. apophthegm or apothegm, n. dp'-o-them—see ap- othegm. apoplexy, n. dp'6-plek-sl (Gr. apoplexia, stupor; apo, from; pilesso, I strike), a disease or an affection of the brain that causes stupor; a fit in which all sensation and power of movement are suspended: apoplectic, a. dp'-o-plek'-tik, or ap oplec'tical, -ti-kdl, pert, to the disease of apoplexy. apostasy, n. ; also apostacy, n. d-pos'-td-sl (L. and Gr. apostasia.n. standing oft from; apo, from; stasis, a placing, a standing), a departure from a former profession or belief: apostate, n. d-pos'-tdt, one who forsakes his former principles or party: adj. false; traitorous: ap'ostat'ical, a. -tdt-l-kul : apostatise, v. a-'pos'ta-tiz' ', to forsake a former profession- or belief : apos'tati'sing, imp. : apostatised', pp. -tizd'. a posteriori, a. a -pos-te'-ri-or'-i (L. posterior, after), arguments drawn from consequences or facts— see a priori. apostle, n. ti-pos'-sl (Gr. apo, away ; stello, I send), a person sent to perform important business ; one of the immediate followers of Christ: apos'tleship, n. the office or dignity of an apostle : apostolic, a. dp'os- tol'-ik; also ap'ostol'ical, a. -i-kdl, relating to the apostles or to the office of an apostle : ap'ostol'ical'ly, ad. -U : ap'ostol'ical'ness, n. : apostolate, n. d-pos'-to- Idt, a mission; the dignity or office of an apostle: apostolic fathers, the early Christian writers, gene- rally of the first century : apostolic see, a title applied to the government of the pope of Rome in reference to his claim of being the successor of St Peter. apostrophe, n. d-pos'-tro-Je (Gr. apo, away ; strepho, I turn), a figure of speech ; a digressive address ; a mark ' ' ) put in a word to show the omission of a letter or letters, or merely as the sign of the posses- sive case in nouns : apostroph'ic, a. dp'-o-strof-ik, pert, to an apostrophe: ap'ostroph'ically, ad. -ll: apostrophise, v. d-pos'tro-fiz', to make a short de- tached address to, in speaking ; to omit a letter or letters in a word : apos'trophi'sing, imp. : apos'tro- phised', pp. -fizd'. apothecary, n. d-poth'e-kdr-l (L. apotheca, a store- house: Gr. apotlieke; apo, from: theke, a box or chest), one who prepares and sells drugs as medi- cines : apothecium, n. dp'-o-tM'-shi-um., in hot., a clus- ter or case of spore-cells in lichens, frequently cup- shaped. apothegm, n. dp'6-them (Gr. apo, from ; phthegma, a word), a sententious saying; a pithy instructive remark : apothegmatic, a. dp'o-theg-mdt'-ik ; also ap'othegmat'ical, a. -i-kdl, after the manner of an apothegm : ap'otheg'matist, n. one who utters short maxims, or a maker of them. m&te, mdt.fdr, law; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; APOT i apotheosis, n. dp'o-the'6-sis (L. and Gr. ; apo, from; theos, God), in anc:ent times, the ceremony of placing some illustrious man among their gods. apotome, n. d-pdt'-d-me (Gr. apo, from; temno, I cut or lopi, in math., the difference between two inconi- mensurable quantities. appal or appall, v. dp-paYvl' (F. palir, to grow pale: L. ad, at ; palleo, I become pale), to lose the vital powers through sudden terror; to fill with dismay: appalling, imp. : appalled, pp. -pawld' .- appaT- ment, n. : appallingly, ad. -II. appanage, n. dp-pdn-dj (L. ad, to; panis, food: F. apanage), lands set aside for the maintenance of younger sons of a prince. apparatus, n. dp-pa-rd'-tus (L. ad, to or for; para- tum, to prepare), a set of instruments or tools to be used for a particular purpose. apparel, n. dp-pdr-d (F. appareil, outfit : Sp. aparejar, to fit, to suit: L. ad, for; paro, I prepare), clothing ; dress : v. to dress ; to clothe ; to adorn : apparelling, imp. dp-pdr'-el-ing : apparelled, pp. dp -pdr- eld. appeal, v. dp-pel' (L. appello, I accuse : F. appeler, to call), to apply for justice; to refer a disputed matter to another, as to a higher judge or court, or to a superior: n. the removing of a cause from a lower to a higher court ; a reference to another ; an address to the judgment or feelings of an audience ; an application for justice : appealing, imp. : appeal- ed, pp. dp-peld' : appealable, a. dp-pel'-d-bl, that may or can be appealed: appellant, n. dp-pel'-ldnt, the person who appeals : appealer, n. one who : ap- pellate, a. dp-pel'-ldt; also appellator^, a. -tor'-i, relating to appeals: appellation, n. dp'-pel-ld'-slnm, a name ; the word by which a thing is known : appel- lative, a. -Hi; pert, to a common name : n. a common name as distinguished from a proper name: appel'- latively, ad. -tiv'-li-. appellee, n. dp'-pel-le', the de- fendant in an appeal ; one tried for a crime at the instance of another: appellor, n. dp-pel'lor, one who appeals. appear, v. dp-pef (L. ad, to ; pareo, I am seen, I appear: F. apparoir), to be visible ; to come insight: appearing, imp. : appeared, pp. dp-perd' : appear- ance, n. ap-per'-dns, a coming in sight ; the thing seen ; the look of a person or tiling ; pretence ; show : appealer, n. the person that appears : apparent, a. O.p-pCi-rcnt, that may be easily seen ; obvious ; plain ; in science, not real — as apparent motion .- apparent- ly, ad. -U: apparition, n. dp'-pa-rUh-un, a ghost; a spectre ; a visible spirit : apparitor, n. dp-pdr'-i- tor, the attending officer of an ecclesiastical court; a surumoner. appease, v. dp-pez' (L. ad; pax, gen. pads, peace : F. apaiser, to appease), to quiet ; to pacify : appeasing, imp. : appeased, pp. dpi-pezd' : appea'ser, who: appease'ment, n. : appeasable, a. dp-pe'zd-bl, that may be appeased: appea'sable'ness, n. : ap- pea'sive, a. -lv, quieting : appea'sively, ad. -II. append, v. dp-pend' (L. ad, to ; pendeo, I hang), to attach or hang to ; to add to : append'ing, imp. : append'ed, pp.: appendage, n. dp-pen'daj; also ap- pendant, n. something added to : appendant, _ " appendixes, -diks-ez, or appendices, -dl-sez— some- thing appended or added, as at the end of a book ; a supplement. appertain, v. dp'-per-tdn' (L. ad, to; per, through; teneo, I hold: F. appartenir), to belong to; to relate to: ap'pertain'ing, imp.: appertained', pp. -tdnd' : ap'pertain'ment, n. : appertenance, n. dp-per'te- ndns, that which relates to another thing : apper'- tinent, a. belonging : n. that which belongs. appetent, a dp'-pe-tent (L. ad, to ; peto, I seek, I de- sire), desiring; very desirous: ap'petence, n. -tens, or appetency, n. -ten- si, desire; appetite; the pro- pensity in living creatures to select and feed upon such substances as are suited for their nourishment : appetible, a aig a sing; desir- able: appetibility, n. dp'-pe-ti-bil'-l-tt : appetite, n. dp'-pe-tlt, the natural desire or craving for food or drink ; a strong desire for anything that affords plea- sure: appetitive, iring gratification. applaud, v. dp-pla d (L. <./. for ; plaudo, I make a noise by clapping the b ttdir), to praise by clapping the hands or by some loud noise; to express approbation of; to commend: applaud'ing, imp. : applauded, pp. : applaud'er, n. one who : ap- J APPR plause, n. dp-plawz' (L. ad; plausum, to clap the hands), the act of praising ; approbation by shouts or clapping of hands, or in some other noisy way : applausive, a. dp-pkuc : zii; that contains applause. apple, n. ap'-pl (AS. aepl: W. apal: Icel. epli: Dan. al:>!-:\, a well-known fruit : apple of the eye, the pupil: apple of discord, a subject of contention and envy: apples of Sodom, fruit fair to the eye, but dissolv- ing into dust and ashes when plucked. apphcate, n. dp'-pli-kdt (L. ad, to; plico, I fold), in giom., a straight line drawn across a curve so as to ue bisected by the diameter; the ordinate. apply, v. dp-pli (L. ad, to ; plico, I fold), to lay on ; to put one thing to another; to use or employ for a par- ticular purpose ; to fix the mind with attention ; to make application ; to suit: applying, imp. : applied, pp. ap-plld '■': appli'er, n. one who: appliable, a. ap- pli'd-bl, that maybe applied: appli'ably, ad. -oil: ap- pliance, n. dp-pAl-dns, the act of applying; the thing applied: app^i: B to be applied; suitable: applicability, n. -kd-blll-tl •. ap'plicable- ness, n. : ap plicably, ad. AM : applicant, n. dp'-pll- kdnt, one who applies ; a petitioner : applicancy, n. dp'jM-kun-si, the state of being applicable: applica- tion, n. -ka'-shiin, the act of applying; close study; great attention to, as to business; entreaty; employ- ment of means: applicative, a. -kd-tlv: applicatory, a. -kd'tOr-l: n. that which applies. appoggiatura, n. ap-p6j'-d-t6-rd (It.), in music, a grace-note. appoint, v. tip-polinf (F. appointer, to give wages: L. ad, to; punctwm, a point), to fix upon; to settle; to ordain ; to furnish : appoint ing, imp. : appoint ed, pp. : appointer, n. one who : appoin'table, a. -td-bl, that may be appointed : appointment, n. state of being ap- pointed ; being named for an office ; a situation or of- fice ; established order : plu. the accoutrements of an officer: appointee, n. dp-poyn'-te, one appointed. apportion, v. iip-jior'-sluin (L. ad, to; portio, a part), to give a share to ; to divide ; to assign : apportioning, imp.: appor'tioned, pp. -shund: apportionment, n. a dividing into shares or portions: appor'tioner, n. one who. parts are similarly placed: appositely, ad. -zit'-li: ap posite'ness, n. fitness ; suitableness : apposition, n. dp-po-zuh'-un, the act of adding to; in gram., two nouns following each other in the same case, the latter explanatory of the former, or modifying it in some way. appraise, v. dp-prdz' (F. apprecier, to value— from L. ad, to; pretium, a price), to fix the value of an article for the purpose of sale : apprais'ing, imp. : appraised, pp. -prdzd': apprais'er, n. one who: appraisement, n. dp-prdz'ment, a valuation put on an article. appreciate, v. dppre'-shl-dt (L. ad; pretium, a price : F. apprecier), to set a proper value on ; to esteem right- ly: appre'cia'ting, imp. : appre'cia'ted, pp.: appreci- able , a. dp-} r : ay be properly valued ; capable of being estimated: appreciably, ad. -Ml: ap- preciation, n. dp-pre-ihl-a'shiai, the setting a value — " a just estimate o* to think on with fear : ap'prehen'ding, imp. : ap'pre- hen'ded, pp. : ap'prehen'der, n. one who : ap'prehen'- sible, a. -si-bl, that may be apprehended: ap'prehen'- sion, n. -Mn'-shun, the act of taking or seizing ; the being able to understand; suspicion; fear: ap'pre- hen'sive, a. -siv, fearful; in expectation of evil: ap'- prehen'sively, ad. -siv-l : ap'prehen'siveness, n. apprentice, n. dp-pren'tis (F. apprentis, abeginner— from apprendre, to learn : L. ad, to; prehendo, I take), a young person learning a trade or profession : v. to put under a master to learn a trade or profession : ap- prenticing, imp. : apprenticed, pp. -tlst: appren- ticeship, n. the service or condition of an apprentice. apprise, v. dp-prlz 1 (F. appris, learned, instructed), to inform; to give notice of: apprising, imp.: ap- prised, pp. -prizd'. approach, v. dp-proch' (F. approcher, to draw near —from L. ad, to ; prope, near), to draw near; to come up to : n. a coming or drawing near ; a path or avenue ; plu. approaches, -ez, siege-works ; means of access : approaching, imp. : approached, pp. dp-prochf: ap- proach'er, one who : approach 'able, a. -d-bl, that may be reached ; accessible: approach'ment.n.: approach'- less, a. that cannot be come near to or approached. approbation, n. &c— see approve. cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. APPR 5 appropriate, v. dp-pro'-pri-at (L. ad, to; proprius, private, one's own), to set apart for a particular use ; to claim or use as by right ; to apply to one's own use : adj. limited or set apart to a particular person or use ; fit ; suitable : appro'pria'ting, imp. : appro'pria'ted, pp. : appro'priate'ness, n. peculiar fitness ; suitable- ness ; appropriately, ad. -li : appropriation, n. -shun, the act of setting apart for a particular use or purpose : appro'pria'tor, n. one who : appropriable, a. -u-bl: appro'pria'tive, a. -pri-d'-tiv, that appropriates. approve, v. dp-prov' (L. ad, to; probo, I prove or test ; probus, good : F. approuver), to be pleased with ; to like; to commend: appro'ving, imp.: approved', pp.: appro'vingly, ad. -li: approver, n. an licenser: approvement, n. : approbation, n. dp-prd-bd'-sh&n. the act of approving ; commendation ; expression of approval or satisfaction with: approbative, a. dp'- pro-bd'-tiv ; also approbatory, a. dp'-pro-ba'-tor-i, containing or implying approbation : ap proba'tively, ad. -li: ap'proba'tiveness, n. in phren., the love of approbation : approvable, a. dp-pro'-vd-bl, that merits approval : appro'vablenes3, n. : approval, n. dp- pro'-vul, approbation. approximate, v. dp-proks'-l-mdt (L. ad, to; proxi- mus, next), to come near ; to approach ; to cause to approach: adj. nearest to or next: approx'ima'ting, imp.: approximated, pp.: approximation, n. -shun, a near approach ; an advancing near: ?,pprox'imate'- ly, ad. -li: approx'ima'tive, a. -tiv, that approaches closely. appuUe, n. dp-puls' (L. ad, at; pulsum, to push, to strike), the act of striking against; in astron., near approach of two heavenly bodies to one another : also aTjpul'sion, n. -shun: appul'sive, a. striking against: appul'sively, ad. -slv-li. appurtenance, n. dp-pur'-ti-ndns (L. ad, to; per- tineo, I pertain or belong: F. appurtenance), that which belongs else; an adjunct; an ap- pendage: appur'tenant, a. joined to, or belonging to. apricot, n. d'prl-kot (F. abricot: L. pra;cocia— from prce, before ; coqso, I ripen), a fruit of the plum kind. April, n. d'-pril (L. aprilis— from aperio, I open: F. avril : Sp. abril : It. aprile), the fourth month of the year. a priori, a. d'-pri-or'-i (L. a, from; prior, former), the correlative of a posteriori, the one implying the cause, the other the effect. The argument a priori is a mode of reasoning by which we proceed from the antecedent cause to the consequent effect, or from an- ticipation rather than from experience: mathemati- cal proofs are examples of a priori reasoning. The argument a posteriori is the opposite, and reasons from the effect to the cause, from the individual case to the law, or generally from experience, and not from anticipation. apron, n. d'-pron (old F. naperon, a large cloth— from nappe, table-cloth), a made-up piece of cloth or leather worn in front : a covering, as of lead or zinc : aproned, a. d'-prbnd, wearing an-apron. apropos, ad. dp'-ro-po' (F.), to the purpose; season- ably. apsis, n. dp'-sis, or apse, dps, plu. apsides, dp-si- dez (Gr. (h)apsis, a junction, an arch), the two points in the orbits of planets in which they are at the great- est and at the least distance from tbe sun or the earth : apse, in a church, the rounded end of a basilica at the back of the altar ; the arched roof of a room. apt, a. dpt (L. aptus : F. apte, fit), ready ; quick ; fit ; suitable: aptly, ad. -li: apt'ness, n. readiness or quickness in learning ; fitness : aptitude, n. dp'-ti-tud, a disposition for ; readiness ; docility. apteral, a. dp'-ter-dl (Gr. a, without; pteron, a wing), without wings : apteryx, n. dp'-ter-iks, a rare bird, peculiar to New Zealand, having only short rudiments of wings, and without a tail, a little larger than a guinea-fowl : apterous, a. dp'-ter-us, wingless ; belong- ing to the class of insects called the aptera, dp'-ter-d, or wingless insects. aptote, n. dp'-tot (Gr. a, without; ptotos, that can, or is wont to fall), an indeclinable noun. apus, n. d'-pus (Gr. a, without; pous, a foot), a bird so called because it did not use its feet ; a martinet ; in astron., a constellation near the S. pole. apyrexy, n. d'-pir-ik'-si (Gr. a; puresso, I have a fever— from pur, fire), the intermission of a fever: apyrous, a. d'-pi-rus, fire-proof; incombustible; that sustains a strong heat without alteration : apyretic, a. d'-pir-W-ik, without fever. apyrenus, n. d'-pi-re'-nus (Gr. a, without; puren, mate, mdt,f&r, law; mete, mit t ARBO a seed), in bot., fruit which produces no seeds, as cul- tivated varieties of the orange, pine-apple, &e. aqua, n. d'-kwd (L. aqua, water), a word now much used as part of a compound: a'qua vitae, -vi'te (L. vita, life), water of life; brandy or other spirit: a'quafortis, -for'-tis (L. fortis, strong), strong water; a powerful acid, no wiKimi.'d n i trie acid: a'qua marina, -md-re'-nd (L. mure, the sea), sea-water; applied to tlrj beryl from its colour : a'qua regia, re'-jl-d (L. rex, gen. regis, a king), royal water; a mixture of nitric and muriatic acids; a dissolvent of gold, the king of the metals; now called nitro-iuuriuHc acid: aquatic, a. d-kwdt'lk. living in the water, or much on it, as some fowls: aquarium, n. d-ku-d'-ri-um, a glass case con- taining water, -UV4-dn, also Aris'totel'ic, a, a-rls'to-tiHik (from Aristotle, a celebrated philo- sopher of ancient Greece, instructor of Alexander the Great), pert, to Aristotle or his philosophy. arithmetic, n. d-rUh'-midik (Gr. arithmeo, I com- pute, I number), the science of numbers ; the art of counting or computing: arithmetical, a. dr'lth- met'i-kdl, pertaining to arithmetic : arithmetically, ad. -kal'-i: arithmetician, n. d-rUh'-me-tlsh'-dn, one skilled in arithmetic: arithmancy, n. dr-Uh-mdn'sl (Gr. arithmeo; manteia, divination), divination by numbers: arithmometer, n. (Gr. arithmeo; metron, a measure), an abacus. ark, n. drk (AS. eark: L. Sp. and It. area, a chest), anions the anc. Jen's, an oblong chest or case in which were deposited the two tables of the law, and over which was the mercy -seat; a chest; a vessel; the large ship that was a place of safety to Noah and his family at the Flood; a shelter: arkite, n. dr'klt, ono ol the persons saved in the ark: adj. pert, to the ark of Noah. arkose, a. dr'-koz, a mineral compound formed of the same materials as granite, Irom t he disintegration of which it has evidently been derived. arm, v. drm (F. armer: Sp. armar— from L. arma, weapons of war), to furnish with arms ; to take up arms : arming, imp. : armed, pp. drmd: adj. morally fortified; in Iter., coloured: arms, n. plu. drmz, wea- pons of war ; signs armorial : army, n. dr'-ml, a body of men armed for war ; a host : pass of arms, a kind of combat with swords : stand of arms, a complete set of arms for one soldier: coats of arms, in her., any signs of arms or devices, painted or engraved, used as symbols of quality or distinction : arma, n. plu. dr'-md, in bot, such appendages of plants as prickles and thorns: armistice, n. dr'mis-tls (L. arma; sisto, I stand still), a stopping from war for a short time ; a truce: armour, n. dr-mer, dress for war; weapons of war: armourer, or armorer, n. dr'morer, one who makes weapons of war : armorial, a. dr-mo'rl-dl, belonging to arms; pertaining to coats of arms; her- aldic : ar'morist, n. one skilled in heraldry : armory, n. dr'-mo-rl, a place where weapons of war are kept, or where they are made : armour-bearer, one who carries the arms of another: armour-plated, a. -plat-id, covered with defensive plates of metal, as ships of war: army-list, n. list of officers of the army. arm, n. drm (AS. earm: L. armus, the shoulder- joint, the arm: Icel. armr), a limb of a body; a branch of a tree ; inlet of the sea : armful, n. drm'fdbl, as much as the arms can embrace : armhole, drm'hol, the cavity under the shoulder ; the hole in a garment for the arm : arm'-like, a. -Ilk, of the form or appear- ance of an arm : arm'less, a. without arms : armlet, a little arm ; a bracelet : arm-chair, a chair with arms to support the elbows: arm'-pit, n. the cavity under the shoulder : fore-arm, the part of the arm lying be- tween the elbow and the wrist : arm of the sea, a part which runs far into the land: arm's-length, n. the length of the arm : adj. at a distance. Armada, n. dr-ma'dd (Sp. the navy), a fleet of war- ships: the hostile Spanish fleet of war-ships which attempted the invasion of England in the reign of Elizabeth. A.D. 1588. armadillo, n. dr'md-dU'lo (Sp., from L. arma, arms, from its scaly covering), a small S. Amer. quad- ruped, covered on the back with hard bony plates* and able to roll itself up within them like a hedgehog. armament, n. dr'md-ment (L. arma, weapons of war), a land or naval force fitted out for war: arma- ture, n. dr'md-tiir, armour which defends ; a piece of iron used to connect the poles of magnets ; in bot., the hairs, prickles, &c, covering an organ. Armenian, a. dr-me'-ni-dn, pert, to the country of Armenia ; an inhabitant : armenium, n. dr-me'nl-um, a pigment of the ancients, produced by grinding the Armenian stone, a supposed blue carbonate of copper id, arms ; gero, I carry), mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, m&t, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; AEMI In her., esquire; one with a right to armorial bear- ings: annigerous, a. dr-mij'e-r-us, bearing arms. armilla, n. dr-mU'-ld (L. arm ilia, an ornament for the arm, a hoop), in mech., an iron ring, hoop, or brace; in anat., the circular ligament of the hand: armil- lary, a. dr'mil-ldr'-i, consisting of rings or circles; applied to an artificial sphere composed of a number of circles or movable rings : ar'mil, n. a kind of sun-dial. Arminian, n. dr-miri-hdn (from Arminius), one who holds the doctrines of Arminius: adj. pertaining to the doctrines of Arminius : Armin'ianism, n. -l-dn-izm, the peculiar doctrines of Arminius. armipotence, n. dr-mip'6-tens (L. arma, weapons of war; potent, powerful), power in arms: armip'o- tent, a. powerful in arms. Armoric, a. dr-mor'ik, also Armor'ican, a. -l-kdn, relating to Armorica or Brittany, in France. arnatto or arnotto, n. dr-ndt'-to or dr-ndt'-to, a vegetable substance of an orange-red colour, used in dyeing. arnica, n. ar'-nl-kd (Gr. arnion, a little lamb— from ars, a lamb,— from the resemblance of the leaf to the soft coat of a lamb), leopard's bane— the expressed juice of the root is used in medicine. arnott or arnut, n. dr-nut (AS. eorthnot), contr. for earth-nut — commonly found in hilly grass-pastures, its presence in the earth being indicated by a tuft of white flowers on a slender stem. aroma, n. d-ro-md (Gr. : F. arome), the fragrant principle in plants ; an agreeable odour or smell : aromatic, a. dr-6-mdt-lk, also ar'omat ical, a. -l-kdl, spicy; fragrant: ar'omat'ically, ad. -II: aromatics, n. plu. dr'-o-mdt'-lks, spices or perfumes : aromatise, v. d-ro'-md-tlz' , to render fragrant ; to perfume : aro'ma- ti'sing, imp.: aro'matised', pp. -tlzcV -. aromatisation, n. d-ro'-md-tl-za'-shiin, the act of rendering aromatic: aromatiser, n. d-ro'-md-ti'-zer, one who. arose, v. d-roz— see arise. around, prep, d-rolvnd' (a and round), about; on all sides : ad. in a circle ; on every side. arouse, v. d-rdivz! (a and rouse, a secondary form of raise), to stir up ; to excite ; to stir from rest to activity : arousing, imp. : aroused, pp. a-rdivzd'. arpeggio, n. dr-ped'jo (It.), in music, notes of a chord struck in quick succession, so as to imitate the sound of a harp ; a harp accompaniment. arquebuse, n. dr'-ki-booz' (F. : It. archibuso: Dut. TicEck-busse, a gun fired from a rest), an old-fashioned hand-gun: arquebusier, n. dr'-ke-bdb-zer ', a soldier armed with an arquebuse: arquebusade, n. dr'-M- oob-z&d', originally a shot-wound from an arquebuse, now applied to a distilled water used for the cure of wounds or bruises. arquerite, n. dr'-ke-rlt', a native silver amalgam, occurring in crystals and arborescent crusts in the mines of Arqueros, near Coquimbo, in Chili. arrack, n. dr'-rdk, (Ar. araq, sweat; juice), spiritu- ous liquor distilled in the East Indies, from rice, cocoa-nut, &c. Arragonite, n. dr-rdg'6-nit, one of the calc-spar family— from Arragon, in Spain. arraign, v. dr-rdn' (old F. arraigner— from L. ad rationes stare, to plead), to set as a prisoner at the bar of a court of justice ; to charge with faults ; to accuse publicly : arraigning, imp. : arraigned, pp. dr-rdnd": arraign'er, n. one who: arraignment, n. dr-rdn'-ment, the act of setting a prisoner before a court. arrange, v. dr-rdnj' (F. arranger, to set in order), to put into proper order; to adjust; to dispose: ar- rang'ing, imp.: arranged, pp. dr-rdnjd' : arran'ger, n. one who: arrangement, n. dr-ranj'-ment, putting into proper order ; settlement ; a classification. arrant, a. ar'-rdnt (L. errans, wandering: Ger. arg, bad: AS. earg, evil: see arch, sly), notorious; habit and repute ; impudent ; infamous : ar'rantly, ad. -II. arras, n. dr'-rds (name of a town in France where first made), tapestry ; hangings for rooms woven with figures. array, v. dr-ra' (old F. arroyer, to set in order : It. arredare, to get ready: Icel. reida, to lay out), to pre- pare or dispose ; to put in order ; to dress ; to envelop : n. men drawn up for battle; dress: array'ing, imp.: arrayed, pp. dr-rdd': array'er, n. one who. arrears, n. dr-rerz' (F. arriere, away, behind: L. ad, to ; retro, backward), a sum of money past due ; what remains unpaid. arrest, v. dr-rest (L. ad; resto, I stop: F. arrester: It. arrestare), to stop ; to hinder ; to restrain ; to seize r ARTE by authority: n. hindrance; restraint; seizure by authority: arrest'ing, imp.: arrested, pp. ar-rest'-ed: arrest'er, n., also arrest'or, n. one who: arrest'ment, n. an order by a judge to hinder or detain: ar'resta'- tion, n. -ta'shun. arris, n. dr'-ls (old F. areste), in joinery and mason- ry, the line or edge of meeting of two surfaces. arrive, v. dr-riv' (F. arriver, to reach: It. arrivare: L. ad; ripam, to come on shore), to come to; to reach a place ; to gain by effort : arri'ving, imp. : arrived, pp. dr-rlvd' : arri'val, n. reaching a place from a dis- tance ; the act of coming to. arrogate, v. dr'-ro-gdt (L. ad; rogo, I ask), to as- sume more than is proper ; to prefer a claim in a spirit of pride ; to claim undue power : arrogating, imp. : artoga'ted, pp. : ar'rogance, n. -gdns, also ar'rogan- cy, n. -gdn'-si, or arrogation, n. dr'-ro-gd'shun, the act or quality of taking too much upon one's self; con- ceitedness; presumption: ar'rogant, a. -gdnt, assum- ing too much importance ; presuming and overbear- ing: ar'rogantly, ad. -II: abrogative, a. dr'-ro-ua-tlv, claiming unduly. arrondissement, n. dr-rong-dez-mong' (F.), in France, a district or division of territory for the ex- ercise of a particular jurisdiction. arrow, n. dr'-ro (AS. arewe: W. aro, a weapon: Icel. or, an arrow : Sw. hurra, to hurl), a pointed and barbed weapon of war shot from a bow, not now used as such in Europe ; a long rod pointed sharply, and barbed: arrowy, a. dr'-ro-i, of or like an arrow: ar- row-headed, a. dr'-ro-hed'-ed, a name applied to wedge- like alphabetic figures, very ancient ; also called cunei- form: arrow -root', n. a farina or flour, prepared from the root of a family of West Indian plants, so called from the Indians having employed the bruised root in the cure of wounds made by poisoned arrows. arsenal, n. dr'-s6-ndl (oldF. arsenac- It. arsenate: L. arx navalis, a naval citadel : Arab, ddrsanah, a place of work), a place where weapons of war, and warlike equipments, are manufactured and stored up ; a ma- gazine for military stores of all kinds. arsenic, n. dr'se-nik (L. arsenicum: Gr. arsenikon), a metal ; a poisonous mineral substance, in the form of a white or steel-grey powder ; also called arsen'- iousac'id, -l-us: adj. pert, to: arsenic, a. dr-s&n'-lk, or arsenical, a. dr-sen'-l-kdl, containing arsenic : arseni- cate, v. dr-sen'-i-kdt, to combine with arsenic: ar- sen'ica'ting, imp.: arsen'ica'ted, pp.: arseniate, n. dr-sen'-i-at, a salt of arsenic acid : arsenite, n. dr'-se-nit', a salt of arsenious acid. arsis, n. dr'-sis (Gr. arsis, the rise of the voice in a syllable— from airo, I raise), in poetry, the accented syllable of a foot, or that on which the stress of the voice is put, the other part of the foot being called the thesis. arson, n. ar'-son (L. arsum, to burn), the crime of wilfully setting on fire a dwelling-house or other building. art, v. art (see are), the 2d sing, of the pres. tense of am. aft, n. art (L. ars, gen. artis, an art), anything done by human skill— the opposite of nature; knowledge applied to the uses of everyday life— the opposite of science; a trade ; skill ; cunning: art and part, a share in contrivance and execution: artful, a. drt'fdbl, cunning ; crafty: art'fully, ad.-ZJ: art'less, a. unskilful ; natural ; simple : artlessly, ad. -II : art lessness, n. : art'fulness, n. skill; cunning: artifice, n. ar'-tl-fis (L. ars;facio, I make), a trick; an ingenious contriv- ance, in a good or bad sense: artificer, n. dr-tif'-i- ser, a workman ; a contriver : artificial, ar'-ti-Jish'-al, made by art ; not produced by nature : ar'tifici'ally, ad. -II: ar'tifici'alness, n.: artificiality, n. dr'-tl- fish-i-dl'-i-tl, appearance or result of art: art' union, -un'-yun, a subscription lottery of paintings, engrav- ings, &c. : artisan, n. dr'-ti-zdn, a workman ; a me- chanic: fine arts, fin'drts, those productions of hmnan skill and genius more immediately address- ed to the sentiments of taste, or to the imagination —such as painting, sculpture, engraving, music, &c. artemisia, n. dr'-te-mlz'-i-d (Artemis, one of the names of Diana, who presided over women in child- bed), mother-herb, a genus of plants including the mugwort, wormwood, &c. artery, n. dr-ter-l (L. and Gr. arteria— from Gr. aer, air; tereo, I preserve, because believed by the an- cients to circulate air), one of the vessels that convev the blood from the heart to all parts of the body: ar- terial, a. dr-te'-ri-dl, of or contained in arteries: ar- y.fdbt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, 8tere, zeal. ARTE 2 terialise, v. dr-U'rl-dl-llz' , to render the blood from the veins similar to that contained in the arteries: arte'riali'sing, imp.: arte'rialised', pp. -llzd' : arte- rialisation, n. dr-te'rl-dl'i-zd'-shun, the process of making into arterial blood: arteriotomy, n. dr-te'ri- ot'o-mi (Gr. tome, a cutting ; and artery), opening an artery to let blood. artesian, n. dr-te'zhi-dn, applied to a boring or perforation made in the earth, in order to obtain a constant flow of water— so called l'mm Axtois, in France (the anc. Artesium), where first used. arthritic, a. dr-thrlt'ik, also arthritical, a. dr- thrlt'i-kdl (Gr. arlhfui, a joint), pert, to the joints or to the gout: arthritis, n. dr-thrl'tls, inflammation <>i i in- joiin .; ■, i Ik- 'Mini.- -throdia, n. dr-thrO'di-d (Gr. arthriio, I fasten by joints), a joint in which the head of one bone is received into the socket of an- other; a ball-and-socket joint. artichoke, n. dr'tl-chok (F. artichaut: It. artici- occo), a well-known garden vegetable. art'ful, artifice, &c— see art. article, n. dr'-ti-kl (L. artlculas, a joint: F. article: It. articolo), a clause or item; a particular thing; a contribution in a periodical; in gram., a word put be- fore a noun to point it out and limit its application : v. to bind by conditions; to stipulate: articled, pp. dr'tl-kld: articulate, v. dr-tlk'u-ldt, to pronounce words distinctly : adj. distinct; jointed: articulate- ly, ad. -II: artic'ulate'ness, n.: articulation, n. dr-tlk' u-ld'shda, distinct pronunciation; a joint: artic'ula' ting, imp. : artic'ula'ted, pp. : artici - / , belonging to the joints: artic'ular'ly, ad. -II: articles of war, the military code of laws for the government of soldiers and the punishment of their crimes: artic- ulata, n. dr-tlk- d-ld'-td, one of the great divisions of the animal kingdom, designating those creatures which are encircled by jointed rings, as worms, lobsters, &c. artillery, n. dr-tll'-ler-l (F. artillerie, ordnance— from mid. L. artificium, implement with which anything is done), weapons of war ; cannon ; great guns, Ac. : artillery-man, the man who assists to manage a can- non : artillerist, n. one skilled in gunnery, artisan, n.— see art. artist, n. dr'-tlst (L. ars, gen. artis, an art), one who exercises any art or craft, particularly that of a painter, asculptor, an ;u ei,u;,-,- : - .ilmr artiste, n. dr-test' (F. an artist— from L.), a profes- sional singer, dancer, athlete, or suchlike: artistic, a. dr-tls'tlk, also artis'tical, a. -kdl, of an artist; accord- ing to a high degree of art: artis'tical'ly, ad. -II. artocarpus, n. dr'-to-kur'-pus (Gr. artos, bread; kar- pos, fruit), the bread-fruit tree of the S. Sea Islands. arum, n. d'rum (L. : Gr. aron, supposed to be anc. Egyptian word), the wake-robin found in many British woods— a plant esteemed for its medicinal qualities. Arundelian, a. dr'-un-del'-l-dn (from the Earl of Arundel), a name applied to certain ancient marbles. arundinaceous, a. a-ruu-ili-nd'sluls (L. arundo, a reed), resembling or having the structure of reeds : arundineous, a. dr'-un-din'-l-us, abounding with reeds. arixspice, n. d-rus'-pls (L. aruspex or haruspex, a soothsayer), in anc. Rome, a diviner by the inspection of the entrails of beasts: aruspicy, n. d-rus'pl-sl, the art of foretelling events by the inspection of the ™ trails of beasts slain in sacrifice. as, conj. prep, or ad. dz (contr. of AS. eallsxva, all so : Ger. als), signifying agreement in manner in gen- eral ; likeness of manner ; for example ; equally. as, n. ds (L.), the anc. Roman pound, consisting of twelve parts or ounces. asafoetida, n. ds'-d-fet'l-dd (L. asa, a gum ; foztidus, fetid: Ar. avi, h< ilin^i a _iint-n -.m having a highly offensive odour, obtained from an Indian tree— much used in medicine. asarabacca, n. ds'-dr-d-bdk'-kd (L. asarum, wild spikenard ; bacca, a berry), a plant whose leaves have a bitter acrid taste, and very nauseous— used in medi- cated snuffs: asarine, n. ds'-dr-ln, a substance ob- tained from asarum. asbestos, n. ds-bes'-tos, also asbes'tus (Gr. asbestos, unquenchable), a fibrous mineral of the hornblende family, having the fibres elastic and flexible, some- what resembling flax, and which cannot be consumed by fire; the different varieties receive the names of rock-wood, rock-cork, mountain-leather, fossil-paper or flax, &c: asbestine, a. ds-bes'tln, of or like asbes- tos : asbes'tiform, n. -tl-fawrm (Gr. asbestos : L. forma, shape), of the form of asbestos. ascarides, n. plu. ds-kdr'-i-dez, sing, as'caris (Gr.), ASHT the small intestinal threadworms: ascarina, n. as' kd-rl'nd, a, plant whose anther resembles an intestinal worm. ascend, v. ds-sSnd' (L. ad; scando, I mount up; scansum, to mount up : It. ascendere), to mount ; to go up ; to rise : ascending, imp. : ascend'ed, pp. : as- cen'dant, a. superior; surpassing; in astron., above the horizon: n. commanding influence; superiority: ascendency, n. ds-s6n'dSn-sl, power; controlling inllu- ence: ascensive, a. ds-sen'-slv, rising or tending to rise: ascension, n. ds-sen'-shun, the act of going up: right ascension, in astron., the arc of the equinoctial intercepted between the first point of Aries and the circle of declination passing through the place of the heavenly body: ascent, n. ds-stnt' , act of rising; ris- ing of a hill : ascendable, a. ds-sind'-d-bl, that may be ascended : ascension-day, n. the day on which our Lord's ascension is commemorated. ascertain, v. as'-ser-tan' (L, ad, to; certus, sure), to make sure by examination; to establish: as'certain- ing, imp. : ascertained', pp. -tdnd' : ascertainable, a. ds'scr-tdn'-d-bl, that may be made sure of by search or examination: ascertainment, n. ds'-sir Ida'-mcnt: as'certain'er, n. one who. ascetic, n. ds-s6t'-lk (Gr. asketos, exercised), one un- duly rigid or austere ; one who retires from the world : adj. retired from the world ; austere; also ascetlcal, a. -l-kdl: asceticism, n. ds-set'-l-slzm, the practice of ascetics. ascii, n. plu. dsh'l-l, or ascians, n. plu. dsh'4-dnz (L. ascii — from Gr. a, without ; skia, a shadow), ap- plied to the inhabitants of the torrid zone who are sha- dowless at noon. They are also called amphis'cii, be- cause when not shadowless their shadows will at noon fall northwards one part of the year and southwards at another. The inhabitants of the N. temperate zone in' ■ i ; i ■■; , , northwards, and those of the S. temperate zone always south, and are called antis'cii. In the frigid zones, when the sun is above the horizon, the shadows of the inhabitants are directed to every point of the compass in succes- sion, and they are called peris'cii. ascidia, n. plu. ds-sld'-l-d, or ascid'ians, n. plu. -l-dnz (Gr. askidion, a little bag), an order of shell-less mol- luscs having the appearance of small leathern pouche3 or paps, found as a pap-like gelatinous substance on rocks, old shells, &c. : ascidium, n. ds-sld'-l-um, in but., a form of leaf in which the stalk is hollowed out and closed by the blade as by a lid ; a pitcher-leaf. ascites, n. plu. ds-sl'-tez (Gr. askos, a cavity or bladder), dropsy of the belly: ascitic, a. ds-sit'-ik, also ascitlcal, Leal : ascitlcally, ad. -It. ascititious, a. ds'-si-tish'-ns (L. ascisco, I receive, I adopt), additional; supplemental. asclepiad, n. ds-kle'-pl-dd, a choriambic verse first used by Asclepias. ascribe, v. ds-krlb' (L. ad, to ; scribo, I write), to im- pute to; to a -» ise; to attribute :ascri'- bable, a. -bd-bl, that maybe attributed to : ascri'bing, imp.: ascribed, pp. ds-kribd' : ascription, n. ds- hrip'shun, the act of attributing to. ascus, n. ds'kiis (Gr. askos, a cavity or bladder), in bot., a membranous tubular cell, of which several are sunk in the substance of lichens and fungi containing their sporules. ash, n. dsh (AS. cesc : Icel. askr), a well-known tree ; adj. made of or pertaining to the ash : ashen, a. dsh'-en, made of ash ; often used for ashes, as in potash : ash- coloured, a. coloured between brown and grey, like ashes. ashamed, pp. or a. d-shdmd' (AS ascamian, to be ashamed), confused from a sense of guilt or unworthi- ness ; covered with shame. ashes, n. plu. dsh'-ez (AS. asca; Icel. aska; Goth. azgo; Ger. asche, dust, refuse), the dust or matter that remains from a burnt body; the remains of any body reduced to dust : ashy, a. dsh'-t , pale ; like ashes : ash'- ery, n. a _. ., an ash-pit : ashV-pale, pale as ashes . Ash-Wednesday, the first day of Lent. ashler or ashlar, dsh'ler (It. asciare, to cut or hew smoothly with an axe), rough-hewn stones used for facing walls ; free or common stone as it comes from the quarry : ash'lering, n. in carpen., the fixing of short upright quarterings between the rafters and the floor. ashore, ad. d-shor 1 (AS. a, on, and shore), on shore ; on the land. Ashtareth, n. dsh'td-rSth (Phen. the wife of Baal), a goddess of the ancient Sidonians and Philistines, identified with Venus of the Romans. mate, mat, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; ASIA 5 Asian, a. d'zhi-dn, also Asiatic, a. d'zhi-dt-ik, of or pert, to Asia: Asiaticism, n. d'zhl-af-i-sizm, imi- T.vi.'on of Oriental manners. aside, ad. d-sid' (AS. a, on, and side), to one side ; apart from the rest; at a little distance from the straight line. asinine, ds'-i-nin— see under ass. ask, v. ask (AS. acsi&n: Icel. aeskia: Ger. heischen, to inquire, to demand), to beg ; to solicit ; to seek from ; to question; to inquire: asking, imp.: asked, pp. a -a * . as'ker, n. one who. askance, ad. ds-kdns • I •: awart, across ; scansare, to turn aside: Dut. schuins, aslant), side- ways ; looking towards one corner of the eye : askant, <\&.'ds-kdnt', obliquely; on one side. askew, ad. ds-kxV (Gr. skaios: L. sceevus, on the left hand: Ger. schief, oblique), awry; obliquely; aside. aslant, ad. d-sldnf (AS. a, on, and slant), on one side. asleep, ad. d-slep' (AS. a, on, and sleep), in a state of sleep ; at rest. aslope, ad. d-slop' (AS. a, on, and slope), in a slop- ing manner. Asmonean, a. ds'-md-ne'dn, also written Asmo- naean, pert, to the Asmoneans, a family that reigned over the Jews 126 years. asomatous, a. d-som'-d-tus (Gr. a, without; soma, gen. somatos, a body), without a material body. asp, n. dsp, also aspic, n. ds-pik (L. aspis, a veno- mous serpent), a small serpent whose bite is fatal. asparagus, n. ds-par'a-gus (L., from Gr. aspara- gos), a well-known plant, the young shoots of which are used at table: asparaginous, a. ds-pdr-aj'iaus, eaten like asparagus: asparagine, n. ds-p>dr'-d-jln, a crystalline substance obtained from asparagus: as- paragus stone, a translucent mineral of a greenish- yeDow colour, sometimes passing into a wine colour: aspar'tic acid, an acid obtained from asparagine. aspect, n. ds'-pekt (L. ad ; specto, I look), look ; ap- pearance ; position or situation ; view. aspen, n. ds'-pen, also asp (AS. a:spe: Icel. aspi), a tree of the poplar, kind whose leaves quiver or shake at the slightest breath of air: adj. pert, to an aspen. asperate, v. ds'-per-dt (L. asper, rough), to make rough or uneven : as'pera'ting, imp.: as pera'ted, pp.: asperation, n. ds'-per-a'shiln: asperifolious, a. ds- ■per-l-fo'-ll-us (L. asper; folium, a leaf), having leaves rough to the touch : asperity, n. as-per'-i-ti, roughness of surface ; the quality that grates on the ear ; sour- ness; harshness. aspergill, n. ds'-per-jll, or aspergillus, n. ds'-per- jll'lus (L. aspergo, I scatter or throw), in the R. Cath. Ch., a short staff surmounted by a brush for sprinkling holy water: as'pergillifor'mis, n. -jil'-li- fOr-mls (L. aspergo; forma, shape), in hot., applied to little tufts of nail a me the form of a brush. aspennous, a. (t-sper'-mus (Gr. a, without; sperma, seed), in hot., without seed. asperse, v. ds-spers' (L. aspersus, besprinkled), to cover all over with evil reports ; to slander : aspers'- ing, imp.: aspersed, pp. ds-perst', slandered: as- per'ser, n. one who: aspersion, n. ds-prr'-shnn, a sprinkling, as with dust or water ; the act of spreading foul or slanderous reports : aspersory, a. ds-per'-sor-i, defamatory. asphalt or asphaltum, n. ds-fdlf or dsfai'tum'(L.: Gr. asphaltos, bitumen), a blackish substance found in various parts of the world ; melted and mixed with gravel, it is used for making floors and pavements: ■. - asphodel, n. ds'f 6- del (Gr. asphodelos, a plant sacred toProserpin.- r I lie king's spear. (Gr.* e), the temporary ceasing of the motion of the heart and arteries as drowning or suffocation ; swooning: asphyxiated, a. Cis-fik'-si-d'-ted, suffocated as by hanging or drowning, or by an accumulation of carbonic acid in the blood. aspidiaria, n. ds'-pid-i-a'-ri-d (Gr. aspis, gen. aspi- dos, a shield), a genus of fossil stems found in the coal-measures, so called from the shape of the le " scaurs: aspidium, n. ds-pid'i-um, a genus of ferns. aspidorhynchus, n. ds'-pl-do-rin'-kus (Gr. asp ._, rhunchos, a beak), a genus of fossil fishes charac- terised by the tapering or beak-like prolongation of their upper jaws, armed with numerous sharp- pointed conical teeth. aspidura, n. ds'-p%-d.6'-r& (Gr. aspis, a shield ; oura, atail), agenus ing a buckler ar- rangement of the ossicles that protect the arms. ) ASSE aspire, v. as-pir'(L.aspiro, I breathe or blow towards — from ad, and spiro, I breathe: F. aspirer), to desire with eagerness; to pant after; to aim at something that can be obtained with difficulty : aspi'ring, imp. : adj. ambitious: aspired, pp. ds-plrd' : aspi'rer, n. one who: aspi'ringly, ad. -II: aspirant, n. as-pi- rant, one who seeks with eagerness: aspirate, v. ds'-pl-rat, to pronounce with a full breath : n. a letter with a mark to show it must be pronounced with a full breath: adj. pronounced with a breathing: as'- pira'ting, imp. : aspirated, pp. ds'-pi-rd'-ted : as- piration, n. ds'-pi-rd'-shun, the act of pronouncing a letter with a full breath ; an ardent wish or desire to attain : aspiratory, a. as-pi'-rd-tor'-i, pert, to breathing. asportation, n. as'-pdr-td'shiin (L. ab, from; porto, I carry), act of carrying or conveying away. asquint, ad. d-skwint' (Dut. schuinte, a slope, obli- quity), towards one side; obliquely. ass, n. ds (L. asinus, an ass : Ger. esel : Pol. osiol), a well-known beast of burden, dull and slow, but patient and hardy; a dull, stupid person: asinine, a. ds'-i- nln, pertaining to an ass ; like an ass. assagay or assagai, n. ds'-d-ga (Sp. azagaya, a spear or half -pike), a dart or javelin used by the Caffres, &c. assail, v. ds-sdl' (F. assaillir, to assault— from L. ad, to ; salio, I leap), to leap or fall upon by violence ; to attack with aviewto overcome or injure, as in words or writing : assailing, imp. : assailed, pp. ds-sald' -. assailable, a. ds-sdl'd-bl, that may be attacked : assail- ant, n. ds-sdl-dnt, one who assails or attacks: adj. assaulting; attacking. assassin, n. as-sds'-sin (Ar. hashishin, herb-eaters, viz., of the resin or extract of hemp), one who kills or attempts to kill by surprise or by secret attack ; one of a famous Eastern sect of professional murderers, called Assassins, stimulated thereto by the use of ex- tract of hemp: assassinate, v. ds-sds'-sl-ndt, to kill, or to attempt to kill, by surprise : to murder by a secret attack: assas'sina'ting, imp. : assas'sina'ted, pp. -d'-ted: assassination, n. ds-sds'-sl-nd'-shun, the act of murdering by secret violence or by surprise : assas'- sinator, n. -si-na'-tor, a murderer by surprise. assault, n. ds-sa7olt' (L. saltus, a leaping— see assail), a violent attack, with the imrntion oi' injuring; ahos- tile attack : v. to fall upon with violence, as in words or writing: assaulting, imp.: assaulted, pp. ds-sawlt- ed: assaul'ter, n. one who: assaultable, a. ds-sawlt'- a-u. assay, v. ds-sd' (F. essayer, to try : low L. exagivm .- Gr. exagion, a weighing), to try or prove, as metals ; to attempt ; to endeavour : n. examination ; trial, as of the purity of silver or gold : assay'ing, imp. : as- sayed, pp. ds-sad' : assay'er, n. one who. assemble, v. ds-sem'-bl (F. assembler, to gather: AS. samod, together: L. ad; simid, together), to gather a number of persons or things together; to meet together : assem'bling, imp. : assembled, pp. as-sem'h'id: assem'bler, n. one who: assemblage, n. ds-sem'-blaj, a mass of persons ; a collection of par- ticulars: assembly, n. ds-sem'-bli, a number of per- sons met in the same place for a common object ; a congregation; a convocation: Gen'eral Assem'bly, the highest ecclesiastical court in Scotland. assent, v. ds-sent' (L. assentior, I assent— from ad, to; sentio, I think), to admit as true; to yield; to agree : n. act of admitting or agreeing to ; consent : assent'ing, imp. : assent'ed, pp. : assent'ingly, ad. -li. assert, v. assert (L. assertum, to bind or fasten to one's self), to affirm positively ; to maintain : as- sert'ing, imp. : assert'ed, pp. : assertion, n. ds-ser- shun, the act of asserting; an affirmation: assertive, a. ds-ser'-tiv, that affirms positively: asser'tively, ad. -li : assert'or, one who. assess, v. ds-ses' (L. assessum, to sit down — from ad, to ; sessum, to sit or remain, to set), to set or fix a tax to be paid ; to value : asses'sing, imp. : assessed, pp. ds-sesf : asses'sable, a. -d-bl, that mayor ought to be assessed: asses'sably, ad. -bli: assess'ment, n. the amount of a tax laid on a i.ropertv asses'sor, n. one who: assessorial, a. ds'-ses-sd'ri-dl, also assession- ary, a. ds-sesh-6n-dr-l, pertaining to an assessor. assets, n. plu. ds'-sets (L. ad, for ; satis, enough : F. assez, enough: Ger. satt, satisfied), funds or property available for payment of debts, &c. asseverate, v. ds-sSv'er-dt (L. assevero, I state earnestly), to declare positively; to affirm solemnly: assev'era'ting, imp. : assev'era'ted, pp. : assevera- tion, n. ds-sev'-er-d'-shun, a positive declaration; a . :: . ..■....,,■, '. boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. ASSI 3 assident, a. As'sl-dSnt (L. assidens, sitting by or near— from ad, to ; sedeo, I sit), associating with or sit- ting by others— applied to symptoms or signs of a disease. assiduous, a, iduus, sitting close- ly), very attentive; careful; diligent: assid'uous'ly, ad. -II: assid'uous'ness, n. : assiduity, n. As'sl-du- i-tl, close appii .1 >< <> .. <• 'ii!'„ m assign, v. dssln' (L. ad, to ; signo, I mark out : F. assigner), to point out; to allot to; to transfer: n. a person to whom property is transferred : assign'ing, imp.: assigned, pp. ds-slnd': assigner, n. dssln'-er: assignor, n. As'sl-nor', one who: assignable, a. assln'-A-bl, that may be transferred; that can be allotted or specified: assignation, n. ds'sig-na'shun, ri 1 1 1 : 1 1 in: »vri ;.,. an appointment to meet, as of lovers : assignee, n. As'sl-ne', a person appointed to do something ; one to whom an assignment is made : assignment, n. Assln'ment the thing assigned; the transference of some right or interest. assignats, n. As'sln-yas (F.), paper money issued by the French. Government duriii Brst Revolution, assimilate, v. Asslm'4-lat (L. ad, to ; similis, like), to make like ; to bring to a likeness ; to change into its own substance : assim'ila'ting, imp. : assim'ila'- ted, pp. : assim'ilable, a. -ld-bl : assimilative, a. As- slm'l-la'-ttv, also assim'ilator'y, a. -tor'-l, that can make into a like or similar substance : assimilation, n. dsslm'l-ld'shun, the process by which plants and animals convert food into the various tissues of their own proper substance. assist, v. Assist' (F. assister, to assist— from L. ad, to ; sisto, I am made to stand), to help ; to relieve ; to aid ; to succour : assisting, imp. : assist'ed, pp. : as- sistance, n. Assls'tdns, help ; succour ; aid : assis'tant, a. helping ; lending aid : n. one who helps or lends aid. assize, n. dsslz', plu. assizes, dssl-zez (L. ad, to ; sessum, to sit : old F. assise, a set rate), plu., a court of justice in England held twice a-year in every county ; sing., a statute regulating the measure and price of commodities : assize', v. to fix measures or rates ; to settle: assi'zing, imp.: assized, pp. dsslzd' : as- si'zer, n. one who. associate, v. dsso'shl-at (L. ad, to ; socio, I join ; socius, a companion: F. associer), to join in company as a friend or companion : n. a companion ; a part- ner: asso'cia'ting, imp.: asso'cia'ted, pp.: associa- tion, n. Asso'shl-a'shun, the union of persons in a company for mutual benefit ; a society ; connection, applied to ideas: asso'cia'tive, a. -tlv. asso'cia'tor, n. one who : asso'ciable, a. -d-bl, companionable : asso'ciableness, n. : asso'ciabil'ity, n. -bll'l-U: asso'ciate'ship, n. : asso'cia'tional, a. -shl-d'shun-dl, pert. to. assoilzie, v. dssoyl'-e (old F. absoiller— from L. db, from ; solvo, I loose), in Scots lata, to free one accused from a charge ; to find a criminal not guilty ; to set at liberty : assoilzieing, imp. -%ng : assoilzied, pp. -ed. assonant, a. ds'so-ndnt (L. ad, to ; sonans, sound- ing), resembling in sound : assonance, n. As'so-ndns. assort, v. Assort' (L. ad, to; sors, gen. sortis, a lot), to arrange into sorts or classes ; to agree or suit : assorting, imp. •: assort'ed, pp. : assor'ter, n. one who : assort'ment, n. the act of separating into lots or arranging into classes ; a number of things of the same kind. assuage, v. dsswaj' (L. ad, to ; suavis, sweet : old F. assouager, to soften), to soften ; to mitigate ; to allay ; to abate or subside: assua'ging, imp. : assuaged, pp. dsswaj d' : assuage 'ment, n. mitigation: assua- sive, a. Asswa'zlv, soothing ; mitigating : assua'ger, n. one who. assuetude, n. As'we-tud (L. assuetudo, custom — from ad; suesco, I become used), custom; habit. assume, v. dssum' (L. assumo, I take to myself— from ad, to ; sumo, I take ; sumptus, taken), to take upon one's self; to appropriate; to pretend to pos- sess ; to take for granted or without proof : assu'- ming, imp. : adj. haughty, arrogant: assumed', pp. : assu'mingly, ad. -II : assu'mer, n. : assumption, n. assum'shun, the act of assuming; supposition; the taking up into heaven, applied to the Virgin Mary : assump'tive, a. that maybe assumed: assump'tively, ad. -tlv-ll: assumpsit, d in law, a volun- tary promise to perform for, or to pay to another. assure, v. dshdr' (L. ad, to ; securus, sure, certain : F. assurer), to make certain ; to give confidence by promise; to insure: assu'ring, imp.: ,,, , - ., - ■ , -^-'-^d-li: AshOrd' : assuredly, ad. dsho'red-ll : assu'redness, mate, mAt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, ASTR assu'rer, n. : assurance, n. Ashd'-rAns, a declara- tion to dispel doubt; the utmost certainty; impu- dence ; conviction ; a contract to make good a loss by death or by fire, now restricted to lit' contingencies. Assyrian, a. Aslr'-l-An, of or pert, to Assyria: n. an inhabitant of. astacolite, n. As-tAk'o-llt (Gr. astakos, the crayfish or lobster ; lithos, a stone), a term applied to the fossil remains of crustaceans, like the crayfish or lobster. astatic, a. As-tAt'lk (Gr. a, without ; statos, that stands or remains), being without polarity, as a magnetic needle. aster, n. As'ter (Gr. aster, a star), an extensive genus of plants whose flowers have a star-like arrangement. asteracanthus, n. As'ter-A-kdn'thus (Gr. aster, a star ; akantha, a thorn or spine), a genus of fossil fin- spines of fishes, often of large size, having their sur- faces richly ornamented with star-like tubercles. asteria, n. As-te'rl-A, also asterite, n. as'ter-lt (Gr. aster, a star), a variety of corundum or star sap- phire, which, when cut in a certain way, shows a bright opalescent star of six rays: asteriated, a. a small star (*) used to refer to a note, or to mark the omission of words ; a constellation or star cluster. astern, ad. Astern' (AS. a, on, and stem), at the stern ; the hinder part of a ship ; behind. asteroid, n. As'-ter-oyd (Gr. aster a star ; eidos, like- ness), one of the minor planets : asteroida, n. As'ter- dy'dd, an order of polypes having a star-like or rayed arrangement of their tentacles when fully expanded : as'teroi'dal, a. pert, to the small planets. asterolepis, n. As'ter-6-le'pls or -61' (Gr. aster; lepis, a scale), a gigantic ganoid fossil fish of the old red sandstone. asterophyllites, n. plu. As'-ter-o-fll'llts (Gr. aster, a star ; phullon, a leaf), fossil plants found abundantly in the coal-measures, having star-like whorls of linear leaves. asthenic, a. As-thSn'lk (Gr. a, without; sthenos, strength), weak ; debilitated : as'thenol'ogy, n. -nol-6' jl (Gr. a; sthenos; logos, discourse), a discourse on diseases connected with debility. asthma, n. ast'-md (Gr.— from a, without; do, I breathe), a disease of the organs of breathing attended with cough and difficulty of breathing : asthmatic, a. dst-mdt'lk, also asthmat'ical, a. -l-kdl, troubled with difficulty of breathing. astir, ad. dster' {a, on, and stir), on the move; active. astomatous 'Gr. a, without; stoma, gen. stomatos, a mouth), mouthless ; also spelt asto- mous, ds'46-mus. astonied, v. ds-ton'id, for astonished, a word fre- quently occurring in Scripture. astonish, v. As-ton'lsh (old F. estonner, to amaze : L. ad, to; tono, I thunder: AS. stunian, to make stupid with noise), to fill with sudden fear and wonder ; to amaze ; to confound with surprise : astonishing, imp.: aston'ished, pp. -Isht: aston ishing'ly, ad. -II: aston'- ishment, n. astound, v. As-townd' (see above), to strike dumb with amazement : astounding, imp. : astound'ed, pp. astraddle, ad. Astrdd'dl (AS.— see straddle), with the legs on opposite sides of a thing. astraea, n. ds-tre'A (Gr. aster, a star), the goddess of justice ; one of the minor planets : astraeidae, As- tre'-l-de, the family of star corals, so called from the arrangement and number of their cell rays. astragal, n. As'trA-gAl (Gr. astragalos, the upper joint of the neck, the ankle-joint), the ring -like moulding round the top and bottom of the column of a pillar ; the beaded zinc bars used by zinc-workers in making diamond and ornamental window-frames. astral, a. As'tral (Gr. aster, a star), belonging to the stars; starry. astray, ad. Astrd' (AS. a, on, and stray), out of the right way or proper place. astriction, n. Astrik'shun (L. ad, to ; strictum, to bind), the act of binding close or contracting : astric- tive, a. Astrik'-tlv, binding; also astrictory, a. Astrlk'-tor-l. astride, ad. Astrld' {a and stride), with the legs apart. astringe, v. Astrlnf (L. ad, to ; stringo, I bind fast), to bind together ; to contract by pressing together : astrin'ging, imp.: astringed, pp. -strlnjd' : astrin- l, m&ve; ASTR i gent, n. ds-trln'jcnt, that -which contracts or draws together muscular fibre ; the principle in hark that tans hides for leather: adj. binding: astrin'gency, n. -jen-sl: astrin'gently, ad. -II. astrography, n. ds-trog'-rd-fi (Gr. aster or astron, a star; grapho, I describe), a description of the stars. astrolabe, n. ds'-tro-ldb (Gr. astron, a star; labein, to take), an instrument formerly used to take alti- tudes of the sun and stars, now superseded by Mad- ley's quadrant. astrology, n. d-s-trol'6-jl (Gr. astron, a star; logos, discourse), a science that pretends to foretell events by observing the stars : astrol'oger, n. the person who pretends to foretell event: bvthe stars: astrological, a. ds'-tro-loj'-ikdl, pert, to : as'trologlcally, ad. -i-kdl'l: astrologise, v. ds-trol'6-jiz, to practise astro- logy : astrol'ogvsing, imp. : astro! ogised', pp. -jlzd'. astronomy, n. ds-tron-o-ml (Gr. astron; nornos, a law), the science that treats of the motions, magni- tudes, and everything connected with the heavenly bodies: astronomer, n. as-trOn'-o-rnzi; one given to the study of the heavenly bodies: astronomic, a. ds'-tro-nom'lk, also astronomical, a. -nom'-l-kdl, pert, to: astronomical ly, ad. -li: astronomise, v. as-tron'-o-mlz, to assume the habits and study of an astronomer : astron'omi'sing, imp. : astron'omised', pp. -mizd'. astro-theology, n. ds'-tro-the-6l'-6-ji (Gr. astron, and theology), natural theology founded on the observa- tion of the celestial bodies. astute, a. ds-tiit' (L. astutus, crafty: It. astuto), sagacious ; sharp ; discerning; crafty: astute 'ness, n.: astute'ly, ad. -II. asunder, ad. d-sun'der (AS. a, on, and sunder), apart ; separately ; in a divided state. asylum, n. a-sl'lum (L.— from Gr. a, not; sulao, I rob : It. asilo .• F. anile), a place of refuge ; a sanctu- ary ; a place out of which he that has tied to it may :, without ; notb asymmetrical, a. ds'-lm-met'rl-Ml (Gi summetria, symmetry), not agreeing; inn; asymtote, n. ds'-lm-tot (Gr. asumptotos, not fall- ing together— from a, not ; sun, together ; ptotos, apt to fall), a line which, tl. ing nearer and nearer to a curve, can never reach it : adj. approach- ing but never meeting. asyndeton, n. d-sin'de-ton (Gr. a, not; sundetos, hound together), a figure in rhet. which keeps the parts of speech together without the use of conjunc- tions. at, prep, dt (AS. aet : Icel. at: Dan. ad: Sans, adhi, upon : L. ad, to), near to ; with ; towards. atacamite, n. d-tdk'dm-W , a native ore of copper, called also copper-sand, found in the desert of Ataca- ma between Chili and Peru. ataxic, a, d-tdk'stk (Gr. a, without ; tasso, I put in order), wanting order; irregular: ataxia, n. d-tdk- t>l-d, irregularity. ate, v. et, pt. of eat, which see. atelier, n. dt'-le-a (F.) the workroom of a painter or sculptor — called also a studio. a tempo, ad. d-tem'-po (It. in time), in music, used to indicate that the int ater, a'ter (L. ater, black), pure black ; as a prefix, spelt atro. Athanasian, a. dth'-d-na-zhl-dn, pert, to Athanasius, a bishop of Alexandria in the fourth century, or to the creed called by his name. atheism, n. d'the-izm (Gr. a, without ; theos, God), the disbelief in the existence of a God: atheist, n. a'the-ist, one who does not believe in the existence of a God: atheistic, a. d'-the-is'-tik, pert, to; also a'the- is'tical, a. -is'ti-kal: a'theis'tically, ad. -kdl'-i: a'the- is'tical'ness, n. * atheneum- or athenaeum, n. dth'-e-ne' Athenaion, the temple of Slinerva at Athens), a pub- lic reading or lecture room: Athenian, a. d-the'-nl-dn, of Athens : n. one who. athericera, n. dth-er-is'er-d (Gr. ather, a spike of corn, the point of a sword or arrow ; keras, a horn), a family or section of dipterous insects, having only two or three joints to the antennas : ath'eric'erous, a. -is-er-us, pert to. atheroma, n. dth'-e-ro'md (Gr. or L. atheroma, a tumour filled with matter), a species of wen ; a curdy tumour: atheromatous i'-d-tus, having matter resembling milk-curds. L ATTA athirst, a. d-thersf (AS.), wanting drink; thirsty. athlete, .n. dth'let; plu. atble athletae, dth-le'-te (Gr. athletes, a wrestler), a wrest- ler; one who a blic games in trials of strength: athletic, a. dth-let'ik, pert, to trials of strength; strong; robust; vigorous: athletically, ad. -kdl'-i: athletism, n. dth'-le-tlzm' . athwart, prep, d-thivawrf (AS. a, on, and thwart), across ; from side to side : ad. among seamen, across the line of the ship's course ; in a manner to cross or perplex. atilt, ad. d-tilt' {a and tilt), in the position of a man making a thrust ; in the posture of a barrel raised behind. Atlantic, a. dt-lan'tlk, of the Atlantic Ocean. atlas, n. dt'-lds (Gr. name of a giant who, the ancient Greeks pretended, bore up the earth upon his shoul- ders), a collection of maps bound together ; the top joint of the neck-bones, or that which supports the head: atlantes, n. plu. dt-ldn'tez, in arch., the whole or half figures of men emploved instead of columns or pillars: Atlantean, a. dt'-ldn-te'-dn, also Atlantian, dt-lun'-shi-dn, pert, to Atlas, or to the isle of Atlantis; strong; gigantic. atmology, n. dt-mol'-o-ji (Gr. atmos, vapour ; logos, discourse), the science of vapour: at'molog'ical, a. ■loj'f-Jcdl, pert, to the science of vapour: atmol'ogist, n. -6-jist, one who. atmometer, n. dt-mom'-e-ter (Gr. atmos, vapour; metron, a measure), an instrument for measuring the amount of evaporation from any moist surface in a given time. atmosphere, n. dt'-mos-fer (Gr. atmos, vapour; sphaira, a sphere), the whole mass of air, clouds, and vapour surrounding the earth: atmospheric, dt'-mos- fer'-ik, also atmospherical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to the air: at'mospherlcal'ly, ad. -li: at'mospherlc pres- sure, the weight of the atmosphere on a surface, being about 14 lb. to the square inch. atoll, n. dt'-ol, (a Malayan word), a coral island, consisting of a ring or circular belt, with a lagoon or lake hi the centre. atom, n. dt'-om (Gr. a, not ; temno, I cut), a particle of matter that cannot be made smaller ; anything ex- tremely small: atomed, a. dt'-omd, small as atoms: atomic, a. d-tom'-ik, also atom'ical, a. -i-kdl, relat- ing to atoms ; consisting of atoms : atom'ical'ly, ad. -li: atomist, n. dt'-6-mist, one who holds to the doc- trine of atoms: atomise, v. dt'-o-miz', to reduce to atoms : at'omi'sing, imp. : atomised, pp. dt'-6-mizcl' : at'omless, a. : atomism, n. dt'6-mizm, the doctrine of atoms: atomic the'ory, in chem., the supposed resolution of bodies into ultimate particles or atoms, and the relative proportions in which they combine in compound substances. atone, v. d-ton' (from at one, denoting to be or to cause to be at one), to agree ; to make amends ; to give satisfaction for an offence or a crime ; to expiate by sacrifice ; to reconcile : ato'ning, imp. : adj. mak- ing amends or satisfaction: atoned, pp. d-tond' : atonement, n. d-ton'-ment, reconciliation after en- mity ; , satisfaction ; expiation : ato'ner, n. one who. atonic, a. d-ton'-ik (Gr. a, not ; tonos, tone), wanting tone; debilitated: atony, n. dt-o-ni, loss of vital energy. atop, ad. d-top' (AS. a, on, and top), at oronthetop. atrabiliary, a. dt'-rd-bil'-i-dr-i, also atrabiliar, a. dt'-rd-Ml'-i-dr (L. ater, black; bilis, bile), melancholic ; hypochondriac, also atrabilious, a. dt'-rd-bil-i-us. atrocious, a. d-tro'-shus (L. atrox, gen. alrocis), cruel, very wicked ; extremely cruel ; criminal in the high- est degree: atrociously, ad. -li: atro'ciousness, n. : atrocity, n. d-tros'-i-ti, enormous wickedness ; cru- elty in the highest degree. atrophy, n. dt'ro-fi (Gr. o, without ; trophe, nour- ishment), a wasting away without manifest cause ; a consumption. atropia, n. d-tro'pi-d, also atropine, n. dt'-ro-pin, or atropina, n. d-tro'pi-nd (Atropos, in anc. myth., one of the Fates, whose duty it was to cut short the thread of life), a very poisonous alkaloid extracted from the root of the deadly nightshade— the Atropa Belladonna. atrypa, n. dt'rt-pd (Gr. a, not; trupa, a hole), a ... ' I ted with scalv lines of growth, and having the foramen generally concealed or very small. attach, v. dt-tdch' (F. attacher, to tie, to bind: It. attaccare, to attach), to take by legal authority ; to cow, boy, foot; pure, IM; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. ATTA £ arrest ; to fix ; to win or gain over : attach'ing, imp. : attached, pp. dt-tdcht' : attachable, a. -d-bl: at- tachment, n. seizing of goods by legal authority; warm affection ; fidelity ; strong regard to : attache, n. dt'td-shd' (F.), one attached to an ambassador as one of his suite or attendants. attack, v. dt-tdk' (F. attaquer: Sp. atacar, to attack —see attach), to fall upon with force or violence; to assault; to assail in words: n. a falling upon with violence; satire; uiii'ricndly <:rit.i expect), to wait on ; to accompany; to be present; to listen to to fix the attention upon: attending, imp. : attend'ed, pp. : atten'dant, n. a follower ; a servant : adj. accompanying; being pre- sent: attendance, n. at-tiin'-dans, act, of serving or waiting on; duty: attention, n. dt-Un'-shun, the act of attending ; paying heed to ; steady application of the mind; act of courtesy : attentive, a. dt-ten-tiv, paying due regard to ; mindful : attent, contr. for attentive : attentively, ad. -tiv-ll.- atten'tiveness, n. the qua- lity of being attentive. attenuate, v. dt-ten'-u-dt (L. ad, to; tenuo, I make thin : F. attenuer), to make thin ; to reduce in thick- ness or density: attenuating, imp.: atten'uated, pp.: attenuation, n. dt-tSn'-u-d'-shun, the act of making thin, fine, or slender: attenuant, a. dt-ten'-d-dai, making thin : n. a medicine which attenuates. attest, v. dt-tSst' (L. ad, to ; testor, I bear witness : F. attester), to certify; to bear witness to ; to affirm so- lemnly in words or writing: attesting, imp.: attest- ed, pp.: attestor or attes'ter, n. one who: attesta- tion, n. dt'-tes-td-shun, the act of bearing witness to ; putting a name to a writing in order to show it to be authentic. Attic, a. dt'-tlk (L. atticus: Gr. attikos, pert, to Attica or Athens), pert, to Attica, a town in Greece ; elegant; classical: n. in arch., a plain or decorated parapet-wall on the upper part of I b ac: ■ ■ ■ ' > i < • > • < . i i • ing; an Athenian: atticism, n. dt'-ti-siz/n, the purest style of the Greek language: atticise, v. dt'-ti-siz, to make use of atticisms: attici'sing, imp.: atticised, pp. dt'-ti-sizd'. attic, n. dt'-tlk (Sans, aftaka— pronounced attak— the room on the top of the house : F. attique), the flat or floor on the upper part of a house ; a garret. attire, v. dt-tif (old F. atour, female head-dress ; atirer, to adorn), to dress ; to adorn with garments ; to array : n. clothes ; apparel : atti'ring, imp. : at- tired, pp. dt-tlrd': atti'rer, n. one who. attitude, n. dt'-tl-tud (F. attitude, posture: It. attitudine, disposition to act), position of persons or things ; posture : attitu • - / / tii'di-ndl, pert, to : attitudinise', v. dt'-tl-tu-di-nlz, to assume af- fected airs or postures : at titu'dini 'sing, imp. : atti- tu' dinised, pp. -nlzd. attle, n. dt'-tl, a term used in Cornwall for ,-oi.iiisii thrown out of a mine, containing little or no ore. attollent, a. dt-tdl'-lcnt (L. ad, to; tollens, lifting or raising), raising or lifting up. ! AUGM attorney, n. dt-ter'nl, plu. attorneys (Norm. attoume: low L. attornatus, put in the place of any one), one who acts for another, as in a court of law; a lawyer: attorneyship, n. the office of an attorney : attorney-general, in Eng., the head law-officer of the crown. attract, v. dt-trdkV (L. ad, to; tractus, drawn), to draw to bysome kind of influence ; to allure : attrac'- ting, imp.: attracted, pp. dt-trdk'-ted: attrac'tor, n. one who: attractable, a. dt-trdk'-td-bl, that may be attracted: attrac'tabil'ity, n. -bU'-l-tl: attractile, a. dt-trdk'-td, that can attract : attraction, n. dt-trdk- shun, the act of drawing to; the power that bodies have of coming together and uniting, — attract ions take place between bodies— affinities between the par- ticles of a body: attractive, a. dt-trdk'-tlv, drawing to; alluring: attrac'tively, ad. -tlv-li: attractive- ness, n.: attrac'tingly, ad. 41. attraction of gravita- tion, that power which acts at all distances through- out the universe : capillary attraction, that power ■ which causes liquids to rise in small tubes or porous substances : chemical attraction or affinity, the power by which the ultimate particles of bodies of unlike kinds unite themselves together to form a new body possessing new and specific properties. attrahent, a. dt'-trd-hent (L. ad, to; traho, I draw), drawing or attracting. attribute, v. dt-trib'ut (L. ad, to ; tributum, to grant, to bestow. F. attribuer), to give as due; to ascribe to: attributing, imp.: attributed, ;pp. dt-trlb'-u-Ud: attribute, n. dt'-trl-but, a quality considered as be- longing to, or inherent in, any person or thing: at- tributive, a. dt-trlb'-u-tlv, pert, to an attribute : at- tributable, a. dt-trlb'-u-td-bl, that may be ascribed to : attribution, n. -bu'-shun, commendation. attrition, n. dt-trlsh'-un (F.— from L. ad, to; tritus, rubbed), the act of wearing by rubbing ; state of being worn by friction ; the least measure of sorrow, or lowest degree of repentance— as opposed to contrition, the highest degree or real repentance. attune, v. dt-tiin' (L. ad, and tune), to put in tune ; to make musical ; to arrange fitly : attu'ning, imp.: attuned, pp. dt-tund'. auburn, a. aw'-burn (old F. or Sp. albran, a wild duck in its first year, having generally a peculiar brown), of a tan or dark colour ; of a rich chestnut colour. auction, n. awk'-shun (L. audio, increase), a public sale of any description of property to the highest bidder: auc'tionai^y, a. -dr-l, pert, to: auctioneer, n. dXuk'shUn-er', one empowered to sell property by auction : auctioneering, n. audacious, a. aw-dd'-shus (L. audax, gen. audacis, bold : F. audacieux : It. audace), very bold and dar- ing; impudent; forward: auda'ciously, ad. -II: au- dacity, n. aw-dds'-l-ti, boldness; impudence: auda- ciousness, n. audible, a. aw'dhbl (L. audio, I hear: It. audible, audible), that may be heai loud en ugh to be per- ceived by the ear: au'dibly, ad. -Ml: audibleness, n. aw'-di-bl'-nes : au'dibillty, n. -bll'-l-tl, the being loud enough to be heard: audience, n. aw-dl-ens, admit- tance to a heari < i intei sv ; an assembly of hear- ers : audit, n. aut'-dlt (L. audit, he hears), an exam- ination of accounts by a person or persons appointed for the purpose, in order to ascertain whether they be correct : v. to examine and settle as to the correctness of accounts: au'diting, imp.: audited, pp. aw'-dlt-ed: au'ditor, n. a hearer ; one who examines accounts : au'ditorship, n. the office of an auditor: auditory, n. cuc'-di-tor'-l, an assembly of hearers: adj. able to hear ; pert, to the sense of hearing. auf, n.— see oaf, a silly fellow. Augean stable, n. aw-je'-dn std'-U, in Grecian myth., a stable belonging to Augeus, king of Ellis, in which he kept a great number of oxen ; having never been cleaned, it was regarded as almost an impossibil- ity to clean it, till it was assigned to Hercules as one of his labours : hence what is impracticable or what would be very difficult to clean. auger, n. aw'-ger (AS. naf-gar ; Fin. napa, a navel, the middle of a thing), an iron tool for boring holes. aught, n., or ought, awt (AS. d-wiht: Goth, waihts, a thing), anything; a tittle or jot. augite, n. aw'-jit (Gr. auge, brilliancy), a mineral of the hornblende family of a greenish-black, pitch, or velvet, or sometimes of a leek-green colour : augitic, mdte, mat, far, law; mete, mSt, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; AUGU S mention, an increase : F. augment er), to increase ; to make or become large in size or extent : augment, n. awg'ment, an increase ; a prefix ; augmenting, imp.: augment' ed, pp.: augmentable, a. awg-ment'-d-bl, that may be increased: aug'menta'tion, n. -td'shun, an increase ; the act of enlarging : augmen'tative, a. -tiv, having the power to augment : n. in gram., opposite of diminutive : augmen'ter, n. one who. augur, n. aw'-gilr (L.— fiom avis, a bird), among the anc. Romans, one who professed to tell future events by natural tokens, as the singing and flying of birds, and fch sj] lining; v. to profess to foretell events ; to guess ; to be a sign : au'guring, imp.: augured, pp. aw'gurd: au'gurship, n. : au- gural, a. aw'gu-rdl, pert, to: augurous, a. aw' gu-rus, foreboding; predicting: augurate, v. aw' gu-rat, to predict : au'gura'ting, imp. : au gura'ted, pp. : augury, n. aw'-gu-rl, the art of foretelling events ; an omen or prediction. august, a. atv-gusf (L. august us, sacred, majestic: It. augusto : F. auguste), grand; inspiring awe; ma- jestic: august'ness, n. dignity of appearance ; grand- eur in mien : august ly, ad. -II. August, n. aw'-gust, the eighth month in the year, named from Caesar Augustus : Augustan, a. aw-gus'- tan, pert, to Augustus or his age ; literary or refined. Augustins, n. plu. aw-gus'tinz, monks who follow the doctrines and rules of St Augustin. auk, n. aw/ft (Dan. alke), the name of various sea- birds. aularian, n. aJo-Wrhdn (L. aulr, a hall), at Oxford, the member of a hall, as distinguished from a colle- gian. aulic, n. aTv'llk (L. aulicus: Gr. aulikos — from Gr. aule, a royal palace), of or pert, to a royal court. aunt, n. ant (contr. from L. amita, an aunt), the sister of one's father or mother. aura, n. aic'-ra (L. and Gr. aura— from Gr. ao, I blow or breathe), a very gentle breeze; a breath; a subtle invisible vapour supposed to proceed from a body. au'ral— see under auricle. aurate, n. aw'-rdt (L. aurum, gold), a salt of auric acid: aura'ted, a. of or like gold: auric, a. aw'-rlk, of or from gold. aurelia, n. aw-rc'll-a (L. aurum, gold; aureolus, golden), the chrysalis of an insect : aure'lian, a. -l-dn, pert, to the aurelia : n. an amateur collection of in- sects: aureola, n. aw-re'-o-ld, a circle of rays round the head of a portrait, to indicate something more than human— popularly called a glory. auricle, n. aw'rl-kl (L. auricula, the ear-flap : F. auricule), the outside ear ; a venous chamber situated at the base of the heart, resembling the external ear ; auricled, a. a i . » ears, or things like ears : auricular, a. aw-rik'u-ldr, pert, to the ear; secret: auric'ularly, ad. -II : auric'ular confession, confession of sins made to a priest with a view to absolution : au- ric'ulate, a. -Idt, also auric'ula'ted, a. shaped like the ear : auriform, n. aw'-ri-fawrm (L. auris, an ear ; forma, a shape), in the shape of an ear : au'rist, n. one who studies diseases of the ear : auricula, n. aw- rlk'ii-hl, a species of primrose called bear's ear, a na- tive of Swiss Alps. auriferous, a. aw-rif-er-us (L. aurum, gold; few, I produce), that yields or produces gold. aurora, n. aw-ro'-rd (L. the goddess of the morning), the rising light of the morning ; the plant crowfoot : auro'ral, a. belonging to the northern lights : auro'- ra borealis, n. bor'-e-d'lis, shooting lights of varied colours seen in the northern parts of the heavens, gen- erally called the northern lights : -australis, n. -aws- '■■..■!'.■:.■ auscultation, n. aics'-kul-ta'-sMni (L. auscultatio, a listening with attention— from Gr. ous: L. auris, an ear; and cultus, used or exercised : F.), the method of discovering the extent and seat of any disease con- nected with the respiratory organs, by applying the ear to the part alone, or with the help of an instru- ment called a stethoscope: auscultatory, a. aws-kul- td-tor'-i: aus'culta'tor, n. one who. auspices, n. plu. div'spis-ez (L. auspicium, augury from birds— from avis, a bird; specio, I inspect), omens ; influence ; patronage and care ; protection : auspicious, a. aiv-spish'-us, prosperous; lucky; for- tunate ; favourable : auspici'ously, ad. -II: auspicious- ness.n. aw-sj a t ;e of favourable promise. austere, a. aws-ter' (L. austerus, rough: Gr. aus- teros: It. austero: F. austere), severe; harsh; stern; sour: austerely, ad. -II: austere'ness, n. : austerity, edit', boy, f dot; pure, bud; chair, austral, a. aws-trdl (L. australis, southern— from. ouster, the south : It. australe : F. austral), pert, to the south: Australasian, a. aws'-trdl-d'zhl-dn (L. auster, and Asia), pert, to Australasia: Australian, a. aws-tra'li-dn, pert, to Australia. Austrian, a. aws'-tri-dn, of or from Austria. authentic, a. aw-then'-tik, also authen'tical, a. -ti-kdl (F. authentique: Gr. authentes, the real author of any act— from auton entos, that sets himself about his own business), not false ; being what it professes to be ; not a fiction ; genuine : authen'tical ly, ad. -ti-kdl-i: authenticate, v. aw-then'-ti-kdt, to estab- lish by proof; to prove to be genuine or true: authen- tica'ting, imp. : authenticated, pp. : authen'tica- tion, n. -ka'shun, the act of proving by authority : authenticity, n. -tis'-l-tl, correctness as to facts; the not being false ; reality ; truth. Mote.— A genuine book is one written by the person whose name it bears ; an authentic book is one which relates matters of fact as they really happened. author, n. aw'-ther (L. auctor, an author— from au- geo, I increase : F.auteur), one who creates or produces ; a first mover ; a writer of a book: authoress, n. fern. aw'ther-es, a woman who : authority, n. aw-thor'-l-ti, legal power; rule; influence; credit: authorities, n. plu. -tiz, persons in power; standard books quoted: authoritative, a. aw-thor'-l-td'-tiv, having an air of authority; positive; peremptory: authoritatively, ad. -II: authorlta'tiveness, n.: authorise, v. aw'-tho- riz', to empower ; to make legal ; to justify : au'tho- ri'sing, imp. : authorised', pp. -rlzoV: au'thorisa'tion, n. -:("; ■■>/< I'm, the act of empowering or giving authority to : au'thorless, a. : au'thorship, n. autobiography, n. aw'to-bi-og'rdfl (Gr. autos, himself; bios, life; grapho, I write), a life written by the individual himself: au'tobi'ographlcal, a. -l-kdl, pert, to: au'tobi'ographlcally, ad. -II: -biog'rapher, n. one who. autocracy, n. dw-tok'-rd-sl (Gr. autos, self; kratos, power), government residing in a single person; supremacy: autocrat, n. aw'-to-krdt, a sovereign exercising absolute power; a title assumed by the emperors of Russia: autoe'ratrix, n. fern, -triks, a woman who : au'tocratlc, a. -ik, pert, to : also au'to- cratlcal, a.: au'tocratlcal ly, ad. -krdt'-l-kdl-i: au'- tocratlcal ness, n. autogeneal, a. aw'-to-je'ni-dl, also autog'enous, a. (iTc-tOj-c-nus (Gr. autos, self; gennao, I produce or generate), self-begotten or self-generating. autograph, n. aw'to-grdf (Gr. autos, self; grapJie, writing), a person's own handwriting : autographic, a. -Ik, also au'tographlcal, a. -l-kdl, pert, to: au'- tographlcally, ad. -ll: autography, n. aw-tog'rd-fl, a process in lithographic printing by which a writing or drawing is transferred from paper to stone ; original of a treatise. automalite, n. aw-tom'd-llt (Gr. automolos, a de- serter— alluding to oxide of zinc being present in a mineral not resembling an ore ; lithos, a stone), a mineral— a variety of corundum of a dark-green or black /colour. automath, n. aw'td-mdth (Gr. autos, self; maiv- thano, I learn), one who is self-taught. automaton, n. aw-tom'd-ton (L. and Gr. automa- ton,— from Gr. autos, self, and memaotes, being eager- ly desirous), a self-moving figure or machine; plu. autom'ata or autom'atons : automatic, a. cvw'to- mdt'-ik, also automatical, a. -i-kdl, having power of motion in itself ; acting from concealed machinery ; self-regulating : automlcal'ly, ad. -11. autonomasy, n. aw'-to-nom'd-si (Gr. autos, self; onoma, a name), in rhet., a common name used in the same sense as a proper name— as, he has gone to the city, instead of London. autonomy, n. aiv-ton'-o-mi (Gr. autos, self; nomos, a law: F. wuto m), the power or right of self-government; retention of national laws and constitution: autonomous, a. aw-ton-6-mus, under self-government. autopsy, n. - lutopsia, n. aw-top'sld (Gr. autos, self ; opsis, sig ht) i uthing one's self; ocular observation : autoptical, a. aw-top'-ti-kdl, see- ing with one's own eyes : autop'tical'ly, ad. -U. autumn, n. a i mtumn— from auctus, increased, abundant), the third season of the year, popularly beginning with August, but really about 21st Sept. : autum'nal, a. of or pert, to autumu. game jog, shun, thing, there, ze(tl. AUVE £ Auvergne, n. 6-vern', a district in central France noted for its extinct volcanoes and other objects of great interest to geologists. auxesis, a. awg-ze'sls (Gr. auxesis, increase), in rhet., a figure by which anything is magnified too much. auxiliary, a. awg-zll'td-rl (L. auxilium, help — from auxit, it has increased), helping; assisting: n. a helper; an assistant; applied to the verbs shall, will, may, can, must, &c. : plu. auxiliaries , -rlz, foreign troops : auxil'iar, a. helping. -bl-nSs, the power of furthering an object in avalanche, n. dv'd-ldnsh' (F. avalange— from a vol, downwards : L. — ad, to, and vallis, a valley), a vast body of snow sliding down a mountain ; a sudden or violent impulse of any mass of human beings. avanturine, n., also aventurine, n. d-vdn'tu-rln (F. par aventure, by accident), a variety of quartz deriving its peculiar play of colours from imbedded spangles, or by minute fissures of mica ; an artificial mineral far exceeding the natural in brilliancy ; a bright brown colour. avant-courier, n. d-v6ng'k6r'-l-d (F. avant, before), a runner; a person sent beforehand to give notice of the approach of another : avant-guard, n. -gdrd, the van ; the first body of an army. avarice, n. dv'd-rls (L. avaritia, an eager desire— from avarus, greedy: It. avarizia: F. avarice), an unbounded desire of getting and possessing wealth ; greediness; covetousness : avaricious, a. dv'd-rlsh- us, greedy of gain; covetous: av'aric'iousness, n. -us-nSs, greediness of gain : av'aric'iously, ad. -II. avast, int., ad. d-vdsf (It. basta, enough, cease : Dut. houd vast, hold fast), a nautical term; hold; stop; stay. avatar, n. dv'd-tdr' (Sans, avatdra, descent), the descent of a Hindoo deity in a visible form or in- carnation. avaunt, int. d-vawnt' (F. avant, before), begone; go forward. ave, n. d'vS (L. ave, hail— from aveo, I am happy or safe) : ave Maria, d'v6-mdri'-d, hail Mary— the first words of an address to the Virgin Mary. avenaceous, a. dv'S-nd'shus (L. avena, oats), of or like oats: avenage, n. dv'6-ndj, a stipulated quan- tity of oats paid as rent. avenge, v. d-venf (old F. avengier: new F. venger, to revenge— from L. vindicare, to avenge), to take for a real or supposed injury in a malicious or spite- ful manner: aven'ging, imp.: avenged, pp. d-vSnjd' : aven'ger, n. one who : avenge'ment, n. aventurine— see avan'turine. avenue, n. dv'S-nu (F. avenue— from L. ad, to, and venio, I come), a passage ; a road to ; an entrance into ; a shady walk under trees. aver, v. d-ver' (F. averer, to maintain as true— from L. ad, to, and verus, true), to declare positively ; to assert : aver'ring, imp. : averred, pp. d-verd' .- aver'ment, n. a positive declaration or assertion. average, n. dv'-er-dj (Ger. haferei, sea -damage — from Scand. haf or hav, the open sea,— applied to the money paid by those who have received their goods in safety to indemnify the others whose goods had been thrown overboard in a storm : It. avaria, calcu- lation and distribution of the loss arising from goods thrown overboard), a mean proportion ; the mean of any collection of sums, numbers, or quantities, found by dividing the totals by the number of the sums or quantities : adj. being in a condition common to many, —as a man of average height, an average crop ; v. to make equal to others ; to reduce to a level ; to propor- tion: av'era'ging, imp.: averaged, pp. dv'-er-djd'. averse, a. d-vers 1 (L. a, from ; verto, I turn ; versus, turned), disinclined to; unfavourable to; unwilling: averse'ly, ad. -II: averse'ness, n.: aversion, n. d-ver- shun, dislike to ; hatred ; repugnance of mind : avert', v. d-vert', to turn aside or away from; to take off: avert'ing, imp.: avert'ed, pp.: avert'er, n. one who. aviary, n. a'-vi-dr'-i (L. avis, a bird), a bird-cage ; a place where birds are kept. avicula, n. d-vlk-u-ld (L. a little bird), a free un- AXE equal-valved fossil shell fixing itself by a byssus, the eagerness; gri inse desire. avocation, n. dv'-o-kd'-shun (L. avocatio, a calling off from any occupation— from a, from ; voco, I call), a calling from ; occupation ; business. avoid, v. d-voyd' (L. a, from; vito, I shun; vacuus, empty : F. vuide, empty), to keep at a distance from ; to shun ; to evacuate ; to become vacant : avoidable, a. d-voyd'-d-bl, that can be kept from or shunned: avoid'ance, n. -dns, the act of : avoiding, imp. : avoid'ed, pp. : avoid'er, n. one who. avoirdupois, n. or a. av-r'r'-iiu-pwiz' (F. avoir, to have ; du, of the ; poids, weight), goods that sell by weight ; the weight of 16 oz. to the pound employed in the selling of all kinds of goods sold by weight, ex- cept silver and gold. avouch, v. d-voluch' (F. avouer, to avow— applied to the admission by a tenant of a certain person as his feudal superior ; called in L. advocare), to affirm ; to assert; to affirm in favour of: avouch'ing, imp.: avouched, pp. d-vowcht': avouch'er, n. one who. avow, v. d-vdw' (see above), to declare openly with a view to justify ; to own or confess : avow'ing, imp.: avowed, pp. d-vowd '.- avow'er, n. one who: avow- able, a. d-vow'-d-bl, that may be openly acknowledged : avow'al, n. an open confession or declaration : avow'- edly, ad. -li. avulsed, a. d-vulst' (L. a, from ; vulsus, plucked or pulled), plucked or pulled off: avulsion, n. d-vtil'sh tin (F. avulsion), a pulling or tearing asunder one thing from another. await, v. d-wdt' (F. guetter, to watch ; a and wait — which see), to look for; to be ready for: await'ing, imp. : await'ed, pp. awake, v. d-ivakf (AS. awacian—see wake), to rouse from sleep ; to infuse new life into : adj. not sleep- ing: awa'king, imp.: awaked, pp. d-wakt: awoke', pt. d-w6k': awaken, v. d-wdk'n, same meaning as awake: awakening, imp. d-wdk'nlng : n. a revival of religion : awakened, pp. d-wdk'-ind : awa'kener, n. one who. award, v. d-waYvrd" (prov. F. esivarder, to inspect goods : It. guardare : F. regarder, to look at), to assign to by sentence : n. a sentence ; the decision of arbitrators : award'ing, imp. : awarded, pp.: award' - er, n. one who. aware, a. d-wdr' (AS. gewaere: old H. Ger. gawar), informed of; foreseeing; vigilant. away, ad. d-wa' (AS. aweg: prov. Ger. eweg), at a distance ; absent : int. begone. awe, n. aw (AS. ege: Dan. ave, correction, fear: Icel. cegir, terrible), fear mingled with reverence ; solemn dread : v. to influence by fear ; to strike with rever- ence : aw'ing, imp.: awed, pp. awd: aweless, a.: awe'- struck, impressed or struck with awe : awful, a. aw- fffbl, terrible ; dreadful: aw'fully,ad.-M; aw'fulness,n. aweary, a. d-wer'-l (AS. a and weary), weary ; tired. awhile, ad. d-hwll' (a and while), for a short time. awkward, a. awk'werd (AS. awoh, awry: Icel. «/- gata, a side-way : Swed. a/wig, inside out : F. gauche, left hand), clumsy ; bungling ; unable to use hands or tools easily: awk'wardly, ad. -II: awk'wardness, n. awl, n. awl (AS. ml: Ger. aide: Icel. air), a shoe- maker's tool for boring holes : awl'-shaped. awme or aume, n. awm (Ger. aum), a German mea- sure of capacity for liquids, especially for the Rhenish wines, containing 41 English wine-gallons. awn, n. awn (Icel. ogn : Sw. agn : Gr. achne, chaff), the beard of corn or grass : awnless, a. : awn'y, a. awn'l, pert, to : awned, a. awnd, furnished with awns. awning, n. awn'tng (Low Ger. havenung— from, haven, a place for shelter from wind or rain), a cover spread above the deck of a vessel, or any open place, to afford a shade. awry, a. or ad. d-rl' (AS. a, and writhe, to twist— which see), asquint ; unevenly ; uneven ; crooked. axe, n. dks (AS. cex: Icel. bxi: Dan. bkse: Gr. axine, an axe), a well-known iron instrument : axe'- head, n. : axe'-shaped, a. : axe'-stone, a mineral ; a sub-species of jade, of a deep sea-green or leek colour, used by the New Zealanders and certain South Sea islanders in making hatchets, &c. : axinite, n. dk'- sln-lt, a mineral, one of the garnet family— so called from the axe-like form of its crystals. mOie, mdt,far, law; mSte, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; AXIA axial, a.— see axis. axil, n. dk'sll (L. axilla, the arm-pit: Dut. oxel: Scot, oxter), the arm-pit ; in hot., the upper angle formed by the attachment of a leaf or branch to its support: axillar, a. dk'sl-ldr, or ax'illar'y, a. pert, to the arm-pit ; arising from the axil in plants. axiom, n. ak'si-iim (Gr. axioma, an established principle: F. axiome), a self-evident truth; an estab- lished principle in an art or science : axiomatic, a. dk'-sl-omdt'lk, also axiomatical, a. -l-kdl: axio- matical ly, ad. -kdl-l. axis, n. dk'sls (L. axis: Gr. axon, a pole or axle- tree : Sans, aksha, a wheel), the line, real or supposed, round which anything revolves : axial, a. of or relat- ing to an axis : axle, n. dk'-sl, called also axle-tree, the wooden or iron bar round the ends of which wheels can turn; in hot., the central portion of the young plant whence the plumule and radicle are given off; the central organ-bearing buds : axled, a. dk'-sld, fur- nished with axils. axotomous, a. dk-sot'6-miis (Gr. axon, an axis; temno, I cut) applied to minerals that can be cleaved in one particular direction. axunge, n. dk'-sunj , also axungea, dk-sun'-ji-d (L. axis, an axle-tree ; unguo, I smear), the hardest and firmest part of the fat of animals ; hog's lard. ay, ad. d'l, or as pron. I (AS. gea: Ger. ja, yea, yes), yea; yes; certainly; indeed; more than that: int. noting a complaint: ayes, n. plu. d'lz, used in the House of Commons when counting the votes— those voting in favour of a motion are called the ayes, those voting against it are called the noes, nOz: ay, ay, yes, yes. BACK ;, al- Aymestry limestone, a'-mis-trl-, according to Murchison, the middle member of the Ludlow group of Silurian strata— from Aymestry, Hereford, where it is well exposed. Ayrstone, n. ar'ston, a soft variety of whetstone found on the Water of Ayr — called also snake-stone, from its mottled appearance. azimuth, n. dz'i-muth (Ar. assamt, a way or path), in astron., the angular distance of a celestial object from the north or south point of the horizon (accord- ing as it is the north or south pole which is elevated) when the object is referred to the horizon by a verti- cal circle: azimuthal, a. dz'l-muth'dl, pert, to: azi- muth compass, an instrument adapted for observing bearings, consisting of a magnetic bar or needle mov- ing freely in a horizontal plane on a vertical pivot. azoic, a. d-zo'lk (Gr. a, without; zoe, life), without life ; wholly destitute of life : azote, n. dz'ot, nitrogen gas, the breathing of which causes death: azotic, a. d-zot'lk, pert, to: azotised, a. dz'o-tlzd, containing nitrogen or azote. azure, n. a'zhdbr (F. azur: It. azurro blue— from Pers. lazur), the blue colour of the sky: adj. of a sky-blue colour : azured, a. d'zhobrd, being of an azure colour : azure-stone, so named from its colour ; a familiar name for the lapis lazuli : azurite, n. dz'-u- rlt, blue carbonate of copper; a prismatic azure spar. azygous, a. dz'l-gus (Gr. a, without; zugon, a yoke), in anat., without a fellow or corresponding part. azymous, a. dz'i-mus (Gr. a, without ; zume, leaven), unf ermented or unleavened— applied to sea-biscuit. B.A., bachelor of arts— see A.B. : B.C., initial letters of "Before Christ": B.D., bachelor of divinity: B.L., bachelor of laws : B, name of a musical sound. Baal, n. bd'dl (Ar. the idol: Heb. lord), a high object of worship among the anc. Chaldeans and Syrians, supposed to represent the sun. babble, v. bab'-bl (F. babiller, to prattle : Dut. bob- bel, babbling ; babbelen, to chatter), to talk idly ; to utter words imperfectly as children ; to tell secrets : n. senseless talk : bab'bler, n. an idle talker : bab'bling. imp. : n. foolish talk: babbled, pp. bdb'bld. babe, n. bab, also baby, n. ba'-bl (W. baban: F. poupee : It. bambino, a babe : Dut. poppe, a bunch of flax, a doll), a young child of either sex : babish, a. bd'blsh, childish; also babyish, a. bd'-bi-lsh: ba'bish- ly, ad. -II; also, babyishly, ad. bd'-bl-ish'll .- ba'bish- ness, n. : ba'byhood, n. : babyism, n. bd'bl-lzm. babel, n. bd-bil (Heb.), confusion like that of the Tower of Babel, where the confusion of languages took place : babel-quartz, a variety of rock-crystal. babingtonite, n. bdb'lng-t6n-if (after Dr Babing- ton), a mineral of the hornblende family, occurring in small black attached crystals. baboon, n. bd-bon' (Dut. baviaan: old E. baber- lipped, from its large lips : F. babouin, a monkey— from babines, the large lips of a beast), a monkey of ttie largest kind. Babylonian, a. bdb'l-lo'nl-dn, Bab'ylo'nish, a., or Babylonic, a. bdb'l-ldn'lk, of or relating to Babylon; mixed or confused. baccate, a. bdk'kdt (L. bacca, a berry), resembling berries: baccated, a. bdk'kd-ted, having many ber- ries: bacciferous, a. bdk-s'if-er-us (L. bacca; fero, I produce), producing berries : baccivorous, a. bdk-slv- or-us (L. bacca; voro, I devour), berry-eating. bacchanal, n. bdk'kd-ndl, also bacchanalian, n. bdk'kd-nd'll-dn (L. and Gr. Bacchus, the heathen god placed over (irinking and feasting), one who indulges to excess in intoxicating drinks ; one engaged in noisy and drunken revels : adj. riotous; pertaining to revel- ling and drinking: bac'chanals, n. plu. -ndlz, also bac'chana'lia, n. plu. -na'll-d, drunken feasts ; feasts in honour of Bacchus : bacchic, a. bdk'klk, jovial ; drunken: bacchantes, n. plu. bdkkdn'tez, the per- sons who took part in the festivals of Bacchus. bachelor, n. bdch'6-ler (old F. bachelier, a lad: W. bachgen, a boy : low L. baccalaureus), an unmar- ried man of any age ; one who has taken the first de- free in arts in a college or university; a knight: ach'elorship, n. : bachelorism, n. coTv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, back, n. b&k (Icel. bak: Pol. opak, the wrong way: Fin. paha, bad), the upper part in animals, and the hinder part in man ; the rear ; the part out of sight ; a miner's term for joints ; that part of a mineral lode nearest the surface : adj. that is situated behind ; pre- vious : v. to mount ; to support ; to put or move back : ad. to the place from whence one came ; to a former state or condition; behind; not advancing again: backing, imp. : backed, bdkt, pp. : backer, n. bdk'er, one who supports another in a contest: backs and cutters, applied to a jointed structure— the backs run- ning in lines less or more parallel to the strike of the strata, the cutters crossing these, generally at right angles: backs, n. plu., among leather -dealers, the leather selected from the thickest and stoutest ox- hides : backing of the wind, when the wind appears to shift against the sun's course, being a sign of more wind or bad weather. back, n. bak, also bac, n. bdk (Bret, bac, a boat: Dut. back, a trough : Dan. bakke, a tray), a brewer's vat or large open tub for containing beer; a ferry-boat: backet, n. bdk'St (from back, in the sense of a wide open vessel ; F. baquet, a tub or pail), in a kitchen, a wooden or iron vessel for carrying coal or ash. backbite, v. bdk'blt (see back), to slander ; to speak ill of a person behind his back : backbiting, imp. : n. the act of slandering the absent : backbitten, pp. bak'blt-Un: backbiter, n. -bi-ter, one who. backbone, n. bdk'bon (see back), the bone of the back ; the vertebral column ; the watershed of a dis- trict. backdoor, n. bdk'dor (see back), a back or private passage ; an indirect way. backgammon, n. bdk-gdra'mon (Dan. bakke, a tray; gammen, a game), a game played with a box and dice. background, n. bdk'grdwnd (see back), ground in the rear or behind ; parts dimly seen ; in a picture, the part behind and subordinate to the principal figures : backroom, n. bdk'rdm, a room in the back part of the house: backside, n. bdk'sld, the hinder part; the rear: backpiece, n. bdk'pes, piece of armour which covers the back : backsettler, n. bdk-s&t'ler, one set- tled in the outlying districts of a new country : back'- handed, a. (back and hand), with the hand turned backward ; indirect : backlng-up, in cricket and other games, the act of stopping the ball and driving it back. backshish or backsheesh, n. bdk'shish (Pers. bakhshish, to give), in the East, a present or gratuity of money. backslide, v. bdk'slld (see back), to fall off; to turn game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. BACK i away from gradually : backsli'ding, imp. : backslider, n. bdk-sll'-der, one who falls from religion and the practice of virtue. backstairs, n. plu. bdk'-stdrz (see back), the stairs in the back part of a house ; a private or indirect way : back'stair, a. indirect ; private ; undue : backsword, n. bdk'-sOrd, a sword having a hack and one sharp edge : backstaff, n. bdk'-stdf, an instrument for taking altitudes. backward, a. bdk'-werd (back and ward), unwilling ; slow ; dull : ad. , also back'wards, back ; in time past ; towards the back: back'wardly, ad. -II: backward- ness, n. backwoods, n. plu. bdk'woodz (back and woods), the unsettled parts of a new country : backwoodsman, n. bdk'wdbdz-mdn, one who inhabits the far-off woods in America. bacon, n. bd'kn (old Dut. backe, a pig ; old F. bacon), swine's flesh salted and dried. Baconian, a. bd-ko'nl-dn, of or pert, to Bacon or his philosophy. bactris, n. bdk'trts (Gr. baktron, a cane, from the smaller stems being formed into walking-sticks), a fine species of palms ; one of the species producing a fruit of the size of a cherry. baculite, n. bdk'-u-llt (L. baculum, a staff), a fossil shell of the chalk epoch, straight, many chambered, and conical— prevails in the chalk of Normandy. baculometry, n. bdk-u-ldm'6-trl (L. baculum, a staff: Gr. m'etron, a measure), the art of measuring accessible or inaccessible distances or lines by the help of staves or rods. bad, a. bdd (Ger. bose: Dut. boos: Pers. bud, bad), ill ; evil ; hurtful ; opposite of good : badly, ad. -II, not well : bad'ness, n. bade, v. bdd, past of bid, which see. badge, n. bdj (Ger. batz, a dab, a coarse patch ; batzen, to patch), a mark or sign of distinction: badge'less, a. badger, n. bdj'er (F. bladier, a corn-dealer— in al- lusion to some of the habits of the animal), an animal that burrows in the ground : v. to pester ; to tease : bad'gering, imp. : badgered, pp. bdj'erd. badigeon, n. bdd'-l-zhun (F.), a preparation of saw- dust, slaked lime, powdered stone, and alum, for col- ouring the walls of houses ; a mixture of plaster and freestone used by sculptors in repairing defects in their work ; a kind of cement used by joiners, &c. badinage, n. bdd'l-ndzh' (F. a joke), banter; play- brow: baffle, v. bdf'fl (Norm. F., beffler, to deceive or mock: F. bafouer, to ridicule or disgrace: Sp. befar: It. beffare, to jeer), to escape detection ; to elude ; to confound; to defeat: baffling, imp. bdj "-fling: baf- fled, pp. bdf'fld: baffler, n. one who. bag, n. bdg, (Gael, balg, a leather bag or wallet: Ger. balg, the skin of an animal), a sack ; a pouch ; a purse : v. to put into a sack; to puff up or out: bagging, imp.: n. bdg'-glng, the cloth or coarse materials for making bags ; the act of putting into bags : bagged, pp. bdgd: bag'man, n. a person employed to solicit orders for a manufacturer. bagasse, n. bd-gds' (F.), the sugar-cane after it has been pressed, used for fuel in the sugar manufactories — in the Antilles called bagauz, n. bd-gauiz'. bagatelle, n. bdg'-d-UV (F, also F. bague, a trifle— from L. bacca, a berry), a trifle ; a thing of no import- ance ; name of a game. baggage, n. bdg'gdj (F. bagage, luggage— from old F. bagues, goods : AS. beag, a ring of silver or gold as a type of value : Icel. baugr), all the articles necessary for an army ; luggage ; things required for a journey. bagnio, n. bdn'-yO (It. bagno, a bath— from L. bal- neum), a bath ; a prison ; a bad house. bagpipes, n. bdg'-plps (bag andpipe), a mus ( instrument: bagpiper, n. one who plays the bagpipes. baguette, n. bd-getf (F. a rod or wand), in arch., a small round moulding less than an astragal. baikalite, n. bd'-kdl-lt, a dingy, green crystalline variety of the mineral augite found at the mouth of one of the rivers that fall into Lake Baikal, Siberia. baikerite, n. bd'ker-lt, a chocolate-brown-coloured mineral wax, found near Lake Baikal, Siberia. bail, v. bar (old F. bailler, to deliver: F. bail, a giving over, a granting: It. balia, power— from L. bajulus, a bearer, generally with authority), to set I BALD free ; to liberate on the security of another ; to lave out or free from water : n. surety for another : bailing, imp. : bailed, pp. bald: bailable, a. bdl'dbl, that may be bailed: bail'bond, n. a written security given for the appearance of a prisoner to take his trial: bail- ment, n. delivery of goods in trust: bailee, n. bale', he to whom goods are, delivered in trust or on bail. bailey, n. bdl'l (law L. ballium), an area of ground within the walls of a fortress— applied to a prison, as Old Bailey: bailie, n., or baillie, bdl'l (F. laillie, an ambassador), Scotch name for an alderman or magis- trate of a burgh. bailiff, n. bdl'i/(V. b bail), an officer of ju ,- tice; an agent or steward over land: bailiwick, n. bdl'iywik (F. and AS. ivic), the limits of a bailiff's authority or jurisdiction. Baily's Beads, in astron., an appearance as of a string of beads round the sun in an eclipse. Bairam, n. bl'-rdm, a festival among the Turks» celebrated for three days immediately after the fast of Ramazan. bait, n. bdt (AS. batan, to bait a hook : Icel. beit : Sw. bete, pasture, grazing : Sw. beta, food), any substance put on a hook to entice fish to swallow it; anything to allure or entice ; refreshment taken on a journey; v. to allure by food ; to give food or drink to a beast on a journey; to refresh with food on a journey: baiting, imp.: baited, pp. but -nil. bait, v. bdt (AS. betan, to kindle a fire by blowing it up : old F. abetter, to incite), to provoke and harass with the help of others ; to attack with violence, as with dogs: baiting, imp. : bait'ed, pp. baize, n. bdz (F. baye: Dut. baey: probably Baiae, where first made), a coarse woollen stuff. bake, v. bdk, (Icel. baka, to warm: Ger. bdhen, to foment : Dut. backern, to warm one's self), to harden by fire or the heat of the sun ; to dress food in an oven or by fire: ba'king, imp. : n. the quantity baked at one time: baked, pp. bdkt, or baken, pp. bd'-kin: baiter, n. one whose employment is to bake : ba'kery, n. ba- ker -l, the place where bread is baked; also bake'- house. balaenidse, n. plu. bd-le-nl-de (Gr. phalaina, or L. balozna, a whale), the whale family ; the fossil remains of great whales : balsenodon, n. bd-le'nO-don (L. baloz- na, a whale : odous, gen. odontos, a tooth), sub-fossil teeth of whales, not exactly referable to any known species. balance, n. bdl'dns (F. : It. bilancia: Sp. balanza — fromL. bis, double ; lanx, gen. lands, a dish), a pair of scales ; part of a watch ; equality of weights, power, or force ; the difference between the debtor and creditor side of an account ; overplus ; a sign of the zodiac ; the sum due on an account : v. to make equal ; to settle ; to regulate and adjust ; to have equal weight, power, or influence; to hesitate: bal'ancing, imp. : balanced, pp. bdl'-dnst: bal'ancer, n. one who. balanite, n. bdl'-d-nit (L. balanus, an acorn: Gr. balanos), a name applied to fossil shells of the bar- nacle family, whose shells generally consist of six principal valves arranged in conical form : balanoid, a. bdl'd-ndyd (Gr. balanos, an acorn ; eidos, a form), applied to a family of barnacles having shells ar- ranged conically like an acorn. balass, n. bdl'-ds (Sp. balax: F. balais), a lapidary's term for the varieties of the spinel ruby of a fine rose- red colour inclining to orange. balaustine, n. bd-laws'tin (Gr. balaustion, a pome- granate flower), the wild pomegranate tree: balaus- ta, n. bd-laws'td, fruit formed like the pomegranate ; an indehiscent inferior fruit, with many cells and seeds, the seed beinj with pulp. balcony, n. bdl'-ko-nl (F. balcon: It. balcone.- Per?. bala khaneh, an upper chamber), a railed-in raised space or platform in front of a house, usually before the windows: balconied, a. bdl'ko-nld, having balconies. bald, a. bawld (Fin. paljas, naked, bare: Dan. bceldet, unfledged: Gr. balios, speckled with white hair; Sp. pelado, hairless), wanting hair; destitute of natural cover-in;, rial u legant; in bot., without beard or awn ; having a white mark on the face : baldly, ad. -II: bald'ness, n. : bald-faced, having a white mark on the face, as a stag: bald-coot, a black- bird with a conspicuous excrescence of white skin above its beak. baldachin, n. bdl'dd-Mn (It. baldacchino : Sp. balda- quino, a canopy), in arch., a structure within a build- m&te, milt, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; balderdash, n. b awl -der- dash (W. baldorddi, to bab- ble or prate : Dut. balderen, to bawl : Dan. buldre, to make a loud noise), words jumbled together without sense, taste, or judgment. baldrick, n. bawl'-drlk (Icel. belli : L. balteus, a belt), a girdle or richly ornamented belt ; a shoulder-belt. bale, n. bdl (F. balle: Swed. bah It. balla, a pack of goods: Dut. -lie or package of goods. bale, v. bal, (Swed. balja: Dan. balle: Dut. baalien, to empty out water with a pail), to free from water by laving it out, as in a boat : ba'ling, imp. : n. the act of freeing from water, as a boat : baled, pp. bala. baleful, a. bal'-fool (AS. bealo, torment: Icel. bol, calamity), mischievous ; destructive; sorrowful: bale'- fully, ad. -ll: bale 'fulness, n. Balearic, a. bai'-e-ar-lk (L. baleares: from Gr. ballein, to throw— Tii i in,' good slingers), of or relating to Majorca and Minorca, islands in the Medi- terranean Sea. balister or ballister, n. bcll'-Xs-ter— see baluster. balistes, n. bd-lis'tez (Gr. ballo or baleso, I strike, as with a dart), an extensive genus of fishes ; the file- fish, so called from its rough, jagged, and dart-like fin- spines. balk, v. bawk (Icel. balkr, a division between stalls: Sw. balka, to partition off; balk, a hewn beam), to disappoint ; to frustrate ; to refuse : n. a ridge of unploughed land ; a beam ; sudden disappointment : er, u. one who signals to the fishermen the course of the herring-shoals. ball, n. bawl (F. balle: It. palla: Sp. bala: L. pila), a round body ; a globe ; a bullet ; a child's toy : v. to form into a ball: balling, imp.: balled, pp. bawld: ball-cock, a hollow metal globe attached to the end of a lever to regulate the supply of water in a cistern, by floating on the surface of the water: ball and socket, an instrument or joint of brass with a perpetual screw, movable in any direction, very useful in scientific in- struments, &c : ball-cartridge, a cartridge having^a bullet besides powder. ball, n. bawl (It. ballare, to shake or jog: old F. baler, to move or stir: mid. L. ballare, to move back- wards and forwards : Gr. ballo, I leap or bound), an entertainment of dancing. ballad, n. bal'iad (F. ballade, a song: 'It. ballata, a song sung in dancing), a simple popular song : bal- ladry, n. bdl'-ldd-ri, the subject or style of ballads: ballad-singer, one who sings ballads on the streets. ballast, n. bal'-ldst (AS. bat, a boat ; hlaest, load : Dan. bag-lest, the back load or worthless load), any heavy substance placed at the bottom of a ship or boat to steady it ; the load of sand, stones, &c, which a ship carries when there is no cargo; the gravel, broken stones, &c, placed on the permanent way of a railway, immediately under the sleepers and rails, in order to steady them : v. to steady ; to load with bal- last : ballasting, imp. •. ballasted, pp. ballet, n. bal'-la (F. : It. ballo, a dance), a kind of dance ; a scena acted in dancing in a theatre, and associated with music. ballista, n. bdhlls'td (L.— from Gr. ballo, I throw), a military engine used by the ancients for throwing stones. balloon, n. bdl-lon' (F. ballon, a football: It. bal- lone— see ball), any round hollow body; a spherical body filled with light gas, so as to rise and float in the air : balloon'ing, n. the art of ascending in balloons : balloon'ist.n. one who : air'-balloon, one raised into the atmosphere by being filled with a gas lighter than air : fire-balloon, one filled and raised by rarefied or heated air by placing fire under its mouth. ballon, n. bdl'-lon (F.— see ball), a round globe on the top of a pillar ; a round short-necked vessel used as receiver in distillation. ballot, n. bed-lot (F. ballotte, a little ball— from balle, a ball), a little ball used in voting ; a ticket or written vote : v. to choose or vote by ballot : ballot- ing, imp. : balloted, pp. bdVlot-ed. balm, n. bam (F. baume— from Gr. balsamon: L. badsamum, balsam), a fragrant plant; a valuable ointment that soothes a nd that which soothes, mitigates, or heals : v. to anoint with balm ; to soothe: balm'ing, imp.: banned, pp. bdmd: balmy, a. bdm% like balm; mild; soothing: balmily, ad. i-ll: balmlness, n. : balsam, n. bdwl'-sdm, a soothing ointment of an oily nature; a semi-fluid resin: balsamic, a. bdl-sdra'Xk, or balsamical, a. -l-kdl, BAND lcally, ad. -It: barsamrt erous, a. -If-tr-us (L. — ; fero, I produce): balm of Gilead, or balsam of Mecca, common names for the resinous juice of the balsam-tree of Syria, reckoned very precious : balsam of sulphur, an ointment prepared from sulphur and oil of turpentine : balsam of Saturn, an ointment pre- pared from sugar of lead and oil of turpentine, &c. : balsam'ics, n. plu. -iks, in med., applied to several preparations for external use. Baltic, a. bawl'ttk (old Sw. batlt, as two of its en- trances are still called: L. balteus, a belt), from the Baltic or its shores, or relating to them. baluster, n. bdl'us-ter (F. balustre: It. balaustro -. Sp. barauste — from bara or vara, a rod), a little pillar ; a small column or pilaster ; corruptly spelt bannisters when placed as a guard to a staircase: balustered, a, arnished with balusters: balustrade, n. bdl'-us-trdd (F.), a row of little pillars united by a coping, serving as a fence for stair-cases, &c. bamboo, n. bdm-bo' (Malay, bambu), a strong Indian reed, with hollow-jointed stems. bamboozle, v. bdm-bd'zl (Dut. bum, to hum, and baesen, to rave or talk idly), to deceive ; to confound ; to mislead : bamboo'zling, imp. : bamboo'zled, pp. -zld. ban, n. bdn (L. bannire, to call to the ban or stand- ard : Sp. or It. bando, a decree, banns of marriage : Sw. bann, excommunication), a public notice ; a curse ; a censure ; an interdict ; in Slavonia, the viceroy or lord-lieutenant : v. to curse; to interdict; to pro- claim : ban'ning, imp. : banned, pp. bdnd : bans or banns, a proclamation in church necessary to con- stitute a legal marriage. banana, n. bd-nd'-nd (Sp.), an herbaceous plant and its fruit, differing from the plantain in having its stalks marked with dark purple stripes and spots, ), a word used to denote the difference in value between bank-money and current money on the Continent ; a bench: sittings in banco, so called when all the judges of a court are present. band, n. bdnd (from the verb to bind : Goth, bandi : F. bande: It. banda, a strip, a band: Ger. bande, bor- der, margin), that with which anything is bound ; a narrow strip of cloth or similar material for binding or swathing ; a stripe or streak of different colour or material ; a cord ; a fillet ; a tie : in arch. , a low mould- ing : v. to join or tie together : band'ing, imp. : band'ed, pp. : bandage, n. bdn'-daj, a fillet ; a swath ; a long narrow strip of cloth used in binding up a wound or an infirmity : v. to tie up with a strip of cloth ; to dress with a bandage: ban'daging, imp.: bandaged, pp. bdn'dajd: bandbox, n. ho. ;/. light paper box: bandlet, n. band-let, also ban'delet (F. bandelette, a little band), in arch., a flat moulding or fillet: ban- doleers, n. plu. bdn'-do-lerz' (F. bandouliere), small wooden cases covered with leather, each containing powder | sufficient for a charge; the shoulder-belts worn by anc. musketeers : ban'dog, a kind of large dog; a mastiff. band, n. bdnd (It. banda : F. bande, a band or com- pany : It. bandare, to side : Sp. banda, a side or party: F. bander, to join in league with), a company of men united for any common object or design ; a body of soldiers ; a body of musicians : v. to unite to- § ether in confederacy ; to associate : band'ing, imp. : and'ed, pp. : band'er, one who : train-bands, trcln'- bdndz, regiments composed of citizens of London, who used to be drilled after the manner of the militia. bandit, n. bdn'dlt; banditti, n. plu. bcin-dit'e, also bandits (It. bandito, one proclaimed or denounced — from It. and mid. L. bandire, to proclaim, to de- nounce), an outlaw ; a robber ; a highwayman. bandore, n. bdn'dor (Sp. bandurria— from Gr. pandoura, a musical instrument with three strings), a stringed musical instrument like a lute. bandrol, n. bdn'drol, also written ban'nerol (F. banderole, a little flag or streamer), in the army, the little flag attached to a trumpet. bandy, v. bin > to drive the ball from side to side at tennis— from Sp. banda, a side), to beat to and fro, as a ball in play ; to exchange ; to retort ; to give by turns ; to contend : n. a bent club for striking a ball at play : ban'dying, imp. : bandied, pp. ban-did: ban'dier, n. one who: ban'dy-legs, (F. bander, to bend), crooked legs. boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, seal. BANE deadly quality ; any fatal cause of mischief: baneful, a. bdn'-fool, poisonous ; pernicious : bane'fully, ad. -II : bane'fulness, n. : bane -wort, n. bdn-wert, deadly nightshade. bang, v. bdng (Sw. tang, stir, tumult: Goth. banja, a blow ; imitative of the sound of a blow), to treat or handle roughly ; to shut with a loud noise, as a door : n. a heavy blow ; the thump or sound of a stroke ; an intoxicating Turkish drug : bang'ing, imp. : banged, pp. bdngd. bangles, n. bdng'-glz, ornaments worn on the arms and ankles in India and Africa. bangue, n. bdng, also spelt bang (Sans, bhangga, hemp : F. and Sp. bangue), the prepared leaf of Indian hemp, used as a stimulant in the East. Banian, a. bdn'ydn (from the Bannians in India, who abstain from animal food), among seamen, applied to those days on which they receive no butcher's meat: n. the Indian fig-tree; a Hindoo of the trading caste. banish, v. bdn'ish (F. bannir, to banish: mid. L. bannire, to proclaim, to denounce — see ban and ban- dit), to condemn to exile ; to compel to leave a country ; to send as a prisoner to another country : banishing, imp.: banished, pp. bdn'lsht: banishment, n. the state of being sent out of a country as a criminal ; a driving away. banister, n. bdn'ls-ter, corrupted from baluster, which see. bank, n. bdngk (F. banc : Ger. bank, a bench, a bank : It. banco, a bench, a merchant's place of business), a mound or ridge of earth ; any steep ascent ; a heap of anything ; a place where a collection of money is kept ; the margin of a river or the sea: v. to raise up a mound of earth or a dyke to enclose; to deposit money in a bank : bank'ing, imp. : adj. pert, to a bank : banked, pp. bdngkt : bank'er, n. one who deals in money: banking, n. the business or employment of a bank: adj. of or relating to the business of bank- ing: bank'able, a. -d-bl, receivable at a bank: bank- note, an en<*raved form or bill, properly signed and attested, issued by a bank, and bearing a promise to pay on demand, in gold or silver, a certain specified sum : bank-stock, shares in the trading capital of a bank. bankrupt, n. bdngk'rilpt (It. banco, a merchant's place of business : L. ruptus, broken : It. bancarotta), any one who becomes unable to pay his just debts : adj. declared to be in debt beyond the power of pay- ment : v. to disable one from paying the claims of his creditors: bankrupting, imp.: bankrupted, pp. bankruptcy, n. bdngk'rupt'sl, the state of being a bankrupt ; failure in trade. banner, n. bdn'ner (F. banniere: It. bandiera — from banda, a strip of cloth : Goth, bandva, a sign), a square flag ; a flag or ensign : bannered, a. bdn'ner d, bearing banners: ban'nerless, a. without a banner: banneret, n. bdn'ner-et, a little banner : knight ban'- neret, a knight of a higher order privileged to raise his own banner in the field : ban'nerol, n. a little flag. Bannians, n. plu. bdn'ydnz, a religious sect among the East Indians who believe in the transmigration of souls, and consequently abstain from the use of the flesh of animals. bannock, n. bdn'ndk (Scot.), a cake made of oat- meal or peasemeal. banns, n. bdnz (see ban), public notice of an in- tended marriage given in a church. banquet, n. bdng'-kio&t (F.— from bangue, a bench or table : It. banchetto, diminutive of banco, a bench or table), a feast ; a rich entertainment ; anything de- lightful : v. to feast ; to treat with a feast : ban'queter, n. one who : ban'queting, imp. : banqueted, pp. banquette, n. bdng-kSt' (F.— from banc, a bank), in fort., a raised way or foot-bank, from three to four feet wide, running along the inside of a parapet. bantam, n. bdn'-tdm, a small breed of fowls with feathered legs— probably from Bantam in Java: adj. applied to the breed. banter, v. bdn'ter (unknown, but probably origin- ated as a slang word: F. badiner, to joke), to joke with in words and in good-humour; to rally at the expense of another: ban'tering, imp.: ban'- tered, pp. -terd. bantling, n. bdnt'llng (from the bands in which the child was wrapped), a young child ; an infant. banyan— see banian. mute, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; I BARB baobab, n. bd'6-bdb', called also A'danso'nia, a large tree, a native of Africa. baptism, n. bdp'ttzm (L. and Gr. baptisma— from Gr. bapto, I dip in water), the initiatory sacrament of the Christian religion ; the dipping among water, or sprinkling with water: baptismal, a. bap-tlz'mdl, pert, to baptism: baptis'mally, ad. -II: bap'tist, n. one of a religious sect which opposes infant baptism ; John the Baptist : baptise, v. bdp-Uzf, to administer the rite of baptism : bapti'ser, n. one who baptises : bapti'sing, imp.: baptised, pp. bdp-tlzd' : bapti- sable, a. bdp-ti'-zd-bl, that may be baptised : baptis- tery, n. bdp'tls-Ur'l, apkv ■ _ ■ : baptistic, a. bdp-tis'tlk, also baptis'tical, a. -tl-kdl, pert, to baptism : baptis'tical 'ly, ad. -It. bar, n. bar (F. barre : It. barra, a bolt : Celt, bar, ■the top, abranch: AS. bconmii, l<> shut in, to shelter), a bolt ; a long piece or rod of any solid substance of small diameter ; an enclosed place at an inn or a court ; a division in music, or the line that makes the divi- sion ; a sandbank at the entrance to a river ; the body of lawyers that plead ; any hindrance ; a stop : v. to secure ; to fasten ; to hinder ; to shut out ; to restrain : bar'ring, imp. : barred, pp. bard : barry, a. bdr'rl, in her., applied to an escutcheon having bare or equal divisions across from side to side : bar'less, a. : bar'- wise, a. -wiz .- bar'shot, n. doubled shot joined by abar, used for destroying masts and rigging in a naval engagement : bar'-iron, a long thick rod of malleable iron prepared from pig-iron for the use of blacksmiths : bar'maid, a woman who attends at the bar of a tavern, &c. : barricade, n. bdr'rl-kdd' (Sp. barricada: Gael. barrach, branches, brushwood : F. barrer, to stop the way), an obstruction hastily thrown up ; an impedi- ment ; a defence : v. to fasten ; to fortify ; to secure : bar'rica'ding, imp.: bar'rica'ded, pp.: bar'rica'der, n. one who: barrier, n. bdr'rl-er (F. barriere), a boun- dary ; a limit ; defence ; line of separation : barrister, n. bdr'rls-ter, one who pleads in defence of any person near the bar in a court of law ; an advocate. barb, n. barb (F. barbe— from L. barba, a beard), a beard, or that which resembles it ; a horse from Bar- bary (Dut. paard, a horse) ; the sharp shoulders of an arrow-head or of a hook to prevent its being easily drawn back again; the trappings of a horse: v. to furnish with barbs : bar'ber, n. (F. barbier), one who shaves beards: barb'ing, imp.: barbed, pp. bdrbd, bearded; armed. Barbadoes, n. bdr-bd'dOz, of or from Barbadoes, one of the West India islands : Barbadoes tar, a mi- neral tar of commerce found in several of the West India islands. barbarian, n. bar-bd'rl-dn (Gr. barbaros: L. bar- barus, rude— a word imitative of the confused sound of voices, conveying no meaning, by repeating the syllables bar, bar: F. barboter, to mumble, to mutter ; baragouin, gibberish, jargon), a rude savage man; an uncivilised man; a foreigner: adj. belonging to a savage; uncivilised: barbaric, a. bdr-bdr'lk, pert, to semicivilised or uncivilised nations : barbarism, n. bdr'-bdr-lzm, an impropriety of speech ; an uncivilised state ; rudeness of manners : barbarity, n. bdr-bdr'l- tl, extreme rudeness ; cruelty, like a savage ; inhu- manity: barbarise, v. bdr'bd-riz, to make barbar- ous: bar'bari'sing, imp.: bar'barised', pp. -rizd'-. barbarous, a. bdr-bd-rus, uncivilised; savage; ignor- ant; cruel: bar'barously, ad. -II: barlDarous'ness, n. barbate, a. bdr'bdt, or barbated, a. b6 (L. barbatus, having a beard), in bot., bearded: bar- bule, n. bdr'bul, a very minute barb or beard. barbecue, n. bdr'bi-ku (F. barbe-a-queue, from snout to tail), in the West Indies, a term used for dress- ing a hog whole by splitting it to the backbone and laying it upon a gridiron above a fire, which also sur- rounds it: v. to roast or dress a hog whole, or any other animal, in some way: bar'becu'ing, imp.: bar- becued, pp. bdr'bl-kud. barbel, n. bdr'bel (Dut. barbeel— from L. barba, a beard), a certain river-fish having on its upper jaw four beard-like appendages or wattles. barberry, n. bdr-ber'rl (Sp. berberis), a wild bush, or its fruit— see berbery. barbet, n. bdr'bet (F.— from barbe, a beard), a species of dog having long coarse hair ; a bird of warm cli- mates almost covered with bristles and very stupid ; a kind of worm that feeds on the aphides. barbette, n. bdr-bSV (F.: It. barbetta, a tuft of hair on the pastern-joint of a horse), an earthen terrace in- side a parapet, raised to such a height as to admit of BARB ? gims being fired over the crest of the parapet. Guns are said to he en barbette when placed on such an earthen mound, or on a high carriage. barbican, n. bdr'bi-kdn (AS. barbacan: F. and It. tiarbacane: Sp. barbacana), a watch-tower; an out- work or fort at the entrance of a bridge. barcarolles, n. plu. bdr'kd-rol'-lez (It. barca, a barge), the songs of the Venetian gondoliers. bard, n. bdrd (F. barde: It. bardo: L. bardus— from W. bardd), one who sung his own poems amoug the ancient Celts; a poet: bardic, a. bdr'-dik, pert, to bards or minstrelsy : bardism, n. bdr'dlzm, the learn- ing and maxims of bards. bards, n. plu. bdrdz (F. bardes, trappings for horses, covering the front, back, and flanks : Sp. barda), thin broad slices of bacon with which capons, pullets, &c, are dressed and baked for table. bare, a. bar (AS. beer: Ger. baar: Icel. her, bare: Fris. baer, clear), naked; without covering; plain; simple ; poor : v. to make naked ; to strip or uncover : baring, imp.: bared, pp. bard: barely, ad. bar'U, with difficulty : bare'ness, n.: barefaced, a. bar-fast', shameless; impudent: barefacedly, ad. -fds'-ed-ll: barefae'edness, n. effrontery; assurance; impudence: baregine, n. bd-ra'zhin, a curious infusorial deposit occurring in certain thermal waters, first discovered in the hot springs of Bareges, in the Pyrenees. bargain, n. bar -gin (old F. barguigner, to haggle: It. baratta, strife — from the syllables bar, bar— see barbarian), an agreement; a cheapened commodity: v. to make a contract or agreement ; to sell on specu- lation: bargaining, imp. bdr'gen-ing: bargained, pp. bar'-gind: bargainee, n. bdr'-gen-e", he who accepts a bargain. barge, n. b&rj (Dut. barsie: old F. barge, a boat: Icel. barki, the throat, the bows of a ship), a boat, generally a pleasure-vessel ; a flat-bottomed boat for conveying goods from vessels ; another word for bark : barge 'man, n. : barge-couples, pieces of wood mortised into others to strengthen a building. barilla, n. bd-rllld (Sp.), a plant cultivated in Spain from whose ashes the best alkaM is obtained, being an impure carbonate of soda. The barilla obtained from the ashes of sea-weed growing on the coast of Sco1> land is called kelp. barium, n. bd-ri-um (Gr. barus, heavy), the metal- lic basis of baryta, discovered in 1808 by Sir H. Davy. bark, n. bdrk (Dan. bark: Icel. borkr), the outside covering of a tree : v. to peel or strip off bark : bark- ing, imp.: barked, pp. bdrkt: barker, n. one who: barkery, n. bdrk'er-l, a tan-house. bark, n. bark (AS. beorcan, to bark : Icel. barki, the throat), the .peculiar noise or clamour of a dog: v. to make the noise of a dog: bark'ing, imp.: barked', pp.: bark'er, one which. bark or barque, n. bark (F. barque: lowL. barca), a small ship ; a ship that carries three masts, without a mizzen top-sail. Barker's mill, n. bar'kerz, a machine moved by the centrifugal force of water, invented by Dr Barker more than a century ago. barley, n. bdr'll (AS. bere: W. barllys— from bar a, bread, and llys, aplant), a well-known grain much used for making malt: barley-corn, n. a grain of barley ; the third part of an inch in length— said to be the origin of our measure of length, three barley-corns placed end to end being one inch : barley-sugar, a sweetmeat, formerly made with a decoction of barley: barley- water, an infusion of barley : barley-brake, a rural play: pearl-barley, barley dressed for domestic use. barm, n. barm (AS. beorm: Ger. berm: Dan. bazrme, the dregs of oil, wine, or beer), yeast ; leaven for bread ; the scum or slimy substance from beer: barmy, a. bdr'mi, containing yeast. barn, n. barn (AS. berern— from bere, barley; em, a place: Dut. berm, a heap: Dan. baarm, a load), a covered building for farm produce. barnacle, n. bdr'nd-kl (F. barnache: Gael, bair- n-each: Manx, barnagh, a limpet, conical-shaped : pro- perly AS. beam, a child; aac, oak — expressive of the old belief that the barnacle, externally resembling an acorn, grew on oak-trees), a conical shell-fish found on bottoms of ships, and on planks or stones under water ; a sort of goose : bar'nacles, n. plu. -klz (prov. F. ber- niqites, spectacles— from bomi, blind), irons put on the noses of horses to make them stand quiet. barolite, n. bar'o-llt (Gr. barus, heavy; lithos, a > BARY stone), a carbonate of baryta— also called Witheritc, from its discoverer. barometer, n. bd-rdm'g-ter (Gr. baros, weight ; me- iron, a measure), an instrument that indicates changes in the weather, and used to ascertain the heights of mountains from the pressure of the atmosphere : bar- ometric, a. bdr'-o-mSt'-rik, also bar'omet'rical, a. bdr- o-mit'-n-kdl: bar'omet'rically, ad. -kdl-l: barometry, n. bd-rom'e-tri : aneroid barom'eter, dn'er-dyd (Gr. a. without ; neros, moist ; eidos, a form), a barometer which indicates the varying pressure of the atmos- phere, not by the varying height of a column of a fluid, but by the compression and expansion of a small metal vessel. baron, n. bdr -on (F.: It. barone: Sp. varon: origi- nally signifying man or husband), a rank of nobility next to a viscount; two sirloins not cut asunder: baronage, n. bdr'-on-aj, the dignity or estate of a baron : bar'oness, n. the wife of a baron : barony, n. bdr'6-nl, the lordship of a baron; a division of a county in Ireland answering to an English hundred: baronial, a. bd-ro'nl-dl, pert, to a barony: baronet, n. bdr'-d-net, the title next below a baron, established in England as an order in the reign of James I.: baronetage, n. bdr'-6-netdj, the dignity of a baronet; baronets as a body: baronetcy, n. -i. the title and dignity of a baronet. baroselenite, n. bdr'-o-sel-en-lt (Gr. barus, heavy; selene, the moon), a name applied to barytes, in allu- sion to its high specific gravity, and the resemblance of some of its crystals to those of selenite. barouche, n. bd-rdsh' (Ger. barutsche: L. birotus —from bis, twice ;. rota, a wheel), a four-wheeled car- riage with a falling top. barque, n. bdrk— see bark, a small ship. barrack, n. bdr'rdk (Sp. barraca, a cabin or hut : Gael, barrach, brushwood: F. baraque), a house for soldiers, commonly used in the plu., being originally a collection of huts clad or covered with boughs: bar'rack-master, the officer who superintends sol- diers' barracks. barracoon, n. bdr'rdk6n (from barrack), in Africa., a fort or castle ; an enclosure where slaves are quartered. barras, n. bar'rds (F.), a substance consisting of resin and oil that exudes from the wounds in fir-trees. barrator, n. bdr'rd-tor (old F. bareter, to deceive: Icel. baratta, a contest— see barter), an encourager of lawsuits; fraud in a shipmaster: barratry, n. bdr' rd-trl, a fraud in a shipmaster against the owners or underwriters, as embezzling the goods or running away with the ship : barratrous, a. bdr'rd-trus, guilty of the crime of barratry : bar'ratrous'ly, ad. -trus'li. barrel, n. bdr'rel (F. baril: It. barile: Sp. barril), a vessel or cask having more length than breadth, bulg- ing in the middle : v. to pack or put into a barrel : barrelling, imp.: barrelled, bdr 'rSld: barrel-bulk, in shipping, a measure of capacity for freight equal to five cubic feet. barren, a. bdr-rSn (old F. brehaigne or baraigne, unfruitful), not producing young ; not fertile ; dull ; in bot., without pistils: bar'renly, ad. -II: barrenness, n. bdr'rSn-nSs, unfruitfulness ; sterility. barricade, n. : barrier, n. : barrister, n.— see un- der bar : barrier-reef , a name given to those coral-reefs which run parallel to the shores, chiefly of islands, and enclosing a lagoon-channel more or less extensive. barrow, n. bdr'ro (AS. berewe — from beran, to carry: It. bara, a litter: Ger. bahre, a barrow), a hand-carriage. barrow, n. bdr'rd (AS. beorg or beorh, a hill or mound), a hillock or mound raised over the graves of warriors or nobles, especially those killed in battle. barter, v. bdr'ter (old F. bareter, to deceive: Sp. baratar, to truck or exchange : It. barattare, to truck or barter— see bargain), to traffic by exchanging one kind of goods for another; to exchange; to trade: n. traffic by exchanging : bartering, imp. : bartered, pp. bdr'terd: bar'terer, n. one who. bartizan, n. bdr'-tl-zdn' (a corruption of brattic- ing, which see: F. bretesche, a portal of defence: It. bertesca, a kind of rampart), a small overhanging turret which projects from the angles of towers, or the parapet and other parts of the building. barwood, n. bdr'-iudbd, a red dyewood brought from Africa. baryta, n. bd-rl'td, also barytes, n. bd-rl'tez (Gr. barus, heavy), a mineral, one of the simple earths, of great specific gravity, widely diffused and common- ly occurring in beds or veins of metallic ores ; the na- cdiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. BARY 4 tive sulphate of baryta is generally known as cawk or heavy spar: barytic, a. bd-rlt'ik, of or containing ba- ryta: baryto-calcite, n. bd-ri'to-kdl'slt (Gr. barus, heavy: L. calx, gen. calcis, lime), a mineral of a white, yellowish, or greenish colour, occurring massive and crystallised. barytone, a. bdr'l-ton (Gr. barvs, heavy; tonos, a tone), pert, to a grave deep sound: n. a male voice between tenor and bass. basal, a. bd'sdl— see base. basalt, n. bd-sawlt' (Gr. and L. basaltes; Ethiopic, basal, iron), a dark greyish - black stone of volcanic origin, often occurring in the form of columns or prisms, three, five, or more sided, regular and jointed: basaltic, a. bd-sawl'tik, pert, to or containing basalt: basaJ.tine, a. bd-sawl'tln, crystallised horn blende: basaltiform, n. bd-sawl'tl-fawrm (basalt; L. forma, shape), resembling basalt in its columnar structure. basanite, n. bdz'dn-it (Gr. basanizo, I test; basanos, a touchstone), a mineral— called also Lydian stone or Lydite, from the province of Lydia, where first found; a compound variety of flinty slate of a velvet-black colour, used for testing the purity of gold and silver —seldom used in this waynow; appliedtoarockhaving a base of basalt and more or less crystals of augite. base, a. bds (P. bas, mean, low : It. basso ; L. bassus : Gr. bathus, deep), mean; worthless; of low station; deep; grave: basely, ad. -IX: base'ness, n. vileness; worthlessness : base-born, a. born out of wedlock; vile: base-hearted, a., also base-souled, a. vile in heart or spirit. base, n. bds (L. and Gr. basis, the foundation), the bottom; the foundation; the foot; the support; the principal ingredient in a compound body ; the low or grave parts in music: v. to found or establish on a base: ba'sing, imp.: based, pp. bdsd: basic, a. bd'zlk, acting as a base; possessing the base in ex- cess: basal, a. ba'sdl, forming the base: baseless, a. bds'-l&s, with'iin i m^hwii: basilar, a. bds'i-ldr, in bot., attached to the base of an organ: base'- ment, n. the ground floor ; the part below the level of the street; the part on which the base is placed: basis, n. bd'sls (L.), the pedestal of a column; that on which anything is raised: plu. bases, bd'sez: base'- court, the outer or lower yard of a castle, appropriated to stables, offices, &c. : base'-line, inperspec, the com- mon section of a picture and the geometrical plane ; in surv., a line, sometimes exceeding 100 miles in length, measured with the greatest possible exact- ness, with the view of determining the relative posi- tions of objects and places; longer base lines are measured by triangulation : base of operations, the line of country or fortresses from which military opera- tions can be advanced by troops, and munitions of war supplied, and to which retreat can be made in case of necessity. bashaw, n. bd-shaw' (At. basha: Pers. pasha), a Turkish governor ; an imperious person. bashful, a. bdsh'-fobl (see abash), very modest; shy; easily confused: bash'fully, ad. -II: bash'fulness, n. modesty in excess. basify, v. bd'sl-fy (see base), to convert into a base ; ba'sify'ing, imp.: basified, pp. bd'sl-fid: basifier, n. bd'-slfi'-er, he or that which. basil, n. bdz'-il (Sp. bisel, bevel-edge of a thing— from base), the slope of the edge of a tool : v. to grind or form the edge of a tool to an angle : bas'iling, imp. : basiled, pp. bdz'-lld. basil, n. bdz'il (F. basilic: It. basilico, the basil — from Gr. basilikos, royal), literally the royal herb— a highly aromatic plant; a pot-herb: basil-weed, wild basil. basilica, n. bd-zil'l-kd (Gr. basilikos, kingly), a royal or public hall where justice was administered; the middle vein of the arm ; a magnificent church : basil- icon, n. bd-zil'i-kon, a yellow ointment: basilic, a. bd-zll'-ik, also basilical, a. bd-zil'i-kdl, pert, to a public or regal edifice; pert, to the middle vein of the arm. basilisk, n. bdz'l-lisk (L. basiliscus— from Gr. basi- leus, a king), the cockatrice ; a fabulous serpent hav- ing a white spot on its head resembling a royal crown. basin, n. bd'sn (F. bassin: Ger. becken: It. bacino), a circular hollow vessel for containing water, &c. ; a pond ; a bay ; a dock ; the district of country drained by a river : ba'sin-shaped, a. : basined, a. bd'snd, enclosed in a basin; in geol., any dipping or disposi- > BAST tion of strata towards a common centre or axis ; the depressions and receptacles of seas or lakes. ba'sis— see base. bask, v. bdsk (Icel. baka, to warm : Dut. bakern, to bask, as in the sun), to lie at ease enjoying the heat of the sun or of a fire ; to be prosperous under benign influence : bask'ing, imp. : basked, pp. bdskt. basket, n. bds'ket (W. basged— from basg, a netting, a plaiting, as of twigs or splinters: L. bascauda), an article of domestic use, made of osier-twigs or any pliable substance : v. to p bas'keting, imp. : basketed, pp. : basket-hilt, the hilt of a sword made to defend the whole hand from being wounded : bas'ket-hil'ted, a. having a basket-hilt. Basquish, a. bds'kish, of or pert, to Biscay or its inhabitants. bass, n. bds (It. basso, low, deep), the lowest part in a harmonised musical composition: adj. low; deep; grave : basist, n. bds'lst, in music, a singer of bass : bass-clef, bds'klef, the character placed at the begin- ning of the stave containing the bass part of a musi- cal composition : bass -singer, one who sings the deep- est or lowest part in music. bass, n. bds (Dut. bast, bark or peel : Dan. baste, to bind), a mat made of bast; a door-mat. bass, n. bds (AS. bars, a perch), a name given to several species of the perch. bass-relief, n. bds're-lef (It. basso, low; rilevare, to raise up again), sculptured figures which do not stand far out from the surface ; when they stand fur- ther out they are said to be in alto-relievo : It. basso- relievo, bds'-so-re-le'vd: F. bas-relief, bd're-lef. basset, n. bds'set (see basil), a miner's term for the outcrop or surface-edge of any inclined stratum : v. to incline in a direction towards the surface of the earth, as a stratum or seam of coal : bas'seting, imp. : bas'seted, pp. : spelt also with tt. basset, n. bds'set (F. bassette), a game at cards in- vented at Venice. bassetto, n. bds-sgt'to (It.), a small bass viol. bassinette, n. bds'sl-net' (F.) a wicker basket, with a covering or hood over one end, in which young children are placed as in a cradle. bassoon, n. bds- son' (F. basson: It. bassone— from basso, low or deep), in music, a bass wind-instrument, consisting of a very long tube and a reed for the ad- mission of the wind : bassoonist, n. a player on. bassorine, n. bds'-so-rin (first discovered in bas'sora- gum), a substance obtained by treating gum-resin suc- cessively with ether, alcohol, and water. bast, n. bdst (Dut. bast, bark, peel: Sw. basta, to bind), proper spelling of bass, a mat ; inner bark of the lime-tree, from which matting is made ; a thick mat : basta, impera. bds'td (It.), in music, enough ; stop —used by the leader of the band. bastard, n. bd-s'tdrd (oldF. bastard; Gael, baos, for- nication : old E. baste, fornication— from old F. bast, a pack-saddle), a child born out of wedlock; anything spurious: adj. spurious; not genuine; false; applied to metallic ores containing a very small percentage of metal, or to an impure mineral— as bastard-iron- stone, bastard-limestone : bas'tardism, n. -dlzm, the state of a bastard: bastardise, v. bds'tdr-diz', to prove to be a bastard; to reduce to the condition of a bastard: bas'tardi'sing, imp.: bastardised', pp. -dizd': bastardly, a. or ad. -II: bastardy, n. ' i < :)<• chi-i 'hm<- • ■ atning), a disease common to plants, by which they are withered either wholly or partially; anything nipping oi bla nr to retard growth or prevent fertility; to blast; to frustrate : blighting, imp. : blight'ed, pp. : blight- ingly, ad. -li. blind, a. MM Both, blinds : Icel. blindr —connected with blink), deprived of sight ; wanting discernment; heedless; inconsiderate; morally de- praved : v. to deprive of sight ; to darken ; to deceive : n. something that darkens or obscures ; a cover or screen : blinding, imp.: blind'ed, pp.: blindly, ad. -li: blind'ness, n. want of sight; intellectual darkness: blind'fold, a. having the eyes covered : v. to hinder from seeing: blindfolding, imp.: blindfold'ed, pp.: blindman's-buff (Ger. blin-.ii-iini.us), a play or game, in which one having his eyes covered tries to catch any other of the players : blindman's-ball, a common fun- gus : blind coal, a miner's term for those coals which, deficient in bitumen, burn away without flame: blinds, bllndz, in mil., a temporary defence in pres- ence of an e;>emy made of branches interwoven : blind side, a familiar term for a weakness or foible : blind-worm, a small reptile covered with scales, and having a forked tongue, but harmless— called also slow-worm. blink, n. bltngl an, to dazzle: Ger. blicken, to shine, or blinken, to twinkle), a wink ; a glance ; a look ; a moment : v. to wink ; to twinkle with the eye ; to see dimly or obscurely ; to evade : blinking, imp. : blinked, pp. bllngkt: blinkers, n. plu. blingk'erz, coverings for the eyes of a horse to keep it from seeing on either side : to blink the question, to shut one's eyes to it; to make one's self wilfully blind to it: blink'y, a. liable to wink by overstraining the eyes : snow or ice blink, the peculiar reflection from snow or ice in arctic regions. bliss, n. Mis (AS. Mis, joy— see bles3), happiness in a very high degree ; felicity ; joys of heaven : bliss'ful, a. -fool, full of bliss: bliss'fuily, ad. -II: bliss'fulness, n.: blissless, a. blister, n. blls'ter (AS. blcesan, to blow: L. pustula, a bubble, a pimple: Dut. Muyster), a thin white swelling on the skin, generally filled with watery fluid ; the scales on iron or steel : v. to raise blisters ; to rise in blisters: blis'tering, imp. : blis'tered, pp. -terd: blis'tery, a. -ter-i, full of blisters. blite, n. bllt (Gr. bliton: L. blitum), a kind of amaranth; a genus of plants called strawberry blite, from the appearance of the fruit which succeeds the flower. blithe, a. blith (AS. blithe, merry, joyful: Goth. bleiths, mild : Dut. blijde, cheerful), gay; merry; joy- ous ; sprightly : also in same sense blitheful, a. -fool, and blithe'some, a. -sum, mirthful : blithely, ad. -li: blithe'ness, n. : blithe'someness, n. : blithe'- somely, ad. -sum-li. bloat, v. blot (Icel. blautr, soft: Dan. Mod; Sw. Mot, soft), to swell ; to puff up ; to make vain ; to grow turgid: bloating, imp.: bloat'ed, pp: bloat'ed- ness, n. : bloat'er, n. small fish partially dried, generally applied to half -cured herrings. block, n. Mok (F. bloc, a log or mass: Gael, bloc, mate, mat, far, laXv; mate, met, round: Dut. Mok: Or. blur).), n h. avy piece of timber or stone; any mass of matter; the lump of wood on which persons were beheaded; any hindrance or ob- struction; the piece of wood in which the wheels of a pulley run; a row of houses : v. to shut up; to stop; to obstruct: blocking, imp.: blocked, pp. MOM: block- head, n. Mok'hid, a stupid fellow; a dolt: blockish, a. dull; stupid: blocklshly, ad. -li : blocklshness, n. : blocklike, a. : block-tin, n. pure tin in stamp' d bars or blocks: adj. noting a vessel made of double or triple plates of tinned iron : blockhouse, n. a kind of fort chielly const rueted c,f hewn timber. blockade, n. blok kail' (It. blomire, to block up: Sp. Moquear, to blockade— from block), the surrounding or shutting up any place with a sufficient number of soldiers or ships, in order to prevent any intercourse with its inhabitants: v. to shut up a town 01 a loiir with an army or with ships, to compel it, to surrender: blocka'ding, imp. : blocka'ded, pp. : to raise a block- ade, to force or drive away the troops or ships from their positions. blonde, n. blond (F. blond, light yellow, flaxen: Pol. bladij, pale), a fair woman, opposed to brunette; a kind of silk lace: blond, a. fair; having a fair com- plexion. blood, n. Mud (AS. Mod: Dut. Moed: Ger. Mut), the fluid which circulates tliroueh the veins and arteries of aniinals, essential to life ; kindred ; honourable birth or extraction : v. to stain with blood ; to give a taste of blood, or to provoke the desire for it; to heat or exasperate: blooding, imp. : blood'ed, pp. : blood'- stained, a. stained with blood; guilty of murder: blood'thirsty, a. cruel : blood'shot, a. red ; inflamed : blood'shed, n. waste of hie: blood'shedder, n. one who: blood'shedding, n. act of shedding blood: blood'sucker, n. any animal that sucks blood, as a leech; a cruel man: blood-bought, a. purchased by shedding blood : blood-guiltiness, n. crime of shedding blood : blood-horse, one of a full or high breed : blood- vessel, a vein or artery: bloodstone, a variety of chalcedony of a dark green colour, sprinkled with deep red spots— also called heliotrope; bloodhot, of the same heat as blood : blood-hound, a hound for track- ing human beings by scent ; a hunter after human blood: blood-money, money obtained as the reward for supporting a capital charge: bloody-flux, the disease called dysentery, in which the discharges from the bowels have a mixture of blood: blood- spavin, a distemper in horses, consisting of a soft swelling growing through the hoof, and usually full of blood: bloody-sweat, a sweat accompanied with a discharge of blood ; a disease called the sweating sickness : flesh and blood, human nature ; mortal man: cold blood, free from excitement or passion: cold-blooded, a. cool and calculating, used in a bad sense ; not having warm blood : hot blood, in a state of excitement and blind fury : hot-blooded, a. very impulsive; fiery: prince of the blood, one of royal descent: bloodless, a. -les, without blood; lifeless; inactive: bloodlessly, ad. -li: blood'y, a. -I, stained with blood; cruel; murderous: bloodily, ad. -l-ll: bloodiness, n. : bloodletter, one who lets blood : bloodletting, n. act of one who lets blood. bloom, n. M6m (Icel. blorni; Dut. bloeme; Ger. blume, a flower— see blow), blossom; the flower of any plant ; the beginning of youth or manhood ; life ; vigour; beauty; bright or blue colour on fruit, as on the peach or grape ; a clouded appearance which varnish sometimes assumes upon the surface of a pic- ture; a whitish waxy secretion produced on the sur- face of some leaves and fruits : v. to yield blossoms ; to flower; to be in a state of vigour; to have the freshness and beauty of early life : blooming, imp. : adj., healthful; fresh-coloured : bloomed, pp. blomd: bloom'ingly, ad. -li: bloomlngness, n. : bloom'y, a. -i , full of bloom. bloom, n. Mom (AS. bloma, a mass, a lump), the rough mass of iron from the puddling-furnace after undergoing the first hammering: bloom'ery or -ary, n. -tr-i, the furnace in which cast is converted into malleable iron : bloom'ing, n. the process of convert- ing cast into malleable iron. blossom, n. blos'-sum (AS. Mosm; Dan. Musse, to blaze: Dut. blosem, a blossom), the flower of any plant, especially when it precedes fruit: v. to put forth blossoms before the fruit begins to grow : blos- soming, imp. : n. the flov blos'somed, pp. -sumd : blos'somy , a somless, a. her; pine, pin; note, not, move. 1-1, full of blossoms : bios'- BLOT 5 blot, v. bldt (Dtm.plet, a stain : Fris. blat, bare : Scot. Had, a lump of anything soft), to spot or stain with ink or any other colouring matter; to destroy; to efface ; to defame : n. a spot or stain ; a blemish : blot 'ting, imp.: blotted, pp.: blotter, n. one who, or that which : blotting-paper, a soft unsized paper, used for drying freshlv-written paper by imbibing a portion of the ink: blot'ty, a. blot'ti, full of blots. blotch, n. block (Ger. plotz, a blow or the sound of it— see blot), a scab or eruption on the skin : v. to blacken or spot : blotching, imp. : blotched, pp. bldcht: adj. irregularly disposed in broad patches: blotch'y, a. -I, full of blotches. blote, v. blot (Sw. biota, to soak, to steep— see bloat), to drv by smoke as fish : bio ting, imp. : blo'ted, pp. : blo'ter, n. a smoked or dried herring, now usually spelt bloater. blouse, n. blo'vs (F.), a loose overcoat made of a light material ; a smock-frock. blow, n. bio (Gr. plcge, a stroke : L. plaga, a blow: Goth, bliggwan; Dut. bloicen, to strike), a stroke; first act of hostility ; a sudden calamity. blow, v. bio (AS. blawan, to blow or breathe : Ger. blahtn, to puff up), to move as air; to pant or puff; to throw or drive a current of air into or upon ; to warmby the Ln ath; t<> deposit ei^s as flies: blow- Ing, imp.: blew, pt. U6: blown, pp. blon: blow'er, n. one who: blowy, a. blo'-i, windy: blow-pipe, n. ■pip, a tube through which a current of air is driven on a flame to obtain an increased heat: blow-off- pipe, in a steam-engine, the pipe fixed to the bottom of a boiler for discharging the sediment: blow'ers, 11. plu. -erz, in coal-mining, the puffs or jets of car- buretted hydrogen given off by fissures in the coal : blow-ball, the downy head of the dandelion: blow- fly, the carrion-fly: to blow over, to pass away: to blow up, to drive up into the air by gunpowder ; to raise or swell with the breath : to blow out, to extin- guish by the wind or by the breath: blowing-house, the blast-furnace in which tin-ore is fused : blown upon, made stale or disreputable— applied to persons. blow, v. bio (AS. blowian, to bloom: Ger. bluhen, to bloom or blossom), to come into flower ; to show flower: blow'ing, imp. : blown, pp. blon. blowze, n. bldiuz (AS. bliisa, a torch: Dut. Nose, the redness of the cheeks), a girl whose face looks red by running much in the open air; am My fat-faced wo- man: blowzy, a. bldic'-zl, fat and ruddy. blubber, n. blub'-bir (an imitati\ e word, noting the noise made by a mixture of air and water spluttering, as the water bhibbers up, in the sense of froth), the coating of fat of a whale or seal ; the sea-nettle, jelly- fish, or medusa : v. to shed tears and slaver ; to weep in a noisy manner : blub Tiering, imp. : adj. slavering and childish weeping: blubbered, pp. -bird: blub'- berer, n. one who. bludgeon, n. bludj >rigre, m,/,; • '/-, to cry often : Dan. bralle, to talk much and high : Gael, brao&ilach, noise, dis- cord), a noisy quarrel ; uproar : v. to qua: rel noisily ; to make an uproar : brawling, imp.: adj. noisy; quar- relsome: brawl'ingly, ad -ll: brawled, pp. 'brawld: brawl'er, n. one who. brawn, n. brawn (It. brano, a piece of flesh violently pulled away from the whole: old H. Ger. br&to; Fris. braede, a lump of flesh : old F. braion, muscular parts of the body), the flesh of a boar prepared in a particu- lar manner ; the muscular part of the body ; the arm : brawn'y, a. -I, or brawned, a. braicnd, muscular ; hard ; bulky : brawn'er, n. a boar killed and dressed for the table: brawn'iness, n. braxy, n. brdk'sl, a disease among sheep— also called dysentery or gall-scour; the mutton of animals so affected. bray, n. brd (F. braire, to cry like an ass : Gr. bracho, to crash, to roar : IceL brak, crash, noise : Dan. brage, to crash), the cry of an ass ; any similar loud harsh sound : v. to make a loud harsh noise like an ass : braying, imp. : brayed, pp. brad : bray'er, n. one who. bray, v. bra (Sp. bregar, to work up paste or dough : F.broyer; Bret, oraea, to bray in a mortar: W.breuan, a mill), to rub or grind down in a mortar ; to pound ; brazed, pp. brdzd: brazen, a. brd'zin, made of brass cow, boy.fdbt; pure, bud; chair, 9 BREA impudent ; shameless : bra'zenly, ad. -II: bra'zenness, n.: brazen-faced, a. remarkably impudent : brazen- face, n.: brazier, n., also brasier, brd'zi-er, a worker in brass ; a pan for holding burning coals. brazil-wood, n. brd-zel'-, (Port, braza, glowing em- bers : old E. brasil, of a bright red : S w. brasa, to blaze), a heavy wood of a red colour, used in dying red, im- ported from Brazil: brazilian, a. brd-zWi-an, ot or from Brazil: braziletto, n. brd-zil-Ut'-to, an inferior kiud of brazil-wood: brazil-nut, fruit of a palm of Brazil. Note.— The modern name of part of S. Amer., Brazil, is derived from furnishing the brazil-icood. breach, n. brech (AS. brice ; F. breche, a breach or opening in a wall), a gap or opening ; the act of break- ing, or state of being broken ; the breaking of a law, or the non-fulfilment of an agreement ; a neglect of duty : v. to make an opening or gap in anything : breach - ing, imp.: breached, pp. brecM: breach less, a. bread, n. bred (Icel. braud; Ger. brot; AS. breod, bread), food in general ; loaves ; cakes or biscuits pre- pared from flour of any kind of grain; sustenance: breadless.a. without bread: bread-fruit, the fruit of a tree whose pulp resembles bread when baked : bread-stuff, corn, meal, or flour for bread. breadth, n. bredth (Dan. bred, an edge or border: Sw. bradd, edge— see broad), a noun formed from the adj. broad; extent of surface in the shortest direction ; width : breadth/less, a. having no breadth. break, n. brdk (Goth, brikan; Ger. brechen; L.fran- gere, to break : AS. brecan, to break, to overcome), an opening ; a rent ; a tear ; a pause or interruption ; a stop : v. to separate or divide by force ; to rend ; to crush ; to weaken or impair ; to tame or train ; to in- terrupt; to lessen the force of; todissolveor abandon; to explain or open a matter to any one ; to decline in health: breaking, imp. : broke, pt. brok: broken, pp. bro'-kn: break'er, n. bruk'er, one who, or that which; a wave broken into foam by dashing on a rocky shore ; something placed in a river for breaking the force of floating ice, or for breaking it up: break- age, n. -dj, a breaking; an allowance for articles destroyed in the carriage : breaking or breaking- in, taming or training horses : breaking, n. bank- ruptcy : break-neck, a. -nek, steep ; dangerous : break- water, n. -waw'-ter, a mound or wall built in the sea, or at the mouth of a harbour, to break the force of the waves and protect the shipping : to break ground, in mil., to commence a siege by opening trenches : to break down, to fail or cause to fail: a break- down, a failure; an accident: to break the heart, to injure much or to destroy with grief: to break up, to dissolve ; to put a sudden end to : a break-up, - failure ; a dissolution : to break upon the wheel, to forth, to burst out; to exclaim: to break from, to go away with some vehemence : to break in, to enter unexpectedly: to break into, to enter by force: to break loose, to free from restraint ; to escape Into freedom: tobreakoff, to dtsist .suddenly; to abandon: to break out, to discover itself in .sudden effects; to arise or spring up : to break through, to force a pas- sage: to break upon, to discover itself suddenly: break of day, dawn ; the light preceding the appear- ance of the sun above the horizon. breakfast, n. brek'fdst (break and fast), first meal in the day, or the food so taken : v. to take the first meal : break'fasting, n. the act of taking breakfast. bream, n. brem (F. breme: Dut. braessem), abroad- shaped fresh-water fish of the carp family : v. among seamen, to burn off the sea-weed, ooze, &c, from a ship's bottom : breaming, imp. : breamed, pp. bremd. breast, n. brest (AS. breost : Goth, brusts: Dut. borst, the breast), the fore part of the human body, be- tween the neck and the belly ; in quadrupeds, the part between the fore feet ; the heart ; the conscience ; the affections ; in mining, the face of coal-workings ; the wooden partition that divides a shaft from bottom to top into two compartments: v. to meet in front: breasting, imp. : breast'ed, pp. : breast-deep or breast-high, up to the breast: breast-hooks, among seamen, pieces of compass or knee timber placed withinside a ship to keep the bows together: breast- knees, timbers placed in the forward part of a vessel across the stem to unite the bows on each side : breast- plate, n. armour for the breast : breast-rail, the upper rail of the balcony on the quarter-deck : breast- work, in fort., a mass of earth hastily thrown up for defence as high as the breast ; in nav., a set of framing termi- game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. -. BREA t rating the quarter-deck and poop at the foremost and after end of the forecastle ; a parapet not high enough to require a banquette : breast-bone, the bone at the breast; the sternum: breast-pin, an ornamental pin used to fasten a necktie or any similar covering over the breast. breath, n. brSth (AS. brceth, an odour, scent), air drawn into the lungs of animals and driven out from the same— in man and the more highly organised ani- mals through the mouth and nostrils; respiration ; a single drawing in and driving out of air ; a gentle breeze of air; life; pans*;; time to breathe; an in- stant : breathe, v. bret-h, to draw in and give out air ; to live ; to rest ; to speak softly to ; to express, as words : breathing, imp. : n. respiration ; utterance ; an ardent desire or longing after; secret prayer; accent: adj. living; vital: breathed, pp. bretfod: breath'er, n. one who ; breathful, a. br8th'-fobl : breathless, a. out of breath ; breathlessly, ad. -U : breathlessness, n. state of being out of breath : breathing -place, n. breih'ing-, a pause; breathing- time, n. pause; relaxation. breccia, n. brek'shl-d (It. a crumb or fragment) in geol., any rock composed of an agglutination of angular fragments— a conglomerate being compos- ed of rounded water-worn pebbles: bree'eiated, a. composed of angular fragments cemented together ; os'seous-breccia, n. a rock composed of fragments of bone cemented together. bred, pp. of breed, which see. breech, n. brlch, more usually in the plu. breeches, brich'-ez (AS. brcec; L. bracaz; Icel. brok; It. brache; old F. bragues, trousers), a close-fitting garment worn by men, lads, and boys, covering the lower part of the body : breech, v. brlch, to put into breeches ; to whip on the breech : breeching, imp. : n. the part of a harness which passes round the hinder part of a horse: plu. the mix--; wifh which cannon are lashed or fastened to the ship's side: breeched, pp. brlcht: breech, n. brech, the hinder part of anything, especi- ally of a gun ; the part where the body separates into two legs: breech-loading, a. in mil., receiving the charge at the breech instead of the muzzle : breech- loader, n. a firearm that receives its load at the breech. breed, v. bred (AS. bredan, to nourish, to cherish : Dut. broaden, to hatch as eggs : Ger. briiten, to bring eggs or spawn into active life : W. brivd, hot, warm), to generate ; to hatch ; to produce young ; to occa- sion ; to educate ; to train ; to instruct ; to raise from the best kinds: n. a race of men or other animals from the same stock; a kind; a caste; offspring; a variety ; a hatch ; a brood : breeding, imp. : n. edu- cation; manners: bred, pp. brSd: breed' er, n. one who. breeze, n. brez (F. brise, a cool wind : It. brezza, dull- ness or shivering ; imitative of a rustling noise), a soft- blowing wind ; a gentle gale : v. to blow gently : breezy, bre'zi, subject to frequent breezes : breeze'- less, a. breeze, n. brez (AS. briosa; Ger. bremse, a gad-fly— from Ger. brummen ; Fris. briinme, to hum), a gad-fly ; a stinging-fly— also spelt brize, breese. breeze, n. brez (F. bris or dibris, rubbish: Ger. brosame, a crumb : Gael, bris, to break), dust ; rub- bish—also spelt briss, brist. breithauptite, n. bri'-thop-tlt (after Professor Breithaupt), antimonial nickel of a light copper-red with a violet-blue tarnish. brent-goose, n. brent'gos (Ger. halber ente, a half- cluck), a migratory sea-bird ; the smallest species of geese. brethren, n. plu. brSth'ren (plu. of brother, which see), members of the same society or profession. breve, n. brev (It breve— from L. brevis, short), a figure that marks the longest sound in music. brevet, n. brSv'et (F. brevet, a commission— from L. brevis, short), the commission which confers on an officer the next hi ;hest rank to the one he holds, but of a brevet. breviary, n. bre'vl-er-% (F. briviaire, a breviary: L. breviarium, an abridgment or abstract— from L. brevis, short: It. breviario), an abridgment; the book con- taining the daily service of the Roman Catholic and Greek Churches. brevity, n. brev'-i-ti (F. brievete: L. brevitas, short- ness—from brevis, short), shortness ; conciseness ; con- mait; JiiiiJ.,/;ir, ('<<<> , wMc, Viet, ) BRIG tained in few words : brevier, n. ir6-vSr', small print- ing-types. brew, v. br6 (old F. braux; Gael, braich; W. brag, sprouted corn, malt: Icel. brugga, to brew— from AS. brug, malt: Ger. brauen; Dut. brouwen, to brew), to make beer, ale, &c, by boiling and mixing the mate- rials and fermenting them; to contrive; to plot: brewing, imp.: n. the act of making beer from malt, &c. ; the quantify mad'- atone time : brewed, pp. brad: brew'er, n. one who : brewery, u. brO'ir-l, the house containing the apparatus where brewing is carried on ; also brew-house. brewsterite, n. br6s'-Ur-U (after Sir David Brew- ster), a mineral occurring in short prismatic crystals of a greyish-white or yellowish colour, and vitreous lustre: brews'toline, n. -to-lin, a transparent colour- less fluid occurring in the minute cavities of rock- crystals, &c, said to be liquid carbonic acid. bribe, n. brib (F. bribe, a lump of bread : W. brivo, to break; briw, broken : It. birbanti, a cheat), a price or reward given to induce any one to do a criminal or immoral action ; a gift for the purpose of obtaining an undue compliance— unless in familiar language, never used in a good sense : v. to give or promise a reward with the view of perverting the judgment or conduct of another ; to hire for a bad purpose : bribing, imp. : bribed, pp. brlbcl: bri'ber, n. one who: bribery, n. bri'ber-l, the praefiee of giving or taking bribes: bribeless, a. : bri'bable, a. -bdbl, capable of being bribed. brick, n. brik (F. brique, a brick : AS. ort'ee, a frag- ment: It. briccia, a collop or slice), a shaped mass of clay burned hard in a kiln, and used for building pur- poses; a small loaf of bread: v. to lay or pave with bricks; to imitate brickwork on plastered walls: brick'y, a. -I, full of or formed of bricks : brickbat, n. a piece of a brick : brick-kiln, n. a furnace in which bricks are hardened by fire : bricklayer, n. -la'er, the man who builds with bricks: brick-clay, the clay used in the manufacture of bricks, tiles, &c. ; in geol, used in contradistinction to boulder-clay, and denot- ing the finely-laminated clays which overlie the true boulder-clay: brick'nog'ging, n. -ndg'glng, brickwork built up between timber framing : brickmaker, n. one who makes bricks : brickmaking, n. bride, n. brld (AS. bryd; Ger. braut, a bride: Goth. bruths, daughter-in-law: W.priod, married), a woman about to be married, or newly married : bridal, a. bri'-dCd (AS. bryd-eale, bride-ale, the marriage-feast, . or bride's maid, a female attendant on a bride : bride or bride's cake, a wedding-cake: bride 'groom, n. (AS. bryd-gumar-from bryd, and guma, a man), the 01.01 bout to be married, or newly married. bridewell, n. brid'-wel (from St Bride's Well in Lon- don, near which a palace was built, afterwards turned into an hospital), a house of correction ; a place where criminals are confined. bridge, n. brlj (AS. bricge: Ger. briicke), a roadway over arches spanning a river, a valley, &c. ; the part of a stringed instrument over which the strings are stretched: v. to stretch a roadway across, as over a river: bridg'ing, imp.: bridged, pp. brljd: bridge'- less, a. bridle, n.brl'-dl (AS. bridel: Icel. bitill: Ban.bidsel), the bit and reins by which a rider is able to guide and restrain a horse ; any restraint or check ; a curb : v. to put on a bridle ; to restrain ; to govern ; to curb ; to check: bridling, imp. brid'-llng: bridled, pp. bri'dld: bridler, n. brid'ler: bridle-way, n. a horse-track. brief, a. bref (F. bref— from L. brevis, short: Ger. brief, an epistle or letter), short ; concise : n. an abridged writing ; an epitome ; short written instruc- tions to counsel in conducting a case before a court of law: briefless, a. : briefly, ad. -II: briefness, n. brier or briar, n. bri'er (AS. brasr: F. bruyere, a heath), a prickly plant or shrub, as the sweet brier: 7, a. ■%, full of briers ; thorny. brig, n. brig (contr. of brigantine—see brlgantine), a ship with two masts, square rigged. brigade, n. brl-gad' (F. brigade— from It. briqata, a troop), a body of soldiers, whether of infantry or cav- alry, consisting of several regiments, but of no fixed number: v. to form into brigades: briga'ding, imp • briga'ded, pp.: brigadier, n. brlg'-a-der', or briga- dier-general, n. the officer who commands a brigade. brigand, n. brig'-dnd (old F. brigand, skirmishers— from It. briga, strife: mid L. brigant, a light-armed Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mGve-; BRIG 6 foot-soldier), one of a band of robbers ; a freebooter : brigandage, n. -clnddj, theft; robbery. brigantine, n. brlg-dntln (It. bi'igante, a pirate; brigandare, to play the pirate at sea), a light swift vessel formerly used by pirates. bright, a. brlt (AS. beorht; Icel. biartr, bright: Goth, bairhts, clear, manifest), shining; clear; illus- trious; evident; clever: brightly, ad. -II: bright- ness, n. : brighten, v. brlt'n, to make clear or shin- ing; to increase the lustre of; to cheer; to clear up : brightening, imp. brlt'-nlng: brightened, pp. brlt'nd. brill, n. brll, a fish of the turbot kind. brilliant, a. brll'ydnt (F. brilkr, to shine: L. beryl- tus, a bright shining precious stone: It. brillare, to quaver with the voice), sparkling with lustre; glit- tering ; splendid : n. a diamond cut in such a way as to refract the light and make it more glittering: brilliantly, ad. -U: brill iantness, n. : brilliancy, n. -si, great brightness. brills, n. plu. brilz (Ger. brille, spectacles), the hair on the eyelids of a horse. brim, n. brim (Ger. brame; Lith. brejnas, border: Icel. barmr, the edge: AS. bn/mme), the edge, rim, or border of any vessel : v. to fill or be filled up to the edge or rim: brim'ming, imp.: adj. full to the top: brimmed, pp.: brim less, a. : brimful, a. -fuul: brim'- mer, n. a glass full to the rim. brimstone, n. brlm'ston (AS. bryne, a burning, and stone), a hard brittle substance of a yellow colour; sulphur; reduced to powder by sublimation, it is called flowers of brimstone: brim'stony, a. -i, con- taining brimstone. brinded, brln'dSd, and brindled, a. brln'dld (Icel. brondottr, cross-barred in colour: It. brano, a bit: F. brin, a morsel), streaked; spotted; coloured in stripes. brine, n. brln (AS. bryne, saltness: Dut. brijn, pickle : Icel. brim, the surge on the sea-shore), water mixed with a large quantity of salt ; water of the ocean: v. to steep among salt and water: bri'ning, imp. : brined, pp. brlnd: briny, a. brl'nl, pert, to the sea or to brine: bri'nish, a. -nlsh, salt: brinishness, bring about, to effect or accomplish: to bring forth, to produce as fruit : to bring forward, to produce to view : to bring out, to expose : to bring in, to im- port ; to introduce : to bring on, to cause to begin : to bring up, to nurse ; to educate ; to cause to come up : to bring to, to check or arrest the progress of a ship while sailing: to bring to light, to make clear; to discover: to bring to mind, to recall to memory: to bring off, to clear ; to procure to be acquitted : to bring over, to convert ; to draw to a new party : to bring to pass, to effect. brink, n. brlngk (Dan. and Sw. brink, declivity: Icel. bringr, hillock: W. bryn, a hill), the edge or margin of a steep place. brisk, a. brisk (F. brusque, lively, quick: It. brusco, eager: W. brys, haste), active; nimble; full of life and spirit; lively; sparkling: briskly, ad. -II: brisk- ness, n. : to brisk up, to enliven ; to appear with life and spirit : brisking up, imp. : brisked up, pp. brlskt. brisket, n. In i^'kct iF. brlehct, the breast of an ani- mal: Icel. briosk; Sw. brusk, gristle : Bohem. brissko, a little belly), that part of the breast of an animal that lies next the ribs. bristle, n. bi'is'sl (AS. byrst ; Sw. borst; Dut. bor- stel; Scot, birse, a thick elastic hair: Swiss, borzen, to stand out), the stiff hair on the backs of swine, par- ticularly wild boars ; any stiff hair : v. to stand erect as bristles ; to strut about with head erect in anger or defiance: brist'ling, imp. -ling: bristled, pp. -sld : bristly, a. -II, thick set with bristles ; rough. bristol-board, n. bris'-tol-bord (from the town of Bristol), a kind of fine pasteboard having a smooth surface: bristol-stone, n. a quartz crystal of great purity. Britannic, a. bri-tdn'nlk jl (F. brouiller, to jumble or mix: It. broglio; Gael, broighlich, noise, confusion), a tumult; a jumbled noisy quarrel ; discord. broil, v. brol/l (contracted from F. brasiller, to roast on the braise or glowing coals : Scot, brissle, to parch or broil: It. brustolare, to scorch), to agitate by expo- sure over the fire ; to dress meat over a fire on a grid- iron; to be subjected to the action of great heat; to be in a great heat : broiling, imp. : broiled, pp. bro~jld: broil'er, n. one who. broke, v. brOk, pt.: broken, pp. bro'-Mn (from break, which see): bro'ken, a. rent asunder; rugged; un- even; infirm: bro'kenly, ad. -II: bro'kenness, n. -ken-nes, state of being broken : broken-hearted, de- pressed or crushed by grief or despair : broken-wind- ed, a. having short breath or disordered respiration. broker, n. bro-ker (Lith. brokas, a fault, matter of blame: Russ. brakovat, to pick and choose: Dut. brack, damaged), one employed by merchants to buy and sell for them ; one who deals in second-hand goods : exchange-broker, n. one who deals in home and foreign money: stock-broker, n. one who buys and sells shares for others: pawn-broker, n. one who lends money on goods left with him : insurance- broker, n. one who secures, at a certain rate per cent, that the value of a ship and cargo shall be paid, if lost at sea : brokerage, n. -aj, the fee, wages, or commis- sion paid to a broker for buying or selling for another : bro 'king, imp. doing business as a broker: adj. pert. to. bromine, n. brO'-mln (L. bromium — from Gr. bromos, a bad smell), one of the elements related to chlorine andiodine in its chemical Oflialitie iromal, n. bro'- mal, an oily colourless fluid, obtained by the action of game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. BRON 6! bromine on alcohol: bro'mic, a. -mlk, an acid com- i pounded of bromine ami nxygen: bro'mate, n. -mat, a compound of bromic acid with a base : bro'mide, n. ■mid, a compound of bromine with a metallic base : bro'mite, n. -mlt, or bromic silver, an ore of silver occurring in olive-green grains: bromuret, n. brom'- u-ret, a basic compound of bromine and another ele- ment. bronchia, n. brong'-kl-d, bronliiae, n. plu. -kX-e (Gr. bronqchos, the windpipe), the tubes that branch off from the windpipe to the lungs : bron'chial, a. -ki-dl, pert, to the bronehioe ; also bron'chic, a. -klk: bronchi- tis, n. -kl'-Hs (itis, denoting ini! immnj mi mation of the air-tubes or bronchiae that lead to the lungs; bron'chocele, n. -ko-sel (Gr. -kele, a tumour), a tumour on the fore part of the neck— also called goitre: bronchot'omy, n. -kot'-o-ml (Gr. tome, a cut- ting), an incision into the windpipe or larynx between the rings— also called tracheotomy or larijngotomy : bron'chus, n. -kils, one of the subdivisions of the trachea or windpipe ; plu. bron'chi, -kl : bron- chophony, n. -kof-o-nl (Gr. phone, voice), the muffled and indistinct speech of any one labouring under a bronchial affection. brontes, n. bron'-tez (Gr. brontes, a giant, one of the Cyclops), in geol., a genus of Devonian trilobites, characterised by a broad, radiating, fan-like tail. bronze, n. bronz (It. bronzo; Sp. bronce, pan-metal: Icel. braza, to braze or solder), a metallic substance made of copper and tin ; a colour to imitate bronze ; any ancient figure or medal made of bronze is called a bronze : v. to imitate bronze by a colouring matter : bron'zing, imp. n. the art or act of giving to articles the appearance of bronze: bronzed, pp. a. bronzd (It. bronze, embers), coloured like bronze; tanned; sunburnt: bron'zy, a. -zl, like bronze: bron'zite, n. ■zlt, a variety of diallage or schiller-spar, so called from its metallic lustre and pinchbeck colour : bronze powder, a metallic powder used to give to tin and iron goods, &c, a bronze-like appearance. brooch, n. broch (Sp. broca, a tack or button; /./"ii , h • trilobite. bumbailiff, n. bum 'bdl'lf (from the notion of a hum- ming or dunning noise), colloquially, an under-bailiff ; one employed to dun or arrest for debt. bumboat. n. bum'-bot (Dut. bum-boot, a very wide fishing-boat : Fris. bom, ground, a floor : Dut. boom, a beam), a boat employed in conveying provisions, &c, to outlying vessels. BURD bump, n. biimp (W. pwrtipio, to thump, to bang ; nmnp, a round mass: F. pompette, a pimple on the Jrin), a swelling ; a thump : v. to make a noise ; to strike against ; to thump: bumping, imp.: bumped, pp. bHm.pt: bumper, n. bam'pir.a, cup or glass swelled or filled to the brim. bumpkin, n. bum'-kln (Ger. baum; Dut. boom, a beam, a log), an awkward country fellow; a rustic: bump'kinly, ad. -II. bun or bunn, n. bun (F. Mane, a knob rising after a knock ; bignet, a little round loaf: It. bugno, a boil or blain: Gael, bonnach; Scot, bannock, a little cake), a sweet cake. bunch, n. bunsh (Icel. banga, to beat ; bunki, a heap : Dan. bundt ; Sw. bunt, a bunch), a lump or knot ; a cluster ; a protuberance ; a number of things grow- ing together or tied together ; a miner's term for an irregular lump of ore : v. to swell out in roundness ; to form or tie in a lot or bunch: bunching, imp.: bunched, pp. bunsht: bunchy, a. bunsh'-l, growing in bunches; having tufts : bunch'iness, n. bundle, n. bun'dl (AS. byndel; Dut. bondel, some- thing bound up: Dan. bundt; Sw. bunt, a bundle), a number of things put together and tied : v. to tie up together : bundling, imp. : bundled, pp. bun'dld . bundle-pillar, a column or pier with others of small dimensions attached to it. bung, n. bung (old Ger. bunge, a drum : Dut. and F. bonde, a bung : W. bwng, a bung-hole), a large round cork or wooden stopper for the hole in a cask : v. to stop up the opening in a cask with a bung : bunging, imp.: bunged, pp. bungd: bung-hole, n. the hole in a cask by which it is filled or emptied. bungalow, n. bung'-gd-lo (native name, bangla), in India, a country-house of one floor or flat only. bungle, n. bung'gl (Icel. bongan, a rude performance: Dan. banke; Icel. banga, to strike, as nailing on a patch), anything ill done; a botch; an affair mis- managed: v. to do anything clumsily; to mismanage an affair; to botch: bun'gling, imp.: adj. awkwardly done: bungled, pp. bung'-gld: bun'glingly, ad. -II: bun'gler, n. -gler, one who. bunion, n. bun'-yun (from bun, which see), a horny- excrescence on a toe. bunker, n. bung'-ker (Sw. bunke, a wooden vessel: Icel. bunki, a heap), a large wooden box for containing coals ; a bin : bunk, n. bungk, a large wooden case serving for a seat during the day, and for a bed at night. bunkum, n. bung'kum (from Buncombe, North Ca- rolina, U.S.), speech-making for mere show. bunt, n. bunt (Dan. bundt; Sw. bunt, a bunch, a bundle), the belly or protuberance or bagging part of a sail: bunt-lines, n. plu. ropes on the bottoms of sails to draw them upwards : bunting, n. bun'-tlng, a thin woollen cloth used for flags, and variously col- oured. bunting, n. bun'-tlng (Ger. bunt, variegated), a name for different kinds of birds, as yellow bunting, corn- bunting, snow -bunting : bun'ter, n. -ter, in geol., the upper new red sandstone. buoy, n. boy (Dut. boei; F. boue'e; Sp. boya; Fris. boye, a lump or cluster), an empty cask, or a small structure of wood, made for floating on the water, to point out shallows or rocks, &c. : life-buoys, articles kept in ships to be thrown into the water when any person falls overboard to keep him afloat ; a float : v. to keep afloat; to bear up; to support; to sustain; to place buoys ; to float : buoy'ing, imp. : buoyed, pp. bdyd: buoyancy, n. boy ity of floating on water or in air ; lightness : buoy'ant, a. floating ; light; that cannot sink; buoy'antly, ad. -II: buoy- antness, n. buprestis, n. bil-prest'-is (Gr. bouprestis, an insect that causes inflammation in oxen — from bous, an ox, andpretho, I set on fire), a genus of coleopterous in- sects remarkable for their brilliant metallic tints. bur or burr, n. ber (F. bourre, flocks or locks of wool: It borra, any kind of stuffing: Gael, borr, to swell), a rough prickly covering of the seeds of some plants; the seed-vessel of the burdock; the rough edge left by a tool in cutting metal ; the guttural pro- nunciation of the letter r : burr'stone, certain silicious rocks used as millstones. burbot, n. ber'bot (F. barbote— from barbe, beard), a fish like an eel, but thicker and shorter— called also eelpout. burden, n. ber'dn— sometimes written bur'then (AS. byrthen: Ger. biirde— from beran, to bear), something mdte, mdt.fdr, luiv; mSte, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; BURD € carried; a load; something grievous or oppressive; the prevailing sentiment in a song; the chorus; a ship's capacity for carrying : v. to lav on a load ; to oppress: burdening, imp. -dn-ing: burdened, pp. -rind : bur dener, n. one who: burdensome, a. -dn-sum, grievous to be borne ; fatiguing ; oppressive : bur'den- somely, ad. -li: bur'densomeness, n. burdock, n. ber'dok, or bur-weed, n. (see bur), a •wild plant with a rough prickly head, having heart-shaped leaves and purple blossoms. bureau, n. bu-ro' (F. a \\ riting-table: It. buio, dark: Pol. bury, dark -grey: oldF. burc, reddish-brown— the kind of cloth which covered the table), a table or chest of drawers with conveniences for writing and keeping papers; an office of an ambassador, state secretary, &c, for business: bureaucracy, n.-rok'rd-sl(F. bureau, and Gr. krateo, I govern), the system by which the public service ofacountry is carried on in departments, each one under the control of a head; government by or under the influence of officials: bureaucratic, a. -ro-krdt'ik, relating to or having the form of a bureaucracy; also bu'reaucrat'ical : bu'reaucrat- ically, ad. -li: bureauc'ratist, n. ->ok'rddist,a.n advo- cate for or supporter of. burette, n. buo-rct' (F. a cruet, a vase), a graduated glass tube with stop -cock for delivering measured quantities of liquids. burg, burgh, n. berg— in Scot., ber'u; also borough. bur'-o, which see (AS. burg)— the same words differ- ently spelt; at first a fortified town, now a city or town that sends, or unites in sending, a member to Parliament; a town with certain privileges: royal burgh, a town holding a charter from the crown : burgh of barony, one erected by a feudal lord or su- perior. burgage, n. ber'gdj (old F. burgeois : mid. L. burgen- sis), a tenure by which property is held in cities and towns : bur'gess, n. -jes, a citizen or freeman of a town : burgess-ship, n: burgher, n. berg'ir, the freeman or inhabitant of a burgh ; one of a religious sect in Scot- land: burgh'ership, n. : burgeois, n. b6r'zhw& (F.), a burgess: burgeois, n. o^,)-»',asmall printing-type ; also spelt bourgeois: burg-mote, n. burg'- mot, in AS. times, a borough court. burglar, n. berg'-U-r (Norm. F. bourglaire— from low L. burgi-latro, the robber of a dwelling), one who breaks into a house at night to steal ; a housebreaker : burgla'rious, a. -Id'rius, pert, to a theft by house- breaking: burglariously, ad. 41: burglary, n. lcr-l, the breaking into a house by night to steal. burgomaster, n. ber'gO-mds-ter, or burgh'master (burg and master), one employed in the government of a city; chief magistrate in one of the large towns in Holland, &c. burgout, n. bir'gSbt (W. burym, yeast ; gaivl, gruel), thick gruel used by seamen. Burgundy, n. ber'gun-dl, a fine French wine from Burgundy : burgundy pitch, a resin collected from the spruce fir. burial, n. bSr'l-dl—see under bury. burin, n. bu'rin (F. burin; It. borino, a sharp chisel for cutting stone with — probably from Fin. purra, to bite), an engraver's tool made of steel : bu'rinist, n. an engraver. burk, v. berk (name of an Irishman notorious for the crime), to murder by suffocation ; to smother : burk'- ing, imp. : burked, pp. burkt. burl, v. berl (Dut. barrel, a bubble: Sp. borla, a tuft), to pick knots and loose threads from cloth when fulling it : burl'er, n. one who : burring, imp.: burled, pp. burld: burl'ing-iron, n. an instrument like large tweezers used in burling cloth. burlesque, n. ber-lesV (F.: It. burlare, to make a jest of: Gael, burl, mockery), the turning any matter into ridicule ; the representation of a subject in mock gravity with the view of exciting laughter : adj. tend- ing to raise laughter ; droll ; comic : v. to turn a sub- ject into ridicule ; to treat a trifling matter with mock gravity to excite laughter : burlesquing, imp. : bur- lesqued, pp. -leskt': burlesqu'er, n. -ISsk'er, one who : burlet'ta, n. -Ut'td (It.), a comic opera; a musical farce. burly, a, ler'll (It. borram, to grow big and prosper- ous: Gael, borr, a swelling), big and fresh-looking; stout and jolly ; big and blustering : burliness, n. -ll-nes, the being big and blustering : hurly-burly, n. confusion; uproar. burn, n. bern (Goth, brinnan; Dut. brennen; AS. byrnan, to burn), an injury to the flesh by the action ) BUSH of fire : v. to injure by fire ; to reduce to ashes by the action of fire; to harden by fire; to scorch, as the clothes ; to be on fire ; to shine ; to rage with violence or passion ; to feel excess of heat in the body : burn- ing, imp.: adj. very hot; scorching; powerful: n. the act of reducing to ashes ; a fire ; the vehemence or raging of passion : burned or burnt, pt. and pp. bernd, bernt: burner, n. the small movable part of a lamp or gas lustre, &c, next the flame: burning-glass, n. a convex lens of glass for collecting the rays of the sun so as to produce heat : burning-mirror, n. a concave surface, usually of polished metal, for the same purpose. burn, n. bern (Goth, brunna; Icel. brunnr .■ Ger. lion), a well, a spring: Gael, burn, water), a brook; a small running stream. burnish, v. ber'-n ish (F. brunir, to polish : Sw. bryna, to sharpen ; brynsten, a whetstone), to polish by fric- tion; to make smooth and bright by rubbing; to be- come bright by friction : n. lustre; brightness: bur- nishing, imp. : bur'nished, pp. -nisht, polished: bur'- nisher, n. the person or tool that burnishes. burnoose, n. ber'nds or -n6z (Ar. bur?ius, a kind of high-crowned cap : Sp. albornoz, a Mom ish cloak), an upper garment with a hood worn by the Moors and Arabs. burnt, pt. and pp. of burn, which see. burnt-ear, n. birnt'-er, a disease in corn in which the whole ear appeal's black. burnt-offering, n. hirnt-of-fer-ing, something burnt on an altar, as an uil'ciing for sin, called also bund- sacrifice. burr, n. ber, the lobe of the ear ; a roughness in sounding the letter r— (see bur). burrock, n. bir'-rdl; (AS. burg, hill, and ork, diminu- tive termination i, a small dam in a river for cutehing fish. burrow, n. ber'rd (AS. beorgan, to protect, to shel- ter : Dut berghen, to hide, to cover), an underground hole or excavation, where small animals such as the rabbit live : v. to make holes underground and live in them ; to live in a concealed place : burrowing, imp. : burrowed, pp. -rod. burse, n. bers (F. bourse, a purse, an exchange: low. L. bursa), a public building where merchants and money-dealers meet on business ; an exchange : n. bur- sar, n. bdr'ser, the treasurer of a college or monastery ; a student in a Scotch university to whom a sum of money is paid out of a fund set aside for that purpose; an exhibitioner : bur'sarship, n. the position or office of a bursar: bursary, n. -i, the treasury of a college or monastery ; the sum allowed to a bursar ; an exhibi- tion. burst, n. berst (Gei. bersten ; AS. berstan; Sw. brista ; F. briser, to break), a sudden breakage ; an explosion ; a violent outbreak ; v. to break open forcibly or with sudden violence; to break away from; to come upon unexpectedly ; to break forth, or into, with violence ; to rend by force : burst ing, imp. : burst, pp. : burst'er, n. one who. burthen, n. ber'thn: bur'thensome, a. : bur'then- someness, n.— see burden. burton, n. ber'-tn, in a ship, a small tackle of two single blocks, said to be named from the inventor. bury, v. ber'l (AS. birgan; Dut. berghen, to hide, to stow away : Ger. bergen, to conceal), to put or place anything in the earth ; to lay a dead body in the frave ; to inter ; to hide or conceal ; to overwhelm : ur'ied, pp. -id: bur'ying, imp. n. -l-ing, the act of placing the dead in the earth : burying-place, burial- place, n. a graveyard; a cemetery: burial, n. -l-dl (AS. byrigels, a sepulchre), the act of laying a dead body in the earth, in a tomb, in a vault, or among water, as at sea. bush, n. bdbsh (Icel. buskr, a tuft of hair ; buski, a bunch of twigs : F. bousche, a tuft, a wisp : Dut. bos, a bunch), a shrub or small tree ; a collection of shrubs of various kinds; a tract of uncultivated country covered with trees and shrubs of natural growth ; a fox's tail : bush-beater, n. bet'-er, one who beats amongst the cover to rouse game : bush- fighting, n. -fit'ing, irregular warfare in a woody country : bush'et, n. -St, a copse ; a wood : bush'man, n. one who lives in the back settlements of a new country ; bushy, a. bdbsh'i, full of bushes ; thick like the branches of a bush: bush'iness, n.: bushranger, a robber, especially an escaped criminal, roaming about the woods and outlying parts of a new country. bush, n. bdbsh (Dut. busse ; Ger. biichse ; Dan. bosse, a box), a round open piece of metal put into sheaves of cdio, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. BUSI 6 blocks to prevent them wearing ; a circlet of metal put into anything to lessen friction: v. to line any hole ii mi eii metal : bushing, imp. : bushed, pp. bobsht, lined with metal : bush'el, n. -el, a measure for dry goods, containing 8 gall, or i pks. ; a large quantity. business, busied— see busy. busk, n. busk (Icel. bukr, the trunk of an animal : Sp. buche, stomach, breast: F. busche, a log), a thin flat piece of steel, whalebone, or wood, worn by females in their stays. busk, v. busk (Icel. bua, to prepare, to dress ; at buast, to bend one's steps), to dress; to attire one's self ; to deck : busk'ing, imp. : busked, pp. buskt. buskin, n. bus'-kln (Sp. bolzequin, buskins: Dut. broseken; F. brodequin, buskin), a kind of half boot worn by the ancient actors in tragedy : bus'kined, a. •kind. bus, n. bus, a contraction of omnibus. buss, n. bus (Ger. buse: Dut. buyse: Sp. bucha), a boat for fishing. buss, n. 6ms (Gael, bus, a mouth: Sp. buz, a kiss: L. basium; It. bacio, a kiss: F. baiser, to kiss), a salute with the lips ; a rude or playful kiss : v. to kiss in a rude and playful manner: bus'sing, imp. : bussed, pp. bust. bust, n. bust (F. buste, the body of a man from the face to the middle : It. busto, a trunk without a head : Icel. butr, the trunk of a tree), the figure of a person showing the head, shoulders, and breast. bustard, n. bus'terd (F. outard, a great sluggish fowl : L. avis tarda, the sluggish bird), a kind of wild turkey. bustle, n. fttfs'sZ (Icel. bustla, to make a splash in the water, to bustle), hurry and noise; great stir; rapid motion with noise ; a pad formerly used to expand petticoats : v. tia be very active ; to stir quickly with noise: bustling, imp. -ling: bustled, pp. bus'sld: bustler, n. -ler, one who. busy, a. biz'i (AS. biseg, occupation : Dut. besig, busy : F. besogne, work), very closely engaged ; con- stantly and actively empl d meddling; trouble- some : v. to employ constantly ; to keep employed ; to make busy : bus'ying, imp. -l-lng : busied, pp. -Id: busily, ad. -l-ll: business, n. biz-nSs, employment; occupation; anything that demands attention; af- fairs ; matter under consideration ; something to be done: business-like, a. as it ought to be done; thorough : busy-body, n. -bdd'l, a meddling person : busy-minded b \ five mind. but, conj. but (AS. butan; Dut. buitan, without), something more to supply ; unless : ad. only : prep. except : int. expressing surprise or dissent : but and ben (AS. butan ■.■ bhoul binnan ndthin), withoufrthe house and within; applied to the outer and inner rooms of a house of two apartments. but-end, n. but'end, the blunt or larger end— see butt. butcher, n. bdbtch'er (F. boucMr— from boc, a goat : It. beccaro— from becco, a goat), one who slaughters animals for food ; one who cuts up and sells meat or flesh ; a cruel man ; one who delights in blood : v. to kill or slaughter animals for food ; to murder with un- usual cruelty: butch'ering, imp. : butch'ered, pp. -erd: butch'ery, n. -rr ■>., sla Lghter; murder with great barbarity: butch'erly, ad. -II: butch'erliness, n. : butcher-meat, n. the flesh of animals slaughtered for the table : butcher's-broom, n. the plant knee- holly, the branches of which are used by butchers for brooms. butler, n. but'lir (F. bouteillier— from bouteille, a bottle; rather from butt, a barrel: Sp. boteria, the store of barrels), a servant in wealthy families who has the charge of the plate, liquors, &c. : butlerage, n. -ter-dj, a duty on wine : but'lership, n. the office of butler, butment— see abutment, butt, v. but (Dut. botten, to thrust: It. botto, a blow), to strike with the head like a goat or a ram n. a push or thrust given by an animal with its head but'ting, imp.: but'ted, pp.: to come full butt against, to come upon suddenly, so as to make a sounding blow; butt-end of a thing (Icel. butr, the trunk : F. bout, end : W. pwt, a stump : Ger. butt, a short, thick thing), the striking end ; the thick end, as of a plank in a ship : butt, n. a mound of turf in a field to support a target fur shooting at; the prick in i.hc middle ol a barget (F. but) : to make a butt of a person, to make him a mark for the jests of the com- BY pany; to touch at the end (F. buter): butts, n. strips at the edges of a ploughed field : but-lands, waste ground: butt and butt, joining end to end without verlapping. butt, n. but (F. botte; mod. Gr. boutis, a cask: _p. bota, a wine-skin), a large barrel; a butt of wine contains l'.'li gallons; a, butt of beer, 108 gallons. butte, n. but (F. a small rising ground), in the western parts of North America, detached hills and ridges which rise abruptly, intermediate in height between hills and mountains. butter, n. but'-ter (Bav. buttern, to shake backwards and forwards: L. butyrum; Gr. bouturon, butter), an oily or fatty substance got from milk or cream by churning or shaking it: v. to cover or spread with butter, as bread: but'tering, imp.: buttered, pp. -terd: buttermilk, n. the milk left after the butter has been separated: but'tery, a. -ter-l, like butter: buttercups, bright yellow wild flowers in the form of a cup : butterfly (Dut. boterschijte — from the resem- blance of the excrement of certain species to butter), a common insect with large wings, so called from the colour of a yellow species : butterman, a vendor of butter : butter-tree, a tree whose seeds yield a sub- stance closely resembling butter. butteris, n. bilt'ter-ls (F. boutoir— from bouter, to thrust), a steel tool for paring the hoofs of horses. buttery, n. but'-ter-l (Sp. boteria, the store of wine in a ship kept in botas or leather bags), a store for drinkables ; the room where provisions are laid up. buttocks, n. plu. but'tdks (Dut. bout, the leg or thigh of an animal; boutje, a little gigot— from butt, the thick end), the rump, or protuberant part of the body behind ; the convexity of the hinder part of a ship. button, n. but'tn (F. bouton, a bud, a button: W. both, a boss ; botwm, a button), a small round article used for fastening parts of the dress together : v. to fasten with a button : buttoning, imp. but'nlng : but- toned, pp. but'tnd: button-hole, the slit in which the button is caught. buttress, n. but'tr&s (F. bouter, to thrust ; boutant, a buttress or shore-post), a prop or support for a wall ; any prop or support ; constructed of open masonry, it is called a flying buttress : v. to support ; to prop : but'tressing, imp. : but'tressed, pp. -tr&st. butyraceous, a. bu'ti-ra'rhds (L. butyrum, butter), having the properties of or containing butter: bu- tyric, a. -tir'lk, pert, to or derived from butter— ap- plied to an acid found in butter. buxeous, a. buks'6-us (L. buxus, the box-tree), pert, to the box-tree. buxom, a. buTcs'Hm (AS. bocsarn, obedient: Fris. boegsum, flexible, obedient), gay; lively; brisk and healthy— applied toawoman:bux'omly, ad. -II: bux'- somness, n. buy, v. bl (AS. byegan; Goth, bugjan, to buy, to purchase), to obtain a right to anything by giving money or value for it ; to purchase ; to bribe or cor- rupt : buying, imp. : bought.pt. pp. bawt, purchased: buyer, n. bl'er, one who buys. buzz, v. buz (an imitative word: It. buzzicare, to whisper, to buzz), to make a noise like bees ; to whis- per ; to make a hissing or murmuring noise ; to spread secretly : n. a hum ; a noise like bees and insects ; a hissing or murmuring noise caused by the whispering of great numbers: buz'zing, imp. : buzzed, pp. buzd: buz'zingly, ad. -Ii: buz'zer, n. one who. buzzard, n. buz'zerd (F. busard: It. bozzago), a species of hawk; a blockhead or dunce: adj. sense- less; stupid: buzzardet, n. buz'zer -dSt, a species of hawk much like the buzzard. by, prep, bl (AS. bi : Ger. bei: Dut. bij: Sans, abhi), near ; close ; at hand, &c. : ad. near : by, sometimes bye, as a prefix, means concealed; quiet; out of the direct way ; private, &c. : by-corner, n. a private place : by-lane, n. a private lane : by-law, n. a law made by a town or society to regulate its affairs : by- name, n. nickname: by-past, a. past; gone by: by-path, n. or by-road, n. a quiet or private road: by'stander, n. one who stands near ; a spectator : by- street, n. a street off the main street : by-stroke, a sly or secret stroke : by- walk, n. or by-way, a private walk: by-word, n. a common saying; a proverb: by-gone, n. a past incident or event : let by-gones be by-gones, let the past be forgotten : to stand by, to stand aside : to stand by one, to stand at his side ; to assist: to pass by, to pass at the side of: by-and-by or by-and-bye, ad. soon ; shortly : by-the-by, ad. by mate, mat, far, lata; mete, mit, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; BYRE the way; introductory to some things not in the direct course of conversation. byre, n. bir, in Scotland, a house for sheltering cows. byssus, n. bls'sns (L.— from Gr. bussos, fine flax), in conch., the fine silky filaments by which the mussel and other bivalves attach themselves to the rocks and sea-bottom; in hot., the silky tufts of mould or fungus -growth springing from damp and decaying 7 CADG substances: bys'solite, n. -o-llt (Gr. bussos; lithos, a stone), a term applied to fine fibrous varieties of ami- anthus, tremolite, &c: bys sine, a. -sin, of or like silk : byssa'ceous, a. -sd'-shus, in hot., composed of deli- cate filaments resembling cotton or wool : bys'soid, a. -sdyd (Gr. eidos, form), in hot., very slender, like a cobweb. Byzantine, a. blz-dn'tln, relating to Byzantium: byzantine, n. blz'dn-tm, a large gold coin. c, contr. for L. centum, a hundred. caaba, n. kd'-dbd (Ar. ka'bah, a square building), a black sacred stone in the temple at Mecca, said to have been given by an angel to Abraham ; the temple itself. cab, n. M6(Heb. gabab, to hollow), in Eastern coun- tries, a measure for dry goods. cab, n. kab (contraction for cabriolet), a one-horse coach: cabman, n.: cabstand, n. cabal, n. kabdl (F. cabale, a club, a party: Heb. gabbdldh, tradition, mysterious doctrine), a few men united secretly for some party purpose ; a junto: v. to design secretly; to intrigue: cabal'ling, imp.: ca- balled, pp. -Mid's cabal'ler, n. one who. Note.— In its modern sense of "political intrigue or plotting," cabal was first used in 1671, when, by " a whimsical coincidence," it was found to be formed by the initial letters of the names of the members of the Cabinet- Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauder- dale. cabala, n. kdb'd-ld, or caT)al, sometimes caTjalism, n. (see above), a secret science or knowledge which the Jewish rabbins alleged they possessed, and by which they professed to be able to explain all Scripture diffi- culties : cab'alist, n. -list, one skilled in the secrets of the cabala: cab'alis'tic, a. -VQt, or cab alis'tical, a. -tl-kdl, having a secret meaning: cab'alis tical ly, ad. -II. caballine.a. kdb'-dl 71 inferior riding or pack horse : Gr. kaballes : It. cavallo : F. cheval), pert, to a horse : n. a coarse variety of aloes used as a medicine for horses. cabaret, n. kdb'-d-rd (F.), a house where liquors are retailed ; a tavern. cabbage, n. kdb-buj (F. caboche; It. capo; old Sp. cabo, ahead), a well-known vegetable; v. (F. cabas; Dut. kabas; Sp. cabacho, a frail or rush basket), to retain part of an article ; to pilfer : n. any part of a thing retained unjustly: cab'baging, imp. : cabbaged, pp. -bdjd : cabbage-tree, n. a species of palm-tree, bearing a substance which is eaten like cabbage. cabbling, n. kdb'-llng, the breaking up of puddled iron into small pieces, which are reheated and then wrought into bar-iron. cabin, n. kdb'-ln (F. cabane; It. capanna, a shed or hovel : W. caban, a booth or hut), a small room or en- closure; ashed; a small apartment in a ship: v. to live or confine in a cabin : cabining, imp. : cabined, pp. -ind : cabin-boy, n. a boy who waits on the passen- gers and officers of a ship : cab'inet, n. -net, a small private room or closet ; the secret council of a sover- eign ; the executive government of a country, so called because originally held in a small room or cabinet ; a piece of furniture containing boxes and drawers : adj. pert, to : cabinet-council, n. a confidential meet- ing of a sovereign's advisers : cabinet-maker, a man who makes articles of household furniture. cable, n. ka'-bl (F. cable; Sp. cabre— from old F. chaable; mid. L. cabulus, an engine of war: Icel. kadal, a rope: Ar. habl, a rope), a rope or chain of various degrees of thir taps : a cable's- length, 720 feet : cabled, a. kd'bld, fastened with a strong rope : caTriet, -Met, a small cable : cable- mouldings, in arch., wreathed mouldings resembling the twisted strands of a rope. caboched, a. kd-boshf (F. caboche, head: L. caput, head), in her., having the head of a beast with a full- faced view, and nothing of the neck seen. cabocle, n. kdb'6-kl, in Brazil, a compact brick-red mineral, resembling jasper. caboose, n. kd-b6s' (Dut. kabuis; Dan. kabys; Sw. kabysa, a cook's room in a ship), the kitchen or cook- ing-place of a ship, called a aalley in a ship of war. cabriolet, n. kdb'-rl-o-ld' (F.— from cabriole, a goat- leap, a caper), a one-horse coach with a hood and a cover for the legs. cacao, n. kd-kd-6 (Mexican, cacauatl), the chocolate tree : cocoa, n. kO'ko, a substance prepared from the cacao nibs or nuts. cachalong, n. kdsh'-d-long (found on the banks of the river Cacb, in Bucharia, whence the name), ainilk or blue white variety of opal. cachalot, n. ka$h'-d-l6t(F.: Dut. kazilot : Sw. kaselot), the sperm or spermaceti whale. cache, n. kdsh (F. a lurking-hole), a secret store or deposit of supplies, as of food. cachectic, a. ka-kSk'-tlk, also cachec'tical, a. -tl-kdl (Gr. kakos, bad ; {Ji)exis, habit), pert, to a vitiated or deranged state of the body called cachexia, -kek'-sl-d; also cachex'y, n. si. cachinnation, n. kdk'l)>-ua'... i'-«/fi iii'1,1) .■H.-i.M,,.. i,,, i M . id.; 1,1 <..r ( ,vving in them. camphine, n. or camphene, kdm'fln (a contr. of camphogenj, rectified oil of turpentine. mate, mat, Jar, law; mete, v CAND camphor, n. Mm'for(¥. ramphre: Ar. kafur: Mai. kaphur: Sp. can/or), a whitish substance of an aro- matic bitter taste and fragrant smell, much used in medicine : cam'phorate, v. -at, to saturate or tincture with camphor: adj. pert, to camphor: cam'phora- ting.imp. : cam'phora'ted, pp.: adj. impregnated with camphor: camphor-tree, n. the tree producing cam- phor: camphogen, n. kum'fo-jen or -jen (new L. cam- phora, camphor, and Gr, ;/- m in, to bring forth), the product of the distillation of camphor with dry phos- phoric acid: cam'phoraceous, a. -d'shus, of or like camphor: camphoric, a. -Jor'lk, of or from camphor. campulitropous, a. kam'-pu-lU'-ro-pus (Gr. kampulos, curved; trepo, I turn), in bot, having the ovule and its integuments so bent that the apex is brought near thehilum.the hilum andchalaze being together— also cam pulit'ropal. camwood, n. cam'-w> individual; a poll-tax: capitate, a. kd,p'i-tat, in bot., like a pin-head ; having a rounded smmiiii,. ;>:; umir hairs: Oapltan-Pacha', a. -tdn- pihshd', i.l ie chief admiral of the Turkish fleet: capita- tion-tax, n. a tax imposed on each person above a cer- tain age : capitation-grant, n. a sum of money paid annually for each child attending an elementary school by the Committee of Council on Education, on the ful- filment of certain conditions. capitol, n. kdp'-l-tol (L. capitolium— from caput, the CAPS head), the temple of Jupiter ; a fort or castle in Rome where the senate of anc. Rome met ; the building occupied by the parliament or Congress of the U.S. of Amer. : capitolian, kdp'l-to'lUin, or capitoline, a. d-plt'6-lin, pert, to the Capitol of Rome. capitular, n. kd-plt'u-ler, or capitulary, -1(1.. capitu- lum, a little head, the head or chapter of a pillar— from caput, the bead), the laws of an ecclesiastical council or chapter; the member of a chapter: adj. relating to the chapter of a cathedral : capit'ularfy, ad. -II : capit'ulate, v. -Idt, to surrender, as an army or garri- son to an enemy, on certain conditions : capitulation, n. -la'shun, the act of thus surrendering to an enemy ; the written conditions or treaty : capit'ula'ting, imp. : capit'ula'ted, pp. : capit'ula'tor, n. one who : capit'- ulum, n. -lurn, in hot., a flower-head composed of a number of florets arranged without stems on the sum- — lit of a single peduncle. capivi, n. kd-pe'vi— see copaiba. capnomancy, n. kdxj'nO-mdn'sl (Gr. kapnos, smoke ; manteia, divinal ; ■> Lon by the motion or appearance of smoke. capnomor, n. kap'-nO-mOr (Or. kapnos, smoke; moira, a part), a colourless oil obtained from the oil of tar. capoch or capouch, n. kdpOch' (Sp. capucho— from capa, a cover), a monk's hood ; the hood of a cloak. capon, n. kd'pon (Sp. capar, to castrate; mod. Gr. apokopto, I cut off), a cock-chicken fed for the table; a castrated cock: ca'ponise, v. -nlz, to cas- trate, as a fowl : ca'poni'sing, imp. : ca'ponised, pp. -nlzd. caponiere, n. kdp'6-ner' (F. caponniere : Sp. capo- nera), in mil., a lodgment for soldiers in the dry ditch or the glacis ; a kind of way covered by a parapet, and palisaded ; a cut in the glacis leading from the cov- ered way to the works at the foot of the glacis. capot, n. kd-pot (F. capot, a great-coat: Ger. caput, ruined), a winning of all the tricks of cards at the game of piquet : v. to win at piquet. capouch, n. kd-pQch'— see capoch. capping verses, kdp'lng (Icel. kapp, contention), in familiar language, contending in the citation of verses : to cap, to beat one. capric, a. kdp'rlk (L. caper, a he-goat), obtained from butter, or the butter and fat of the goat ; applied to an acid, as capric acid : cap'rate, n. -rat, a salt of capric acid. caprice, n. kd-pres' (F. caprice, whim : It. cappric- cio— from L. capra, a goat), a sudden change of opin- ion or humour ; a whim ; a particular fancy : caprici- ous, a. -prlsh'us, given to change; whimsical; fickle; apt to change opinions or intentions suddenly: ca- prici'ously, ad. -It : caprici'ousness, n. Capricorn, n. kdp'rl-kawrn{L. caper, a goat; cornu, a horn), one of the twelve signs of the zodiac : tropic of Capricorn, the parallel in the S. hemisphere, whose latitude is equal to the sun's greatest declination, about 23° 28'. caprid, a. kdp'rid (L. caper, a he-goat), relating to the goat tribe : cap'rine, a. -rln, pert, to a goat. caprification, n. kdp'rl-fi-kd'shun (L. caprificare, to ripen figs by the stinging of the gall insects — from caper, a he-goat ; ficus, a fig), a process of accelerating the ripening of fruit by puncturing, particularly of the cultivated fig, practised in the Levant. capriolate, a. kdp'ri-6-ldt (L. capreolus, tendril of a vine, a wild goat), in bot., having tendrils. capriole, n. kdp'rl-Ol (see caper), a leap which a horse makes without advancing ; a leap or caper, as in dancing: v. to leap without advancing: cap'rio'- ling, imp. : cap'rioled, pp. -old. capsicum, n. kdp'sl-kum (new L. capsicum— from capsa, a box, a chest), red or Cayenne pepper, from Cayenne in French Guiana : cap'sicine, n. -sin, the active principle in the capsules of Cayenne pepper. capsize, v. kdp-sXz' (probably cap, top, head ; and seize), to upset ; to overturn : capsi'zing, imp. : cap- of timber round which a rope or chain is made to coil when raising an anchor or other heavy weight. capsule, n. kdp'sul (L. capsula, a little chest : F. capsule), in bot., the seed-vessel of a plant ; in anat, a membranous bag inclosing an organ ; in chem.,& china saucer, for roasting : cap'sular, -ler, also cap'sular'y, a. -l&r'l, hollow; full of cells: capsulate, kdp'su-lQt, mate, mat, far, law; mete, m6t, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mOve ; CAPT : also cap'sulated, a. -Itl'tSd, inclosed in a capsule, or as in a box. captain, n. kdp'tan (F. capitaine : It. capitano— from L. caput, the head), an officer who commands a com- pany of foot, a troop of horse-soldiers, or a ship ; a leader or chief: captain-general, the commander- in-chief of an army: cap taincy, n. -si, the rank or commission of a captain : cap tainship, n. captious, a. kdp'shus (L. captiosus, captious, de- ceptive— from capere, to take: F. captkur), disposed to find fault; apt to cavil or raise objections; insidi- ous : captiously, ad. -U: cap tiousness, n. captivate, v. kdp'-tl-vdt (L. captivus, taken prisoner —from capere, to take : F. captiver, to enslave), to take prisoner ; to charm or subdue by beauty ; to gain by excellence in manners or conduct ; to enslave by love : cap tiva ting, imp. : cap'tiva ted, pp. : cap tiva tion, n. -va'shun: captive, n. kdp'tlv, a prisoner taken in war ; one who is charmed by beauty or enslaved by love : adj. made prisoner in war : captivity, n. -l-ti, bondage ; the state of being in the power of an enemy ; state of being under subjection or control : capture, n. -tur, the act of taking or seizing by an enemy, as a ship ; the thing taken ; a prize ; seizure, as of a criminal : v. to take or lay hold of by force ; to seize by strata- gem : cap'turing, imp. : cap'tured, pp. -turd i cap tor, n. one who seizes or captures, as a ship. capuchin, n. kdp'db-shen (F. capucin— from rapuce, a cowl : It. cappuccio—see cap), a monk of St Francis ; a cloak and hood for females. car, n. k&r (L. carrus; It. carro ; F. char, a car, a cart: Dut. karren, to creak: F. charrier, to carry), a small light carriage drawn by one horse; a railway carriage ; a chariot. carabine, n. kdr'-d-bln, or carbine, kdr'bln (F. cara- bin: It. calabrino), a short gun carried by a cavalry soldier: car'abineer' or carbineer', n. -bln-er', one who carries a carabine. caracole, n. kdr'dkol (Sp. caracol, a winding stair- case : Gael, car, a twist : AS. cerran, to turn), the half-turn which a horseman makes to the right or left ; in arch., a winding staircase. caramel, n. kdr'd-mel (F.), burnt sugar; a black porous substance obtained by heating sugar to about carapace, n. Mr'd-pds (F.— fromGr. karabos, a crus- taceous animal like the crab or lobster), the crusta- ceous and horny coverings of certain classes of ani- mals, as the tortoise, the crab, &c. carat, n. kdr'dt (F. : Gr. keration, seed of pulse : Ar. kirat, a small weight ; kuara, name of a plant whose beans in Africa are used as weights for gold), a weight of 4 grains used in weighing gold and pre- cious stones ; the weight that expresses the purity of gold, 24 carats being the standard of purity. caravan, n. kdr'd-vdn (Pers. kerivan: Ar. qaira- wan: F. caravane), a large close carriage ; in the East, a company of merchants journeying together for mutual safety: car'avan'sary, -ser-i, or car'avan'sera, n. -ser-d (caravan, and Pers. sarai, a large place), a station for unloading the camels and beasts of burden for the night. caravel, n. kdr'd-vSl (F. : It. caravela, a kind of ship : Gael, carbh, a ship), a small French herring- vessel ; a light vessel formerly used by Spaniards and Por- caraway, n. k&r'-d-iva (F. and It. carvi— from Caria in Asia Minor : carum carui, the plant), a plant, the seeds of which are used as the kernel in confections, and for giving a flavour to cakes. carbazotic, a. kdr'bd-zot'lk {carbon and azote), ap- plied to an acid which consists of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. carbine— see carabine. carbo-vegetabilis, n b'U-is (L. carlo, coal; and new L. vegetabilis, vegetable), a name for charcoal. carbon, n. kdr'bon (It. carbone ; F. charbon ; L. carbo, a coal), pure charcoal, existing pure only in the dia- mond : carbon'ic, -ik, orcarlaona'ceous.a. -bo-na'-shus, containing charcoal ; coaly : carbonate, n. -ndt, a com- pound formed by the union of carbonic acid with a base, &c: carbona'ted, a. combined or saturated with carbon : carboniferous, a. -nif-er-us (L. fero, I carry), producing carbon or coal : carbonise', v. -nlz', to change into carbon: carT)oni'sing, imp.: carbonised', pp. -nlzd': cai^bonisa'tion, n. -za'shun, the act or process of carbonising: carbonic acid, an acid com- posed of one part of carbon and two of oxygen : car- 3 CARE bolic acid, kdr-bol'lk, a colourless oily liquid obtained from coal-tar: carbolene, n. kar'-bo-len, a non-volatile hydro-carbon, may be used for increasing the illumi- nating power of coal-gas. carboy, n. kdr'boy (mod. Gr. caraboyia, copperas or green vitriol: Turk, karaboya, black dye : Sic. carabba, a bottle with a big belly and narrow neck), a large globular bottle generally covered with basket-work. carbuncle, n. kdr'-biing-kl (L. carbunculus, a little coal— from carbo, coal), a red fiery round blotch on the skin; an inflammatory boil; a precious stone of a deep-red colour: car bunded, a. -kid, set with car- buncles ; spotted with red fiery sores : carbun'cular, a. -ku-lar, pert, to or resembling a carbuncle; red; inflamed. carburet, n. kdr'-bu-rit (F. carburc— from L. carbo, a coal), carbon in combination with some other sub- stance, the result not being an acid : v. to combine some other substance with carbon : car buret ting, imp. : carbruret'ted, a. combined with carbon : car - buret ter, n. that which: carbura'tion, -rd'shun, the act of: carburetted hydrogen gas, a compound of carbon and hydrogen, as common coal-gas. carcanet, n. kdr'-ka-net (F. carcan), a chain or col- lar of jewels. carcass, n. kdr'kds{F. carquasse, a dead body: mod. Gr. karkasi, a quiver, a earcass : It. carcasso, the hard core of fruits), the dead body of an animal ; applied to the living body in contempt; the framework or principal parts of a thing unfinished, as a house : car'- casse, n. -k&s, an iron case filled with combustibles to be thrown into a besieged town from a mortar. carcerule, n. kdr'-scr-ul (L. career, a jail), in bot., a dry, indehiscent, many-celled fruit, with few seeds in each cell, the cells cohering round a common style placed in the axis. carcharodon, n. kdr-kdr'6-don (Gr. karcharodon, having rough or jagged teeth— from karcharos, sharp- pointed, and odontes, teeth), in geol., a genus of sharks whose fossil teeth, &c, are often of great size. carcharopsis, n. kdr'kdr-op'sls (Gr. karcharos, sharp-pointed; opsis, appearance), in geol., a genus of carboniferous shark-like fishes. carcinoma, n. kdr'sl-nO'md (Gr. karkinos, a crab, cancer), cancer in general; ulcerative stage of can- cer: car'cinom'atous, a. -nom'd-tus, pert, to cancer in general. card, n. kdrd (F. carte: L. charta, paper: It. carta), a piece of pasteboard usually written or printed on for social or business purposes ; oblong pieces of pasteboard on which figures are printed, used in games : card-table, n. : card-maker, n., one who. card, n. kdrd (It. cardo, athistle : Gael, card, to card wool: Ger. scharren, to scrape: L. carduus, a thistle, a teasel— from carere, to comb wool), an in- str. for combing out wool or flax: v. to comb out wool, flax, or hemp ; to separate the finer from the coarser fibres : carding, imp. : card'ed, pp. : card- er, n. one who. cardamom, n. Mr'-dti-mom (F. cardamome : L. car- da mo mum), an Indian spice plant, whose seeds are used in med. cardiac, kar'-dl-dk, also cardi'acal, a. -dl'd-kdl (Gr. kardia, the heart or the upper orifice of the stomach), pert, to the heart ; invigorating the heart by stimu- lants: car'diac, n. a medicine that excites action in the heart, and animates the spirits : car'dial'gia, n. -di-ai-ui-d (Gr. ulqos, pain), pain in the stomach ; heart- burn : carditis, n. kdr-dl'-tis, inflammation of the heart. cardinal, a. kdr'dl-ndl (L. cardincdis, pert, to a hinge— from cardo, a hinge : It. cardinale ; F. car- dinal, principal), that on which other things turn : chief ; principal ; fundamental : n. a dignitary of the R. Cath. Ch. next in rank to the Pope : cardinalate, kdr'di-nd-lat, also car'dinalship, n. the office or rank of a cardinal : cardinal points of the compass, the four principal points — north, south, east, and west. eardrum, n. kdr'di-um (Gr. kardia, the heart), the cockle, so named in allusion to its heart-like form. care, n. kdr (AS. cearian, to take heed : Goth, kara, care : L. carus, dear), thoughtful attention ; uneasi- ness of mind; concern; regard; charge: v. to be anxious or uneasy in mind ; to heed or regard : ca'ring, imp.: cared, pp. kdrd: careful, a. kar'fobl, full of con- cern; attentive to; watchful; cautious: careless, a. without concern or thought ; regardless ; inattentive : care'fully, ad. -II : carefulness, n. : carelessly, ad. ■ll : carelessness, n. : care'worn, a. crushed with cdtu, boy, foot ; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. CAEE 7 care ; fatigued with anxiety : to take care, also have a care, be careful ; take heed. careen, v. kd-ren' (F. carener, to refit: L. carina, the bottom of a ship : It. carena, bottom of a ship : Dut. krengen, to sail on one side), to lay a ship on one side in order to repair the other ; a ship to incline to one side while sailing: careening, imp.: n. the act of heaving down a ship on one side : careened', pp. -rend' : careenage, n. kd-ren'dj, place for careening a ship ; expense of careening. career, n. kd-rer' (F. carriere; It. camera, & race, a highway : L. currus, a two-wheeled cart), course of action ; progress in life ; procedure ; a race or run- ning ; speed in motion : v. to run or move rapidly : careering, imp. : careered', pp. -rerd'. careful, a.— see care. caress, v. ka-res' (F. caresse; It. carezza, an endear- ment : W. cam, to love), to treat with fond affection ; to embrace with affection and love, as a parent a child ; to fondle : n. an act of endearment ; an expres- sion of affection : cares'sing, imp. : caressed', pp. -rest' : cares'singly, ad. -11. caret, n. kd'-ret (L. caret, it wants or is wanting), a mark thus (a) to show in written compositions that something has been omitted in a line. cargo, n. kdr'go (Sp. cargo, the load of a ship : It. caricare; Sp. cargar; F. charger, to load), the whole goods conveyed in a ship : supercargo, n. (L. super, over), the person who has the charge of the cargo on board a ship. caricature, n. kdr'-l-kd-tiir' (It. caricatura, an over- loaded represenrai em of anything— from carricare, to load), a figure or description of a person or thing in which defects are greatly exaggerated in order to make ridiculou? : v. to sketch or describe in order to turn into ridicule ; to represent as very ugly : carlca- tu'ring.imp.: car'icatured', pp. -turd' : carlcatu'rist, n. -tu'rlst, one who. caries, n. kd'rlez(L. caries, rottenness: It. and F. carie), the mortification of a bone in the living body; decay or rottenness of a bone: ca'rious, a. -Us, de- cayed or rotten: ca'rios'ity, n. -os'-i-tl, rottenness of carinate, a. kdr'1-nilt, or car'ina'ted, a. -nd'tSd (L. carina, a keel), in hot., keel-shaped, as the two lower petals of a papilionaceous flower: carlnal, a. -1-nal, applied to aestivation when the carina embraces the other parts of the flower. cariole, n. kdr'-i-ol (F.), a small open carriage; a covered cart. carl or carle, n. kdrl (AS. ceorl; Icel. karl, a man), a rude, rough man. carlings, n. plu. kar'llngz (F. carlingue), in a ship, short pieces of timber ranging fore and aft from one deck-beam to another, used to sustain and fortify the smaller beams of the ship. Carlovingian, a. kdr'lo-vln'jl-dn (F.), pert, to or de- scended from Charlemagne. carman, n.— see car. Carmelite, n. kdr'me-lit, a monk of the order of our Lady of Mount Carmel. carminative, n. kdr-min'd-tiv (It. carrninare, to card wool, to make gross humours fine and thin by medi- cines), a medicine used to expel wind or to cure flatu- lence: adj. i •:■;! H.'i i in- win. I i'niiii; warming. carmine, n. kdr'mln (F. carmin: It. carminio), a powder of a beautiful red or crimson colour bordering on purple ; the colouring matter of cochineal : car- min'ic, a. -min'lk, pert. to. carnage, n. kdr'naj (F. carnage,— from L. caro, flesh —gen. carnis), great dest> m-tion of life by violence— literally, heaj is of flush, as in slaughter-houses; havoc; massacre: car'nal, a. --mil, fleshly; sensual; opposed to spiritual, as carnal plea. ;n.n'. ,■ u n regenerate : car'nal- ist,n. one who: car'nally, ad. -VI: carnal-minded, a. worldly-minded : carnal-mindedness, n. : car'nalism, n. -Hzm, also carnality, n. -ndl'i-H, grossness of mind or desire : carna'tion, n. -nd'shun, flesh colour ; a plant so called from the colour of its flower: carna'- tioned, a. -shund, coloured like the carnation: came'- lian, n. -nc'-ll-dn (F. cornaline), a silicious stone of a deep flesh or whitish-red colour. carneous, a. k&r'nS-us (L. caro flesh— gen. carnts), like flesh; fleshy: car'nival, n. -vdl (L. caro, flesh; vale, farewell: low Jj.cn mi r. levn.iiin,., the solace of the flesh), the season of rejoicing before Lent in Catholic countries. carnivora, n. plu. kdr-niv'-o-rd (L. caro, flesh ; voro, I eat greedily), flesh-eating animals : carniv'orac'ity, CARR n. -rds'l-ti, greediness for flesh : carniv'orous, a. -6-rus, feeding on flesh : carnoslty, n. -nos'-l-ti, asmall fleshy excrescence: carnose', a. -uoz', in hot., fleshy— applied to albumen having a fleshy consistence. carol, n. kur'ol (properly a round dance : F. carole, a dance : W. coroli, to dance : L. corolla, a garland, a. chaplet), a song of joy and exultation ; a song in general : v. to praise or celebrate in song ; to sing in joy; to warble: carolling, imp.: carolled, pp. -old: car'olet'ic, a. -o-let'-ik, also -litic, in arch., adorned with festoons or foliage. carotid, a. kd-rot'id (Gr. karos, deep sleep ; Gr. plu. karotides), the carotids are the two great arteries of the neck that convey the blood to the head and brain. carouse, v. kd-rowz' (Ger. gar aus, all out : Sp. car- out or corojis, act of drinking a full bumper to one's health), to drink hard ; to revel : n. a drinking-match ; a revel : carou'sing, imp. : caroused', pp. -rd7vzd' : carou'ser, n. one who : carou'singly, ad. -li : carou- sal, n. -zdl, a feast or banquet. to chatter : Port, carpire, to cry or weep), to snatch or catch at ; to find fault, generally without sufficient reason; to cavil; to censure: carping, imp. : carped, pp. kdrpt: carp'ingly, ad. -11: carp'er, n. one who. carpal, a. kar'pdl (new L. carpus, the wrist), be- longing to the wrist. carpel, n. kdr'pel (Gr. karpos, fruit), in hot., one of the parts which compose the innermost of the four sets of floral whorls, into which the complete flower is separable : carpel'lary, a. -pel'ler-l, pert, to a carpel : carpol'ogy, n. pol'0-ji (( i <■), the study of fruits; a treatise on fruit: carpol'ogist, n. one who : car'pophore, n. -pO-for (Gr. phero, I carry), in hot., a stalk bearing the pistil, and raising it above the whorl of the stamens, as in the caper. carpenter, n. kdr'pen-ter (L. carpentarius, pert, to a chariot, a wheelwright: F. charpentier, a car- penter : Gael, carbh, a plank), a man who works in timber ; a builder or framer in wood, as in houses and ships; a joiner; awright: car'pentry, n. -trt, the art of framing and joining timber in the construc- tion of buildings. carpet, n. kdr'pet (mi&L. carpeta, plucked wool, any quilted fabric— from L. carpere, to pluck : F. charpie, lint : It. carpetta, a kind of petticoat), the woven or felted stuff made of wool, used to cover rooms, stairs, &c. : v. to cover with a carpet : carpeting, imp. : n. carpets in general ; stuff for making carpets : car'- peted, pp. : to be on the carpet, or to be on the tapis (F. tapis, a carpet), means that a matter is under consideration: carpet-knight, a soldier who has never known the hardships of actual service: car- pet-bag, a travelling-bag made of the same materials as carpets. carpolites, n. plu. kdr'pO-lits, also car'polithes, -llthz (Gr. karp'ix, fruit; h'lhos, a stone), in geol., a general term for fossil fruits. Carrara marble, kd-rdr'd, a pure white marble from Massa Carrara in Italy. carriage, n. kdr'ij (oldEng. caroche; It. carroccio; F. carrosse, a conveyance with springs— from L. carrus, a cart), the act of carrying or conveying; the thing that carries ; any vehicle with springs ; a coach ; be- haviour or conduct ; the charge or cost of conveyance of goods. carrier, n. kdr'rl-ir— see carry. carrion, n. kdr-rl-on (It. carogna ; F. charogne— fromL. caro, flesh), flesh unfit for human food: adj. relating to : carrion-crow, the species of crow com- mon in England which feeds on carrion, insects, &c. carronade, n. kdr'ron-dd (from Carron in Scot., where first made), a short cannon formerly used in the navy. carrot, n. k&r'rot (F. carotte-. It. carota), a long esculent root of a reddish colour: carroty, a. kdr- rot-i, like a carrot in colour. carry, v. kdr'ri (F. charrier, to convey in a car: Wal. carare, to convey in a cart : L. carrus, a car), to bear ; to convey ; to effect or accomplish ; to lead or draw; to produce ; to transact or conduct; in mil., to obtain possession of a military position by force : car' rying, imp. : car'ried, pp. -rid: car'rier, n. -rl-er, one who: to carry away, in naval language, to break a spar ; to part a rope : to carry off, to kill ; to bear away : to carry on, to promote ; to help forward : to carry l out, fully to accomplish; to put into execution: to j mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; CARS carry through, to succeed by perseverance : carrier- pigeon, a variety of the pigeon employed for carrying letters. carse, n. kdrs (W. cors, a bog), in Scotland, low, fertile, alluvial land near a river, or the valley through which a river flows. cart, n. kdrt (AS. krat; It. carretfo; F. charrette— from L. carrus, a two-wheeled cart), a carriage for the conveyance of goods, &c. : v. to carry away in a cart : cart'ing, imp. : cart'ed, pp. : car'ter, n. one who drives a cart: cartage, n. kdr'tdj, conveyance in a cart ; cost of goods so conveyed : cart-horse, n. a strong horse for drawing a cart : cart-load, n. as much as can be carried in a cart : cart-wright, n. one who constructs carts. carte, n. kdrt (F.), a card ; a bill of fare at a hotel. carte -blanche, n. cdrt-bldngsh (F. carte, paper; blanche, white), a paper signed but not filled up; unconditional power to do some business for another : carte-de-visite, n. kdrt'd6-ve-zet' (F.— literally, a card of visit), a small photographic likeness gummed on a card— so called from its original use as a visiting card: plu. cartes-de-visite. cartel, n. kdr'tel (It. cartella, pasteboard), a written agreement between states at war for an exchange of prisoners: cartel-ship, n. a ship employed in convey- ing exchanged prisoners, or the messenger to obtain an exchange. Cartesian, a. kdr-tc'zhl-dn, pert, to the doctrines of the French philosopher Descartes : n. a person who believes in the philosophy of Descartes. Carthaginian, a. kdr'4ha-jfn'i-dn, pert, to anc. Car- thage : n. a native of. carthamus, n. kdr'thd-mus (L.— from Gr. kafhairo, I purge, I purify), the wild or bastard saffron ; safttower : car thamine, n. -inin, a colouring matter obtained from the safliower. Carthusian, n. kdr-thO-zhl-dn, one of an order of monks, named from Chartreux in France : adj. pert, to. cartilage, n. kdr'tll-dj (F.— from L. cartilago, gris- tle), gristle ; a whitish elastic substance, softer than bone, and harder than ligament: car'tilag'inous, a. -ti-ldj'l-nns, having gristle instead of bones. cartoon, n. kdr-tdn' (It. cartone, pasteboard— from carta, paper: L. charta), a sketch made on paper, &c, as a design to be executed in tapestry, in mosaics, or on glass ; a design on paper to be transferred from the paper on to the fresh plaster of a wall, and painted in fresco. cartouch, n. kdr-t6sh' (F. cartouche: It. cartoccio, a paper case), a cartridge-box; a small wooden case filled with rifle-balls or small cannon-balls for being discharged from a gun; in arch., an ornament re- presenting a scroll of paper. cartridge, n. kdr'trij (a corruption of cartouche: L. charta, paper), a small bag or case made of paper, pasteboard, wool, &c, for containing powder and balls, used for loading rifles or cannon— containing powder alone they are called blank-cartridges— with ball, they are called hall-cartridges: cartridge-box, n. the small leather case in which the soldier holds his cartridges : cartridge-paper, n. a thick sort of paper. cartulary, n. kdr'hl-ler'l (F. cartulaire: low L. car- tularium), a register book; one who keeps records, &c. caruncle, n. Mr'ung-kl (L. carunrula, a little piece of flesh— from caro, flesh), a small fleshy excrescence, diseased or natural, as the comb of a cock; in hot., a. fleshy or thickened appendage of the seed : carun'- cular, a. -ku-ler, pert, to or having the form of a caruncle : carun'cula'ted, a. having a fleshy excres- cence. carve, v. kdrv (AS. ceorfan ; Dut. kervan, to cut or carve : Ger. kerben, to notch), to cut into pieces, as meat; to cut into forms or shapes; to engrave or sculpture : carv'ing, imp.: n. the act of cutting; the art of cutting figures in wood, &c; sculpture: carved, pp. kdrvd: carver, n. one who: carving-knife, n. a knife for cutting and si . < fable: to carve out, to cut or take out from some large thing ; to lay out by design. carvel, n. kdr'-vel (another form of caravel), a small ship ; jelly-fish. caryatides, n. plu. kdr'4-dt'X-dez, in arch., female figures used to support entablatures— so called from the women of Carya in Arcadia: car'yat'ic, a. -Ik, pert. to. caryocaris, n. kdr'l-dk'd-rls (Gr. karuon, a nut, and coxv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 75 CASQ karis, a shrimp), in geol., a small crustacean, having a long, pod-shaped, bivalved carapace. caryophyllia, n. kdr'l-d-fU'-ll-d (Gr. karuophullon, a clove), literally "clove-shaped;" in geol., a section of lamellated flower-like corals : car'yophylla'ceous, a, -la'-shus, in bot., having corollas of five petals with long claws, as in the pink : car yophylline, n. -df'-ll-lln, a crystalline substance extracted from cloves. caryopsis, n. kdr'-l-op'sls (Gr. karuon, a nut, a ker- nel; opsin, sight, form), in 60'., a dry, one-seeded, in- dehiscent fruit, incorporated with a thin pericarp, forming a single grain— as in wheat, barley, &c. casava, n. kd-sd'-vd (Sp. cazabe), bread made from the starch obtained from the root of the tapioca plant. cascade, 11. kds-kdd' (It. amenta; F. cascade, a fall of water— from It. cascure, to fall), a waterfall ; water flow ing over steep rocks. cascalho, n. kds-kdl'yo (Port, cascalho, gravel), a name given in Brazil to the gravelly deposit in which diamonds and gold are found. cascarilla, n. kds'ka-i-ii'-ld (Sp. cascara, bark of trees), the bark of a tree of Jamaica ; a powerful tonic. case, n. kds (F. caisse, a box : It. casta, a chest : Sp. casco, a cask: Dut. kast; Ger. kiste, a chest: L. cassus, hollow), a covering ; a box ; a sheath ; a frame ; a cer- tain quantity: v. to cover in ; to put in a case or box : ca'sing, imp. : n. a covering: cased, pp. kdst; case'- harden, v. -hdrd'n, to harden the outer part— as iron, by converting it into steel : case-hard'ening, imp. : case-hardened, pp.: case-knife, n. -nlf, along kitchen- knife : caseworm, n. caddis-worm ; a worm or grub which makes itself a case: case-shot, n. shot in a case: case 'man, n. a compositor. case.n. kds (L. casus, a fall : F. cas, a case, amatter), that which falls, comes, or happens ; an event ; con- dition or state in which any person or thing may chance to be ; a question for discussion ; a cause in a court ; the inflection of nouns : in case, if it should so happen : in good case, in good condition or health of body. caseine, n. kd'se-ln (F. — from L. caseus, cheese: It. cascio), the cheesy portion of the curd of milk : ca'seous, a. -us, like cheese; having the qualities of cheese : ca'seic, a. -ik, of or from cheese. casemate, n. kds'mdt (F.: Sp. cusa-mata— from casa, a house, and matar, to slay), a vault of mason-work in the flank of a bastion serving as a battery : case'- mated, a. having casemates. casement, n. kds'ment (It. casamento, a large house), a window made to turn and open on hinges ; a hollow moulding : case'mented, a. having casements. caseous, a.— see caseine. casern, n. kd'zern (F. caserne— from L. casa, a hut), small sleeping-places for soldiers near the ramparts. cash, n. kdsh (F. caisse ; It. cassa, a merchant's cash or counter), money on hand, or at command, as in a chest or in the bank ; ready money ; a Chinese copper coin : v. to turn into money ; to exchange for money : cash-account, n. in Scot., an account of advances made by a banker to a merchant or trader who has given security for the repayment of them : cash-credit, the privilege of drawing money out of a bank on security being given : cash-book, n. the book in which money paid out and received is written down : cash'- ing, imp.: cashed, pp. kdsht: cashier, n. kd-sher', a clerk who has charge of the money and the cash-book. cashew, n. kd-sho' (F. acajou — from the native name), a tree of W. I. and S. Amer. and its fruit, which yields an acrid juice, there growing at the apex of the fruit a flattened kidney-shaped nut yielding a caustic oil. cashier, v. kd-sher' (Dut. kasseren; F. casser, to break— from L. cassus, empty), to dismiss from an office of trust for bad conduct ; to reject or discard : cashier'ing, imp.: cashiered', pp. -sherd', dismissed ; discarded. cashmere, n. kdsh'mf rich and costly shawl, so called from the place in India where first made : adj. of or pert. to. casino, n. kd-se'-no (It.— from casa, a house), a small country-house ; a saloon for dancing, -: c for jewels), a small chest or box for holding jewels, trinkets, &c. casque, n. kdsk (F.— from Sp. casco, a helmet, a cask), a helmet or head-piece for a soldier. game jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. cass ; cassation, n. kds-sd'shun (F— from casser, to make void), the act of repealing or annulling: court of cassation, n. the highest court of appeal in France. cassava— see casava. cassia, n. cdsh'l-d (L. andGr.) a name for many species of aromatic plants ; a spice ; a medicine. cassideous, a. kd-sld'i-us (L. cassis, a helmet), in hot., having one large lielniei-.-lcLped j > > 1: ; i J , as the aconite. Cassiopeia, n. kds'l-6-pe'yd (after the mythical wife of Cepheus), a constellation on the opposite side of the pole to the Great Bear, and at about the same distance from it. cassiterite, n. kds-stt'er-it (Gr. kassiteros, tin), the oxide of tin, being the ordinary tin ore. cassock, n. kds'-sok (F. casaque ; It. casacca, a man's long gown: Gael, casag, a long coat), a long, close- II' in I I" n. ... I '> I. I : Ii ' i In"- ll"ll. II gowns: cas'socked, a. -.so/./, dm bed with a cassock. cassowary, n. kds'so-wd'rl (Hind, kassuwaris), a large bird which runs with great rapidity, a native of the E. I. cast, v. kdst (Icel. kasta; Sp. cascar, to crack, to burst: F. casser, to break: It. cascare, to fall), to throw or fling ; to sow seed ; to reject ; to reckon ; to contrive or plan ; to mould or shape , to ponder or weigh, as in the mind : n. a throw; the distance passed by a thing thrown ; a glance or a turn of the eye ; chance or hazard ; a form or shape ; a tinge ; manner ; whatever is run into a mould : cast'ing, imp. : cast, pt. and pp. : to cast aside, to dismiss or reject : to cast away, to reject; to lavish : to cast down, to de- ject or depress : to cast forth, to throw out ; to ex- hale : to cast off, to discard, or to put away : to cast out, to reject ; to throw or turn out : to cast up, to compute ; to reckon ; to eject or vomit : to cast on, to put or place on, as loops of worsted on wires : to cast one's self on, to resign or yield to the disposal of, without reserve : to cast in the teeth, to upbraid ; to blame for : to cast in one's lot with any one, to take the chance ; to share the fortune : last-cast, all ventured on one effort : cast-iron, n. iron melted from the ore, and run into moulds— called also pig-iron or cast-metal: cast-steel— see steel: casting-vote, a vote that decides, when the votes are equally divided. Castalian, a. kds-td'll-dn (L. castalius), pert, to Castalia, a spring on Mount Parnassus sacred to the Muses. castanets, n. plu. kds'td-nSts (Sp. castana, a ches- nut), small concave shells of ivory or hardwood, shaped like spoons, rattled with the fingers in danc- ing. castaway, n. kdst'd-wd (cast and away), a person lost or abandoned : adj. useless ; of no value. caste, n kdst (Port, casta, breed, race), a name ap- plied to each of the four classes into which the Hindoos are divided ; a class or circle of persons in any com- munity who chiefly hold intercourse within their own limits. castellated, a. kds'telld'ted (It. castello ; L. castel- lum, a fortified place— from L. castra, a camp), having turrets and battlements like a castle : castle, n. kds'-sl, a building fortified ; a fortress : forecastle, a short deck in the fore part of a ship, at one time a castle : castle-in-the-air, an empty scheme ; the form- ing of hopes on no solid foundation ; visionary ex- pectations: cas'tled, a. -sld: cas'tlery, n. -er-1, govern- ment of a castle : castle-building, the forming in the mind Of Wil'l '" VI leiei , .cl.irinc; caster, n. kds'ter (see cast), one who casts ; a small spice bottle or cruet : cas'ters, n. plu. small wheels attached to the legs of sofas, tables, &c— sometimes written cas'tors. castigate, v. kds'tl-gdt (L. castigatum, to correct, to chastise : It. castigare), to correct or chastise ; to criti- cise severely in writing ; to punish with stripes: cas'- tiga'ting, imp. : castigated, pp. : cas'tiga'tion, n. ■t/a'shun, correction hv stiipes; a whipping: cas'ti- ga'tor, n. one who : cas'tiga'tory, a. -ter-l, corrective : n. the thing used in correction. castile-soap, n. kds-UV (from Castile in Spain), a very pure variety of soap : Castil'ian, a. -tll'4-dn, of or from Castile : n. a native. castle, n. kds'sl—see castellated. castor, n. kds'-tor (L.), a beaver; also a drug taken from it : cas'torine, n. -in, a substance extracted from the drug castor. castors, n. kds'-tors (see caster), small wheels on the legs of tables, sofas, &c. Castor and Pollux, kds'-tor, pol'-luks (mythical 3 CATA names), an electrical phenomenon, seen as a flame on the mast-head at sea, sometimes double, and then called C. and P. ; names of stars. castoroides, n. kds'-tor-dy'-diz (Gr. castor, beaver; eidos, like), in geol., a large fossil rodent allied to tlie beaver. castor-oil, n. kds'tdr-dyl (said to be a corruption of castus-oil, the sacred oil), the oil of the Palma Christi (palm of Christ), a plant of the W. I., used in medicine. castrametation, n. kds'-trd-me-td'-shun (L. castra, a camp ; meto, I measure), the art or practice of en- camping. castrate, v. kds'trdt (L. and It. castrate, to deprive of generative power), to emasculate ; to geld : cas trat- ing, imp. : cas'trated, pp. : castra'tion, n. -tra'shun, the act of emasculating. castrel, n. kds'-trel (F. crecerelle), a kind of hawk resembling the sparrow-hawk ; same as kestrel. casual, a. kdz'-u-dl (F. casuel — from L. casus, a fall), happening without design ; coming to pass with- out being expected or foreseen; accidental: cas'ually, ad. -II: cas'ualty, n. -dl-tl, an injury or hurt to the body by accident ; death or other misfortune by acci- dent : cas'uistry, n. -u-ls-trl, the science or system of rules that undertakes to decide in matters of con- science as to what is lawful or unlawful ; the art of quibbling ; the art of drawing fine distinctions : cas'- uist, n. -1st, one who resolves doubts of conscience in matters of duty: cas'uis'tic, a. -Is-tik: cas'uis'tical, a. -tbkdl, pert, to casuistry: cas'uis'tically, ad. -It. cat, n. kdt (Ger. katze: Gael, cat: Icel. kottr), a well-known domestic animal : cat-gut, n. strings for musical instruments made of the entrails of animals : cat's-paw, a term of contempt, applied to a person who is made the tool of another ; a dupe ; a puff of wind : cat'kin, a kind of flower, long and slender, resembling a cat's tail, as in the hazel, the birch, &c. : cat-like, a. stealthily, like a cat : cat's-eye, a variety of chalce- donic quartz : cat-block, in a ship, tackle used to raise the anchor: cat-call, a small squealing instr. : cats- foot, cat-mint, &c, plants : cat'ling, the down or moss growing about walnut-trees ; in surg., a kind of knife. cata, kat'-d (Gr.), prefix, signifying down; against; opposition or contrariety intensity. catacaustics, n. plu. kdt'd-kaws'tlks (Gr. kata, against; kaustikos, burning), in opt., the curves formed by the reflection of the rays of light : cat'- . acaus'tic, n. a particular curve formed by reflection : adj. pert. to. catachresis, n. kdt'-d-kre'sls (L. and Gr. misuse), in rhet., an abuse of a trope or of words; the use of a word in a sense different from its own : cat'achres'tic, a. -kres'-tik, or ca'tachres'tical, a. -tl-kdl, forced ; far- fetched : cat'achres'tically, ad. -II. cataclysm, n. kdt'-d-klizm (Gr. kataklusrnos, inunda- tion—from kata, down, and kluzein, to wash), any vio- lent inundation that sweeps over a country: caf- aclys'mal, a. -kllz'-mdl, pert, to an inundation or to its destructive effects. catacomb, n. kdt'-d-kom (Gr. kata, under, down; kumbos, a hollow or recess), burial-places in caves or hollow recesses under ground ; divisions or niches in a cellar for storing liquors ; certain old quarries near Rome, in Egypt, Paris, &c, used as burial-places. catacoustics, n. plu. kdt'd-kows'-tlks (Gr. kata, against, and acoustics), the doctrine of reflected sounds or echoes. catalectic, a. kdt'-d-Uk'-tlk (Gr. katalektikos, incom- plete), ending suddenly, as a verse wanting a syllable. catalepsy, n. ' r, kata, down; lepsis, a taking or seizing), a disease in which motion and sen- sation are suddenly suspended ; a trance: cat'alep'tic, a. -tik, pert. to. catalogue, n. kdt'-d-log (Gr. kata, down; logos, a word), a list of names in regular order: v. to make a list of : cataloguing, imp. : catalogued, pp. -logd. catalysis, n. kd-tdl'-l-sls (Gr. katalusis— from kata, down ; luo, I loosen), in chem., a term used to designate certain phenomena, in which changes in the composi- tion of substances are effected by the action of one body on another by contact: catalytic, a. kdt'-d-llt'-lk, relating to catalysis. catamaran, n. kdt'd-md-rdn' (cathamaran, floating trees— native name), a kind of raft used by the natives of the E. I. catamenia, n. kdt'd-me'nl-d (Gr. katamenios, month- ly—from kata, down; men, month), the monthly courses of females : cat ame'nial, a. -rne'-nl-dl, pert. to. catamount, n. kdt'-d-mownt, also -mountain {cat, mdte mdt,fdr, lau>; rnSte, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; CATA and mount or mountain), the wild mountain-cat ; the N. Amer. tiger. catapetalous, a. kdt'd-pHt'd-lus (Gr. kata, under; petalon, a petal), in hot., having the petals held to- gether by stamens which grow to their bases. cataphract, n. kdt'd-frdkt (Gr. kataphraktos, en- cased, fortified), defensive armour; a horseman in complete armour: cat aphrac ted, a. -frdk'ted, cov- ered with armour or scales. cataplasm, n. kdt'd-pldzm (L.— from Gr. kata, down ; plasso, I mould), a poultice or plaster. catapult, n. kdt'd-pult (L. catapulta— from Gr. kata, down, and pallo, I hurl), a war-engine, used anciently to throw large stones. cataract, n. kdt'drdkt (L. cataracta, a waterfall- from Gr. kata, down ; raktos, a precipice), the rushing of a great body of water over steep rocks; a disease in the eye by which the vision becomes impaired or destroyed. catarrh, n. kdtdr' (L. catarrhus— from Gr. kata, down ; rheo, I flow), a cold in the head causing a mu- lling at the nose, &c. : catarrhal, a. -rill, pert. to. catastrophe, n. ka-tds'-tro-fi (Gr. katastrophe, an overthrow— from kata, down ; strophe, a turning), a great calamity; a violent convulsion in nature; a final event ; the conclusion of a series of events. catch, v. kdch (¥. chatter; prov. F. cacher, to hunt: Ger. klatsch, a slap, a clap: Gael, glar, to seize), to seize suddenly; to lay hold on with the hands; to take or receive by exposure, as a cold, or a disease by infection; to ensnare; to overtake: n. anything that seizes or holds; the act. of seizing; a sudden advan- tage taken; a song in parts, in which those singing catch up the strain one after the other at various in- tervals : catching, imp. : adj. apt to catch ; infec- tious: caught, pp. pt, kau-t: catcher, n. one who: catch-penny, n. something worthless; a book pub- lished for the public taste, but without value: catch- word, n. the word placed under the last line of a page, and made to begin the first line of the next : catching a tartar, being caught in the trap one has laid for another. catch-poll, n. kdch'pol {catch, and poll, the head: F. chacepol), a Serjeant ; a bailiff's follower. catchup, n. kdtch'up, or catsup, n. kdts'iip (of E. I. origin), a sauce made from mushrooms. catechise, v. kat'Uklz (Gr. katechesis, the act of stunning by loud sound, instruction in the elements of a science— from kata, down ; echos, a sound), to in- struct or examine by asking questions and receiving answers ; to interrogate ; to try by asking questions : cat'echi'sing, imp. : cat'echised, pp. -kizd: cat'echi- ser, n. one who : cat'echism, n. -klzm, a book on any subject arrangedfor instruction in the form of question and answer : cat'echist, n. one who instructs in the principles of religion ; a catechiser : cat'echis'tic, -kis- tlk, or cat'echis tical, a. tl-kal: cat'echet'ic, -kSt'ik, cat'echet'ical, a.: cat'echet'ically, ad. -K: cat'echu'- men, n. -ku'men, in the anc. church, one not yet fully instructed in the principles of Christianity ; one being prepared for baptism. catechu, n. kdt'-G-shob, a dry brown extract obtained from the acacia catechu, an E. I. plant, used in medi- cine and the arts : cat'echu'ic, a. -Ik, of or from catechu. category, n. kdt'-S-gord (Gr. kategoria, an accusa- tion—from kata, against ; agoreuo, 1 speak in an as- sembly), in logic, the general head of a class, to one among a certain number of which anything whatever is referable ; a class ; an order of ideas : cat'egor'ical, a. -i.kdl, absolute; positive; direct; without possi- bility of evasion : categorically, ad. -II : cat'egor'- emat'ic, a. -G-mat'-ik (Gr. katcgorema, a predicate), in logic, capable of being employed by itself as a term ; also cat'egor'emat'ical, a. -i-kdl : -mat'ically, ad. -II. catenate, v. kdt'e-ndt (L. catena, a chain), to con- nect, as a series of links in a chain : cat'ena ting, imp. : cat'ena'ted, pp. : cat'ena'tion, n. -nd'shiln, regular connection, as the links of a chain: cat'enar'y, a. -ner'l, relating to a chain ; also ca'tena'rian, a. -na- ri-dn : catenary curve, the curve or bend made by a rope or chain hanging freely between two points of suspension. catenipora, n. plu. kdt'Sn-lp'or-d, or catenipores, n. plu. kd-Un'i-pors (L. catena, a chain; porus, a channel, a pore), chainpore coral, so termed from the chain-like arrangement of its pores in polished speci- mens. cater, v. ka'ter (Norm. F. acater, to buy: mod. F. 7 CAUD acheter; It. accatfarc, to acquire, to get : L. captare, to lay hold of), to provide food : to purchase provisions : catering, imp. : catered, pp. -terd: caterer, n. one who: ca'teress, n. fern., a woman who seeks to pro- cure food. caterpillar, n. kdt'-tr-]>U'l-:r (old Eng. cates, food ; F. piller, to plunder— probably named from its resem- blance to the cat kins ot a nut), a hairy, ringed, worm- like creature, the grub of an insect, and very vora- cious. caterwaul, v. kdt'er-waTvl (from cat, and waul, to cry as a cat), to make a noise, as cats at night under the influence of the sexual instinct ; to make a harsh disagreeable noise : cat erwau ling, imp. : cat'er- wauled, pp. -ivafcld. cates, n. plu. kdts (Norm. F. acater, to buy), dainties ; cakes; nice food. catgut, n.— see cat. Catharine-wheel, n. kath'-ir-ln (so called from St Catharine of Alexandria, in allusion to the manner of her intended martyrdom), in arch., an ornamental window of a circular form, having radiating divisions or spokes like a wheel ; a firework of similar form. cathartic, a. kd-thdr'tlk (Gr. kathairo, I clean or purge), purgative: n. a purging medicine: also ca- thar'tical, a. : cathar'tine, n. -tin, the purgative prin- ciple of senna. cathedral, n. kd-the'drdl (L. or Gr. cathedra, a chair —from Gr. kafo, down, and In dra, a seator chair), the principal church in a diocese, containing the bishop's official seat or throne : adj. pert, to the principal church of a diocese : cathedra, n. -did, the seat or chair of a professor ; a pulpit. catheter, n. kath'-c-tir (L. or Gr. catheter, a thing let down or put in), in surg., a small tube introduced into the bladder to draw off the water. cathode, n. kdth'od (Gr. kata, down; {h)odos, a way), the surface at which electricity passes out of a body. catholic, a. kdth'OUk (Gr. katholikos, universal— from kata, down; (h)olos, the whole: L. cathulicus), universal; general; liberal; notnarrow-mindedorbig- oted: n. a name commonly applied to the adherents of the Church of Rome: Catholicism, n. kd-thOl-l-slzm, ' universality; liberality of sentiments; adherence to the Church of Rome : catholicity, n. kath'o-lU'Ul, the quality of being universal or catholic; the religion of the Church of Rome : catholicon, n. ku-thol'-l-kon, a universal medicine. cation, n. kdt'-ion (Gr. kata, clown ; ion, a going), an electro-positive substance which appears or is evolved at the cathode. catkin, catling— see cat. catlinite, n. kat'-Un-lt (after Catlin, the Amer. traveller), a reddish variety of claystone found west of the Mississippi. Catonian, a. ka-to'ni-dn, severe and inflexible, like the ancient Roman Cato. cat-o'-nine-tails (Pol. kat, executioner; kota woti, to scourge or torture : Russ. koshka, a cat), nine pieces of leather or cord knotted at intervals, used to flog offenders. catoptrics, n. plu. kd-top'trlks (Gr. katoptron, a mirror— from kata, down or against, and optomai, I see), that part of optics which treats of the properties of light reflected from polished bodies : catop'tron, n. cattle, n. kdt'tl (mid L. catalla, chattels, goods in general,— specially applied to cattle as the princi- pal wealth in an early stage of society : old F. catel, goods, movables), quadrupeds, being domestic animals used for labour or for food— more especially applied to oxen, bulls, and cows : cattle-show, n. an exhibi- tion of domestic animals in competition for prizes : cattle-pen, n. pen for cattle. catty, n. kat'tl, a Chinese weight of about 13 lb. Caucasian, a. kaw-kd'zhi-dn, pert, to Mount Cau- casus in Europe : n. one belonging to the Indo-Euro- pean race originating near Mount Caucasus. caucus, n. kaw'kus (a supposed corruption ofCalkers, who, along with others, used to meet in Boston for political purposes previous to the independence of the U.S. of Amer.), in U.S. of Amer., a meeting prelim- inary to a public meeting of citizens for election or for urposes, generally political. caudal, a. kaw'ddl (L. cauda, a tail), pert, to the cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. CAUD 7 in hot., applied to seeds that have a tail-like ap- pendage: cau'dicle, n. -dl-kl, in hot., the tail-like process supporting the masses of pollen in orchids : cau'dex, n. -deks (L. the trunk), in hot., the main trunk or axis of a plant. caudle, n. ka ti ■ hot, warm— oraprobable corruption of cordial), a warm drink containing wine or other liquors given to women at childbirth: v. to prepare caudle; to treat Tenderly: cau'dling, imp.: caudled, pp. kcvw'dld: caudle-cup, the drink given to women at childbirth ; the glass of wine, &c, drunk in honour of the child born. cauf, n. kawf (Celt, kaff; L. cavus, hollow: L. cophinus, a basket), a chest for holding live fish ; the box or cage tor raising roal from the nune. caught, v. pt. or pp. kaivt—see catch. caul, n. kawl (AS. cawl: F. cede, a kind of little cap), a netted membrane covering the lower intestines ; the membrane covering the head of a child when born ; a net for enclosing the hair. cauldron, n. kawl'dron —see caldron. caulescent, a. kaw-lSs'Snt (L. caulis, a stalk), in hot., having a true stem : cau'licle, n. -li-kl, a short stem : cau'licule, n. -1%-kul, in hot. , a short stem ; in arch., one of the curled tops in a Corinth inn '-apilal; plu. in hot., small stems rising immediately from the neck of the root : cau'liform, a. -ll-fawrm (L. forma, shape), same as caulescent : cau'line, a. -lln, growing on a caulis or stem. cauliflower, n. kawl'i-fimor (L. caulis, a stem, and flower), a kind of cabbage with a thick, soft, white flower. caulk, n. kdwk (see calk), in a ship, the operation of driving oakum into the seams between the planks of a ship: caulking-iron, an iron chisel for driving in the oakum. cause, n. kaYvz (L. causa, a cause: It. causa; F. cause), anything that produces an effect ; the person or thing that brings about or does something; areason; a motive or inducement that urges or impels ; a suit at law; a party or side : v. to effect or produce ; to occa- sion: cau'sing, imp.: caused, pp. kawzd: causal, a. kawz'dl, relating to or expressing cause: causality, n. kaw-zdl'l-ti, agency of a cause ; quality of causing: causally, ad. kawz'&l-U : causable, a. kawz'd-bl : causation, n. kctw-za'shun, the act or power of caus- 01 producing :-au'sative, a. -tlv, that effects as a cause : causeless, a. having no cause : causelessly, ad. -II : cause lessness, n. : cau'ser, n. one who. causeway, n. kawz'-iua (F. chaussie, a raised way : mid. L. calceta, a road), a raised roadway paved; a raised road over wet or marshy ground: causey, n. kaw'zl, a contr. for causeway: cau'seyed, a. -sad, or cause'wayed, a. -wdd, paved with blocks of stone. caustic, a. kdjws'-tik, or cau'stical, a. -tl-k&l (Gr. kaustikos, having the power to burn), burning ; cor- roding ; that has power to destroy a living texture : caus'tic, n. a substance that acts like fire when ap- plied to a living body ; nitrate of silver : caustic'ity, , /; ■/.// i In . i, ,■;!,! . : i ',:■ iir.' , ill ri, cautery, n. kaw'-ter-l (Gr. kauterion, a hot iron for marking— from kaio, I burn : L. cauterium), a burning or searing of living flesh with a hot iron, or by caustic medicine, so as to remove a diseased part : cau'terise, v. -ter-lz, to burn or sear living flesh : cau'teri'sing, imp. : cau'terised, pp. -%zd: cau'terisa'tion, n. -i-za- shun, the act of burning or searing with a hot iron ; also cau'terism, n. -izm. caution, n. kaw'shun (L. cautio, a taking heed : It. cauzione : F. caution), great care in the midst of dangers ; forethought ; a prudent course of conduct ; security for ; an advice ; a warning : v. to warn ; to exhort : cau'tioning, imp. : cau'tioned, pp.-shund: cau'tionary, a. -erl, containing warning ; given as a pledge : cau- tioner, n. in Scot., one bound for another : cau'tionry, n. -rt, in Scot., suretiship; the obligation of sureti- ship : cau'tious, a. -shiis, very careful in conduct ; wary; watchful; discreet: cau'tiously, ad. -It: cau'- tiousness, n. cavalcade, n. kdv'dl-kdd (F.— see cavalry), a proces- sion of persons on horseback. cavalry, n. kdv'dl-rl (It. cavallo ; F. cheval; L. cah- allus; Gr. kahalles; old En<*. caple, a horse), horse-sol- diers : cav'alier'.n. -d-ler' (It. cavaliere: F. chevalier), a horseman; an armed horseman; a knight; a gay soldier; in mil., an elevation of earth situated with- in a work overlooking the surrounding parts : adj. sprightly; gay; brave; generous; haughty: cav'a- liers', n. plu. •lerz', in Eng. hist., the partisans of mate, mdt, far, law; mete, met, I CELE Charles I.: cav'alierly, ad. -II, arrogantly ; disdain- fully : cav'alier'ness, n. cavatina, n. kdv'd-te'nd (It.), in music, an air of one movement, frequently preceded by a recitative. cavazion, n cavazione, excavation), in arch., an excavation for the foundation of a build- ing or for cellarage. cave, n. kdv (L. cavus, hollow: Fin. koppa, any- thing hollowed or vaulted), a hollow place under earth or rocks, as at the side of a hill ; a den ; a cavern : v. to hollow or scoop out ; to dwell in a cave ; (followed by in), to fall in, as eart] pit: caving, imp.: caved, pp. kdvd: cavity, n. kdv'4-tl, a hollow in anything: cave-earth, the reddish calcareous earth accumulated in anc. caverns. caveat, n. kd'vl-at (L. let him beware), in a court of laio, an intimation to stop proceedings ; a caution ; a warning : ca'vea'tor, n. one who. cavern, n. kdv'ern (L. cavus, hollow), a large hollow place below the earth or rocks ; a cavern is larger than a cave: cav'erned, a. -irnd, or cav'ernous, a. -irn-us, full of caverns : cavern'ulous, a. ka-vern'-u-lus, full of little caves or hollows. cavetto, n. kd-vet'to (It.— from cavo, hollow), in arch. , a hollow moulding used principally in cornices. caviare, n. kdv-i-dr (F. caviar: mod. Gr. kabiari), a prepared article of food consisting of the salted roes- of several kinds of large fish, chiefly of the sturgeon. cavil, v. kdv'il (L. cavillor, I taunt— from cavus, hollow : old F. caviller, to wrangle), to raise frivolous objections; to find fault unreasonably ; to wrangle; to carp at : n. a false or frivolous objection : cavilling, imp. : cavilled, pp. -ild: cav'iller, h. one who : cav- illingly, ad. -li: cav'illous, a. -ll-us, captious : cav'il- lously, ad. -li. cavity, n.— see cave. caw, v. kaw (from the sound), to cry like a crow or rook : caw'ing, imp. : cawed, pp. kawd. cawk, n. kaivk, (prov. Eng. cauk), a familiar term for heavy spar or native sulphate of barytes : cawk'y, a. -I, like cawk or pert, to it. cayenne, n. ka-yen' or kd-dn', a very strong pun- gent pepper of a red colour that comes from Cay- enne: adj. pert. to. cayman, n. ka'mdn (a negro name), the Amer. alligator ; also spelt caiman. cazique, n. kd-zek' (native or Amer. name), a W. I. or Amer. chief; also spelt casique. cease, v. ses (F. cesser, to cease : L. cessum, to go from, to yield : It. cessare to dismiss), to leave off; to stop doing ; to fail ; to be at an end : ceas'ing, imp. : ceased, pp. sest .- ceaseless, a, without a stop or pause ; incessant; endless: ceaselessly, ad. -II: cessation, n. ses-sa'shun, a stop ; a pause ; a leaving off. cedar, n. se'-der (L. cedrus: Gr. kedros), a large ever- green tree : ce'dared, a. -derd: cedar-like, a: ce'drine, a. -drin, pert, to the cedar. cede, v. sed (L. cedere, to go, to give up : F. cider : It. cedere), to give up; to yield; to relinquish or sur- render to : ce'ding, imp. : ce'ded, pp. : cession, n. sesh'iin (L. cessum, to give up), the act of yielding up or granting : cessible, a. sSs'l-U, liable to give way : itv of giving way. cedilla, n. se-dil'-ld (Sp. re,i,Uu: F. calille), a mark put under the letter c (thus, c) to show that it must be sounded like an s. ceil, v. sel (It. cielo ; F. del, heaven, sky ; then ap- plied to a canopy, the inner roof of a room ; after- wards confounded with seal, in the sense of to close), to cover the inner roof of a building with anything, as with plaster or wood : ceiling, imp. : n. the roof of a room : ceiled, pp. seld. celandine, n. sel'an-din (Gr. chelidonion ; L. cheli- donia— from Gr. chelidon, the swallow), a genus of plants of the ranunculus family ; a plant called swal- low-wort. celebrate, v. sel'e-brat (L. celebratus, celebrated: It. celebrato), to praise or extol ; to render famous ; to keep holy ; to honour by marks of joy or by ceremon- ies : cel'ebra'ting, imp.: cel'ebra'ted, pp. : adj. fam- ous ; renowned : cel'ebra'tor, n. one who : cel'ebrant, n. one who performs a religious act in a church pub- licly; the officiating Roman Catholic priest: cel'e- bra'tion, n. -brd'shun, the performance of solemn rites ; the distinguishing by marks of joy or respect ; praise ; renown : celeb'rity, n. s6-leb'ri-tl, fame ; renown ; distinction or notoriety. celerity, n. se-ler'4-tl (L. celeritas, swiftness— from Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; CELE 79 celer, swift: F. ciliriti: It. celerita, quickness), speed in anything, as actions, words, thoughts, or of bodies on or near the earth ;— velocity is more frequently applied to objects remote or inappreciable, as the planets, sound, light, &c. ;— swiftness. celery;, n. sel'tr-i (F. celer i), a kitchen vegetable. celestial, a. se-list'-yal (L. caelum, heaven; ctzlestis, heavenly: It. celeste: F. celeste), heavenly; of or pert, to heaven : n. an inhabitant of heaven : celes'- tially, ad. -li: celestialise, v. -ycil-iz, to make tit for heaven: celest'iali sing, imp. : celest ialised', pp. -llzd': celestine, n. si-les'tln, a mineral, sulphate of stron- tian, so named in allusion to its sky-blue colour. Celestins, n. plu. s6l'-8s-ttnz,a, religious order in the R. Cath. Ch. who eat no flesh unless when sick, and last often— named after Pope Celestin. celiac, a.— see coeliac. celibacy, n. sel'i-bd-sHL.ccelebs, unmarried, single), a single life ; an unmarried condition : celibate, n. sel'l-bcU, the state of being unmarried ; one who. cell, n. sel (L. cellci, a hiding-place: F. cellier: It. cella), a small confined room ; an apartment in a pri- son ; a small cavity ; a private room in a nunnery or monastery: cella, n. sel'-ld, the body or principal part of a temple : cellar, n. -ler, a room or place under a house used for storing coals, &c. : cellarage, n. -tij, the capacity of a cellar ; charge for cellar-room : cel- laret, n. -it, an ornamental case for bottles : cellar- ist, n. : cellarman, n. one who has charge of the cel- lar: cellular, a. sel'u-ldr, consisting of small cavi- ties or hollows : cel'lula'ted, a. -Id'tUd, formed with cells: cellule, n. sei'-ul, a little cell: cellular tissue, 'n bot., an aggregation of minute membranous vesi- a. -ii-ttf-er-iis (L. c-.'luhi. a li:tle cell, and/ero, I bear), producing little cells : cellulose, n. -lOz, a compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, forming the funda- mental material or cell-structure of plants: adj. con- taining cells. Celt, n. selt (L. eeltee; Gr. keltai, the Celts: W. eel- tiad, an inhabitant of the wood or covert— from L. celo, I conceal), one who speaks the Celtic language ; one of the great parent stock of Southern and West- ern Europe; a stone or bronze cutting instrument found in ancient barrows or tumuli : Celtic, a. sdl'tlk, pert, to a Celt ; the language of the Celts : Cel'ticism, n. -tl-sizm, a custom of the Celts, or an idiom of their language. cement, n. sS-mSnf (L. cccmentum, quarried stone: F. cement, cement), the substance that unites two bodies together, or the parts of a broken thing ; bond of union ; mortar : v. to unite by a glutinous substance ; to unite firmly and closely ; to cohere : cement'ing, imp.: cement ed, pp.: cemen'ter, n. one who : cemen- tation, n. sSm'Sn-td'shun, the act of cementing; the process by which iron is converted into steel : ce- mentatory, se-mSn'tdtdr'-i, also cementitious, a. s€m'6n-tlsh'ii<, having the quality of cementing. cemetery, n. sem'e-ter-l {Gr. koimeterion, a sleeping- place : L. ccemeterium), a place for the burial of the dead. cenobite, n. se'no-blt (Gr. koinos, common; bios, life), one of a religious order who lives in a convent or monastery with others, and not alone, like an anchoret or hermit: cenobitic, sen'6-blt'ik, and cen'obit'ical, a. -l-kdl, living in community as a monk. cenotaph., n. sen'-o-tdf {Gr. fcenos, empty; taphos, a tomb: F. cenotaphe), a monument in honour of one who is buried elsewhere. cense, v. sens (F. encenser, to perfume: contr. from incense), to perfume with burning odoriferous sub- stances : cen'ser, n. -ser, a vase or pan in which in- cense is burned : cen'sing, imp. : censed, pp. senst. censor, n. sen'-sor (L. censor, a Roman magistrate), an officer in anc. Rome who imposed taxes and punished immorality ; in some countries, a person who inspects all MSS. before they are permitted to be printed or published ; one given to fault-finding : censo'rious, -so'rlus, also censo'rial, a. -rl-dl, given to blame or to condemn ; severe in making remarks on the conduct or writings of others : censo'riously, ad. •II: censo'riousness, n. disposition to find fault: cen'- sorship, n. the office or dignity of a censor. censure, n. sen'shoor (L. ce-nsura, severe judgment : It. censura: F. censure), the act of blaming or finding fault; reproof: v. to find faidt with; to blame; to condemn as wrong : cen'suring, imp. ; cen'sured, pp. -shdbrd: cen'surer, n. one who : cen'surable, a. -d-bl, cdiv, boy, /dot; pure, bud; chair, worthy of blame : cen'surably, ad. -bll : cen'surable- ness, n. census, n. sen'sus (L. census, a registering and ra- ting of citizens: It. senso: F. sens), an authoritative enumeration of the inhabitants of a state or country: cen'sual, a. -shol>-ul, of or relating to a census. cent, a. sSnt (L. centum, a hundred, of which cent is an abbreviation: It. cento: F. cent), a hundred: per cent, a certain rate for each hundred of any thing; in the U.S. of Amer., a copper coin, in value the hundredth part of a dollar, being a little more than a halfpenny sterling : per-centage, n. -taj, so much for each hundred : centenary, n. sen'-teti-er'-i, the num- ber of a hundred : centenarian, n. a person a hun- dred years old: centennial, a. -ten'ni-dl (L. annus, a year), pert, to a hundred years : centes'imal, a. ■tcs'-i-mdl (L. centesi77ius), the hundredth: centes'i- mally, ad. -II : centipede or cen'tiped, n. tl-ped (L. pes, a foot— gen. pedis), an insect with many feet, re- puted 100 : cent per cent, £100 for each £100, as profit or interest. centaur, n. sSn'taTcr (L. centaurus ; Gr. kentauros, a herdsman who fought on horseback— from Gr. ken tea, I spur ; tauros, a bull), a fabulous being said to have been half man and half horse ; in asti-on., a constella- tion, part of a bright group in the southern hemisphere. centering, n. soi-tir-imj (see centre), the temporary frame on which an arch is built. centigrade, n. sen'tl-grdd (L. centum, a hundred ; gracilis, a step), a thermometer divided, between the freezing and boiling points of water, into 100 parts or degrees. centime, n. sSn-tem' (F.— fromL. centum, a hundred), the hundredth part of a franc. centimetre, n. sen-tlm'e-ter, or sdn'tl-ma'tr (F.— from L. centum, a hundred ; Gr. metron, a measure), a French measure of length, equal to -391 in., or about 2-5ths in. English. centre, n. sen'-fir (Or. kentron, anything with a sharp point: L. centrum, the middle point), the mid- dle point or place : v. to place on the middle point ; to coDect to one point ; to settle exclusively on one ob- ject ; to rest on : centring, -tring, or centering, -ter- ing, imp. : centred or centered, pp. -terd : central, a. -t, a', placed at or near the middle : centrally, ad. -li: centralise, v. -Xz, to draw or bring to a centre : cen'- trali'sing, imp. ; centralised, pp. -llzd : centralisa- tion, n. -zd'-shun: centralism, n. -Izm, the combination of several parts into one whole : central'ity, n. -i-ti, state of being central : centre-bit, n. -Ur-hu, an instru- ment with a projecting conical point, nearly in the mid- dle, for boring circular holes : centre of gravity, that point of a body which, being supported, the whole body will remain at rest, even though acted upon by gravity : centre of motion, the point in a body which remains at rest, while all the other parts move round it : centrical, -trl-kdl, and centric, a. -trlk, placed in or near the centre or middle : centrically, ad. -II ; centricalness, n. centrifugal, a, sen-trif-u-gdl (L. centrum, the centre, and/ut/jo, I flee), tending to fly or go off from the cen- tre ; in bot., applied to that kind of inflorescence in plants in which the central flower opens first: cen- tripetal, a. -trip'-e-tdl (L. peto, I seek, I move to a place), tending to the centre ; having a desire to move to the centre ; in boL, applied to that kind of inflores- cence in plants in which the flowers expand from be- low upwards : centrifugal force, the force by which bodies, when set in motion round a centre, have a tendency to fly off at a tangent from the circle round which they move : centripetal force, the force which drives or impels a body towards some point as a centre ; the force or gravity by which bodies tend to a point or centre. centuple, n. sSn'tu-pl (L. centum, a hundred, and plico, I fold: F. centuple), a hundred fold: v. to mul- tiply a hundred fold : centuplicate, v, -tu-pU-kat, to make a hundred-fold: centu'plicating.imp.: centup'- lica'ted, pp. centurion, n. sSn-fii'-rl-on (L. centurio— from centum, a hundred), among the anc. Romans, the captain of 100 men : century, n. sin'-tu-rl, a period of a hundred years : centu'rial, a. -rl-dl, pert, to a century. cephalaspis, n. sef'-d-lds'-pis (Gr. kephale, the head ; aspis, a shield), in geol., a fossil fish, so called from having the bones of the head united into a single shield-like case. cephalic, a. phale, the head), pert, to the head : n. a medicine for headache : cephalalgia, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. CEPH 8 n. sSfd-Ml'ji-a, orceph'alal'gy, n. -jl (Gr. algos, pain), pain in the head ; headache : ceph'alal'gic, a. -jik, pert. to. cephalopoda, n. plu. sSf-dl-6-podz (Gr. kephale, the head ; pous, the foot— gen. podos), the highest class of mollusca— so called from the principal organs of loco- motion being arranged round the head, as in the cuttle- fish. ceramic, a. sS-rdm'lk (Gr. keramos, potter's clay, earthenware), pert, to pottery, or the art. ceramidium, n. ser-d-mid'i-um (Gr. keramidoo, I cover with tiles ; keramion, a jar), in hot., an ovate con- ceptacle having a terminal opening, and with a tuft of spores arising from the base, as in algae. cerate, n. se'-rdt (L. cera, wax : It. ce.ro : F. cire), a thick ointment containing wax : cera'ted, a. covered with wax : cere, v. ser, to cover with wax : n. the naked skin covering the base of the bill in some birds : ce'- ring, imp. spreading over with melted wax : cered, pp. serd: cere-cloth, n. -Moth, a cloth covered with melted wax, or with some gummy matter: cere'ment, n. -mint, a cloth dipped in melted wax in which dead bodies are wrapped : cerasine, n. s8r'd-sln, a variety of gum : cereous, a. se'rl-us, and cera'cious, a. -rd'shus, of or like wax ; waxen : ceru'men, n. -ro'-men, the wax of the ear : ceru'menous, a. -us, relating to or containing cerumen : ce'ruse, n. -ros (L. cerussa, white lead— from cera, wax), a kind of paint like wax ; white lead : ce'rine, n. -rln, the part of bees' wax soluble in boiling alcohol. ceratiocaris, n. se-rdsh'l-ok'd-rls (Gr. keration, a pod; karis, a shrimp), in geol., a fossil crustacean having a pod-like carapace and a shrimp-like body. ceratites, n. plu. sSr'd-tlts (Gr. keras, a horn), in geol., a, genus of ammonitidse peculiar to the triassic strata: ceratodus.n. se-rdt'-o-dils (Gr. odous, a tooth), fossil fish-teeth occurring between the trias and lias formations : ceratose, a. sir'-d-toz, horny ; having the texture and consistence of horn : ceratium, n. se-rd'shl-um, in hot., a long one-celled pericarp with two valves, containing many seeds. cereal, a. se'rl-dl (L. cerealis, pert, to Ceres or grain — from Ceres, goddess of agriculture : It. and F. cerdale), pert, to all kinds of grain used for food : n. one of the grain kind : cerealia, n. plu. -rl-d'tt-d, or cereals, se'H-dlz, the different grains used for food. cerebellum, n. ser'-8bel'lum(h. : It. cerebello: F. cer- velle), the hinder or lower part of the brain : cer'ebel'- lar, a. -lev, pert, to the cerebellum : cer'ebral, a. -brdl, pert, to the brain : cer'ebrum, n. -brum (L.), the brain proper ; the front or larger brain : cerebic, a. se-reb' Ik, of or from the brain : cereb'riform, a. -rl-fawrm (L. cerebrum, and forma, shape), shaped like the brain: cerebritis, n. i Ummation of the brain: cer'ebroid, a. -brdyd (L. cerebrum, the brain ; Gr. eidos, shape), like or analogous to brain : cerebro-spinal, a. -brO-spl'ndl (L. spina, the spine), belonging to the brain and spinal cord. ceremony, n. sSr'-g-mon-l (L. cceremonia, pomp or state in religious rites : F. ceremonie), outward forms or rites in religion ; formal rules or regulations ; cer- tain kinds of social intercourse; state etiquette: cer'emo'nial, a. -mo'nl-dl, according to established forms or rites, as of the Jewish religion ; ritual : n. outward form ; a system of rites or rules established by authority : ceremonially, ad. -II: cer'emo'nious, a. -ms, full of ceremony ; formal ; exact and precise : cer'emo'niously, ad. -U : cer'emo'niousness, n. the practice of too much ceremony or formality. cerithium, n. se-rlth'l-um (Gr. keration, a small horn), iH zool., a gasteropod, with an elongated, many- whorled, turreted shell. cerium, n. se'rl-um (from the planet Ceres), one of the rarer metals found in the mineral cerite, sir'it. cernuous, a. ser'nu-us (L. cernuus, bending or stoop- ing with the head to the ground), in bot., pendulous ; nodding. cerography, n. se-rog'rd-fl (L. cera, wax; Gr. graphe, a writing), the art of engraving on a waxed copper plate. ceroon, n. sertn' (Sp. ser on— from sera, a large basket), a bale or package in skins or hides. ceroplastic, ,» ,,,,,/,,,,' i „ wax; Gv.plas- sein, to form), the art of modelling in wax : adj. modelled in wax. cerosine, n. s&r'd-sln (L. cera, wax), a waxy sub- stance found on the surface of the sugar-ca" - n«rt-,a.in n o^!M« it? r~ t - t... ) CHAF failing; fixed or regular: certainly, ad. -It: cer- tainty, n. -ti, a real state ; exemption from doubt or failui Buredly; in truth. certify, v. ser'-ti-fi ( L cc.rtur,, sure, and/acio, I make : F. certifier), to testify to in writing; to declare or in- form positively : certifying, imp. : cer'tified, pp. -fid: adj. testified to in writing ; assured : certifier, n. one who: certificate, n. -tlf-i-kai m,h in writing to testify something; a testimonial of character : v. to give a status or position to by a written declaration, as to a parishioner by a clergyman, or to a teacher by the Committee of Privy Council on Education: cer- tificating, imp. : certificated, pp. : adj. declared in writing to have a certai] fica'tion, n. ■kd'shun, the act of certifying: certitude, n. -tl-tud, certainty ; freedom from doubt. certiorari, n. plu. ser'shl-o-rd'rl (low L. certiorate, to certify— from L. certior, more certain), a writ issued from a superior court to an inferior one, to remove a cause depending in it. cerulean, a. se-ro'll-dn (L. cceruleus, dark blue), blue ; sky-coloured : cerulific, a. sir'-o-llf'-lk, producing a blue or sky colour : cer'uline, n. -lln, a preparation of indigo. ceruse, n. an ore of lead— see under cerate. cerussite, n. se'rus-slt (L. cerussa, white lead: F. ceruse), a common ore of lead found in beds or veins with galena. cervical, a. ser'vl-kdl, (L. cervix, the neck — gen. ceroids ■ It. cervice), pert, to the neck. cervine, a. ser'vln (L. cervus, a deer), pert, to a stag or deer: cer'vinous, a. -vl-nus, dark, tawny, or deep taking a child from the womb by cutting— said to be that by which Caesar was born. cespitose, n. ses'pl-toz (L. cespes, a turf), turfy; in bot., having a turf-like root. cess, n. s6s (from assess: L. census, the rating of Roman citizens according to their property), a perman- ent land-tax in Scotland : v. to rate : ces'sing, imp. : cessed, pp. s8st. cessation, n. sSs-sd'shun (L. cessatio, an idling : F. cessation— see cease), a ceasing; a stopping; a rest; a pause. cession, n. ses'shun (L. cessio. a giving up — from cessum, to yield, to give way : F. cession), the act of giving way; a surrender of property, rights, or territory to another : ces'sionar'y, a. -ir'-l, having surrendered effects; yielding. cesspool, n. ses'pdbl (AS. sesse, a settle, a seat, and pool), a receptacle for liquid filth; a collection of offensive stagnant water. cestoid, a. ses'toyd (Gr. kestos, a girdle ; eidos, form), like a girdle— applied to intestinal worms with long flat bodies, as the tape-worm. cestracionts, n. plu. ses-trd'sM-onts (Gr. kestra, a kind of fish, a pike), the oldest sub-family of sharks, mostly fossil. cestus, n. ses'tus (L.— from Gr. kestos, a girdle em- broidered), the Venus or marriage girdle ; among the ancients, a kind of boxing-glove loaded with some metal. cesura, n. se-zu'rd (see caesura), in prosody, the division of a foot or measure between two words for the sake of securing an accent on a certain syllable. cetaceous, a. se-ta'shus (Gr. ketos; L. cetus, a whale : It. ceto), pert, to the whale kind : ceta'cea, n. -shi-d, alsoceta'ceans, n. -shi-dnz, animals of the whale kind ; cetine, n. se'tin, the solid crystalline mass of sperma- ceti: cetiosaurus, n. se'shl-6-saw'-rus (Gr. sauros, a lizard), in geol, a genus of marine saurians : cetology, n. se-tol'6-jl (Gr. logos, discourse), the natural history of cetaceous animals, cetotolites, n. plu. se-tot'6-llts (Gr. ketos, a whale; ota, the ears ; lithos, a stone), the fossil ear-bones of whales. chabasite, n. kdb'd-ztt (Gr. chabos, narrow, com- pressed), a crystal of a white colour,* one of the zeolite family. chad, n. sJidd, a kind of fish— see shad. chafe, v. chdf (F. echavffer, to heat, to warm : L. calefacere, to make hot), to warm with rubbing; to heat; to perfume: n. heat by friction: cha'fing, imp. : chafed, pp. chdft: cha'fer, n. or chafing-dish, a por- table grate for coals : cha'fery, n. -fer4, a forge in Q-works. mate, mdt.fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; CHAF I chafe, v. cM/(Bav. kauchen, to breathe, to puff: It. sborfare, to puff with snorting), to excite passion; to rage; to fret; to fume: chafing, imp.: chafed, pp. chafer, n. chd'-fir (Ger. kafer: AS. ceafer; Dut. kever, any insect of the beetle kind), a buzzing insect, as cock-chafer, fern-chafer. chaff, n. chcif(AS. ceaf: Ger. kaff: Pers. khah), the husks of grain or grasses ; anything worthless : chaffy, a. -fl, like chaff. chaff, v. chaf (Dut. keffen, to yap, to bark: Ger. kaff, id?e words), in fam , to rally one; to chatter or talk lightly: chaffer, v. chaf'fer, to treat about a purchase ; to haggle ; to bargain : chaf- fering, imp. : chaffered, pp. -ferd. chaffinch, n. chaf'-flnsh, a bird of the finch family. chagrin, n. sha-gren' (F. chagrin, care, grief, the rough substance called shagreen — a type of the gnawing of care and grief: Piedm. sagrin, care), ill- humour ; vexation : v. to excite ill-humour in ; to vex : chagri'ning, imp. : chagrined', pp. -grind', vexed ; dis- pleased. chain, n. chdn (F. chaine: L. catena: Sp. cadena), a series of links or rings loosely but strongly con- nected, generally of some metal ; something that binds or restrains ; any connected series or range of things, as chain of ideas, chain of mountains ; bondage ; a measure of length of 66 feet or 100 links : v. to fasten ; to bind with a chain, or in the manner of a chain ; to enslave ; to fix temporarily to one spot by the sudden exhibition or expression in words of something which can excite strong mental emotion, as fear, awe: chaining, imp.: chained, pp. chCtnd: chain'less, a. without chains: chain-shot, n. two cannon-balls con- nected by a short chain : chain-work, n. any sort of work in the form of links or rings : chain-rule, in arith., a theorem for solving numerical problems carrying small buckets. chair, n. char (F. chaire, a pulpit: L. cathedra; Gr. kathedra, a seat), a movable seat with a support for the back ; any seat ; by a metonymy, the person who presides at a public assembly ; one of the grooved iron blocks resting on the sleepers that secure and support the rails of a railway : v. to carry in procession in a chair: chair'ing, imp.: chaired, pp. chard: chair- man, n. the person that presides over a public or pri- vate assembly ; the chief officer of a public company : chairmanship, n. the office of a chairman. chaise, n. shaz (F. chaise, a pulpit, a chair), a light two-wheeled carriage drawn by one horse. chalaza, n. kd-ld'zd, or chalaze', n. -Idz' (Gr. chal- aza, a small tubercle), in hot., the disc-like scar where the nourishing vessels enter the nucleus of the ovule. chalcedony, n. kal-sed-O-nl (fromChalcedon, a town in Asia Minor), a variety of quartz with some opal disseminated through it : chal'cedon'ic, a. -sS-don'lk, pert, to : chalcedony*, n. -sed-6-nlks (chalcedony, and onyx), a variety of chalcedony. chalcolite, n. kdl'ko-lit (Gr. chalkos, copper, and lithos, a stone), a mineral occurring in scales of an emerald-green colour : chalcography, n. kdl-kog'rd-fl (Gr. grapho, I write), engraving on copper : chalcog'- rapher, n. one who ; also chalcog'raphist : chalcopy- rites, n. plu. kal'ko-pl'-rlts (Gr. chalkos, copper, and i union ore of copper. Chaldaic.a. kal-da'-ik, or Chal'dee, a. -de(L. chaldazi; Gr. chaldaioi, the Chaldeans), pert, to Chaldea: n. the language or dialect of the Chaldeans : Chalde'an, n. -de'-dn, a native of: adj. pert.-to: Chalda'ism, n. -dd'-lzm, anidiom or peculiarity in the Chaldee dialect. chalder, n. chawl'der (old F. chauldron, a kettle), in Scotland, a dry measure containing nearly eight im- perial quarters : chaldron, n. chawl'-dron, a measure for coals containing thirty-six bushels. chalice, n. chdl'is (It. and F. calice; L. calix, a cup : Gr. kulix), a cup or bowl ; a communion-cup : char- iced, a. -ist, having a cell or cup. chalk, n. chalvk (F. chaulk— from L. calx, lime), a soft calcareous stone of a white colour : v. to rub or mark with chalk : chalk'ing, imp. : chalked, pp. chaivkt : chalk iness, n. : chalk'y, a. -%, like chalk : to chalk out, to lay out ; to plan ; to describe: red- chalk, a natural clay containing carbonate of iron : brown-chalk, a familiar name for umber : black- chalk, a variety of drawing-slate : French-chalk, a variety of steatite or soapstone. challenge, n halanger, to challenge— from L. calumniare, to institute an action at law), a cow, bdy,fb~bt; pure, tad; chair. L CHAN call or summons to fight in single combat ; the letter or message containing the summons; an exception taken to a voter or juror ; the demand of a soldier on. sentry : v. to call or summon to fight ; to call to an- swer ; to call to prove an assertion ; to take exception to a juror : challenging, imp. : challenged, pp. and a. -lenjd: challenger, n. one who: challengeable, a. ■d-bl, that may sailed in question. chalybeate, n. kd-llb'-l-dt (L. chalybs; Gr. chalups, very hard iron : F. chalybe, chalybeate), medicine or water containing a solution of iron : adj. impregnated with iron ; having a taste like that of iron : chalybite, n. kdl'l-blt, an iron ore— called also sparry or spathose iron, carbonate of iron, or siderite. Cham, n. kdm, the sovereign prince of Tartary— also written Kham. chamade, n. shd-mdd' (Port, chamar; L. clamare, to call : F. chamade), the beat of a drum or the sound of a trumpet inviting an enemy to a parley. chamber, n. cham'-ber (F. chambre, a chamber: L. camera; Gr. kamara, a vault or arched roof), an apartment in a house ; a retired room ; a political or commercial body, as a chamber of commerce ; a hol- low or cavity ; that part of a gun which contains the powder, &c, called the charge; in a mine, the spot where the powder is placed: chambering, n. im- modest behaviour: cham'bered, a. -bird, consisting of chambers or cavities ; divided into cavities : cham- berlain, n. -hm{F. chambellan: It. camerlengo), one who has the charge of the apartments, &c, of a sover- eign or noble ; a servant who has the care of cham- bers ; the treasurer of a corporation : cham'berlain- ship, n. the office of: cham'ber-maid, n. a woman who cleans and arranges bedrooms: chamber practice, the practice of a barrister who gives his opinions privately or in his chambers. chameleon, n. kd-me'll-6n (L. chamceleon; Gr. chamai- leon, ground-lion— from chamai, on the ground; lean, a lion), an animal of the lizard kind that can change the colour of its skin ; in chem., manganate of potass, from the changes in colour which its solution under- goes. chamfer, n. chdm'fer (F. echancrer, to slope or slant: Port, chanfrar, to slope, to hollow), a small gutter or channel ; a bevel or slope : v. to cut a furrow in ; to channel ; to slope ; to wrinkle : cham'fering, imp.: cham'fered, pp. -ferd. chamois, n. sham'ivd (F. chamois: It. camoscio), a kind of goat or antelope ; a soft leather originally made from its skin. chamomile, n. kCim'6-mil or mil (Gr. chamai, on the ground, and melon, an apple), a plant so called from the smell of its flowers. champ, v. champ (old F. champayer, to feed, to graze : Icel. kampa, to chew— from kiammi, a jaw), to bite with repeated action of the teeth so as to be heard ; to chew ; to devour ; to bite frequently : cham'- ping, imp.: champed, pp. chdmpt: cham'per, n. one who. champagne, n. sh&m-p&n' (F.), a kind of sparkling wine from Champagne, in France. champaign, n. shdm'pan (L. campus, a plain: It. campo: F. champ), a flat open country: adj. level; champignon, n. shdm-pln'yong (F.), an edible mushroom ; the small mushroom of the fairy rings. champion, n. chdm'pi-on (Icel. kapp, contention: W. camp, a feat : Sp. campear, to be eminent : Ger. kampeln, to dispute), a man who undertakes to de- fend the cause of another in combat or otherwise ; one who is bold or successful in a contest ; a hero : cham- pionship, n. state of being a champion. chance, n. chdns (F. chance, chance : L. cadere : Sp. caer : Port, cahir, to fall), an unforeseen event ; acci- dent ; what fortune may bring ; an opportunity : v. to happen ; to occur without design ; to risk : adj. casual : chan'cing, imp. : chanced, pp. chdnst. chance-medley, n. char mudemeslee— from chaud, hot, and mi fight), an acci- dental conflict not prepared beforehand ; in law, un- intentional homicide in self-defence, or on a sudden quarrel. chancel, n. chdn'sSl (old F. chancel : L. cancelli, lat- tices with which the chancel was enclosed), that part in a church where the altar is placed. chancellor, n. chdn'sSl-er (F. chancelier : L. cancelli, lattices, as anciently sitting behind them), a judge or officer in a court who possesses the highest power and dignity ; a great officer of state ; the head of a uni- game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. CHAN I versity ; a lawyer attached to an ecclesiastical court : chancellorship, n.: chan'cery, n. -ser-i, the high court of equity in England and Ireland presided over by the Lord Chancellor; in Scot, a court for registration of charters, patents of dignity, &c. chancre, n. shdng'ker (F.), a venereal ulcer: chan- crous, a. shdng'krus, ulcerous. chandelier, n. shdn-de-ler' (F. a dealer in candles), a hanging branched lamp : chandler, n. chdnd'ler (Ger. handler, a dealer in small-wares), a maker of candles, or dealer in them; a dealer or shopkeeper: chand'lery, n. -i, goods sold by a chandler. change, n. chanj (F. changer ; It. cambiare, to ex- change : Icel. kaupa, to deal), an alteration or varia- tion on anything ; a passing from one state or form to another ; vicissitude ; variety ; small money : change, contracted for exchange, a place where per- sons meet for the transaction of business : v. to al- ter ; to make different ; to shift ; to put one thing in the place of another ; to give one kind of money for another; to undergo variation: chan'ging, imp.: changed, pp. chanjd: chan'ger, n. one who : change'- able, a. -d-bl, fickle ; prone to change : changeability, n. -bil'-i-ti: change'ableness.n.: change'ably, ad. -Mi: change'ful, a. -fool, full of change ; inconstant : changeless, a. constant ; not allowing of alteration : changeling, n. a child left in place of another ; a fool ; a waverer ; any one apt to change. channel, n. chdn'nel (L. canalis, a pipe for water— from canna, a reed : It. canale : F. canal), a water- course; the hollow or bed of running water; the deepest part of a river, harbour, or strait; that through which anything passes, as news ; a passage of water wider than a strait; a gutter; a furrow: v. to groove; to cut or form into a channel: channeling, imp. : chan'neled, pp. -neld. chant, n. chant (F. chanter; L. cantare, to sing), a song ; words recited to musical tones in church ser- vice : v. to sing ; to intone the words of a hymn or psalm, as in church service ; to make melody with the voice : chanting, imp. : chant'ed, pp. : chant'er, n. masc. one who : chant'ress, n. fem. one who : chant'- icleer', n. -i-cler' (chant, and clear: L. canticularius, a singer or chanter), a cock, from the loudness and clearness of his tones : chantry, n. chdnt'ri, a chapel endowed for the saying or singing of masses for the souls of donors or founders. chaos, n. kd'os (L. and Gr. chaos, a yawning gulf, immense void), the confused mass in which this earth is supposed to have existed prior to its being made a fit habitation for man ; any mixed and confused mass ; confusion ; disorder : chaotic, a. -ot'-lk, confused ; thrown together into a vast heap without any order or arrangement, chap, n. chap (Scot, chap, to strike: Dut. happen, to cut, to prune : W. cobio, to strike), a gap or chink ; a crack in the hands or feet; the jaw, applied to ani- mals {chop); a stroke; a blow: v. to split; to crack, chaplain, n. chap-bin. (F. chapelain; It. cappellano, a chaplain : low L. capella, a hood), a clergyman at- tached to a ship in the navy, to a regiment in the army, to a family, &c. : chaplaincy, -si, and chap'- lainship, n. the office, station, or business of a chap- lain. chaplet, n. chdp'let (F. chapelet— from L. caput, the head), a garland or wreath encircling the head; a string of beads, called a paternoster or rosary, used by Roman Catholics to keep count of their prayers ; a little moulding carved into beads, &c. chapman, n. chdp'mdn (AS. ceap-man, a merchant —see cheap), an itinerant dealer; a travelling mer- chant. chapped, chappy— see chap. chapter, n. chap'-ter (F '. chapitre; It. capitolo, head or division of a book— from L. caput, the head), the division of a book ; an assembly of the dean, canons, and prebendaries, or of the dean and canons residen- tiary alone, attached to a cathedral. chaptrel, n. chap'trel (L. caput, the head), the upper part of a pillar that supports an arch. char, n. char (Gael, cear, red, blood-coloured), an esteemed lake-fish. char, v. char (old Eng. chark or chirk, applied to the creaking or grating noise which charcoal makes when struck together — from AS. cearcian, to creak: F. charree, ashes), to burn to a black cinder ; to blacken wood by exposure to fire ; to reduce wood to coal or carbon by burning it slowly undercover: char'rlng, imp.: charred, pp. chard: charcoal, n. -kol, wood burnt into carbon, or made black all through like coal : animal charcoal, lamp-black derived from oils and fat: wood charcoal, from twigs and faggots: mineral charcoal or coke, from ordinary pit-coal. char or chare, n. char (AS. eyre, a turn : Dut. keeren, to turn : Gael, car, a twist), work done by the day ; a single job : v. to work at the house of another by the day; to do jobs: cha'ring, imp.: chared, pp. chard: char-woman, n. a woman that works by the day ; an occasional servant. character, n. kar'dk-tcr (Gr. c/»iroktvr:L. character: F. caractere), a mark cut on any thing ; a mark or fig- ure to represent a sound, as a letter or a note in music ; a picture to convey an idea ; manner of writing, speak- ing, or acting; peculiar qualities in a person; an account or representation of the qualities of a person or thing ; moral excellence ; reputation : v. to inscribe ; to engrave : char'actering, imp. : char'actered, pp. -terd -. characterise, v. -iz, to describe by peculiar qualities ; to distinguish : char'acteri'sing, imp. : char'acterised, pp. -izd: characteristic, n. -is'-tlk, that which distinguishes a person or thing from another : adj. applied to the principal letter of a word, retained in all its derivatives and compounds, or nearly all : adj. and char'acteris'tical, a. -tl-kdl, that marks the peculiar and di tin us of a person or thing: char'acteris'tically, ad. -II: char'acterless, a. without any character ; destitute of any distinguishing peculi- arity. charade, n. shd-rdd' (F. : Norm, charer: Lang, chara, to converse), a riddle ; a witty playing on the syllables of a word, and then on the word itself. charcoal, n.— see char. chard, n. chard (F. carde; It. car da; L. carduus. the wild and esculent thistle), the leaves or centre stalks of artichokes, beet, &c, blanched in their growth. charge, n. chdrj (It. caricare; F. charger, to load, to place in a car), that which is laid or imposed on; the quantity of powder and shot or balls necessary to load a gun or cannon ; an onset or attack, as on an enemy in battle ; any person, thing, or business in- trusted or delivered over to another ; a trust ; exhor- tation or instructions by a judge to a jury, or by a bishop to his clergy ; a solemn direction or command ; accusation or imputation ; the transactions that con- stitute a debt ; cost ; expense ; rent or tax on pro- perty; the quantity of electricity sent into a coated jar : v. to rush on ; to attack ; to load, as a gun ; to lay on, as a tax ; to intrust to ; to set down to, as a debt ; to blame ; to censure ; to accuse ; to command, exhort, or enjoin ; to give directions to, as a judge to a jury, or a bishop to his clergy; to fill with the elec- trical fluid: char'ging, imp.: charged, pp. chdrjd: changer, n. the person who charges ; a war-horse ; a large dish: chargeable, a. churj'a-bl, that maybe laid upon or charged to ; liable to be charged : charge'- ably, ad. -bli: charge'ableness, n. : charge less, a. charge d'affaires, n. shar-zha'ddf-far' (F. charge or mate, rndt,fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; the hands or feet ; to open in long slits : chapping, imp.: chapped, pp. chdpt: chap'py, a. -pi, full of chaps. chap, n. chap (old E. chuff, fat, full-bodied: AS. ceaplas, the chaps, the jaws'), a familiar term for a man or boy. chape, n. chap (F. chape; It. chiappa; Sp. chapa, a small plate of metal), a metal plate at the end of a scabbard ; a catch by which a thing is held in its place. chapeau, n. slxdp-po' (F. ), a hat ; a cap or head-dress. . chapel, n. chnp'cl. ( b\ rha,„ Ue : mid. L. capella, ahood, the canopy or covering of an altar where mass was celebrated— afterwards extended to the recess in a church in which an altar dedicated to a saint was placed), a subordinate place of public worship ; a church; a dissenter's meeting-house: chap'elry, n. ■rl, the bounds assigned to a chapel. chaperon, n. shap'-ir-dng (F. : It. capperone, a cloak worn by peasants), a hood or cap ; an elderly female attendant on a young lady in public ; any attendant and guide: v. to attend as a guide or protector: chaperoning, imp. -on-lng: chaperoned, pp. -ond: chap'eronage, n. -6n-aj, patronage or protection af- forded by a chaperon. Chapfallen, a. rhop-J'nTi'l,, (rh,i/>, flic |av. , ami Kill ,/; having the lower jaw depressed ; dejected ; dispirited ; silenced. chapiter, n. chdp'-i-tcr (old F. chapitel; It. capitello — from L. caput, the ]i,. ; ,il) flie uppci part or capital of a pillar. CHAR care of matters), one who transacts diplomatic busi- ness at foreign courts, in the absence of an ambas- sador. charily, ad.: chariness, n.— see chary. chariot, n. chdr'-l-Ot (F. chariot— from char, a car : L. carrus; It. carro, a two-wheeled cart), a light kind of coach with a front seat only; a war-coach; a car: char ioteer, n. -6-ter, the driver of a war-chariot in ancient times. charity, n. chdr't-tl (F. charite; It. carita— from L. caritas, high regard, high price or value), kindness ; love; that disposition of heart which inclines men to think well of others, and do them good; liberality to the poor ; candour ; an institution for the poor : chari- table, a. -td-bl, benevolent in disposition; kind in words and actions ; liberal in relieving the necessities of the distressed according to ability : charitably, ad. ■Wf: charitableness, n. -id-bine's. charlatan, n. shdr'ld-tdn (F. and Sp.— from Sp. charlar, to chatter: It. carlatano, a quack doctor), a quack; a prating pretender; a mountebank: char- latanlcal, a. -ikdl, making undue pretensions to skill ; quackish : charlatanry, n. -rl, quackery ; de- ceit: char'latan'ism, n. -izrn. Charles's-wain, n. chdrlz'ez-wdn (AS. carles-icaen, the churl's or fanner's wain), a familiar name, from the shape of their arrangement, of the cluster of seven stars in the constellation Ursa Major, or the Great Bear. charlock, n. chdr'lok (AS. cerlice), a wild plant of the mustard family— also called ketlock. charm, n. charm (F. charme; It. carme, a charm, a spell— from L. carmen, a song), words, figures, or things supposed to possess some hidden or mysterious power; anything supposed to possess a magic power or spell; that which can subdue or delight: v. to sub- due or control ; to exercise irresistible power over ; to please or delight greatly ; to yield exquisite pleasure to the mind or senses ; to fortify against evil : char- ming, imp. : adj. pleasing in the highest degree charnel, a. chdr'nil (F. charnier, a churchyard— from L. caro, flesh— gen. carnis), containing flesh or carcasses : charnel-house, n. a place in some burial- grounds where the bones of the dead are stored up ; a burial-ground where too many dead are interred. Charon, n. kd'ron, in fabulous history, the son of Erebus (darkness) and Nox (night), who was em- ployed to ferry the souls of the dead over the waters of Acheron and Styx. chart, n. ch&rt (L. charta, paper: Gr. chartes: It. carta : F. carte), a, map of any part of a sea or river for the use of navigators ; the representation of a ship's course ; a map : chart'less, a. without a chart : charta'ceous, a. -td'shus, in bot., resembling paper; thin; flexible: charter, n. chdr'-ter, any written pa- per or document conferring privileges or confirming rights ; privilege ; exemption : v. to hire or let a ship under a written agreement : chaptering, imp.: chap- tered, pp. -terd : charter-party, n. the written agree- ment regarding the hire of a vessel and its freight, of which two copies are written: Magna-Charta, mug' vd-kdr'td (L. great charter), the great charter of Eng- lish liberties obtained from King John, A.D. 1215: Chartist, n. char'tist, one of a body of political agita- tors who demand certain radical changes in the govern- ment : Char'tism, n. -tlzm, the political opinions and principles of the Chartists : chartographer, n. chdr- tog'rd-fer (L. charta, paper, and Gr. grapho, I deli- neate, I write), a constructor of charts or sea-maps : char'tographlc, a. -to-graf'-lk, relating to charts. charwoman, n. : char'work— see char. chary, a. chdr'l (AS. cearig, careful : Dut. karigh, sparing, niggard : Ger. karg, niggardly), careful ; cautious; frugal: charily, ad. -II: char'iness, n. cau- tion; nicety. chase, n. chds— sometimes spelt chace (F. chasser; Sp. cazar, to hunt), eager or vehement pursuit ; hunt- ing; an earnest seeking after, as pleasure, fame, &c. ; the thing sought for or hunted ; open ground or re- treat for the larger game: v. to pursue eagerly; to drive away ; to follow eagerly after, as pleasure, profit, &c. : cha'sing, imp.: chased, pp. chast: chaser, n. one who: chase able, a. -d-bl, that may be chased: chase- gun, a gun placed at the bow or stem of a vessel. cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, 3 CHEC chase, v. chds{F. chasse, a shrine for a relic: contr. of enchase), to work or emboss plate as silversmiths do : cha sing.imp. : n.the art of embossing or repi csent- ing figures on metals: chased, pp. chdst. chase, n. chds (F. chasse— from L. capsa, a box, a case), an iron frame in which to confine types. chasm, n. kdzm (Gr. and L. chasma, a gaping or wide opening), a deep gap or opening in the earth, or between rocks; a void space: chasmed, a. kdzmd, having gaps or deep openings : chas'my, a. -ml, full of chasms. chasseurs, n. shds-sers' (F. a huntsman— from chas- ser, to hunt), horse or foot soldiers trained for rapid movements. chaste, a. chdst (F. chaste— from L. castus, pure: Pol. czysty, clean, pure : It. casto), pure ; undented ; in language, free from barbarous or affected words and phrases ; refined in expressions ; in works of art, pure in taste or design ; not vulgar in style : chastely, ad. -ll: chaste'ness, n. : chastity, n. chds'tl-tl, purity of body and of speech. chasten, v. chds'-n (F. chdtier, to correct— from L. castigare, to correct), to correct; to punish for the purpose of reclaiming an offender; to afflict in any way; to purify: chastening, imp. chas'nlng ■. chast- ened, pp. chds'-nd: chas'tener, n. -ner: chastise, v. chds-tiz', to punish or correct with the rod ; to inflict a pain as punishment for an offence ; to correct or purify in any way : chasti'sing, imp. : chastised', pp. -i\zd': chasti'ser, n. onewfco: chasti sable, a. -sdbl: chastisement, n. chds'tiz-mSnt, correction; punish- ment. chat, n. chdt (It. gazzolare, to chat or chatter: Ma- lay, kata, to speak : an imitative word), familiar talk ; idle conversation : v. to converse in a familiar easy way ; to talk idly : chat'ting, imp. : chat'ted, pp. : chat'ty, a. -ti, talkative : chatter, v. chdt'ter, to utter sounds rapidly, as a monkey ; to talk idly or careless- ly ; to rattle the teeth, as in shivering : n. the rapid sounds, as of a monkey: chat'tering,imp.n.: chat'ter- ed, pp. -terd: chatterer, n. one who: chat'terbox, n. one that talks idly and incessantly. chateau, n. shd-to" (F.), a castle; a country seat; plu. chateaux', -toz'-. chatelet, n. shdt'-e-ld, a little castle ; the common jail and session-house in Paris. chattels, n. chat'-tls (F. chatel; oldF. chaptel, apiece of movable property— from mid. L. captale, the prin- cipal, as distinguished from interest), goods in gene- ral, with the exception of land— anciently applied to cattle, as being the principal wealth of the country. chauffer, n. chdf-fer (F. chauffer, to heat), a small furnace ; a round box of sheet-iron for containing a fire, open at the top, with a grating near the bottom. cheap, a. chep (AS. ceap, cattle, price : Goth, kau- pon, to deal: Icel. kaupa, to buy: Dut. koopen; Ger. kaufen, to buy), low in price for the quality ; not dear as prices go ; common or little in value : cheaply, ad. -II : cheap'ness, n. : cheapen, v. chep'n, to lessen in value: cheapening, imp. -ning: cheap'ened, pp. -end: cheap'ener, n. -ner. cheat, v. chet (see escheat— the escheators or cheat- ers were officers appointed to look after the king's escheats, giving many opportunities of oppressioa— hence cheater came to signify a fraudulent person), to deceive and defraud ; to impose on ; to trick : n. a fraud committed by deception ; a trick of dishonesty ; an imposition or imposture ; one who cheats : cheat'- ing.imp.: cheat'ed, pp.: cheat'er.n. onewho: cheat'- ingly, ad. -II. check, n. chSk (F. ichec, a repulse, a rebuke— a meta- phor taken from the game of chess, when a player is stopped by receiving check to his king), stop ; restraint ; continued restraint; curb; that which stops or con- trols ; a term in chess ; a pass, ticket, or token ; cloth woven in squares of different colours : v. to stop ; ts- restrain ; to moderate ; to chide or reprove ; to con- trol ; to compare and examine papers or accounts to ascertain their accuracy— (to check an account, in the sense of ascertaining its correctness, is derived from the Court of Exchequer, where accounts were compared and corrected by means of counters upon a checked cloth): checking, imp. : checked, pp. chekt: check'er, -er, n. one who, or that which : checkered, a. -erd, as checkered cloth, cloth consisting of squares or stripes of different colours : checkless, a. uncontrollable ; vio- lent : checker or chequer, v. -er (from the squares of a chessboard), to variegate by cross lines ; to form into squares like a chessboard by lines or stripes ; to diversify; to vary or mix with different qualities, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. CHED 8 scenes, or events : checkering, imp. : checkered, pp. •erd: adj. crossed with good and bad fortune in the career of life : check'mate, n. -mat (Pers. shah-mat, king dead), a movement that finishes a game of chess : v. to hinder from moving and so to finish ; to defeat ; to overthrow : check'mating, imp. : check'mated, pp. : check'ers, n. plu. device of alternate white and black squares used as a tavern sign : check'erwork, work having a pattern of squares varied alternately in col- ours or materials : check-roll, a list of servants in a household: check'string, a cord by which the occu- pant of a carriage may arrest the attention of the Cheddar, n. chSd-der, a kind of cheese manufactured at Cheddar, in England. cheek, n. chek (AS. ceac, the cheek, the jaw: Dut. kaecke, the jaw), the side of the face below either eye : cheek-by-jowl (AS. geagl, a jaw, a jowl), nearness; closeness ; side by side : cheek-bone, n. bone of the cheek : cheeks, n. plu. two upright, equal, and similar parts of any piece of timber-work ; the two solid parts upon the sides of a mortise ; the projection on each side of a mast. cheep, v. chep (an imitative word), to make a shrill noise like a young chicken : cheep'ing, imp.: cheeped, pp. chept. cheer, v. cher (prov. Sp. car a; old F. chiere; It. cera, the countenance : F. chere, the face, favour, entertain- ment), to receive with shouts of joy; to applaud; to comfort ; to gladden ; to infuse life into ; to encour- age ; to become gladsome : n. a joyful shout ; applause ; mirth; provisions for a feast: cheering, imp.: adj. animating; encouraging: cheered, pp. cherd: cheer'- ingly, ad. -II: cheerily, ad. -Ml, with spirit: cheerful, a. cher'fdbl, lively ; in good spirits ; full of life : cheer' - dispiriting : cheerlessly, ad. -ll : cheerlessness, n. : cheer'er, n. one who : cheer'y, a. -I, gay ; sprightly : cheer up, to become cheerful ; to enliven. cheese, n. chez (AS. cese, curdled milk: L. caseus, cheese : Fin. kasa, a heap), the curd of milk pressed into a mass of various shapes and sizes, and suffered to dry : cheesy, a. che'zl, having the taste or form of cheese: cheese'cake, n. a sweet cake: cheese-press, n. and cheese-vat, n. the one for pressing and the other for holding the curd to be formed into a cheese : cheesemonger, n. -mung'ger, one who deals in or sells cheese. cheetah, n. che'-td, the hunting leopard of India. chef-d'oeuvre, n. shef-do'vr or shu- (F.), a master- piece ; a very fine work of art. chegoe, n. chSg'6 (of Peruvian origin: Sp. chico, small), in tropical countries, a small insect that enters the skin of the feet in man; also written chigger, chlg'ger : chigoe, chlg'O : jigger, jlg'ger : chigre, ipis, a scale), a fossil fish having lozenge - shaped scales, and a great development of its pectoral and ventral fins : cheiroptera, n. plu. kl-rop'ter-d (Gr. pteron, a wing), the systematic name for bats and the bat-kind: cheirop'ter, n. one of the cheiroptera: cheirop'terous, a. -us, pert, to : cheiru'rus, n. -ro'rus (Gr. oura, a tail), in geol, a genus of Lower Silurian trilobites, so termed from their tail presenting four or five finger-like spines. chelae, n. plu. ke'le (Gr. chele, a claw), applied par- ticularly to the bifid claws or pincers of the crustace- ans, &c: chelif'erous, a. -Uf'er-us (L. ferre, to bear), having claws as a crab: cheliform, a. kel'l-fawrm (I* forma, a shape), having the form of a claw: che- late, a. ke'ldt, having chelae or two-cleft claws. chelonian, n. ke-lo-nl-dn (Gr. chelone, the tortoise), pert, to the chelonia or tortoise and turtle tribe. chemical, a.— see chemistry. chemise, n. shS-mez' (F.: Sp. camisa, a chemise), an undergarment worn by females; a shift; awalllining any earthwork in order to support it: chemisette, shem-l-zet' , an under waistcoat for a female. chemistry, n. k&m'ls-trl (Ar. kvnvia ; th< >< ■■■-. that ascertains the nature and constituent parts of any body, investigates the laws that regulate the action of bodies on each other, and determines in what proportion their elements unite : chemical, a. -l-kdl, pert, to chemistry : chemically, ad. -ll : chemist, n. CHIA skilled in chemistry : chemicals, n. plu. -kdls, substances used for producing chemical effects : oi - - ganic chemistry, that which treats of the substance:; which form the structure of animals or vegetables, and their products: inorganic chemistry, that which treats of the substances which form mineral bodies : practical or applied chemistry, that which treats of the products of chemistry useful in the arts, and for economical purposes: pure chemistry, that which treats of the elemental constitution of substances, and of the laws of combination. cheque, n. chek (see check), an order for money on a banker, to be paid on demand. cherish, v. cher'ish (F. cherir, to love dearly, to cherish), to treat with tenderness and affection; to foster ; to protect and aid ; to harbour in the mind, as feelings oi ill-will : cherishing, imp.: n. support; en- couragement: cherished, pp. -isht: adj. comforted; fostered : cherlsher, n. one who : cher'ishingly, ad. -ll. cheroot, n. she-rot' ', a kind of cigar. cheropotamus, n. ker'o-pot'd-mus (Gr. choiros, a hog, and potamos, a river), a fossil animal very closely related to the hog family. „v.„,~~ ,, „j,js..?^* it r.^..„ :vs . -p. ctrise: Ger. kirsche), a well-known fruit, consisting of a pulp surrounding a pip or kernel: adj. ruddy: cherry-pit, n. a child's play: cherry-brandy, bi berries have been steeped : cherry-stone, the hard kernel of the cherry. Chersonese, n. ker'so-nez (Gr. chersos, land ; and nesos, an isle), a tract of land, of any extent, nearly surrounded by water ; a peninsula. chert, n. chert (W. cellt, flintstone ; a probable cor- ruption of quartz), an impure flinty rock resembling some varieties of flint and hornstone ; a limestone so silicious as to be worthless for the limekiln, is said to be cherty: cherly, a. -tl, flinty. cherub, n. chSr'ub, plu. cher'ubs or cher'ubim (Heb. a heavenly being : cher'ubic, adj. -o'o-bik, also cheru'- bical, a. -Ml, angelic : cher'ubim, n. plu. -db-blm (Heb. plu. of cherub), angels; heavenly beings. cherup, v. cher'up (for chirp), to twitter ; to make a noise as a bird : n. a short, sharp noise : cher'upping, imp. : cher'upped, pp. -upt. chesible, n. chez'l-U, or chasuble, chdz'db-bl, a Roman priest's garment. chess, n. ches (F. echec; It. scacco; Sp. xaque ; Ger. schach — from the cry of check : Pers. schach, a king), a game played on a board divided into sixty-four squares : chess-board, the board used in the game of chess : chess-player, one skilled in the game of chess. chessil-bank, cMs'sl-bdnk (Ger. kiesel, a pebble), the shifting pebble -beach extending from Portland to Abbotsbury, on the southern coast of England. chest, n. chest (AS. cist: Ger. kasten: L. cista), a large box ; the breast or thorax ; a certain quantity of goods, as tea : v. to lay in a chest ; to hoard : chesting, imp.: chest'ed, pp. : adj. having a chest ; placed in a chest : chest of drawers, a case of movable boxes, called drawers. chestnut, n. ch&s'nut (F. chastagne: Dut. kastanie: Ger. kesten), the seed or nut of a large forest-tree: adj. of a bright-brown colour ; also chesnut. chetah, n. che'td—see cheetah. cheval-de-frise, n. she-vdl'dS-frez': chevaux-de- frise', n. plu. she-vo"- (F. cheval, a horse ; /rise, any- thing curled), a long piece of timber pierced by wood- en spikes four or six feet long, pointed with iron, which cross each other, used to fill a breach or to hin- der the advance of cavalry. chevalier, n. shSv'd-ler (F.— from cheval, a horse), a horseman ; a knight ; a gallant young man. chevron, n. cMv'ron (F. : Sp. cabrio, a rafter), a fig- ure of two rafters meeting at the top ; a term in her- aldry ; a variety of fret ornament, called also zigzag ; the badge on the coat-sleeve of a non-commissioned officer : chev'roned, a. -rond, having a chevron. chew, v. cho (AS. ceowan, to chew— from ceac, the jaw : Dut. kauwen, to chew— from kauive, the jaw), to crush with the teeth; to masticate: chewing, imp.: chewed, pp. chdd: chew the cud, to eat the food over again, as a cow ; to think ; to meditate. Chian, a. kl'dn, pert, to Chios, an island in the mate, mdt./dr, lav:; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; CHIA chiasma, n. klds'md (Gr. chiasmos, a marking with the letter X. a cut crosswise), in anat., the central body of nervous matter formed by the junction and the crossing of the fibres of the ■ .j.tic nerves. chiastolite, n. kids'to-llt (Gr. chiastos, marked with the Greek letter X, or cleft, and lithos, a stone), a mine- ral, so called from the resemblance of the lines on the summits of the crystals to the Greek letter X- chibougue, n. chl-bobk' (Turk., with F. spelling), a Turkish tobacco-pipe. chicane, n. shl-kdn', or chicanery, n. -ner-l (F. chican- er, to wrangle or pettifog it— from chique, originally a jag or rag, a lump of bread), mean or unfair artifices to obscure the truth; trick; sophistry; wrangling: v. to use shifts or artifices ; chicaning, imp.: chicaned, pp. -kdnd.- chicaner, n. one who. chick, n. chlk, or chicken, n. -en (imitative of the cry: Dut. kieken; AS. cicen, a chicken: Hung, tyuk, a hen), the young of the domestic cock and hen ; a child ; a word of endearment : chicken-hearted, a. timid ; cowardly ; fearful : chicken-pox, n. a mild eruptive disease among children : chick-weed, a com- mon wild plant with white blossoms : chickling, n. a small chick : chick-pea, a variety of pea or vetch. chicory, n. chik'or-l (F. chicorie; It. cicoriu; L. cichorium, chicory or endive), a plant with a root like the carrot, the root of which cleaned, dried, roasted, and ground, is extensively used to mix with coffee. chide, v. chfd (AS. cidan, to scold: Swiss kiden, to resound as a bell), to reprove by words ; to scold at ; to rebuke; to quarrel: chiding, imp.: chid, pt. chid, or chode, pt. chod: chidden or chid, pp. chid- a : chi- dingly, ad. -ll: chider, n. chl'-der, one who. chief, a. chef (F. chef, the head, or highest point : It. capo— from L. caput, the head : Ger. kopf; Dut. cop, a cap, a head), highest ; principal ; the most emi- nent or distinguished ; the most important; first: n. a commander or leader; the head man of a clan, or tribe, or family: chiefly, ad. -II, especially; mainly; principally; in the first place : chief less, a. without a leader : chieftain, n. -tan, a leader ; the head of a clan or family: chieftaincy, -si, and chieftainship, n. the government over a clan : chief -justice, the prin- cipal judge of a court. chiffonier, n. shlf-fO-ner' (F. chiffnnnier, a rag- picker—from chiffon, a rag), a rag-picker; a kind of cupboard for holding scraps. chigoe, n. chlg-6—see chegoe. chilblain, n. chll'bldn (chill and Main), an inflam- matory sore on the skin produced by cold. child, n. child, plu. children, chil'drdn (AS. cild, phi. cildra : Dut. and Ger. kind, a child), a son or daughter ; an infant or very young person ; one weak in knowledge or experience of the world: plu. off- spring ; descendants ; the inhabitants of a country : childhood, n. the time in which persons are children: childish, a. like a child; trifling; ignorant ; silly: childishly, ad. -ll: childishness, n. the qualities of a child in regard to conduct ; simplicity ; weakness of mind : childless, a. without children : childlessness, n.: childlike, a,: child'-bearing, the act of producing or bringing forth children : child-bed, the state of a woman bringing forth a child : child-birth, the act of bringing forth a child ; travail : child's-play, trifling contest ; light work. childe, n. child (from child), formerly a noble youth : childermas-day, n. chll'der-mds, a feast of the Church held on 28th December, in remembrance of the chil- dren slain at Bethlehem by Herod — called usually Innocent's Day. chiliad, n. kil'l-Od (Gr. chilias, a thousand), 1000 years. chill, a. chll (AS. cyU, cool : Sp. chillar, to crackle : low Ger. killen, to smart), moderately cold ; tending to cause shivering ; not warm ; cool : n. a cold ; a shiv- ering with cold ; the sensation of cold ; a depressing influence or sensation : v. to cause a shivering ; to check the circulation of the blood ; to make cold ; to blast with cold; to deject: chilling, imp. : adj. caus- ing to shiver: chilled, pp. child: chillingly, ad. -ll: chilly, a. -ll, rather cold : chilliness, n. -li-nes, sensa- tion of shivering; cold: chill'ness, n. -nSs, coldness. chillies, n. plu. chll'-liz (Sp. chili), the pods of the Cayenne or Guiana pepper. Chiltern Hundreds, n. plu. chll'tern hiin'drgdz, a hilly district in Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, England, belonging to the Crown, to winch a nominal office is attached, called the "Stewardship of the Chiltern Hundreds," which a member of the House ) CHIS of Commons accepts when he wishes to vacate his seat. chime, n. chlm (imitative of a loud, clear souDS : Fin. kimia, acute, sonorous), the musical harmony produced by striking a set of bells with hammers ; a set of bells timed to the musical scale, and struck by hammers acted on by clockwork : v. to sound in harmony or accord ; to agree with ; to cause to sound in harmony : chiming, imp. : chimed, pp. chimd. chimera, n. kl-me'-rd (L. chimara, a monstrous beast: Gr. chimaira), a vain or idle fancy; a creature of the imagination only: chimerical, a. -mSr'l-kal, merely imaginary ; vainly or wildly conceived : that can have no existence except in thought: chimer'- ically, ad. -ll. chimney, n. chhn'nl, plu. chimneys, -nlz (F. chemi- nee: It. camminata, a hall: low L. caminata, an apartment with a fireplace), a funnel or passage up- wards in a wall for the escape of smoke or heated air : chimney-flue or vent, the passage from the fireplace upwards for the escape of the smoke or heated air: chimney-sweep, one who cleans chimneys: chimney- piece, an ornamental frame of wood or stone round a fireplace. chimpanzee, n. chlm'pdn-ze, one of the higher apes of Africa, chin, n. chin (AS. cinne; Dut. kinne, the jaw, the cheek: Gr. genus, the jaw, the chin), the part of the face below the under lip : chin'cough, n. -kof (Dut. kinkhoest— from kind;, >>, to wheeze), hooping-cough. china, n. chi'-nd, a fire kind of earthenware, ori- ginally from China: adj. of or from China: china- shop, a shop for the sale of china-ware, &c. : a bull in a china shop, strength and violence unresisted : Chinese, a. chi-nez', of China : n. the language or inha- bitants : china-aster, n. -ds't&r (Gr. aster, a star), one of a genus of plants having compound flowers : china- clay, the finer varieties of pottery-clay, called kaolin : china-stone, the decomposed granites yielding the china-clay or kaolin of commerce. chinchilla, n. chln-chll'ld, a small S. Amer. rodent animal, whose soft fur is used for muffs, &c. chine, n. chin (F. echine, the back-bone: W. cefn, a ridge), the back-bone of an animal; a piece of the back-bone, with adjacent parts, cut from an animal for cooking ; part of the water-way of a ship : v. to cut into chine pieces: chi'ning, imp.: chined, pp. do ml. chink, n. chlngk (AS. cinan, to gape : Dut. klincken, to clink or sound sharp), a small rent, cleft, or open- ing lengthwise ; a crack or gap, as in a wall : v. to crack ; to make a small sharp sound with a piece of money or metal : chink'ing, imp. : chinked, pp. chingkt; chink'y, a. -kl, full of chinks or long small gaps. chinse, v. chins, to push oakum or tow into the chinks or seams between a ship's planking : chin'sing, imp. : chinsed, pp. chlnst. chinte or chintz, n. chlnts (Hind, chhint, spotted cotton cloth : Dut. chitz), cotton cloth printed in more than two colours. chip, n. chip (Swiss, kide, a twig: W. cedys, fagots of small wood : Ger. kippen, to clip or pare), a small piece of a body cut or broken off; a fragment : v. to cut into small pieces ; to cut or break off small pieces ; to hew : chip 'ping, imp.: n. a piece cut or broken off: chipped, pp. chlpt. chiragra, n. kl-rd'grd (L.— from Gr. cheir, the hand; agra, a catching), gout in the hand. chirography, n. kl-rog'rd-fi (Gr. cheir, the hand ; graphe, a writing), the art of writing : chirographic, a. -ro-grdf'ik, pert, to : chirog'rapher, n. -rd-fer, also chirog'raphist, -fist, one who : chirol'ogy, n. -rol'6-jl (Gr. logos, discourse), art of talking with the hands : chirol'ogist, n. -gist, one who: chi'roman'cy, n. -ro- mdn'-sl (Gr. m a in), the art of foretelling events or the dispositions of persons by inspecting the lines of the hands : chi'roman'tic, a. -tlk, pert to : chi'roman'cer, n. -sir, one who ; also chi'roman'tist, n. -«s«.-chi'roplast,n. -/ ■:"<«, to shape), in music, an instrument to teach fingering : chirop'o- dist, n. -rop'o-dlst (Gr. cheir, the hand, and poda, the feet ; or Gr. keiro, I clip or pare), a corn or wart doctor. .'_.■..-.'.' word: Sp. chirriar, to chirp : Norm, charer, to chatter), a particular sound, uttered by birds or insects : v. to make a noise, as the cry of small birds : chirping, imp. : chirped, pp. chirpt : ehirp'er, n. one who : chirp'ingly, ad. -ll. coiv, 'boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, t cms 8 a cutting instrument or tool of iron or steel, used by masons, joiners, and sculptors : v. to cut ; to pare ; to carve or engrave with a chisel: chis'eling, imp.: chis'eled, pp. -eld : chis'eler, n. one who : derivatives al-.o ;:peil, Yv'li.il //,, :t.\ fli.ir.il I • ml , r/urrl/n I , ,':.,'. Chisleu, n. kis'16 (Heb. chisleu), the ninth month of the Jewish year, beginning with the new moon of our December. chit, n. chit (Swiss hide, a twig : prov. Eng. chits, the first sprouts of anything : It. citto, a little dirty boy), a shoot or sprout ; a lively child : chit'ty, a. -ti, child- ish ; like a babe : chit-chat, n. -chat, prattle ; familiar talk. chitine, n. kl'-tin (Gr. chiton, a coat of mail), the hardening substance of the covering of insects: ciii'tin- ous, a. -ms, consisting of or having the nature of chi- tine : chi'ton, n. -ton, a mollusc with a many-jointed shell covering its back— also found fossil : chi'tonellus, n. -61'lus (dim. of chiton), a sub-generic form of chiton, flistinguishecl bj I lie form of the plates. chitterlings, n. plu. chit'-ter --lings (prov. Eng. chit- ter, to twitter, then to shiver), the small entrails of swine, from their wrinkled appearance. chivalry, n. shiv'dl-rl, or chiv'- (P. chevalerie— from h im • Ik. i i ) i i in . "' lilhood; valour; the body or order of knights : chiv'alric, a. -rih, par- taking of the character of chivalry or knighthood : chiv'alrous, a. -rus, warlike; bold; gallant: chiv'al- rously, ad. -li. chives, n. plu. chivz (F. cive, small onions without bulbs ; cheveler, to put forth a small root), small onions growing in tufts ; in hot., slender threads or filaments il envelope : chlamyd' chloral, n. klo'-ral (see chlorine), a liquid formed from chlorine and alcohol. chlorine, n. klo'-rln (Gr. chloros, grass - green), a greenish - yellow gas possessing great power as a bleacher : chloric, a. klor'-ik, of or from chlorine : chloride, n. idor'-id, a compound of chlorine with a metal or othei elementary substance: chlorid'ic, a. -ik, pert, to chloride : chlorite, n. klo'rit, a soft friable mineral, allied in character to talc and mica, and so called from its greenish colour: chlorit'ic, a. -rlt'-lk. pert, to : chloritic sand, any sand coloured green by chlorite, generally applied to the greensand of the chalk formation: chloridate, v. klor-i-dat, to treat or prepare with a chloride, as a plate for the purposes of photography : chloride of lime, a combination of lime and chlorine, used in bleaching and as a disinfectant : chlor'ate, n. -at, a salt of chloric acid with a base: chlorous, a. klo-rus, noting an acid which contains equal parts of chlorine and oxygen. chloroform, n. kldr-6-fawrm (Gr. chloros, grass- green, and formyle ; L. formica, an ant), a volatile liquid remarkable for 1 bi i property ol producing insen- chlorophseite, n. klO'-r6-fS'-i t (Gr. chloros, grass-green, and phaios, brown, in allusion to the change of colour produced by exposure), a soft earthy mineral of an olive -green colour, changing to blackish - brown : chlo'rophane, n. -fan (Gr. phaino, I shine), a variety of fluor-spar, exhibiting a bright - green phospho- rescent light when heated: chlo'rophyll, n. -fil (Gr. phullon, a leaf), the colouring matter in plants, espe- cially in their leaves. chlorosis, n. klo-rO'-sls (Gr. chloros, green), a disease of young females; greensickness; in bot., etiolation: chlorot'ic, a. -rot'ik, pert, to or affected with chlorosis : chlo'ros, -ros, in hot., green: in composition, chloro. choanites, n. plu. ko'a-nlts (Gr. choane, a funnel), in geol., a genus of spongiform zoophytes occurring in the chalk formation. chock-full,, a. chok'-fdbl or chuck- (Swab, schoch, a heap; geschoppt-voll, crammed full), full up to the brim ; full to overflowing. chocolate, n. chok-6-lat (F. chocolat: Sp. chocolate: Mexican, cacualt, cacao), a powder or paste prepared from the kernels of Un ca.cao-nub. u:;< d in making the beverage so called. choice, n. choys (F. choix— from choisir, to choose), the determination of f he nii]«i in preferring one thing to another; option; the thing chosen; election: adj. CHOR select ; precious ; very good, or best ; selecting with much care: choice'less, a.: choicely, ad. -li: cnoice- - ess, n. -nes. choir, n. kwir (F. chozur— from L. chorus-. Gr. choros, a dance in a ring, a company of singers), a band of singers in a church , the. place in i he church where they sing: chorus, n. ko'-rus, a number of singers singing together ; the part of a song repeated at the end of every verse : cho'ral, a. -rul, pert, to what can be sung by a choir: chorally, ad. -li: cho'rist and chorister, n. kor'is-ter, one who sings in a choir. choke, v. chok (Icel. kok, the throat; koka, to swal- low: W. ceg, the throat; cr.gu., to swallow), to stop the passage of the breath by filling the windpipe with some body, or by compressing or squeezing the throat ; to smother or suffocate; to obstruct or block up; to hinder: cho'king, imp. : adj. suffocating: choked, pp. chokt -. cho'ker, n. one who : choke-damp, n. the car- bonic acid gas of mines : cho'ky, a. -ki, tending to choke: choke'-full, a.— see chock-full, which is the proper spelling. choler, n. kol'-er (Gr. and L. cholera— from Gr. kole, bile, and rheo, I flow), the bile, the flow of which was supposed to cause anger, or the redness of face in anger ; anger ; wrath ; irascibility : chol'era, n. -a, bil- ious vomiting and purging— the milder form of the disease is called cholera-morbus ; the malignant form is called Asiatic cholera : chol'era'ic, a. -a-ik, pert, to the disease cholera : chol'eric, a. -ik, easily irritated ; irascible ; excited by anger. cholesterine, n. k6-les'-ter-in (Gr. chole, bile, and stear, tallow or fat), a substance having the properties of fat, found principally in bile. chondrine, n. kon'drin (Gr. chondros, cartilage or gristle, a grain), a substance resembling gelatine, pro- duced by the action of hot water on gristle : chondro- dite, n. kon'-dro-dlt, one of the gems, occurring in grains of various shades of yellow and red: chon- drol'ogy, n. -drdl-o-ji (Gr. logos, discourse), a treatise chondrites, n. plu. kdn'drits (L. chondrus, a kind of sea-weed), fossil marine plants resembling the Irish moss of our own shores. choose, v. ch6z (AS. ceosan: Goth, kiusan: Dut. kiesen), to select ; to take by preference ; to have the power to take ; to adopt ; to follow : chose, pt. choz : choosing, imp. chdz'-ing: choos'er, n. one who : chosen, pp. ch6z'-n. chop, n. ch8p (Scot, chap, to strike; choppe, a blow; to chap hands, to strike hands: Icel. kaup ; Scot, coup, to buy and sell, to exchange), a pie«e cut or struck off; a piece of meat: v. to cut off or sepa- rate by the blow, or repeated blows, of a sharp instru- ment ; to cut into small pieces ; to mince ; to barter stick, n. a Chinese instrument for feeding. chop, n. ch6p, chops, plu. (AS. ceaplas, the chaps or jaws : Wallon. chiffe, the cheek ; chofe, smack on the chops: Gael, gob, the beak, the mouth— see chap), the sides of the mouth of a river or of a channel ; the chap or jaw : v. to vary or turn ; to shift suddenly, £ the wind chops or chops about: chop'ping, imp.: chopped, pp. chdpt: chop-fallen, a. cast down in spirits ; dejected : chops, n. plu. the jaws. chopin, n. chop-in (F. chopine; Ger. schoppen, sl liquid measure), in Scot., a liquid measure containing a quart. choral, &c— see choir. chord, n. kawrd (L. chorda: Gr. chorde, an intestine of which strings arc made), the string of a musical instrument ; notes in harmony ; a straight line joining the two ends of the arc of a circle : v. to string a mu- sical instr. : chord'ing, imp.: chord'ed, pp. strung. chore, n. k6r, for char, which see. chorea, n. M-rr'n (fir. rhorna, a dance), in med., St Vitus's dance ; a disease attended with constant l.wif.ehings ol' the voluntary muscles. chorepiscopal, a. ko'-ri-pls'ko-pal (Gr. choros, place, country, and episkopos, bishop), relating to a local or i-aillra.gan bishop. choriambus, n. kiU(a,r. koreios, a trochee, and iambos, an iambus), a poetic foot consisting of four syllables— the first and fourth long, the second and third short; a trochee and an iambus united: cho'riam'bic, a. -bik, pert. to. chorion, n. ko'rl-on (Gr. chorion, skin) the exterior mate, mdt,fdr, laiv; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, ndt, m6ve; CHOR < membrane investing the fcetus in the womb; in hot., a fluid pulp composing the nucleus of the ovule in its earliest stage : cho'roid, n. -royd (Gr. eidos, form), a membrane resembling the chorion— applied to a coat of the eye. chorisis, n. kor'l-sis (Gr. chorizo, I separate), in tot., separation of a lamina from one part of an organ so as to form a scale or a doubling of the organ. chorography, n. kO-rog'rd-fi (Gr. choros, a place or country, and graphe, a writing), the description of a region or country. chorus, n.— see choir. chosen and chose— see choose. chough, n. chuf (AS. ceo: Dut. kauive: F. choucas), a kind of jackdaw or crow. chow-chow, n. cholv-choiu, a Chinese sweetmeat; a kind of mixed pickles. chowder, n. cholv'dir, fresh fish boiled with biscuit, pork, onions, &c. : v. to make a chowder of. chrism, n. krlzm (Gr. chrisma, ointment : F. chrisme, consecrated oil), consecrated oil ; unction : chrismal, krlz'-mdl, pert, to chrism : chris'matory, n. -md-ter'l, a vessel for chrism : chrisom, n. kriz'um, a child that dies within a month after birth : chrisma'tion, n. -ma'shv.n, the act of applying the chrism or conse- crated oil. Christ, n. krlst (Gr. christos, used as ointment, anointed), the Anointed; the Messiah: christen, v. kris'n, to baptise and name in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit : christening, imp. -nlng: n. the act of baptising and naming ; initiation into the Chris- tian religion : christ'ened, pp. -nil : Christendom, n. krls'n-d677i, the countries inhabited by those profess- ing to believe in the Christian religion : Christian, n. krlst'-ydn, a true disciple of Christ; a professed be- liever in Christ : adj. pert, to Christ, his doctrines, or his church: Christianity, n. kris'tbdn'l-tl, the re- ligion of Christians, its doctrines and precepts : christ- 1 anise, v. krist'yan-iz', to convert to Christianity: christianising, imp. : christ'ianised', pp.-izd': christ'- ianisation, n. -i-zd'shun, the act of converting to Christ: Christ less, without the true knowledge of Christ: christology, n. krls-tol'-O-gl (C/irist, and logos, a discourse), a discourse or treatise on Christ : Christ- inas, n. krls'mds (Christ, and mass), the festival of Christ's nativity on the 25th December: Christmas season, from 25th December to 6th January : christ- mas-box, a box in which little presents of money, &c., are collected at Christmas ; the present itself. chromatic, a. kro-mdt'ik (Gr. chroma, colour), relat- ing to colours : chromatic scale, n. (from the interme- diate notes being printed in colours), the scale in music that proceeds by semitones : chro'mat ical'ly, ad. -kdl'-l: chromat'ics, n. plu. -Iks, the science of colours : chromatography, n. kro-md-tog'rd-fi (Gr. chroma, colour ; graplie, writing), a treatise on colours ; the art of printing in colours— also called chromo-litho- graphy: chrome, n. krom, also chromium, n. kro- mi-um, one of the metals, so named from its property of imparting colour to others in a remarkable degree : chromic, a. krom'lk, of or from chrome: chr ornate, n. kro'-mdt, a compound of chromic acid with a base : chrome-ochre, n. -o'-kr, oxide of chrome of a fine yel- lowish green : chromatrope, n. kro'md-trop(Gx. trope, turn, rotation), an optical apparatus for exhibiting a stream of colours : chromogen, n. krom'o-jen, also chrom'ule, n. -ul (Gr. gennao, I produce), in hot., the colouring matter of plants : chrom'atom'eter, n. -d-tom'e-ter (Gr. nxetron, measure), scale for measur- ing colour: chromite, n. kro'-mlt, or chromate of iron, a mineral consisting of protoxide of iron and oxide of chromium, used in the preparation of various pig- ments. chronic, a. kron'lk, also chron'ical, a. -1-kdl (Gr. chronikos; F. chronique— fromGr. chronos, time, dura- tion), continuing a long time, as a disease: chron'icle, n. -kh a history that narrates the facts in the order in which they occurred as to time ; a history : v. to record corded or registered : Chron'icles, n. plu. two books of the Old Testament: historical narratives of events: chronicler, n. -kler, one who ; an historian. chronogram, n.hron-o onos, time, and pramma, a writing), an inscription which includes in it the date of an event : chron'ogrammat'ic, a. -mdt'lk, also chron'ogrammat'ical, a. -l-kdl: chron'ogram- mat'ically, ad. -ll ■. chron'ogram'matist, a. -md-tist, J CHUR chronology, n. kro-nol'o-jl (Gr. chronos, time or duration, and logos, discourse), the science that treats of the dates of past events ; the method of measuring or computing time : chronological, a. kron'-o-loj'-ikdl, also chron'olog'ic, a. -Ik, containing an account of oger, n. one who endeavours to discover the true dates of past events, and to arrange them in order. chronometer, vi.kro-nomc-tir (i;r. chronos, time, and metron, a measure), any instrument or machine that measures time, as a clock or a dial ; a large watch con- structed with great nicety for use at sea : chronomet- ric, kron'-o-mit'-rik, also chron'omet'rical, a. -rl-kdl, pert, to: chronometry, n. kro-nom'e-trl, the art of measuring time, or of constructing chronometers. chrysalis, n. krls'd-lls, also chrys'alid, n. (L— from Gr. chrusallis, the gold-coloured sheaths of butterflies —from chi-usos, gold), the second stage in the state of such insects as the butterfly, the moth, &c: chrys'- alid, a. -lid, pert, to a chrysalis. chrysanthemum, n. krl-sdn'-thi-mum (Gr. chrusos, gold; aathemon, a flower), a genus of composite plants of many species. chrysoberyl, n. krls'd-bdr'll (Gr. chrusos, gold; and Gr. berullos; L. beryllus, beryl), a gem of a yellowish or asparagus green colour ; a species of corundum. chrysocolla, n. krls'6-kol'ld (Gr. rlirvsos, gold, and kolla, glue), a mineral of a fine emerald-green colour: chrysolite, n. kris'-o-llt (Gr. lithos, a stone), a fine green-coloured transparent crystal: chrysoprase, n. krls'6-prdz (Gr. prason, a leek), a fine apple-green to leek-green variety of chalcedony. chub, n. chub (F. chevane: mid. L. capito), a plump river-fish. chubby, a. chub'bl (AS. ceaplas, the chaps : It. ciuffo, the snout of an animal: Dan. kiaft, chaps), short and thick : chub-faced, a. -fast, having a plump round face : chub'biness, n. -M-nSs. chuck, v. chuk (F. claquer, to clack, to chatter: Wallon. caker, to strike in the hand, to chatter : Turk. chakil, a pebble), to make the noise of a hen when calling ner chickens ; to give a slight blow under the chin so as to make the jaws snap ; to throw or pitch a short distance : n. the noise or call of a hen as imi- tative of the noise of pebbles knocking together; a slight blow, as under the chin ; the part of a turning- lathe for holding the material to be operated upon : chucking, imp.: chucked, pp. chukt: Eng. chack- stone, Scot, chuckie-stane, a pebble. chuckle, v. chuk'-kl (Icel. kok or quok, the throat — see chuck), to laugh inwardly in triumph : n. a broken half-suppressed laugh: chuckling, imp.: adj. a sup- pressed choking approaching to a laugh, expressive of inward satisfaction : chuckled, pp. -kid .- chuckle- headed, a. stupid ; thickheaded ; noisy and empty. chum, n. chum (a probable contraction of comrade or chamber-fellow), one who lodges in the same room ; an intimate companion. chump, n. chump (an imitative word expressive of the thick end of anything, as chunk and hump), a thick heavy piece of wood ; a lump. chunam, n. ch6-ndmf, in India, lime or anything made of it. church, n. cherch (Gr. kuriakon, the Lord's house— from kurios, the Lord: AS. cyrice .- Scot, kirk), an edifice or a building consecrated or set apart for the worship of God ; the collective body of Christians throughout the world ; a certain number of Christians holding the same dogmas : v. to perform the office of returning thanks in church for women after child- birth : churching, imp. : n. attending church to offer thanks, as a woman after childbirth : churched, pp. chercht: churchwarden, n. -ivar'dn, in Eng., one who has the charge of a church and its concerns, and who represents the parish : churchyard, n. a burial-ground beside a church: churchman, n. an Episcopalian; a clergyman or member of an established church: church-music, n. music adapted for use in a church : church-service, religious service in a church : church- goer, a regular attender at church : church militant, the church as warring against every form of evil: church-rate, a tax levied on parishes in England for repairing churches, and for other matters connected with them. churl, n. cherl (AS. ceorl, a countryman : Dut. kderle, a man, a rustic : Ger. kerl, a fellow), a countryman ; a cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. CHUR I cross-grained; hard or firm: churlishly, ad. -11: chur'lishness, n. rudeness of manners or temper. churn, n. chern (Icel. kjarni; Ger. kern, the ker- nel, the choice part of a thing— whence Icel. kirna; Fris. kemjen, to churn), a vessel in which milk or cream is agitated in order to separate the butter : v. to shake or agitate cream in order to make butter : churn'ing, imp.: n. the operation of making butter by agitating milk or cream, or the quantity made at one time : churned, pp. chernd. chyle, n. kll (Gr. kulos, juice or humour), in ani- mals, a white or milky fluid separated from the sub- stances digested in the stomach, and conveyed into the circulation of the blood by the lacteal vessels: chylifaction, n. ki-li-fdk'shun (L. /actus, made), the process of making chyle from food : chylifac'tive, ■tiv, forming or changing into chyle ; having the power to make chyle : chyliferous, a. -kl-llf-er-us (L. fero, I make), making chyle, usually applied to a part of the digestive apparatus of insects : chylopoetic, a. kl'-lo- po-St'lk (Gr. poieo, I make), making chyle— applied to the stomach and intestines. chyme, n. kim (Gr. kurnos, juice), digested food before being changed into chyle : chymification, n. ki-mlf-i- ka'shun (L. facio, I make), the process of forming chyme : chy'mif y, v. -fi, to change into chyme : chy- mifying, imp.: chy'mified, pp. -fid: chymous, a. M-mus, pert, to chyme: chymist, n. klm'lst — see chemist. cicala, n. sl-kd'-ld (It.), an insect having a long stout body and wings. cicatrix, n. slk'd-trlks ; cic'atrice, n. -tris (L. cica- trix, a scar: F. cicatrice), the scar or seam that re- mains after a wound has skinned over and healed: cic'atrise, v. -trlz, to heal a wound ; to induce a skin to grow over it ; to skin over : cic'atri'sing, imp. : cic'atrised, pp. -trizd : cic'atrisa'tion, n. -tri-zd'shUn, the process of healing ; the being skinned over : cic'- atri sive, a. -tri'-zlv, tending to promote the healing of a wound: cic'atric'ula, n. -trik'-ii-ld, in bot., the scar left after the falling of a leaf; the hilum or base of the seed; in anat., the point in the ovum (egg) in which life first shows itself. cicerone, n. sis'S-ro'nS or chVchS-ro'nS ; plu. ciceroni (It.— from Cicero, the great ancient orator), one who explains curiosities and antiquities ; a guide : Cicer- onian, a. sls'er-o'nl-un, like Cicero in style ; eloquent : cic'ero'nianism, n. -izm, imitation of Cicero. clchoraceous, a. sik'o-rd'-shus (L. clchorium, chic- ory) of or pert, to chicory or succory. cidarites, n. plu. sid-dr-lts (Gr. kidaris, a turban), in geol., a genus of the family of sea-urchins furnished with long curiously-ornamented spines. cider, n. sl'der (F. cidre: L. sicera), the juice of apples fermented: ci'derkin, n. -kin, a poor liquor made from the refuse of apples after the juice has been pressed out for cider. ci-devant, ad • P ), formerly ; heretofore ; late. cigar, n. si-gdr' (Sp. cigarro, originally a particular n M i ci i i mall roll of tobacco-leaf forsmoking: cigarette, 1 1 sig'd rW a little cigar rolled in thin paper. cilia, n. plu. sil'i-d (L. ciliurn,, an eyelid with the hairs growing on it : It. ciglio : F. cil), the hair of the eyelids ; hairs on the margin of any body ; thin hair- like projections from an animal membrane which have a quick vibratory motion— in the smaller ani- mals and insects only seen by the microscope : ciliary, a. -l-er-i, belonging to the eyelids or cilia : cil'ia'ted, a. -i-a'te'd, in hot, furnished or surrounded with paral- lel filaments or bristles resembling the hairs of the eyelids : cil'iobrach'iate, a. -i-6-brdk'-i-dt(L. brachium, an arm), having the arms provided with cilia : cil'io- grade, a. -grdd (L. aradus, a step), swimming by the action of cilia: ciliary motion, that rapid vibratile motion characteristic of cilia in a state of action. Cimbric, a. slm'brlk, pert, to the Cimbri, an ancient tribe of northern Germany. cimeter or cymetar, n. sim'S-ter (F. cimeterre: s« cimetarra), a short curved sword used by tJ ~ and Turks— also spelt scimetar, scymetar. ' ' mnerium, a for- mer name of the Crimea, fabled by the ancients to have been continually shrouded in darkness), ex- tremely dark ; very obscure ; benighted. cimolite, n. sim'O-llt, a pure white or greyish-white variety of clay from the island of Cimola (now Argen- mdte, mdt.fdr, law; mete, mSt, 5 CIRC tiera), in the Grecian Archipelago, used as a fuller's earth : cimolian, a. si-mo'-li-dn, pert to. cinchona, n. sin-ko'-nd (after Countess of Cinchon, wife of a viceroy of Peru), the bark of a tree of many species growing in Peru, &c. , also called Peruvian bark ; the tree itself: cinchon'ic, a. -kon'-ik, pert, to: cm- chonine, n. sin'-ko-.nln, also cincho'nia, -ko'-nl-d, an alkaloid obtained from cinchona bark : cin'chonism, n. -kon-izm, in med., a disturbed condition of the body caused by overdoses of cinchona or quinine. cincture, n. slngk'tur (L. cinctura, a girdle: It. cin- tura ■. F. ceinture), a belt ; a girdle ; something worn round the body ; a carved ring at the bottom and top of a pillar : cinc'tured, a. -turd, encircled with a belt or ring. cinder, n. sin'der (AS. sinder, dross, scum : F. cendre ; It. cenere; L. cineres, ashes : Ger. sinter; Icel. sindur, dross of iron), any body or piece of matter thoroughly burnt, but not reduced to ashes— thus the refuse of a fire consists of ashes and cinders : cin'dery, a. -i, re- sembling cinders : cinder-bed, in geol., a stratum of the Upper Purbeck series, almost wholly composed of oyster-shells. cinenchyma, n. si-n&n'-klmd (Gr. kineo, I move; engchuma, an infusion), in bot., laticiferous tissue formed by anastomosing vessels. cinerary, a. sin'er-er-l(L. cineres, ashes— see cinder), relating to ashes, applied to sepulchral urns contain- ing the remains of bodies reduced to cinders and ashes : cinereous, a. sl-ne'ri-us, also cineritious, a. sin'er-ish'us, resembling ashes in colour ; grey : cine'- reous'ly, ad. -li. Cingalese, n. sing'gd-lez, of or pert, to Ceylon- cinnabar, n. sin-nd-bdr (L. cinnabaris : Gr. kinna- bari, red lead or vermilion), the native red sulphuret of mercury ; the artificial cinnabar of commerce is called vermilion : cin'nabarine, a. -In, of or containing cinnabar. cinnamon, n. sin'nd-mon (Gr. and Heb. kinnamon), the inner bark of a tree that grows in Ceylon, Sumatra, Borneo, &c: cinnam'ic, a. -nam'ik, of or from cinna- mon: cinnamon-stone, a variety of lime-garnet of a clear cinnamon-brown tint. cinque, n. singk (F. five), a five; a word used in games : cinque-foil (L. folium, a leaf), a plant belong- ing to the genus Potentilla; in arch., an ornament; Cinque-Ports, n. plu., the five harbours or ports on the southern shore of England opposite France— viz., Hastings, Romney, Hythe, Dover, and Sandwich; afterwards increased by the addition of Winchelsea, Rye, and Seaford. cipher, n. sl'fer (F. chiffre ; It. cifra— from Ar. cifr, a dot), in arith., the round or nothing; any per- son or thing of little value ; initials of a name inter- twined; a secret manner of writing: v. to use figures : to practise arithmetic ; to write in concealed or secret characters : ciphering, imp.: n. the art or act of com- puting by numbers : ci'phered, pp. -ferd. Circassian, a. ser-kdsh'l-dn, of or from Circassia, in Europe : n. a native of. Circean, a. ser-se'dn (L. circazus), pert, to Circe, the fabled daughter of Sol and Perseus, said to have first charmed her victims and afterwards changed them into beasts ; fascinating but noxious. circinate, a. ser'sl-nat (L. circino, I turn round), in bot., rolled inwards from the summit towards the base like a crosier, as the young fronds of ferns : cir'cinal, a. -si-ndl, resembling a circle. circle, n. ser'kl(L, irculus, kringla, a circle: Gr. krikos, a ring : It. circolo ; F. cercle), a figure con- tained by a single curved line called its circumfer- ence, every part of which is equally distant from a point within it called the centre; a ring; any round body ; the compass or circuit of anything or place ; a sphere or station in society; a number of persons, as a circle of friends ; a series ending where it begins : v. to move round ; to encompass ; to surround or en- close ; to keep together: cir'cling, imp. : cir'cled, pp. -kid : circlet, n. ser'kUt, a little circle : great circles, in astron., those circles whose planes pass through the centre of the sphere and divide it into two equal parts : lesser circles, those circles whose planes do not pass through the centre of the sphere, and which divide it into unequal parts : hour-circles, great circles of the celestial sphere : polar circles, the arctic and antarc- , tic circles. circUj prefix— see circum. circuit, n. sir-kit (F. circuit: L. circum, round, and Hum, to go), the act of moving or passing round ; the Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; CIRC I *space enclosed by a circle ; a ring ; the journey of the -judges in holding courts in different parts of a coun- try: v. to move in a circle ; to go round : circu'itous, a. -kil'l-tus, going round in a circle; not straight or direct : circnitously, ad. -11: to make a circuit, to go round : circular, a. -kil-ler, pert, to a circle or in the form of a circle ; round ; ending in itself ; addressed to a number or circle of persons: n. a written or printed letter or note sent to a number or circle of persons: cir'cularly, ad. -II: cir'culate, v. -Idt, to spread or move in a circle ; to spread ; to pass from one place or person to another ; to be diffused : n. a recurring or repeating decimal or part of a decimal : cir'cula'ting, imp. moving or passing round ; repeat- ing; diffusing: cir'cula'ted, pp.: cir'cula'tor, n. one who: cir'cula'tion, n. -la'shun, the act of moving round ; a series repeated in the same order ; the act of going and returning ; currency of money. '''™ m ser'kum, also circu, ser'ku, (L. c ix signifying around, round about, mbient, a. ser'kurn-dm'bl-dnt (L. roundabout, and ambio, Igo round), surrounding; en- closing, or being on all sides, as the air about the earth : cir'cumam biency, n. -en-si, the act of surrounding : cir cumam bulate, v. -dm'bu-lat (L. ambulo, I walk), to walk round about ; -am'bula'ting, imp. : -amT)ula'- tion, n. -la'shun .- cir cumcise, v. -siz (L. cccsum, to cut), to cut off the foreskin, as a religious rite among the Jews and other Eastern nations ; to purify the heart : cir'cumci'sing, imp.: circumcised', pp. -slzd': cir- cumci'ser, n. one who: cir'cumcisi'on, n. -slzh-un, the act or ceremony of cutting off the foreskin among the Jews, &c. : circumference, n. -fer-ins (L. fero, I carry), the line that bounds a circle ; the measure of a circular body or a sphere round and round — the measure round about of any other body is called its perimeter: circum'feren'tial, a. -fer-en'shal, pert, to the circumference : circum'feren'tor, n. -fir-en'tir, an instrument used by surveyors for measuring angles : cir'cumflex', n. -fleks' (L.flexus, bent), a mark or char- acter over a vowel or syllable, combining the rising and falling (acute and grave) accent ; in anat., ap- plied to certain vessels and nerves from their course : v. to mark or pronounce with the circumflex : -flex'- ing, imp. : -flexed, pp. -flikst .- cfrcum'fluent, a. -floo- 6nt (L. fluo, I flow), flowing round, as water : cir- cum'fluence, n. -flpb-Sns, a flowing round on all sides : circum'fluous, a, -flob-ii?, flowinground: cir'cumfuse', v. -fdz' [L.fusus, poured), to spread round, as a fluid ; to surround : cir'cumfu'sing, imp. : cir'cumfused', pp. -fuzd': cir'cumfu'sion, n. -fu'zhiin: cir'cumfu'sile, a. -fu'zll (L.fusilis, fluid, liquid), capable of being poured or spread around : cir'cumja'cent, a. -ja'-sint (h.jacens, lying), lying round ; bordering on every side : circum'- locu'tion, n. -loku'shun (L. locutus, spoken), the use of many words to express an idea, when the use of one word or few words, expressing the same idea, is wished to be avoided ; a periphrasis : cir'cumloc'utory, a. -lok'ii-ter-l, pert. to. circumnavigate, v. ser'-Mm-ndv'i-gdt (L. circum, round, and navigo, I sail— from navis, a ship), to sail round, as the world ; to pass round by water : cir'- cumnav'iga'ting, imp. : cir'cumnav'iga'ted, pp. ; cir- cumnav'igable, a. -gd-bl, that may be sailed round : cir'ctunnav'iga'tion, n. -gd'-shun, the act of sailing round the globe : cir'cumnav'iga'tor, n. one who has sailed round the globe: cir'cumpolar, a. -po'-ldr (L. polus, the pole), round the pole— applied to the stars near the north pole : cir'cumcis'sile, a. -sis'sil (L. scissum, to cut), in bot., to cut round in a circular manner, as seed-vessels opening by a lid. circumscribe, v. ser'-kiim-skrib (L. circum, round about, and scribo, I write), to draw a line round ; to bound ; to limit ; to confine or restrict : cir'cumscri'- bing, imp. : cir'cumscribed', pp. -skrlbd', limited ; confined : cir'cumscrfbable, a. -bd-bl : crrcumscrip'- tioa, n. -skrlp'shun (L. scriptus, written), limitation , in bot., the periphery or margin of a leaf: cir'cum- scrip'tive, a. -tlv, limiting ; defining external form : cir'cumspect, a. -spSkt (L. spectum, to look, to regard), cautious ; prudent ; weighing well the probable con- sequences of an action : cir'cumspect'ly, ad. -11 : cir'- cumspec'tion, n. -spek'shun, great caution ; attention : cir'cumspec'tive, a. -tlv, vigilant; cautious: cir'cum- spec'tively, ad. -11: cir'cumspect'ness, n. caution; discreetness. circumstance, n. sir'kum-stdns (L. circum, round about, and stans, standing), that which affects a fact or case in some way ; event ; incident : plu. condition > CITY or state of affairs ; matters attending an action that modify it for better or worse : v. to place in a particu- lar position or condition : cir'cumstanced, pp. -sttinst, placed in a particular position as regards another state: crrcumstan'tial, a. -stdn-shdl, relating to but not essential ; incidental ; casual ; particular ; minute ; in laiu, proving indirectly: cir cumstan'tially, ad. -shdl-11, not essentially ; exactly ; in every circum- stance or particular : cir'cumstan'tiarity, n. -shi-dl- 1-tl : cir'cumstan'tials, n. plu. -shalz, incidentals : cir'cumstan'tiate, v. -shl-ut, to describe exactly; to verify in every particular : cir'cumstan'tia'ting, imp. : cir'cumstan'tia'ted, pp. circumvallation, n. ser'-kum-vdl-la'shun (L. cir- cum, round about, and vallum, an earthen wall or parapet set with palisades), a fortification made round a place by a besieging army, consisting of a wall, ditch, &c: cir'cumvent', v. -vent (L. ventum, to come), to gain advantage over another by deceit ; to outwit ; to cheat ; to impose on : cir'cumvent'ing, imp. : cir'- cumvent'ed, pp.: cir'cumven'tion, n. -ven'shitn, the act of gaining an advantage by fraud ; deception : cir'- cumven'tive, a. -tlv, deluding ; deceiving by artifice : cir'cumvolve', v. -volv' (L. volvo, I roll), to roll round ; to revolve : cir'cumvolv'ing, imp.: cir'cumvolved', pp. -volvd': circum'volu tion, n. -v6-l6'-shun, state of being rolled round ; act of. circus, n. ser'kiis (L. circus, a circular line : Gr. kirkos ; It. circo; F. cirque), a circular enclosure for feats of horsemanship, &c, with seats for spectators rising all round in tiers, and sloping backwards. cirrhose, a. sir'-roz (L. cirrus, a curl), in bot., hav- ing or giving off tendrils ; also cir'rous, a. -n~ts : cir'- rhus, n. -riis, a tendril or modified leaf in the form of a twining process— also spelt cirrus : cir'ri, n. plu. -rl, the curled filaments acting as feet to barnacles ; in bot. , tendrils : cirrif'erous.a, -rl/'-er-us(L.fero, Ibear), (J.. i/rmJiis, a step), moving by means of cirri. cirrhosis, n. slr-ro'sls (Gr. kirrhos, tawny), in med., a term applied to a diseased state of the liver. cirriped or cirripede, n. slr'rl-pSd; plu. cir'ripeds or cir'ripedes (L. cirrus, a curl, and pedes, feet), an animal of the class cir'riped'ia, -ped-t-d, as the bar- nacles, having curled jointed feet— also spelt cir'ro- pod, n. -ro-pod: cirrous, a. slr'riis (L. cirrus, a curl), terminating in a curl or tendril: cirrus, n. slr'rus; cirro, slr'rO, in composition, the " curl-cloud," one of the primary modifications of cloud : cir'ro-cum'ulus, n. -kum'-u-lus (L. cumulus, a mass piled up high), one of the intermediate modifications of cloud ; also cir'ro- stra'tus, n. -stra'tus (L. stratum, the thing spread out, a bed). cisalpine, a. sls-dl'pin (L. cis, on this side, and Alpes, the Alps), on this side the Alps in regard to Rome ; the south side of the Alps. cissoid, n. sls'sdyd (Gr. kissos, ivy, and eidos, form), a mathematical curve invented by Diocles. cist, n., also spelt cyst, slst (L. cista, a basket of wicker work : Gr. kiste : F. ciste : It. cesta), a chest or box ; in archceol., an anc. tomb of the Celtic period si sting of two rows of stone, and covered with rude stone slabs : cis'ted, a. inclosed in a cist. Cistercian, n. sls-ter'shl-dn, one of an order of monks established originally at Citeaux in France, whence the name. cistern, n. sls'tern (L. cisterna, a reservoir for water : Boh em. ciste; L. castus, clean), an oblong or square box for storing water for domestic use ; a hollow place or pond for contain] a reservoir. citadel, n. .--< itadelle: It. cittadella, a little town), a fortress or castle in or near a city ; a place for arms. cite, v. sit (L. cito, I put into quick motion, I call), to summon ; to call upon to appear in a court of jus- tice ; to quote ; to repeat the words of another in proof; to confirm or illustrate from some authority : ci'ting, imp. : ci'ted, pp. : citation, n. sl-td'shun, a summons into court; a quotation: ci'table, a. -td-bl, capable of being cited: ci'tator'y, a. -td-ter'i, having power of citation : ci'ter, n. -ter, one who. citric, a. slt'rlk (L. citrus, a lemon, or the tree), be- longing to lemons or limes : citric acid, an acid ex- tracted from the juice of these: cit'rine, a. -rin, like a citron ; lemon-coloured : citron, n. -ron, the fruit of the citron-tree : citrate, n. sit'-rdt, a salt of citric acid. city, n. sU'-l (I L civitas: It. citta), a corpo- rate and cathedral town : adj. pert, to a city: citizen, cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. CIVE 9 n. -zen, the native of a city ; one who enjoys the rights and privileges pert, to a city : citizenship, n. the state of being vested with the rights and privileges of a citizen. civet, n. siv'St (F. civette: It. zibetto: Pers. zdbad), a substance taken from a gland or bag under the tail of the civet-cat— used as a perfume. civic, a. slv'ik (L. civis, a citizen), pert, to a city or citizen: civ'il, a. -II, relating to the ordinary affairs and government of the people of any country, as civil rights and privileges, &c. ; political as opposed to cri- minal; intestine as opposed to foreign; lay as dis- tinguished from ecclesiastical ; ordinary life as distin- guished from military; courteous; gentle and oblig- ing; affable; kind; polite: civ'illy, ad. -II: civility, ii. sl-vll'l-ti, politeness; courtesy; obliging behaviour in the treatment of others : civilian, n. -i-dn, one en- gaged in the ordinary pursuits of life : adj. opposed to military or clerical: civilization, n. siv'i-li-zd'shun (also with s for z), state of being refined in manners ; state of being free from the grossness of savage life : civilize, v. -llz, to reclaim from barbarism ; to make less gross in manners : civ'ili'zing, imp. : civ'ilized, pp. -llzd: civ'ili'zer, n. one who or that which: civil action, any action at law not criminal : civil death, the being banished or outlawed : civil law, the ecclesi- astical or Roman law : civil list, the whole of the sovereign's revenue in his own distinct capacity ; the expenditure of the royal household: civil war, a war between parties of the inhabitants of the same country. clack, v. klak (F. claquer, to flap or clap : Icel. klak, a certain noise of the domestic fowl : Dut. klacken, to strike, to smack), to make a sharp noise suddenly ; to talk incessantly: n. a sharp continued noise; the valve of a pump-piston ; one of the valves in a loco- motive or other steam-engine : clack'er, n. one who : clack'ing, imp. : clacked, pp. kiakt. clad, v. kldd—see clothe. claim, v. kldm (L. clamo, I cry out : F. clamer, to call: Dan. klemte, to toll: Gael, glam, to bawl), to seek or demand as a right ; to demand as due ; to as- sert ; to have a right or title to : n. a demand as of right ; a right or title to anything ; the thing claimed : claiming, imp. : claimed, pp. klamd : claim'ant, n. -ant, one who demand ii] a right: claim'- able, a. -d-bl. clairvoyance, n. kldr-voy'dns (F. clair, clear; L. clarus, and F. voir, to see; L. videre), an alleged power of seeing or being cognisant of anything not present to the eyes or other of the senses : clairvoy'- ant, one who claims the power of seeing or knowing what is not present to the eyes or other of the senses. clam, n. kldm, a shell-fish of the shape of an oyster, but having a shell grooved on the outside like a cockle. clam, v. kldm (Swed. klamp, a block : Icel. klambr, a lump : Dut. klompe, a clod), to clog or obstruct with glutinous matter ; to be moist : clam'ming, imp.: clammed, pp. kldmd: clam'my, a. -mi, thick; adhe- sive ; soft and sticky : clam'miness, n. state of being sticky; tenacity. clamber, v. kldm'ber (Ger. klammern, to hold fast with the hands or claws: Dan. klamre, to clamp, to grasp), to climb amongst obstructions or with diffi- culty: clambering, imp.: clam'bered, pp. -berd. clamour, n. kldm'er (L. clamor, a loud noise— from clamo, I cry out: F. clameur; Sw. klammer; Gael. clamras, uproar, brawl), a great noise or outcry : v. to complain noisily ; to talk loudly ; to make impor- tunate demands : clam'ouring, imp. : clamoured, pp. -erd : clam'ourer, n. one who : clam'orous, a. -6-rus, noisy in words; boisterous: clam'orously, ad. -Ii: clam'orousness, n. the state of being loud or noisy. clamp, n. kldmp (Dut. klampen, to hook things to- gether: AS. clam, a bandage, a clasp: Ger. klamm, pinching, strait), anything that fastens or binds ; a piece of iron or other metal used to fasten a corner : v. to fasten or bind with clamps ; to join pieces of board together with the grain crossing each other: clamping, imp. : clamped, pp. kldmpt. clan, n. ki. clarin, atrumpet : F. clair; It. chiaro, clear), a trumpet with a narrow tube: clarionet, n. -6-nSt, a wind musical instrument— also clar'inet, n. clary, n. kld'-ri (probably corrupted from claret, referring to the red tinge of the tops), the plant mea- dow and wild sage. clash, n. kldsh (an imitative word : Dut. kletse, an echoing stroke : Ger. klatschen, imitative of the sound produced by striking with the hand against a parti- tion or wall : F. glas, noise, knell : Gr. klazo, I clash, as arms), a noise made by striking one thing against another; collision; an opposition of interests ; contra- diction : v. to strike one thing against another ; to meet in opposition ; to interfere in interests : clash- ing, imp.: adj. interfering; opposite: n. a striking against in bodies; opposition: clashed, pp. kldsht: clash'ingly, ad. -Ii. clasp, n. kldsp (old Eng. elapse, imitative of the sound of a metal fastening: Dut. gaspe, a clasp or buckle), a hook for fastening; a catch; an embrace by throwing the arms around : v. to shut or fasten with a hook ; to catch and hold by twining ; to hold closely in the hand; to embrace closely: clasping, imp. : clasped, pp. klaspt .- clasp-knife, n. a knife with a folding blade : clasp'er, n. he who or that which. class, n. kids (L. classis; F. classe, a class: Icel. klasi; Sw. and Dan. klase, a bunch), a rank of per- sons ; a number of persons in society supposed to have the same position in regard to means, rank, &c. ; a number of students in a college, or pupils in a school, engaged in the same course of study; a distribution into groups of creatures or things having something in common ; a kind or sort : v. to arrange ; to put into sets or ranks; to distribute into groups: clas'- sing, imp. : classed, pp. kldst : classic, klds-sik, or clas'sical, a. -sl-kdl, pert, to authors of the highest rank ; chaste ; pure ; refined : clas'sic, n. a writer of the first rank; a standard book; clas'sically, ad. -Ii: clas'- sicallty, n. -kdl'-i-ti: clas'sicalness, n. : class-fellow, n. one at school or college attending the same class : clas'sicism, n. -si-sizm, a pretentious affectation of the classical character : clas'sics, n. plu. -siks, the best anc. Greek and Roman authors ; Greek and Latin lit- erature ; authorities or models of the first class : clas- sify, v. -st-fi (L. classis, a class, and facio, I make: F. classifier), to arrange into groups or divisions ; to make into classes according to something common: mdte, mdt.fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; CLAT I n. -si-fi-ka'sMn, the act of arranging into classes or ranks : clas'sifi'able, a. -fV-d-bl, that may be classified : clas'sinca tory, a. -kd'-tir-l, forming the basis of clas- sification. clathrate, a. Math-rat (L. clathri; Gr. klethra, a trellis or lattice), in bot., latticed like a grating: clathraria, n. -rd'-ri-d, a genus of fossil stems, so called from the lattice-like arrangement of the leaf- scars which ornament their surface. clatter, n. kldt'-ter (an imitative word : Dut. klateren, to rattle), a rapid rattling noise made by hard bodies when brought sharply into contact ; a noise tumultu- ous and confused; rapid noisy talk: v. to make a rattling noise by striking hard bodies together ; to talk fast and idly ; to clamour : clattering, imp. : clattered, pp. -terd: clat terer, n. one who : clat'ter- ingly, ad. -li. clause, n. MaTcz (F. clause, a clause: L. clausum, to shut), a part shut off; a part or member of a sen- tence ; an article in an agreement ; a stipulation in a document : clau'sular, a. -zu-ldr, consisting of or having clauses. clavate, a. kia'v&t (L. clava, a club: Sans. cula, a lance or club), in bot., club-shaped; becoming gradu- ally thicker towards the top : cla'vated, a. knobbed ; set with knobs. clave, v.— see cleave, clavicle, n. kldv'-l-lcl (L. clavis, a key), the collar- bone: clavicular, a. kla-ctk-u-lar, pi it. to the collar- bone: claviary, n. klu'vi-er'-l, in music, an index of keys: cla'vier, n. -er, the key-board of an organ or piano: clavichord, n. kld'-vi-kawrd (L. chorda, a chord), a musical instrument like a small pianoforte. claw, n. Maw (Dut. klauive, a ball or claw : oldEng. diver, a claw: L. clavus; F. clou, a nail), a sharp hooked nail in the foot of a cat, bird, or other ani- mal; the whole foot of a bird; in bot., the narrow base of some pe^ls corresponding to the petiole of leaves : v. to tear or scratch with the nails : claw'ing, imp. : clawed, pp. klaYvd : claw less, a. clay, n. kid (AS. clceg, sticky earth : Dan. Mag, clammy, sticky : Dan. klag, mud), a tenacious, tough, and plastic kind of earth ; earth in general ; frailty ; liability to decay : v. to cover with clay ; to purify and whiten with clay, as sugar : claying, imp. clayed, pp. Mad : clay'ey, a. -i, abounding in clay -'-.ylsh, a. -ish, containing clay : clay'-marl, n. -marl. whiti-h chalky clay: clay-slate, n. roofing slate: day'-stone, i lathicrock, generally of a buff or reddish-brown colour. claymore, n. kld'mOr (Gael. Claidheamh, a sword, and mor, great), the Highland broadsword. cleading, n. kle'-dlng (Scot., clothing), a covering for the cylinder of a steam-engine or for a locomotive to prevent the radiation of heat. clean, a. Men (AS. clazne, pure: Icel. glan, shine, polish : Gael, and W. glan, clean, pure), free from dirt or any offensive matter ; not foul ; free from moral impurity ; pure ; neat ; dexterous or adroit : ad. perfectly ; wholly ; fully : v. to free from dirt or any foulness : clean ing, imp. : cleaned, pp. Mend : cleanly, a. klen'-ll, free from dirt or foul matter ; neat ; pure : cleanly, ad. klen'-ll: clean'ness, n. -nSs : clean'er, n. one who: cleanliness, n. Men'-U-nes, purity; neatness of dress : cleanse, v. MSnz, to purify ; to make clean ; to remove dirt or any foul matter ; to purify from guilt: clean'sing, imp. : cleansed, pp. klcnzd', made clean ; purified : clean'ser, n. one w T ho : cleansable, a. klen'-zd-bl, that may be cleaned. clear, a. kler (L. clurus ; Icel. Mar, clear, pure : F. clair), open; free from obstruction; serene; un- clouded ; apparent ; evident or manifest ; distinct ; plain ; easy to understand ; innocent ; guiltless ; free : ad. clean ; quite ; wholly : v. to remove any ob- struction ; to separate any foreign or foul matter ; to acquit; to vindicate; to leap over; to make gain or profit ; to become free from clouds ; to become fair ; to become disengaged : clear'ing, imp. : cleared, pp. klerd : clear'er, n. one who or that which : clearly, ad. -II: clearness, n. : clear-sighted, a. -slt-ed, dis- cerning ; acute : clear-sightedness, n. : clear'ance, n. -dns, permission by the custom-house for a vessel to sail : clear'ing, n. justification or defence ; a tract of land prepared for cultivation; among bankers, the exchange of notes and drafts; among railway com- panies, the exchange of tickets and equitable division of the money received for them: clearing-house, n. the house where the clearing among bankers and railway companies is effected : clear-starch, v. to stif- cdw, boy, /dot; pure, bud; chair, I CLIC fen with starch, and then clear by clapping with the open hands : clear-starching, imp. : clear-starched, pp.: clear-starcher, n. one who: clear-headed, a. having a clear unclouded intellect : to clear a ship, to procure the requisite papers at the custom-house, and obtain permission to sail: to clear for action, in a ship of war, to remove all encumbrances from the deck previous to an engagement : to clear the land, among seamen, to gain the open sea: clear-story- see clerestory, which is the better spelling. cleat, n. Met (Dut. kluit, a lump : AS. cleot, a plate, a clout), a piece of wood fastened on the yard-arm of a ship to keep the ropes from slipping ; a piece of wood to fasten anything to ; a piece of iron worn on shoes to render them more durable. cleave, v. klev (Ger. kleben ; Dut. kleeven, to stick to, to fasten), to adhere to; to stick to ; to be united in interest or affection : cleaving, imp.: cleaved, klevd, or clave, Mdv, pt. did cleave : cleaved, pp. cleave, v. klev (Ger. klicbcn, to cleave— from Ger. kioben. a mass or bundle : Dut. kloue, a cleft), to split ; to part or divide by force ; to crack ; to part ; to open : cleav'ing, imp. : clove, Mdv, or cleft, MS/t, pt. did cleave: cloven, klov'-n, cleft, kleft, or cleaved, pp. klevd, divided by force : cleaver, n. k!C : ver, a butcher's chopper: cleavable, a. -d-bl, that may be split or parted: cleav'age, n. -aj, that structure in many stra- tified rocks, such as clay-slate, which renders them capable of being split indefinitely into thin plates. clef, n. MS/ (F. clef a key— from L. clavis, a key), in a piece 0/ music, a figure placed at the beginning of each stave to tell its pitch, or the degree of elevation in which it is to be sung. cleft, n. Me/t (from cleave, which see), a crack; a gap ; a crevice. cleg, n. Meg, the gleg or horse-fly. clematis, n. Mevi-a-Us (Gr. Mematis, a little vine- branch, a small twig), a genus of plants, chiefly climbers— also called virgin's bower. clement, a, MSm'-Snt (L. eh mens, mild, merciful: It. clemente: F. clement), mild; gentle in disposition; kind; merciful; tender: clem'ency, n. -6n-sl, mild- ness in temper and disposition; gentleness; mercy; disposition to forgive or to spare : clem'ently, ad. -li. clench, v. MSnsh, for clinch, which see: clench- bolts, in a ship, those clenched at the ends where they come through : clench-nails, those which will drive without splitting the board : to clench an argument, to place it in a firm and unassailable position. clepsydra, n. kle^'-sl-dra (L. — from Gr. klepto, I steal, and (h)udor, water), an anc. instrument in which time was measured by the gradual dropping of water ; a water-clock. clerestory, n. kler'-e-stor-l (F. cleristere; by others, F. clair, clear, bright, and Eng. story, a flat), an upper story or row of windows in a church rising- clear above the adjoining parts of the buildings : cler'esto'- rial, a. -sto'-ri-dl, pert. to. clergy, n. Mcr'-jl (F. clergS; L. clericus; Sp. clerigo; It. clerico, one of the clergy— from Gr. Mercs, a lot), the body of men set apart to conduct the service of God in a Christian Church; ministers of the Estab- lished Church of a country : cler'gyman, n. a minis- ter of a Christian Church: clerical, a. kler'-l-kul, pert, to the clergy or the Church— also cleric, a. -i k : n. a man in holy orders; a clergyman: benefit of clergy, an anc. privilege by which clergymen, and subsequently all who could read, were in certain cases exempted from 1 utions : clergyable, a. -d-bl, applied to felonies within the benefit of clergy. clerk, n. kldrk (L. clericus, a clerk : AS. cleric, a clerk, a priest), one engaged to write in an office or keep business books ; a clergyman ; a reader of re- sponses in the church-service : clerk'ship, n. the office of a clerk. clever, a. klev'-er (prov. Dan. klever, clever: Scot. gleg, quick of perception: Gael, glac, to seize, to catch), skilful ; ingenious ; smart ; not dull ; ready ; clev'erly, ad. -li : cleverness, n. clew, n. Mo (W. cloh, a vnus, a ball of twine : Dut. klouwe, a ball of yarn), a ball of thread ; anything that guides or directs in an intricate case (usually spelt clue); one of the corners of a sail: v. to truss up the sau the yard : clewing, imp.: clewed, pp. Mod : clew-lines, lines to truss up sails to the yards. click, n. Mil to rattle Mick, a slap: F. cliquer, to clap), a sharp sound louder than a tick and thinner than a clack ; a small piece of iron falling game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. CLIE 92 into a notched wheel : v. to strike louder and fuller i.;.n ,i iick clicking, imp. : clicked, pp. klikt. client, n. Ml' ent (L. cliens, one who had a patron— -en. dicntis), one who employs a lawyer; a depend- ant : cli'entship, n. cliff, n. klif (Icel. kleyj from cliufa, to cleave: Ger. kluft, a cavern, a cleft: Dut. kleppe ; Dan. klipjic, a rock), a steep bank ; a high and steep rock : cliffy, a. -ft, steep, broken, and rugged. cliff, in music— see clef. clift, n. kllft, same as cleft— which see. climate, n. Mi'mdt (Gr. klimata, slopes, tracts of land: F. clirnat), the condition of a place or country with respect to the weather tli;i r. prevails ; a region or district of country: climat'ic, also climat'ical, a. -mat' •l-kdl, pert, to or depending on a climate : clime, n. kllm, poetic for climate ; a region ; a country : cli'ma- tol'ogy, n. -md-tol'6-jl (Gr. logos, discourse), the science which treats of the different climates of the earth, their causes, products, and peculiarities : cli - matolog'ical, a. -loj'i-kdl, pert, to : climatise, v. -Hz, to accustom to a new climate : cli'mati'sing, imp. : cli'matised, pp. -tlzd. climax, n. kh'm&ks (Gr. klimax, a staircase, aladder : Gr. klimaktcr, ■■ '•]■) si<'i ''■■ :-■•'■■ • I ; ". e.;e.-nl, :, .1 .rjj.K of speech in which the sentences rise as it were step by step upwards in intensity: climacteric, n. kllm' dk-ter'lk or Ml-mdk'ter-lk, one of the critical steps or periods in human life in which some great change is supposed to take place in the human constitution : adj. also clim'acter'ical, -ter'-l-kdl, pert, to or con- nected with ; critical : grand climacteric, the age of 63 in man, after which the constitution is supposed to decline, and old age begin. climb, v. kllm ill Memmen, to hold tight, to climb: Dan. klynge, to cling, to crowd), to mount up- wards with the hands and feet, as up a steep hill, pre- cipice, or tree ; to ascend with labour, or as a plant by means of tendrils: climbing, imp. -Ing: climbed, pp. kllmd : climb'er, n. one who ; a climbing plant : plu. an order of birds. clinandrium, n. Ml-ndn'-drl-um (Gr. Mine, a bed, and aner, a man— gen. andros), in hot., that part of the column of orchideous plants in which the anther lies : clinan'thium, n. -thl-um (Gr. anthos, a flower), in hot., a receptacle of flowers which is not of a fleshy consistency. clinch, v. A, hi : nken, to clink or rivet: Dan. klinke, a rivet : Norm. F. clanche ; Gsr. klinge, the latch of a door), to grasp with the hand; to fix firmly by folding over; to rivet: n. anything which holds both ways : clinching, imp. : n. the fas- tening of a bolt or nail by hammering the point so as to make it spread : clinched, pp. klinsht -. clinch'er, a. -er, overlaying or overlapping, like slates on a roof— applied to the planking of a ship, as clincher- work: n. one who makes a smart or unanswerable reply; the reply itself: clincher-built or clinker- built, kllngk'er-, applied to a boat or ship whose out- side plankings overlie each other like slates on a roof: to clinch or clench the fist, to contract the fingers firmly and closely into the palm of the hand so as to form a ball. cling, v. Ming (AS. clingan, to shrink or wither: Dan. klynge, to cluster: Sw. klaznga, to clutch, to climb), to adhere closely ; to stick to firmly, as an in- terest ; to hold fast to by entwining or embracing, as in affection : clinging, imp. : clung, pt. and pp. klung. clinical, a. Mln'l-kdl (Gr. Mine, a bed), pert, to a bed : clinical lecture, instruction given to medical students by a professor at a sick-bed : clinically, ad. •II, by the bedside : clinoid, a. Ml'ndyd (Gr. eidos, form), in anat., applied to certain processes of bone having a supposed resemblance to a couch. clink, v. klingk (Ger.klingen, to tingle: Gael, gliong, to ring as nieial — clink, limn clang, as expressing a shriller sound), to jingle ; to make a small sharp ring- ing noise : n. a sharp ring or jingle of small metallic bodies, as coins: clinking, imp.: clinked, pp. kllnqkt: clinker, n. kllngk'er, in min., the black oxide of iron'; the slaggy ferruginous crusts that form on the bars of engine-furnaces: plu. very hard bricks ; bricks run together and glazed over by excessive heat : clinker- bar, in a steam-engine, the bar fixed across the top of the ash-pit : clink-stone, rock of a greyish-blue colour wliieh rings with a metallic sound when struck. clinometer, n. kll-n5m'S4&r (Gr. klinein, to incline, and metron, a measure), an instrument for measuring mute, mdt, far, laTv; mete, milt, CLOT } at which strata incline from the the dip or a horizon. Clio, n. kll'6 (L.— from Gr. Meio— from Meio, I cele- brate), in anc. myth., the muse who presided over his- tory. clip, v. klip (a word imitative of the snapping noise made by shears: Dan. klippe, to clip or cut: Sw. klippa, to wink : Ger. klipp, a clap), to cut off with shears or scissors ; to pare ; to cut short : n. a sheep- ie:,M,i. , iii.ii ... in. n is shorn off thesheep: clip'ping, imp.: n. the part cut off: clipped, pp. kllpt; also dipt, pt. and pp.: clip'per, n. one who ; a fast-sailing ship : to clip one's wings, to put a check upon one's projects or schemes. clique, n. Mek (F.), persons associated for some dis- reputable purpose ; a party ; a coterie ; a set or party : cliquish, a. -Xsh, relating to a clique. cloaca, n. Mo-a'kd (L. a drain or sewer), that part of the intestines of birds, fishes, and reptiles, in which the intestinal, ovarian, and urinary outlets terminate: cloacal, a. Mo-d'kdl, relating to or connected with. cloak, n. Mok (Flem. klocke, a gown : Bohem. klok, a woman's mantle), a loose outer garment ; that which conceals ; a pretext ; an excuse : v. to cover with a cloak ; to hide or conceal ; to employ a false covering: cloaking, imp.: cloaked, pp. klokt. clock, n. Mok (F. cloche; Ger. glocke; Dut. klocke, a bell : Gael, clag, to ring), a machine which shows the time of day and strikes the hours : clockmaker, one who makes clocks : clock-work, mechanism like a clock: o'clock, contraction for "time of, on, or by the clock." clock, n. Mok (Norm, klaeg, a horse-fly), familiar name of the common beetle ; also clock'er, n. clock, n. klok (an imitative word : Dut. Mocken), the cry of the brooding hen— see cluck. clod, n. Mod (Dan. Mods; Sw. Mots, a block, a log: Dut. Mos, a ball), a hard lump of earth of any kind ; earth, ground, or turf; a stupid fellow; a dolt: clod'dy, a. -dl, ce,iisislin;r <>f clods: clodhopper, n. a in in i peasanl clod'dish, a. lumpish; boorish: clod'pole, n. a stupid fellow. cloff, n. Mof, in com., an allowance of two lb. per cwt. for the turn of the scale to the wholesale pur- chaser of goods. clog, n. Mog (Gael, ploc, any round mass : Scot. clag, to cover with mud), a hindrance; an impedi- ment ; anything that hinders motion : v. to load so as to hinder or impede motion ; to burden ; to embar- rass; to render difficult; to adhere in a cluster or mass: clog'ging, imp.: clogged, pp. klogd: clog'gy, a. -gl, that has power to clog ; thick : clog'giness, n. clog, n. Mog (Ger. Motz, a log, a clog), a wooden shoe ; a shoe with a wooden sole. cloister, n. kldy'ster (Ger. Moster; F. cloitre, a mo- nastery—from L. claustrum, an inclosure), an inclosed place; a monastery or nunnery; a piazza of an in- closed court : v. to confine in a monastery ; to shut up in retirement : cloi'stering, imp. : cloistered, pp. Moy'sterd : cloi'steral, a. confined to a cloister ; retired from the world : cloi'sterer, n. one who. clonic, a. klon'lk (Gr. klonos, a violent confused motion), in med., applied to spasms or convulsions, n i ti rial a rithn taxation. close, a, Mos (L. clausus, shut up : F. clos, closed, shut), shut ; having no vent or outlet ; confined ; com- pact; solid or dense; concise; brief; very near; private; narrow ; crafty; penurious ; warm ; oppressive, as the weather: n. in Scot., a narrow passage or entry; a courtyard ; an inclosure : adv. closely ; nearly ; se- cretly: closely, ad. Mos'll: close-bodied, a. fitting the body closely; close-fisted, a. niggardly: close- hauled, a. among seamen, close to the wind: close quarters, in direct contact; hand to hand: close'- ness, n. -nes, narrowness ; want of ventilation ; com- pactness; secrecy. close, v. kloz (see above), to shut ; to make fast ; to end or finish; to cover; to inclose; to come or bring together ; to unite : n. conclusion ; end ; a pause ; cessation : clo'sing, imp. : closed, pp. Mozd : clo'ser, n. -zer, one who or that which : to close with, to accede to ; to grapple with. closet, n. kloz'et (dim. of close, an inclosure), a small room or apartment for retirement; a small dark room : v. to shut up ; to conceal ; to take into a private apartment for consultation : clos'eting, imp. : clos'- eted, pp. clot, n. klSt clot log: Dut. Mot, a lump; allied to clod), fluid matter thickened or coagulated Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; CLOT i into a lump or lumps — clod is applied to earth: v. to turn into masses or lumps ; to coagulate or thick- en, as milk or blood : clot'ting, imp.: clot'ted, pp.: clof ty, a. -ft, full of clots. cloth, n. Moth (AS. clath, cloth: Ger. kleid; Icel. klcedi, a garment: W. clyd, warm), any woven stuff; any fabric woven from wool ; the covering of a table : cloths, plu. Moths, meaning different kinds : clothe, v. Moth, to cover with articles of dress ; to put on raiment ; to invest ; to surround ; to spread over or to cover: clothing, imp.: n. garments in general; dress: clothed or clad, pp. kiofhd. Mad: clothes, n. plu. MOthz, garments or dress for the body: bed- clothes, coverings of a bed : clothes-basket, n. : clothes- brush, n.: cloth'ier, n. -X-er, a seller of cloths ; a seller or maker of clothes; an outfitter: the cloth, a familiar name for the clergy in general, or the clerical profes- cloud, n. kldird (old Dut. dote, a cloud— allied to clod, being vapours drawn into clods or separate mas- ses), a mass of visible vapour floating in the atmo- sphere ; a great multitude, in the sense of a diffused and indistinct mass : v. to obscure or darken ; to over- spread with clouds ; to make of a gloomy or sullen aspect ; to sully ; to tarnish ; to become obscure ; to grow cloudy: clouding, imp.: clouded, pp.: cloudy, a. -X, overcast; obscure; gloomy; dispiriting; semi- opaque: cloudily, ad. -U : cloud iness, n.: cloudless, a, without a cloud : cloudlessly, ad. -II: cloud-berry, n. the mountain bramble, abounding in the High- lands of Scotland : cloud-capt, a. extremely lofty; very high: cloud'-wrapt, a. -rapt, misty; obscure: in the clouds, beyond the range of the eye— applied to flights of fancy, or to confused and obscure representations ; absent ; not attending to what is going on around. clout, n. clmot (AS. clut, a patch— primary sense, a blow: Dut. klotsen, to strike), a patch; a piece of cloth or leather to repair a hole or break; a piece of cloth for cleaning or kitchen use ; a flat-headed nail : v. to patch ; to mend or repair by putting or sewing on a patch: clouting, imp.: clouted, pp.: a clout on the head, a blow or stroke on the head. clove, v. klov — see cleave. clove, n. Wot) (Dut krvyd^naegel, the nail-spice: L. clavus, a nail), a kind of spice, consisting of the dried unexpanded flowers of a tree of the myrtle tribe: clove gillyflower, a beautiful flower having a peculiar scent— also called clove-pink, carnation-pink. clove, n. klov (low Ger. kloven, to cleave: Dut. Move, a fissure), a division of a root of garlic; in hot., cloves, applied to young bulbs, as in the onion; a weight, part of theVcy, being about 8 lb. cloven, v. klov'n (pp~. of cleave, which see), parted ; divided into two parts : cloven-footed, a. having the foot or hoof divided into two parts, as the ox. clover, n. klo'ver (AS. claefer; Dut. klaver— from low Ger. kloven, to cleave), a common field-herb called trefoil, used for the fodder of cattle : to live in clover, to live in abundance : clo'vered, a. -verd, abounding in clover. clown, n. kldtvn (Dut. kloete, a lump, a block : Ger. klotz, a log; klotzig, blockish, rustic), a peasant; a rustic ; one who has the rough manners of one from the country ; an ill-bred man ; one who plays the fool in a theatre or circus: clownish, a. like a rustic; coarse and ill-bred: clown'ishly, ad. -H: clownlsh- ness, n. rudeness of behaviour; awkwardness. cloy, v. klo~ii (from Eng. clog, a thick mass : F. en- cloyer, to choke or stop up), to fill to loathing ; to sur- feit: cloying, imp.: cloyed, pp. kloyd, filled; glutted: cloyless, a. club, n. klub (W. dob, a knob: Russ. klub', a ball: Sw. klabb, a log: Ger. kolbe, a club), a stick with one end heavier than the other; a thick heavy stick or cudgel for beating or defence; a principal war weapon in ancient times, and now in barbarous coun- tries ; a number of persons associated for some com- mon purpose ; the name of one of the suits of cards : v. to unite for some common end ; to pay a share of a common reckoning ; to beat with a club ; to turn up and place together the club-ends of a number of rifles : clubbing, imp.: clubbed, pp. kliibd: club'bist, n. one who belongs to a club or association: club-house, n. a place of resort for the members of a club : club-law, n. brute force: club-foot, n. a deformed foot: club- footed, a. having crooked or misshapen feet: club- moss, n. a moss-like plant ; the Lycopodium. cluck, n. kliik (an imitative word: Dut. klocken; F. glousser; Sp. cloquear), the call of a hen to her chick- J COAL ens, or the noise she makes when hatching : v. to call or cry as a hen does to her chickens : cluck'ing, imp. : clucked, pp. klukt. clue, n. kid (see clew), a key to ; a guide. clump, n. Mump (related to club: Icel. Mumbi, a lump: Dut. klompe; Ger. klumpen, a clod, a mass), a short, thick, or shapeless piece of matter ; a cluster ot trees or shrubs. clumsy, a. klum'-zl (low Ger. klomen; old Eng. clom- sid, stiffened with cold : Icel. klumsa, suffering from cramp), awkward and inefficient, like one benumbed with cold ; unskilful ; slow ; heavy ; ill made : clum- sily, ad. -II: clumsiness, n. clung, v. klung—see cling. clunch, n. klunsh (from cling), any tough coarse clay ; soft chalk ; the clayey beds of chalk-marl. Cluniac, n. klu'/il-dk, one of a reformed order of monks of the Benedictines, so called from Clugni or Cluny in France. cluster, n. klus' ter (Dut. klissen, to stick together; Mister, a cluster), a bunch ; a number of things of the clustering, imp. : clus'tered, pp. -tird : clus'teringly, ad. -IX: clustery, a. -tir-l, growing in clusters. clutch, n. Much (Scot, cleik, to snatch : Swiss, klupe, claws), a Ann grasp or griping with the hands by tightening the fingers; a seizure; a grasp: v. to seize firmly with the hand ; to gripe; to grasp : clutching, imp.: clutched, pp. kliicht: clutches, n. plu. claws; hands, in the sense of rapacity and cruelty : in the clutches, in the power of, in a bad sense. clutter, n. klut'-ter (another form of clatter), a noise ; a bustle : v. to make a confused noise : clut'tering, imp. : clut'tered, pp. -terd. clymenia, n. Mhmc'nl-a (L. clymene, a sea-nymph), in qeol., a genus of nautiloid shells. clypeate, a. kllp'-e-dt (L. clypeus, a shield), in bot., having the shape of a shield; also clype'iform, n. -l-fa'crm (L. forma, shape). clyster, n. Mls'ter (F. clystere ; Gr. Muster— from Gr. kluzo, I wash or rinse), an injection into the bowels. co, ko (L.cum; Gr. sun, with, together: It. con), a form of the prefix con, and means, with ; together ; together with ; co is used before a vowel and h, as coalesce, cohabit, and is often separated from the word by a hyphen, as co-operate, co-partner; in math., co is an abbreviation of complement, as co-lati- tude, co-sine, co-tangent. Note.— The prefix con as- sumes the various forms of co, cog, col, com, cor, according to the first letter of the second element of the compound ; but, 1, con becomes com before b and p, as combustion, co?npel ; 2, con is retained before / and v, except in comfort, as conflict, convene ; 3, con is retained before t, d, q, g, and s, as content, condole, conquest, congeal, consent. coach, n. koch (F. coucher; Dut. koetsen, to lie, to put to bed ; Dut. koetse, a couch, a coach), a carriage ; a four-wheeled vehicle: v. to travel in a coach: coaching, imp. : coached, pp. kocht: coach-box, n. the seat on which the driver sits : coach'ful, n. -fo~bl, enough to fill a coach : coachman, n. the driver of a coach. coadjutor, n. ko'dd-jMtr iL. con, together; ad, to; jutus, assisted), one who helps another; an assistant: co'adju'torship, n. joint assistance : co adju'trix, n. fern, -j Mr Iks, a female assistant. coadunate, a. ko-ad'u-nat (L. con, together, and adu- nare, to unite), in bot., united at the base ; cohering. coagulate, v. ko-ag'ii-lat (L. and It. coagulare, to curdle : F. coagider), to curdle ; to congeal ; to change a fluid into a fixed mass; to thicken or turn into clots : coag'ula'ting, imp. : coag'ula'ted, pp. : coag- ula'tor, n. : coag'ulant, n. that which: coagula'tion, n. -la'shun, the act of changing from a fluid to a fixed state: coag'ulable, a. -la-bl, that may be thickened: coagulability, n. -bU'i-ti, the capacity of being thick- ened or coagulated: coag'ula'tive, a. -la'tiv, having power to coagulate: coag'ulum, n. -Mm (L.), clot of blood ; the curd of milk ; a thickened or fixed mass of a liquid. coal, n. hSIO kohle— original meaning, fire: Sw. kylla, to kindle), mineralised vegetable matter ; a hard black mineral used as fuel : v. to take in coal for the supply of a steam or sailing vessel : coaling, imp. : n. taking in of coals, as into a steam- ship: coaled, pp. kolcl: coal'y, a. -I, like coal; con- taining coal : coal-black, a. black like coal : coal- field, n. a natural deposit or bed of coal in the earth : cou,; boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, joy, shun, thing, there, zeal. COAL coal-fish, n. a sea-fish having the upper part of the head and back black : coalsey, n. kol'zi, fry of the coal-fish : coal-heaver, n. -hev'er, one who carries coals, as into a house, cellar, or ship; a coal-porter: coal- mine or coal-pit, n. the place out of which coal is dug : coal-whipper, n. one of a gang who unloads a ship's cargo when it consists of coal: collier, n. kdl- yer, one who digs out the coals in a coal-mine ; a ship employed in carrying coals : colliery, n. -i, a place where coal is dug, and the machinery employed in raising it to the surface: coal-measures, n. plu. -mezh-oors, in geol., the layers or strata of stone, &c, between which the deposits of coal are found: to blow the coals, to kindle strife: to carry coals to Newcastle, to do something very unnecessary; to lose one's labour : to haul over the coals, to call to account ; to censure. coalesce, v. ko'd-les' (L. coalescere, to grow together —from con, and alescere, to grow up: It. coalizzare: F. coaliser), to unite ; to grow together ; to adhere in masses ; to assimilate or unite as one, as nations by intermarriages : coalescing, imp. : coalesced', pp. -lest': coalesc'ent, a. -les'-ent, growing or uniting to- gether: coalesc'ence, n. -ens, the act of growing together; union: coaliti'on, n. -llsh'un, a union of persons, parties, or states for a common object ; a con- federacy or league : coalitionist, n. -1st, one who. coamings, n. plu. kom'ingz, among seamen, raised work round the hatches of a ship to prevent water getting down into the hold. - coarse, a. kors (a supposed corrupted form of "course," as in the phrase "of course," meaning ac- cording to the regular order of events), not refined ; rude ; rough ; gross ; impure ; indelicate : coarse'ly, ad. -II : coarse'ness, n. coast, n. kost (L. costa, a rib, a side: It. costa; F. coste, a rib, a coast), the limit or border of a country ; the sea-shore or land near it : v. to sail near the land or in sight of it ; to sail from port to port in the same country : coast'ing, imp. : coasted, pp. : the coast is clear, the danger is over ; no impediment exists ; no enemies oroiJi>'>n<.'iiis;u-e insightor at hand : coast'er, n. a vessel employed in home-trade only : coast'wise, ad. by or along the coast : coasting- trade, n. the trade carried on in ships from port to port of the same country: coast-guard, body of police for watching the sea from the coast : sea-coast, margin of land next the sea. coat, n. kot (F. cotte; It. cotta, a coat or frock), a man's garment worn above the waistcoat ; an upper garment ; an external covering ; a layer of any sub- t or spread over, as paint on a stance : wall ; to smear ; to put on a coat : coat'ing, imp. : ~. a covering; any substance , 1 over another: coat'ed, pp. : adj. in bot., having concentric coats or layers: coatee, n. ko-te", a half coat; a very short coat : coat of arms, n. the emblazonment of armo- rial bearings on an escutcheon : coat of mail, n. a piece of armour in the form of a shirt. coax, v. koks (old Eng. cokes, a simpleton, a gull : F. cocasse, one who says or does laughable or ridiculous things), to wheedle or gull one into doing something ; to persuade by fondling or flattery : coax'ing, imp. : coaxed, pp. kokst: coax'er, n. one who: coax'ingiy, ad. -li. cob, n. kob (W. cobio, to thump ; cob, a knock), the top or head; anything in round lumps; a strong pony; a foreign coin; clay mixed with straw: v. to punish : cobbing, imp. : cobbed, pp. kobd : cob'by, a. -bl, stout; brisk. cobalt, n. ko'hujrit (Or. kuhnld, the goblin or demon of Ger. mines), a brittle metal of a reddish-grey or greyish- white colour, much used in the state of oxide to give a blue colour to glass, and to produce enamels upon metals and earthenware, &c: cobaj'tic, a. -tik, pert, to cobalt: co'baltine, n. -tin, arsenical ore of cobalt. cobble, v. kob'bl (frequentative of cob, to knock: Dan. kobler, to cobble), to mend by putting on a patch; to repair coarsely: cob'bling, imp. -Ming: cob'bled, pp. -bid, badly made or mended : cob'bler, 11. -bier, one who ; a mender of hoots and shoes. cobble, n. kob'bl (Dut. kabbelen, to beat, as water against a hank or on the -lion-), a round water-worn stone; a boulder; a small fishing-boat— also spelt coble. cobra-de-capello, n. ko'brd-de-kd-pel'lO (Port, ser- ■■■ -k jauntily on the hat : cockad'ed, a. provided with a cockade : cock'atoo, n. -a-tO, a parrot with a tuft of feathers on its head : cock'er, n. -er, a dog employed to raise wild birds: cock-sure, confidently certain. cock, n. kok (Fin. kokko, a coniform heap, a hut: Dan. kok, a heap, a pile), a small heap of hay or reaped corn : cock-loft, a room over the garret ; the room next the roof: cock-pit, in a ship of war, a room appropriated to the use of the wounded during an action : cocked, a. kokt, thrown into heaps. cock, n. kok (It. cocca; Dan. kog; Icel. kuggi, a small boat : Fin. kokka, the prow of a vessel, being the part that sticks up), applied to a small boat : cock- swain, -swan, a petty officer who has the command or care of a boat— fumiliarly spelt coxen, kok'sn. cockatrice, n. kok'-d-tris (Sp. cocatriz, a crocodile, of which it is a mere corruption), a fabulous animal ; a cock with a dragon's tail, supposed to be hatched by a cock from a viper's egg, or from one of its own. cockchafer, n. kok'cha-fer (cock, and AS. ceafor, a beetle), the May-bug or dorr-beetle. cocker, v. kok'er (Dut. kokelen, to pamper— see cock- ney), to pamper ; to fondle and spoil, as a child : cock- ering, imp.: n. fondling indulgence; cock'ered, pp. -erd. Mr; pine, pin; note, not, move; COCK 95 COGN cocket, n. kok'et (F. cachet, a seal: contr. of L. phrase, quo quietus), an official seal ; a written certifi- cate, sealed, given by the custom-house officers to mer- chants to show that their merchandise has been pro- perly entered. cockle, n. kok'-kl (F. coquiole; Pol. kakol ; Gael, cogal ; AS. coccel), a weed that grows among corn ; the corn- rose. cockle, n. kok'-kl (L. cochlea; Gr. kochlos, a snail, a shell-fish : F. coquille), a shell -fish ribbed or grooved on both sides: v. to contract into folds or wrinkles: cockled, pp. -kid. cockney, n. kok'nl (F. cocagne, a plentiful country: F. coqueliner, to cocker, to pamper), an anc. nickname for a citizen of London— now applied by way of con- tempt. cockroach, kok'roch (from cock), a common kind of beetle infesting houses and ships. cockscomb, n. /./.>■.:,/ (from cock), the red fleshy substance on the head of a cock; a plant : cox comb, n. koks-, a fop; a. vain silly fellow. cocoa, n. ko'-ko (Port, coco, an ugly mask to frighten children, so called from the monkey-like face at the base of the nut), the common way of now spelling cacao; the nut of the cacao roasted and ground; the beverage made of it ; the very large nut of the cocos palm. cocoon, n. ko-kvn' (F. cocon— from L. concha, a shell), the round silky case in which the silk-worm and many other larva? envelop themselves: cocoonery, n. -«••*, a building where silk-worms are fed while preparing to envelop themselves in cases or cocoons. coction, n. kOk'-shiin (L. coctio, a digestion), the act of boiling: coc tile, a. -til, made by baking or heat. cod, n. kod (Flem. kodde, a club— from its large club- shaped head), a well-known fish chiefly inhabiting the northern seas, and especially the sandbanks around Newfoundland : codling, n. a young cod : cod-liver oil, n. an oil obtained from the livers of the cod-fish. cod, n. kod (Icel. koddi, a cushion: Sw. kudde, a sack: \V. cod, a hagi, any husk or case containing the seeds of a plant; a pod: codded, a. inclosed in a cod, as in beans and peas. coddle, v. kod'-dl (F. cadel. a starveling: L. catuhis; Prov. cadel, a whelp), to pamper or treat delicately; to parboil; to soften by means of hot water: codling, n. kod'-llng, or codlin, n. -tin, an apple fit for boiling or baking. code, n. kod (L. codex, the body of a tree, a book : F. code: It. codice), laws collected and arranged, par- ticularly if done by authority: codex, ko'-deks (L), any written document, generally an ancient one ; an anc. manuscript: codicil, n. kod'-l-sll. an addition or supplement made to a will : cod'icillary, a -ir-i, of the nature of a codicil: codify, v. -i-ji (L. facio. I make), to reduce to a code or system: cod'ify'- ing, imp. : codified, pp. -fid : codifi er, n. -er. or codist, n. ko'dlst, one who forms or reduces laws to a system or code : codification, n. kod'-i-fi-kd'-shun, the act of reducing laws to a system. codeine, n. ko-de'in (Gr. kodcia, a poppy head), one of the active medicinal principles of opium. codger, n. koj'-jir (Ger. kotzen, to spit; kotzer, a spitting or coughing man or woman), familiarly, a term of abuse for an elderly person ; a miser. codille, n. ko-dil' (Sp. codillo), a term at ombre, sig- nifying that the stake is won. codling, n,— see cod and coddle. coefiicient, n. ko'effish'-ent (L. con, together; ex, out of ; facio, I do or make), that which unites with something else to produce the same effect; in alg., the figure or known number or quantity put before the letter or letters that denote an unknown number or quantity, or partly known and partly unknown : adj. co-operating; acting to the same end: co'ef- fici'ency, n. -fish'in-si: co efficiently , ad. -ent-li. Coehorn, n. ko'-hav:rn (after the inventer Baron Coehorn), in mil., a small kind of mortar. ccelacanthi, n. plu. se'ld-kdn'thl (Gr. koilos, hol- low, and akantha, a spine), an extensive group of fossil sauroid fishes. coeliac or celiac, a. se'li-ak (Gr. koilia, the belly), pert, to the intestinal canal; coeliac passion, n." a flux or diarrhcea of undigested food. coelorhynchus, n. se-16-rin'kiis (Gr. koilos, hollow, and rhvtngch sil sword-fishes. coequal, a. ko-e'kicdl (L. con, together, and equus, equal i, of the same rank, dignitv, or power: n. one who is equal to another : coe^qually, ad. -U. cow, toy, foot; pure, oud; chair, coerce, v. ko-er$' (L. con. together, and or reeo, Idrive), to restrain by force; to compel: coer'cing, imp.: co- erced', pp. -erst': coer'cer, n. ser, one who : coe-cion, n. -er'-shiin, compulsion: coer'cible, a. si-bl, that may or ought to be repressed: coercive, a. -.sic, having power to restrain : coer cively, ad. -II. coeternal, a, ko'-e-ter'nal (L. con, together, and ceternus, perpetual, everlasting), equally eternal with another: coeval, a. -e'vdl (L. ccvum, an age), of the same age ; contemporaneous ; beginning to exist at the same time: coexist', v. -egz-lst' (L. existo, I exist), to exist at the same time with another: co'- exist'ent, a. -ent, having existence at the same time with another: n. that which coexists with another: coexist ence, n. -ens : co'exten sive, a. -eks-tcn'slo (L. ex, and tcnsum, to stretchi, having the same ex- tent. coffee, n. koffl (Ar. kawah; F. and Sp. cafe, coffee), a plant, a native of Caft'a in Arabia, now ex- tensively cultivated in the W. Indies and elsewhere ; the seeds roasted and ground, an infusion of which is drunk as a beverage: coffee-pot, n. a pot in which ground coffee is infused. coffer, n. kof'fir (F. coffre ; It. cofano. a chest : AS. cof, a receptacle— see coffin), a chest or trunk ; a chest for containing money ; a square depres- sion between the modillions of a cornice, after- wards filled up with some ornament ; a hollow lodg- ment or trench across a dry moat : v. to treasure up : coffering, imp.: coffered, pp. -ferd: coffer-dam, n. a wooden inclosure formed in the bed of a river, con- sisting of an outer and inner case, with clay packed in between them to exclude the water, used in laying foundations for the building of piers, &c. coffin, n. kof'-j in (It. wr'ano, a chest: Gr. kophinos; L. cophinus, a basket: F. cofai), the chest or box in which a dead human body is inclosed previous to burial; the conical paper-bag used by grocers ; the hol- low part of a horse's hoof ; the wooden frame surround- ing the imposing-stone of printers : v. to inclose in a coffin: coffining, imp.: coffined, pp. -find: coffin- less, a. without a coffin. cog, kog, prefix— see co. cog, n. kog (It. Gael. ■ reeling: Sw. kugge, a prominence in an indented wheel : It. cocca, a notch), the tooth on the rim of a wheel; a piece of deceit : a trick: v. to furnish with cogs; to obtain by flattering or wheedling ; to wheedle ; to cheat : cog'- ging, imp.: cogged, pp. kogd: cog-wheel, n. a wheel with teeth on the rim: to cog dice, to load them so that they shall fall in a particular direction. cog, n. kog (W. auch, a kind of boat), a wooden vessel of a circular form for containing milk, broth, Arc: a little boat. cogent, a. ko'-jent (L. cogens, driving together— from con, together, and ago, I drive), urgent; pressing on the mind; not easily resisted; convincing: cogently, ad. -h: co'gency, n. -jen-si, force or pressure on the mind; urgency. cogitate, v. kdj'Uat (L. cogitatum, to think, to muse —from con, and agito, I put in motion: It. cogitare), to think; to meditate: cog'ita'ting, imp.: cog'ita'- ted, pp.: cogitable, a. -ta-hi, capable of being con- ceived, as a thought: cog'ita'tion, n. -td-shun, act of thinking: cogitative, a. -tiv, given to musing or meditating. cognac, n. kon'ydk (after a town in France, where made), the best kind of French brandy— sometimes spelt cog'niac. cognate, a. kog'nut (L. cognatus, connected by birth— from con, together, and natus, born: It. cog- nato : F. cognat), related or allied by blood ; proceed- ing from the same stock or family; having relation to ; allied : n. a male relation through the mother : cogna'tion, n. -nd'-shun, descent from the same origin ; relationship. cognition, n. kog-nlsh'-iin (L. cognitio, knowledge— from co??, together, and nosco, I know: It. cognizione: F. cognitio?i), knowledge from experience or inspec- tion : cognisable, a. kog'-ni-zd-bl, or kon'-, that may be heard, tried, and determined, as by a judge ; that falls or may fall under notice or observation : cog'nisably, ad. -Mi: cognisance, n. kog'-ni-zdns, or kon'-, judicial notice or knowledge ; jurisdiction or right to try ; perception ; observation ; knowledge by recollection : cognisant, a. kog'-ni-zdnt, or kon'-, having knowledge of: cognisee, n. kog'-ni-ze, or kon'-, in law, one to whom afineoflandis acknowledged: cognisor, n. kOq'-ni-zor, or kon'-, one who acknowledges the right of the cog- game,jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. COGN £ nisee in a fine ; the defendant. Note.— The preceding words are sometimes spelt with z. cognomen, n. kog-no'-men (L. cognomen, a surname —from con, together, and nomen, a name), a surname : cognominal, ndm'i-niU pi srt. to the surname. cognosce, v. kog-nos' (L. cognoscere, to examine, to in- vestigate— from con, together, and noscere, to know : It. cognoscere) i u> inquire into a matter ; to investigate into the facts of a case : cognoscing, imp.: cognosced', pp. -nost': cognosc'ible, a. -l-bl, capable of being known or made the object of know- ledge: cognosc'ibil'ity, n. -bll'-i-tl, quality of being cognoscible. cognoscenti, n. plu. ko /ji'nosh-shSn'-ti (It. ), persons possessing a knowledge of the essential beauties of works of art. cognovit, n. kog-no-vit (L. he has acknowledged), in law, an acknowledgment of the plaintiffs < 'laim '<•.: the defendant, authorising thereby judgment and execution against himself. cohabit, v. ko-hdb'-it (L. con, together, and habito, I dwell), to live together as husband and wife, usually applied to a man and woman without marriage : co- habiting, imp.: n. the act of dwelling together: cohabited, pp. : cohablta'tion, n. -ta'shun. coheir, n. koar' (L. con, together, and hceres, an heir), one who inherits along with another. cohere, v. ko-hef (L. cohcerere, to be connected— from con, together, and hcereo, I stick or cleave ; hcesum, to stick), to stick together ; to be well con- nected; to depend on; to agree or suit: cohering, imp.: cohered', pp. -herd': cohe'rent, a. -he-rent, sticking together ; related in some form or order ; consistent ; having a due agreement of parts : cohe- rently, ad. -II: cohe'rence, n. -rens, or cohe'rency, n. -ren-si, union of parts of the same body; the uniting of two bodies by attraction ; consistency : cohe'sion, n. -he'-zhun (F. cohesion), the act of sticking together; that power of attraction which unites the particles of matter and preserves the forms of bodies : cohesive, a. -zlv, that has the power of sticking: cohe'sively, ad. -II: cohe'siveness, n. the quality of being cohesi i I together. cohort, n. kd'-hort(L. cohors, a place inclosed, a com- pany of soldiers— gen. cohortis: It. corte: F. cour), among the anc. Rom., a body of soldiers varying from 420 to 600 ; a body of soldiers. coif, n. kdyf (F. coiffe, a hood or cap : It. cuffia : mod. Gr. skoiq ih, ahead-kerchief), acaul or cap ; a cap to cover a baldness ; the distinguishing badge of a sergeant-at-law : v. to cover or dress with a coif: coifing, imp.: coifed, pp. kdyft: coiffure, n. koyf'obr, a head-dress. coil, n. kdyl (It. cogliere; Sp. coger; L. colligere, to gather), a rope gathered into a circular heap : v. to gather or wind into a circular heap, as a rope or ser- pent : coiling, imp. : coiled, pp. koyld. coin, n. kdyn (L. cuneus, a wedge, the steel die with which money is stamped, probably from the stamp- ing having once been effected by a wedge : Sp. cuna, a wedge ; cuno, a die for coining : F. coin, a wedge, a die), a piece of gold, silver, or copper stamped ; money : v. to make money of metal ; to make, as to coin a word ; to forge or fabricate : coining, imp. : n. the act of making money out of a metal : coined, pp. kdynd : adj. stamped as coin: coin'er, n. one who ; a maker of base money : coin'age, n. -aj, the money coined ; the metallic currency ; new production ; in- vention. coincide, v. ko'-ln-sld' (L. co, and incidere, to fall into— from in, in or on, and cado, I fall : F. coincide.r), to fall or meet in the same point ; to concur or agree : co'inci'ding, imp. : co'inci'ded, ' pp. : co inci'der, n. one who: coincident, a. -sl-dent, falling on or meet- ing at the same point ; concurrent ; agreeable to : coincidence, n. -si-dens, the falling on or meeting of two or more lines, surfaces, or bodies at the same i) "" ' 'incurrence; agreement; a happening at the same time : coin'cidently, ad. -It. coir, n. kwdyr (Tamil, cuyer, a rope of any kind), cocoa-nut fibre for ropes or matting. coit, koyt—see quoit. coition, n. ko-ish'-un (L. coitio, a coming or meet- ing together— gen. coitionis— from con, and itum, to go), a going or coming together ; sexual intercourse. coke, n. Ao/ i i / the core of an apple, the remnant of a thing when the virtue is taken out of it : ■ ■• ' -""/' i mpl i coal charred or half burnt in kilns or ovens— see charcoal: v. to char or half burn: co- COLL king, imp.: coked, pp. kokt: coke-oven, n. a building of brick or clay in which coals are charred or made into coke. col, kol, one of the forms of the prefix con, which see. colander, n. kul'-dn-dcr (L. colans, straining or filter- ing), a vessel of tin or earthenware with a perforated bottom ; a sieve : also spelt cullender. colchicum, n. kol'-chi-kum (L.), a plant called mea- dow-saffron, whose seeds and underground stem are used in medicine : colchicine, n. -sin, also col'chica, -kd, a peculiar principle obtained from colchicum. colcothar, n. kol'-ko-ther (new L.), the brown-red peroxide of iron, produced by calcining sulphate of iron, used for polishing glass, &c. cold, a. kold (Goth, kalds, cold: Icel. kala, to blow cold : Ger. kalt, cool), not warm or hot ; frigid ; indif- ferent ; without zeal ; without affection ; wanting in animation : n. the sensation or feeling produced by the want or loss of heat ; a disease contracted from improper exposure of the person to atmospheric changes; a shivering or chilliness: colded, pp. a. kold'-ed, affected with cold: coldish, a. -ish, some- what cold: coldly, ad. -II, with indifference; not warmly: cold'ness, n. : cold-shoulder, n. neglect: cold-blooded, a. without feeling or concern; in zool., applied to all animals below the class of birds : cold- hearted, a. wanting feeling or passion. cole, n. kol(AS. cawl; Dan. kaal, cole— fromL. caulis, the stem of a plant), the cabbage kind in general: cole-wort, -wurt (AS. wyrt, root, plant), young cab- side horny co*. ■ ", as among the beetles col'eop'teral, a. pert, to; also coleopterous, a. -us-. col'eorhi'za, n. -d-rl'-zd (Gr. rhiza, a root), the sheath which covers the young rootlets of monocotyledonous plants. colic, n. kdl'-lk (L. colicus; Gr. kolikos, pert, to the colic — from Gr. kolon, the largest of the intestines), a severe pain in the stomach or bowels: adj. affecting the bowels : colicky, a. kol'-i-kl, pert. to. Coliseum, n. Jso Col'osse'um, kol'-os- (L. colosseus, of a gigantic size), the amphitheatre of I the Emperor Vespasian at Rome ; a large building for exhibitions. collaborator, n. kol-ldb'-d-rd'-ter (F. collaborates —from L. con, together, and laborare, to labour), one who assists in labour, usually literary or scien- tific ; frequently used in the F. form, collab'orateur', -teY. collapse, n. kol-ldps' (L. collapsus, fallen in ruins— from con, together, and lapsus, fallen), a falling in or together ; extreme depression of the bodily energies : v. to fall inwards or together ; to close by falling to- gether: collapsing, imp.: collapsed', pp. -lupst'. collar, n. kol'-ler (L. collum, the neck: It. collo), something worn round the neck; that part of the harness which goes round the neck of a horse or other animal used as a beast of burden; in arch., a ring: v. to catch hold of one by anything round the neck ; to roll up flesh meat and bind it with cord : collaring, imp.: collared, pp. -lerd: adj. seized by the collar; rolled together, as beef or pork : collar-bone, n. bone on each side of the neck; the clavicle. collate, v. kol-laf (L. collatus, brought or carried together— from con, and latus, carried), to bring or lay together for the purpose of comparison ; to bring to- gether and compare MSS. or books ; to bestow a bene- fice on a clergyman ; to gather and place in order ; to place in a benefice, said of a bishop : colla'ting, imp. : colla'ted, pp. : collator, n. one who : colla'table, a. -tcl-bl: colla'tion, n. -la-shun, the comparing of MSS. or books with others of the same kind for correction of errors, &c; presentation to a benefice by a bishop ; a repast between full meals : colla'tive, a. -la'-txv, pert, to an advowson ; able to confer or bestow : collateral, a. -ldt'-er-dl, side by side, or on the side; running parallel ; happening or coming together in connection with an event, as collect ces; in addi- tion to, or over and above ; not direct or immediate ; descended from a common ancestor or stock— opposed to lineal: collaterally, ad. -U: collat'eralness, n. colleague, n. kol'-leg (L. collega, a partner in office: Icel. lag, society : It. collega : F. collegue), a partner or associate in the same office or employment— never used of partners in trade or manufactures : v. kdl-leg', to join or unite with in the same office or for the same mate, mdt,/dr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; COLL £ purpose : colleagu'ing, imp. : colleagued', pp. -legd': colleagueship, n. collect, n. koi-likt (L. cl'-:cfa, a contribution; col- tectum, to gather together— from con, together, and ledum, to gtuher, to select), a short prayer adapted for a particular occasion: v. kol-lekt', to gather sepa- rate persons or things into one body or place ; to as- semble or bring together ; to gain by observation or research; to infer as a consequence ; to recover from surprise: collec ting, imp. : collected, pp.: adj. cool; self-possessed: collectible, a. -Ick'-ii-bl, that may be gathered: collec'tion, n. -shun, the act of gathering ; an assemblage or crowd; a contribution; a sum gathered for a charitable purpose ; a book of extracts ; a selection of works in painting or sculpture not large enough to form a gallery ; a selection of prints with- out regard to number: collectedly, ad. -B: collec- tedness, n. a composed state of mind ; recovery from surprise : collec tive, a. -tlv, gathered into a mass, sum, or body; aggregate; expressing a number or multitude united as one: collectively, ad. -ll: col- lec tiveness, n. : collec tor, n. -Uk'ter, one who collects or gathers: collec torship, n. the office ; also collec- torate, n. -at -. to collect one's self, to recover from surprise or embarrassment. college, n. kol'-lCj iL. coll :gium, persons united by the same calling— from con, together, and lego, I choose : It. collegio : F. college), an assemblage or so- ciety of men possessing certain powers and rights, and engaged in some common employment or pursuit ; a number of persons engaged in literary studies ; the building where they meet or reside; a university: collegian, n. -le'-jidn, a member of, or student in, a college : collegiate, a. -at, containing a college ; in- stituted after the manner of a college: collegiate church, a church built and endowed for a corporate body, having dean, canons, prebends, &c, like a cath- edral, but not a bishop's see; in Scotland, a church with two ministers of equal rank. collenchyma, n. kol-ien'-kl-md (Gr. kollct, glue, and engchuma, a tissue), in bot., the substance lying be- tween and uniting cells. collet, n. kol'-iet (F. collet, a collar— from L. collum, the neck), the part of a ring in which a precious stone is set ; the neck or part of a plant that lies between the root and stem. colletio, a, kollit'lk (Gr. kolletikos; L. colleticus, sticking— from Gr. kollu, glue), having the property of gluing. collide, v. kollld' (L. collidere. to dash together— from con, together, and lardere, to strike forcibly: It. colliden), to strike or dash against each other: col- li'ding, imp. : collided, pp. : collision, n. kol-llzh'un, which see. collier, n. kSl'yer (from coal, which see). colligate, v. k'ol'-ll-gdt (L. colligatus, bound together — from con, together, and ligo, i bind), t© bind or tie together : colligating, imp. : colligated, pp. : colli- gation, n. - I her ; that pro- cess in induct i\ e phii> >-i >nhy by which a certain num- ber of facts :er for generalisation. collimation.n. kol-li- ma-ih tut (L. collineare, to direct in a straight line— from con, together, and linea, a line : F. collimation), the line of sight in the direction of any object; in the telescope, the line of sight passing through the centre of the object-glass and the centre of the cross- wires placed in the focus: collimator, n. an instrument for determining the zenith-point. collision, n. kolllzh'un (L. collisum, to dash to- gether—see collide), the act of striking together of two hard bodies ; opposition ; interference. collocate, v. kol'-lo-kdt (L. collocatura, to put or set in a place— from con, together, and loco, I set or place : It. collocare: F. colloquer), to set or place; to station : collocating, imp. : collocated, pp. : collocation, n. •ka'-shiin, the act of placing. collodion, n.t67-to'dt-d»(Gr. koUa, glue, and eidos, resemblance), a solution of gun-cotton in ether: col'- loid, n. -loj/d, in chem., an inorganic compound hav- ing a gelatinous appearance: adj. resembling glue or jelly. collop, n. kol'lop (Dut. Hop ; It. colpo, a blow : a lump representing the sound of a blow on a flat sur- face: Scot, blad, a lump), a small slice of meat: mince-collops, n. plu. meat cut into very small piece,. colloquial, a. kol-U'kioi-ai (L. colloquium, a conver- sation, a discourse— from con, together, and loquor, I speak: It. colloquio: F. colloque), pert, to ordinary 1 COLP conversation: collo'quially, ad. -II: collo'quial'ism, n. -izm, a form of expression in common use: collo- quist, n. kul'lo-kivlst, a speaker in a dialogue : collo- quy, n. -kwl, conversation between two or more ; a conference ; dialogue : collo'quialise, v. -al-lz', to ren- der colloquial. collude, v. kol-ldd' (L. colludere, to play or sport to- gether—from con, together, and ludere, to play, to mock: It. colludere: F. colluder), to play into each other's hands ; to conspire in a fraud ; to act in con- cert: collu'ding, imp.: colluded, pp.: collu'der, n. one who: collusion, n. -lo'-zhun (L. collusum, to sport or play together), a secret agreement between two or more persons for some evil purpose, as to defraud any one: collu'sive, a. -sir, deceitful; fraudulent: collu'- sively, ad. -ll, in a manner to defraud secretly: collu- siveness, n. : collu'sory, a. -zer-%, carrying on fraud by secret agreement. collum, n. kol-lum (L. the neck), in bot., the part where the stem and root join, and termed the neck of a plant. colocynth, n. kdl'-o-shith (Gr. knlokunthis, the wild or purging gourd), the bitter apple of the druggists ; the fruit of a plant common in many districts of Asia and Europe : col ocyn'thine, n. -thin, the active medi- cinal principle of colocynth. cololites, n. plu. kol'o-llts (Gr. kolon, one of the in- testines, and lithos, a stone), in geol., a name given to certain intestinal-like masses and impressions. colon, n. kv'-lon (L. colon; Gr. kolon, the largest of the intestines, a member: It. and F. colon), the largest of the intestines ; in writing or printing, the mark (:) chiefly used to separate the perfect clauses of a sentence, and which indicates a longer pause than a semi-colon (;), but a shorter one than a period (.). colonel, n. kir'-nUl (F. colonel: It. colonnello: for- merly cormiel— from L. corona, a crown), the chief officer of a regiment : lieutenant-colonel, the second officer in a regiment : colonelcy, n. -si, or col'onel- ship, n. -ship, the rank or commission of a colonel. colonnade, n. k6l'6ndd' (F.— from F. colonne; L. columna, a column : It. colonnata), a series or range of columns placed at certain intervals. colony, n. kdl'6-nl (L. colonia, an abode or dwelling: It. colonia: F. colonie), a body of persons sent out from their native country to a distant district, or a new country, in order to settle and cultivate it ; the country thus settled or planted: colonial, a. ko-lo' nl-dl, pert, to a colony: colonist, n. kol'6-nist, an in- habitant of a colony: col'onise, v. -nlz, to settle or plant a colony in; to remove and settle in a country : col'oni'sing, imp. : colonised', pp. -nizd': col'onisa'- tion, n. -nl-za'-shun, the act of planting with inhabi- tants. colophon, n phon, summit, finish- ing-stroke), the device which formerly marked the conclusion of a book, and which contained the place and year of its publication. colophony, n. kol'-o-fon-l (first brought from Colo- phon in Ionia: Gr. kolophonia), a dark-coloured resin obtained from turpentine. colosseum, n. kol'os-se'-um, same as coliseum, which see. colossus, n. kdlos'siis (L. colossus; Gr. kolossos, a gigantic statue at Rhodes at the entrance of the port: It. colosso: F. colosse), a statue of gigantic size : colos- sal, a. very large; gigantic: colossean, a. col'os-se'dn, gigantic. colour, n. kul'-er (L. color, colour: F. couleur: It. colore), the hue or appearance that a body presents to the eye ; dye or tinge ; anything used to give or im- part colour to a body; a paint; appearance to the mind ; false show : plu. a flag, standard, or ensign : v. to alter or change the outward appearance of any body or substance ; to tinge ; to dye ; to give a specious appearance to ; to make plausible ; to blush : col'our- ing, imp.: n. the art of dyeing ; a specious appearance ; of applying colours: coloured, pp. -erd: adj. shewing colour ; of African descent : col ourer or col'ourist, n. one who: colourable, a. -d-bl, specious; plausible: col'ourably, ad. -bit: col'ourless, a. desti- tute of colour; transparent: water-colours, colours mixed with gum-water or a size, and not with oil: colourman, one who prepares and sells colours : col- our-blindness, a disease or defect in the eyes through which individuals are unable to distinguish colours. colportage, n. kdl'por-taj, also -tdzh (F.— from L. collum, the neck, and portare, to carry), the trade of a hawker ; the system of distribution by colporteurs : cow, T>6y, fSot; pure, Md; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. COLT 9 col'porteur', n. -ter' (F. ), a hawker or pedlar ; in France, a hawker of books and pamphlets ; one who travels about to distribute and sell religious books. colt, n. kolt (Sw. kult, a young boar, a stout boy), a young horse, usually limited to the male; a young foolish fellow : colt'ish, a. -ish, frisky : colt'ishly, ad. -II : colt's-foot, a medicinal herb. colter or coulter, n. kOl'ter or kdbl'-ter (L. cutter, a knife, the cutting part : akin to Sans, krit, to split : It. coltro: old F. coultre), the iron part in front of a plough with an edge that cuts the earth or sod. colubrine, a. kol'u-brin (L. coluber, a serpent or adder: It. coluhm) .viaii.e ,•])■■. is ; cunning. Columbian, a. kO-Mm'-M-dn (from Columbus, iVin- discoverer of Amer.), pert, to the U.S. or to America: columlrite, n. -bit, a mineral of ag h oi i>. '>...., m ii black colour occurring in single crystals and in small crystalline masses, first discovered in Amer. : colum'- bic, a. -bik, pert, to or produced from the metal co- lum'bium, -bl-urn : colum'bate, n. -bat, a salt of co- lumbic acid. columbine, a. kol'um-bin (L. columba, a dove), pert, to a pigeon or dove ; dove colour : n. name of a plant ; the heroine in a pantomime, mistress of harlequin : col'umbar'y, n. -ber't, a pigeon-house. column, n. kol'urn (L. columna, a round pillar: It. colonna-. F. colonne), a pillar or shaft used to adorn or support a building; any body pressing downwards perpendicularly on its base and of the same diameter as the base, as a column of water, air, or mercury ; a body of troops drawn up in deep files ; a division of the page of a boot P < ...h. , i.-n ; u-ioe bot., the solid body formed by the union of the styles and filaments in some plants : columella, n. -el'ld, in bot, the central axis round which the carpels of some fruits are arranged ; the central column in the spor- angia of mosses : columnar, a. ko-lum'-ner, formed in columns :n. the central pillar round u hichaspiralshell is wound; in anat., the central part of the cochlea of the ear: columned, a. -umd, adorned or provided with columns. colures, n. plu. ko-l6rs' (Gr. kolouros, dock-tailed— from kolouein, to cut, and oura, the tail), in astron., the two circles which pass through the lour cardinal points of the ecliptic— the equinoctial and solstitial points. colza, n. kol'zd (F. colza, wild cabbage— from cole, which see), a variety of cabbage or rape whose seeds yield an oil, called colza-oil. com-, kdm-, prefix, another form of con, which see. coma, n. ko'md (Gr. koma, a deep sleep), lethargy ; a dozing ; a kind of stupor or propensity to sleep in certain diseases: comatose, a. kom'-d-toz', also com'- atous, a. -tus, excessively drowsy; dozing without natural sleep ; lethargic. coma, n. ko'md (Gr. kome, a head of hair), the stem of a plant terminating in a tuft or bush ; the hairy appearance that surrounds a comet : co'mate, a. -mat, hairy ; of a bushy appearance. comb, n. kom (Icel. karnbr; Ger. kanim), an instru- ment with teeth for arranging or cleansing the hair, also for preparing and cleaning wool or flax ; the crest of a cock ; the top or crest of a wave : v. to adjust, arrange, or clean with a comb : comb'ing, imp. : combed, pp. komd: comb'er, n. one who dresses wool ; among seamen, the crest of a wave, breaking with a white foam : comb'less, a. wanting a comb or a crest : combmaker, n. one who makes combs. comb, n. kdm (AS. comb ; W. cwm, a hollow, a val- ley), the collective mass of cells in which bees store their honey: comb, combe, or coomb, an upland valley, generally narrow and without a stream of water. combat, n. kum'bdt (F. combattre, to fight— from L. con, together, and F. bn/trc, to bea i ), a. fight ; a contest by force; a battle, conflict, or strife: v. to fight; to struggle or contend with, for, or against; to act in opposition ; to oppose or resist : com'bating, imp. : com'bated, pp.: com'batant, n. -tdnt, smy person who fights ; a duellist ; a controversialist : com'bative, a. -tlv, disposed to fight or contend : com'bativeness, n. disposition or inclination to fight. combine, v. kdm-bln' (F. combiner— from L. con, to- gether, and bini, two by two, double), to unite or join together two or more things ; to link closely together ; to cause to unite or bring into union ; to unite, agree, or coalesce; to league together: combining, imp.: combined', pp. -bind': combi'ner, n. one'who : combi'- nable, a, -nd-bl, that may or can be united : com'bina'- J COMI tion.n. -M-nd'shiin, close union or connection ; an inti- mate union of two or more persons or things to effect some purpose ; a union of particulars : chemical com- bination, the tendency of certain substances to unite and form a new substance. combustible, a. kdm-bus'tl-bl (L. combustum, to wholly consume — from con, together, and ustum; Sans, ush, to burn : F. combustible), that will take fire and burn ; having the property of catching fire : n. a substance that will take fire and burn : com- bus'tibil'ity, n. -Ml'l-H, the quality of taking fire and burning; capacity of being burnt; combust'ion, n. -bust'yun, a burning ; the action of fire on bodies cap- able of being burnt ; the chemical combination of two or more bodies generally producing heat, and some- times both heat and light. come, v. Mm (AS. cuman; Ger. kommen, to come : Dut. komen, to come, to fall, to please), to draw near ; to move towards ; to arrive or reach ; to happen or fall out ; to advance and arrive at some state or con- dition ; to sprout ; to spring : com'ing, imp. : came, pt. kdm, did come: come, pp.: com'er, n. one who: come'ly, a. -U, suitable; fitting; graceful; decent: adv. handsomely; gracefully: comeliness, n. fitness; suitableness ; beauty which excites respect : to come about, to fall out ; to happen ; to change : to come and go, to flicker; to change: to come at, to reach; to gain : to come in, to yield ; to become the fashion ; to obtain ; to accrue, as from an estate or from trade : to come near, to approach : to come of, to proceed, as from ancestors, or as an effect from a cause : to come off, to escape ; to get free ; to take place, as a race : to come on, to approach ; to make progress : to come out, to be made public ; to be introduced into general society ; to publish : to come over, to run over, as a liquid ; familiarly, to get the better of any one : to come round, to recover ; to revive : to come short, to be insufficient : to come to one's self, to re- cover, as one's senses: to come to pass, to happen: to come up to, to amount to ; to rise : to come upon, to invade ; to attack : all comers, all persons indif- ferently. comedy, n. kom'Sdl (L. comcedia; Gr. komoidia, a village song— from Gr. komos, a merry-making, and ode, a poem : F. comedie), a representation by actors in a theatre of the light and trivial everyday occur- rences of life : come'dian, n. -e'dl-dn, an actor or player in comedy ; a writer of comedy. comely, a.— see come. comestible, a. kom-Ss'tl-bl (F. comestible— from L. comestum, to eat, to consume), eatable : n. an article of solid food : comestibles, n. plu. eatables. comet, n. kdm tes; Gr. kometes— from Gr. kome, hair: F. comete: It. cometa), a hairy star; a celestial body accompanied with a train or tail of light : com'etary, a. -er-l , relating to a comet : comet- arium, n. -a'-rl-um, an instrument for explaining the revolutions of a comet: comet-like, a.: com'etog'ra- phy, n. -et-og'rd-fi (Gr. gra%tho, I describe), a treatise about comets : com'etol'ogy, n. -St-dl'o-ji (Gr. logos, a discourse), a discourse about comets. comfit, n. Mm'/ It (F. confit— from L. confectum, to prepare), a sweetmeat, generally restricted to a cara- way, coriander-seed, or almond, and suchlike, coated with sugar. comfort, n. Mm'fert (F. conforter, to comfort, to strengthen— from L. con, together, and fort is, strong), ease or rest either to body or mind ; support ; consola- tion; moderate enjoyment with ease: v. to console ; to strengthen; to encourage: com'forting, imp.: com'forted, pp.: comforter, n. -er, the person who, orthing which ; the Holy Spirit : com'fortable, a. -d-bl, being in a state of ease or moderate enjoyment; giv- ing comfort ; placing above want : com'fortably, ad. -bit: com'fortable'ness, n. -d-bl'n6s, the state of en- joying comfort: com'fortless, a. -16s, without any- thing to support or solace under misfortune or dis- tress: com'fortlessly, ad. -II: com'fortlessness, n. comic, a. kom'lk, also comical, a. -l-kdl(F. comique —from L. comicus, pert, to comedy— see comedy). relating to comedy ; raising mirth ; droll ; diverting : comically, ad. -II: comlcalness, n. : comicality, n. -kdl'bti, that which is comical or ludicrous. coming, a. kum'lng (see come), future ; expected : n. arrival ; approach ; act of sprouting. comitia, n. plu. kom-tsh'l-d (L.), assemblies of the people in anc. Rome : comitlal, a. -dl, relating to the popular assemblies of Rome. comity, n. kom'l-tt (F. comiti— from L. comiias, mate, mat, far, law; mete, met, hCr; pine, pin; note, not, move; COMM i kindness, affability), courtesy; civility: in interna- tional law, acts of courtesy beiween nations and states. comma, n. Tcom'md (Gr. komma, a part cut off— from kopto, I cut), in written or printed compositions, the point (,) which is used to separate or point off phrases and imperfect clauses, and generally the simpler parts of a sentence, and which marks the shortest pause in reading. command, n. kom-mdnd', or -viand' (L. con, and mando, I order), right, power, or authority over : an order or nit-- Lty; a naval or military force under the authority of a particular officer : v. to bid, order, or charge with authority; to govern or direct ; to have power over ; to have within the obser- jid'ingly, ad. -II: commanded, pp. dant, n. kom-mdn'-ddnt (F.), one in command of a fort or a body of troops: comman'dable, a. -dd-bl: com- man'datory, a. -dd-ter'-l, having the force of a com- mand: commander, n. -der, one who ; the captain of a ship of war under a certain size, or an officer who ranks next above a lieutenant : command'ment, n. a law; a precept; one of the precepts of the Decalogue : comman'dery, n. -deri, the body of knights of any military order ; the estates and revenue of such order: commander-in-chief, in Great Britain, the military officer who has the command and direction of the land forces ; a generalissimo. commeasurable, a. kdm-mizh'-ovr-d-bl (L. con, and metior, I measure), having a common measure. commemorate, v. kom-mem'ordt (L. and It. com- memorare, to keep in mind— from L. con, together, and memor, mindful), to call to remembrance by a special act ; to do honour to the memory of an indi- vidual or some act of his ; to celebrate with honour some past event: commem'ora'ting, imp. : commem'o- ra'ted, pp.: commem'ora'tion, n. -rd'shun, the act of calling to remembrance by some special act or solem- nity ; the act of honouring the memory of a person or an event : commem'ora tive, a. -tlv, also commem'o- rator'y, a -rdter'l: serving or tending to preserve the remembrance of: commem'orable, a -bl, worthy to be remembered. commence, v. kom-mSns' (F. commencer; It. comin- ciare, to begin), to begin ; to originate or enter upon ; to begin to be ; to perform the first act or part : com- menc'ing, imp.: commenced', pp. -menst': commence- ment, n. -mint, beginning, rise, or origin ; first exist- ence; the great annual day at Cambridge on which degrees are conferred and prize essays read, &c. ; the similar day at Oxford is called " The Commemora- tion." commend, v. kom-mSnd' (L. commendare, to commit to one's favour— from co?i, and mandare, to commit, to consign : It. commendare : F. commender), to praise ; to represent as worthy or suitable ; to speak in favour of; to intrust or give in charge: commending, imp.: commended, pp.: commend'er, n. one who: commen- ss, n. -bl-nis: com'menda'tion, n. -da'shiin, appro- bation or praise ; declaration of regard ; eulogy : com- men'dator'y, a. -ter'-l, serving to commend; contain- ing praise. commendam, n. kom-mlri-ddm (L. — from commendo, I commit or intrust to), a vacant church living in- trusted to the charge of a qualified person till it can be supplied with an incumbent ; the holding of a vacant benefice, or the intrusting of its revenues to another *or a time : com'menda'tor, n. -dd'-tir, one who holds a benefice for a time : commen'dator'y, a -dd-ter'-l, holding in commendam. commensurate, a. kom-mSn'-su-rdt (L. con, and mensura, a measure), equal ; proportional ; having equal measure or extent : commensurate 'ly, ad. -1%: eommen'surate'ness.n.: commen'surable, a. -su-ra-bl, having a common measure or extent ; reducible to a common measure : commen'surably, ad. -bll : com- men'surabiTity, n . -rd-bil'-l-tl, the capacity of being compared with another in measure, or of having a common measure : commen'sura'tion, n. -sil-rd'-shun, proportion in measure. comment, n. kom'ment (L. commentare, to form in the mind, to ponder— from L. mens, the mind ; akin to Sans, root, man, to think), a note or remark intended to illustrate a writing, or explain a difficult passage in an author; that which explains or illustrates: v. ) COMM kom-mint' or kom'-, to write notes to explain and illustrate the meaning of an author ; to expound or explain: commenting, imp. : comment ed, pp. : com- mentary, n. kdm'men-tlr'-i, an explanation or illus- tration of a difficult or obscure passage in an author : a book of comments or notes; a familiar historical narrative: commentate, v. kom'-men-tat, to write com- ments or notes upon : commentating, imp. : com- mentated, pp. : commentator, n. -td'-tor, one who writes notes to explain an author; an expositor or annotator: commen'tato rial, a. -td-to'-rl-dl, having or exhibiting the character of a commentator. commerce, n. kom^mers (L. commercium, trade, traffic— from con, and merz, goods, wares: It. com- mercio: F. commerce), trade; traffic; an interchange of productions and manufactures between nations or individuals; intercourse: commercial, a. kdm-mir- shdl, pert, to commerce or trade : commer'cially, ad. ■shdl-li. commination, n. kom -mind' shun (L. comminatio a threatening— from con, and minor, I threaten : F. commination), denunciation of punishment or ven- geance; an office in the Church of England contain- ing a recital of God's threatenings, used only on Ash- "Wednesday: commin'atory, a. -min'-d-ter-i, threaten- ing. commingle, v. cdm-mlng'gl (L. con, and mingle), to mix together into one mass. comminute, v. kdm'ml-nut (L. comminutum, to separate into small parts— from C07i, and minuo, I lessen), to make small or fine ; to lessen in extent or duration ; to pulverise by pounding, &c— not applied to liquids : comminuting, imp. : comminu'ted, pp. made small ; reduced in amount or extent : com'minu'- tion, m -shim, the act of reducing or lessening. commiserate, v. kom-mlz'-erdt (L. commiseratus, commiserated, pitied — from con, and miseror, I pity : It. commiserare, to pity), to pity; to have compassion on ; to sympathise with in distress ; to be sorry for : commis'era'ting, imp.: commis'era'ted, pp.: commis'- era'tor, n. one who pities : commiseration, n. -d'shun, pity; compassion; sorrow for the distress of others: commis'era'tive, a -d'-tlv, piteous; compassionate: commis'era'tively, ad. -It commissary, n. kdra'-mlss&r'l(¥. commissaire— -from L. con, and missus, sent), one to whom is committed some duty or office ; a delegate ; an officer who has the charge of providing provisions, clothing, tents, transports, &c, for an army : commissar yship, n. the office of: commissariat, n. -sd'-ri-dt, in an army, the department or office of a commissary : com'missa'rial, a. pert, to a commissary : commissary-general, n. a chief officer of the a ■ rtment. commission, n. kom-mish'-un (L. commissum, that which is intrusted — from con, and missum, to send: It. commissione; F. commission, a message, a commission), the act of doing or committing any- thing ; the state of acting by authority for another ; the fee allowed and paid to an agent for the sale of property or goods ; one or more persons appointed to perform certain duties ; a written warrant or autho- rity for exercising certain powers ; an order ; autho- rity given : v. to empower ; to give authority to ; to depute : commissi'oning, imp. : commissi'oned, pp. -und: commissioner, n. -un-ir, one who holds autho- rity for the doing of something: commission mer- chant, n. one who transacts business in buying and selling the goods of others, receiving for his re- muneration a certain rate per cent: to put a ship into commission, in the navy, to prepare a ship and put it into active service : to put the great seal into commission, to place, it in the hands of certain per- sons till the appointment of a new lord chancellor. Note. — Any important secular office is placed in com- mission by intrusting certain persons with the dis- charge of its duties till a new appointment be made. commissure, n. kdm-mlsh'-o~or (L. commissura, a knot, a joint — from con, and missus, sent: F. commis- sure: It. commessura), a joint or seam; the place where two bodies or their parts meet and unite ; the point of union between two parts : commissural, a. kdm-mfeh'-o~o-ral, pert to. commit, v. Ay, . wmmittere, to bring together in a contest, to trust — from con, and mittere, to send: It. commettere ; F. commettre, to commit), to intrust ; to put into the hands or power of another ; to send for confinement; to deposit, as in the memory; to do or effect ; to perpetrate ; to engage or pledge ; to refer, as to a committee: committing, imp.: commit 'ted, cow, bdy.Jdbt; pure, biid; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. COMM 100 COMP pp.: commit'ter, n. one who: commit'tal, n., also commit'ment, n. a sending to prison ; an order for confinement in prison ; the act of referring to or in- trusting to ; a doing or perpetration ; the act of pledg- ing or engaging: committee, kom-mlt'te, a number of persons chosen to consider and manage any mat- ter: commit' teeship, n. : committee, n. kom'-mlt-te", the person to whom the custody of an idiot, or a luna- tic, or his estate, is committed by the Lord Chancellor, who is called the committor. commix, v. kom-miks' (L. commixtum, to mingle to- gether—from con, and mixtum, to mix), to mingle or blend : commixture, n. -tur, state of being mingled ; union in one mass ; incorporation. commode, n. kom-mod (F. — see commodious), a small sideboard with drawers and shelves; a head- dress formerly worn by women ; a convenient article of bedroom furniture. commodious, a. kom-md'dl-us (L. commodus, com- plete, suitable— from con, and modus, a measure, a manner : It. comodo : F. commode), convenient ; suitable; useful: commo'diously, ad. -lit commo- diousness, n. convenience; suitableness for its pur- pose: commodity, n. kom-mod'-i-ti, anything that is useful; any object of commerce; anything that can he bought or sold, animals excepted; goods; wares; merchandise. commodore, n. kSm'mo-dor' (Port, commendador; F. commandeur, a governor or commander), the commander of a squadron or detachment of ships ; the senior captain of two or more ships of war cruising in company ; the leading ship in a fleet of merchantmen. common, a. kom'mon (L. communis, that which is common— from con, and munis, performing service or duty: It. commune: F. commun), belonging equally to more than one ; serving for the use of all ; usual or ordinary; without rank; not distinguished by supe- rior excellence; in gram., applied to nouns that are both masc. and fern. : n. a tract of ground belonging to no one in particular or open to the use of all : com'monly, ad. -ll, usually : com'monness, n. : in com- mon, in joint possession or use : common-law, unwrit- ten law binding by usage : common-sense, exercise of the judgment in relation to common or everyday matters, unaided by any art or system of rules : out of the common, unusual ; not common : common- council, the governing body of a city or corporate town: common-looking, a. having a plain ordinary appearance : commonplace, ordinary ; neither new nor striking: common place-book, a book in which things wished to be remembered are recorded and ar- ranged under general heads for ready reference: common measure, in arith., a number which will divide each of two or more numbers exactly : com- mon prayer, the liturgy of the Church of Eng- land: Common Pleas, -plez, one of the high courts of law held in Westminster Hall: com'monable, a. -d-bl, held in common: com'monage, n. -aj, the right of pasturing on a common ; the right of using anything in common with others: com'monalty, n. -dl-tl, the common people; all classes and condi- tions of people below the rank of nobility: com'- moner, n. -er, one under the rank of nobility; a mem- ber of the House of Commons; a student of the second rank in the University of Oxford : com'mons, n. plu. -mom, in Great Britain, the lower House of Parliament whose members are elected by the peop" food provided at a common table : short-commo insufficient fare .; stinted diet: Doctors' Commons, ... London, a college for the professors of the civil law having a great registry of wills : com'monty, n. -mon- tl, in Scots law, land belonging to two or more per- sons, generally heath or moorland : common-weal, n. -wet (L. communis and lueal), the public good : com- monwealth, n. -ivelth, the country in which a free and popular government exists; the whole body of the people in a country ; in Eng. Hist., the form of govern- ment established under Oliver Cromwell. commotion, n. kom-m6'shun (L. commotum, to put in violent motion— from con, and motum, to move : It. <-nnn,uirr,re), agitation ; disturbance; tumult of people; confused excitement ; disorder of mind. commune, n. kdm'-mun (F.— see common), in France, the name for a district of country: communal, a. k6m-mu'ndl pert, to a commune. commune, v. kom-mun' (L. communicare, to impart, to share together: It. communicare; F. communi- quer—see common), to talk with particularly ; to con- verse with familiarly and intimately ; to confer ; to have intercourse with one's self in meditation : com- mu'ning, imp. : communed', pp. -mund': communion, n. -mun'yun (L. communio, mutual participation), familiar intercourse between two or more persons ; intimate intercourse or union ; concord ; a body of Christians who have the same tenets of belief and forms of worship ; the celebration of the Lord's Sup- per, or the partaking of it: commu'nicant, n. -nt- kdnt, one who partakes of the sacrament of the Lord's Supper : communicate, v. kom-mu'nl-kat, to impart ; to give to another; to reveal; to give, as informa- tion, &c; to partake of the Lord's Supper; to have a passage or entrance from one place to another; to have intercourse by words, &c. : commu'nica'ting, imp. : commu'nica'ted, pp. : commu'nica'tor, n. one who : commu'nica'tion, n. -ka'-shun, the act of impart- ing or making known ; intercourse by words, letters, or messages ; correspondence ; means of passing from one place to another: commu'nica'tive, a. -kd'tlv, dis- posed to impart or reveal ; unreserved : commu'nica- tiveness,n. : commu'nica'tory, a. -kil'-ter-i, imparting knowledge : commu'nicable, a. -kd-bl, capable of being imparted from one to another: commu'nicably, ad. ■Hit commu'nicableness, n. : commu'nicabirity, n. ■bil'i-ti. communism, n. kom'mu-nlzm (F. commun, com- mon—see common), a state of things in which no separate rights of property exist, all property and substance being held in common ; socialism : com- mu'nist, n. one who advocates that all things should be common property : com'munis'tic, a. -nis-ttk, pert, to communism. community, n. kom-ynu'ni-tl (L. communis, com- mon, ordinary— see common), a body of persons hav- ing common rights and privileges, or common inte- rests—generally limited in its application to the in- habitants of a city, town, or district, or to a society or profession ; the whole body of the people. commute, v. kom-mut' (L. commutare, to alter wholly— from con, together, and muto, I change : It. commutare), to put one thing in the place of another; to mitigate ; to change a penalty or punishment to one less severe : commu'ting, imp. : commu'ted, pp. : com'muta'tion, n. -ta'shun, the giving of one thing for another ; the substitution of a less penalty or punish- ment for a greater: commu'table, a. -mti'td-bl, that may be exchanged: commu'tabil'ity, n. -bU't-ti, the capability of being exchanged one for another: com- mu'tative, a. -td-tlv, relating to exchange : commu- tatively, ad. -II. comose, a. ko'moz(L. coma, hair), in bot, furnished with hairs, as the seeds of the willow ; hairy. compact, a. kom-pdkt' (L. compactus, pressed— from con, and pacta::., driven in, agr< ed upon : It. compatto : F. compacte), firm; close; solid; dense; not diffuse: v. to press closely together ; to join firmly; to make close: compac'ting, imp.: compac'ted, pp.: compac'- ter, n. one who : compaction, n. -pdk'shun, the act of making an agreement : compac'ture, n. -tur, a close union of parts : compactly, ad. -li t compact'ness, n. close union of parts ; firmness ; density: compac'tedly, ad. -li: compac'tedness, n. : compact, n. kom'pdkt, an agreement ; a mutual contract ; any agreement or treaty, company, n. kum'pd-nl (F. compagnie, company: It. compagno, a comrade— from L. con, and panis, bread), a large or small number of persons met to- gether ; a party of persons assembled for social inter- course ; fellowship ; a number of persons united for the purposes of trade, &c. ; a firm ; the crew of a ship, including officers ; a division of soldiers in a foot regi- ment under a captain : to bear company, to go with ; to attend : to keep company with, to associate with ; to go with as an intimate friend frequently or habitually : companion, n. kom-pdn'-yun, one who goes with an- other habitually as a friend ; an associate ; a comrade : compan'ionless, a. without a companion: compan'- ionship, n. fellowship ; company : companionable, a. -. it goes through the whole circle of possible variations of direction between the points N. S. E. and AV. : to compass an object, to go about it or to contrive it : to fetch a compass, to depart from the right line ; to ad- vanee indirectly. compassion, n. kom-pdsh'-un (It. compassione ; F. compassion, compassion— from L. con, and passus, suffered), sorrow excited by the distress or misfor- tunes of another; pity; sympathy; fellow-feeling: compas'sionate, a. -shun-dt, inclined or disposed to compassion; merciful; pitiful; having a tender heart : v. to pity; to commiserate: compas'siona'ting, imp.: compassionated, pp. : compas'sionless, a. : com- passionately, ad. -II. compatible, a. kom-pdt'l-bl (F. compatible; It. com- patibile, suitable, compatible— from L. con, and pa- tior, I suffer), that may exist with ; suitable ; fit ; con- sistent with : compatibility, n. -bll'-Ul, consistency; suitableness ; agreement : compatibly, ad. -l-bll. compatriot, n. kom-pd'-trl-ot (It. compatriota, com- patriot—from L. con, and patria, one's native coun- try), a fellow-patriot: adj. of the same country; of like interests and feelings. compear, v. kom-per' (F. comparoir, to appear in law— from L. con, and pareo, I appear), in Scots laiv, to appear in a court by order, either in person or by counsel : compearing, imp. : compeared', pp. -perd' : compearance, n. -dns. compeer, n. kom-per' (Norm. F. compere— from con, and par, equal), an equal ; a companion or colleague. compel, v. kom-pil' (L. compellere, to drive or force together— from con, andpello, I drive: It. compellere), to force ; to oblige ; to constrain : compelling, imp. : compelled', pp. kom-peld'.- compel'ler, n. one who: compellable, a. -ld-bl, that may be forced: compella- bly, ad. -Id-bll. compendium, n. kom-pen'-dl-um, also compend, n. kom'pend (L. compendium, a shortening: It. com- pendia: F. compendium), an abridgment; a sum- mary; a book containing the substance of a larger work : compen'dious, a. -dl-us, short ; concise ; abridged: compen'diously, ad. -II: compen'dious- ness, n. compensate, v. kom-pSn'sat (L. compensatum, to counterbalance — from con, and penso, I weigh out carefully : It. compensare : F. compenser), to give equal value to ; to recompense ; to make amends for : compensating, imp. : compensated, pp. : compen- sation, n. kom'-pen-su-shun, amends; recompense; what is given to supply a loss or make good a defici- ency; satisfaction: compensative, a. -sd-tlv, also compensatory, a. -sd-ter'-i, making amends. compete, v. kom-pet' (L. competere, to strive after— from «m, and peto, I seek: It. competere: F. corn- peter), to seek or strive for the same thing or position as another ; to strive to be equal : compe'ting, imp. : competed, pp.: competitor, n. -pet'-l-tor, one who competes: competition, n. kom'-pe-tlsh-un, rivalry; strife for superiority; emulation: competitive, a, kom-pet'-i-tiv, in the way of competition ; emulous competltory, a. -ter'-l, acting in competition : com- COMP petent, a. kom'-pl-tent (L. competens, fit, suitable), fit ; suitable; adequate; aMe or <[tuiliiicd : in law, having power or right : com'petence, -tens, also competency, n. -ten-si, fitness; suitableness; sufficiency; legal right or power : competently, ad. -It. compile, v. kom-pll' (F. compiler—- from L. compil- are, to plunder, to rob— from con, and pilo, I pillage : It. compilare), to write or compose ; to select and put together for publication ; to collect and rearrange : compiling, imp. : compiled', pp. -plld' .■ compiler, n. one who : compilation, n. kom'-pl-ld'-shun, a book com- piled; a selection from an author, or from different authors. complacent, a. kdm-pld'-sent (L. complacere, to be pleasing to several at the same time— from con, and piano, I please: It. compiacere: F. completive), civil; agreeable ; having a desire or disposition to please : complacence, n. -sens, also complacency, n. -sen-sl, pleasure ; satisfaction ; cause of pleasure : compla- cential, a. hdm'-pld-s6n-shdl, marked by complacence: com'placen'tially, ad. -II, in an accommodating man- ner: compla'cently, ad. -pla-sent-U, softly; in a com- placent manner. complain, v. kom-pldn' (F. complaindre— from L. con, and plangere, to beat one's breast in agony, to lament aloud), to utter expressions of grief, censure, resentment, uneasiness, or pain ; to murmur ; to find fault; to present an accusation against: complain'- ing, imp. : n. expression or act of complaint : com- plained , pp. -pldnd': complain'er, n. one who : com- plain'ant, n. in law, a prosecutor or plaintiff : com- plaint', n. -plant', expression of grief, regret, &c; mur- muring; fault-finding; a bodily ailment; a charge against any one or a thing, &c. : complain'ingly, ad. -II. complaisant, a. kom'-pld-z&nt' (F. complaisant, affable, courteous— from L. con, and placeo.l please, I delight), pleasing in manners ; courteous ; civil ; polite: com'plaisantly, ad. -ll: complaisance', n. ■idns', desire of pleasing; civility. complement, n. konv-ple-ment (L. complementum, that which fills up or completes— from con, ana pleo, I fill : It. complements : F. complement), a filling up or completing ; that which is wanted to complete or fill up some quantity or thing ; something added by way of ornament: com'plemen'tal, a. -men'-ldl, also com'plemen'tary, a. -m&n'ter-i, supplying a de- ficiency : complementing, n. complete, a. kom-plet' (L. completum, to fill up— from con, and pleo, I fill : It. completo; F. complet, complete, entire), without a flaw; perfect; not defec- tive ; finished ; concluded: v. to finish ; to perfect; to accomplish : completing, imp. : comple'ted, pp. : inline of the Rom. Cath. Church. complex, a. kom'pieks (L. complexus, entwined, en- circled—from con, and plexus, plaited, interwoven), intricate ; composed of two or more parts or things ; not simple ; difficult : com'plexly, ad. -II: complexity, n. kom-pleks'-l-ti, state of being intricate. complexion, n. kom-plek'-shun (L. complexio, a com- bination, a connection : F. complexion, temper, dis- position), the hue or colour of the skin, particularly of the face ; colour of the whole skin ; natural tempera- ment or disposition of the body: complex lonal, a. pert, to : complexlonally, ad. -dl-ll : complex'ioned, a. -shund, having a certain hue of skin or natural tem- perament. compilable, compliant, &c— see comply. complicate, v. kom'-ph • atum, to fold together— from con, and plico, I fold : It. complicare : F. compliguer), to fold and twist together ; to involve ; to entangle ; to make intricate ; to confuse : com'pli- ca'ting, imp. : com'plica'ted, pp. -ka'ted: com'plica'- tion, n. -ka'shun : com'plicate, a. intricate ; confused : com'plicately, ad. -II: complicacy, n. -kd-si, state of being intricate: com'plica'tive, a. -kd-ttv, tending to involve: complicity, n. kdm-plis'-i-tt, state of being an accomplice or sharer in guilt. compliment, n. kom'-pll-ment (L. complere, to fill up : It. complire, to accomplish : F. compliment), an ex- pression of civility, respect, or regard— used in this to praise ; to congratulate ; to address with expres- sions of approbation, esteem, or respect : com'pli- men'ting, imp. : com'plimen'ted, pp. : com'plimen'- ter, n. one who : complimen'tal, also com'plimen'- <,fo~ot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. COMP 102 CONC tary, a. -mSn'-ter-l, containing or expressing civility, respect, or praise : com'plimen'tally, ad. -tai-ll. compline or complin, n. kom'-plin (L. cornplere, to fill up or complete), the last division of the breviary of the R. Cath. Ch. ; the last prayer at night, so called because it fills up or closes the services of the day. comply, v. kdm-pl%' (F. compiler, to bend to: It. complire, to accomplish, to complete— from L. con, and pleo, I fill), to yield to; to fulfil or complete; to accord with ; to be obsequious to : complying, imp. : adj. obsequious ; yielding : complied?, pp. -plld': compli'er, n. one who: compilable, a. -d-bls compli- ance, n. -dns, act of yieldin, submission: compli'- ably, ad. -bit: compliant, a. -tint, bending; yield- ing ; disposed to yield : compli'antly, ad. -U, in a yielding manner. component, n. kom-pO'-nSnt (L. componens, placing or laying together— from con, and pono, I place), a constituent part ; an elementary part of a compound: adj. constituent ; helping to form a compound. comport, v. kmn-port' (F. comporter, to bear, to behave— from L. con, and porto, I bear or carry), to agree with ; to suit ; to behave or conduct : comport'- ing, imp. : comported, pp. : comport'able, a. -d-bl. compose, v. kom-pOz' (F. composer, to compose— from L. con, and positus, placed or set : It. composto, composed), to form one entire body or thing by join- ing together several individuals, things, or parts ; to write as an author ; to calm ; to quiet ; to place or dis- pose in proper form ; to set up types ; to form a piece of music : compo'sing, imp. : composed, pp. kom- pozd': adj. calm; sedate; tranquil; formed; contrib- uted: compo'sedly, ad. -II, sedately; calmly: com- the thing composed ; any mass or body formed by combining together two or more substances; com- bining ideas or thoughl i igii them in order, and committing them to writing ; a book written by an author ; any union, combination, or disposition of parts ; the payment of a part only of a debt in lieu of the full debt ; the sum so paid ; synthesis as opposed to analysis: composing-stick, n. a small instrument in which types are set : composite, a. kom'poz-it, made up of parts; compound; in bot., having the struc- ture of the compositse: composite order, in arch., the last of the five orders of columns, so called from its capital being made up of parts borrowed from the others: composite number, a number that can be measured or divided by other numbers greater than a unit or one : compositive, a. kom-poz'-l-ttv, able or tending to compound : compositor, n. -ter, among printers, one who sets types, and puts them into pages and forms. compositae, n. plu. kom-poz'-l-te (L. compositus, put together, compounded), in bot., the largest natural order of plants, having their flowers arranged in dense heads, as in the daisy, the dandelion, the asters, &c. compost, n. kom'-post (L. con, and positus, put or placed : It. composto, a mixture), a mixture or com- position of various substances for fertilising land ; a kind of plaster or cement. composure, n. kom-po'-zhoor (see compose), a set- tled state of the mind ; calmness ; tranquillity ; se- compound, n. kdm'-pownd (L. componere, to set or place together— from con, and pono, I set or put : probably L. con, and pondus, a weight, a mass), a body formed by the union or mixture of two or more substances or parts: adj. composed of two or more substances ; composed of several parts : compound, v. kom-pownd', to mix or unite two or more substances into one body or mass ; to unite or combine ; to adjust ; to discharge, as a debt by composition; to come to terms: compounding, imp.: compound'ed, pp. : com- pounder, n. one who discharges a debt by certain fixed payments, or by several payments : compound'- able, a. -d-bl. comprehend, v. kom'-pri-h&nd' (L. comprehendere, to lay or catch hold of— from con, and prehendo, I . T.i m in <...-;>::,. i i. n, m/,, , mkre : F. comprendre), to comprise or include ; to contain in the mind ; to con- ceive ; to understand : comprehend ing, imp. : com'- prehend'ed, pp. : com'prehen'sion, n. -h&n'-shun, capacity of the mind to understand ; power of the understanding to receive ideas : comprehensible, a. -hSn'si-bl, intelligible ; that may be comprehended : com'prehensibly, ad. -si-lM: comprehen'sibleness, •si-bl-nes: com'prehen'sive, a. -Mn'-siv, embracing compresso), folds of soft linen cloth used to cover tho dressings of wounds, &c, or to keep them in their proper place and defend them from the air : v. kdm- pris', to crush or force into a smaller bulk ; to pres3 together ; to bring within narrow liinits ; to squeeze : compres'sing, imp. : compressed', pp. -prist': adj. in bot., flattened laterally or lengthwise: compression, n. -prish'-un, the act of forcing into a narrower compass: compres'sible, a. -pris'-sl-bl, that may be squeezed into smaller bulk: compres'sibillty, n. -bll'l-ti, the quality of yielding to pressure : compres'- sive, a. -slv, having the power to compress : compres- sor, n. -sir, that which serves to compress : compres'- sure, n. -prish'-oor, the act or force of bodies pressing together. comprise, v. kom-prlz' (F. compris, included— from L. comprehendere, to comprise, to include), to include within itself; to comprehend ; to contain or embrace : comprising, imp.: comprised', pp. -prlzd': compri'sal, i). -pri'-zdl, the act of comprising. compromise, n. kom'-pro-miz' (F. compromis, agree- ment, treaty— from L. con, and promissus, a promise), an agreement between persons having a dispute, to settle their differences by mutual concessions; an arrangement of differences in a dispute : v. to arrange and settle differences by mutual agreement ; to agree ; to pledge or engage ; to put to hazard by some pre- vious act not to be recalled, as to compromise the honour of a nation : compromising, imp. : compro- mised', pp. -mizd' : com'promi'ser, n. -zer, n. one who. comptrol, v. kon-trol' (same as control, which see): comptroller, n. kon-trol'-ler, a regulator ; a superin- tendent; a supervisor. compulsion, n. kom-pfd'-shun (L. compulsus, driven together— from con, and pulsus, driven— see compel), the act of driving or urging by some kind of force ; constraint of will or action ; the state of being com- pelled: compul'sive, a. -slv, able to compel; having power to compel or constrain by force : compulsively , ad. -It: compul'siveness, n.: compul'sory, a. -ser-l, not of choice ; not voluntary ; having the power to compel : compul'sorily, ad. -II. compunction, n. kom-pungk'-shun (L. compunctio, a pricking— from con, and punctus, pricked or stung : It. compunzione: F. componction), grief, anguish, or remorse from a consciousness of guilt ; the sting of conscience ; repentance : compunc tionless, a. : com- punc'tive, a. -tiv, causing remorse: compunc'tious, a. -shus, repentant ; full of remorse. compurgation, n. kom- pur -g a'- shun (L. compurgo, I purify completely— from con, and purgo, I make clean), the practice of confirming any man's veracity by the testimony of another : compurgator, n. one who. compute, v. kom-puV (L. computare, to sum up, to reckon— from con, and putare, to think or reckon : It. computare: F. compter), to number; to count or reckon ; to throw together several sums or particulars in order to ascertain their collective value; to esti- mate; to calculate: computing, imp.: compu'ted, pp.: computer, n. one who : computable, a. -ta-bl, that can be numbered or reckoned : com'puta'tion, n. -ta- shun, the act of computing or numbering ; the pro- cess by which the sum, quantity, or result of any num- ber of particulars may br ascertained. comrade, n. kom'-rad (F. earner ade, a companion: Sp. camerada), a mate ; an intimate companion ; an associate in occupation. con, kdn (L. cum, with), a prefix, meaning together, with ; con assumes the various forms of co, cog, col, com, cor, according to the commencing letter of the other part of the word of which it forms the pr< " see co. con, Icon (a shortened form of the L. contra, the negative side of a question ; against the phrase pro and con, for and against. con, v. kdn (AS. cunnan; Goth, kunnan, to Sw. kunna, to be able), to fix in the mind by frequent repetition: con'ning, imp.: conned, pp. kond. concatenate, v. kOn-kdt'-S-nat (L. con, together, and catenatus, chained, fettered; catena, a chain), to link together ; to unite in a series or chain, as links of a chain, or ideas in the mind depending on each other: concat'ena'ting, imp.: concat'ena'ted, pp.: concate- nation, n. -na'-shun, a series or successive order of things connected with or depending on each other. er 01 me p,e»x- ttt ;o know : mate mat, far, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; CONC 1 concave, a. kon'kdv (L. concavus, completely hol- low— I'roni con, and ca vus, hollow: It. concavo: F. con- cave), hollow: n. a hollow place scooped out ; the inner surface of any rounded or spherical body— the inside is called the concave surface, the outside the convex surface : concavity, n. -kuv'i-tl, the inner surface of a rounded hollow body ; the hollow place or part in any body: concavo-concave, a. -kd'vo, concave on both sides : concavo-convex, a. concave on one side and convex on the other : con'cavous, a. -kd-viis, hollow ; without angles : con'cavous'ly, ad. -It. conceal, v. kon-sel' (L. con, and celare, to hide), to keep out of sight ; to keep secret ; to cover ; to dis- guise; to dissemble: concealing, imp.: concealed', pp. -seld': conceal'er, n. one who : conceal'able, a. -d-bl, that may be hid or kept close : conceal'ment, n. a keeping close or secret; the act of hiding or with- drawing from sight ; a place of hiding ; a secret place. concede, v. kon-sea (L. concedere, to depart, to yield— from con, and cedere, to yield: It. concedere: F. conceder), to yield ; to admit as true, just, or pro- per; to surrender: conce'ding, imp.: conce'ded, pp. conceit, n. kon-set' (It. concetto ; F. concept, an imagi- nation, anything conceived: L. concept um, to perceive, to become pregnant), an opinion ; a pleasant fancy; an affected expression or forced allusion ; an imagina- tion of one's own importance : conceit'ed, a. vain ; full of self-esteem : conceit'edly, ad. -IX : conceit'ed- ness, n. vanity ; the state of being filled with too high an opinion of self : conceive, v. kon-sev', to form in the mind ; to imagine ; to understand or comprehend ; to think ; to receive into the womb ; to breed : con- ceiving, .imp.: conceived', pp. -sevd' : conceiv'er, n. one who: conception, n. -sep'shun, the act of con- ceiving or being comx-ived ; image or idea in the mind; view, sentiment, or thought : conceiv'able, a. -d-bl, that may be understood or believed: concerV- ably, ad. -bit: conceiv'ableness, n. concentrate, v. kon-sCn'-trdt or kon'- (It. concen- trare ; F. concentrer, to meet in one centre— from L. con, and centrum, the middle point), to bring to one point; to bring to a common centre ; to cause to come nearer to a common point or centre ; to increase the weight or specific gravity of a body: concentrating, imp.: concen'trated, pp.: con'centra'tion, n. -tru'-shiin, the act of bringing nearer together ; collection into one point or centre ; the act of reducing to a smaller bulk : concen'trative, a. -tlv, tending to condense or hold to- gether: concen'trativeness, n. in phren., one of the organs of the brain : concentre, v. k6n-s&n'-tir, to come to a point ; to bring to a centre : concen'tring, imp.: concen'tred, pp. -terd: concen'tric or concen- trical, a. -trlk or -trl-kdl, having a common centre, as circles or circular layers within each other : con'- centriclty, n. -trls'Ul. concept, n. kon'-sUpt (L. conceptum, the thing con- ceived—see conceit), object conceived by the mind ; mental representation: concep'tive, a. -sep'-tlv, cap- able of conceiving ; active in conceiving : concep- tualism, n. -tu-dl-izm, in mental phil., the doctrine that conceptions are the only universals : concep'- tualist, n. -d-Ust, one who maintains that conceptions are the only universals. conception, n. kon- sep'shun— see under conceit. conceptacle, n. kdn-sep'-ta-kl(~L. conceptacuhim, that which serves for receiving), that in which anything is contained; in bot., a hollow sac containing a tuft or cluster of spores. concern, n. kon-sent (F. concerner; It. concernere, to concern— from L. con, and cernere, to see, to sepa- rate), that which relates or belongs to one ; business, interest, or affair; anxiety; careful regard; a busi- ness or those connected with it : v. to relate or belong to ; to interest or affect ; to be of importance to ; to take an interest in: concerning, imp.: concerned', pp. -sernd'-. concern'ment.n.: concern'edly, ad. -Sd-ll: concern'ing, prep, in regard to ; about ; relating to. concert, v. kon-serf (It. concerto; F. concert, con- cert, agreement : L. con, and serturn, to join together, to interweave), to contrive and settle bymutual agree- ment ; to strive in union for a common purpose : con- certing, imp.: concert'ed, pp.: adj. planned by per- sons acting in union : con'cert, n. the union of two or more in effecting a common design or plan ; agree- ment in a scheme ; a number of performers playing or singing the same piece of music in harmony ; a musi- cal entertainment : con'cert-pitch, the elevation of a given note of an instrument, by which the other notes are regulated; concer'to, n. (It), a musical composi- CONC kon'-scr-tC'-nd, a musical instr., so called from the har- monious richness of its tones. concession, n. kon-sgsh'-iin (L. concessio, an allow- ing, a granting— from con, and cessus, yielded. It. concessione: F. concessiori), the act of yielding or con- ceding ; the thing yielded ; a grant ; acknowledgment by way of apology: concessi'onar'y, a. -er'-i, giving way to by indulgence; yielding: concessi'onist, n. one favourable to concession: conces'sive, a, -sSs'slv, implying concession: conces'sively, ad. -slv-ll: con- ces'sory, a. -scr-l, conceding; yielding. conch, n. kongk (L. concha, a shell: Gr. kongche: It. conca: F.conquc), a shell: conchifer.n. kdng-'ki-f.'r(h. fero, I bear or carry), an animal covered with a shell ; a bivalve : conchifera, n. plu. kdng-klf'-er-d, or con- chifers, n. plu. an extensive class of bivalve shell-fish, including the oyster, the mussel, the cockle, and the scallop : conchif'erous, a. -us, producing or having shells: conchite, n. kong'-klt, a fossil shell: conchitlc, a. -klt'-lk, composed of shells; containing shells in abundance: conchoi'dal, a. -km/dnl (Gr. tidos, form), shell-like— applied to that peculiar fracture of rocks and minerals which exhibits concave and convex sur- faces resembling shells : conchoid, n. kong'kdijd, a mathematical curve of a shell-like form : conchom eter, n. -kom-6-ter (Gr. metron, a measure), an instrument for measuring the angle of the spires of shells : con- cho-spiral, a kind of spiral curve as seen in shells : conchol'ogy, n. -kol'-o-jl (Gr. logos, a discourse), the natural history of shells and their inhabitants : con- chol'ogist, n. -6-jlst, one who : con'chologlcal, a. -ko-ioj'-l-kdl, pert, to: conchylaceous, a. kong'-kl-ld- shus, of or pert, to shells. concierge, n. kon'-sl-erf (¥.), a housekeeper; keeper of a prison or a palace. conciliate, v. kon-sll'-l-dt (L. conciliatum, to join together, to unite : It. concilia re -. F. concilier), to win or gain, as the affections or goodwill ; to reconcile or bring to a state of friendship persons or parties for- merly at enmity or variance : conciliating, imp. : conciliated, pp.: concil'ia'tor, n. one who: conciT- ia'tion, n. -d'-shun, the act of gaining back favour, esteem, or affection : conciliatory, a. -ter'i, tending to conciliate. concise, a. kon-sls' (L. concisus, cut off, brief— from con, and cccdo, I cut), brief; short; comprehensive; containing few words: concisely, ad. -U: concise'- ness, n. brevity in speaking or writing: concisi'on, n. -slsh'un, a cutting off; the Jews in the N. T. who ad- hered to the rites of the law. conclave, n. kon'-kldv (L. conclave, a room, a cham- ber—from con, and clavis, a key: It. and F. conclave), that which is locked up ; the meeting of cardinals for the election of a pope when they are shut up for that purpose ; any close assembly. conclude, v. kon-klod' (L. concludere, to shut up; conclusus, shut up— from con, and claudo, I shut : It. concludere: F. conclure), to infer; to decide or deter- mine ; to close or finish ; to end ; to form an opinion : conclu'ding, imp : adj. final ; closing: conclu'ded.pp.: conclu'sion, n. -klo'-zhun, end; close; inference or consequence; final determination or judgment: con- clu'sive, a. -ztv, final; decisive: conclu'sively, ad. -II: conclu'siveness, n. the quality of being decisive. concoct, v. kon-kokt' (L. concoctio, digestion— from con, and coctum, to prepare by fire, to cook : F. con- coction), to digest, as food in the stomach ; to purify ; to refine ; to form and mature in the mind ; to plan or devise, as a scheme : concoc'ting, imp.: concoc'ted, pp. : concoc'tion, n. -kok'shun, the change which food undergoes in the stomach ; maturation by heat ; the process of purifying : concoc'ter, n. one who plans : concoc'tive, a. -tlv, having the power of digesting. concomitant, a. kon-kom'-i-tdnt (L. concomitans, attending— from con, and comitans, following, attend- ing: F. concomitant: It. o rmjoined with; accompanying : n. an attendant ; that which accom- panies ; a person or thing collaterally connected : con- comitantly, ad. -II: concomitance, n. -i-tans, also concomltancy, n. -tan-sl, the being conjoined with another thing. concord, n. kong'kawrd (L. concordia, agreement — from con, and cor, the heart : It. concordia: F. Con- corde), agreement; harmony; union; peace; agree- ment or proper relation of words in a sentence ; har- mony of two or more sounds in music : concor'dance, n. -kor'ddns, an index or dictionary of the words and cdiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. CONC 104 CONE phrases, and sometimes of passages, of the Scriptures, with the book, chap., and verse in which they occur: concor'dant, a. agreeing ; corresponding : concor- dantly, ad. -It: concor'dancy, n. -dun-si: concordat, n. kon-kdr'dat, a treaty or compact between a sove- reign and the pope ; a convention. concourse, n. kong'kors (L. concursus, a meeting together — from con, and cursum, to run : It. concorso : F. concours), a running together ; confluence ; an assembly of men or things. concrescence, n. kon-kres'ens (L. concrescere, to prow strong— from con, and crescere, to grow), growth or increase ; the act of growing by the spontaneous union of separate particles: concres cible, a. -i-bl, capable of congealing. concrete, a. kong'kret (L. concretus, grown together, hardened— from con, and cretum, to grow: It. con- creto: F. concret), united in growth ; formed by mass- ing several things together ; having a real existence ; not abstract, but applied to a subject— as white, ab- stract, white sugar, concrete : n. acompound ; any mass formed of lime, sand, pebbles, &c. : v. kon-kret', to unite or form into one mass ; to congeal or grow hard : concre'ting, imp. : concre'ted, pp. : concretely, ad. -It: concrete'ness, n. : concre'tion, n. -kre'shua, the act of growing together ; a mass formed by the union of various parts adhering to each other : concre'tive, a. -kre'tlv, causing or tending to concrete : concre'- tional, a. -kre'shun-dl, also concre'tionary, a. -shun- er-i, pert, to; made up of concretions : concretionary deposits, in geol., chemically formed deposits, gener- ally arising from calcareous and silicious springs: concrete number, a number applied to a particular object— as three men, six months. concubine, n. kong'ku-bin (L. concubina, a concu- bine — from con, andcw&o, I lie down: It. concubina: F. concubine), a woman who lives with a man without being married ; an inferior wife : concu'binage, n. -bi-ndj, living together without marriage : concu'binal, a. -bi-ndl, pert. to. concupiscence, n. kon-ku'-pls-s6ns (L. concupiscens, longing much for— from con, and cupio, I desire : It. concupiscenza ; F. concupiscence, lust), desire for un- lawful pleasure : concupiscent, a. lustful. concur, v. kon-'ker' (L. concurrere, to run together— from con, and curro, I run : It. concorrere : F. concourir), to meet in the same point ; to agree or unite in action or opinion ; to combine ; to coincide : concurring, imp.: concurred', pp. -kurd': concurrent, a. -kur'-rent, act- ing in conjunction; conjoined; united; associated: n. that which concurs ; contributory cause : concur- rently, ad. II: concurrence, n. -6ns, agreement or union in action or opinion ; consent. concussion, n. kon-kush'un (L. concussio, a shaking — from con, and quassum, to shake : It. concussione), the shock caused by two bodies coming into sudden and violent contact; state of being shaken ; agitation: concus'sive, a. -kus'siv, having the power or quality of shaking: concussed', pp. a. -kiist', shaken or driven. condemn, v. kon-dim' (L. condemnare, to condemn, to blame— from con, and damnare, to bring damage or loss upon: It. condennare: F. conda miner), to pro- nounce guilty ; to censure ; to blairn to srin.oon- to punishment ; to declare to be unfit for use or service : condemn'ing, imp. -dem'ing: condemned', pp. -demd'-. condem'nable, a. -nu-bl, that may be condemned; blamable : con'demna'tion, n. -na'-shun, the act of condemning; the act of declaring one guilty; the cause or reason for condemning: condem'natory, a. -nd-ter-l, tending to, or containing something worthy of censure. condense, v. kon-dSns' (L. conclensare, to condense — from con, and densus, close, thick : It. condensare : F. condenser), to make more close, thick, or compact ; to make close by pressure ; to compress or reduce into a smaller compass; to grow or become thick: adj. thick ; close : conden'sing, imp. : condensed', pp. -denstt '.- condense'ly, ad. -II: conden'sity, n. -sl-tl: conden'ser, n. -sir, he or that which ; a vessel for con- densing vapour: conden'sable, a. -sd-bl, capable of being condensed : condensation, n. kon'din-sd'-shuti, the act of making nmn: dense or compact. condescend, v. kon'de-send' (L. con, and descendere, to descend : It. condescendere ; F. condescendre, to condescend), to do some act of courtesy or kindness to an inferior as if an equal ; to stoop or descend ; to submit ; to yield : con'descend'ing, imp.: con'descend- ad. -II: con'descen'dence, n. -dins, in Scot, law, a distinct written statement of the facts in dispute, to be laid before the court ; a written pleading. condign, a. kon-din' (L. condignus, wholly deserv- ing: F. condigne, appropriate), deserved; merited — applied to punishment : condign'ly, ad. -II: condign- ness, n. : condig'nity, n. -dlg'ni-ti, merit; desert. condiment, n. kon'dl-ment (L. condimentum, sea- soning: It. condimento: F. condiment), seasoning for food ; sauce ; pickle. condition, n. kon-dlsh'-un (L. conditio, external position, situation : F. condition), a particular mode or state of being ; a disposition of body or mind ; order, rank, or quality ■<• ■ ■■ < meat; something laid down as essential : conditional, a. -un-dl, containing or depending on certain terms ; not absolute : con- ditionally, ad. -It: conditi'onal'ity, n. -dl'iti, the quality of being conditional or limited: conditioned, a. -und, having certain qualities— preceded by such words as good, well, bad; in rneta., having conditions or relations. condole, v. kon-dol' (L. con, and dolere, to grieve), to grieve with another in distress or misfortune ; to sympathise : condoling, imp. : condoled', pp. -dOldf: condo'lator'y, a. ld-ter'-l, expressing condolence: con- do'ler, n. one who: condole'ment, n. : condolence, n. -16ns, grief or pain of mind excited and expressed by the distress or misfortunes of another. condor, n. kon'dor (Sp. condor), a large bird of prey— the vulture of S. Amer. conduce, v. kon-dus' (L. conducere, to bring or lead together— from con, and ducere, to lead : It. conducere: F. conduire), to lead or tend to ; to contribute : condu- cing, imp.: conduced', pp. -diisd': condu'cible.a. -sl-bl, leading or tending to: condu'eibly, ad. -bit: condu'- cibleness, n.: conducive, a. kon-du'siv, that may con- tribute; having a tendency to promote: condu'eive- ness, n. the qua I ! >1 riding bo promote. conduct, n. kon'dukt (L. conduction, to lead together —from con, and ductum, to lead : F. conduite, beha- viour), personal behaviour; mode of life; manage- ment; guidance; escort: v. kon-dukf, to bring along or guide ; to behave, as one's self ; to direct ; to point out the way ; to manage ; to lead or command ; to transmit-: conducting, imp. : conduc'ted, pp. conduc'tor, n. masc, conduc'tress, fern, one who: conduc'tion, n. -shun, transmission through a con- ductor : conduc'tor, n. a body that receives and com- municates to another body electricity or heat ; a lightning-rod; conduc'tit -''i, capacity conducting. conduit, n. kun'dlt or kon', (F. conduit— from L. con, and ductum,, to lead or conduct), a canal or pipe for the conveyance of water ; a channel ; a surface- drain. conduplicate, a. kon-du'pU-kdt (L. con, and du- plico, I double), doubled ; folded upon itself. condyle, n. kon'dll (Gr. kondulos, a knuckle, a knob), a rounded projection at the end of a bone; a knuckle : con'dyloid, a. -di-loyd (Gr. eidos, form), re- semblingacoiii>ji< i ..■a.iua.ble; moderately large: consid'erably, ad. -d-bll: consid'erableness, n. db-l-n&s: considerate, a. kon-sld'-er-ut, thoughtful; careful ; prudent ; having regard to : consid'erate'ly, ad. -II: consid'erate'ness,n.: consid'era'tion, n. -a'- shun, mature thong] it; ivilection; regard; claim to notice ; that which induces to an agreement, as in a contract or bargain : considering, a. deliberative ; reflective : prep, taking into account ; making allow- ance for— as in the sentence, " It is not possible to act otherwise, considering the weakness of our nature " : consid'eringly, ad. -II. consign, v. kon-sln' (L. consignare, to put one's seal to— from con, and sigmirn, a seal or stamp : It. con- signare; F. consigner, to consign), to send, transfer, or deliver ; to commit or intrust to ; to intrust goods to another for sale : consigning, imp. : consigned', pp. -slnd' : consigner, n. one who : consignment, n. the act of sending committing for safe keeping or management ; goods sent for sale : consignee, n. kon- sl-ne", the person to whom goods are intrusted or sent for sale; afactor: consignor or -er, n. kon-sl'-ner, he who consigns goods to others for sale, &c. consist, v. kon-slst' (L. consistere, to make to stand —from con, and sistere, to cause to stand : It. con- sistere : F. consister), to be composed of ; to be made up of; to stand or he in : consisting, imp.: consisted, pp.: consis'tent, a. uniform; not contradictory or opposed ; agreeing : consis'tently, ad. -II : consis'- tence, n. -sis-tens, also consis'tency, n. -(en-si, degree of density or firmness of a body ; agreement or har- mony in all parts ; conduct in harmony with profes- sion : to consist with, to agree ; to be in accordance with. consistory, n. kon-sls'-Ur-l (see consist), a spiritual court ; the court held by a bishop in his diocese for the trial of ecclesiastical causes ; the college of Cardi- nals at Rome ; a council or assembly of ministers and elders : con si i l-dl, pert, to : con'sisto'- rian, a. -to'-rl-dn, relating to an order of Presbyterian console, n. kon'-sol (F. console — from L. con, and solidus, solid), an ornamental bracket carved in wood or stone for supporting a cornice ; an ornament, as on the key-stone of an arch ; a small fancy side-table. console, v. kon-sol' (L. consolari, to comfort greatly —from con, and solari, to comfort : It. consolare : F. consoler), to comfort ; to cheer the mind in distress or depression; to soothe: consoling, imp.: adj. adapted to console or comfort : consoled', pp. -sold': consoler, n. -ler, one who: conso'lable, a. -ld-bl, that may be comforted: con'sola'tio n j Id'shUn the act of com- forting, cheering, or soothing the mind ; refreshment of mind or spirits : consol'atory, a. -sol'd-ter-l, tend- ing to soothe or impart comfort. consolidate, v. kon-sol'l-ddt (L. consolidatum, to make very solid— from con, and solidus, solid : It. consolidare: F. consolider), to form into a compact mass ; to make dense and firm ; to unite or combine into one ; to bring together separate parts, as of a broken bone ; to grow firm and hard: consolidating, imp. : consolidated, pp.: consolidation, n. -da-shun, the act of making firm or solid; the act of uniting two or more parts or things into one : consolldant, n. -ddnt, a medicine that unites I he parts of wounded flesh and heals: adj. having the quality of uniting wounds or forming new flesh : consollda'tive, a. -da' tiv, having the quality of healing or rendering com- pact. consols, n. plu. kon-solz' or kon'- (contr. from con- solidate), most of the large sums of money borrowed by the nation at various times on different terms con- solidated or brought together into one scheme, bear- ing the same rate of interest, 3 per cent, for which an act was passed in 1751— the whole public debts of the nation are called stocks. consonant, a. kon'-so-ndnt (L. consonans, a con- sonant—from con, and sono, I sound: It. consonante: F. consonnant), agreeing ; according ; consistent ; suitable : n. a letter which cannot be sounded without a vowel: con'sonantly, ad. -II: consonance, n. -ndns, and con'sonan'cy, n. -nan'-sl, accord or agreement in sounds; agreement; consistency: con'sonants, n. plu. the letters of the alphabet which cannot be unded, or but imperfectly, without the aid of the letters a, e, i, o, u, sometimes w, y, called vowels: con'sonous, a. -nus, agreeing in sound : con'sonan'tal, i. -ndn'-tul, pert, to a consonant. consort, n. kon'-sort (L. consors, having an equal bare with another— from con, and sors, lot, condi- tion : It. consorte; F. consorts, partners), a companion or partner; a wife or husband— applied to those in exalted station; union; one ship keeping company with another : v. kon-sort', to associate ; to keep com- pany with: consorting, imp.: consort'ed, pp.: con- sortship, n. conspicuous, a. kon-splk'-u-Hs (L. conspicuus, that is or comes in view, visible— from con, and specio, I see : It. conspicuo), easy to be seen by the eye ; obvious to the mind; prominent; eminent: distinguished: con- spicuously, ad. -u-us-ll: conspic'uousness, n. open- ness to view ; extensively known and distinguished. conspire, v. kon-spir' (L. conspirare. to blow to- gether—from con, and spirare, to breathe, to blow: It. conspirare: F. conspirer), to band together to commit crime ; to plot ; to hatch treason ; to combine for an unlawful purpose ; to concur to one end: con- spi'ring, imp. : conspired', pp. -splrd': conspiracy, n. -splr'-d-si, a plot; two or more persons engaged to- gether for an unlawful or evil purpose : conspirator, n. -ter, one who engages in a conspiracy: conspi- ringly, ad. -spl'-rlng-ll. constable, n. kun'-std-bl (L. comes stabuli, the atten- dant or count of the stable— hence master of the horse, whose duty it was to preserve public order: It. con- testabile, a const a b]o), once a, high officer of the Crown, now a peace-officer ; a policeman: con'stableship, n.: constablery, n. kun'-.td-bh , -i, the body or jurisdiction of constables : con'stablewick, n. -vAk, the district to which a constable is limited: constab'ulary, a. -stdb; u-ler-l, pert, to or consisting of constables: n. the body of constables in a district : high constables, a standing body of citizen:- . . ith'special powers for preserving order: special constables, a body of citizens appointed to act on special emergencies. constant, a. kon' stunt (L. constans, standing firm — from con, and stans, standing : It. costante : F. con- stant), firm; fixed; unchanged; steadfast; unchange- able, as in mind, purpose, affection, or principle ; de- termined; invariably the same: n. that vfhi'^ ~ mains unchanged: con'stantly, ad. -II: con's n. -stdn-sl, fixedness ; unshaken determinatior ing affection. constellation, n. kon'-stel-ld'-shun (L. consteli group of stars— from con, and stella, a star : F. c lotion), a cluster or group of stars called by a partici lar name ; an assemblage of beauties or excellencies. consternation, n. kon'- ster-nd'- shun (L. consternatio, dismay, alarm — from con, and sternere, to throw down, to prostrate: It. costernazione : F. consterna- tion), amazement that produces confusion and terror ; a state of horror that unfits for action; excessive wonder or surprise. constipate, v. kdn'-stl-pdt (L. conslipatum, to press closely together— from con, and stipare, to stuff or cram : It. costipare ; F. constiper), to cram into a nar- row compass; to thicken; to crowd the intestinal canals to make costive : con'stipa'ting, imp.: consti- pa'ted, pp. : con'stipa'tion, n. -pd'-shun, the act of crowding or pressing anything into a smaller compass : constituent, a. kon-stlt'-u-Snt (L. constituens, putting or placing together— from con, and statuens, setting up: It. constituente : F. constituant), necessary or essential; elemental: n. an essential or component part: that which constitutes or composes; a voter for a member of Parliament : constituency, n. -Sn-st, the whole body of electors within certain limits, as a town or county : constitute, v. kon'-sti-tiit, to set up or establish ; to make ; to appoint ; to empower : con'- stitu'ting, imp.: con'stitu'ted, pp.: con'stitu'ter, n. one who: con'stitu'tion, n. -tu'-shun, the natural frame of body of any human being or any animal ; the peculiar temper of the mind, passions, or affections ; the peculiar character or structure of anything, as of air ; the established form of government in a country ; a particular law or regulation : con'stitu'tional, a. -dl, inherent in the natural frame of the body or mind ; legal; relating to the constitution of a country: n. in familiar language, a brisk walk taken for preserving bodily health: con'stitu'tionally, ad. -li: con'stitu'- tionalist, n. -dl-ist, a friend to an existing constitu- tion or government ; the framer or friend of a new mate, mdt,ftir, laYv; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; CONS 109 CONT constitution ; also con'stitu'tioriist, n.: con'stitu'tive, a. -tu-tlv, that constitutes or forms; having power to enact : con'stitu'tively, ad. -ft. constrain, v. kon-strdn' (L. constringere, to draw or bind together— from con, and stringere, to bind, to strain : It. costringere ; F. contraindre, to constrain), to force or compel ; to press or urge with a force suffi- cient to produce a desired effect": constraining, imp.: constrained', pp. -strand': constrain edly, ad. -Sd-ll: constrain'able, a. -dbl, that may be forced or re- pressed: constraint', n. -strunf, any force or power, physical or moral, that compels to do or keeps from doing; urgency. constrict, v. kon-strlkf (L. consfrictus, drawn or bound together— see constrain), to draw together ; to bind; to draw into a narrow compass : constricting, imp. : constricted, pp. : adj. tightened or contracted: constrictor, n. that which contracts or draws to- gether; a large species of serpent, as the boa constric- tor: constric'tion, n. -strik'-shun, a contracting or drawing together. constringe, v. kOn-s'rinj' (see constrain), to con- tract ; to force into a narrow compass : constring'ing, imp.: constringed', pp. -strlnjd': constrin'gent, a. -strln'jent, having the property of contracting or drawing together. construct, v. kon-strukf (L. construct io, the building of anything— from con, and structum, to pile up, to build: It. costruzione : F. construction), to form or build ; to compose and put in order ; to make ; to in- vent: construc'ting, imp.: constructed, pp.: con- structor, n. one who: construc'tion, n. -striik'shu?i, the thing formed or built; the proper arrangement and connection of words in a sentence; the sense, meaning, or interpretation, as of the words of another, &c. ; the manner of drawing figures or diagrams in mathematics: constructional, a. -al, pert, to: con- structive, a. -tlv, not exactly expressed but inferred: constructively, ad. -ll : construe tiveness, n. inphren., the faculty of the mind that produces a desire to con- struct or form. construe, v. kon'strd (L. construcre, to construct, to make: F. audit, construire—see construct), in a dead or foreign language, to arrange words in their natural order and to translate them ; to interpret; to explain; con'struing, imp. : construed, pp. -strod. constuprate, v. kon'stil-prdt (L. constupratum, to violate— from con, and stupro, I ravish), to violate the person of; to ravish: con'stupra tion, n. -prd'- shim. consubstantial, a. kon'suh-sfdr'shid (L. consubstan- tialis — from con, and substantia, substance or matter), having the same substance, essence, or nature : con- substan'tially, ad. -ft: con'substan'tiate, v. -shl-at, to unite in one common substance or nature : con 'sub- stantiating, imp.: con'substan'tia'ted, pp.: con'- substan'tia'tion, n. -shl-d'shiin, according to the fol- lowers of Luther, a substantial though mysterious union of the body and blood of our Lord with the bread and wine of the sacrament after consecration ; con'substan'tial'ity, n. -shi-dl'l-tl, the existence of more than one in the same substance : con'substan'- tialist, n. -ist, one who. consuetude, n. kon'-swe-tud (L. consuetudo, habit, use— from con, and suetum, to be accustomed, to be wont), custom; usage: con'suetud'inary, a. -tud'-i- ner-l, customary; derived from use and wont; from time immemorial. consul, n. kon'siil (L. consul— from consulo, I con- sider, I deliberate : It. console ; F. consul, a consul), in anc. Rome, a person elected to exercise sovereign power in the state— there being two of them chosen annually; a person chosen to represent a sovereign in a foreign state, and to look after the interests of his country in that state: consular, a. -sii-Mr, pert, to the power or dignity of a consul : consulship, n. the office: con'sulate, n. -su-lat, the office, jurisdiction, or residence of a consul : consulage, n. -Idj, a duty laid on imports and exports by the consul of a port. consult, v. Jcon-sulf (L. considtare, to consider maturely : It. consultare : F. consulter), to seek the opinion of another; to ask advice of; to seek for in- formation in, as in books ; to have regard to, in acting or judging: consult'ing, imp. : consult'ed, pp. : con- sul'ter, n. one who: con'sulta'tion, n. -t a- shun, a meeting of two or more persons for deliberation on some matter: consul'tative, a. -td-tiv, having the privilege of consulting. ~ " '. kdn-sum' (L. consumere, to from con, and sumere, to take : It. a sumer), to destroy by separating the parts ; to eat or devour ; to squander or waste ; to spend idly, as time ; to become wasted; to bring to utter ruin: consu- ming, imp.: consumed', pp. -sumd': consumer, n. one who: consu'mable, a. -sii'md-bl, that may be destroyed, wasted, or dissipated, as by fire : consumption, n. kon-sum'-shun (L. con, and suwptum, to take), the act of consuming ; a wasting away of the body by disease, generally understood of "the lungs ; the use of the pro- ducts of industry: consumpt, n. kon'-sumt (contr. of consumption), the use of any product of industry, as the consumpt of grain, of tea, &c. : consumptive, a. ■sum-tic, wasting; exhausting; affected with disease of the lungs: consumptively, ad. -ll: consump tive- ness, n. consummate, a. kdn-siim'mdt (L. consummare, to accomplish, to finish— from con, and summa, the sum- mit, completion: F. consommer), complete; perfect; finished: v. kon'-sum-mdt or kdn-sum'-, to complete; to finish; to effect a purpose : con summa'ting, imp.: consummated, pp.: consum'mately, ad. -ft; con- summation, n. -md'-shun, completion; end of the present system of tilings ; end of life. contact, n. kon'-tdkt (L. contactus, touch, contact— from con, and tactus, touched: It. contatto: F. con- tact), the touching or close union of bodies ; touch. contagion, n. kontd'jun (L. contagio, contact, touch— from con, and tangere, to touch: It. conta- aione: F. contagion), the communication of a disease by contact or touch ; the subtile or virulent matter proceeding from the bodies of diseased persons im- parting the same diseases to others— the latter strictly applies to infection, and the former to contagion ; that which propagates evil or mischief: conta'gious, a. •jus, producing disease by contact or near approach ; containing that which may be propagated, as mis- chief or some affection of the mind: conta'giously, ad. -ll : conta'giousness, n. : conta'gionist, n. one who believes in the contagious character of certain diseases. contain, v. kon-tdn' (L. continere, to hold or keep together — from con, and tenere, to hold), to be able to hold ; to have capacity ; to comprehend ; to hold within limits; to include; to embrace; to inclose: contain'ing, imp. : contained', pp. -land': contain- able, a. -d-bl, that may be contained. contaminate, v. kon-tdm'-l-ndt (L. contaminatum, to defile : It. contaminare : F. contaminer), to pollute or defile; to render impure; to sully; to taint: adj. corrupt by base mixture : contam ina'ting, imp. : contaminated, pp.: contamination, n. -nd'shun, pollution ; defilement : contam'ina'tive, a. -nu'-ttv, sjto make impure. contankerous, a. kon-tdng'-Mr-us (originally a. slang word), querulous ; very contentious ; perverse ; more frequently spelt cantankerous. contemn, v. kon-tem' (L. contemnere, to value little —from con, and temnere, to despise : It. contennere), to look upon as mean and despicable ; to treat with scorn ; to despise ; to reject with disdain : contemn- ing, imp.: contemned', pp. -Umd': contemn'er, n. -tCm'-'lr, one who. contemplate, v. kon-tim'-pldt (L. contemplatus, viewed attentively— from con, and templum, a placo for observation on every side: It. contemplare; F. contempler, to contemplate), to view with continued attention ; to study ; to meditate on or ponder over ; to intend or design ; to muse : contemplating, imp.: contem'plated, pp.: contem'plator, n. one who: contem'platist, n. one who : con'templa'tion, n. -pld- shun, study; meditation; the act of considering any- thing attentively : contem'plative, a. -pla-iiv, given to study and reflection; thoughtful: contem'pla- tively, ad. -ft .- contem'plativeness, n. contemporaneous, a. kon-t&m'-po-rd'-ni-us, also co- tempora'neous, a. ko- (L. contemporaneus, a contem- porary—from con, and tempus, time), living or being at the same time : contem'pora'neously, ad. -ft .- con- temporaneousness, n., also contem'porane'ity, n. -po-rd-ne'-i-ti, state of being contemporaneous: con- temporary, a. -po-rer-l, also cotem'porary, a. being or existing at the same time : n. one who lives at the same time with another. Note.— In the spelling of these words, usage is now in favour of con rather than co. contempt, n. kon-temf (L. contempfvs, despised— from con, and temnere, to despise), the act of despis- '—; the act of viewing or treating as utterly mean, cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. CONT 110 CONT vile, and worthless ; disobedience or disrespect to a ■■mi n.i.:.i m .' i ."I. h,: grace; shame: contemptible, a. -tem'-ti-bl, worthy of scorn or disdain ; mean ; vile ; despicable : contemp tibly, ad. -tl-bll : contemp'tibleness, n. -bl-n6s : contemp'tuous, a. -tem'-tu-us, showing or expressing contempt or disdain ; haughty ; insolent : contemp'tuously, ad. -ll : con- temp'tuousness, n. contend, v. kon-t&nd' (L. contendere, to strain vio- lently—from con, and tendere, to stretch : It. conten- dere), to strive; to struggle in opposition; to dispute earnestly ; to debate ; to strive to obtain ; to quarrel : contending, imp. : contended, pp. : conten'der, n. one who : contention, n. -tgn'shun (L. con, and ten- turn, to stretch, to strive), strife ; violent struggle or effort to obtain something quarrel; strife in words: conten'tious, a. -shiis, quarrelsome ; given to angry debate; litigious: conten'tiously, ad. -ll: conten'- content, a. kon-tent' (L. contentus, contented, satis- fied—from con, and tentus, held, kept within limits : It. contento: F. content), held or contained within limits; quiet; having a mind easy or satisfied: n. rest or quietness of mind ; satisfaction and ease of mind; acquiescence ; measure or capacity: v. to make quiet ; to satisfy the mind; to please; to gratify: content'- ing, imp. : content'ed, pp. : content'edly, ad. -II i content'edness, n. : content'ment, n. -mint, quiet; satisfaction of mind: content'less, a. dissatisfied: content' and non-content', words used by the Lords in their House of Parliament to express— the former approval, and the latter disapproval,— the former being equivalent to ay or yes n< bh< latter to no: con- tents, n. plu. lOn-tin/s' or Ion', that which is held or contained within a limit; the heads of a book; an index. contention, contentious, &c— see under contend. conterminous, a. or coterminous, a. kon- or ko-ter' ml-nus (L. conterminus, bordering upon — from con, and terminus, a limit or border), bordering upon; touching at the boundary; contiguous: conter'nunal, a. bordering upon. contest, v. kon-test' (L. contestari, to call to witness —from con, and testis, a witness: It. contest are. ; F. contester, to contest), to dispute ; to struggle or strive earnestly ; to litigate ; to oppose ; to emulate : n. kon-test, struggle ; conflict ; dispute : contesting, imp.: contest'ed, pp.: adj. disputed: contestable, a. -tSs'-td-bl, that may be called in question or dis- puted: con'testa'tion, n. -td'-shun, joint testimony: contes'tingly, ad. -ll. context, n. kon-tekst (L. contexti i con, and textus, woven : It. contesto : F. contexte), the parts in a discourse or book immediately preceding or following the sentence quoted; in Scrip., the verses coming before or after a verse or text by which its sense may be determined or affected : con- tex'ture, n. teks'-tur, the composition of the parts of anything ; the character of the component parts of a body ; constitution : contex'tural, a. -tu-ral, pert, to the contexture : contex'tured, a. -turd, woven. contiguity, n. kon'-tl-gu'-l-tl (L. contiguus, very near— from con, and tango, I touch : It. contiguo : F. contigu), actual contact of bodies ; nearness of situa- tion or place: contiguous, a. -% : w- us, touching; close together; neighbouring; adjoining: contiguously, ad. -II: contig uousness, n. -us-nSs. continent, a. kon'-tl-nent (L. continens, that restrains his passions— from con, and tenens, holding: It. con- tinente: F. continent), restrained; moderate; tem- perate; chaste: con'tinently, ad. -II: con'tinence, n. -nins, also con'tinency, n. -nSn-si, res raini <■.,,)■.■.■.■■<■ upon desires and passions— applied to men, as chas- tity to women. continent, n. kon'-H-nSnt (L. continens, the main- land—from con, and tenens, holding: It. continente; F. continent, the mainland), a large extent of land containing many countnrs; tlio mainland: the coun- tries of the mainland of Europe, especially as dis- tinguished from the Bril h lands on'tinen'tal, a. -tdl, pert, to a continent ; pert, to the countries of the mainland of Europe. contingent, a. kon-tln'-jSnt (L. contingent, touching on all sides— from con, and tangere, to touch : It. con- tingere, to happen, to fall out), depending on some- thing else ; uncertain ; incidental ; casual : n. a quota ; a suitable share; proportion; a fortuitous event: contin'gence, n. -jSns, also contingency, n. -j&n-si, an unforeseen event ; an accidental possibility ; casu- mdte, mat, far, law; mete, met, alty : contingently, ad. -jSnt-li, accidentally; without design. continual, continuance, &c— see continue! continue, v. kon-tln'-u (L. continuare, to join one thing to another in uninterrupted succession— from con, and tenere, to hold: It. continuare: F. con- tinuer), to abide or remain in a state or place; to endure ; to extend from one thing to another ; to pro- tract ; to persevere in : contin'uing, imp. : contin'ued, pp. -ud: contin'uer, n. -u-er, one who: contin'ua'tor, n. -d'-tor, one who continues or keeps up a series or succession: contin'uable, a. -u-d-bl, capable of being continued: contin'uedly, ad. -ud-ll, without ceasing: contin'uous, a. -u- us, uninterrupted; joined without intervening space : contiguously, ad. -ll : con'tinu'ity, n. -nu'l-tl, uninterrupted connection ; close union of parts: contin'ual, a. -u-dl, without interruption or cessation ; unceasing ; perpetual ; constant : contin- ually, ad. -ll: continuance, n. -dns, duration; per- severance ; residence; uninterrupted succession: con- tin'ua'tion, n. -u-d'-shiin, uninterrupted succession; carrying on to a further point, as a line or a story : contin'ua'tive, a. -u-d'tiv, that continues: n. that which continues or endures. contort, v. kon-tdrt' (L. contortus, intricate, obscure —from con, and tortus, twisted : It. contorto), to twist together ; to pull awry ; to writhe : contort'ing, imp. : contort'ed, pp. : adj. twisted together; twisted back upon itself; arranged so as to overlap each other: contor'tion, n. -tor-shun, a twist or twisting; a wresting ; a wry motion ; a wresting or twisting of a part of the body out of its natural place, as the muscles of the face or a limb. contour, n. kon-tdr" (F. contour; It. contorno, cir- cuit, outline— from L. con, and F. tour; It. torno; L. tornus; Gr. tornos, a lathe), the outline ; the line that bounds or defines a figure or surface. contra, a or ad. kon'trd (L.), on the other hand ; on the contrary ; opposite ; a common prefix, with its form counter, signifying against ; in opposition. contraband, a. kon'-trd-bdnd' (It. contrabbando, illegal traffic — from L. contra, against, and mid. L. bannum, a proclamation), contrary to proclamation ; prohibited : n. prohibited goods ; illegal traffic : con'- traban'dist, n. one who traffics in prohibited goods ; a smuggler; also con'trabandis'ta (Sp.). contract, n. kon'-trdkt (L. contractus, an agreement —from con, and tractus, drawn or dragged : It. con- tratto: F. contrat), an agreement; a mutual promise; a bargain ; the writing which contains the terms and conditions of the agreement between two or more persons ; an act of betrothment : v. kontrdkf, to draw closer together; to draw into a less compass or bulk; to abridge; to wrinkle, as the brow; to betroth ; to acquire, as a habit ; to incur, as a debt ; to bring on, as a disease ; to bargain ; to shrink or become shorter: contrac'ting, imp. -trdk'-tlng: con- tracted, pp. : contractor, n. -ter, one who agrees to do a certain service or work at a stipulated price or rate: contraction, n. -shun, the act of drawing together or shortening; the thing shortened or re- duced: contrac'tedly, ad. -Ud-ll: contrac'tedness, n. : contrac'tible, a. -tl-bl, capable of contraction : contrac'tibil'ity, n. -bll'-i-ti, the quality of being able to be contracted: contrac'tibleness, n. -bl-nes: con- trac'tile, a. -til, having the power of shortening ; tending to contract: con'tractil'ity, n. -tll'l-tl, the in- herent quality or force by which some bodies shrink or contract. contra-dance, n. kon'-trd-ddns (L. contra, and dance), a dance in which the partners are arranged in opposite lines : F. contre-danse, corrupted into coun- try-dance. contradict, v. kon'trd- dikt' (L. contradictio, a speaking against, a reply— from contra, and dictum, to speak: It. contradizione : F. contradiction), to oppose by words ; to assert the contrary of what has l'l'iai said: in gainsay; to impugn: con'tradic'ting, ■ imp.: con'tradic'ted, pp. : con'tradic'ter, n. -ter, one who: con'tradic'tion, n. -dlk'-shun, a contrary statement; an assertion opposed to what has been said; inconsistency with itself; opposition in any way: con'tradic'tive, a. -dlk'-tlv, containing con- tradiction; adverse: con'tradic'tively, ad. -ll: con'- tradic'tious, a. -dlk'-shus, inclined to contradict; filled with contradiction mt: con'tra- dic'tiousness, n. : con'tradic'tory, a. -ter-l, affirming the contrary ; containing a denial of what has been asserted ; inconsistent : n. in logic, a proposition op- her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; CONT 111 CONV posed to another in all its terms: con'tradic'torily, ad. -li. contra-distinctive, a. kOn'-trd-dls-tink'ttv (L. con- Ira, opposite, and dic !,,- : .i ;.,. (1 Heeds or other writings for transferring the title of real property from one person to another. convict, v. kon-vXkt' (L. convictum, to prove guilty or wrong — fronrcow, and victum, to vanquish or sub- due), to prove or find guilty of a crime charged ; to convince of sin ; to show or prove to be false : n. kon- vikt, a person proved guilty of a crime by a court of justice; a felon: convicting, imp.: convic'ted, pp. : convic'tion, n. -vik'-shUn, the act of finding or proving guilty ; strong belief grounded on evidence ; the act of making, or being made, sensible of sin or error: convic'tive, a. -vik'-tiv, having the power to convict or make sensible of error: convic'tively, ad. -IX. convince, v. kon-vlns' (L. convincere, to completely overcome— from con, and vincere, to vanquish or sub- due), to persuade ; to satisfy the mind by evidence ; to compel the mind by arguments to yield its assent : convin'cing, imp. : convinced', pp. -vXnst': convin'cer, n. one who: convin'cible, a. -vin'-sl-bl: convincingly, convivial), relating to a feast; festal; social; jovial: convivlalist, n. a person good-humoured and social at an entertainment: convlvlally, ad. -ll: conviv- iallty, n. -dl'-i-ti, the good-humour or mirth indulged in at an entertainment. convoke, v. kon-vOK (L. convocare, to call together —from con, and vocare, to call : It. convocare : F. con- voquer), to call together; to convene: convo'king, imp.: convoked', pp. -vokt': con'voca'tion, n. -kd'-shiin, a meeting convened of clergy or heads of a univer- sity ; a convention, synod, or council. convolute, a. kon'-vd-l6t, also con'volu'ted, a. -16'tSd (L. convolutus, rolled together— from con, and volutus, rolled: It. convolto ; F. convolm , lied or curled), rolled together; rolled upon itself or on another thing ; twisted : con'volu'tion, n. -lO'-shun, the act of rolling or winding, as a thing on itself or one thing on another ; a winding or twisting. convolve, v. kon-volv' (L. convolvere, to roll together —from con, and volvere, to roll), to roll or wind to- gether ; to roll or twist one part on another : convolv- ing, imp.: convolved', pp. -volvd'. convolvulus, n. kon-vol'-vu-lus (L. andF. that which rolls itself up), the flower bindweed. convoy, v. kon-voy' (F. convoyer, to attend— from L. con, and via, a way— see convey), to attend on the way for protection either by sea or on land, as war- ships accompanying a fleet of merchant-vessels in time of war; to accompany: n. kon-voy, the protec- tion of an attending force either on sea or land : con- voying, imp. : convoyed', pp. -vdyd. convulse, v. kon-vuls' (L. convulsum, convulsion — from con, and vulsum, to pluck or tear away: It. convulso; F. convulse", subject to convulsions), to shake by violent irregular action, as in excessive laughter ; to affect by irregular spasms, as in agony from grief or pain : convulsing, imp. : convulsed', pp. -vulst': convul i ' - iolent and in- voluntary contraction of the parts of the body, as in fits; any violent and irregular motion— used ■ more frequently in the plu. or as an adj. : convulsive, a. -sXv, that produces or is attended «ritl) onvulsions; a • strong unrelaxed grasping: convulsively, ad. -IX: convul'siveness, n. cony, n. ko'-ni (L. cuniculus: F. connil: Ger. kanin- chen), a rabbit ; a simpleton. mdte, mdt./dr, law; mite, mCt, her; plne.pXn; note, not, mOve; coo 113 COQU coo, v. k6 (imitation of the noise of doves : Dut. Jcorren: Icel. kurra), to cry as a pigeon or dove: cooing, imp.: cooed, pp. kod. cooey, v. koo'-l (an imitative word— from the cry of the aborigines), to utter a peculiar whistling sound : n. a peculiar whistling sound uttered by persons in the woods or deserts of Australia in order to indicate to friends their exact position : coo'eying, imp. -i-lng: n. the peculiar whistling sound, &c. : coo'eyed, pp. -id. cook, v. kook (L. coquere, to prepare by fire: Ger. kochen, to boil), to dress victuals for the table ; to pre- pare for any purpose : n. one whose occupation is to dress food for the table : cook'ing, imp. : cooked, pp. kookt: cookery, n. -er-l, the art of preparing victuals for the table: adj. pert, to: cooky or cookie, kobk'-l (Scotch), a small cake or bun. cool. a. k6l (Icel. kula, a cold blast : Ger. kiihl, cool, fresh), moderately cold ; not excited by passion of any kind ; not hasty ; not retaining heat ; indiffer- ent; self -possessed ; impudent in a high degree: n. a moderate state of cold ; freedom from heat or warmth : V. to make moderately cold ; to lessen heat ; to allay passion of any kind ; to moderate ; to become indiffer- ent ; to become less hot, angry, zealous, or affection- ate : cool'ing, imp. : cooled, pp. kold : cool'er, a. less hot: n. thai -sel in which liquors are cooled: coolly, ad. -li: coolness, n. moderate degree of cold; indifference: coolish, a. somewhat cool: cool-headed, a. not easily excited ; free from passion. coolie, n. kd'll, an East Indian porter or carrier. coom, n. k&m (Ger. kahm, mould: Sw. kimrok, pine-soot), refuse matter such as collects in the boxes of carriage-wheels or at the mouths of ovens; soot; coal-dust. coomb, n. k6m (F. comble, heaped measure: Dut. kom, a trough), a dry measure of four bushels, used in England; in phys. geog., a valley or depression, gen- erally without a stream. coop, n. kop (L. cupa; F. cuve, a tub, a cask: It. and Sp. cuba, a hen-coop : AS. cofa, a chamber), a box barred on one side for confining fowls; a pen; an inclosed place for animals ; a barrel or cask : v. to confine in a coop or in a narrow compass : cooping, imp.: cooped, pp. kdbpt: cooper, n. kuop'tr, one who makes casks or barrels : cooperage, n. -aj, the work- shop of a cooper ; the price paid for cooper's work. coopee, n. k6'-pe (F. coupe— from couper, to cut), a motion in dancing. co-operate, v. k6-6p'er-dt (L. con, and operate), to act or work together for the same end; to concur in producing the same effect : co-op'era'ting, imp. : co- op'era ted, pp. : co-op erant, a. working to the same end:co-op'erative, a. -a-tlv, working jointly to the same end: co-operator, n. one who: co-operation, E. -d'-shun, joint assistance to the same end. co-ordinate, a. ko-or'dl-ndt (L. con, and ordina- tus, put in order, arranged), of equal order ; of the same rank or degree: co-or'dinately, ad. -II: co- or dinateness, n. equality of rank or authority : co- or'dination, n. -nd'-shun, the state of holding equal rank or authority: co-or'dinates, n. plu. in geom., lines or other elements of reference, by means of which the position of any point, as of a curve, is defined with respect to certain fixed lines or planes. coot, n. kobt (Dut. koet, a small black duck: W. cwt, a short tail), a small black water-fowl frequenting lakes and still rivers. copaiba, n. ko-pa'-bd, or copai'va, n. -va (Sp. and Fort.), a balsam obtained from the various species of copaifera trees : copai'vic, a. -vlk, noting an acid ob- tained from copaiba balsam. copal, n. ko'-pdl (Mexican copalli, a general name for resins), a resinous substance from certain trees, used as a cement and in hard varnishes: copaline, a. /. up'd-lla, in geol.,& fossil resin found in some tertiary clays. coparcenary, n. ko-pdr'-sSn-er'l (L. con, and par- ticeps, a partaker, a sharer), joint share in an in- heritance : coparcener, n. -er, a joint sharer in an inheritance. copartner, n. ko-pdrt'ner (L. con, and pars, a part- gen, partis), one who is jointly concerned with one or more persons in carrying on a business ; a sharer ; a partaker: copartnership, n., or copartnery, n. -nir-l, joint concern in a business ; the persons who have a joint interest in a business. trations ; a cover for the head ; anything spread over the head ; the top or covering course of a wall : v. to cover with a cope : coping, imp. : n. the top or sloping part of a wall : coped, pp. kopt : cope'stone, n. head or top stone. cope, v. kop (Icel. kapp, contention) to contend with on equal terms ; to match ; to oppose with suc- cess; to strive or struggle with : co 'ping, imp. : copea, pp. kopt. Copernican, a. koqoer'-nl-kan, pert, to the system of Copernicus, a celebrated astronomer, who taught that the earth revolves round the sun. cophinus, n. ko/'-i-niis (Gr. kophinos, a basket), in geol., a term applied to curious organic markings. copied, copier— see copy. copious, a. ko'pi-us (L. copiosus, having abundance —from cojna, plenty: It. copioso : F. copieux), abun- dant ; plentiful ; in great quantities ; not barren ; full in matter: copiously, ad. -II: copiousness, n. abundance ; full supply ; great plenty. Copland, n. kop'ldnd (W. cop, the top of anything, and land), a piece of ground terminating in a cop or angle. copper, n. kop'-per (L. evprum, copper— from Cyprus, where found in abundance : Ger. kupfer), a metal of a brownish-red colour ; any vessel made of it ; a large boiler ; a coin : v. to cover or sheathe with sheets of copper : coppering, imp. : coppered, pp. kop'-perd: cop'perish, a., also coppery, a. kop'per-i, containing copper ; tasting or smelling like copper: copper-bottomed, sheathed with copper, as a ship : copper-fastened, fastened with copper bolts : cop- per-glance, a valuable but scarce ore of copper : copper-nickel, an ore of nickel of a colour like copper, found in Westphalia, used in the manufacture of tier- man silver : copper-nose, -noz (F. couperose, an extreme redness of the face, with many pimples about the nose), a red nose: copperplate, a plate of polished copper on which copies from paintings, figures, or designs are engraved : copper-pyrites, an ore of copper and sul- phur of a brass-yellow colour. copperas, n. kop'pir-as (F. couperose: It. copparosa, copperas— from L. capri rosa, the flower of copper), a familiar term for the sulphate of iron; green vitriol. coppice, n. kop'pls (old F. copeiz, wood newly cut: Gr. kopades, trees cut down), a wood of small growth ; a wood consisting of underwood or brushwood cut at certain times. coprolite, n. kop'rollt (Gr. kopros, dung, and lithos, a stone), in geol, the petrified dung of animals, chiefly of saurians and sauroid lilies, found in the lias and coal-measures : cop'rolit ic, a, -llt'ik, containing or re- sembling coprolites: coprophagous, a. kop-rOj-d-ijf's (Gr. phuqein, to eat), feeding on excrements or filth : coproph'agans, n. plu. -guns, a family of beetles which live on the dung of animals. copse, v. kdps— another form of coppice, which see : cop'sy, a. -si, having copses. Coptic, n. kop'tlk (a supposed corruption of the L. ^'jiipttas. an Egyptian), the language of the ancient inhabitants of Egypt, called Copts: adj. pert, to the Copts : Copts, n. plu. kopts, also Cophti, n. kof-ti, descendants of an anc. Egyptian race. copula, n. kop'u-ld (L. copula, a couple, a tie : It. copula : F. couple), in logic, the word that couples or ties the predicate to the subject— namely, is, or is not .- cop'ulate, v. -lat, to unite in pairs ; to have sexual intercourse : cop'ula ting, imp. : copulated, pp. : cop'ula'tion, n. -la'-sMn: cop'ula tive, a. -Id'-tiv, that unites or couples ; that connects : n. in gram. , a word which connects : cop'ula'tory, a. -ter-i, that unites. copy, n. kop'i (P. copie, an imitation— from L. copia, abundance: It. copia), an imitation; a likeness of a thing; a pattern or example for imitation : v. to write, print, paint, &c, from an original or pattern ; to imi- tate ; to follow in habits or manners ; to try to be like ; to act in imitation of : cop'ying, imp. -%-ing : copied, pp. -id : cop'ier, n. -l-er, one who : cop'yist, n. -i-ist, a transcriber or imitator : copyright, n. property in a literary work, or in a work of the fine arts : copy-hook, n. a book containing examples for imitation : copy- hold, n. in England, a tenure of land or houses by copy of court-roll : copyholder, n. one who : copying-press, n. a machine for taking copies from written letters. coquet, v. kO-ket' (F. coqueter, to strut or swagger, as a cock among hens— from coq, a cock), to trifle in love in order to gratify vanity ; to attempt to attract admiration : coquet'ting, imp. : coquet'ted, pp. coquetry, n. kok-et-ri, attempts to attract notice or cow, boy, /Jot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. COR 1 love from vanity : coquette, n. kO-ket', a vain trifling girl who endeavours to attract admiration and love from vanity, and then rejects her lover for another ; a jilt: coquettish, a. -tlsh, invitingly pretty ; affecting the manner of a coquette : coquet'tishly, ad. -II. cor, kor (L.), a prefix; another form of con, which see. coracle, n. kor'd-kl (W. cwrwgl), a hoat made by covering a frame of wicker or basket work with leather or oil-cloth, used in Wales. coracoid, a. kor'd-koyd (Gr. korax, a crow, and eidos, shape), resembling a crow's beak; in anat., ap- plied to a process of the shoulder-blade, which attains a large size in birds and reptiles. coral, n. kor'dl (L. coralium; Gr. korallion; It. co- rdllo; F. cor ail, coral), the hard limy substance se- creted by the coral zoophyte, and occurring most abundantly in the warmer latitudes of the ocean : adj. pert, to : coral-rag, n. in geol., the upper member of the middle oolite, consisting in part of continuous beds of petrified corals: coral-reef, also coral-island, n. a chain or ridges of coral in various parts of the ocean, at or above the sur- face, forming an island : cor'alla'ceous, a. -la'shus, also cor'alline, a. -lin, of or like coral : cor'alline, n. a coral-like substance ; small corals resembling moss : cor'allif'erous, a. -llf'er-us{L.fero, I bear), containing coral: coral'liform, a. (L. forma, a shape), r< ■.<■,,, Mm- coral: cor'alloid, a. -16yd, also cor'alloi'dal, a. -loy'ddl (Gr. korallion, and eidos, a form), branching like coral ; having the appearance or structure of coral. corban, n. kdr'bdn (Heb. korban; Ar. kurban, offer- ing, sacrifice), among the anc. Jews, a living offering or sacrifice ; an alms-basket ; a gift ; an alms. corbeil, n. kor'Ml (F. corbeille; It. corbello: L. cor- bula, a little basket), a little basket filled with earth, used in sieges : cor'bel, n. -Ml, a piece of stone, wood, or iron projecting from a wall for giving support to any mass, sometimes carved as a head or in the form of a basket ; a niche in a wall ; the base of a Corinthian column, so called from its resemblance to a basket: v. to support on corbels ; to furnish with corbels : cor'belling, imp. : corbelled, pp. -Mid. corcule,n. / » (1 culum I tie heart— from cor, the heart), in bot., the heart of a seed, or the embryo. cord, n. kawrd(L. chorda; Gr. chorde, a string, gut : It. corda: F. corde), a string or small rope having the strands or plies well twisted ; a quantity of wood for- merly measured by a cord ; that by which persons are caught, held, or drawn; in Sci ip a snare; amusical string: v. to bind; to fasten with cords or rope: cording, imp. kor'dlng : cor'ded, pp. : cor'dage, n. -ddj, cord and ropes taken together. cordate, a. kor'dat, also cor'dated, a. (L. cor, the heart— gen. cordis), in bot., having the form of a heart ; heart-shaped : cor'dately, ad. -II. cordelier, n. kdr'de-ler' (F.— from L. chorda, a gut, a rope), a Franciscan friar, so called from wearing a girdle of rope. cordial, a. kor'-dl-dl (F. cordial— from L. cor, the heart — gen. cordis), hearty; sincere; proceeding. from the heart ; invigorating : n. anything that revives the spirits; any medicine that increases the strength or raises the spirits ; a liquor containing an extract of some vegetable substance and some spirit, and •> ; < l- ened: cor'dially, ad. -II: cor'diallty, n. -141, sin- cerity ; freedom from hypocrisy ; warmth of manner : cor'dlform, a. -fawrm (L. forma, a shape), heart- shaped. cordon, n. kor'ddng (Sp. and F. cordon— from L. chorda, a string or rope), a row of jutting stones before a rampart; a series of military posts ; cords or strings with tassels as a mark or badge of honour ; a band ; a wreath. cordovan, n. kdr'do-vdn, also cordwain, kord'wdn (Sp. town Cordova, where first made), Spanish leather : cordwainer, n. kord'wdn-ir, or cordiner, n. kor'dl- ner, a shoemaker. corduroy, n. kdr'dob-roy' (F. corde du ■> or, i lie i i,e.' ;: cord), a thick cotton stuff corded or ribbed. core, n. kor (L. cor, the heart : F. coeur), the inner part or heart of anything, as of fruit ; among founders, the centre part of a mould, meant to keep hollow any casting in metal : cored, a. kord, in the herring fishery, waited and ready for drying. corf, n. korf (Dut. korf; L. corbis, a basket) in mining districts, a basket for carrying coals ; a coal- — — : plu. corves, korvz. CORN sembling leather; tough: corium, n. ko'-rl-um, the true skin lying beneath the cuticle. coriander, n. kor'l-dn'der (L. coriandrum: It. cori- andro : F. coriandre), a plant whose seeds are used in cookery and in making sweetmeats. Corinthian, a. ko-rln'thl-dn, pert, to Corinth, a city of Greece : n. an inhabitant of Corinth ; a gay licentious person: Corinthian order, in arch., the fourth of the five orders, characterised by fluted shafts, and foliated capitals delicately formed. cork, n. kork (Sp. corcho— from L. cortex, bark: Fin. kuori, bark), a species of oak whose bark, called cork, is extensively used in making stoppers for bottles, casks, &c. : v. to stop bottles or casks with corks ; to make fast with a cork : corking, imp. : corked, pp. korkt : adj. provided or fitted with a cork : corky, a. kork'-l, also corked, a. resembling or tasting of cork: cork'iness, n. elasticity ; buoyancy: corkcut- ter, n. one who makes corks, &c. : cork-jacket, n. a float: cork-screw, n. an instrument for drawing corks. corm, n. kawrm (Gr. kormos, a stem or log), in bot, a short, roundish, bulb-like underground stem, not formed of concentric layers, but solid, as in the cro- cus, gladiolus, &c. cormorant, n. kor'-mordnt (F. cormorant: It. corvo marino, a sea-raven), a large native sea-bird distin- guished for its voracity— often called the sea-raven ; a glutton. corn, n. kawrn (Goth, kaurn; Icel. kiarni, corn, grain : Dut. keerne, a grain, kernel), a single seed or grain of one of the edible plants ; grain of all kinds- applied to wheat, barley, oats, rye, maize, &c. : corn'- less, a. : cor'ny, a. kor'-nl, corn-like : cornbrash, n. in geol, a coarse shelly limestone, so called from the facility with which it disintegrates and breaks up for the purposes of corn -land: corn-chandler, n. a dealer in corn : corn-crake, n. the corn-crow : corn, v. to cure meat with salt in grains : corning, imp. : corned, pp. kawrnd : corned-beef, n. beef cured with salt : corn exchange, n. a place where grain is sold and where corn-merchants meet: corn-cockle, n. a weed in corn-fields : corning-house, n. the place where gunpowder is granulated or corned : corn-flag, n. a kind of plant bearing red or white flowers : corn- flower, n. a plant growing among corn, as the wild poppy or corn-rose, the blue-bottle, &c. : corn-laws, n. plu. the laws regulating the duties on the import of grain : cornstone, n. in geol., a term usually applied to the reddish and bluish-red limestones occurring in the middle formation of the old red sandstone — so called from the fertile corn-soil overlying them. corn, n. kawrn (L. cornu, a horn: It. corno: F. come), a horny excrescence on a toe or some other part of the foot, very troublesome and painful : cor- nean, a. kor'-nl-dn, in geol., an igneous rock, so called from its tough, compact, and horn-like texture: cor- neous, a. -ni-us, horny ; of a substance resembling horn : corn'less, a. without corns : cor'ny, a. -nl, hard ; corn-like. cornea, n. kor'nld (L. corneus, horny— from cornu, a horn), a horny transparent membrane forming the front part of the eyeball through which the light passes : corneule, n. kor'nul, a little cornea, such as covers each segment of the compound eyes of in- sects. cornel, n. or a. kor'nSl (F. cornouille— from L. cor- nus, the cornel-cherry), a tree yielding small edible cherries ; the dogwood-tree. cornelian, n. kor-ne'-ll-dn (F. cornaline: It. rorna- lino), a variety of chalcedony— also spelt carnelian. corner, n. kor'-ner (F. corniere, a corner— from F. come ; L. cornu, a horn), the small space at the point where two lines meet; an angle; a small confined part of a larger space ; a secret or retired place ; the end or limit: cor'nered, a. -nerd, having corners: corner-stone, n. the principal si un ring two walls at a corner : cornerwise, a. with the corner in front : cornerless, a. cornet, n. kor'ngt (F. cornet— from F. come; L. cornu, a horn), a wind musical instrument ; an officer of cavalry who bears the colours of a troop (It. cor- netta, the ensign carried by a lancer on horseback; F. cornette, a cornet of horse) : cor'netcy, n. -si, the rank of a cornet or his commission : cornet-a-piston, kor'net-d-pls'tdn, a soft-toned musical instr. furnished 1 i i 1 1 ■ a Ives and pistons. cornice, n. kor'nls (It. cornice; F. corniche; L. cor- mate, mdt.fdr, law; mile, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve;. CORN 115 CORK ona; Gr. korone, the summit or head), the highest projection or border on a wall or column. cornicle, n. kor'-nl-kl (L. corniculum, a little horn— from ct/i-nu, a horn), a little horn: cornic'ulate, a. nlk'ulat, horned : cornif ic, a. -nlf'lk (L. facio, I make), producing horns : cor nifonn, a. -ni-fawrm (L. forma, shape), having the shape of a horn: cor- nig'erous, a. -nif-er-iis (L. gero, I carry), havinghorns: cornute, a. kor'-nut, also eornu'ted, a. in hot., horn- shaped. Cornish, a. kor-nish, of or relating to Cornwall. cornucopia, n. kor'-nu-ko'-pl-d, plu. cor'nuco piae, -ko'-ple (L. cornu, a horn, and copia, plenty), the lioru of plenty ; in sculp., the emblem of abundance. cornulites, n. kdr'nu-llts (L. cornu, a horn, and Gr. lithos, a stone), in geol., a genus of ringed shelly tubes occurring in Silurian strata : cor'nu-am monis, n. -dm'-mo-nls, a fossil-shell like a ram's horn ; the am- monite. corolla, n. ko-rdl'la, also corol, n. kor'ol (L. corolla, a small wreath or crown), the inner covering of aflower : cor'olla'ceous, a. -Id'shiis, pert, to a corolla; protect- ing like a wreath : cor ollet, n. -lit, one of the florets of a corolla. corollary, n. kor'dl-lir'l (mid. L. corollarium, a cor- the demonstration of a proposition; an inference from a preceding proposition. corona, n. ko-ro'nd (L. corona, a crown, a garland: It. corona: F. couronne), the flat projecting part of a cornice ; a drip ; a halo or luminous circle round the sun, moon, or stars; in anat., the upper surface of the molar teeth ; in hot., the circumference or margin of a radiated compound flower: coronal, a. kor'-ondl, belonging to a crown ; pert, to the top of the head ; in anat., accented koro'ndl : cor'onal, n. a crown ; a wreath ; a garland : coronated, a -nd'-tid, crowned : coronary, a. -ner-l, relating to the crown of the head; eiicirclinir the head like a crown ; in anat., ap- plied to the arteries which encompass the heart in the manner of a garland, and supply it with blood for its nutrition : coronation, n. -nd'shun,the act or so- lemnity of crowning a sovereign ; the pomp and as- sembly accompanying a coronation : cor'oner, n. -nir, formerly an officer acting for the interest of the Crown in regard to property, Ac, in a county, now an officer whose duty is to inquire (holding an inquest) into the causes of sudden deaths, &c. : cor'onet, n. -nit, a crown worn by princes and the nobility— each one, according to rank, having some distinguishing marks ; an ornamental head-dress: cor'oneted, a. wear- ing or entitled to wear a coronet: coroniform, a, ko- ron'-l-j'ao-nn (L./orma, ashape), crown-shaped : coro- nule, n. kor'-o-nul, the coronet or downy tuft on seeds. coronoid, a, kor'-o-ndijd (Gr. korone, a crow, and eidos, form), resembling a crow's beak; in anat., ap- plied to certain processes of bones, so called from their being shaped like the beak of a crow. corporal, a. kor'-pordl (L. corporalis, bodily— from corpus, a body: It. corporate: F. corporel), of or re- lating to the body ; pert, to the animal frame in its proper sense: corporally, ad. -II: corporal or cor'- porale, n. -rd'-ll (F. corporal), a fine linen cloth used to cover the sacred elements of the Eucharist. corporal, n. kor'-pordl (F. caporal ; It. caporale, head, principal— from caput, the head), the lowest non-commissioned officer in a company of foot ; in the navy, an officer under the master-at-arms : corporal- ship, n. the office. corporate, a. kor'-po-rdt (L. corpus, a body, the flesh— gen. corporis : It. corpo : F. corps), united in a body or community by law, and empowered to transact business as an individual : cor'porately, ad. -li : cor'- porateness, n. : corporation, n. -rd'-shun, a number of individuals formed into one body, and authorised bylaw to act as one person ; the municipal authorities of a town or city : corporeal, a. kor-po'-ri-dl (L. cor- poreus, composed of flesh), having a body or sub- stance; material, as opposed to spiritual or imma- terial: corporeally, ad. -li: corporeality, n. -i-ti, state of being a body; opposed to spirituality : corpo'- realism, n. -izm, corporeal character : corpo'realist, n. one who denies the existence of spirit as separate from body: cor'pore'ity, n. -pO-re'i-ti, bodily sub- stance ; state of having a body. corps, n. kor; corps, plu. but pronounced kdrz (F. corps— from L. corpus, a body : It. corpo), a body kind: corselet, n. kors'lCt, Hunt armour lor the body: corset, n. kor'-s&t, stays ; a quilted waistcoat for wo- men. corpulence , ! so corpulency, n. -ISn- si (L. corpuscirtum, a little body— from corpus, a body : It. corpusculo: F. corpuscide) bulkiness of body; ex- cessive fatness ; fleshiness : cor'pulent, a. -lent, fieshv; bulky; fat: corpulent ly, ad. -li: corpuscle, n. kor- pus'-l, a small body; a particle : corpus'cular, a. -pus- ku-ler, relating to small bodies or particles : corpus'cu- la'rian, a. -ld'-ri-dn, material; physical; atomic: n. an advocate for the atomic or material philosophy ; a materialist. correct, v. kor-rekf (L. correctio, an amendment — from con, and rectum, to set right : It. correzione : F. correction), to amend ; to make right ; to punish : adj. free from faults ; right ; conformable to truth ; accur- ate : correcting, imp. : correc'ted, pp. : correc'tion, n. -rik'-shun, the act of correeting; amendment; pun- ishment : correc'tional, a. -dl, having a tendency to correct: correc'tive, a, -tiv, having power to correct: n. that which corrects: correctly, ad. -II: correct'- ness,n. -rgkt'-n£s, accuracy; exactness; conformity to established rules or usages : correc'tor, n. one who. corregidor, n. kor-rej'i-dOr (Sp.), a Spanish magis- trate. correlate, n. kdr'r6-ldt' (L. con, and relatum, to carry or bring back), one that stnndsin a reciprocal relation, as father and son : v. to stand in a reciprocal relation, as father and son : corl-ela'ting, imp. : cor'rela'ted, pp.: correlation, n. -Id' shun, mutual relation: cor- relative, a. -rei'd-tlv, having a reciprocal relation : n. that which has a reciprocal relation ; relationship or dependence, as father to son, light to darkness ; in arum., the word or words to which a pronoun refers : correl'atively, ad. -li: correl'ativeness, n. -tlv-nds. correspond, v. kor'rSspdnd (L. con, and respondere, to answer or promise: F. correspondre), to suit; to agree ; to be proportionate ; to hold intercourse by fitness ; intercourse by letters or otherwise ; the letters so sent: correspondent, a. -dent, adapted; suitable: n. one who holds intercourse by letters: cor'respon'- dently, ad. -ll: correspondingly, ad. -dlng-li: cor're- spon'sive, a. -siv, answerable. corridor, n. kor'-ri-dor (F. : Sp. corredor, a runner, a gallery— from L. curro, I run or flow), a gallery round a building ; a covered way ; a long passage or aisle. corrigenda, n. plu. kor'rij&n'dd (L.), things to be corrected. corrigible, a. kor'rl-ji-bl (L. corrigo, I set right: F. corrigible), that may be corrected or reformed ; cap- able or deserving of punishment. corroborate, v. kor-rob'd-rdt (L. corroboratum, to strengthen very much— from con, and robur, strength : It. corroborare : F. corroborer), to strengthen ; to con- firm: corrob'ora'ting, imp.: corrob'ora'ted, pp.: corrob'orant, a. -rant, having the power of giving strength: n. in med., thai itrength to the body when weak : corrob'ora'tion, n. -rd'-shun, the act of strengthening or confirming: corrob'ora'tive, a. ■rd'tlv, strengthening; having the power to confirm. corrode, v. kor-rod' (L. corrodere, to gnaw to pieces —from con, and rodere, to gnaw: It. corrodere: F. dent, a. -dint, having the power of corroding : n. that which eats away: corro'dible, a. -di-bl, that maybe eaten away: corro'dibillty, n. -bil'i-ti: corro'sive, a. -ro'zlv (L. con, and rosum, to gnaw), consuming ; wearing away ; fretting ; vexing : n. that which cor- rodes: corro'sively, ad. -li: corro'siveness, n. : cor- ro'sion, n, -zhun, the act of eating away by degrees: corro'sibil'ity, n. -zi-bil'i-ti : corrosive sublimate, -sub'-U-mdt, a virulent poison, a preparation from mercury. corrugate, v. kor'rob-gdt (L. corrugatum, to make full of wrinkles— from con, and ruga, a wrinkle : It. corrugate), to wrinkle or purse up ; to furrow or form into ridges, as sheets of metal : adj. in bot., shaped into wrinkles or folds ; wrinkled : cor'ruga'ting, imp. : cor'ruga'ted, pp. : adj. covered with irregular folds ; having a crumpled and uneven surface : corl-ugant, a. having the power of contracting into wrinkles : colo, be~y,fdbt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. corr 1: cor'ruga'tion, n. -gd'shiin, contraction into wrinkles : cor'ruga'tor, n. he who or that which. corrupt, v. kdr-ru.pt' (L. corruptum, to corrupt— from con, and ruptum, to break), to turn from a sound to a putrid state ; t& taint ; to deprave ; to pervert ; to bribe : adj. unsound ; tainted; vitiated; not genu- ine : corrupting, imp. : corrupted, pp. : corrupter, n. that which or one who: corrup'tible, a. -tl-bl, that may be corrupted: n. in Scrip., the human body: corruptibly, ad. -bll: corrup'tibil'ity, n. -bll'-i-ti, possibility of being corrupted : corrup'tibleness, n. : corruption, u. -shun, wickedness ; putrescence ; per- version; depravity; bribery: corrup'tive, a. -tiv, tending to corrupt or vitiate : corruptly, ad. -rupt'-ll: corrupt'less, a. : corrupt'ness, n. state of being cor- rupt. corsair, n. kor'sAr (It. corsaro, a pirate— from Sp. corsa, a cruise or course at sea : L. cursus, a voyage : F. corsaire, a pirate), a pirate ; one who scours the sea in an armed ship for the purpose of plundering merchant vessels ; a robber on the sea. corse— see corps. corselet, n. kors'-let (F.— see corps), light armour for the fore part of the body: corset, n. kor'-set, stays; boddice. cortege, n. kor'tazh (F. cortege : It. corteggio), a train of attendants. Cortes, n. plu. kor'tez (Sp.), the Spanish or Portu- guese parliament i» a ;:;nniily i»i i,lir. states, consist- ing of the nobility, the clergy, and representatives from cities. cortex, n. kor'tSks (L. cortex, the bark of trees— gen. corticis: It. cortice), the bark of a tree ; a cover: cor- tical, a. -tl-k&l, belonging to the bark ; consisting of bark : corticated, a. -ka'-tSd, resembling bark ; hav- ing the bark: cor'ticif'erous, a. -slf'-er-us (L. fero, I produce), producing bark or that wh.h li resemble,; it : cortic'iform, a. -tls'l-fawrm (L. forma, shape), like bark: cor'ticose, a. -tt-koz, full of bark; barley. corundum, n. ko run n . .1 ime, korund), the hardest known mineral except the diamond, gen- erally of a greyish or greenish-brown tint, used for polishing steel and cutting gems. coruscate, v. ko-rUs'kat (L coruscatum, to vibrate, to glitter : It. ".oruscare), to throw off vivid flashes of light; to flash or sparkle : coruscating, imp. : corus'- cated, pp. : coruscation, n. kor'us-ka'shun, a sudden burst of light in the clouds or atmosphere ; a flash ; glitter. corvette, n. kor-vSt' (F. corvette; Sp. corveta, a leap, a curvet : L. curvus, crooked), a sloop of war ; a war-ship carrying not more than 20 guns. corvine, a. kdr'-vin (L. corvus, a crow), pert, to the crow or crow kind. corymb, n. kor'im (Gr. korumbos, the top, a cluster : L. corymbus, a cluster), in bot., an inflorescence in which the lower stalks are longest, and all the flowers come nearly to the same level : corymbiated, n. kor- im'bl-a'tSd, garnished with berries or blossoms in clusters: cor'ymbiferous, a. -bif-er-us (L. fero, I carry), bearing a cluster of flowers in the form of a corymb : cor'ymbose', a. -602', approaching the form of a corymb either in the branches or the inflorescence. corypheus, n. kor't-fe'-us (L.— from Gr. koruphaios, standing at the head), a leader of the anc. chorus ; a head man. cosecant, n. ko-sS'Mnt (L. con, and secans, cut- ting): co'sine, n. -sin (L. con, and sinus, a curve): cotan'gent, n. -tdn'-jent (L. con, and tango, I touch), terms in trig, designating the relation of certain straight lines to arcs of a circle, or to angles. cosey, a. ko'zi (Scotch cozie, sheltered, warm), warm ; snug ; comfortable : co'sily, ad. -li. cosmetic, n. koz-met'ik (F. cosmdtique— from Gr. kosmetikos, skilled in adorning), any preparation that renders the skin soft, pure, and white ; a preparation which helps to beautify the complexion : adj. that promotes beauty : cosmetically, ad. -kAl'-ll. cosmic, a. koz'mlk, also cos'mical, a. -ml-Ml (Gr. kosmos, the world : F. cosmique), relating to the world or visible nature ; in astrnn., rising or setting with the sun : cos'mically, ad. -II. cosmogony, n. koz-mog'd-nl (Gr. kosmogonia, crea- tion—from kosmos, the world, and gone, generation or origin), the origin or creation of the world or uni- verse : cosmog'onist, n. one who treats of the origin or formation of the universe. Note.— Cosmogony specu- lates as to the origin of the universe ; geology unfolds the history of our globe from facts and observation. mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, 5 COTS cosmography, n. kdz-mog'rd-fl (Gr. kosmos, the world, and grapho, I describe, I write of), a descrip- tion of the world or universe; the science which treats of the several parts of the world, their laws and relations: cosmog'rapher, n. -rdfer, one who describes the world or universe : cos'mographlcal, a. -Hto-griif'i-kiil: cos'mographlcally, ad. -It. cosmology, n. koz-mol'-O-jl (Gr. kosmos, the world, and logos, a discourse), the science that treats of the system of the universe and the nature of the world and material things: cosmol'ogist, n. one who writes of: cos'molog'ical, a. -mo-loj'i-kul: cos Biologically, ad. -ll. cosmoplastic, a. koz'-mo-pl&s'-tlk (Gr. kosmos, the world, and plastikos, plastic), world-forming. cosmopolitan, n. Loz'-mn ■jioi'i-iitn, also cosmopol- ite, n. -mop-6-llt (Gr. kosmos. the world, and polites, a citizen), one who is at home everywhere ; a citizen of the world : cosmopolitanism, n. -mo-pol'l-tdn-izm, citizenship of the world. cosmorama, n. kdz'mo-rd'md, (Gr. kosmos, and {h)orama, a view), an optical exhibition in which ob- jects are represented as if oft heir natural size; a dio- rama: cos'moram'ic, a. -rdm'ik, pert. to. Cossacks, n. plu. kos'sAks, in Russia, military tribes guarding the S. and E. frontiers of the Russian em- pi..' '..' . y :;l"iliul ■• ■ !,•:,.:< men cosset, n. kos'set (It. ai.sirc.io, a lamb bred by hand —from casa, a house), a lamb brought up by hand ; a pet lamb. cost, n. kdst (L. constare ; old F. couster, to stand one in, to cost : It. costare, to cost), the price or value of a thing ; expense ; charge ; expense of any kind ; pain ; suffering : n. plu. law charges : v. to be had at the price ; to be bought for ; to require to be given, laid out, bestowed, or employed ; to cause to bear or suffer: costing, imp. : cost, pt. and pp: costly, a. -II, of a high price ; expensive: costliness, n. expen- siveness : costless, a. without cost. costal, a. kos'tAl{L. costa, a side or rib: It. costale; F. costal, costal), pert, to the sides or ribs of the body : costate, a. kos'tat, ribbed ; also cos'tated, a. costardmonger, n. kos'terd-mung'ger— now spelt costermonger, n. kos'ter- (old Eng. costard or cus- tard, an apple round and large like the head, and monger), one who sells fruit, fish, or vegetables in the streets of a town in a barrow or small cart. costeaning, n. kos-ten'-lng, in mining, sinking shal- low pits at intervals, and driving headings at right angles to the general course of the veins, for the pur- pose of discovering ore. costive, a. kos'tlv (L. constipare, to crowd closely together— from con, and stipare, to cram : contracted from It. costipativo, having a tendency to consti- pate), bound or confined in the bowels : cos'tively, ad. -It: cos'tiveness, n. -nes, obstruction in the bowels, with hardness and dryness of the fecal matter. costly, a. : costliness, n.— see cost. costmary, n. kdst'ma-rt (Gr. kostos ; L. costus, an aromatic plant, and Mary, the Virgin), an aromatic- plant ; the herb alecost. costume, n. kos-tum' (It. and F. costume), style of dress ; the mode of dress peculiar to any people, or nation, or age. cosy, a. ko'zi— see cosey. cot, n. kot (Fin. koti, a dwelling-place ; kota, a mean house), a small house, or eoftnge; a hut. cot, n. kot (Ger. zote, a cot, a lock of wool clung to- gether; kotze, a rough, shaggy covering: prov. Eng. cot, a matted fleece of wool), original ly a mat of shaggy materials, then an inartilie ia 1 sleeoing-place, where a rug or mat may be laid down for that purpose; a small bed ; a swinging bed-frame or cradle ; a sleep- ing-place in a ship. cote, n. kot (AS. cote; W. cwt, a hovel), a pen or shelter for animals, as sheepcote, dovecote ; a cottage. cotemporaneous, a., cotemporary, Ac— see under contemporaneous. co-tenant, n. ko-ten'ant [con, and tenant), a tenant in common. coterie, n. k6'ter-6 (F. a club, a society), a friendly party; a circle of familiar friends, particularly of ladies ; a select party. coterminous, a.— see conterminous. cotillon or cotillion, n. ko-lil'-yun (F.— from cotte, a petticoat), a lively danee engaged in l.y '•ight persons. cotswold, n. kots'-wold (AS. cote, and wold, a wood), inelosures for sheep in an open country; a range of hills in Gloucestershire. her; pine, pin; note, not, mCvc; COTT 117 COUN ■ cottage, n. kot'-tlj (Fin. koti, a dwelling-place : AS. cote, a hovel ), .<> ed house ; a small coun- try-house : cottager, n. -er, one who lives in : cotter, cot'tar, cot'tier, n. kot'-tir, contractions for cottager. cotton, n. kot'-n (F. coton; Sp. algodon; Arab. qo'ton; prov. F. coutou, wool, flock, cotton), a soft downy substance resembling fine wool, obtained from the pods of a plant grown in warm countries; the cloth made from it; calico : adj. made of or pert, to cotton: cottony, a. kot'-tn-l, soft like cotton: cotton- gin, n. -jln, a machine to separate the seeds from the cotton-wool. cotyla, n. kot'-l-ld (Gr. kotule, a cup or socket), in anat., the socket or hollow that receives the end of another bone : cot'yloid, a. -lo'yd (Gr. eidos, shape), resembling the socket of a joint. cotyledon, n. kot'-i-le'-dOn (Gr. kotuledon, a cup-like hollow), in a plant, the temporary leaf which first ap- pears above ground ; in anat., applied to the portions of which the placentae of some animals are formed : cot'yled'onous, a, -ICd'-o-niis, pert, to; having a seed- lobe. couch, n. kdlvch (F. coucher, to lay down : It. col- care; L. collocare, to lay or place down— from L. con, and locare, to lay), a place for rest or sleep : a bed ; a sofa ; in making malt, a layer or stratum of barley spread on the malt-floor : v. to lie down, as on a bed or place of repose ; to lay down in a bed or stratum ; to conceal or express in words obscurely ; to include or comprise ; to recline on the knees, as a beast ; to crouch ; to fix a spear in the posture for attack ; to depress or remove the film that overspreads the pupil of the eye, called a cataract : couching, imp. : couched, pp. kdivcht : couch er, n. one who couches cataracts : couch-grass, n. (a probable corruption of quick-grass), a grass with a long jointed root which spreads with great rapidity : couch'less, a, : couch- ant, a. kdivch'-ant (F.), lying down with the head raised up. cougar, n. k6'-gdr, the American panther. cough, v. kof (an imitative word : Dut. kuch, a cough; kichen, to breathe with difficulty), to ex- pel the air from the lungs with considerable force and noise ; to expectorate : n. an effort of the lungs to throw off offending matter, as phlegm from the air passages, accomp:inic-d with considerable noise: coughing, imp. : coughed, pp. kofd. could, v. kobd (AS. cutlie, was able), past tense of can; had sufficient power, moral or physical. coulees, n. kdb-lez' (F. couler, to flow as melted metals), in geol, streams of lava, whether flowing or become solid. coulter, n. kOl'-ter (L. culter, a ploughshare, a knife: F. coultre, a coulter), the sharp iron of the plough which cuts the earth ; also col'ter. coumarine, n. k&m'-d-rm, an odoriferous substance obtained from Tonquin beans. council, n. kdwn'sll (L. concilium, an assembly : F. concile : It. concilio), an assembly met for consulta- tion or convened to give advice; an ecclesiastical meeting ; a municipal body : councillor, n. a mem- ber of a council : coun'cillorship, n. the office : com- mon council, in a city, the body which represents the citizens : (Ecumenical council, ek'-u-mSn'-l-kdl-, in cedes, hist., a general council or assembly of a select number of ecclesiastics of various ranks representing the whole church : Privy Council, a select number of persons for advising a sovereign in the administra- tion of public affairs : council-board, the table around ^sulfation. counsel, n. kdtvn'-sSl (F. conseil; L. consilium, de- liberation), advice ; opinion or advice given for the instruction or guidance of another ; consultation ; se- cret opinions ; design ; purpose ; will ; one who ad- vises in matters of law; an advocate; a barrister: v. to advise ; to give advice or a deliberate opinion to another for his guidance; to warn; to admonish: coun'selling, imp.: coun'selled, pp. -seld-. counsellor, n. -ler, one who advises another ; an advocate ; a bar- lister : coun'sellorship, n. count, v. kdivnt, formerly spelt compt, as in accornpt (L. computare, to sum up— from con, and putare, to clear up, to arrange : It. computare ; F. compter, to reckon), to number ; to sum up ; to reckon ; to ascribe to ; to rely on : n. a question in arithmetic ; a num- ber ; act of numbering ; total amount ; in law, a par- ticular charge in an indictment : count'ing, imp. : is counted or goods laid ; an imitation of a piece of money: count able, a, -a-bl, that maybe numbered: countless, a. that cannot be numbered ; innumerable. count, n. kdivnt (F. comte; It. conte— from L. comes, an associate, the name given to the great officers of state under the Frankish kings), a foreign title of nobility answering to English earl : count'ess, n. -£s, the wife of a count. countenance, n. kdivn'-tS-ndns (F. contenance, looks: L. continere, to hold together— from con, and tenere, to hold), the whole external appearance of the body ; the features of the human face ; look ; favour; good- will ; support : v. to favour ; to support ; to encour- age ; to aid : coun'tenancing, imp. : coun'tenanced, pp. -ndnst: coun'tenancer, n. -ser, one who : in coun- tenance, in favour ; pleased : to keep in countenance, to support; to aid by favour; to please by giving assurance to ; to keep from dejection or dismay : to put in countenance, to encourage ; to make cheerful by support ; to bring into favour : out of countenance, annoyed and vexed ; abashed ; dismayed : to put out of countenance, to annoy and vex ; to disconcert ; to abash. counter, n.— see count, to number. counter, ad. kdivn'-ter (F. contre; L. contra, against), contrary ; in opposition ; the wrong way : another form of prefix contra, opposition or contrariety. counter, n. kdivn'-ter, or counter-tenor, -tin'-or (L. contra, in opposition to), in music, the part immedi- ately below the treble— formerly an under part serv- ing as a contrast to a principal part. counteract, v. kdivn'-ter-dkt' (L. contra, against, and actus, done), to act in opposition to; to hinder; to defeat ; to frustrate : coun'terac'ting, imp. : coun'- terac'ted, pp.: counteractive, a. -dk'-tlv, tending to counteract: coun'terac'tion, n. ak'shun, hindrance; action in opposition: counter- agent, n. he who or that which acts in opposition to. counter-attractive, a. kown'-ter-dt-trdk'-tlv {counter, and attractive) attracting in a different or in an op- posite direction: counter- attrac'tion, n. opposite attraction. counterbalance, v. kdivn'-ter-bdl'-dns (counter, and balance), to weigh against with an equal weight; to act against with an equal power or effect: n. equal weight or power. counter-buff, v. kdivn'-ter-buf [counter, and buff), to repel ; to strike bark: n. a bio win a contrary direction. counter -charge, n. kdwn'-ter-chdrj (counter, and charge), an opposite charge : counter-charm, n. -charm (counter, and charm), that by which a charm is dis- solved or destroyed : v. to destroy the effect of enchant- ment: counter-check, n. -cMk (counter, and check), check in opposition to another; hindrance: v. to op- pose or stop by some obstacle : counter-current, n. -kur-Snt (counter, and current), a current in an oppo- site direction: adj. running in an opposite direction. counter-drain, u.hjini'-ter-dran (counter, anddrain), a drain running parallel to a canal or artificial water- course to collect the leakage water : counter-draw, v. -draw (counter, and draw), to copy a design or paint- ing by means of fine linen cloth, oiled paper, or any similar transparent substance spread over it, through which the strokes appearing are traced with a pencil. counter- evidence, n. kdivn'-ter -iv'-l-dens (counter, and evidence), evidence or testimony opposing some other evidence. counterfeit, • ... ,, , ., (p. contre, against, and /aire, to make : L. contra, and facere, to make), to copy or imitate without authority or right ; to forge ; to imitate with a view to deceive ; to feign ; to dis- semble: adj. false; forged; made in imitation of something else ; not genuine : n. a cheat or impostor ; one who pretends to be what he is not ; that which is made in imitation of something else : coun'terfeit'- ing, imp. : coun'terfeit'ed, pp. : coun'terfeit'er, n. one who. counterfoil, n. kdwn-ter-fdyl (counter, and foil), the corresponding part of a tally or check : counter- gauge, n. -gdj (counter, and gauge), in carpentry, a method of measuring joints: counter - Irritant, n. -ir'i-tdnt (counter, and irritant), in med., any sub- stance employed to produce an artificial or secondary disease for the relief of the original one. countermand, v. kdivn'-ter -mdnd (L. contra, against, and mando, I order), to give an order contrary to one given before ; to annul or forbid the execution of a former command: n. a contrary order: coun'ter- mand'ing, imp.: countermanded, pp. cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. COUN 118 countermarch, v. kown'ter-mdrch (counter, and march), to march back: n. a marching back; a change of measures : coun'termarch'ing, imp. : coun'ter- marched', pp. -mdrcht'. counter - mark, n. kdwn'ter-mdrk (counter, and mark), a mark or token added in order to afford se- curity or give proof of quality; an artificial cavity made in the teeth of horses to disguise their age : v. to add a mark as a test of quality, &c. ; to make an artificial cavity in the teeth of a horse. countermine, n. kown'-ter-mln (counter, and mine), a pit and gallery sunk in the earth in the attack or defence of a fortified place in order to blow up the works of an enemy is called a mine— one dug to de- stroy a mine is called a countermine; a secret project to frustrate any contrivance: v. to mine in opposi- tion, or to search for an enemy's mine ; to frustrate by secret measures : countermining, imp. : coun'ter- mined', pp. -mind'. counter-motion, n. k6wn'ter-mo'»hun, (counter, and motion), an opposite motion : coun'ter-move'ment, n. (counter, and movement), a movement in opposition to another. counterpane, n. kdwn'ter-pan (L. culcita puncta, a stitched cushion: F. courte- point e, a counterpane, corrupted into contre-pointe), the upper covering of a bed, having the stitches arranged in patterns for orna- ment ; a quilt or coverlet. counterpart, n. kown'ter-pdrt (counter, and part), the part that answers to another ; the key of a cipher ; in music, the part to be applied to another, as the bass is the counterpart to the tn.-hlc counter-pie?- □ Mwn'tei pie' (counter, and plea), in law, in an inci'li'iital piVa.'lim-, | jj, .ilairii ill",-: i-<;i>1> i': the defendant's plea : coun'ter-plead, v. -pled, to plead the contrary of; to deny: counter-plot, n. (counter, and plot), artifice opposed to an artifice: v. to oppose one machination by another: coun'ter- plot' ting, n. act of plotting against a plot. counterpoint, n. kolvn'ter-pdynt (L. contrapunctus ; It. contrappunto ; F. contrepoint, counterpoint — lite- rally, point against point), an opposite point; the placing of notes in music so as to indicate the har- mony of parts ; the art of combining and modulating sounds. counterpoise, n. kown'-tir-poyz (F. contre-peser, to counterpoise — from L. contra, and pensare, to weigh), an equal weight ; a weight sufficient to balance an- other in the opposite scale ; a force or power sufficient to balance another force or power : v. to weigh against with an equal weight ; to act against with equal power and effect: coun'terpois'ing, imp.: coun'terpoised', pp. -poyzd'. counter-poison, n. Tcdwn'tk pdy'zn (counter, and poison), a medicine which destroys the effects of a poison ; an antidote. counter-project, n. kown'ter-proj : Skt (counter, and project), a scheme or proposal given in opposition to another: coun'ter - proof , n. -proof, in engraving, a print taken off from another just printed, with the view of ascertaining the state of the plate. counterscarp, n. kown'ter-skdrp, (L. contra, and It. Scarpa ; F. escarpe, the slope of a wall, or the steep front of a fortification), in a fortified place, the slope of the ditch next the enemy, often the whole covered way which surmounts it. counter- secure, v. kdwn'ter-se-kur' (counter, and secure), to render more secure by corresponding -rl-tl, se another. countersign, n. kdwn'ter-sln (L. contra, and signum, ft mark), a private signal or word given to soldiers on pinn-ii . /> :ifcc!iv,ord : v. to sign a document in addi- tion to another to attest its authenticity : coun'ter- Bign'ing, imp. : coun'tersigned', pp. -sind' .- coun'ter- sig'nal, n. a signal to answer or correspond to another: coun'ter-sig'nature, n. the signature of a secretary, or of a subordinate, added to the signature of a superior. countersink, v. (counter, and sink), to drill a coni- cal depression in wood or metal to receive the head of a screw. counter-tenor— see counter. countervail, v. koivn'ter-vul (L. contra, and valere, to be strong-), to act, ;i-;un:-;i, with equal force or power ; to equal ; to balance : coun'tervail'ing, imp. : coun- tervailed', pp. -vald'. counter-view, n. kown'ter-vu (counter, and view), a posture in which two persons front each other; con- COUR . -vOt, to vote in opposition to ; trast: coun'ter- vote, i to outvote. counter-weigh, v. kown'ter-wa (counter, and weigh), to weigh against ; to counterbalance ; coun'ter-wheel, v. hwel, to move backwards and forwards in opposi- tion to other movements : coun'ter-work, v. -wurk, to hinder by contrary operations; to counteract. countess, n. kownt'is, (F. comtesse — see count), the wife or consort of an earl or count. counting, n. kownt'ing (see count, to # reckon), reck- oning; computing: counting-house or -room, the room or house appropriated by a trader, manufacturer, or merchant, for keeping their business-books, accounts, countless, a.— see count. country, n. kun'-trl (F. contrde; It. contrada, the district lying opposite you — from L. con, and terra, land), rural districts ; a kingdom or state ; any tract of land ; one's residence or native soil : adj. pert, to the districts beyond a town ; rural; rustic; untaught; rude: country-dance is a corruption of contra-dance, which see : country seat, n. a residence at a distance from a town or city : countryman, n. a rustic ; one not a native of a town ; one born in the same country: countrified, a. kun'-trl'fld, having the air and mien of a rustic. county, n. kown'tl (Norm. F. counti ; F. comU : It. contea, a county— from L. comes, a companion— see count), originally an ear! older a count; a particular division or district of a state or kingdom ; a shire : county-town, n. the chief town of a county where the district courts and markets are held. coup, n. kdb (F.), a blow; a stroke : coup-de-grace, n. kob'de-grds' (F. stroke of mercy), finishing stroke ; death-stroke : coup-de-main, n. koo'de-mdng (V. stroke of hand), in mil., an instantaneous and vigorous attack to capture a position : coup-de-soleil, n. ko~o- dS-sol-W (F. a stroke of the sun), a disease produced by exposure of the head to the rays of the sun ; sun- stroke : coup-d'etat, ko~b'de-td' (F. a stroke of state), a sudden and decisive blow ; in politics, a stroke of policy : coup-d'oeil, n. kob-dal' (F. a stroke or glance of the eye) a single view of anything. coupe, n. kocj-pa' (¥.), the front division of a stage- coach or diligence. couple, n. kup'-l (F. couple; L. copula, a band or tie), two or a pair ; the male and female ; a man and his wife ; two of the same species or kind taken to- gether ; a brace : v. to link, chain, or unite one thing to another ; to fasten together ; to unite as man and wife ; to marry : coupling, imp. kup'llng : n. that which couples or connec i , 7 of two rail- way carriages : coupled, pp. kup'-ld : couplet, n. kup' let, two lines which rhyme : couples, n. plu. kup'-ls, a pair of opposite rafters in a roof nailed at the top where they meet, and united by a beam of wood at the bottom : couplings, n. plu. sliding boxes or nuts that connect the ends of a tube, or one tube or pipe to another : coupling-pin, a bolt used for connecting railway carnages, and for certain parts of machinery. coupon, n. kob'pong (F.— from couper, to cut) war- rants or notes attached to transferable bonds, which are successively cut off in order to be presented for payment of dividends as they fall due. coupure, n. koo'-pur (F. couper, to cut), in mil., an intrenchment of any kind formed behind a breach whose object is to enable the besieged to prolong the defence. courage, n. kur'-aj (F. courage— from F. cozur, heart, courage : L. cor, the heart, and agere, to move), bravery ; fearlessness ; valour ; resolution ; that quality of mind which enables men to encounter dangers and difficulties with firmness and without fear : coura'- geous, a. -a'jus, brave ; fearless ; daring ; endowed with to mi ril houl fear: coura'geously, ad. -K: coura'- geousness, a. -jus-nes. courant, n. kob-ranf (F. running : L. curro, I run) that which spreads news very quickly; a newspaper: couranto, kSb-rdn'to, a piece of music in triple time. courier, n. kobr'i-er (F. courrier— from L. run), a special messenger with letters from a distance ; a travelling servant att family. course, n. kOrs (L. cursus, a course, a journ* curro, I run : It. corso : F. cours), a career the ground on which the race is run; generally a passing, moving, or motion forward within limits ; the progress of anything ; usual manner ; order of procedure ; way of life or conduct ; natural bent; the mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; COUR 119 CRAB dishes set on table at one time ; elements of an art or science exhibited and explained in a series of les- sons or lectures, as a course of chemistry ; a continued range of stones or bricks in the wall of a building ; the track of a ship : v. to hunt ; to chase ; to run through or over ; to move with speed : cour sing, imp. : n. the sport of chasing and hunting with greyhounds : coursed, pp. korst .- courser, n. -ser, a swift horse ; a war-horse : courses, n. plu. -s8s, in a ship, the princi- pal sails ; in geol., thin regular strata, from their being superimposed upon one another like the hewn courses of a building ; the menses : of course, by consequence : in the course of, at some time during. court, n. kort (F. cour; It. corte; L. cohors, a cattle- yard, an inclosed place), an open space of ground at- sons attached to his person as attendants, council, &c. ; a place of justice, likewise the judges and officers en- gaged there ; civility ; flattery ; the art of pleasing : v. to endeavour to please ; to woo or pay addresses to a woman ; to solicit ; to seek : court'ing, imp. : court- ed, pp. kort'-cd: courtship, n. the act of soliciting favour ; paying addresses or making love to a wo- man : court-martial, n. courts-martial, plu. a court of justice composed of military or naval officers for the trial of offences committed in the army or navy : courtier, n. -yer, a man who attends at the courts of princes seeking for favours or advancement ; one who flatters to please : courteous, a. -yiis, affable ; polite ; civil ; obliging ; of elegant manners : court- eously, ad. -li: court eousness, n. : courtly, a. kort'-U, elegant ; refined ; worthy of a court : ad. in the man- ner of a court: courtliness, n. -nSs; courtesan, n. kur'tS-zdn, a woman of loose virtue : court-plaster, a black sticking-plaster— formerly used in patches on the face by ladies as ornaments or beauty-spots: court-yard, an inclosed space before a house: court- card, n. in card-playing, king, queen, and knave of a suit : court-day, a day on which a court sits to administer justice: court-dress, a dress suitable for appearing at court, or a levee. courtesy, n. kir'tS-sl (from court: F. courtiser, to flatter; courtoisie, civility), politeness of manners combined with kindness ; civility ; an act of civility or respect ; favour not by right : courtesy, n. kert'sl, an act of respect or reverence paid by a woman : v. to perform an act of respect, &c. , as a woman : court'- esying, imp. or n. -Ing: court esied, pp. -sld. cousin, n. kuz'-n (F. cousin: It. cugino), the son or daughter of an uncle or aunt ; any relation more distant than a brother or sister ; title of address used by a king to his nobles : cousins-german, the children of brothers or sisters : cousinly, a. -U, having the relation of cousins: ad. becoming a cousin. cove, n. kov (L. cams, hollow : Sp. cueva, a cave : Port, cova, a hole, a ditch), a small inlet or recess in the sea-shore where boats may find shelter ; a creek or small bay ; a nook : v. to arch over : co'ving, imp. : coved, pp. kovd: adj. arched over. covenant, n. kuv'-e-ndnt (F. convenant, a contract: L. conventum, an agreement— from L. con, and venio, I come), a written agreement between parties to do or not to do some act or thing ; a stipulation ; an engage- ment in writing ; a solemn league ; the promise made by God to man on certain conditions : v. to enter into aformal agreement ; to contract : covenanting, imp. : cov'enan'ted, pp. : covenanter, n. kuv'-e-ndn'-ter, one who joined in the solemn league and covenant in Scotland in the reigns of Charles I. and II. cover, n. kuv'-er (F. couvrir, to conceal: It. coprire, to cover— from L. con, and operire, to cover), anything laid or spread over something else ; anything that veils or conceals; disguise; shelter; protection: v. to overspread the surface or top of anything by an- other thing ; to veil or conceal from view by some in- tervening object ; to clothe; to shelter; to protect; to equal or be equivalent to: cov'ering, imp.: n. any- thing spread or laid over another; a garment; bed- clothes : cov'ered, pp. -erd: cov'ercle, n. -er-kl, a small cover; a lid: cov'erlet, n. -er-Ut (F. covvre-lit, a bed- cover), the upper covering of a bed : cov'ert, a. -ert, concealed ; private ; secret ; disguised ; insidious ; under protection : n. a place which covers or shelters ; a defence ; a shady place ; a thicket ; a hiding-place : cov'ertly, ad. -li, secretly; insidiously: cov'ertness, n.: covert-way or covered-way, in a fortified place, the level road or space on the outer edge of the main ditch: cov'erture, n. -er-tur, shelter; defence; in law, the state or condition of a married woman, as being under the po in of her husband. covet, v. kiiv'-Ht (Prov. cubitos; L. cupidus, passion- ately desirous, covetous : F. convoiteux, very desirous), to desire or wish for eagerly; to desire earnestly to obtain ; to desire any object which cannot be obtained or possessed lawfully ; to have an earnest desire for : cov'eting, imp. : cov'etingly, ad. -II : cov'eted, pp. : cov'eter, n. one who : cov etable, a, -td-bl, that may be coveted: cov'etous, a. -e-tiis, eager to obtain; greedily desirous after; avaricious: covetously, ad. -Us cov- etousness, n. covey, n. kiiv'-l (F. couve'e, a brood— from couver, to hatch), a brood or hatch of birds; a small flock of birds ; a brood of partridges. covin, n. kiiv'-in (old F. covine— from convenir, to agree: L. convenire, to meet together, to agree), de- ceitful agreement between two or more to the hurt of another: covinous, a. -knits, deceitful; fraudulent. cow, n. kdiv, plu. cows, kdivz, old plu. kine, kin (AS. cu, a cow; cy, cows: Sans, gao; Ger. huh, a cow), the female of the bull; a well-known animal yielding milk for domestic uses : cow-pox, small blisters that appear on the teats of a cow, the vaccine matter for inoculation being obtained from these : cow-hide, leather made from the skin of a cow ; a rough riding- whip : v. to whip roughly : cow'feeder, n. one whose business it is to feed cows and deal in their milk: cow'herd, n. one who tends cows in the field: cow- tree, a tree of S. Amer. producing a nourishing milk. cow, v. kow (Sw. kufwa; Dan. kue, to subdue, to bring down), to depress with fear; to keep under; to dispirit : cowing, imp. : cowed, pp. kowd. coward, n. kow'erd (old F. couard, a hare, an ani- mal proverbially timid— so called from its short tail : L. cauda, the tail— also applied to one who holds back), one who wants cour:i_; .- m ru._-.-t clanger of any kind ; a timid person ; a poltroon : adj. also cow'ard- ly, a. -II, destitute of courage ; timid ; base ; fearful ; dastardly : cow'ardly, ad. -li .- cowardliness, n. : cow- ardice, n. -er-dls, want of courage to face danger; un- due fear or timidity. cower, v. kdiv'-tr (W. nvrian, to squat : Gael, curr, a corner : Fin. kaari, a curve), to sink by bending the knees ; to shrink or crouch through fear : cow'ering, imp. : cowered, pp. kdiv'-erd. cowl, n. kdivl (L. cundlus ; old F. cuoule ; AS. cugle ; W. cu'fl, a monk's hood), a monk's hood or habit ; a cover for a chimney that turns with the wind : cowled, a. kdtcld, hooded ; covered with a cowl : cowl-staff, a staff or pole on which a vessel is supported between two persons. co-worker, n. ko-werk'-er (con, and worker), one who works with another. cowry, n. kolv'-rl (Hind, kauri), a small shell used as money in Africa and the E. I. cowslip, n. kdic'slip (probably for cow's -leek, as house-leek: Icel. laukr, a garden vegetable), a spring flower; a species of primrose : cow'leech, n. -la eh (cow, and AS. Iccce, a physician, a leech), a cattle-doctor. coxcomb, n. koks'-kom (cock's-comb, something re- sembling it formerly worn by licensed fools in their caps), a fop; a vain showy fellow: coxcombry, n. -rl, foppishness : coxcomlcal, a. -kom'4-kdl, foppish ; conceited. coy, a. kdy (F. coi, still, quiet: It. cheto; Sp. quedo; L. quietus, quiet), bashful; modest; reserved; not ac- cessible : coyly, ad. -li : coy'ness, n. reserve ; unwil- lingness to become familiar: coylsh, a. -ish, some- what coy : coy'ishly, ad. -li : coylshness, n. coz, n. kHz, a contracted form of cousin. cozen, v. kuz'-n (It. coglionare, to deceive, to make a dupe of: Venet. dialect, cogionnare), to cheat; to defraud; to deceive: coz'ening, imp.: cozened, pp. kuz'&nd •. coz'ener, n. a cheat : coz'enage, n. -en-aj, fraud ; deceit ; the practice of cheating. cozy, a.— see cosey. crab, n. krab (Icel. krabbi ; Ger. krebs; L. cancer, a crab, the pinching animal : Bret, krab, a crab ; krdban, a claw), a well-known crustacean or shell-fish ; one of the signs of the zodiac ; a wild apple ; a peevish morose person j an engine with three claws for launching ships: crabbed, a. krdb'-ed, sour; rough; austere; peevish ; morose : crab'bedly, ad. -li .• crabbedness, n. : crab-tree, n. wild-apple tree. crab, n. krab (Sp. cabra, a goat, a machine for throwing stones ; cabria, a crane), a wooden appa- ratus something like a capstan, and used for similar purposes. r i >ther vegetable products while growing, or after being gathered : v. to cut or pluck the ends off; to mow or reap ; to sow or plant: crop'ping, imp. : n. the act of cutting off: the raising of crops : cropped, pp. a. krdpt, plucked ; cut short; eaten off: neck and crop, altogether; at once ; bag and baggage : to crop out, in geol., to come to the surface, as the edge of any inclined stratum, which is called the crop or outcrop: crop'ful, a. -fool, having a full crop or belly : crop'per, n. -pir, a pigeon with a large crop : crop-sick, a. sick from excess in eating or drinking. croquet, n. kro'kd (F.), an open-air game played with wooden balls and mallets. crore, n. kror, in the East Indies, 100 lacs of rupees, equal to about one million sterling. crosier, n. kro'zhl-er (F. croix; It. croce : Icel. kross; Ger. krexiz, a cross— from L. crux, a cross for the punish- ment of malefactors), a staff crooked at the head and highly ornamented with gold or silver ; a symbol of pas- toral care and authority ; a bishop's staff or crook : cross, n. kros, two lengths of any body placed across each other— thus (+), (X ), or ( -(■ ) ; a line drawn through another ; the ensign of the Christian religion ; the instrument on which the Saviour died; any misfor- tune ; a hindrance : v. to draw a line, or place a body, across another ; to pass or move over ; to pass from sidetoside; to cancel; to erase; to obstruct or hinder: adj. oblique; transverse; obstructing; adverse; peev- ish or ill-humoured : cros'sing, imp. : n. a paved part for passing across a street : crossed, pp. krost : crossette, n. kros-sef, in arch., the small projecting pieces in arch-stones which hang upon the adjacent stones: crossly, ad. -li, adversely; in opposition: cross'ness, n. peevishness: cross-grained, a. having the fibres cross or irregular : perverse; troublesome: crossbar, n. a kind of lever : crossbow, n. a weapon formed by fastening a bow at the end of a stock : cross-bun, n. a bun with the form of a cross on one side : cross let, n. a little cross : to take up the cross, to submit to afflictions and self-denial for love to Christ : cross-action, in law, a case in which A having an action against B, B also brings an action against A on the same case: cross-examination, a strict examination of a witness by the opposing counsel : cross-beam, a large beam running from wall to wall : to cross the breed, to breed animals from different varieties of the same species: cross-armed, a. hav- ing arms across: cross-barred, a. -bard, secured by bars crossing each other: crossbill, a bird so called from the form of the bill : cross-course, in mining, a vein or lode which intersects at right angles the gen- eral direction of the veins: cross-cut, in mining, a level driven at right angles with the view of intersect- ing a lode or vein : cross-cut saw, a saw managed by two men, one at each end : a crossed check, an order for payment of money on demand, having the name of a banker written across it: cross - purpose, con- tradictory conduct or system, as proposing a difficulty to be solved; a riddle : to cross- question, to examine again in another direction : cross-sea, waves nmning game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. CROT 124 CRUP high across others ; a swell : cross-staff, a surveyor's instrument for measuring offsets: cross -tie, a rail- way sleeper; in arch., a connecting band in a building: cross-tree3, in ships, certain pieces of timber at the upper ends of the lower masts and top masts : cross- road, an obscure road or path leading from one part of the main road to another, or intersecting it : cross- wind, an unfavourable or side wind: crosswise, ad. ■wiz, across ; in the form of a cross : to play cross and pile, to play at tossing up money which had a cross on one side and a pile or pillar on the other : cross-stone, n. harmotome or pyramidal zeolite. crotch, n. kroch (F. croc, a hook; crochet, a hook, a little hook), a hook or fork: crotched, a. krocht, hooked : crotch'et, n. -St, a fixedness of the mind on some particular object or pursuit; a whim or fancy; a musical note ; a bracket : crotcheted, a. kroch'e- t6d, marked with crotchets : crotchety, a. -tl, having a changeable tendency to fix the mind too exclusively on one object; whimsical. croton-oil, n. krO'ton-oyl, an oil expressed from the seeds of one of the croton tribe of plants, violently purgative : croton'ic, a. -Ik, pert. to. crouch, v. krowch (Icel. krokinn, crooked, bowed down: W. crwcau, to bow, to curve), to stoop low; to bend ; to act meanly ; to fawn or cringe : crouch'ing, imp. : crouched, pp. krdivcht. croup, n. krop (Gael, crup, to contract, to shrink : Goth, kropjan; Icel. kropa; Scot, roup, to cry), a disease very fatal to children, arising from inflam- mation of the upper part of the windpipe caused by cold. croup, n. krop (F. croupe, hind quarters), the hinder part or buttocks of a horse; the place behind the saddle. croupier, n. krd-pir' (F. an assistant at a gaming- table), in Scot., one who sits at the foot of the table at a public dinner and assists the chairman. crout, n. krotut (Ger. kraut, a plant, a vegetable : Dan. kruid, an herb, cabbage), sliced or chopped cab- bage placed in layers alternately with salt and spices, closely packed and allowed to ferment, usually called sour crout ; a universal article of domestic use in Ger- many, and called sauer kraut. crow, n. kro (Ger. krahen, to crow: L. crocire; F. croasser; Gr. krozein, to croak: Icel. kraki, a crow: an imitation of the cry of different birds), a large bird of a very deep blue-black colour ; the cry of a cock ; an iron lever : v. to sing or cry as a cock, being a mark of joy or defiance ; to boast in triumph : crow'ing, imp.: crew, pt. kro, did crow: crowed, pp. krod: crow- bar, a strong bar of iron used as a lever : to pluck or pull a crow, to be contentious about a trifle : crow- berry, a heath-like plant, one species producing a black berry: crow-coal, among miners, earthy coal containing very little bitumen : crow-foot or crow's- f. ■ i,, ,i / ,■," /..,ii ;.i ml ; i-'jnui rjn'j, |il i.ni , r. 1 1 « ■ seed ' CS- sels of which resemble the foot of a crow ; in a ship, a number of small cords rove through a long block, used to suspend an awning by, &c. ; in mil., a machine of iron having four points or spikes : crow's-bill, in surg., a kind of forceps for extracting bullets, &c, from wounds : crow's-feet, wrinkles under the eyes, being the effects of age : crow's-nest, a lopk-out or watch- tower placed on the main-topmast cross-trees, gen- erally of a whaling vessel : crow-quill, n. (crow and quill), a pen made from the quill of a crow, used for delicate writing and sketching. crowd, n. krdiod (W. crwd, a round lump : Lith. kruwa, a heap, as stones or people : connected with curd), a confused multitude of persons ; a throng ; a mob ; a number of things together; the populace : v. to press together ; to fill to excess ; to encumber with numbers ; to extend to the utmost, as a ship crowds on sails : crowd'ing, imp. : crowded, pp. : adj. very full : crowdy, n. krow'dl, a mixture of oatmeal and milk or water. crown, n. krdivn (L. corona, a crown: W. crivn, round, circular: Gael, crim, the boss of a shield, a garland), the state cap or diadem of a king or sover- eign ; the executive government ; a wreath or gar- land ; the top part of a thing ; a silver coin, value 5s.: i"<> invest anj one viWii regal power by the ceremony of placing the state cap or diadem on his head ; to complete or finish ; to reward : crown'ing, imp. : crowned, pp. krdwnd: crown-glass, n. the best com- mon window-glass: crownless, a. without a crown: crown-office, n. an office belonging to the Court of Queen's Bench : crown-post, n. in a building, a post which stands upright in the middle between two prin- cipal rafters : crown-prince, n. the prince who suc- ceeds to the crown or throne: crown-wheel, n. a wheel having cogs at right angles with its plane ; in a watch, the wheel v, hieli drives the balance: crown- work, in fort., an outwork consisting of a bastion connected by a curtain on each side with two demi- bastions, situated on some elevated point, which, be- sides defending the position, covers the other works. crucial, a. kr6'shl-al (F. crucial; It. cruciate, cru- cial—from L. crux, a cross— gen. crucis), in surg., pas- sing across ; intersecting ; in form of a cross ; severe ; trying : cru'cia'ted, a. -a'ted, tormented : cru'cia'tion, n. -a-shun, torture; exquisite pain: cruciferous, a. ■slf'-er-us (L. fero, I bear), in hot., pert, to an order of plants, the crucif erae, -ere, having the four petals of the flower in the form of a cross : cru'ciform, a. -si- fciwrm (L. forma, a shape), in hot., consisting of four equal petals disposed in the form of a cross. Note. — the cruciform plants include the stocks, wallflowers, cabbages, and cresses. crucible, n. kr6'-sl-bl (F. creuset, a little earthen pot: mid. L. crucibulum, a melting-pot— from L. crux, a cross, as formerly marked with a cross), a pot for melting metals, &c, usually of Stourbridge clay, plum- bago, platinum, or other fire-resisting materials. crucifix, n. crucified, &c— see crucify. crucify, v. kro'-sl-fl (F. crucifier; It. crucifiggere, to crucify,— from L. crux, a cross— gen. crucis, and figo, I fix ; .fixus, fixed), to put to death by nailing to a cross ; to repress and subdue evil passions and desires from love to Christ : cru'cifying, imp. : cru'cified, pp. -fid: cru'cifier, n. one who : crucifix, n. krd'sl-flks, a figure in wood, metal, or other substance, representing Christ fastened to the cross : cru'cifix'ion, n. -fik'-shun, the act of nailing to the cross; the punishment of death by the cross : the crucifixion, n. the death of Christ by the cross. crud, krud, and cruddle, krud'l, same as curd and curdle, which see. crude, a. krod (L. crudus, bloody, raw : Bohem. krew ; W. crau, blood— connected with cruel), in a raw, unprepared state; rough; imperfect; clumsy; hasty; not matured: crudely, ad. -it; crude'ness.n. : crudity, n. kro'-dl-tl, rawness. cruel, a. krd'el (L. crud 'tdele ; F. cruel, cruel, fierce— see crude), inclined to inflict pain or sufferings on others ; barbarous ; inhuman ; ex- tremely unkind ; hard-hearted ; merciless : cru'elly, ad. -II: cru'elty, n. -tl, inhumanity; disposition to inflict sufferings. cruet, n. kro'-et (Pol. kark ; Scot, craig, a neck: Russ. korssok, a pitcher with a narrow neck— see crucible), a small flint-glass bottle, containing for im- media I e use a sauce, or pepper, mustard, &c. cruise, n. kr6z (Dut. kruissen, to cruise— from cruis, a cross : F. croiser — from croix, a cross : L. crux, a cross— the cross being the badge of the seamen who in former times carried on naval warfare against the in- fidels), a voyage among places, or from place to place : v. to sail from place to place or within certain parts of a sea for a particular purpose, as for war or protection of commerce: crui'sing, imp. : n. the act of voyaging for observation, pleasure, or practice: adj. pert, to: cruised, pp. krdzd : crui'ser, n. kro'zer, a ship of war cruising. cruise, n. krdz, a cup— see cruse. crumb, n., or crum, n. krum (AS. crume, a crumb : Gael, criom, a bite, a nip : Ger. krume ; Dut, kruime, a crumb), a small part or fragment; the soft part of bread, as distinguished from the crust : crum'my, a. -ml, inclined to go to crumbs ; soft : v. to break into crumbs : crumb'ing, imp. : crumbed, pp. krumd : ' crumble, v. krum'-bl, to break or fall into small pieces ; to moulder ; to perish : crum'bling, imp. -bllng: crum'- bled, pp. -bid: crumb-brush, n. a curve-shaped brush for sweeping crumbs from a table-cloth : crumb-cloth, n. a cloth laid on the top of a carpet under the table for gathering the crumbs : crum'pet, n. -pet, a kind of cake or muffin ; very thin bread. crump, a. krump (Sw. krumpen, shrunk : AS. crump, bowed, bent : Ger. krumm ; W. crwm, to bend, to crook), crooked : crump-back, hump-back : folds or v crum'pled, pp. -pld. crunch, v. krunsh (see craunch), to crush between the teeth. crupper, n. krup'per (F. croupibre, a crupper— from mate, mat, far, law; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; CRUR 125 CUCK croupe, the ridge of the back, the rump of a horse), a strap of leather buckled to a saddle, and which, passing under the horse's tail, prevents the saddle from slip- ping forward on to the horse's neck : v. to put a crupper on : crup pering, imp. : crup pered, pp. -perd. crural, a. kro'-rCil (L. cms, the leg — gen. cruris: Sans, cri, to go, to run), of or belonging to the legs. crusades, n. plu. krd-sddz' (F. rroisade, a crusade— from L. a'ux, a cross: Sp. cruzada), military expedi- tions in the middle ages for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Saracens, the soldiers wearing the figure of the cross, or having banners with crosses on them : crusade', n. a roi tag : crusa'der, n. sa'der, one who: crusading, a. pert, to : crusa'do, n. -do, a Portuguese com, so called from the figure of the cross stamped upon it. cruse, n. kroz (Icel. krus ; Ger. krus; Dut. kroes, a cup, a drinking-vessel— see crucible), a small cup; a small bottle : cruset, n. kru'-sit, a goldsmith's melting- pot. crush, v. krush (a word imitative of the noise of crushing a hard or brittle body : F. croissir, to crack er crash : It. crosciare, to crush : Lith. kruszti, to grind), to press and bruise between two hard bodies ; to beat or force down ; to subdue ; to overwhelm by superior power; to conquer; to be pressed into a smaller compass : n. a collision ; a violent pressure, as of a crowd: crushing, imp.: adj. pressing into :t mass; overwhelming : crushed, pp. kriisht .- adj. broken or bruised by pressure or by a fall : crush'er, one who or that which. crust, n. kriist (L. crusta, the shell of anything ; imitative of the sound of crunching a crust of bread : Ger. kruste.a, crust : Bohem. chraustati, to crunch), the outward covering or shell of anything, generally harder than the body itself ; the outer portion of the earth ; the tartar deposited from wine on the bottle, evidence of age, the wine being then called crusted: v. to cover with a crust ; to harden the outside of a thing: crust'ing, imp. : crusted, pp. krust'Sd: crusta- cea, n. plu. -ta'shia, also crusta'ceans, n. plu. -shl- CLnz, a general name for all kinds of animals with jointed shells, as the crab, lobster, Ac. : crustacean, a.-dn, pert, to; having jointed shells: crusta'ceous, a. -ta'shus, pert, to ; of the nature of crust or shell ; in hot., hard, thin, and brittle: crustated, a. -ta-tid, covered with a crust : crusta'tion, n. -ta'shiin, an adherent crust: crusty, a. kr&s'-ti, hard; abrupt in manner or speech ; ill-tempered: crustily, ad. -tl-ll : crustiness, n. -tl-n6s, the quality of being crusty; peevishness ; moroseness. crut, n. krilt (contracted from crust), the rough shaggy part of oak-bark. crutch, n. krueh (Ger. kriicke ; Dut. kruck ; Lith. kruke, a crutch : It. croccia, a little cross, a crutch— from L. cmx, across), a staff having at one end a curved cross for the armpit ; a support for the lame in walk- ing ; old age : v. to support on crutches : crutch'ing, imp. : crutched, pp. krucht. crux, n. krCdcs (L. a cross), the southern cross— name of a constellation of the southern hemisphere. cry, v. At? (imitative of a shrill sudden exertion of the voice: It. gridare ; F. crier; Ger. schreien, to cry and weep), to utter a loud voice ; to speak or call loudly ; to utter a voice in weeping or sorrow ; to lament ; to squall as a child; to proclaim: cries, n. plu. krlz, a loud sound uttered by any animal ; a loud sound in lamentation or weeping; clamour; bitter complaints ; a street announcement ; crying, imp. krVlng: adj. uttering a squalling noise, as a child; calling for notice ; notorious : n, clamour ; outcrv : cried, pp. krid: crier, n. kri'er, one who; a public - officer who makes announcements or proclamations: to cry against, to utter a loud voice by way of re- proof or threatening: to cry out against, to com- plain of or censure strongly : to cry out, to exclaim : to cry down, to depreciate : to cry up, to praise or extol : to cry to, to call on in praver ; to implore. cryolite, n. krl'o-lit (Gr. kmos.'ice, hoar-frost, and htfios, a stone), a mineral found onlv in the gneiss of \\ est Greenland, which melts like ice in the flame of a candle ; the commercial ore of aluminium : cryo- phorus, n. -of-or-iis (Gr. phero, I bear), an instrument for freezing water by its own evaporation. crypt, n. kr'tpt (It. and L. crupta. a vault, a con- cealed subten sag —from Gr. krupto, I con- ceal : F. crypte), an underground cell or cave for burial, generally under a church ; the part of a church or chapel underground : cryptic, a. krip'tlk, also cryp- tical, -t 1 -kAl, pert, to ; hidden ; secret : cryp'tos, a. -tos • in bot., inconspicuous or concealed ; in composition, crypto. cryptogamia, n. krlp'-to-ga'ml-a (Gr. kruptos, con- cealed, and gamos, marriage), in bot., one of the great divisions of the vegetable kingdom, comprisli-g the mushrooms, lichens, mosses, sea-weeds, and fens, the organs of fructification in which are concealed or not apparent ; also cryptog'amy, n. -tog'd-mi: cryp'to- ga,m'ic,a.:-td-garu'-ik, alsocryptog amous, a.-tdg'-a- nuts, pert, to plants of the order cryptogamia : cryptog'- raphy, n. tog'rd-fl (Gr. graphe, a writing), the act or art of writing in secret characters : cryp'tograph- ical, a. gra/'-l-kal, pert, to : cryptographer, n. -tog' -ra-h'r, one who. crystal, n. }., i--! i ' 1 1 n : present or current month, as 10th inst.-. proximo, proks'l-mO, or its contr. prox. (L. proximo, on the next), noting a day of the next month, as, on the 4th prox. : ultimo, ul'-ti-mo, or its contr. ult. (L. ultimo, in the last), noting a day in the last month, or the month preceding the present, as, on the 6th ult. curtail, v. ker-tal (F. court, short, concise, and tatt- ler, to cut), to shorten ; to cut off the end or a part ; i oi diminish: curtailing, imp.: curtailed', pp. -tald': adj. cut shorter; abridged: curtailment, ■ i :>. '-:!,ui-t,ening of anything: curtail'er, n. one who: cur'tail-dog, a dog mutilated according to the forest laws to prevent liim running down the royal game: cuT tail-step, the lowest step in a flight of stairs, ending at its outer extremity in a scroll. curtain, n. ker'-tln (F. courtine; It. cortina, the hangings of a court; Wal. cortu, a tent), a movable cloth hung round a lied, at a window, or in front of a stage; any piece of movable drapery used for con- mate,indt, far, law; mete, met, cealment ; the part of a wall or rampart which joins the flanks of two bastions together: v. to inclose by means of curtains : cur'taining, imp. : cur'tained, pp. -tind : cuTtainless, a. : to draw the curtain, to close a curtain so as to shut out the light or conceal an object: to raise the curtain, to commence: to drop the curtain, to close the scene ; to throw off the mask ; to end : behind the curtain, in concealment ; in secret : curtain lectures, the querulous and dis- contented talk of a wife to her husband while in bed with him. curtal, n. ker'tdl— same as curtail, which see: adj. brief; abridged. curtate, a. ker-tat (L. curtatum, to shorten, to diminish), in astron., applied to denote a planet's dis- tance from the sun, reduced to the plane of the ecliptic. curtsey, n. kirt'-st, curt'seys, plu. -slz— also curtsy, n. kert'-si, curt'sies, plu. -siz (F. courtiser, to court, to entertain with compliments of respect— see courtesy), a woman's or girl's act of reverence or respect ; a woman's salutation of respect by slightly bending the knees and inclining the body forwards: curt'seying or curtsying, imp. -si-lug: curt'seyed or curtsied, pp. -sid. curule, a,, ku'-rool (L. curulis, pert, to a chariot, a curule chair : It. and F. curule— from currus, a char- iot), pert, to the chair or seat used in Rome by public officers; senatorial; magisterial. curve, n. kerv (L. curvus, bent : F. courbe : It. curvo), anything bent; part of a circle; an arched line: adj. crooked ; bent : v. to bend ; to crook ; to make circu- lar: cur'ving, imp.: curved, pp. kervd: curva'tion, n. -va'-shun, the act of bending: cur'vatlve, a. -vd-tiv, in hot., scarcely folded ; having the margins merely curved a little: cur'vature, n. -vCi-tur, crookedness, orthemannerof being bent; a curve; abendingfrom a straight line : cur'vated, a. -va-ted, curved; bent in a regular form. curvet, n. ker'-vSt (F. courbette, curvet: L. curvus, bent), the prancings of a managed horse, in which he bends his body together and springs out : v. to leap in curvets ; to frisk ; to leap and bound : curveting, imp.: cur'veted, pp. curvicaudate, a. ker'-vl-kaw'-dat (L. curvus, bent, and cauda, a tail), having a bent tail : cur'vifoliate, a. -fo'-li-at (L. folium, a leaf), having bent leaves : cur'- viform, a. -vl-faivrm (L. forma, a shape), being of a curved form. curvilinear, a. ker'-vl-ttn'-l-er (L. curvus, bent, and linea, a line), having a curve line ; consisting of curve lines: cur'vilin'ear'ity, n. -dr-l-ti: cur'viros tral, a. -ros'-tral (L. rostrum, a beak), having a crooked beak. cushat, n. kdbsh'-dt (AS. cusceote), the ring-dove or wood-pigeon. cushion, n. kffbsh'-un (F. coussin; It. coscino; Ger. kiissen, a cushion), a soft pad or pillow to sit on ; any bag filled with soft materials ; any stuffed or padded surface ; the padded side or edge of a billiard-table : v. to furnish with a cushion or cushions: cushioning, imp. •. cushioned, pp. -und: cush'ionet, n. -un-St, a little cushion. cusp, n. kusp (L. cuspis, a point, a lance— gen. cus- pidis: It. cuspide), the point or horn of the moon; in arch., the projecting points or ornaments formed by the meeting of the small arches or foils, in foil- arches or tracery: cuspidate, a. kus'-pi dat, also cus'- pida'ted, a. in hot., having a sharp end like a spear; ending in a bristly point; in anat., applied to the canine or eye teeth. custard, n. kus'-terd (probably a corruption of the obsolete crustade, a dish of the fourteenth century, consisting of a kind of stew served up in a raised crust), a mixture of milk and eggs sweetened and flavoured, and afterwards baked or boiled : custard- apple, a tropical fruit containing a sweet yellowish pulp. custody, n. kus'td-di (L. custodia, a keeping or pre* serving — from custos, a guard : It. custodia : F. cus- tode), a guarding; a keeping; care or watch over for security or preservation; imprisonment: custodian, n. -to'-di-dn, one who has the care or custody of some public building; also custo'dier, n, -er, one who: cus- to'dial, a. -dl, relating to guardianship: cus'tos, n. ■tds (L.), a keeper, as custos rotulorum, the principal justiee of a enmity, and keeper of its records. custom, n. kus'tum (old F. coustume; It. costume, custom, usage— from L. consuetus, usual, ordinary), frequent repetition of the same act ; established man- Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve;. CUT 129 CYCL ner ; the practice of frequenting a shop for the pur- chase of goods ; usage ; toll or tax : cus'toms, n. plu. duties or taxes on goods imported or exported : cus- tom-house, the house where the customs are paid, .:; dasyure, n. dds'l-ur (Gr. dasus, hairy, and oura, a tail), a quadruped of Australia allied to the opossum. data, n. plu. dd'-td (L. data, things given— from datum, a thing given), tilings given, admitted, or known, by which to find things unknown ; known or admitted facts or truths : da'tum, n. sing, -turn, some- thing given as a standard : datum-line, the base-line from which surface levels are reckoned : dataria, n. dd-td'rl-d, the Papal chancery at Rome from which all bulls are dated and issued : date, n. ddt, the day, month, and year in which anything was given or ex- ecuted ; the time of any event or transaction ; period ; age ; era ; epoch : v. to write, fix, or note the time of any event, &c. ; to reckon ; to begin : da'ting, imp. :. da'ted, pp. : dateless, a. without a date. date, n. dut (F. datte, the date: L. dactylus, a finger —from the form of the fruit), the fruit of the date- palm tree. datholite, n. ddth'-6-llt (fir. dnihvs, turbid, in allu- sion to its want of transparency) ; also datolite, n. ddt'o-lit (Gr. dateomai, I divide— because of its divi- sion into granular portions), a glossy crystal, colour- less, or inclining to grey, or to a yellowish grey. dative, a. dd'tiv (L. datum, given), in Latin, the case of nouns that usually follows verbs expressing giv- mate, mdt, far, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; DAUB 133 DEAN ing, or an act directed to an object ; this relation in Eng. is expressed by to or for. daub, n. dawb (from dab, an imitation of the sound made by throwing down a lump of something moist), a coarse painting : v. to smear or cover with any soft matter ; to plaster ; to paint coarsely ; to lay or put on without taste : daub ing, imp. : daubed, pp. dawbd : dauber, n. one who : daub'y, a. -I, slimy ; adhesive. daughter, n. daw'ter (Ger. tochter; Gr.thugatcr; Sans, duhitri; Lap. daktar ; AS. dohter), a female child ; female offspring ; a term of affection for a fe- male : daughter-in-law, n. a son's wife : daughterly, a. -ll, dutiful : daugh terliness, n. dauk, n.— see dawk. daunt, v. daTcnt (F. dompter, to tame: Scot, dant, to subdue: L. domare, to tame), to dishearten; to discourage ; to check by fear ; to dismay : daunting, imp. : daunt'ed, pp. : daunt less, a. bold ; fearless ; not timid: dauntlessly, ad. -ll: dauntlessness, n. fearless- ness; intrepidity. Dauphin, n. diw'-fln (L. dclphin, a dolphin, a star —originally the title of the lord of Dauphine), a title of the elde'st son of the king of France prior to the revolution in 18.0 ; his wife was called Dauphiness. davite, n. dd'vlt (after Sir H. Davy), a native sul- phate of alumina of a yellow or greenish-yellow colour. davits, n. plu. da'vlts (F. clavier, a davit), the pro- jecting iron beams on the side or stern of a vessel from which a boat is suspended for immediate use in case of need : davit, n. a spar on board a ship, used as a crane for hoisting the anchor and keeping it clear of the ship. Davy-lamp, n. dd'vl-Mmp, a form of lamp whose light is surrounded by fine wire gauze, invented by Sir Humphrey Davy, used in workings subject to ex- plosions of fire-damp. daw, n. daw (Swiss, ddhi: Bav. dahel), a bird of the crow kind ; the jackdaw : daw'ish, a. like a daw. dawdle, v. daiv'-dl (F. dada, a hobby-horse : Scot. daidle, to wal a child), to do a thing in a purposeless manner like a child, and slowly ; to trifle and waste time: dawdling, imp.: daw" died, pp. -did: daw'dler, n. -dle-r, a trifler ; one who lingers. dawk, n. dawk (Hind.), the mail post in the E. I. dawn, n. dawn (Icel. dagan, dawn ; dagur, day : AS. dagian, to become day), the break of day; the first appearance of light in the morning ; first opening or expansion ; rise ; beginning ; first appearance : v. to begin to grow light ; to begin to open or expand ; to glimmer obscurely: dawn'ing, imp.: n. first appear- ance of anything, as the day, reason, intellectual powers: dawned, pp. daXind. day, n. da (in the middle ages the word day was applied to the day appointed for hearing a cause, or for the meeting of an assembly: Dut. daghen, to appoint a day for a certain purpose: old Sw. dag, the time appointed for a convention: AS. dceg ; L. dies, a day), one complete revolution of the earth on its axis; the time from midnight to midnight; a period of twenty-four hours ; in common language, the time from sunrise to sunset, as opposed to the darkness or night; publicity; light; any specified time ; age, as in these days ; time : dai'ly, a. -ll, every day : daysman, n. ddz'-mdn, the judge appointed to decide between parties at a judicial hearing: day- book, n. a book containing entries of transactions just as they occur every day : daybreak, n. dawn : day- dream, n. a vision while awake : daylight, n. the light of the sun, as opposed to that of the moon : day-star, n. morning star ; the Divine revelation ; the light of the gospel : day by day, every day : day of grace, the time that mercy is offered : days of grace, the three days allowed for the payment of a bill of exchange after its date has expired : dayspring, n. the dawn of light : day-ticket, in a railicay or steamboat, a ticket to enable a passenger to return on the same day : day- labour, labour performed or hired by the day : day- labourer, one who works by the day : day's journey, in the East, a mode of computing the distance that can easily be travelled over in a day: daytime, the time during which the sun gives light to the earth: from day to day, without certainty or continuance : to-day, on this day : astronomical day, the day which begins at noon and ends at noon : civil day, the mean sidereal day, the day measured by the stars, being the interval between two successive transits of the first point of Aries over the same meridian: solar day, the day measured by the sun, being the interval between two successive transits of the sun's centre over the same meridian : mean solar day, the mean or average of all the apparent solar days in the year : to win the day, to gain the victory ; to be successful. daze, v. ddz (Dut. daesen, to lose one's wits in fright : Icel. das, a faint exhaustion : Bav. dosen, to keep still), to stun; to stupefy with a blow, or with excess of light, fear, cold, &c. : n. among miners, a glittering stone : da 'zing, imp. : dazed, pp. dazd : dazzle, v. ddz'l, to overpower with light; to strike or surprise with brilliancy or splendour; to be overpowered with light : daz'zling, imp. : dazzled, pp. -Id : daz'zlingly, ad. -Ung-ll: daz zlement, n. -l-mint. de, pref. (L.), a moving down or from; separation or taking away : de often expresses a negative, and sometimes only augments the sense : de has the force of dis, asunder, as in derange, depart. deacon, n. de'-kn (L. diaconus; Gr. diakonos, a min- ister or servant), in the Eng. Ch. and in the Ch. of R., a person in the lowest order of the clergy— origin- ally an overseer of the poor, but deacons do not now fulfil their original purpose; in Scot., the chairman of an incorporated trade; in certain denominations, one who attends to the secular affairs of the congre- gation: deaconsbip, n. de'kn-shlp, or dea'conry, n. -rl, the office of: dea'coness, n. formerly a female deacon in Christian churches. dead, a. ded (Goth, dauths; Icel. daud; Sw. dod; Ger. todt, dead), deprived of life ; deceased ; without life; that never had life; senseless; inactive; per- fectly still; tasteless; vapid; perfect or complete, as a dead shot ; wholly under the power of sin : deadly, a. -ll, that may occasion death ; fatal ; destructive : ad. in a manner resembling death ; mortally : dead'ness, n. state of being destitute of life, vigour, or activity: dead-lift, or dead-weight, n. a heavy weight or bur- den : dead-light, a shutter for the window of a ship's cabin : dead - reckoning, n. a ship's place ascer- tained from the log-book : dead level, a term applied to a flat country which offers facilities for railway or road making : dead-colouring, the first layers of col- ours in a picture, bringing out its parts: dead drunk, rendered perfectly helpless through strong drink: dead-letter, at a post-office, a letter whose owner can- not be found : deadly nightshade, a poisonous plant of the genus atropa : dead-march, a solemn piece of music played on instruments at the interment of the dead, principally of military men: dead-water, the water that closes in after a ship's stem when sailing : deads, n. plu. dids, in mining, any vein-stone or mine stuff that does not contain enough of ore to make it worth removing from the mine ; mine waste or rub- bish : dead top, a disease of young trees : dead nettle, a common plant like the nettle, but having no sting- ing property : the dead, n. plu. human beings without life: dead language, one no longer spoken: deaden, v. did'-n, to lessen force, vigour, or sensation ; to blunt; to retard; to render spiritless ; to smother, as sound; to cloud or obscure: dead'ening, imp. -nlng: dead'ened, pp. -nd: dead'liness, n. -li-nes. deaf, a. def (founded on the notion of stoppings an orifice ; dead and deaf have the same primary origin : Goth, daubs ; Icel. daufr, deaf, dull of hearing), with- out the sense of hearing j L feet hearing; in- Sans. dala, a part, a lot, a portion), an indefinite quantity ; a great part : v. to distribute, as cards ; to divide into portions ; to give gradually ; to transact business; to traffic; to act: dealing, imp. : n. conduct distributed ; gii on : dealer, n. one who ': to deal in, to trade in ; to practise : to deal with, to trade with ; to be a customer to : to deal by, to treat well or ill. deal, n. del (Sw. tall, pine-tree : Icel. taiga, to hew : Ger. diele, a board), a board or plank of wood, gene- rally of the pine or fir. dean, n. den (F. doyen; Dut. deken, the head of a collegiate body,— from L. decanus, the chief often— from decern, ten), the second dignitary of a diocese ; an officer in the universities of Oxford and Cam- colv, boy, foot; pare, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. DEAR 1 bridge (one of the fellows) appointed to see to the discipline of the college, especially as to attendance at chapel and hall ; the chief or head of a faculty : dean'ery, n. -er-l, the office or revenue of a dean; the residence of a dean: dean'ship n. the office: dean and chapter, the title of the governing body of a cathedral: rural deans, clergy appointed by the bishop to inspect a certain number of parishes, and preside at the ruri-decanal chapters : dean of guild, in Scot, the head or president of a merchant com- pany or guildry : dean of faculty, in Scot., the head of the faculty of advocates or barristers : dean of guild court, in Scot, a court that has the care of buildings within a royal burgh. dear, a. der (AS. deor, dear: Gael, daor, bound, precious, dear in price: Manx, deyrey, condemning, clear), high priced ; not plentiful ; more costly than usual; highly esteemed; beloved; precious: n. a darling; a word of endearment or affection: dearly, ad. -II: dear'ness, n. the state or condition of being dear : dear-bought, a. purchased at too high a price : dear'yi n. -I, a familiar term for a dear. dearth, n. derth (from dear, as length from long), scarcity ; want ; famine ; barrenness or want of. death, n. deth (Goth, dauthus; Icel. daudhi, death; low Ger. dode, a dead body : Icel. deya, to die), a total and permanent cessation of all the vital functions ; cause of death; decease; mortality; alienation or separation of the soul from God ; state of being under the dominion of sin : deathless, a. immortal : death- like, a. resembling death ; very still : death-bed, the bed on which a person dies ; the closing hours of life on a bed : death-watch, n. a small insect that makes a ticking noise : death's door, n. a near approach to death: death-rattle, n. a rattle in the throat of a dying person : death's-head moth, the largest moth in Europe, so named from a figure resembling a human skull on its thorax : death-stroke, the stroke of death : death-token, that which is supposed to in- dicate approaching death: death-warrant, an order signed by the sovereign for the execution of a criminal. cleave, v. dev (Scot. : Norm, dyvja, to buzz, to sound hollow), to stupefy with noise : deavlng, imp.: deaved, pp. devd. debacle, n. d§-bdk'l (P. breaking of a frozen river), in geol. , any sudden flood or rush of water which breaks down opposing barriers, and hurls forward and dis- perses blocks of stone and other debris. debar, v. de-bar' (de, from, and bar), to cut off; to exclude; to hinder from approach, enjoyment, &c. : debarring, imp.: debarred', pp. -bdrd'. debark, v. dS-bdrk' (F. de, from, and barque, a boat or vessel), to disembark ; to land from a ship or boat : debarking, imp.: debarked', pp. -b&rkt'-. debarka- tion, n. de'-bdr-ka'shun, the act of landing from a ship. debase, v. dS-bds' or -bdzf {de, down, and base, low, which see), to reduce from a higher to a lower state ; to reduce or lower in quality, purity, or value ; to adul- terate ; to degrade : deba'sing, imp. : debased', pp. -basd': deba'ser, n. -ser, one who: debasement, n.: deba'singly, ad. -It. debate, n. di-bdf (F. ddbat, strife; cUbattre, to con- tend, to fight a thing out), contention in words ; dis- cussion between two or more persons avowedly for the discovery of truth : v. to contend for in words or arguments ; to dispute ; to deliberate : deba'ting, imp.: deba'ted, pp. : deba'ter, n. one who : deba'table, a. -bd'-td-bl, subject to dispute ; that can be controverted : deba'tingly, ad. -II: debating society, an association, generally of young men, for discussing general and special subjects, to improve themselves in extempora- neous speaking: debates in Parliament, the discus- sion, in all its bearings, of any measure or question brought before the House, as to its merits, and as to how it may affect the welfare of the nation. debauch, n. dS-baujch' (F. debaucher, to corrupt— from de, and bauche, a row or course of bricks in a building: Icel. balkr, a heap), excess in eating or drinking ; intemperance ; lewdness : v. to corrupt ; to vitiate: debauching, imp.: debauched', pp. -bawcht' : debauch'edly,ad.-JS.- debauch'edness, n.: debaucher, n. -er, one who debauches or corrupts others : debauch'- ery, n. -er-'l, gluttony ; e ccess; sensuality: debauchee, n. deb'0-she, a man given to intemperance or excesses : debauch'ment, n. debenture, n. dS-b&n'tur (F. debenture, receipt, de- benture: L. debentur, there are owing— from debeo, I owe), a written or printed acknowledgment of a debt mate, mdt,/dr, law; mete, m&t, i DECA or borrowed money, on which a certain amount of in- terest is agreed to be paid yearly or half-yearly, as a railway debenture ; a certificate of drawback on goods exported : deben'tured, a. -turd, pert, to goods on which acertificate of drav ba< I • been granted. debilitate, v. di I U I tai : ; dibiliter, to enfeeble— from L. debilis, weak), to enfeeble; to weaken; to impair the strength o1 debillta'ting, imp.: debil- ita'ted, pp. : debil'ita'tion, n. -td'shun, a weakening relaxation : debility, n. -ti, weakness ; languor ; feeble- ness. debit, n. dSb'-it (L. debitum, to owe, that which is owing— from debeo, I owe : It. debito ; F. debit, a debt), an entry on the debtor (Dr.) side of an account : v. to charge with debt ; to enter on the debtor (Dr.) side of an account: debiting, imp.: debited, pp. deblai.n. dii-UO'{V. ;n/t oi inking away or clearing), in fort., the mass of earth taken from a ditch, a trench, or a mound. debonair, a. deb'5-ndr' (It. bonario, upright, honest : F. dibonnaire, courteous, affable— from de bon air, of good air or mien), good-humoured ; gentle ; complais- ant; elegant; well-bred: deb'onair'ness, n. good- humour ; gentleness : deb'onairly, ad. -11, elegantly. debouch, v. de-bosh' (F. d&joucher, to open, to escape — from de, and bouche, mouth), to march out of a narrow place, a wood or a defile, as troops: de- bouching, imp.: debouched', pp. -b6sht': debou'- chure, n. -M'-shor, the opening or mouth of a river debris, n. dSV-re (F. dibris, rubbish— from de, and oris, wreck), rubbish ; ruins ; fragments of rocks, &c. debt, n. det (L. debitum, to owe— see debit), any- thing due from one person to another; what one i3 bound or obliged to pay ; obligation ; liability ; sin ; trespass : debt of nature, death : debtor, n. det'-er, the person who owes another money, goods, or ser- vices; the side of an account in which debts are marked. debut, n. de-bb" (F.), entrance; first appearance; first step or attempt: debutant, n. deb'6-tang, a be- ginner; a novice: debutante, n. -tdngt, a woman who makes her first appearance before the public. deca, pref. dek'd, (Gr. deka ; Sans, dacan), ten; a prefix signifying ten. decade, n. dek'dd (F. ddcade— from Gr. dekas, the number ten— gen. dekados), the sum or number of ten : dec'adal, a. -d-dal, pert, to or consisting of ten. decadence, n. de-ka'-dens, or deca'dency, n. -dSn-sl (F. decadence— from L. de, and cadens, falling), state of decay: deca'dent, a. -dent, decaying. decagon, n. dSk'-d-gon (Gr. deka, ten, and gonia, z. corner), in geom., a plane figure having ten sides, regular when the sides are equal. decagynian, a. dek'd-gln In (G: deka, ten, and gune, a female), pert, to the order of plants decagynia, having ten pistils, or whose pistils have ten free styles. decahedron, n. dek'-a-he'dron (Gr. deka, ten, and hedra, a base, a seat), a solid figure with ten sides : decahedral, a. having ten sides. decalitre, n. dek-d-le'-tr (Gr. deka, ten, and F. litre, a quart), a French measure of capacity of ten litres. decalogue, n. dek'-d-log (Gr. deka, ten, and logos, speech), the ten commandments, originally written on two tables of stone. decametre, n. dSk'-d-ma'-tr (Gr. deka, ten, and F. metre), a French measure of length, nearly eleven English yards. decamp, v. de-kdmp' (F. decamper, to march off— from. L. de, down ; It. and Sp. campo -, L. campus, a plain), to remove from a camp ; to walk or move off; to depart hastily : decamping, imp. : decamped', pp. -kdmpt' .- decamp'ment, n. departure from a camp. decanal, a. dek'Ci-ndl (see dean), pert, to a deanery. decandrian, a. de-kdn'-dH-dn (Gr. deka, ten, and aner, a man— gen: andros), pert, to the order of plants decandria, having ten stamens. decangular, a. dik-dng'-u-ler (Gr. deka, ten, and L. angulus, a corner), having ten angles. decant, v. dS-kdnt' (F. dicanter, to pour off gently : Icel. kantr, a side : Dan. kant, the edge : Eng. cant, to tilt up on one side, so as to rest on the other edge), to pour off a liquid from a vessel by tilting it on edge, so as not to disturb the grounds; to pour from one vessel into another: decanting, imp.: decant'ed, pp. : Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; DECA 135 DECL decan'ter, n. -ter, a glass bottle used for holding liquors, from which they may be poured into drinking- glasses: decantation, n. de'-kan-td'shun, the act of pouring from one vessel into another. decapitate, v. de-kdp'-i-tat (L. de, and caput, the head— gen. capitis), to behead; to cut off the head: decaplta ting, imp. : decapitated, pp. : decaplta'- tion, n. -td'-shun, the act of beheading. decapoda, n. plu. de-kdp'-O-dd (Gr. deka, ten, and pous, a foot — gen. podos), the highest order of Crus- tacea ; animals that have ten legs united to a common crust, as the common crab, the crayfish, the lobster, the prawn, &c. : decapod, n. dek'-d-pod, an animal having ten feet : adj. having ten feet: decapodal, a. dekdp-6-ddl, ten-footed. decarbonise, v. de-kdr'-bo-niz' (L. de, down, and carbo, coal), to deprive of carbon: decar'boni'sing, imp. : decarbonised', pp. -nizd'. decastich, n. dek'-d-stik (Gr. deka, ten, and stichos, an order, a row, a line), a poem consisting often lines. decastyle, n. dek'-d-stil (Gr. deka, ten, and stidos, a column), a portico having ten pillars or columns in front. decay, v. dS-kd' (Prov. decaier; F. dechoir, to fall away, to go to ruin— from L. de, and cado, I fall), to become less perfect; to fail; to decline; to waste away: n. a gradual failure; decline of fortune; cor- ruption: decaying, imp.: decayed', pp. -had': decay'- edness, n. -ka'-ed-nes. decease, n. dS-ses' (L. decessus, departed— from de, and cessum, to go: It. decesso: F. dices), departure from this life : death : v. to die : deceasing, imp. : de- ceased', pp. -sest'. deceit, n. de-set' (L. decepfum, to catch, to ensnare — from de, and capturn, to take), the misleading any person; the leading of a person to believe what is false, or not to believe what is true; deception; fraud; trick; device: deceit'ful, a. -fool, tending to deceive or mislead; fraudulent; insincere: deceit- fully, ad. -Zl: deceit'fulness, n. : deceive, v. dH-sev' (F. decevoir, to deceive), to mislead the mind ; to cause to believe what is false, or not to believe what is true ; to impose on; to cheat; to disappoint: deceiving, imp.: deceived', pp. -sevd' : deceiv'er, n. one who: deceiv'able, a. -a-U, capable of being misled: de- ceiv'ably, ad.,-Wl: deceiv'ableness, n. -bl-nSs. December, n. de-sem'-ber (L. december— from L. decern, ten, and Sans, vara; Pers., bar, time or period), the last month of the year— formerly the tenth month. decempeda, n. dc-sem'pe-dd{L. decern, ten, and pes a foot— gen. pedis), a ten-foot rod employed by archi- tects and surveyors for taking measurements: de- cem pedal, a. -ddl, ten feet long. decemvir, n. de-sim'ver (L. decern, ten, and vir, a man), one of the magistrates of anc. Rome, who pos- sessed absolute power: decem'viri, n. plu. -vl-ri: de- cem'viral, a. -vl-rdl, pert, to: decem'virate, n. -rat, the office, or duration of the office, of a decemvir. decency, n.— see decent. decennary, n. dl-sdn'-ner-l (L. decern, ten, and annus, a year), a period of ten years : decen'nial, a. -ni-dl, lasting for ten years ; happening every ten years : de- cen'nially, ad. -II. decennoval, a. dS-sSn'-no-vdl, also decen'novar'y, a. -ver'i (L. decern, ten, and novem, nine), pert, to the number nineteen ; designating a period or circle of nineteen years. decent, a. de'-sent (F. decent— from L. decens, becom- ing : It. decente), becoming in speech, behaviour, dress, &c. ; fit ; comely ; not gaudy ; moderate ; not large ; respectable: de'cently, ad. -II: de'cency, n. -sen-si, state or quality of being suitable or becoming in words or behaviour ; propriety : de'centness, n. deceptible, a. de-sgp'ti-bl (L. deceptum, to ensnare, to beguile— from de, and capturn, to take, to seize), that may be deceived : decep'tibillty, n. -bil'-l-tl: de- ception, n. -sep'-shun, the act of misleading ; a cheat : decep'tive, a. -tiv, tending to mislead, or impress with false opinions : decep'tively, ad. -li: decep'tiveness, n. decern, v. dS-sern' (L. decernere, to decide— from de, and cernere, to judge : It. decernere : F. decerner), in Scots law, to determine; to pass a decree; to judge: decerning, imp. : decerned', pp. -sernd'. dechristianise, v. de-krist'-ydn-iz (L. de, and Chris- tian), to turn from Christian belief and practice: dechrist'iani'sing, imp.: dechrist'ianised', pp. -izd'. decide, v. de-sid' (L. decidere, to cut off, to determine : — from de, and ccedo, I cut or strike: It. decidere: F. decider), to terminate or settle ; to determine ; to end ; cdtv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, to fix the event of ; to come to a conclusion ; to form a definite opinion : deci'ding, imp. : deci'ded, pp. : adj. clear ; that puts an end to doubt ; unequivocal ; resolute ; determined : deci'dedly, ad. -li, in a deter- mined manner ; clearly ; indisputably : deci'dable, a. -dd-bl, that may be decided: deci'der, n. one who. decidence, n. dSs'-i-dens (L. decidens, falling off), the act of falling off ; downfall. deciduous, a. de-sld'-u-us (L. deciduus, that falls down or off— from de, and cado, I fall), liable to fall ; not perennial or permanent; that falls in autumn: decid'uousness, n. the quality of falling once a-year. decillion, n. de-sll'-yun (L. decern, ten, and million), in British computation, a number consisting of 1 fol- lowed by 60 ciphers ; in French and Italian, 1 followed by 33 ciphers. decimal, a. dSs'-l-mdl (L. dccimus, tenth: It. decima: F. decime, or dime, the tenth part), numbered by tens ; increasing or diminishing by ten times : n. a tenth : decimal fraction, n. a fraction having 10, or some power often, for a denominator, as 10, 100, 1000, 10,000, &c. : dec'imally, ad. -li. decimate, v. des'-l-mat (L. decimare, to select by lot every tenth man for punishment — from decern, ten: It. decimare: F. decimer), to destroy a tenth part, as by disease ; to punish with death every tenth man ; to take a tenth part ; to destroy any large portion : decimating, imp.: dec'ima'ted, pp. : dec ima'tion, n. -md'-shun, a selection of every tenth by lot; destruction of any large portion : dec'ima'tor, n. -ter, one who. decimo-sexto, n. des'-i-mo-sdks'-td (L. decern, ten, and sex, six), a book made up of sixteen leaves to each sheet. decipher, v. dS-si'fer (F. ddchiffrer, to decipher— from de, and chiffre, a figure), to read ciphers ; to explain ; to unfold ; to unravel ; to ascertain the meaning of any- thing obscure or difficult to be understood : decipher- ing, imp.: deciphered, pp. -ferd: decipherer, n. -fer-er, one who : decipherable, a. -fer-d-bl, that may have its meaning ascertained. decision, n. de-slzh'-un (L. decisum, to cut off, to de- termine — see decide), determination ; final judgment or opinion ; the end of a struggle ; firmness and strength in character: deci'sive, a. -sl'-siv, final; con- clusive ; having the power to settle a contest or an event: deci'sively, ad. -li: deci'siveness, n. deck, n. dSk (old H. Ger. dekjan; Icel. thekja, to cover, to roof: Ger. dach, roof: L. tectum, to cover), the planked flooring of a ship— large ships having several decks; a pack of cards piled regularly on each other: v. to adorn ; to clothe or dress with great care ; to furnish with a deck : decking, imp. : decked, pp. dekt: quarter-deck, that which is above the upper deck, and which reaches from the stern to the gang- way : decker, n. a ship having decks ; one who adorns. declaim, v. dg-kldm' (L. declamare, to declaim— from de, and clamo, I cry out: F. d&clamer), to har- angue ; to speak loudly or earnestly, with a view to convince, or to move the passions ; to speak with force and zeal ; to inveigh ; to speak pompously or noisily : declaim 'ing, imp. : declaimed', pp. -klamd -. declaim'er, n., and declaim'ant, n. one who : declamation, n. dik- ld-md'-shun, a set or prepared speech ; a harangue ; in schools and colleges, a speech prepared and uttered by a student ; a noisy address without solid sense or ar- gument: declamatory, a. de-kldm'-d-ter'-i, appealing to the passions ; applied to noisy address ; bombastic. declare, v. de-klar' (F. declarer; L. declarare, to make evident— from de, and claro, I make clear), to make known ; to tell explicitly and plainly ; to assert or affirm ; to decide in favour of or against : decla'- ring, imp. : declarable, a. -rd-bl, capable of being de- clared : declared', pp. -klard' : decla'rer, n. -rer, one who : decla'redly, ad. -red-li: declaration, n. dek'-ld-rd- shiin, an open expression of facts, opinions, &c. ; a statement given verbally, or reduced to writing ; pro- clamation: declarative, a. de-klar'- d-tiv, explanatory: declarator, n. dS-kldr'-d-ter, in Scots law, a form of action to assert some right or interest : declaratory, \ kUti -a-ter-i, making clear or manifest: declar'- ator'ily, ad. -If. declension, n. dS-klen'-shun (L. declinatio, aturning aside, a departure : F. declinaison—see decline), a falling or declining toward a worse state ; decay ; in gram., the variation or change in the termination of a noun, an adjective, or a pronoun. decline, v. d i imare, to turn aside, to inflect— from de, and clino, I lean : It. declinare : F. decliner), to refuse ; to shun ; to avoid ; not to com- game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. DECL 136 DEDI ply ; to lean from a right line ; to decay ; to droop ; to tend to a less perfect state ; to sink ; to diminish ; to fall in value ; to vary or change the termination of a noun, an adjective, or a pronoun : n. tendency to a worse state ; decay ; a falling off ; consumption : decli- ning, imp.: declined', pp. -klind': decli'nable, a. -nd-bl, in gram., capable of being declined: declin'atory, a. •klin'-d-ter-i, in law, claiming exemption from punish- ment : declinature, n. -d-tur, the act of declining or refusing: declination, n. dSk'li-na'shun, deviation; falling to a worse state or condition; in astron., a variation from a fixed line or point : dec'lina'tor, n. an instrument used in a nny and dialling : decli- nometer, n. dek'li-ndm'6-ter (Gr. metron, a measure), an instrument for measuring the declination of the magnetic needle: dec'linate, a. -not, in bot., directed downwards from its base : declination of the needle of a compass, the variation of the needle from the true meridian of a place : declination of a heavenly body, the angular distance of a celestial body from the equinoctial. declivity, n. dS-kliv'4-ti (L. declivitas, a sloping place— from de, and clivus, a slope : F. declivite), in- clination downward; a slope; gradual descent— op- posite of acclivity. decoct, v. dS-kokf (L. decoctus, a boiling down— from de, and coctus, boiled or baked : It. decotto; F. dicocte, a decoction), to prepare by boiling ; to extract by boil- ing: decocting, imp.: decocted, pp.: decoc'tible, a. -ti-bl: decoc'tion, n. -sh ■ h ion of the vir- tues of any substance by boiling it in water : decoc'tive, a. -tiv, that may be decocted: decoc'ture, n. -tur, an extract obtained from a body by boiling it in water. decollate, v. dS-kdl'iat (L. decollatum, to behead— from de, and collum, the neck), to sever the neck ; to behead: decollating, imp. -la-tlng: decollated, — decolour, v. dS-kiil'er (L. de, down or from, and colour), to deprive of colour ; to bleach: decolouring, imp. : decoloured, pp. -erd: decol'orant, n. -er-dnt, a substance which removes colour: decol'ora'tion, n. ■a'shun, the loss or absence of colour : decol'ourise, v. -er-lz, to deprive of colour: decol'ouri'sing, imp. : de- col'ourised', pp. -izd'. decompose, v. de'kom-pOz' (L. de, from, and com- pose : F. decomposer), to separate the constituent parts of a body ; to rot or decay ; to resolve into original elements : de'compo'sing, imp. : decomposed', pp. -pozd': de'compo'sable, a. -zd-bl, capable of being re- solved into original elements: decom'positi'on, n. -pd-zlsh'un, the act of reducing a body into its ori- ginal elements ; putrescence ; decay ; analysis : de- com'posite, a. -poz-it, compounded a second time ; having a compound base or radical : n. anything de- compounded. decompound, v. de'kom-pdivnd' (L. de, and com- pound), to compound a second time ; to compose of things already compounded : adj. in hot., applied to a leaf cut into numerous compound divisions : de'com- poun'dable, a. -dd-bl. decorate, v. dSk'6-rdt (L. decoratum, to adorn : It. decorare: F. dicorer), to beautify; to adorn; to em- bellish : dec'ora'ting, imp. : dec'ora'ted, pp. : dec'ora'- tor, n. one who : decoration, n. dek'6-ra'shun, orna- ment ; embellishment ; anything added which pleases : dec'ora'tive, a. -tiv, adorning. decorous, a. dS-ko'rus (L. decorus, fitting, seemly: It. decoro; F. ddcorum, decency), decent; becoming; suitable, as in speech or behaviour: deco'rously, ad. -li: deco'rum, n. -rum, propriety of speech or be- haviour ; decency : deco'rousness, n. decorticate, v. di-kor'ti-kat (L. decorticatum, to de- prive of the bark— from de, and cortex, bark: F. di- cortiquer), to strip off bark from ; to peel ; to husk : decor'tica'ting, imp. : decor'tica'ted, pp. : de'corti- ca'tion, n. -ka'shun. decoy, v. dS-koy' (properly duck-coy: Dut. koye, a place in which a flock is penned ; kooi, a cabin, a cage), to entrap by :n\y mr win. i. .n;i, deceive; to lure into a net or snare ; to entice : n. anything intended to lead into a snare ; anything that may lead into evil, danger, or the power of an enemy ; a place for catch- ing wild fowls : decoying, imp. : decoyed', pp. -cdyd': decoy-duck, a duck employed to lure wild ducks into a decoy ; any person employed to lure into danger or the power of an enemy. decrease, v. de-kres' (L. decrescere, to grow less— from de, and crescere, to grow : It. decrescere), to grow 3; to diminish gradualrj : "> becomeless; to lower; to abate : n. a becoming less ; decay ; gradual diminu- tion : decreasing, imp. : decreased', pp. -krest': de- creas'ingly, ad. -II: decrescent, a. de-kr6s'se~nt, be- coming gradually less. decree, n. de-kre (F. dicret; L. decretum, a decree —from de, and cretum, to judge : It. decreto), an order or law of an absolute sov reign >>< di at or law made by a superior authority ; in the Calvinistic system of theology, the pre-determined purpose of God ; in Scot, dek're, a decision or final judgment of a court of law : v. to determine judicially ; to fix or appoint ; to con- stitute by edict: decreeing, imp.: decreed', pp. -kred': decre'er, n. -kre'-er, one who: decre'tal, a. -kre'tdl, containing a decree ; pert, to a decree : n. a decree or edict ; a book containing decrees of the Pope : decre'- tist, n. -tist, one skilled in the knowledge of the decre- tals : decre'tive, a. -tiv, having the force of a decree : decretory, a. dSk'-rS-ter-i, judicial ; established by a decree. decrement, n. dSk'-rS-mSnt (L. decrementum, decrease —from de, and cresco, I grow), decrease ; waste. decrepit, a. dH-krCp'-U (L. decrepitus, very old— from de, and crepitum, to rattle, to creak : It. decrepito : F. ddcrdpit), broken down by the infirmities of age ; crip- pled and enfeebled by age: decrepitude, n. -i-tud, also decrepltness, n. the feeble state of the body pro- duced by the infirmities of age. decrepitate, v. dS-krep'i-tat (L. de, and crepitare, to rattle much, to crackle: It. decrepitare, to roast salt or other matter till it has ceased to crackle), to roast or calcine in the fire so as to cause a bursting or crackling noise, as salt ; to crackle : decreplta'ting, imp.: decrepitated, pp.: decrep'ita'tion, n. -td'shun, the act of roasting with a continuous crackling noise. decrescent, a.— see decrease. decretal, decretive, decretory, &c— see decree. decrial and decrier— see decry. decry, v. de-kri' (F. dicrier, to cry down— from L. de, and F. crier, to cry— see cry), to censure ; to cry down; to clamour against: decry'ing, imp. : decried', pp. -krid'-. decri'al, a. -kri'-dl, a clamorous censure: decri'er, n. one who. decumbent, a. d6-kum'b&nt (L. decumbens, lying down— from de, and cw&o, I lie), declined or bending down: decum'bence, n. -Mns, also decum'bency, n. -si, the act or posture of lying down : decum'bently, ad. -II: decum'biture, n. -bl-tur, confinement to a sick- bed ; a term used by astrologers to indicate the state of the heavens, by which they pretend to foretell the death or recovery of a sick person. decuple, n. dek'-u-pl (L. decuplus, ten times as much —from decern, ten, and plico, I fold : Gr. dekaplous), a number ten times repeated : adj. tenfold : v. to make tenfold : dec'upling, imp. -pllng : dec'upled, pp. -pld. decurion, n. de-ku'-ri-dn (L. decurio), in the anc. Roman army, an officer who commanded a curia, or ten soldiers. decurrent, a. dS-kur'rSnt (L. decurrens, running down from a higher point— from de, and currens, run- ning), running or extending downwards; in bot, attached along the side of a stem below the point of insertion, as certain leaves : decur'rently, ad -li. decussate, a. de-kus'sat (L. decussatum, to divide crosswise, as in the form of an X— from decussis, the intersection of two lines in the form of a cross : It. decusse, the letter X), in bot, crossing each other in pairs at right angles, as opposite leaves : v. to inter- sect ; to cause to cross, as lines, rays, &c: decus'sating, imp.: decus'sated, pp.: decussation, n. dSk'us-sd'shun, the act of crossing in the form of an X : decus'sative, a. -sd-tiv, formed as a cross : decus'satively, ad. -li. dedalous, a. dM'd-lus (L. dcedalus, artificial), in bot., having a variegated or winding border; irregularly jagged, applied to leaves ; also dsedalous, a. dedentition, n. deklen-ttsh'un (L. de, and dentition), the shedding of teeth. dedicate, v. dtid'-i-kat (L. dedicatum, to dedicate, to dispose— from de, and dicatum, to make known, to devote : It. dedicare : F. didier), to set apart solemnly for any particular purpose, as for the service of God ; to devote to a sacred use ; to inscribe or address to, as a book: dedicating, imp. : ded'ica'ted, pp. : ded'ica'- tor, n. one who : ded'ica'tion, n. -ka'shun, the act of setting aside for any particular purpose ; an address to a "patron prefixed to a book : ded'ica'tory, a. -ter-i, composing or constituting a dedication ; compli- mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, nSt, move; DEDU 137 DEFI deduce, v. dS-ch'is' (L. deducere, to lead or bring away— from de, and ducere, to lead or bring: It. de- ducere), to draw from in reasoning ; to gather a truth or opinion from statements called premises ; to infer something from what precedes : dedu'cing, imp. : de- duced', pp. -dusf: dedu'cible, a. -sl-bl, that may be deduced: dedu'cibleness, n. : deduce'ment, n. -dils- mint, the thing deduced ; inference : deduct, v. de- drikf (L. ductus, led), to subtract or take from : de- ducting, imp. : deduc'ted, pp. : deduction, n. -dv.k'- shun, the act of deducting ; that which is deducted : subtraction; abatement ; "that which is drawn from principles or from a supposed cause by a process of reasoning; inference; consequence or conclusion : de- duc'tive, a. -tic. that is or may be deduced from pre- mises: deductively, ad. -ll. deed, n. did (AS. deed; Goth, ded; Ger. that, a thing done), anything done ; an action ; an exploit ; a writ- ing containing some contract or agreement, especially regarding the sale of real property: in very deed, in fact ; in reality : deed'less, a. without action or ex- ploits. deem, v. dim (AS. dmn, judgment — from deman, to form a judgment : Lith. dunia, mind, thought), to be of opinion; to think; to judge; to conclude: deem'- ing, imp. : deemed, pp. dimd: deemster, n. -stir, a judge in the Isle of Man, and in Jersey. deep, a. dip (Goth, diups; Icel. diupr; Dut. diep, deep : Dut. doynpen, to plunge under water), being far below the surface ; extending far downwards ; low in situation, as a valley ; not shallow ; hidden ; secret ; penetrating; artful; insidious; grave in sound ; low; solemn; profound; abstruse; thick; dark-coloured; profoundly quiet ; depressed ; sunk low ; heart- felt; affecting: n. the sea; the ocean; that which is tressing or sad ; to increase ; to become deeper : deep- ening, imp. -nlng: deepened, pp. dep'-nd: deepness, n. remoteness from the surface downwards : deep- mouthed, a, having a loud hollow voice: deep-read, a. not superficial; profoundly versed : deep-toned, a. having a very low tone. deer, n. sing, or plu. dir (Goth, diurs ; Icel. dyr .- Ger. thier, a beast, an animal), a quadruped with large branching horns, of several species, as the stag, the fallow-deer, the roebuck, the rein-deer, the moose- deer, the elk, &c— theirflesh is called venison : deer- stalking, the hunting of deer on foot by hiding and stealing upon them unawares : deer-hound, a hound for hunting deer. deface, v. de-fas' (L. de, and fades, the face: F. de- faire, to undo), to destroy or injure the face or surface of anything ; to disfigure ; to obliterate or erase : de- fa'cing, imp.: defaced', pp. -fast': defa'cer, n. -sir, one who : deface'ment, n. -mint, injury to the surface of anything : defa'cingly, ad. -II. defalcate, v. di-fal'-kat (F. defalquer, to defalcate— from L. de, and falx, a pruning-hook— gen. falcis), to take away ; to deduct ; to abstract a part, used chiefly of money and accounts : defalcating, imp. : defal- cated, pp. : defalcation, n. de-fdl-ka'shun, diminu- tion; fraudulent deficiency in money matters; breach of trust, applied to money. defame, v. di-fam' (L. diffamare, to spread abroad an evil report — from dif, asunder, and farna, fame, re- pute : It. diffamare: F. diffamer), to speak evil of; to slander ; to calumniate : defa'ming, imp. : defamed', pp. -fo.md' : defa'mer, n. one who: defamation, n. dif-d-m&'-shun, the uttering of slanderous words in order to injure another's reputation : defamatory, a. di-fdm'-d-ter-l, false and injurious to reputation: slanderous: defamingly, ad. di-fa-mlng-ll. default, n. de-faTclt' (old F. defaulte, now defaut, defect— from L. de, and It. falta ; F. faulte or faute, defect, want), neglect to do what duty or law re- quires ; a failure ; an omission : defaulter, n. -er, one who fails to account for money intrusted to his care, particularly public money; a peculator: de- fault'ed, a. having defect ; called out of court as a defendant. defeasible, a. de-fe'zl-bl CN T orm. defesance-. F. defaire, to undo— from L. de, and facio, I make or do), that maybe annulled: defea'sibleness, n. : defea'r ■zanst. defeat, v. defef (F. defaite, defeat, check— from defaire, to undo), to vanquish or overcome ; to frus- cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. trate; to disappoint ; to resist with success; to baffle: n. an overthrow ; loss of battle ; prevention of success ; frustration : defeating, imp. : defeated, pp. defecate, v. def'-e-kdt (L. defeccare, to cleanse from the dregs— from de, and fcex, dregs or refuse matter : It. defecare), to purify; to refine; to clear from dregs ; to clarify: def eca ting, imp.: def ecated, pp. : def'e- ca'tion, n. -kd'shi'm, purification from dregs. defect, n. de-fikf(L. defectus, afailure, alack— from de, and foetus, made or done), deficiency; want of something necessary ; fault ; an imperfection ; blem- ish; deformity: defec'tion, n. -fik'-shun, a failure of duty ; the act of abandoning a person or cause from choice or necessity ; revolt ; apostasy : defec'tive, a. -tlv, imperfect; faulty; wanting in something: de- fectively, ad. -ll: defectiveness, n. : defec'tible, a. •tl-bl, deficient; wanting: defec'tibil'ity, n. -bU'-l-tl, state of failing ; deficiency. defence, n. di-fins' (L. defensus, warded off or re- pelled: F. defense, defence), anything that protects from danger, injury, or attack; protection ; justifica- tion ; resistance ; opposition ; reply to demands or charges : defenceless, a. without means of warding oft* danger, injury, or assault: defencelessly, ad. -«.- defence'lessness.n.: defene'es, n. plu. -fens'-iz, in Scots laiv, all the pleas or replies offered for the defender in an action. defend, v. difind' (L. defendere, to ward off or re- pel: It. difendere: F. defendre), to maintain or vin- dicate by force or argument ; to secure against at- tack; to shelter; to cover; to guard; to resist or repel : defend ing, imp. : defended, pp. : defen'der, n. one who : defen'dable, a. -dd-bl, that may be defended : defen'dant, n. the person summoned into a court to reply to certain charges. defensible, a. difin'-sl-bl (L. defensus, warded off or repelled— see defence), that may be defended: de- fen'sibly, ad. -bll -. def en'sibil 'ity, n. -b ll'-l-tl: defen- sive, n. -slv, that which defends ; posture of defence : adj. serving to defend; in a posture of defence: de- fen'sively, ad. -II. defer, v. de-fir' (L. differre, to carry different ways —from dis, asunder, and ferre, to bear or carry: F. diffcrer: It. differire), to put off ; todelay: defer'ring, imp. : deferred', pp. -ferd'. defer, v. defer' (L. deferre, to bear or bring down— from de, and ferre, to bear or bring: F. deferer: It. deferire), to yield or lean to another's opinion ; to sub- mit in opinion: defer'ring, imp. : deferred', pp. -fird': deference, n. def'cr-ins, a yielding in opinion to an- other; regard; respect: def eren'tial, a. -in'shdl. ex- pressing deference : deferentially, ad. -ll: defer'rer, n. one who. defiance, n. dS-fl'-tins (see defy), a challenge, as to fight ; a calling upon one to make good any assertion or charge ; a setting at nought. deficient, a. de-fish'ent (L. deficiens, wanting, fail- ing—from de, and facio, I make), wanting; imperfect ; defective: deficiently, ad. -ll: deficiency, n. -en-sl, imperfection; a falling short: deficit, n. dif'-l-slt, want ; deficiency, as in taxes or revenue. defied, defier— see defy. defilading, n. def'-l-la'dlng(L. de,a.ndF.fil; ~L.fi.lum, a thread), in fort., the act of raising or arranging the exposed sides of a fortress, in order to shelter the in- terior works. defile, v. di-fll' (L. de, for AS. be, to make, and AS. fylan; Dut. vuylen, to make foul or filthy: AS. gefy- lan, to pollute), to render unclean or dirty; to make impure ; to pollute or corrupt ; to violate chastity : defiling, imp.: defiled', pp. -fild'-. defiler, n. one who : defile'ment, n. foulness; uncleanness; corruption; impurity. defile, n. dS-fll' or de'- (L. de, and F. fil; L.filum, a thread : F. defiler, to go in a string), a long narrow pass or gorge between hills tin ough . I mops can only march with a narrow front, or one by one : v. di-fil', to march off in a line or row, as soldiers : defi'ling, imp. : defiled', pp. fild'. define, v. de-, lefinire, to limit— from de, and finis, an end : It. definire : F. definir), to ascertain or fix the limits ; to explain the exact meaning of a word or term ; to explain the distinctive properties, &c, of a thing: defining, imp.: defined', pp. -find': defi'ner, n. one who : defi'nable, a. -na-bl, that may be limited or explained : defi'nably, ad. -bll: definition, n. dcf'-l' nish'-un, a description or explanation: definite, a. -nit, settled with precision ict clear; precise: definitely, ad. -ll: definiteness, n. : definitive, a. DEFL 133 DELE dS-fln'ttlv, determinate; final: definitively, ad. -II: defin'itiveness, n. deflagrate, v. dif'M-grdt (L. deflagrare, to be burned completely— from de, emdflagro, I burn), to set fire to ; to burn rapidly: deflagrating, imp.: deflagra'ted, pp.: deflagrable, a. -grd-bl, having the quality of burning with a sudden combustion : def'lagrabil'ity, n. -bll'l-tl: def'lagra'tion, n. -grd, fcun, tb< " : > combustion of a substance with the view of producing some change in its composition : def lagra'tor, n. -grd'tor, a galvanic instrument for producing com- bustion in bodies. deflect, v. dSflSkt' (L. deflectere, to bend or turn aside— from de, and flecto, I bend or turn), to bend from a straight line ; to turn aside ; to swerve : de- flec'ting, imp. : deflec'ted, pp. : deflec'tion, n. -flik' shun, the act of turning down or aside : deflexed', a. -fldkst', in bot., bent downwards in a continuous curve. deflorate, a. dSflo'rdt (L. deflorare, to despoil of— from de, and flos, a flower— gen. floris.- It. deflorare: F. deflorer), having lost its blossoms, as a plant; having shed its pollen : defloration, n. de'flo-rd-shun, the act of taking away a woman's virginity : deflour or deflower, dS-fldw'r, to take away a woman's vir- ginity; to ravish: deflow'ering, imp.: deflow'ered, pp. -flow'rd: deflowerer, n. -floio'rer, one who. defluxion, n. dS-fluk'shun (L. defluxus, flowed down —from de, and fluxus, flowed), a discharge or running off of humours, as from the nose in a cold. defoliation, n. dS-fo'll-d'shun (L. de, and folium, a leaf), the fall of the leaves of plants. deforce, v. di-fors' (old P. deforcer— from de, and forcer, to force: L. de, and fortis, strong), to keep pos- session of an estate unlawfully : defor'cing, imp. : deforced', pp. -forst': deforce'ment, n. -fors'mSnt, the holding of lands, &c, unlawfully; in Scot., the re- sisting of an officer of justice in enforcing the law: defor ciant, n. -for'shl-dnt, one who. deform, v. dS-fawrm' (L. deformare, to disfigure— from de, and forma, a shape : It. deformare : F. di- ■ former), to make ill-shaped and displeasing to the eye ; to mar or injure the shape of ; to make ugly ; to disfigure: deform'ing, imp.: deformed', pp. -fawrmd': adj. disfigured; misshapen; ugly; base: deform'er, n. one who: deformation, n. dSf'dr-md'shun, act of disfiguring or defacing : deformedly, ad. dS-for'm8d- 11 : defor'mity, n. -ml-tl, any unnatural shape or form ; defect; distortion. defraud, v. de-frawd' (L. defraudare, to defraud— from de, and fraudo, I cheat : It. defraudare .- F. de- frauder), to deprive of a right by deceit or artifice ; to cheat : defrau'ding, imp. : defrau'ded, pp. : defrau'- der, n. a cheat. defray, v. dS-frd' (F. defrayer, to settle the expense of a house, &c. — from de, and frais, charges, ex- penses), to pay or settle, as expenses or charges : de- fray'ing, imp.: defrayed', pp. -frdd": defray'er, n. one who : defrayment, n. payment. defunct, a. de-fungkt' (L. defunctus, ended, finished —from de, and functus, performed: It. def unto; F. defunt, deceased), having ended life; dead: ~ ~ person. a dead . . '. d6-fl' (F. defler; It. disfidare, to challenge : L. diffldare, to mistrust — from dis, and fido, I trust), to dare ; to brave ; to treat with contempt ; to chal- lenge ; to invite one to a contest: defying, imp.: de- fied', pp. -fid'-, defi'er, n. -er, one who: defi'ance, n. -fl'dns, a challenge ; a daring. degenerate, v. dS-jSn'er-dt (L. degenerare, to depart from its race or kind— from de, and genus, race, kind : It. degenerare: F. diginirer), to become worse; to decay in good qualities; to decline in virtue: adj. that has fallen from a good to a worse state or condi- tion; base; mean; fallen: degen'era'ting, imp.: de- gen'era'ted, pp.: degen'era'tion, n. -d'shun: degen'- eracy, n. -d-sl, a growing worse; decline in good qualities ; vice ; meanness: degen'erately, ad. -II : de- gen'erateness, n. deglutition, n. dSg'lo-tlsh'un (F. deglutition— from L. de, and glutio, I swallow), the act of power of swal- lowing food. degrade, v. dS-grOd' (F. digrader, to degrade— from L. de, and gradus, a step or degree), to reduce from a higher to a lower rank or degree ; to deprive of rank or office; to lower; to disgrace: degra'ding, imp.: degra'ded, pp.: degradation, n. dSg'rd-dd'shun, a re- ducing in rank ; a depriving of office or situation ; degree, n. di-gre' (F. degri, a step— from L. de, and gradus, a step), a portion of space taken as a unit of measure, as a degree of latitude ; the 360th part of the circumference of a circle ; a division on a mathema- tical or other instrument; a stage in progression; rank or station in society; relationship in blood; u)i';<.-;ui-iM)i;extent; an interval of sound ; rankortitle conferred by a university : by degrees, step by step ; gradually. dehisce, v. dS-hls' (L. dehisco, I split open, I part asunder— from de, and hiscere, to gape), to open or part asunder, as the seed-pods of plants : dehis'cing, imp. : dehisced', pp. -hist' : dehis'cent, a. -sint, open- ing like the pod of a plant : dehiscence, n. -sdns, a gaping or opening, as of a fruit containing seed. deified, deification, &c— see deify. deify, v. de'l-fl lit. deifian-e; F. diifler, to place among the gods— from L. deus, a god, and facio, I make), to exalt to the rank of a god ; to reverence or praise excessively ; to treat as an object of the highest regard: deifying, imp.: deified, pp. -fid: deification, n. de'ifi-ka'shihi, i in- .-i.H, ol '<■■ ;i]thi'j; to the rank of a god : deiflc, a. -if 'Ik, also deif leal, a. -l-kdl, divine : delcide, n. -sld (It deicidio), the slaughtei ■ -* : 'in i\ ./. ,i i.i i,ii'::Mi,ii. hi sniii) death ; decease, formerly applied to a sovereign only ; the conveyance of an estate by lease or will : v. to bequeath ; to grant by will ; to convey or lease: demi'sing, imp. : demised', pp. -mlzd': demi'sable, a. -mt'-zd-bl. demit, v. de-mW (L. demit tere. to let down, to lower : F. demettre, to resign— from L. de, and mitto, I send), in Scot., to resign or give up an office: demit'ting, imp. : demit'ted, pp. : demissi'on, n. -mtsh'-un (L. missum, to send— see demise), a lowering ; in Scot., the laying down or resigning an office. demiurge, n. d&m'-t-erj (Gr. demiourgos; L. demi- urgus, one working for the people— from Gr. demios, of or belonging to the people, and ergon, a work), according to the doctrine of the anc. Eastern phil- osophers, an agent or seon employed by God in the creation of the world: dem'iur'gic, a. -jik, pert, to creative power. democracy, n. dH-mok'-rd-sl (Gr. demokratia, demo- cracy—from demos, the people, and krateo, I am strong, I reign as a sovereign), government by the people ; a form of govern mi hi in iviueli Hi. supreme power is exercised by the people collectively : democrat, n. dUm'-d-krdt, a friend to popular government : demo- cratic, a. -krdt'-lk, also dem'ocrat'ical, a. -krdt'i-kdl, popular ; pert, to government by the people : demo- cratically, ad. -li: democratise, v. de-mok'rii-tiz, to render democratic: demoe'rati'sing, imp.: democ'- ratised', pp. -tizd'. demolish, v. dS-mol'-tsh (L. demoliri, to demolish —from de, and molior, I build or heap up : F. demolir, to demolish; demolissant, demolishing: It. demoli- zione, an overturning), to throw or pull down; to destroy ; to raze ; to ruin : demolishing, imp. : de- molished, pp. -isht: demollsher, n. -er, one who: demolition, n. d&m'o-ltsh'-un, the act of overthrow- ing; destruction. demon, n. de'-mon (L. dcemon; Gr. daimon, the tutelary genius of a city or a man, the divinity), an evil spirit; a bad genius: de'monship, n. office of: de'monism, n. -Izm, belief in demons: de'monol'atry, i). -ol'O-tri (Gr. Iiiirrto, worship), worship of demons: demoniac, a. di-mO'-ni-dk, also demoniacal, a. dim' o-nl'-d-kdl, pert, to demons or evil spirits; produced by evil spirits: demoniac, n. de-mo'-nl-dk, one pos- sessed by a demon : demoniacally, ad. -It: demonol- ogy, n. de'-mon-dl'-d-jl (Gr. logos, a discourse), a treat- ise on evil spirits. demonstrate, v. d8-mon'strat (L. demonstratum, to point out— from de, and monstro, I point out: F. de- montrer), to show or prove to be certain ; to prove beyond the possibility of doubt ; to show the dissected parts of a body for the purposes of instruction : de- monstrating, imp. : demonstrated, pp. : demon- strator, also -ter, n. dem'on-sira'ter, one who ; in anat., one who exhibits and explains the parts of a body when dissected: dem'onstra'tion, n. -strd'-shun, the highest degree of evidence ; certain proof to estab- lish a fact or proposition beyond the possibility of doubt ; an exhibition of the dissected parts of a body ; a real or feigned movement of troops against the enemy: demonstrable, a. cU-mon'-strd-bl, that may be proved beyond doubt or question : demon' strably, ad. -bll: demon'strableness, n. : demon'strative, a. -strd- tlv, proving by certain evidence : demonstratively, ad. -It: demon'strative'ness, n. demoralise, v. di-mor'-al-lz (F. ddmoraliser, to cor- rupt the morals— from de, and morale, morals: L. de, and mores, usages, customs), to corrupt; to de- stroy or lessen moral qualities : demor'ali'sing, imp. : demoralised, pp. -al-izd: demoralisation, n. -l-za- shnn, corruption of morals. demotic, a. db-mot'-lk (Gr. demos, the people), pert, to the people ; applied to designate a variety of writ- ing in common use among the Egyptians ; a simplified form of the anc. Egyptian hieroglyphic writing. dempster, n. de~m'-ster, also demster or deemster (AS. deman, to deem, to form a judgment), in the Chan- nel Isles, and in the Island lam ■ me given to a judge ; in Scot., formerly an officer who had to repeat the sentence pronounced by the court. demulcent, a. de-mul'sent (L. demulcens, stroking down— from de, and mulceo, I soothe gently), soften- ing ; mollifying : n. any medicine to lessen irritation ; that which softens. demur, v. de-mer' (L. demorari, to delay: F. i : si-ti, closeness of parts ; thickness. dent, n. dint (L. dens, a tooth— gen. dentis: Sans. dantas, a tooth— from Sans, ad ; L. and Gr. edo, to eat : It. dente; F.dent, a tooth), a gap or notch; a small hol- low in a solid body : v. to mark as with a tooth ; to in- dent; to make a small hollow: denting, imp.: dent'ed, pp.: dental, a. den'tdl, pert, to the teeth; pronounced by the teeth : n. a letter pronounced chiefly by the teeth: den'tist, n. -tlst, one whose profession is to extract, repair, and supply teeth decayed or lost by disease : den'tistry, n. -tis-trl, the profession of a den- tist: dentiti'on, n. -tish'un, the cutting or breeding of teeth: den'tate, a. -tat, also den'tated, in bot., toothed ; having short r o ions of the mar- gin: den'tately,ad.-Zi: den tide, n. -114:1. a small tooth or projecting point : dentic'ulate, a. -tik'-u4at, in bot., finely toothed; having small tooth-like projections along the margin: dentic'ulately, ad. -li ■. dentic'ula'- tion, n. -Wshun, the state of being set with small teeth : den'tifrice, n. -tl-frls (F.— from L. dens, a tooth, and frico, I rub), a powder used in cleaning the teeth : dentig'erous, a. -tij'ir-us (L. gero, I carry), bearing, supporting, or supplied with teeth : den 'tine, n. -tin, the tissue which forms the body of a tooth : den'tils, n. plu. -tllz, in arch., square projections in the bed- mouldings of cornices, bearing some resemblance to teeth : dental formula, a notation generally used by zoologists to denote the number and kind of teeth of a mammiferous animal. coiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, denude, v. de-nud" (L. denudare, to make naked— from de, and midus, naked : F. denuder), to strip ; to divest of all covering ; to uncover : denu'ding, imp. : denu'ded, pp.: denudation, n. den'-u-da-shun, the laying bare by removal; in geol., the laying bare of underlying strata by the removal or washing away of superficial matter. denunciation, n. dS-nun'si-a'-shiin, or -slil-a'sliur (see denounce), a declaration of intended evil ; a public menace: denun'cia'tor, n. -sl-d'ter, one who: de- nunciatory, a. -a-ter'l, containing a denunciation. deny, v. dini (L. denegare, to deny thoroughly— from de, and nego, I deny : F. denier: It, denegare), to declare untrue ; to contradict ; to disown ; to refuse ; to reject; not to afford: denying, imp. : denied, pp. de-nld': deni'er, n. -er, one who: deni'able, a. -d-bl, capable of being denied or disowned : denial, n. -dl, a refusal. deobstruent, n. di-ob'-stroo-Snt (L. de, and obstruens, building anything for the purpose of stopping the way), a medicine whii b d lassagesfor the fluids of the body: adj. having the power to re- move obstructions. deodand, n. de'd-ddnd (L. deo, to God, and dandus, to be given), in laiv, a thing which has caused the death of a person, and for that reason is forfeited to the king, and applied by him to pious uses. deodorise, v. de-6'dir-W (L. de, and odor, a smell, good or bad), to disinfect ; to deprive of a fetid or bad smeil, as cesspools : deo'dori'sing, imp. : deo'dorised', pp. -izd': deo'dori'ser, n. -I'zer, a disinfectant : deo- dorisa'tion, n. -Izd'shiin, the art or act of depriving of odour or smell. which relates to duty or moral obligations : de'onto- loglcal, a. -Wj'-ikal, pert, to : de'ontol'ogist, n. -jlst, one who. deoxidate, v. dioks'l-ddt (L. de, and oxydate), to deprive of oxygen: deoxlda'ting.imp. : deox'ida'ted, pp. : deoxlda tion, n. -da'shun: deoxidise', v. -dlz', to deprive of oxygen ; also deoxlgenate', v. -jen-at'. depart, v. depart (F. departir, to depart, to dis- tribute—from L. de, and partiri, to part, to share), to quit; 1 to go from; to leave; to forsake; to die or de- cease: departing, imp. : depar'ted, pp. : departure, n. -tur, the act of departing ; a moving from ; death or decease; a forsaking: depart'ment, n. a separate room or office for business ; a branch of business ; a division of territory : departmental, a -min'tdl, pert, to a department or division. depasture, v. dipds'tur (L. de, andpastus, feeding or eating— see pasture), to feed ; to graze ; to eat up : depasturing, imp. : depastured, pp. -turd. depauperate, v. di-paiv'-per-at (L. de, and pauper, poor), to impoverish ; to make poor: depau'pera'ting, op.: depau'pera'ted, pp. depend, v. de-pend' (L. dependere, to hang down— from de, and pendeo, I hang: It. dependere: F. de- pendre), to hang from ; to be connected with a thing as a cause of existence, &c; to be subservient ; to rely on ; to trust ; to confide : depend'ing, imp. : depend'ed, pp.: depen'dent or depen'dant, a. hanging from; relying on ; subject to the power of: n. one who is at the disposal of another ; one relying on another for support or favour; a servant or retainer: depen- dence, n. -dins, reliance ; trust ; connection ; state of being at the disposal of another; that which is at- tached to something else as subordinate: depen'- dently, ad. -dint-li: depen'dency, n. -den-sl, same as dependence, but generally restricted to a territory or colony distant from the state to which it is subject. dephlogisticate, v. de'fto-jis'ti-kat (L. de, and Gr. phlogistos, burnt), to deprive of phlogiston, the sup- posed principle of inflammability: de'phlogis'tica- ting, imp.: de'phlogis'tica'ted, pp.: de phlogis'tica'- tion, n. -ka'shun, the operation by which bodies are deprived of phlogiston. depict, v. de- wm, to depict— from de, and picturn, to paint), to paint ; to describe or repre- sent in words : depic'ting, imp. : depic'ted, pp. depilate, v. di to pull out the hair— from de, and pilus, a hair), to strip off hair: dep'ila'ting, imp. : dep'ila'ted, pp. : dep'ila'tion, n. -la'shiin: depilatory, a. d i ving the qua- lity or power of removing hair : n. any ointment or lotion employed to take off hair without injuring the deplete, v, di-plet' (L. depletum, to empty out— from game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. DEPL diminish fulness of habit ; also deple'tive, a. -tlv. deplore, v. dS-plor' (L. deplorare, to weep bitterly— from de, and ploro, I wail or howl : It. deplorare : F. diplorer), to lament ; to mourn ; to bewail ; to ex- press or feel deep grief for : deplo'ring, imp. : de- plored', pp. -plord': deplo'rer, n. one who: deplo'- rable, a. -rd-bl, lamentable; sad; grievous; miser- able : deplo'rably, ad. -Ml: deplo'rableness, n. -M-nSs, wretchedness ; miserable state : deplo'rabil'ity, n. -rd- Ul'-l-ti, state of being deplored : deplo'ringly, ad. -II. deploy, v. deploy' (F. diployer, to unfold— from L. de, and plico, I fold), to open ; to extend ; to form a more extended front, as soldiers : deploying, imp. : deployed' pp. -pldyd' : deployment, n. the opening up of a body of men in order to extend their front, as a column of troops. depolarise, v. dS-po'ler-lz (L. de, and polarise), to deprive of polarity: depo'larisa'tion, n. -l-z&'-shun, the act of depriving of polarity. depone, v. dH-pon' (L. deponere, to lay or place down —from de, and pono, I place), to testify on oath in a court : depo'ning, imp. : deponed', pp. -pond' : depo'- nent, a. -po'-nent, applied to Latin verbs having a passive termination with an active signification : n. one who testifies on oath ; a witness. depopulate, v. depop'-u-lat (L. depopulatum, to lay waste— from de, and populus, the people), to deprive of inhabitants ; to unpeople ; to lay waste : depop'u- la'ting, imp.: depop'ula'ted, pp.: depop'ula'tion, n. -la-shun : depop'ula'tor, n. one who. deport, v. de-port' (F. diporter, to banish : L. de- portare, to carry off— from de, and porto, I carry : It. deportare, to exile), to behave or demean, followed by self; to carry from one country to another : deport- ing, imp. : deport'ed, pp. : deportation, n. de'-por-ta- shun, the removal from one country to another ; exile ; banishment : deport'ment, n. -rnSnt (F. deportement, demeanour), conduct ; demeanour ; carriage ; manner of acting in relation to the duties of life. depose, v. dS-poz' (L. depositum, to lay or set down —from de, and positum, to put or place : F. diposer -. It. depositare\ to degrade ; to divest of office ; to de- throne ; to bear witness on oath : depo'sing, imp. -zing : deposed', pp. -pozd'-. depo'ser, n. one who : depos'it, n. -poz'-lt, that which is intrusted to another, as money in a bank; a pledge or pawn; anything laid down or lodged : v. to lay, throw down, or lodge ; to lay up ; to commit to, as a pledge ; to lodge money in a bank: depositing, imp.: deposited, pp.: depositary, n. -I- ter'l, one with whom anything is lodged or intrusted for safe keeping : deposition, n. de'-po-zlsh'-un, the act of laying or throwing down ; that which is laid down ; the giving testimony under oath ; a written copy of the same attested by the signature of the witness ; the depriving of office or dignity : depository, n. dS-poz' l-tir'-l, a place where anything is laid for safe keeping : depositor, n. -ter, one who makes a deposit. depot, n. dS-po', or dSp-6 (F. d4p6t— from L. deposi- tum, to lay or put down), a place where stores are kept ; a place for the reception of recruits ; a warehouse ; an open place or covered shed where goods are laid up. deprave, v. dS-prdv' (L. depravare, to pervert— from de, and pravus, crooked, wicked: It. depravare. ■■ F. depraver), to make bad or worse ; to vitiate ; to cor- rupt: depraving, imp.: depraved', pp. -prdvd': adj. corrupt ; abandoned ; vicious: depra'vedly, ad. -vSd-ll: depravation, n. dSp'-rd-vd'-shun, the act of corrupting anything or making it bad : depravity, n. -prdv'-l-tl, corruption ; wickedness ; destitution of moral princi- ples: depra'vedness, n. : depra'ver, n. -ver, one who. deprecate, v. di,p'-rhkdt (L. deprecatus, averted by praying— from de, and precor, I pray, I beg), to pray or wish that a present evil may be removed, or an expected one averted ; to pray against : dep'reca'ting, imp.: dep'reca'ted.pp.: dep'reca'tor,n.onewho: dep'- reca'tion, n. -ka'-shun, a praying against ; an entreaty : depreca'tingly, ad. -II: dep'reca'tive, a. -tlv, also dep'reca'tory, a. -ka'-ter-l, tending to avert evil ; hav- ing the form of a prayer : dep'reca'tively, ad. -II. depreciate, v. d6-j>n I I i I icier, to under- value—from L. de, and pretium, a price), to lessen the price or value of a thing ; to decry ; to underrate ; to become of less worth : depre'cia'ting, imp. : depre'- cia'ted, pp.: depre'cia'tion, n. -a'shun, the act of les- sening the value of anything ; a falling in value : de- mote, m&t,fdr, law; mite, mSt, 2 DERM pre'cia'tive, a. -a'tlv, also depre'cia'tory, a. -a'-ter-l, tending to depreciate ; undervaluing ; depre'cia'tor, n. one who. depredate, v. dSp'-re-ddt (L. de, and prcedatus, plun- dered : It. depredare, to pillage, to plunder), to rob ; to plunder ; to pillage ; to take the property of an enemy ; to spoil : dep'reda'ting, imp. : dep'reda'ted, pp.: dep'reda'tor, n. a robber; a plunderer: dep're- da'tion, n. -dd-shun, the act of spoiling or pillaging : dep'reda'tory, a. -ter-l, plundering ; spoiling. depress, v. dS-pres' (L. depressurn, to press or weigh down— from de, and pressum, to press), to push down to a lower state or position ; to lower ; to render lan- guid or dull ; to deject or make sad ; to lower in value : depressing, imp.: depressed, pp. dS-prSst': depres'- singly, ad. -II: depression, n. -presh'-un, a hollow; the sinking in of a part of a surface ; a sinking of the spirits ; a low state of trade or business : depres'sive, a. -prds'-slv, tending to depress : depres'sor, n. one who or that which: angle of depression, in aslron., the angle through which a celestial object appears de- pressed below the horizontal plane, drawn through the eye of a spectator looking down upon the object. deprive, v. de-prlv' (L. de, and privo, I take away, I bereave), to take away from ; to hinder from possess- ing or enjoying ; to divest of a dignity or office : de- priving, imp. : deprived', pp. -prlvd'.- depri'ver, n. one who : depri'vable, a. -vd-bl, that may be deprived : deprivation, n. ddp-rl-vd'-shun, a taking away ; loss of friends or goods; the taking away his living or office from a minister or clergyman. depth, n. dipth (from deep, which see), the measure of a thing from the surface to the bottom; a deep place ; the sea or ocean ; the middle or stillest part ; obscurity; unsearchable ' i laga citj or penetration; profoundness, as applied to writings or discourses: depth/less, a. wanting depth. depurate, v. dSp'-u-rdt (L. de, and purus, pure : F. depurer, to purify), to free from impurities : dep'ura'- ting.imp.: dep'ura'ted, pp. : dep'ura'tion, n. -ra'-shun, the freeing from impurities ; the cleansing of a wound. depute, v. di-puf (L. deputo, I prund| I destine or allot to : F. diputer, to depute), to appoint ; to ap- point as an agent or substitute to act for another: depu'ting, imp.: depu'ted, pp.: deputation, n. dep'-u- ta'-shun, persons authorised to act for others ; a special commission or delegation appointed by a public body: dep'uty, n. -tl, a person appointed to act for another ; a lieutenant; a viceroy. derange, v. dH-rdnf (F. ddranger— from de, and ranger, to set in order), to disorder ; to confuse ; to disturb ; to embarrass : deranging, imp. : deranged', pp. -rdnjd': derange'ment, n. a putting out of order; disorder of the intellect ; insanity. dercetis, n. der'sS-tls (L. dercetis, a Syrian sea-god- dess), in geol., a ganoid eel-like fish of the chalk for- mation. derelict, a. dSr'-S-llkt (L. derelictum, to forsake en- tirely—from de, and relictum, to leave behind), left ; abandoned : n. in law, goods thrown away or aban- doned by the owner ; a tract of land left dry by the sea, and fit for cultivation or use ; a ship abandoned at sea : der'elic'tion, n. -Ilk-shun, the act of leaving or forsaking ; state of being abandoned ; desertion. deride, v. di-rld' (L. deridere, to laugh to scorn— from de, and ridere, to laugh : It deridere : F. dirider), to mock; to laugh at in contempt: deri'ding, imp.: deri'ded, pp.: deri'der, n. one who: deri'dingly, ad. -II: derisi'on, n. -rlzh'-un (L. derisus, mockery, scorn: It. deriso), mockery ; contempt ; ridicule ; scorn : deri'sive, a. -n'-slv, mocking ; ridiculing : deri'sively, ad. -II -. deri'siveness, n. derive, v. d&-rlv' (L. derivare, to draw off, to divert —from de, and rivus, a stream : It. derivare : F. di- river), to draw from, as from a regular course or chan- nel ; to receive, as from a source or origin ; to deduce, as from a root or primitive word ; to trace : deri'ving, imp.: derived', pp. -rlvd': derivable, a. -rl'-vd-bl, that may be derived: deri'vably, ad. -vd-bll: derivation, n. dgr'-l-va'-shun, the act of drawing or receiving from a source; the tracing of a word from its root: de- rivative, a. dS-rlv'-d-tlv, taken or formed from an- other; secondary: n. a word formed from another word, or which takes its origin from a root ; not fun- damental : deriv'atively, ad. -ll .- deriv'ativeness, n. derm, n. derm, also derma, n. der'-md (Gr. derma, a skin— gen. dermatos: F. derme), the true skin; the integument which covers animal bodies : der'mal, a. -mdl, pert, to the skin : der'matol'ogy, n. •md-t6l'-6-jl her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; BERN 143 DESO (Gr. logos, discourse), a treatise on the skin : der'- matologist, n. one who : dermoid, a. der'moyd, also der'matoid, a. -md-tdyd (Gr. eidos, likeness), resem- bling the skin : dermo-skeleton, the hard integument which covers many animals, and affords protection to them, making its appearance as a leathery mem- brane, or as shell, crust, scales, or scutes. dernier, a. dsr'nber(F.), last; final: dernier resort, n. -rezort', the last resource or expedient. derogate, v. der'-o ■ g&t (I •■takeaway, to detract from— from de, and rogatum, to ask: It. derogate : F. denser), to lessen by taking away a part; to detract ; to disparage : derogating, imp. : der'o- ga'ted, pp. : der'oga tion, n. -ga'shun, the act of de- stroying or taking away the value or effect of any- thing, or of limiting its extent ; disparagement : de- rogatory, a. di-rog'd-ter-l, that lessens the extent, effect, or value ; detracting : derog'atorlly, ad. -II : derog'ator'iness, n. derrick, n. der'rlk (an abbreviation of Theodoric, a celebrated executioner of the seventeenth century), a mast or spar supported at the top by stays, with suit- able tackle for raising heavy weights; an improved iron crane. dervish, dervis, or dervise, dir'vls (Persian, der- wesch, poor), a Mohammedan priest or monk of great austerity, and professing poverty. descant, n. dis'-kdnt (It. discantare, to disenchant —from L. dis, apart, and canto, I sing: Sp. discantar, to chant, to quaver upon a note), a song or tune composed in parts ; a discussion ; a discourse ; a series of comments : v. dS-skdnt', to sing in parts ; to dis- course; to remark or comment on freely: descanting, imp. : descan'ted, pp. : descan'ter, n, one who. descend, v. de-send' (L. descendere, to descend— from de, and scando, I climb : It. discendere: F. descendre), to move from a higher to a lower place ; to go down- wards, as a hill ; to fall or come down ; to invade ; to come suddenly ; to proceed or pass from ; to stoop, as to wrong : descending, imp. : descen'ded, pp. : de- scendant, n. any one proceeding from an ancestor ; offspring: descen'dent, a, sinking; proceeding from an ancestor; descending or falling: descen'dible, a. -dl-bl, that may be descended; that may descend from an ancestor to an heir : descendibility, n. -bll'l-tl, the capability of being transmitted : descen'sion, n. •sen'shiln, the act of going downwards ; a falling ; de- clension ; degradation : descen'sional, a. pert, to : descen'sive, a. -slv, tending to descend : descent, n. de-sSnf, progress downwards ; slope ; declivity ; a hostile invasion from sea; birth; lineage; passing from an ancestor to an heir. describe, v. de-skrlb' (L. describere, to represent by drawing— from de, and scribo, I write : It. descrivere), to draw ; to delineate ; to represent in words or by signs ; to show by marks or figures : descri"bing, imp. : described', pp. -skrlbd': descri'bable, a. -bdbl, that may be described : descriter, n. one who : descrip'- tion, n. -skrip'shun (L. de, and scriptus, written), a representation in words ; a delineation by marks or signs ; a sort or class to which certain particulars are applicable : descrip'tive, a. -tlv, tending to describe or represent : descriptively, ad. -II : descrip'tiveness, n. descry, v. di-skri' (old F. descrier, now decrier, to cry down— from de, and crier, to cry), to detect at a distance; to espy; to discover anything concealed: descrying, imp. : descried', pp. -skrld': descri'er, n. one who. desecrate, v. des'S-krdt (L. desecrare, to consecrate —from de, and sacer, sacred), to profane anything sa- cred ; to divert from a sacred purpose ; to divest of a sacred office : des'ecra'ting, imp. : des'ecra'ted, pp. : des'ecra'ter, n. one who : des'ecra'tion, n. -krd'shun, the profaning of anything sacred. desert, n. dSz'ert (L. desertus, solitary, waste— from de, and sertum, to join, to connect: It. diserto; F. desert, solitary), a wilderness ; a solitude ; a vast sandyplain; an uninhabited place: adj. wild; waste; solitary: v. de-zert', to leave entirely; to forsake; to abandon ; to quit with the view of not returning ; to run away : deserting, imp. •. desert'ed, pp. : desert'er, n. a soldier or sailor who runs away : deser'tion, n. -shun, the act of leaving with the intention of not return- ing, as a soldier or sailor ; state of being forsaken. desert, n. di-zerf (old F. deserte, merit— from Eng. deserve, which see), that which entitles to reward or renders liable to punishment ; merit or demerit ; re- ward or punishment justly due ; worth ; excellence. from de, and servio, I serve : Norm. F. diservir, to earn by service), to be worthy of; to merit; to be worthy of in a bad sense ; to merit reward : deser'- ving, imp. : deserved', pp. -zervd': deservedly, ad. eser'vingly, ad. -II. deshabille, a. dez'-a-bel (F.), dressed loosely: n. an undress ; a loose morning dress ; a careless untidy state as to dress. desiccate, v. dSs'lk-kdt (L. desiccare, to dry up— from de, and siccus, dry: It. diseccare: F. dessecher), to dry ; to deprive or exhaust of moisture ; to become dry: des'icca'ting, imp. : desiccated, pp. : des'ic- cant, a. -kdnt, drying: n. a medicine that dries a sore: deslcca'tion, n. -; t of making dry ; the state of being dried : desic'cative, a. -kd-tiv, tending to dry : desiccation cracks, in geol., rents in sedimentary strata, caused by shrinkage through dry- ing. desiderate, v. de-sld'er-dt (L. desideratum, to ear- nestly, wish for: It. desiderare: F. desirer), to want; to miss: desiderating, imp.: desid'era'ted, pp.: de- sid'era tive, a. -u'-tiv, expressing or denoting desire : desideratum, n. -a'tiim, desiderata, plu. -a'td (L.), anything desired or wanted; any desirable improve- ment. design, v. d6-sln' or -zln' (L. designare, to mark out — fom de, and signo, I mark or seal : It. designare; F. de- signer), to project; to form in the mind; to intend; to purpose ; to form or plan by drawing the outline ; to plan; to invent: n. a project; a scheme; purpose; intention ; a plan or representation of a thing by an outline ; an idea or plan in the mind meant to be ex- pressed in a visible form; figures or drawings for cloth, &c; the plan of a building in all its parts : de- signing, imp.: adj. forming a design; insidiously contriving schemes of mischief; deceitful : n. the act of delineating the appearance of natural objects : de- signed', pp. -slnd' .- design'er, n. one who: design'- able, a. -d-bl, that may be designed or marked out : designedly, ad. -ed-li, intentionally: designless, a. without design or intention: design'lessly, ad. -lis- ll .- a school of design, an institution in which are taught the principles of drawing as they are con- nected with the industrial arts : designate, v. dis'-ig- ndt, to mark out or show; to distinguish by marks or description ; to name ; to point out : designating, imp. : designated, pp. : designation, n. -na'shun, a showing or pointing ; a distinguishing name or mark ; appointment : deslgna tive, a. -nu'tlv, serving to in- dicate : designment, n. di-sin'-mint, sketch ; delinea- tion; purpose. desire, v. di-zlr 7 (F. desirer; L. desiderare, to long for, to desire), to wish for; to ask; to entreat; to re- quest : n. a wish to obtain ; some degree of eagerness togainand possess; a coveting for some object of plea- sure or delight ; request ; prayer ; that which is de- sired: desiring, imp. : desired', pp. -zird': desi'rable, a. -zl'rd-bl, pleasing; agreeable: desirably, ad. -rd- bll: desi'rableness, n. -bl-nes: desirer, n. one who: desire'less, a. free from desire : desi'rous, a. -rus, wishing to obtain ; anxious to possess ; coveting : de- si rously, ad. -It. desist, v. di-slsf (L. desistere, to leave off— from de, and sisto, I stand: It. desistere: F. desister), to for- bear ; to stop ; to cease to act ; to discontinue : de- sisting, imp. : desisted, pp.: desistance, n. di-slsf- dns, a ceasing to act ; a stopping. desk, n. desk (AS. disc; Dut. disch; Ger. tisch, a table, a board : L. discus, a flat circle of stone), a slop- ing table for writing on ; a portable writing-table in the form of a box when shut ; the part of a pulpit on which the Bible lies : v. to shut up in a desk : desk'- ing, imp.: desked, pp. diskt. desmography, n. diz-mog'-rd-fl (Gr. desmos, a liga- ment, and grapho, I write), a description of the liga- ments of the body : desmol'ogy, n. -mol'-o-jl {logos, dis- course), the anatomy of the tendons and ligaments, or a description of them. desolate, a. dis'6-ldt (L. desolatum, to lay waste, to abandon— from de, and solus, alone: It. desolare: F. desoler), uninhabited; desert; solitary; in a ruinous condition; without a companion; comfortless: v. to deprive of inhabitants ; to lay waste ; to ruin : des'- ola 'ting, imp.: des'ola'ted, pp.: des'ola'tion, n. -6-ld- shun, a solitary waste; ruin; destruction; a place deprived of inhabitants; gloom: des'olate'ly, ad. -II: des'olate'ness, n. : des'ola'ter, also des'ola'tor, deserve, v. de-zero' (L. deservio, I serve zealously— cow, boy, /dot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. DESP 144 DETE despair, n. de-spar' (L. desperatus, given up, irre- mediable—from de, and spero, I hope ; F. desespoir, despair), utter hopelessness ; complete despondency ; desperation; loss of hope in God's mercy: v. to be without hope ; to give up all expectation ; to despond : despair'ing, imp.: despaired', pp. -spard': despair'er, n. one who: despairingly, ad. -II. despatch, v, de-spdch' (old F. despescher, to send away quickly, to hasten : Sp. despachar, to expedite —from L. spatior, I proceed), to send away ; to send on special business implying haste ; to put to death ; to execute speedily; to finish: n. speedy performance; haste; an express message: despatches, n. plu, -ez, written documents or messages regarding some affair of state sent to or from a country ; naval or military reports sent to headquarters : despatching, imp.: de- spatched', pp. -spdchf. desperate, a. dSs'per-at (L. desperaturn, to have no hope of— from de, and spero, I hope: It. disperare: F. disesperer), fearless of danger ; without hope; reck- less ; beyond hope of recovery ; irretrievable ; with- out care of safety ; furious : des'perately, ad. -It: des'- pera'do, n. -a'do (Sp.), a reckless furious man ; one regardless of consequences; a madman— applied to the reckless criminal classes: des'pera'tion, n. -u'shun, a giving up of hope; despair; disregard of danger : des'perateness, n. despicable, a.— see under despise, despise, v. -de-splz' (old F. despire— from L. despi- cere, to look down upon— from de, and specio, I look : old F. despit, contempt, despite), to have a very low opinion of; to look down upon with scorn ; to disdain: despi'sing, imp.: despised', pp. -splzd': despi'ser, n. -zer, one who: despi'sable, a. -zd-bl, contemptible: despi' singly, ad. -zlng-li: despi'sedness, n. -zed-nSs : despicable, a. dSs'pl-kd-bl, that should be despised ; vile; contemptible: des'picably, ad. -kd-bli: de3'pi- cableness, n. -kd-bl-n6s. despite, n. di-splt' (old F. despit, contempt, de- spite: F. depii ger: L. despectus, a look- ing down upon), violent hatred ; extreme malice ; de- fiance of opposition or difficulties, or in contempt of them: v. to tease; to offend; to vex: despi'ting, imp.: despi'ted.pp.: despite'ful, a. -fool, full of spite; malicious : despite'fully, ad. -II : despite'fulness, n. despoil, v. Se-spdyl' (L. despoliare, to despoil— from de, and spolio, i deprive of, I plunder : It. despogliare), to take from by force ; to rob ; to plunder ; to divest : despoil 'ing, imp.: despoiled', pp. -spdyld': despoil'er, n. one who : despoliation, n. di-spd'-ll-a'-shun, the act of plundering ; a stripping or robbing. despond, v. di-spond' (L. despondere, to promise, to lose courage— from de, and spondeo, I promise), to be cast down ; to lose all courage ; to lose hope ;— despair implies a total loss of hope, despond does not: de- spon'ding, imp. : despon'ded, pp. : despon'dingly, ad. -It : despon'der, n. one who : despon'dent, a. low- spirited; losing courage with the loss of hope: de- spon'dency, n. -dSn-sl, also despon'dence, n. -dens, cessation of effort with the loss of hope ; dejection of the mind ; melancholy : despon'dently, ad. -II. despot, n. des'pot (Gr. despotes, a master : It. des- pota ; F. despote, a despot), one ruling or governing without control ; an absolute prince ; a tyrant : des- potic, a. -pot'lk, also despotlcal, a. -l-kdl, exercising absolute or uncontrolled power ; unlimited ; unre- strained : despotically, ad. -II : despotism, n. des'po- tlzm, a government with authority unlimited or un- controlled; the government of an absolute prince; tyranny. despumate, v. dSs'p-u-mat (L. despumatum, to re- move the froth or scum— from de, and spurno, I foam : It. despumare), to froth ; to throw off in foam : des'- puma ting, imp. : des'puma'ted, pp. : des'puma'- tion, n. -md'shun, the act of throwing up froth or scum on the surface of a liquid ; the separation of the scum or impurities from a liquid. desquamate, v. des'kwd-mat (L. desquamatum, to scale or peel off— from de, and squama, a scale), to peel off as scales: desquamating, imp. : des'quama'- ted, pp. : des'quama'tion, n. -ma'-shun, the act of throwing off in scales, as from the skin. dessert, n. d6z-zert' (F. dessert— from desservir, to clear the table), a service of fruit, &c, at the close of a feast or entertainment. destine, v. d&s'-tln (L. destinare, to make firm, to destine : It. destinare .• F. destiner), to ordain or ap- point to a certain use, state, or place ; to doom ; to ap- point or fix unalterably : destining, imp. : des'tined, ,-•"'"' mate, mCLtff&r, laXv; mete, m8t, the ultimate design : destiny, n. -nl, unavoidable i':'p ii't ini ..:■ ■mriiiH., :..... . i,y the Divine will, or that appointed by human will : des'tinies, n. plu. -nlz, in anc. myth., the three Fates, supposed to preside over human life; the predetermined future state or condition, as of nations. destitute, a. des'ti-tut (L. destitutum, to forsake— from de, and statuo, I set or place), not possessing ; in want of ; needy ; friendless : destitution, n. //<:. '/!<<<< 1:1 !■. i ■■. i.t ; poverty. destroy, v. destroy' (L. destruere, to destroy— from de, and struo, I pile up, I build), to pull down ; to de- molish ; to ruin ; to lay waste ; to kill ; to put an end to : destroy'ing, imp. : destroyed', pp. -stroyd' ; destroy'er, n. one who. destructible, a. de-struk'tl-bl (L. de, and structum, to pile up or build), that may be destroyed : destruc'- tibleness, n. : destruc'tibillty, n. -bil'l-tl, the being capable of destruction : destruction, n. -shun, the act of destroy in ruin molil ighter; death; eternal death : destructive, a. -tlv, deadly ; fatal ; causing destruction ; mischievous ; wasteful : de- structively, ad. -II: destructiveness, n. the quality of destroying ; propensity to destroy. desudation, n. d&s'-u-da'shun (L. desudo, I sweat greatly— from de, and sudo, I sweat : F. denudation), a profuse sweating, followed by an eruption of pus- tules, called heat pimples. desuetude, n. des'-wC-tud (L. desuetudo, disuse : F. desuetude), disuse ; the cessation of use ; discontinu- ance of a custom or practice. desultory, a. des'ul-ter'-i (L. desultorius, leaping, in- constant — from de, and salio, I leap), unconnected ; rambling; hasty; loose; without method : des'ultor'- ily, ad. -II: des'ultorlness, n. a passing from one thing to another without order or method ; unconnectedness. desynonymise, v. de'slnon'i-mlz (L. de, and synony- mous), to deprive a word of its synonymous character by attaching to it a specific meaning : de'synon'imis- ing, imp. : de'synonlmised, pp. -mlzd. detach, v. de-tach' (F. detacher; It. distaccare, to detach, to untie), to separate ; to disunite ; to part from : detach'ing, imp. : detached', pp. -tdcht': de- tach'ment, n. -ment, troops or ships sent from the main body. detail, v. dS-t&l > to divide, to piecemeal —from tailler, to cut), to give particulars ; to relate minutely or distinctly : n. de'tal, a minute or particu- lar account ; a narration of particulars : detail'ing, imp.: detailed', pp. -told': details, n. plu. -talz, tin; parts of a thing treated separately and minutely : de- tail'er, n. one who. detain, v. dS-tan' (L. detineo, I keep back— from de, and teneo, I hold or keep: It. detenere: F. detenir), to keep from ; to withhold ; to stop, stay, or delay ; to hold in custody : detaining, imp. : detained , pp. -tand': detention, n. -ten'shun, act of detaining; a keeping back ; confinement or restraint ; delay from necessity : detain'er, n. one who ; in law, the keeping possession of what belongs to another ; a writ autho- rising the keeper of a prison to continue to keep a person in custody. detect, v. d64ekt' (L. detectus, laid bare— from de, and tectus, covered), to find out; to discover: detec- ting, imp. : detected, pp. : detecter or detector, n. one who or that which : detective, n. -tSk'tiv, a police officer not dressed in uniform, whose duty it is to act secretly: adj. that detects or discovers: detec- tion, n. -shun, the act of discovering ; discovery of a person or thing attempted to be concealed: detec- table, a. -td-bl, that may be found out. detent, n. di \4 itum, to keep back, to de- tain— from de, and tentum, to hold), a stop in a clock- detention, n.— see detain. deter, v. dS-teY (L. deterrere, to frighten from any- thing—from de, and terreo, I frighten), to hinder by fear ; to discourage by considerations of danger, diffi- culty, or great inconvenience : deter'ring, imp. : de- terred, pp. -terd': determent, n. -ment, the act or cause of deterring ; that which deters : deter'rent, a. having the power or tendency to deter : n. that which deters. deterge, v. dS-ferf (L. deter gere, to wipe off— from de, and tergeo, I wipe clean : It. detergere : F. deter ger), to cleanse a sore : deterging, imp. : deterged', pp. -terjd': deter'gent, a. -ter'jent, cleansing : n. that which cleanses : deter'sive, a. -slv (L. detersus, wiped Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; DETE 145 DEVO off), having power to cleanse, as a sore from matter : n. a medicine which has the power of cleansing sores : deter'sion, n. -slum, the act of cleansing, as a sore. deteriorate, v. de-te'rl-6-rdt' (L. deterior, worse: F. dete'riorer, to waste), to grow worse ; to reduce in quality ; to make worse ; to degenerate : dete'riora'- ting, imp. : deteriorated, pp. : dete'rioration, n. •ra--hun, a becoming or making worse. determine, v. de-tir'-min (L. determinatum, to border off, to bound— from de, and terminus, a boundary or limit : It. determinare .- F. determiner), to end ; to fix ; to decide ; to influence the choice ; to resolve ; to come to a decision : determining, imp.: determined, pp. -mind: adj. having a settled or fixed purpose; firm; resolute; definite: determinable, a. -mtn-a-bl, that may be decided with certainty : deter'minator, n. one who ; also determiner, n. one who : deter- minedly, ad. -II: determinate, a. -at, limited; fixed; settled; resolute: determinate ly, ad. -II: deter'- minate'ness, n. : deter'mination, n. -na'-shiin, firm resolution ; fixed purpose; judicial decision; a put- ting to an end ; a too rapid or copious flow of blood to a particular part of the body : deter minative, a, -nd'-tic, that limits or bounds; having the power of directing, limiting, or fixing. deterred, deterring— see deter. detersive, detersion— see deterge. detest, v. de-tesf (L. detestari, to call upon as a wit- ness, to abominate— from de, and testor, I bear wit- ness : It. detestare : F. detester), to abhor ; to hate extremely; to abominate : detesting, imp.: detes'ted, pp.: detes'ter, n. one who: detes'table, a. -td-bl, abominable ; extremely hateful : detestably, ad. -Ml: detes tableness, n. : detestation, n. de'tes-ta'shiin, abhorrence ; extreme hatred. dethrone, v. di-thron' (L. de, and thronus, a royal seat : F. detroner, to dethrone), to drive from a throne ; to divest of supreme power: dethroning, imp. : de- throned', pp. -thrond' : dethroner, n. one who: de- thronement, n. -mint, the removal from a throne ; deposition from regal power. detinue, n. def-l-nu (F. detenu, held back— from detenir, to hold back, to withhold : L. detineo, I keep back), in laic, a writ lyiru' against a person who wrong- full} 7 detains goods in his possession. detonate, v. det'-0-ndt{L. detonare, to thunder down —from de, and tono, I thunder: F. detoner), to cause to explode with a sudden report ; to burn with a loud noise: detonating, imp.: det'ona'ted, pp.: det'ona- tion, n. -na-shaa, a sudden report caused by the burn- ing of certain bodies. detorsion, n. de-tor'shiin (L. detorsum, to turn or bend aside— from de, and torsum, to twist), a turning or wresting ; perversion from the true meaning. detour, n. de-t6r' (¥.), a roundabout; a circuitous way. detract, v. d&trdkf (L. detraction, to take away— from de, and tractum, to draw), to take away; to lessen reputation by calumny; to damage characte - ter, n. one who : detraction, n. -trak'sh un, the depreci- ating of the reputation of another from envy or malice ; a lessening of worth ; censure ; slander : detrac'tive, a. -tlv, having the tendency to lessen worth or estima- tion: detraetingly, ad. -II. detriment, n. dit'-rl-ment (L. detrimentum, loss— from de, and tritinn, to wear or rub: It. detrimento: F. detriment), damage ; loss; injury; disadvantage; diminution : det'rimen'tal, a. -tdl, injurious ; hurtful. detritus, n. de-trl'tiis (L. detritus, worn), any accum- ulation of earth, sand, gravel, and fragments of rock, formed by the wearing away of rocks ; debris consists of masses of rock, gravel, sand, trees, animal re- mains, &c, having the same meaning with the word rubbish .- detri'tal, a. -trl'tal, composed of detritus detriti'on, n. -trlsh'un, the act of wearing away. detrude, v. de-tr6d' (L. detrudere, to thrust or push down— from de, and trudo, I thrust : It. detrudere), to thrust down ; to push down with force : detru'ding, imp. : detru'ded, pp. : detru'sion, n. -zhun, a thrust- (ing or forcing down, detruncate, v. de-trung'-kdt (L. detruncatum, to lop or cut off— from de, and trunco, I cut or lop off: It. de- troncare),to\op; to shorten by cutting: detrun'cating, imp.: detrun'cated, pp.: detruncation, n. de'trung- kd-shun, the act of cutting or lopping off abruptly. deuce, n. dus (Ger. daus, deuce, ace: F. deux; L. duo, two), in gaming, two ; a card or die with two spots. cow, boy, /Sot; pure, bud; chair, deuce or dense, n. diis (Dusius, the name of a Gallic demon : low Ger. duks or duus, the deuce, same sense as in English), a euphemism for the devil; a demon ; an evil spirit : deuced, a. du'sSd, excessive ; ex- treme : ad. excessively ; extremely : deucedly, ad. -ll. deutero, dii'ter-6, or deuto, du'to (Gr. deutcros, second), a prefix which indicates the second degree of the word with which it is joined: deuterogamy, n. du'-Ur-og'd-ml (Gr. gamos, marriage), a second mar- riage after the death of the first husband or wife: deuterog'amist, n. one who : Deuteronomy, n. du- tir-on-o-mi (Gr. ytomos, a law), the second giving of the law by Moses ; the fifth book of the Bible : deutox- ide, du-toks'td (Gr. deuteros, second, and oxide), in chem., a substance oxidised in the second degree— now more generally binoxide. devastate, v. dev'-ds-tdt (L. devasiatum, to lay waste— from de, and vasto, I lay waste : It. devastare ; F. dt vaster), to lay waste; to ravage; to destroy: devastating, imp. : dev'asta'ted, pp. : devastation, n.-tei'-shiin. the act of laying waste ; state of being laid waste; destruction, as by armies, floods, &c. develop, v. de-vel'op (F. developper, to unfold), to unfold ; to lay open ; to disclose ; to unravel : develop- ing, imp.: developed, pp. -opt: devel'opment, n. -op- mint, an unfolding; an unravelling; disclosure: de- velopmental, a. connected with or formed by devel- opment. deviate, v. de'vl-dt (L. deviation, to go aside— from de, and via, a way or path: It. deviare: F. devier), to turn aside from the common way or method ; to wander from the right path or course; to err; to go astray: de'via'ting, imp.: deviated, pp.: de'via- tion, n. -shim, a turning aside ; a departure, as from a right course, way, or line ; a wandering, as from the path of duty; sin; error: devious, a. dc-vl-us (L. de- vius, that lies out of the highway), out of the com- mon track; wandering; roving; going astray: de'- viously, ad. -ll : de viousness, n. state of being astray. device, n. de-vis' (F. devise, emblem, conceit— see devise), a contrivance ; anything formed by design ; a scheme or stratagem ; a project ; an emblematical re- presentation. devil, n. div'l (AS. deoful; L. diabolus; Gr. diabolos, the devil), an evil spirit ; Satan : devilish, a. of or like the devil; wicked: devilishly, ad. -ll: dev'il- ishness, n. : dev'ilism, n. -Izm, state of the devil : devilment, n. wicked mischief: devilry, n. -ri, mis- chief and tricks suitable to a devil: devil, v. to grill with Cayenne pepper, as kidneys: deviling, imp.: deviled, pp. dSv'ld. devious— see deviate. devise, v. de-vlzf (It. divisare, to think, to imagine : F. deviser, to commune, to dispose of— from L. visum, that which is seen), to form in the mind ; to plan ; to scheme ; to give or bequeath by will ; to contrive; to project: n. a will; a bequeathing by will; that which is bequeathed by will: devi'sing, imp.: devised, pp. dc-elzd': deviser, n. one who : de- visable, a. -zcl-bl, that maybe given by will: devisee, n. cUv'-i-ze, the person to whom real estate is be- queathed. : devisor, n. one who gives by will. devoid, a. de-vdyd' (L. de, and viduus, left alone: F. vide, empty), empty; vacant; free from; desti- tute. devoir, n. dSv-icawr' (¥.), an act of civility or re- spect; service. devolve, v. di-volv' (L. devolvere, to roll or tumble down— from dc, and volvo, I roll), to pass over from one person to another, as by succession ; to deliver over to a successor ; to fall upon or come to as by right : devolving, imp. : devolved', pp. -volvd': dev- olution, n. dev'o-lo'shun, removal from one person to another : devolvlnent, n. the act of devolving. Devonian, a. de-vd'nl-dn, in geol, a name applied to the Old Red Sandstone, as extensively developed in Devonshire : devonite, n. dev'6n-it, a phosphate of alumina found in Devonshire. devote, v. de-vof (L. devotus, attached, faithful— from de, and votum, to vow, to wish for : It. devoto : F. devot), to set apart ; to dedicate or consecrate ; to doom ; to execrate ; to give up wholly ; to apply closely to; to addict one's self to chiefly: devoting, imp.: devo'ted, pp.: adj. ardently attached; faithful; doomed ; addicted : devotion, n. -shun, acts of reli- gious worship ; careful performance of religious duties; ardent love and affection ; ardour; eagerness: devotional, a. -dl, suited to devotion ; pert, to devo- tion : devotionally, ad. -U; devotedness, n. : devo'- game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. I DEVO 146 DIAM tedly, ad. -11: devotee, n. d6v'6-ti, one wholly or superstitiously given to religion and religious exer- cises ; a bigot : devo'tionalist, n., also devo'tionist, n. one who — same as devotee. devour, v. de-vdwr' (L. devorare, to gulp down, to devour— from de, and voro, I eat greedily : It. divorare : F. devorer), to eat up ; to eat with greediness ; to con- sume ; to destroy ; to waste : devouring, imp. : de- voured', pp. -vowrd' : devour'er, n. one who : devour- ingly, ad. -11. devout, a. de-vow? (from devote, which see), earn- estly attentive to religious duties; pious; sincere: devoutly, ad. -11: devout'ness, n. dew, n. du (Dut. dauw, Ger. than; Sw. dagg, dew: low Ger. dauen, to dew, to thaw), the moisture depo- sited on the surface of the ground from the air in the evening, due to the more rapid cooling of the earth's surface: v. to wet as with dew; to moisten: dew'- ing, imp.: dewed, pp. dud: dew'y, a. -1, like dew; moist with dew : dew'iness, n. : deWless, a. having no dew: dew-berry, n. fruit of the grey bramble: dew- drop, n. a drop or spangle of dew : dew-fall, n. the time at evening when the dew begins to fall : dew-lap n. (Dan. dog-lap), the loose skin which hangs down from the neck of an ox: dew-point, the temperature at which dew begins to form : dew-stone, a kind of lime- stone which gathers a large quantity of dew. dexter, a. dek'ster (L. on the right side), inker., the right side of a shield or coat of arms : dextral, a. dSk'-slrdl, right as opposed to left. dexterity, i as, dexterity— from dexter, right, not left : F. dexUrite), expertness ; skill ; adroitness : dex'terous, a. -ter-us, expert ; ready ; skilful in manual acts ; ready in the use of the men- tal faculties: dex'terously, ad. -II— sometimes spelt dextrous and dex'trously : dex'terousness, n. dextrine, n. dik'strln (L. dexter, on the right hand), a gummy matter into which the interior substance of starch globules is convertible by diastase, and by certain acids— so called from turning the plane in polarised light to the right hand. dextrorsal, a. dek-stror'sdl (L. dexter, to the right, and versus, turned), rising spirally from right to left. dey, n. da (Turk, ddi, a friendly title, formerly given to middle-aged or to old persons), the name of the governor of Algiers before its occupation by the French. dhurra, also dhoora, n. ddbr'rd (Ar. durah), a kind of millet cultivated throughout Asia and in Northern Africa ; an eastern measure of capacity. di, di (Gr. dis, twice), a Greek prefix signifying twice. Note.— In chemical terms, di denotes two equi- valents of the substance indicated by the noun follow- ing that of which the prefix forms a part, as a oisul- phate contains two of the " substance named "—sul- phuric acid ; but a disulphate two, not of the acid, but of the base. dia, a Greek prefix signifying through or asunder. diabetes, n. di'd-be'tez (Gr. diabetes, a siphon— from dia, through, and baino, I go), a disease causing an immoderate flow of saccharine urine : di'abet'ic, a. -bet '4k, pert. to. diablery, n. di-db'ler-i (F. diablerie— from diable, the devil), devilry ; sorcery or incantation. diabolic, a. di'd-bol'ik, also di'abol'ical, a. -1-kdl (L. diabolus; Gr. diabolos, the devil), devilish ; extremely malicious ; atrocious : di'abol'ically, ad. -II : di'abol'- icalness, n. : diab'olism, n. -ttzm, the actions of the devil ; possession by the devil. diacaustic, a. dl'-d-kdwz'tik (Gr. dia, through, and kaiein, to burn), in geom., pert, to curves formed by refraction. diachylon, n. di-dk'1-lon (Gr. dia, through, or by means of, and chulos, juice), an adhesive plaster for- merly made from expressed juices, now made of an oxide of lead and oil. diachyma, n. di'd-kl'md (Gr. dia, through, and chumos, a fluid, juice), the cellular tissue of leaves occupying the space between their two surfaces. diaconal, a. dl-dk'6-ndl (F.— from L. diaconus— see deacon), pert, to a deacon : diaconate, n. di-dk'6-ndt, the office of a deacon. diacoustics, n. plu. di'd-kows'tlks (Gr. dia, and akouo, I hf 1 1 / i bhat treats of the properties of soun d passing through different mediums. diacritic, a. di'-d-krii'lk, also di'acrit'ical, a. -kdl (Gr. diakritikos, having the power of discerning or distinguishing— from dia, and krino, I judge), that separates or distinguishes— applied to points or marks used to distinguish letters of nearly similar form. diadelphian, a. di'd-del'fl-dn (Gr. dis, two, and adelphos, a brother), in bot., having the stamens united by their filaments into two distinct bundles, as in the di'adel'phia, n. -fid. diadem, n. di'-d-dem (Gr. diadema, a band or fillet for encircling the heads of kings— from dia, and deo, I tie or bind), a badge or mark of royalty ; a crown ; empire ; sovereignty : di'ademed, a. -demd, crowned ; ornamented. diadrom, n. dl'd-drom (Gr. diadromos, a running across— from dia, and dromos, a course, a running), a course or passing; time in which a pendulum per- forms, its vibration. diaeresis, n. di-e'r6-sis (Gr. diairesis— from diaireo, I divide), separation, as of one syllable into two ; the mark ( " ) placed over the latter of two vowels to shew they are to be pronounced separately, as mosaic, aerial. diagnosis, n. di'dg-no'sls (Gr. diagnosis, judging faculty, a distinguishing — from dia, through, and gignosko, I know: F. diagnose), in med., the art of distinguishing one disease from another : di'agnos'tic, a. -nos'tik, distinguishing the nature of a disease : n. the sign or symptom by which one disease is distin- guished from others : di'agnos'tics, n. plu. -tiks, the study of symptoms by which one disease is distin- guished from others; di'agnos'ticate, v. -tl-kdt, to distinguish or determine a disease by its symptoms : di'agnos'tica'ting, imp. : di'agnos'tica'ted, pp. diagonal, n. di-dg'6-ndl (Gr. dia, and gonia, a cor- ner: F. diagonal), a straight line drawn from one angle to another opposite angle, and dividing the figure into two parts, as in a square : adj. drawn from one corner or angle to another : diag'onally, ad. -II : diagonal scale, n. a scale consisting of a set of parallel lines with other lines crossing them obliquely. diagram, n. dl'-d-grdm (Gr. dia, and gramma, a mark, a sketch— from grapho, I write), a figure re- presented by lines, as a triangle, a square, &c. ; a figure ; a plan : di'agraph, n. -grdf, an instr. used in perspective drawing : di'agraphlcs, n. plu. -Iks, the art of designing or drawing : di'agraph'ic, a. -Ik, also di'- agraph'ical, a. -1-kdl, descriptive. dial, n. di'-dl (mid. L. dialis, daily— from L. dies, a day), an instr. for measuring time by the sun's sha- dow: di'aling, n. the art of constructing dials: dial-plate, the face of a watch or clock : dralist, n. a constructor of dials. dialect, n. dl'-d-Ukt (Gr. dialektos; L. dialectus, speech, manner of speaking — from Gr. dia, and lego, I speak), the peculiar manner in which a language is spoken in a province or district of a country ; style or manner of speaking : di'alec'tic, a. -lek'-tlk, also di'alec'tical, a. -ti-kdl, pert, to a dialect; logical: dialectics, n. plu. -tiks, the art of reasoning; the branch of logic del I the rules and modes of reasoning: di'alec'tically, ad. -11: di'alectici'an, n. -tlsh'-dn, a reasoner ; a logician. dialing, n.— see dial. diallage, n. dl'dl-laj (Gr. diallage, interchange— from dia, and allasso, I make other than it is), a mineral having a laminated or bladed cleavage— so called from its changeable colour ; a figure of speech in which arguments are placed in various points of view and then turned to one point : diallogite, n. -git, a mineral having a rose-red or flesh-red colour, and glassy pearly lustre. dialogue, n. dl'-d-l6g(F. dialogue— from Gr. dia, and logos, a word ; lego, I speak), a conversation between two or more persons ; formal conversation ; written compositions in which persons are represented speak- ing: dialogism, n. dl-dl'6-jlzm, a feigned conversa- tion or discussion between two or more persons : dial'- ogist, n. one who writes or speaks in a dialogue : dial- ogis'tic, a. -jls'-tik, also dial'ogis'tical, a. -jls'-tl-kdl, having the form of a dialogue : dial'ogise', v. -6-jizf, to discourse in dialogue. dialysis, n. di-dl'-l-sis (Gr. dialusis, a dissolving or dissolution— from dia, and luo, I loose), a mark in writing or printing placed over one of the two vowels of a diphthong to show that the vowels are to be pro- nounced separately ; in chem.,a, process of analysis by diffusion through a septum ; the separation of crystal- lisable from uncrystallisable substances: di'aly'ser, n. -ll'-zer, the instr. employed: di'alytlc, a. -lit'lk, pert. to. diamagnetic, a. dl'-d-mdg-nW-1k (Gr. dia, and mag- mate, mdt,fdr, law ; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; DIAM 147 DICT netic), a term applied to many bodies which under the influence of magnetism, and freely suspended, take a position at right angles to the magnetic meridian : di'amag'netism, n. -nidg'ne-tlzm, the peculiar pro- perty of these bodies. diameter, n. di-dm'S-ter (Gr. dia, and metron, a measure), the measure of a body through from side to side ; a straight line passing through the centre of a circle, having both ends terminated by the circum- ference : di'amet'rical, a. di'-d-mit-rl-kdl, straight ; direct : diametrically, ad. -ll. diamond, n. di'dmund (Fr. diamant — from L. adamas, a diamond : Gr. adamas, the hardest steel, a diamond), the most precious of all stones, clear and transparent, and of remarkable hardness ; a cutter for glass ; a four-cornered figure, having two acute and two obtuse angles, as the pane in a church or cottage window: adj. resembling a diamond; in printing, noting a small type. Diana, n. dl-dnd, in anc. myth., the goddess of hunting. diandrian, a. di-dn'drt-dn (Gr. dis, double, aner, a man— gen. andros), in hot., pert, to the class of plants, dian'dria, -dri-a. having two stamens. diapason, n. di'd-pd'zon (Gr. diiqxison, through all —from dia, and pasa, all), in music, an octave; an organ pipe or stop ; a scale or rule by which the pipes of organs, &c, are adjusted. diaper, n. dl'dpir{V. diapri, diapered: It. diaspro, a jasper-stone, much used in ornamenting jewellery— from L.jaspis, jasper), figured linen cloth ; a napkin : v. to variegate or figure cloth: di'apering, imp.: di'apered, pp. -p&rd, flowered; variegated. diaphanous, a. dl-af'-d-nus (Gr. dia, and phaino, I show), allowing light to pass through ; translucent ; less than transparent. diaphonics, n. plu. dl'dfon'lks (Gr. dia, and phone, a sound), the doctrine of refracted sound : adj. pert. to. diaphoresis, n. di'd-f6-re"sls (Gr. diaphoresis, a carrying through, perspiration— from dia, and phoreo, I cany), an increase of perspiration : diaphoretic, a. -rSt'ik, that promotes perspiration: n. a medicine which increases perspiration. diaphragm, n. dl'dfrdm (Gr. diaphragma, a parti- tion wall— from dia, and phrasso, I hedge or fence in), the midriff; a muscle or membrane separating the chest or thorax from the abdomen or belly ; any sub- stance that intercepts or divides : di'aphragmat ic, a. -frdg-mdt'lk, pert, to the diaphragm : di aphrag'ma- ti'tis, n. -mi'-: tion of the diaphragm, dia rian and diarist— see diary. diarrhoea, n. di'-dr-re'd (Gr. cliarrhoia, a violent purging— from dia, and rheo, I flow), a looseness of the bowels ; an excessive purging or flux : diarrhoet- ic, a. -r6t'-ik, pert, to ; purgative : n. that which pro- duces a diarrhoea, or a purging. diarthrosis, n. dl'dr-thro-sls (Gr. dia, and arthron, a joint), in anat, a connection of two joints admitting of motion between them, as those of the limbs or lower jaw. diary, n. dl'd-ri (L. diarium, a daily allowance — from dies, a day : It. diario), a register of daily events or transactions; a journal : diarian, a. di-d'rl-dn, pert, to a diary ; daily : diarist, n. di'd-rist, one who keeps a diary. diastase, n. di'd-stds (Gr. diastasis, a standing apart, separation), a peculiar azotised principle having the property of convertings! ; a white amor- phous substance produced in germinating seeds, and in buds during their development. diastole, n. di-ds'to-le (Gr. diastole, separation— from dia, and stello, I set or place), the dilatation or opening of the heart after contraction; in gram., the lengthening of a syllable naturally short: diastolic, a. -tol'-lk, pert. to. diathermal, a. dl'd-ther'mdl (Gr. dia, and therme, heat), allowing rays of heat to pass through : di'ather'- mancy, n. -mdn-si, the property which certain sub- stances possess of allowing rays of heat to pass through them, as rays of light pass through glass : di'ather'- manous, a. -mdn-iis, having the property of trans- mitting radiant heat. diathesis, n. di-dth'5-sls (Gr. diathesis, a disposing or putting in order— from dia, and tithemi, I put or place), in med., a particular state or disposition of body, predisposing to certain diseases. diatoms, n. plu. dl'd-tomz, also di'atoma'cese, _. •md'-shi-e (Gr, diatomos, cut in two — from dia, and temno, I cut), a group of very minute organisms with silicious epidermis. diatonic, a. di'd-ton'ik (Gr. diatonos, extended through— from dia, and tonos, a stretching of the voice, a sound), in music, in the ordinary scale; by tones and semitones. diatribe, n. dl'-d-trlb (Gr. diatribe, a wasting of time— from dia, and tribo, I rub or grind small), a continued disputation ; in discourse, an undue enlarg- ing on some one point ; a strain of abusive or railing language: diat'ribist, n. -dt'rl-bist, one who. dibble, n. dlb'-l, also dibber, n. dib'-ber (the syllable dib, expressing the act of striking with a pointed in- strument: Scot, dab; Norm, diguer, to prick), a little instr. of wood, pointed at the bottom, for making small holes in the earth in order to plant seed or seed- lings: v. to plant with a dibble; to make holes; to dip: dibbling, imp. -ling: dib'bled, pp. -Id: dib'bler, n. one who. dice, n. plu. dts, die, sing, dl (see die), small cubes used in play : dice-box, the box from which dice are thrown in gaming : dicin:: aying at dice. dicephalous, a. dlse/'dliis (Gr. dis, twice, and kephale, the head), having two heads on one body. diceras, n. dls'er-ds (Gr. dis, twice, and keras, a horn), in geol., a bivalve belonging to the family Chamidce or Clam-shells, so called from its prominent beaks : diceras-limestone, a division of the Oolite in the Alps, so called from its containing abundantly the shells of the diceras. dichlamydeous, a. dtk'ld-mld'l-iis (Gr. dis, twice, and chlamus, a garment), having. two coverings; in bot., having a calyx and corolla. dichobune, n. dlk'6-bun (Gr. dicha, In two parts, and bounos, a ridge), a genus of fossil quadrupeds having deeply-cleft ridges in the upper molar teeth. dichodon, n. dlk'-o-don (Gr. dicha, in two parts, and odous, a tooth— gen. odontos), a fossil animal, so called from the double crescent-shaped lines of enamel on the upper surface of its molar teeth. dichotomous, n. dl-kot-6-mus (Gr. dichotomos, di- vided into halves— from dicha, in two parts, and temno, I cut), in bot., having the divisions always in pairs : dichot'omist, n. one who dichotomises : dichotomise, v. -mlz, to cut or divide into two parts: dichot- omising, imp. : dichotomised', pp. -mizd' : dichot- omy, n. -ml, division or distribution by pairs. dichroism, n. dik'ro-lzm (Gr. dis, twice, and chroa, colour), the property observed in some crystals of exhibiting two or more colours when viewed in differ- ent directions : dich'roite, n. -It, another name for the crystal iolite, so called from its exhibition of different colours when viewed in different directions : dich'ro- mat'ic, a. -mdt'lk, exhibiting two or more colours. dicker, n. dik'er (Gr. deka, ten: Icel. dekur), the number or quantity of ten, applied to such articles as skins or hides. dicky or dickey, n. dlk'4, a seat behind a coach ; a movable shirt front. diclinous, a. di-kli'niis (Gr. dis, twice, and Mine, a couch), in bot., having the male and female organs in separate flowers ; unisexual. dicotyledonous, a. di'kot-l-lSd'6-nus (Gr. dis, twice, and cotyledonous), having two lobes : di'cotyle'don, n. -le'don, a plant whose seeds consist of two lobes. dictate, v. dli ictatum, to say often: F. dieter), to tell or order wi i to utter words that are to be committed to writing by another; to suggest; to direct: n. an order delivered; a rule or maxim ; a suggestion to the mind, as a rule or direc- tion : dic'tatmg, imp. ■ dic'tated, pp. : dicta'tor, n. -td'-tor, one invested for a time with absolute power: dicta'trix, n. fem. -triks, a woman who : dicta'tion, n. -shun, the act of uttering words to be written by another ; the speaking to, or the giving orders to, in an overbearing manner: dicta'torship, n. the office of a dictator: dic'tato'rial, a. -td-to'ri-dl, absolute; unlimited ; imperious ; overbearing ; dogmatical : dic'- tato'rially, ad. -II: diction, n. dlk'shun, style or man- ner of expressing ideas in words : dictionary, n. -er-i, a book containing the words of a language, arranged in alphabetical order, with their meanings ; a lexicon ; adj. as found or given in a dictionary: dic'tum, n. ■tiim (L. a saying), a positive or authoritative state- ment ; a dogmatic saying : plu. dic'ta, -td. dictyopteris, n. dik'ti-op'ter-is (Gr. diktuon, a net, and pteris, a fern), in geol., a genus of carboniferous ferns : dic'tyophyl'lum, n. -6-fil'lum (Gr. phullon, a leaf), a general name applied to all unknown fossil coiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. DID 148 dicotyledonous leaves having a net-like structure: dic'tyop'yge, n. -op'-i-je (Gr. j>uge, the posteriors, the anus), a genus of fossil ganoid fishes having smooth rhomboidal scales, and whose large anal fin presents a net-like appearance. did, v. did, past tense of do, which see. didactic, a. dl-dak'-tlk, also didac'tical, a. -ti-kdl (Gr. didaktikos, taught, apt to teach— from didasko, I teach), adapted or intended to teach ; preceptive ; con- taining precepts or rules : didactically, ad. -kal-li. didactylous, a. di-d&k'-ti-lus (Gr. dis, twice, and dalttulos, a finger), having two fingers or toes : di- dac'tyl, a. -til, having two toes : n. an animal having two toes. diddle, v. did'-l (Icel. dadra, to wag the tail : Scot. diddle, to shake, to jog), to move as a child in walk- ing ; to totter ; to cheat : did'dling, imp. : diddled, pp. -Id. didelphys, n. plu. ell-dSl'-fis, also didel'phidse, n. plu. -fi-de (Gr. dis, twice, and < ' >h • romb), the opos- sum family : didelphoid, a. di-del'-foyd (Gr. eidos, ap- pearance), having two wombs. didymium, n. di-dim'-l-um (Gr. didumos, twin), a rare metal discovered in intimate association with lantanium: didymous, a. dld'l-mus, in bot., growing in pairs or twins : didynamous, a. di-din'-d-mus, in bot., having two long and two short stamens, as in the didynamia, did'-i-na'-mi-d. die.v. dijfrom dead: AS. deadian; Icel. deya; Dan. doe, to die), to cease to live ; to expire ; to perish ; to lose life; to languish, as from weakness, discourage- ment, or love ; to cease or become less distinct, as sound ; to vanish : dy'ing, imp. : died, pp. did. die, n. di (At. daddon, game of dice : It. dado : F. di), a small cube with marks from 1 to 6 on the faces, used in gaming, by being shaken in a box and then thrown from it; chance; hazard: plu. dice, dis: the die is cast, everything is hazarded ; the last chance is taken or offered : die, n. di, a stamp of metal used in striking coins, medals, &c: plu. dies, diz. dielectric, n. di'-S-lek-trik (Gr. diet, through, and Eng. electric), a body which admits of the force of electricity acting through it. diet, n. di'-U (L. diceta; Gr. diaita, mode or place of life, means of life : It. dieta: F. diete), food or victuals ; allowance of piovision : v. to furnish food ; to eat ac- cording to prescribed rules: dieting, imp. di'St-ing: n. the act of eating according to prescribed rules: di'eted, pp.: di'eter, n. one who prescribes rules for eating: di'etar'y, n. -6-ter-i, course or order of diet; allowance of food in a workhouse, a prison, &c: adj. relating to diet : dl'etet'ic, a. -tet'-ik, also di'etet'ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to rules for the proper use of food : di'- etet'ics, n. plu. -Iks, rules for diet, treating on the quantity and quality of particular kinds of food suited to the digestive organs ; the science or philosophy of diets : di'etet'ically, ad. -II. diet, n. di'-et (L. dies, a day : old Eng. day or diet, an appointed day for hearing a cause or for the meet- ing of an assembly : F. diete, an assembly), a delib- erative assembly formerly held in Germany and Poland, and now in the Austrian empire and Switzer- land; a parliament; in Scot., a, meeting in a church for divine worship : di'etine, n. -tin, a subordinate or local diet. dif, dif, another form of the prefix dis, which see. differ, v. differ (L. differre, to carry different ways —from dis, asunder, and fero, I bear or carry : It. dif- ferire : F. differer), to disagree ; to be at variance ; to be unlike ; to quarrel : differing, imp. : differed, pp. -ferd: difference, n. -8ns, want of similarity ; dis- tinction ; that which distinguishes one from another ; contention; quarrel; the point in dispute; the re- mainder after subtraction : different, a. -tint, unlike ; dissimilar: differently, ad. -II: differencial, a. -e~n- shdl, relating to or indicating difference ; pert, to an infinitely small variable quantity or difference, which is called a differential quantity -. n. the infinitely small variation of a quantity ; in commerce, creating a dif- ference; special, as differential duties; in mech. , dif- fering in amount, or in the producing force ; intended to produce or indicate difference of motion or effect : differentially, ad. -li: differential calculus, that part of mathematics which treats of infinitely small vari- able quantities or differences : dif feren'tiate, v. -shl- at, to find the differential of: to effect a difference as a point ol I Ifi ion dif'feren'tia'ting, imp. : dif feren'tia'ted, pp. : dif feren'tia'tion, n. -a'shun, determination by means of a change producing a dif- from dis, and facilis, easy to be made or done : It. and F. difficile), not easy to be done ; hard of accom- plishment; attended with labour; arduous; labori- ous: difficulty, n. -kul-tl, that which is hard to be done ; an obstacle ; perplexity ; distress : n. plu. dif- ficulties, -tiz, embarrassment of affairs, chiefly in money affairs. diffidence, n. dif-fi-dens (L. diffidentia, want of confidence, mistrust— from dis, and Jido, I trust : It. diffidenza), want of confidence ; distrust of one's self; modest reserve: diffident, a.-dent, distrustful of one's own power or ability; modest; timid: diffidently, ad. -li. diffini ited, bounded), final"; conclusive. diffract, v. dlf-frakt' (L. dis, apart, and fractus, broken), to break or separate into parts, as light: diffrac'ting, imp.: diffracted, pp.: diffrac'tion, n. -frdk'-shun, in u !; ;,r. ;,< | uming asideof rays of light which pass very near the boundaries of an opaque body. diffuse, v. diffuz' (L. diffusus, spread abroad— from dis, and fusus, poured or spread : It. diffuso : F. dif- fus), to cause to flow and spread ; to send out in all directions; to circulate: diffu'sing, imp. -fu'zlng: diffused', pp. -fuzd': adj. < ! ;; seal < red: diffuse, a. dif -fus', using too many words ; not concise ; widely spread: diffusely, ad. -fus'-ll: diffuse'ness, n. the quality of being diffuse ; the use of a great number of words to express the meaning: diffu'ser, n. -fu'-zer, one who or that which: diffu'sible, a. -zi-bl, that may be spread out or scattered: diffu'sibil'ity, n. -bil'-i-ti, the capability of being spread : diffusion, n. -fu'zhun, a spreading or < m> mm li^persion; propagation: diffu'sedly, ad. -zid-li; diffu'sedness, n.: diffu'sive, a. -stv, having .the quality of spreading abroad; spread widely: diffu'sively, ad. -li: diffu'siveness, n. -slv-nes. dig, v. dig (Norm, diguer, to prick: Lith. dygus, sharp, pointed: Turk, dikmet, to sew, to stitch), to open or turn up the earth with a spade ; to excavate ; to work with a spade ; to search : n. a thrust ; a poke : dig'ging, imp. : digged, pp. digd, also dug, pt. or pp. ig'ger, n. one who. digamma, n. di-gdm'md (Gr. dis, twice, and gamma, a letter of the Gr. alphabet), the name of a letter of the anc. Gr. alphabet, so called from its form, having very nearly the sound of the English letter F. digastric, a - di I ii e, and gaster, the belly), having a double belly— applied to a muscle of the lower jaw. digest, v. di-jest' (L. digestus, disposed, set in order —from dis, and gestus, carried on, performed: It. digesto; F. digeste, a digest), to distribute under suit- able heads or titles ; to arrange in convenient order, or with due method ; to think over and arrange in the mind ; to dissolve or reduce the food in the stomach ; to bear with patience ; in chem., to prepare by heat ; digest, n. dl-jest, any compilation, abridgment, or summary of laws arranged under proper heads or titles: digesting, imp. dl-jes'-tlng : diges'ted, pp. : di- ges'ter, n. one who; that which aids digestion; a chemical vessel for preparing substances by means of a high degree of heat ; a cooking vessel : digestion, n. di-jest'-yun (L. digestio, a dissolving of food, arrange- ment: It. digestione: F. digestion), the changing of the food in the stomach into a substance called chyme, preparatory to its being fitted for circulation and nourishment: diges'tible, a. -ti-bl, easy of digestion: diges'tibil'ity, n. -bil'-i-ti.- diges'tive, a. -Vim, having the power to cause or promote digestion. Ger. dichtcn, to meditate, to contrive), to dress; to adorn ; to prepare : dight'ing, imp. : dight'ed, pp. digit, n. dlj'-it (L. digitus, a finger, akin to Sans. die, to show, to point out: It. digito, a finger), an arithmetical figure— the digits are from 1 to 9; a fin- ger's breadth, or § of an inch ; one-twelfth part of the diameter of the sun or moon: digital, a. -l-tdl, pert, to the fingers: digitalis, n. -ta'-lis (L. digitalis, pert, to the finger), the plant foxglove : digitate, a. -tat, also dig'ita'ted, a. in bot, branched like fingers— applied to a compound leaf, composed of several leaflets at- tached to one point : diglta'tion, n. -ta'shun, a division into finger-like ]u in ( i ' v .- F. diluer), to weaken or make thinner ; to reduce the strength of, as with water: diluting, imp.: dilu'ted, pp. : dilu'ter, n. that which, or he who : diluent, n. dd'-u-ent, that which thins or weakens the strength of: adj. weakening the strength of by mixing with water ; attenuating : dil'uents, n. plu. weak drinks, usually of water, whey, and suchlike: dilution, n. dl- 16- shim, the act of making thin or more liquid. diluvial, a. dld6'vl-al, also dilu'vian, a. -dn (L. d Hut: ium, a deluge— from dis, asunder, and luo, I wash : It. diluvio), pert, to the flood or deluge in the days of Noah ; effected or produced by a deluge : dilu'vium, n. -dm, a great accumulation or deposit of earth, sand, &c, brought together by the action of great bodies of water ; accumulation of matter by the ordinary operation of water is termed alluvium, which see: dilu'vialist, n. -aldst, one who ascribes to a universal deluge the boulder-clay, the abraded and polished rock-surfaces, ossiferous gravels, and similar phenomena on the earth's surface. dim, a. dim (from dam in the sense of stop, ob- struct : Bav. dawn, a stopper : Icel. dimmr, dark, thick : Sw. dimba, a fog, a haze), obscure ; imperfectly seen or discovered ; somewhat dark ; tarnished ; faint ; vague : v. to cloud or obscure ; to make less bright ; to sully or tarnish : dim'ming, imp. : dimmed, pp. dlmd, obscured : dimly, ad. -II : diminish, a. -ish, somewhat dim: dim'neV ightness; ob- scurity of vision : dim-sighted, a. having weak vision. dime, n. clem (F. : contracted from dixieme, a tenth part— from L. decimus, the tenth), in U.S., a silver coin equal to one-tenth of a dollar, or ten cents. dimension, n. dl-mSn'shun (L. dimensio, a measur- ing—from dis, and metior, I measure : It. dinn nsione: F. dimension), the measured extent or size of a body; capacity or bulk ; extent : dimensioned, a. -shiind, having dimensions. dimerous, a. dlm'er-iis (Gr. dis, twice, and meros, a part), in bot., composed of two pieces ; having parts arranged in twos. dimeter, a. dlm'-hter (Gr. dis, twice, and metron, a measure), having two poetical measures, each of two feet. dimidiate, a. dl-mld'ldt (L. dimidium, half), in bot. , split into two on one side, as the calyptra of some mosses ; seemingly imperfect, as a stamen whose an- ther has only one lobe, or a leaf whose limb is fully developed on one side of the mid-rib, and scarcely at all on the other ; half. diminish, v. dl-min'ish (L. diminuere, to break into small pieces— from dis, and minuo, I lessen : F. dimi- nuer), to lessen ; to make or become less or smaller ; to impair ; to appear less ; to abate ; to subside : diminishing, imp.: diminished, pp.-isht: diminish- able, a. -d-bl, capable of being reduced in size : dimin- isher, n. one who : dimin'ishingly, ad. -II: dimin'uen'- do, n. -u-6n'do (It.) in music, the gradual lessening of the sound from loud to soft : dim'inu'tion, n. -l-nu'shun, the act of lessening or making smaller ; decrease: diminutive, a. -min'udiv, small; little; contracted; narrow: n. a word expressing a little thing of the kind: (iimin'utively, ad. -li: dimin'utive- ness, n. dimissory, a. dlm'ls-ser'l (L. dimissio, a sending forth: It. dimissorio), granting leave to depart; by which a man is dismissed to another jurisdiction. dimity, n. dlm'idi (Gr. dis, twice, and rnitos, a thread — originally a stuff woven with two threads), a sort of white cotton cloth, ribbed or figured. dimorphism, n. di-mor'flzm (Gr. dis, twice, and morphe, a form), the property of certain salts to as- sume two different form sation: dimor'- phous, a. -fus, also dimorphic, a -fik, hating the quality of dimorphism ; assuming two forms. dimple, n. di ibu, to be hollow: Fris. dobbe, a ditch, a hole), a small natural cavity in the cheek, chin, or other part of the face : v. to mark with small cavities : dim'pling.imp.: dimpled, pp. dim'pld: dim'ply, a. -pli, full of dimples or small depressions. din, n. din (imitative of continued sound : Icel. dynia, to resound : L. tinnire, to sound as a bell), a confused continued noise ; a continuous loud rattling game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. DINE 150 DIRG or rumbling sound : v. to stun or confuse with noise ; to annoy or harass with noisy or discordant sounds : dinning, imp. : dinned, pp. dlnd. dine, v. din (F. diner, to dine : AS. dynan, to feed : It. desinare, to dine : L. desinere, to leave off, as signifying the cessation of labour), to take the princi- pal meal of the day ; to give a dinner to : dining, imp.: dined, pp. dlnd, having eaten a dinner : dinner, n. dln'ner, the principal meal ; an entertainment ; a feast : din'nerless, a. having no dinner : dinner-table, table at which the dinner is taken : dinner-time, the hour at which dinner is taken. ding, v. ding (an imitative word : Icel. dengia, to hammer), to strike ; to knock ; to dash with some de- gree of violence : dinging, imp. : dinged, pp. dlngd -. ding-dong, an imitation of the sound of repeated blows on a metallic body, as a bell. dingle, v. dlng'gl (a variety of dimple : Lith. dum- tu, to be hollow), a narrow valley ; a glen : dingle- dangle, ad., hanging loosely ; in a careless pendant manner. dingo, n. dlng'gd, the wild dog of Australia. dingy, a. dln'jl (Ger. dumpfig, dead in sound, musty: Dut. dompig, dark, close), dusky; brown; soiled ; of a dark colour : din'giness, n. -jl-n6s, a dusky or dark hue. dinornis, n.— see deinornis. dinotherium, n.— see deinotherium. dint, n. dint (imitative of the sound of a blow: Icel. dyntr, shaking up and down : Sw. dunka, to beat heavily), power exerted ; effort ; force ; mark or cavity made by a blow: by dint of, by the force or power of. diocesan, n. dl-os'S-sdn (Gr. dioikesis, management of a household, a jurisdiction— from dia, and oikos, a house), a bishop ; one who holds a diocese : adj. of or belonging to a diocese : diocese, n. dl'o-ses, the extent of country over which a bishop or archbishop rules in spiritual things ; the extent or circuit of a bishop's jurisdiction. dicecian, a. dl-esh'4-dn, also dioecious, a. -us (Gr. dis, twice, and oikos, a house), pert, to the dioec'ia, -l-d, —a class of plants having male flowers on one plant and female on another. diopside, n. dl-dp'-sld (Gr. dia, through, and opsis, appearance — alluding to its occasional transparency), a mineral, a foliated variety of augite, occurring in various shades of greyish green. dioptase, n. dl-op'tds (Gr. dioptes, seeing through — from dia, ant' optomai, I see), a rare ore of copper occurring in fine emerald-green crystals. dioptric, a. dl-6p'trlk, also diop'trical, a. -trl-kdl (Gr. dioptron, something that can be seen through— from dia, and optomai, I see), assisting the sight in the view of distant objects ; pert, to the science of refracted light : diop'trics, n. plu. -trlks, that part of optics which treats of the refraction of light in pass- ing through glass lenses, or through bodies such as air, water. diorama, n. dl'd-r&'ma' (Gr. dia, and horama, what is seen), am exhibition of pictures on movable screens raised on a platform or stage, seen by the spectators sitting in a darkened room through a large opening : di'oram'ic, a. -rdm'lk, pert. to. diorite, n. dl'6-rlt (Gr. dioros, a boundary between), a variety of greenstone, so named from its being un- mistakable in contradistinction to dolorite, dip, v. dip (AS. dippan; Sw. doppa, to dip, to soak: Dut. doppen, to dip ; duypen, to duck the head), to put into water for a brief time and then to with- draw ; to plunge into a liquid for a moment ; to take out, as with a ladle ; to sink ; to look slightly into, or here and there, as into a book; to incline down- wards : n. inclination downwards ; depression ; in geol., the inclination or angle at which strata slope downwards into the earth— the word rise is used as the opposite of dip ; in magnetism, downward incli- nation of the magnetic needle; a candle made by dipping the wick in tallow: dlp'ping, imp.: dipped, or dipt, pp. dipt: dipper, n. dlp'per, the water-ousel, dipetalous, a. dl-p&t'-d-lus (Gr. dis, twice, and petalun, a petal), in hot., having two petals. diphtheria, n. dlf-the'rl-d or dip- (Gr. diphthera, skin, leather), a disease characterised by the forming of a leathery membrane in the throat and fauces: diph'therit'ic, a. -ther-lt'lk, relating to, or connected with, diphtheria ; tough ; like leather. diphthong, n. dlp'thdng (Gr. dis, twice, and phthonggos, a sound : L. diphthongus, a diphthong), two vowels sounded together in one syllable ; the union of two vowels in one sound : diphthon'gal, a. -thong'gdl, pert, to a diphthong : diphthon'gally, ad. -II. diphyllous, a. dl-fll'lus (Gr. dis, twice, and phullon, a leaf), having two leaves. diploe, n. dlp'lo-e (Gr. diploos, double, twofold), iu anat., the network of bone-tissue which fills up the interval between the two compact plates in the bonea of the skull ; in hot., the cellular substance of a leaf. diplograptolites, n. plu. dlp'-lo-grdp'-to-llts (Gr. dip- loos, double, and Eng. graptolite), in geol., that sec- tion of graptolites in which the cells are arranged in two rows like the feathers of a quill. diploma, n. dl-pl6'-m& (Gr. and L. diploma, a letter folded double, a state letter of recommendation: F. diplome— from Gr. diploos, double), a parchment or formal writing, under seal, and signed by officials, conferring some privilege, honour, or power: diplo'- macy, n. -md-sl, the art and practice of negotiat- ing state matters with foreign nations, and the forms diplo'mate, v. -mat, to invest with a privilege, &c, by a diploma : diplo'mating, imp. : diploinated, pp. : diplo'matist, n. -md-tlst, one skilled in diplomacy: diplomatic, a. dlp'-lC-molt'lk, also dip'lomat'ical, a. -l-kdl, pert, to diplomacy; authorised by credentials or letters to transact business for a sovereign at a foreign court ; pert, to the foreign ministers at a court, who are called the diplomatic body : diplo- matic, n. an envoy or official agent: diplomatics, n. plu. -mdt'lks, the science of ancient writings, and the art of deciphering them, and determining their ago and authenticity, &c. : diplomatically, ad. -II. -dip'per, dip'ping, &c— see dip. diprotodon, n. dlp-rot'6-don (Gr. dis, twice, protos, irst, and odous, a tooth— gen. odontos), a gigantic fossil animal, nearly related to the kangaroo, found in the Upper Tertiary beds of Australia. dipteral, a. dlp'ter-dl, also dip'terous, a. -us (Gr. dis, twice, and pteron, a wing), having two wings only ; pert, to the order of insects having two wings, called dip'tera, or dip'terans. diptych, n. dlp'tlk (Gr. diptuchos, folded double), in the anc Church, a book or tablet consisting of two boards or leaves ; a register of bishops, saints, and martyrs. dipyre, n. dl-plr' (Gr. dis, twice, and pur, fire), a mineral, so called from the double effect of fire upon it, by fusing it and rendering it slightly phosphorescent. dire, a. dlr (L. diru's, terrible, dreadful : It. diro), dreadful ; dismal ; evil in a great degree ; terrible ; very calamitous: dire'ful.a. -fool, dreadful; terrible: dire'fully, ad. -II: dire'fulness, n. : dire'ness, n. direct, a. dl-rekt' (L. directus, made straight— from dis, and recti/, braighl I iliretto: F. direct), not crooked or winding; straight; right; not circuitous; plain ; open : n. a mark in music to guide the per- former from the last note of one stave to the first of another : v. to show the right road or course ; to aim or point in a straight line ; to regulate ; to guide or lead ; to order or instruct ; to address as a letter : direc'ting, imp.: direc'ted, pp.: directly, ad. -II, in a straight course ; without delay ; immediately ; openly ; expressly: direct'ness, n. straightness : direc'tion, n. -rek'shiin, aim at a certain point ; the line in which a body moves by force ; a particular line or course ; superintendence or management ; guidance ; order ; instruction ; the name, address, &c, on the back of a letter; the managers of a public company : directive, a. -tlv, that can direct : director, n. a manager of a public company or institution : direc'tress, -trSs, or directrix, n. fern, -trlks, a woman who : directorship, n. the office : directorate, n. -ter-at, the office or body of directors : directorial, a. -to'rl-dl, pert, to direction or command : directory, a. -ter-l, guiding ; instruc- ting : n. a rule to direct ; a guide ; a book containing directions for public worship— generally applied to that drawn up by the Westminster Assembly of Di- vines, 1644 ; a book containing the names, addresses, &c, of the inhabitants of a place (as a city), arranged in alphabetical order ; in French hist. , the name given in 1795 to the executive body of the French Republic. direful, direfully, direfulness— see dire. dirge, n. derj (contraction of L. dirige, direct, be- ing the first word of a Latin funeral hymn), a song expressive of grief, sorrow, or mourning; a funeral hymn. mate, mdt.fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, ndt, mtve; DIRK 151 DISC dirk, n. dirk (Scot, durk; Ger. dolch; Sw. dolk, a dagger), a short sword ; a dagger. dirt, n. dirt (AS. dnjt : Icel. drit, excrement: Ger. and Dut. dreck, filth, mud), any foul or filthy thing ; mud or earth : v. to make foul or unclean : dirt'ing, imp. : dirt'ed, pp. : dirty, a. dir'-ti, foul ; nasty; not clean ; base ; mean : v. to make foul or filthy ; to soil : dirtying, imp. -thing: dirtied, pp. -tid: dirtily, ad. -ti-ll: dirtiness, n. -7ies, foulness; nastiness: dirt- beds, certain dark-coloured loam-like beds that occur between the oolitic limestones and sandstones of Portland : dirt-pie, clay moulded by children in imi- tation of pastry. dis, dls (L. dis ; Gr. dis, twee, in two parts ; akin to Sans, dwis, twice), a common prefix which, with its forms di and dif, denotes, not ; the opposite of; con- trary state; asunder or apart; a parting from,— some- times dis simply acts as an intensive particle: dis signifies two, as in dis-syllable. disable, v. dls-d'bl (L. dis, not, and able), to de- prive of power ; to render unable ; to impair or de- stroy the strength of; to disqualify: disabling, imp.: disabled, pp. -bid: disability, n. -bll-iti, want of strength or ability; weakness; incapacity: dis'abil'- ities, n. plu. -Hz, want of legal qualifications : disa'- blement, n. -bl-mint. disabuse, v. dis'-d-buz' (L. dis, not, and abuse : F. des- abuser, to undeceive), to set right ; to free from mis- take; to undeceive: dis'abu'sing, imp.: disabused', pp. -buzd'. disacknowledge, v. dls'-dk-nol'Sj (L. dis, not, and acknowledge), to deny; to disown. disadvantage, n. dis'-dd-vdn'-taj (L. dis, not, and advantage), state not prepared for defence ; un- favourable condition or circumstances; that which hinders or retards success; loss: injury; hurt: v. to injure in interest; to prejudice: disadvantaged, a. -tdjd, injured in interest: disadvantageous, a. -td' jws.unfavourable to success or prosperity ; not adapted to promote interest or good : dis'advanta'geously, ad. -II: dis'advanta'geousness, n. disaffect, v. dls'af-fCkt' (L. dis, not, and affect), to make less faithful or friendly to; to alienate affec- tion ; to fill with discontent : dis'affec'ting, imp. : disaffected, pp. : adj. not disposed to favour or sup- port; unfriendly: dis'affec'tedly, ad. -II: dis'affec'- tedness, n. : dis'affec'tion, n. -fSk'shun, want of at- tachment or goodwill ; unfriendliness ; enmity. disaffirm, v. dls'df-ferm' (L. dis, not, and affirm), to contradict; to deny ; to annul, as a judicial decis- ion: dis'affirm'ance, n. -ferm'-dns, denial; negation; confutation. disagree, v. dls'd-gre' (L. dis, not, and agree), not to agree ; to differ ; to be not the same ; to be unsuit- able : dis'agree'ing, imp. : dis'agreed', pp. -gred' : disagree ment, n. difference of opinion or sentiment ; unsuitableness : dis agreeable, a. -d-bl, not pleasant; offensive: dis'agree'ably, ad. -bll: dis'agree'able- ness, n. the state of unpleasantness. disallow, v. dls'-dl-ldiv' (L. dis, not, and alloiv), not low'able, a. I ;to be suffered; disallowance, n. -dns, refusal to admit or permit ; rejection. disarm ex, v. dis'dn-nSks' (L. dis, not, and annex), to separate or disunite. disannul, v. dls'dn-nul' (L. dis, intensive, and annul), to render null or void ; to deprive of autho- rity or force : dis annulling, imp. : disannulled', pp. -nuld': dis'annul'ment, n. act of making void. disappear, v. dls'dp-per' (L. dis, and appear), to vanish from view ; to hide ; to abscond ; to cease \ to withdraw from sight : disappearing, imp. : disap- peared', pp. -perd': disappearance, n. -dns, a re- moval from sight. disappoint, v. dls'dp-pdynf (L. dis, and appoint), to defeat expectation ; to frustrate; to foil; to balk; to hinder from possession or enjoyment : dis'appoinf- ment, n. defeat or failure of expectation. disapprobation— see disapprove. disapprove, v. dls'dp-prov' (L. dis, and approve), to condemn; to censure; to reject: disap'pro'ving, imp.: disapproved', pp. -provd' : disapproval, n. -val, dislike: dis'appro'vingly, ad. -II: disap'proba'- tion, n. -prC-ba'shun, the act of the mind which con- demns what is supposed to be wrong ; dislike. disarm, v. dls-arm' (L. dis, and arm), to strip or de- prive of arms; to render harmless; to divest of any- order; confusion. disarray, v. dls'dr-rd' (L. dis, and array), to un- dress ; to overthrow : n. undress ; confusion ; dis- order. disassociate, v. dls'ds-so'shl-dt (L. dis, and associ- ate), to disunite. disaster, n. diz-ds'tir (F. desastre; It. disastro, an evil chance, something brought about by an evil influ- ence of the stars : mid. L. astrosus, fortunate— from L. astrum ; Gr. astron, a star), misfortune ; any un- fortunate event ; calamity ; a sudden mishap : disas'- trous, a. -trus, occasioning loss or injury; unfortu- nate; unlucky; calamitous: disastrously, ad. -li: disastrousness, n. disavow, v. dls'd-vdiv' (L. dis, and avow), to deny ; to disown ; to reject; the opposite of own or acknow- ledge : dis' avowing, imp. : dis'avowed', pp. -voivd' : disavowal, n. -al, a disowning ; a denial: dis'a- vow'er, n. -ir, one who : dis'avow'ment, n. denial. disband, v. dls-bdnd' (L. dis, and band), to dismiss, as from military service ; to scatter or disperse : dis- band'ing, imp. : disband'ed, pp. : disband'ment, n. the act of breaking up or dismissing, as from military service. disbar, v. dls-bdr' (L. dis, separation or parting from, and Eng. bar), to deprive a hamster of his right to plead: disbarring, imp.: disbarred', pp. -bdrd': disbar'ring, n. the expelling of a barrister from the bar, a power vested in the benchers of the four inns of court, subject to an appeal to the fifteen judges. disbelieve, v. dis'be-lev' (L. dis, and believe), not to believe ; to refuse to credit : disbelief , n. -lef, denial of belief ; distrust ; scepticism. disbud, v. dls-bud' (L. dis, asunder, and bud), to of buds or shoots. disburden, v. dls-bur'dn, sometimes disburthen, (L. dis, asunder, and burden), to throw off a burden ; to unload ; to clear of anything weighty or trouble- some ; to ease the mind : disburdening, imp. -burd'- nlng: disburdened, pp. -dnd, relieved; eased of a burden. disburse, v. dls-bers' (F. debourser, to disburse — from L. dis, asunder, and L. bursa; F. bourse, a purse), to pay out money, as from a public fund or treasury ; to spend or lay out money : disbursing, imp. : dis- bursed', pp. -berst'-. disburse 'ment, n. -birs'm£nt (F. deboursement), the act of paying out money ; the money paid out— used in plu., disbursements : dis- buTser, n. one who. disc, n. disk, also spelt disk (L. discus, a circular plate of stone or metal, a quoit : Gr. diskos, a quoit, a tray), a circidar piece of anything flat ; the face of the sun, moon, &c, as they appear to the eye; the whole surface of a leaf: dis'cous, a. -kus, broad ; flat ; wide: disciform, a. dis'l-fawrm (L. forma, a shape), in the form of a disc or flattened sphere ; also discoid, a. dts'kdyd (Gr. eidos, form) : discoid pith, in bot., that which is divided into cavities by discs. discard, v. dis-kdrd' (Sp. descartar, to throw cards out of one's hands : L. dis, asunder, and Eng. card), to dismiss from service, employment, or society ; to cast off; to reject: discarding, imp. : discarded, pp. discern, v. dlz-zern' (L. discerno, I set apart— from dis, asunder, and cerno, I see, judge, or separate), to see ; to separate by the eye or the understanding ; to judge ; to distinguish ; to discriminate : discerning, imp.: adj. acute ; judicious ; sharp-sighted : discerned', pp. -zernd': discerner, n. -ner, one who : discern'- ment, n. the power of distinguishing one thing from another, as truth from falsehood ; power of perceiv- ing differences in things or ideas : discernible, a. -l-bl, visible ; perceptible ; manifest ; that may be seen : discernlbly, ad. -bit : discernlbleness, n. : discern- ingly, ad. -li. discharge, v. dis-ch&rf (L. dis, and Eng. charge: F. decharger, to unload), to unload, as a ship ; to free from any obligation or penalty by written evidence, &c; to throw off or out ; to let fly ; to explode, as powder ; to fire or let off, as a gun ; to absolve or acquit ; to free from claim or demand of money by a written acknow- ledgment of payment ; to perform trust or duty ; to deprive of office ; to dismiss ; to emit or send out ; to set at liberty : n. a flowing or issuing out ; dismission cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. DISC 152 DISC from office or employment ; the written evidence of release from debt or obligation ; liberation, as from imprisonment: discharging, imp.: discharged', pp. -chdrjd': discharger, n. one who ; an instr. for dis- charging the electricity in the Leyden jar. disciform, &c.— see disc. disciple, n. dls-si'-pl (L. discipulus, a learner— from disco, I learn), one who receives instruction from an- other ; a scholar ; a follower ; an adherent in doctrine, &c. : disci'pleship, n. the state of a disciple : dis'ci- plina'rian, n. -slplln-a'-rl-an (L. disciplina, instruc- tion, teaching), one who conducts a school with strict- ness and precision ; one who instructs in naval and military tactics; one who allows no deviation from stated rules : dis'ciplinar'y, a. -plln-er-1, pert, to dis- cipline: discipline, n. -plin, training, physical or mental ; cultivation and improvement ; subordination or subjection to laws, &c. ; bodily punishment ; chas- tisement : v. to train and educate the body ; to form the mind in habits of thought and action ; to chastise ; to punish: disciplining, imp.: disciplined, pp. -pllnd: dis'cipliner, n. one who: dis'ciplin'able, a. -a-U, that may be subjected to discipline ; capable of instruc- tion: dis'ciplin'ableness, n. -binds: dis'ciplinant, n. -tint, one of a religious order, so called from exercis- ing a strict discipline, or from scourging themselves. disclaim, v. dls-klam' (L. dis, and claim), to disown ; to reject as not belonging to one's self; to deny the possession or knowledge of: disclaiming, imp.: dis- claimed', pp. -klamd': disclaim'ant, n. -Mam-ant, or disclaimer, n. one who. disclose, v. dis-kloz' (L. dis, and close), to open ; to uncover; to reveal; to bring to light; to tell; to utter ; to make known : disclo'sing, imp.: disclosed', pp. -klozd'.- disclo'ser, n. one who: disclo'sure, n. -klo'-zhdbr, an uncovering; an opening to view; the act of making k vv bhat trich i i made known. discoid, a. dls'kdyd, also discoi'dal, a. koy'-ddl (Gr. diskos, a round plate, and eidos, like— see disc), hav- ing the form of a disc : n. something in the form of a disc or quoit. discolour, v. dls-kiil'&r (L. dis, the opposite of, and colour), to stain ; to tinge ; to alter the natural hue or colour of; to alter the complexion: dis'colora'tion, n. -a- shun, the act of altering the colour ; a staining ; alteration of colour. discomfit, v. dls-kum'-flt (L.' dis, asunder, con, to- gether, &nd figo, I fasten : F. deconfire, to discomfit), to defeat; to scatter in battle ; to vanquish; to disap- point ; to frustrate : discom'fiting, imp. : discom'fited, pp.: discom'fiture, n. -ur, defeat in battle; over- throw; disappointment. discomfort, n. dis-kiim'-fert (L. dis, the opposite of, and comfort), uneasiness, mental or physical; pain; grief: v. to make uneasy; to pain or grieve. discommode, v. dls'-kom-mod' (L. dis, and Eng. ac- commodate: F. commode, commodious, convenient), to put to inconvenience ; to trouble ; to molest. discompose, v. dls'-kdm-poz' (L. dis, the opposite of, and compose), to disorder ; to unsettle ; to confuse ; to agitate or ruffle, as the mind: dis'compo'sing, imp.: dis'composed', pp. -pozd': dis'compo'sure, n. -po'-zhdbr, disorder; agitation. disconcert, v. dls'-kon-sert' (L. dis, and concert), to defeat ; to frustrate ; to defeat or interrupt any order, plan, or scheme ; to discompose or unsettle the mind ; to confuse: dis'concert'ing, imp.: disconcerted, pp. disconformable, a. dls'-kon-fawrm'-a-bl (L. dis, and conformable), wanting agreement: dis'conformlty, n. -i-ti, want of agreement ; inconsistency. disconnect, v. dls'-kon-nSkf (L. dis, the opposite of, and connect), to separate; to break the ties of any- thing: dis'connec'ting, imp.: dis'connec'ted, pp.: dis'connec'tion, n. -nSk'-shun, separation; want of union. disconsolate, a. dls-kdn'-so-ldt (L. dis, not, and con- solatum, to comfort greatly, to animate— see console), without comfort ; destitute of consolation; sorrowful; dejeeted; hopeless; cheerless: discon'solate'ly, ad. -II: discon'solate'ness, n. : discon'sola'tion, n. -la- shun, want of comfort. discontent, a. dls'-kon-tSnf, also dis'content'ed (L. dis, not, and content), uneasy in mind ; unquiet ; dis- satisfied: n. dissatisfaction ; uneasiness; want of con- tent: dis'content'edly, ad. -11 : disContent'edness, n.: discontenting, a. giving no satisfaction ; giving un- easiness : dis'ccntent'ment, n. the state of being un- easy in mind. discontinue, v. dls'-kon-tln'-u (L. dis, not, and con- tinue), to leave off ; to cause to cease ; to abandon ; to break off ; to cease : dis'contin'uing, imp. : dis'con- tin'ued, pp. -ud: discontinuance, n. -u-dns, cessa- tion; interruption: discontinuity, n. -tl-nu'-i-tl, dis- union of parts ; want of cohesion. discord, n. dls'-kawrd (L. discordia, disunion— from dis, asunder, and cor, the hearts- gen. cordis), disa- greement among persons ; variance ; strife ; conten- tion; want of harmony in music; disagreement of sounds: discordant, a. -kor-ddnt, at variance with itself; disagreeing; noi, harmonious ; harsh; jarring: discordantly, ad. -ll: discor'dance, n. -dans, also discor'dancy, n. -ddn-si, disagreement; opposition discor'ding, a. disagreeing; in harmonious. discount, n. dls'kownt (L. dis, asunder, and count . old F. descompte; mod. F. decornpte, abatement, off reckoning), something taken off or deducted ; an allow- ance or deduction on the payment of money ; the de- duction of the interest on a sum lent at the time of lending; the sum so deducted: discount', v., some- times dis'-, to lend the amount named on a bill or note of exchange, less the interest for the time it has to run, at a certain rate per £100 : discounting, imp.: discounted, pp. : discounter, n. one who : discount'- able, a. -a-U, that may be discounted. discountenance, v. dls-koivn'-ti-nans (L. dis, not, and countenance), to discourage ; to restrain by cold treatment, frowns, or arguments : n. cold treatment ; unfriendly regard; disapprobation: discoun'tenan'- cing, imp. : discoun'tenanced, pp. -ndnst: discoun'- tenan'cer, n. -n&n'-ser, one who. discourage, v. dis-kur'-aj (L. dis, not, and courage), to depress the spirits: to dishearten; to dissuade; to deter from : discouraging, imp. : discour'aged, pp. ■ajd: discouragement, n. -aj-rnint, the act of depriv- ing of confidence; that whirl) destroys or depresses courage ; anything which deters from : discouTaging- ly, ad. -11. discourse, n. dis-kors' (F. discours; It. discorso, speech— from L. dis, asunder, and cursus, a running), conversation ; communication of thoughts by words ; a treatise ; a dissertation ; a sermon : v. to talk or converse ; to reason ; to converse formally : discour- sing, imp.: discoursed', pp. -korst' -. discourse" ~ one who: discouTsive, a. -kOr'-siv, reasoning; tniniri- dialogue discourteous, a. dls-kort'-yus (L. dis, not, and cour- ; incivility; ill manners: discourt'eous- ness, n. -JcOrt'-yus-nSs. discous, a.— see disc. discover, v. dis-kuv'-er (L. dis, and cover), to lay open to view ; to reveal or make known ; to bring to light ; to find out, as by labour or research ; to have the first sight of; to detect: discovering, imp. : dis- covered, pp. -erd: discov'erer, n. one who: discov- erable, a. -er-a-bl, that may be found out or made known : discov'ery, n. -er-i, a bringing to light or making known; the thing made known; the act of finding out; the thing found out or revealed. discredit, n. dis-kred'-lt (F. discredit, disrepute— from L. dis, not, and credo, I believe), disgrace ; re- proach ; dishonour ; want of good reputation or credit : v. not to believe or credit ; to esteem of no importance ; to disgrace : discrediting, imp. : discredited, pp. : discreditable, a. -d-U, disgraceful; disreputable; in- jurious to good name : discreditably, ad. -bli. discreet, a. dis-kret' (F. discret, prudent : L. discre- tus, separated, distinguished— from dis, and cretus, distinguished), prudent ; not rash ; wise in avoiding errors or evil ; modest ; circumspect : discreetly, ad. -11: discreet'ness, n.: discretion, n. dU-krish'-un, pru- dence ; wise conduct and management ; liberty or power of acting without control ; unconditional power over, as at discretion: discreti'onary, a. -er-i, unre- strained ; left in certain circumstances to act accord- ing to one's own judgment, as an ambassador with discretionary powers. discrepance, n. dls-krSp'-dns, also discrepancy, n. -dn-si (L. discrepantia, discrepancy— from dis, inten- sive, and crepans, creaking, jarring : It. discrepanza), disagreement ; difference ; contrariety : discrep'ant, a. -dnt, disagreeing ; contrary. discrete, a. dis-kret' (L. discretus, separated— from dis, asunder, and cretus, separated), distinct ; dis- joined ; not continuous : discre'tive, a. -kre'-tiv, dis- junctive ; noting separation or opposition : discre'- tively, ad. -11. mdte, mdt, fdr, laTo; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, ndt, m6ve; DISC 153 DISG discretion, n.— see discreet. discriminate, v. dls-krlni'-l-nat (L. discrimen, that •which separates or divides two things— from dis, asunder, and cerno, I separate), to observe and mark the difference between; to distinguish, as by some note or mark ; to make a difference or distinction : discrim'ina'ting.imp.: discrim'ina'ted, pp.: discrim'- ina'tor, n. -na-ter, one who : discrim'ina'tingly, ad. -II: discrim'ina'tive, a. -nd'tiv, that makes or ob- serves the mark of distinction or difference : dis- crim'ina'tively, ad. -U : discrim'ina'tion, n. -slum, the act of distinguishing ; the faculty of distinguish- ing ; acuteness ; discernment : discrim'ina'tory, a. -ter-l, that makes the mark of distinction. discursive, a. dls-ker'slv (F. discursif; It. discur- sivo, argumentative — from L. dis, asunder, and cur- sum, to run), irregular ; moving about ; desultory : discursively, ad. -U .- discursiveness, n. discus, n. dis'kus (L. discus; Gr. diskos, a round plate of metal or stone— see disc), a piece of metal or stone to be thrown in play ; a quoit. discuss, v. dls-kils'(L. discussum, to strike asunder, to disperse — tiomdis, asunder, and quasswn, to shake : F. discussif, discussive : It. discussare, to examine, to sift), to debate ; to argue a question with the view of clearing it of doubts and difficulties ; to divide and consume an article of food or drink, as to discuss a Jowl, a bottle of wine, &c. : discussing, imp. : dis- cussed', pp. -fcust' : discussi'on, n. -kush'un, a debate ; the arguing of a point with the view to elicit truth: discussive, a. -kus'-slv, having the power to resolve ; having the power to dissolve or disperse, as a tumour : n. a medicine that disperses a tumour : discus'ser, n. one who, or that which: discutient, a. dls-ku'-shi-int (L. discutio, I strike asunder), dispersing morbid mat- ter : n. a medicine or application which disperses a tumour. disdain, v. dls-ddn' (It. disdegnare; F. didaigner, to despise, to treat with disdain— from L. dis, not, and dignus, worthy), to deem worthless ; to consider to be unworthy of notice, &c. ; to scorn ; to contemn : n. contempt; scom ; detestation of what is mean and dishonourable : disdain'ing, imp. : disdained', pp. -ddnd': disdain'ful, a. -fool, expressing disdain : dis- dainfully, ad. -li: disdain'fulness, n. haughty scorn. disease, n. dlz-ez' (L. dis, not, and F. aise; It. asio, ease, convenience — see ease), any deviation from health ; sickness ; illness ; disorder in any part of the body : v. to afflict with disease ; to impair any part of the body; to make morbid: diseas'ing,imp.: diseased', pp. -ezd': diseas'edness, n. -ez'-e'd-ne's. disembark, v. dls'Sm-bdrk' (L. dis, the opposite of, and embark), to land ; to put on shore from a ship ; to go on shore : disembarking, imp. : dis'embarked', pp. -barktf: disem'barka'tion, n. -kd'shun, the act of disembarking ; also dis'embark'ment, n. disembarrass, v. dls'-6m-bdr'rds (L. dis, not, and em- barrass), to free from difficulty or perplexity : dis'- embar'rassment, n. the act of extricating from diffi- embellish), to deprive of decorations. disembody, v. dis'Sm-bod'i (L. dis, asunder, and em- body), to free from the body ; to discharge from mili- tary service, as soldiers or militia. disembogue, v. dls'-em-bof (Sp. desembocar; Norm. F. desemboucher, to flow into the sea— from L. dis, asunder, in, in, and F. bouche, mouth ; L. bucca, the cheek when inflated), to pour out at the mouth, as a river into a sea or lake ; to vent ; to flow out : dis'- embogu'ing, imp.: dis'embogued', pp. -bogd' '.- dis'- embogne'ment, n. -bog'meyit, discharge of waters into the ocean or a lake : disembouchure, n. dis-dng'b6- shOr", the mouth of a river; the discharge of the waters of a river. disembowel, v. dis-gm-bdio'Sl (L. dis, intensive, and embowel), to take out the bowels ; to deprive of the bowels: dis'embow'elling,imp.: dis'embow'elled, pp. -bdio'-ild : adj. having the bowels taken or drawn out; taken from out the bowels : dis'embow'elment, n. the state of the person who has had his bowels drawn out. disembroil, v. dis'em-brdyl' (L. dis, not, and em- broil), to free from confusion ; to disentangle. disenchant, v. dls'-tn-chantf (L. dis, asunder, and enchant), to deliver from the power of charms or spells ; to free from fascination or delusion : dis'- enchant'er, n. one who, or that which : dis'enchant'- ment, n. act of disenchanting ; state of being dis- enchanted. . disencumber, v. dis'Sn-kfnn'ber (L. dis, the opposite of, and encumber), to free from any obstruction or en- cumbrance : dis encum'brance, n. -brd?is. disengage, v. dls'en-gdf (L. dis, asunder, and en- gage), to free ; to loose ; to separate ; to disunite ; to clear from impediments ; to liberate from a promise or obligation ; to withdraw the affections : dis'enga'- ging, imp.: dis'engaged', pp. -gujd' '.- adj. being at leisure; not particularly occupied : dis'enga'geduess, n. -jed-nes: dis'engage'ment, n. a setting free; stats of being disengaged or set free. disennoble, v. dls'en-no'-bl (L. dis, asunder, and ennoble), to deprive of thai i > h nn.iiii. disenroll, v. dls'en-rol' (L. dis, asunder, and enroll), to mark off or erase from a list or roll. disentail, v. dls'-Hn-tai' (L. dis, asunder, and entail), to free land, &c, from the law of entail by a legal process. disentangle, v. dls'Sn-tdng'-gl (L. dis, the opposite of, and cut angle), to unfold; to unravel; to set free from difficulties or impediments ; to extricate : dis'- entangling, imp.: dis'entan'gled, pp. -gld: dis'en- tan'glement, n. disenthral, v. dls'&n-thraTvl' ', also disinthral (L. dis, the opposite of, and enthral), to free from slavery or servitude ; to rescue from oppression : dis'enthral'- ling.imp.: dis'enthralled', pp. -thrawld': dis'enthral'- ment, n. liberation from bondage. disenthrone, v. dls'en-thron' (L. dis, asunder, and ■,,.!.:, ,.,„,...., disentitle, v. dis'-en-ti'-tl (L. dis, and entitle), to de- prive of title or claim. disentomb, v. dis'en-t6m' (L. dis, and entomb), to take out of a tomb ; to disinter. disestablish, v. dis'es-tdb'-Ush (L. dis, asunder, and establish), to remove from being established ; to un- settle ; to overthrow. disesteem, n. dls'Ss-tem' (L. dis, and esteem), slight dislike ; want of esteem : v. to consider with disregard or slight contempt. disfavour, n. dls-fa'ver (L. dis, and favour), dislike ; displeasure in a slight derive; :i disobliging orill act; want of beauty : v. to withhold countenance or sup- port ; to show disapprobation. disfigure, v. dis-flg'ur (L. dis, asunder, and. figure), to mar or injure the external appearance of a person or thing; to impair shape, beauty, or excellence: disfig'uring, imp. : disfigured, pp. a. -urd, changed to a worse form or appearance ; impaired: disfig'ure- ment, n.: disfig'ura'tion, n. -u-rd'shun, the act of mar- ring or injuring external form ; state of being dis- figured. disforest, v. dls-for'Sst (L. dis, asunder, and forest), to reduce from the privileges of a forest to the state of common ground ; to throw open to common purposes ; also dis'affor'est. disfranchise, v. dls-frdn'chlz (L. dis, asunder, and franchise), to deprive of the right of voting in tho election of a member of Parliament, &c. ; to deprive of the rights of a free citizen : disfranchising, imp. -chlz-ing : disfranchised, pp. -chizd, deprived of cer- tain rights and privileges : disfranchisement, n. -chiz- ment, the act of depriving of certain rights and pri- vileges. disgorge, v. dls-gorf (L. dis, asunder, and gorge), to eject from the stomach, &c. ; to vomit; to yield up unwillingly what has been improperly or unjustly taken possession of: disgorge'ment, n. the act of yield- ing up unwillingly ; the thing so yielded. disgrace, n. dts-gras' (L. dis, asunder, and grace), state of being out of favour ; shame ; dishonour ; great discredit ; cause of shame : v. to put out of favour; to dishonour ; to bring reproach upon ; to bring to shame : disgra'cing.imp.: disgraced', pp. -grdst': disgrace'ful, a. -fdbl, shameful ; dishonourable : disgrace'f ully, ad. -li: disgrace'fulness, n. ignominy; shamefulness. disguise, v. dis-giz' (old F. desguiser; F. ddguiser, to conceal or dissemble— see guise), to conceal the personal appearance by changing the outward attire ; to hide by an unusual or assumed appearance ; to alter the form of: n. a dress intended to conceal the person ; a mask; a false appearance or show : disgui'sing.imp.: disguised', pp. -gizd': disgui'ser, n. one who : disgui'- sedly, ad. -zM-li: disguise'ment, n. dress of conceal- disgust, n. dis-gust' (L. degustare, to taste— from L. dis, asunder, and gustus, a taste, a relish : It. degust- >, boy, f Sot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. DISH 154 DISM strong dislike, excited by the conduct or manners of others : v. to excite aversion in ; to displease ; to offend the mind: disgusting, imp.: disgust'ed, pp.: dis- gustingly, ad. -II: disgustful, a. -ffTol, causing dis- gust; nauseous; hateful: disgust'fully, ad. -li: dis- gust'fulness, n. dish, n. dish (L. discus, a flat circle of stone, wood, or metal : Gr. diskos, a tray : Ger. tisch, a table), any article of domestic use, broad and open, used for serv- ing up food ; also the contents of any such vessel : v. to put into a dish; in slang, to render useless; to damage: dish'ing, imp.: dished, pp. dlsht: dish-cloth or dish-clout, n. -kldiut, a cloth used for washing or wiping dishes: dish-cover, n. a cover of metal or earthenware for retaining the heat: dish-water, n. warm water in which dishes are washed : dish'ful, a. -fool, as much as a dish can hold. dishabille, n. dls'd-bel' (F. deshabille— -from F. des, L. dis, and habiller, to dress), a loose negligent dress. dishearten, v. dls-hdrt'n(L. dis, asunder, and heart), to discourage ; to depress ; to impress with dread or fear : disheartening, imp. -hdrt'ning : disheartened, pp. -hdrt'nd. dishevel, v. dl-sMv'Sl (old F. descheveler ; F. dichev- eler, to spread the hair in disorder— from F. chiveu, L. capillus, the hair), to spread the hair loosely, or to suffer it to hang so ; to disorder the hair: dishev'el- ling, imp. : dishevelled, pp. -&d, spread or flowing in disorder. dishing, v.— see dish. dishonest, a. dls-on'gst (L. dis, not, and honest), not trustworthy ; faithless; fraudulent: having a dis- position to cheat or defraud: dishonestly, ad. -II; dishon'esty, n. -tl, a disposition to defraud or cheat ; deceit ; betrayal of trust ; faithlessness ; want of in- tegrity. dishonour,;' ■• lis, asunder, and honour), disgrace; any stain or blemish on the reputation; shame ; ignominy : v. to disgrace ; to bring reproach or shame upon ; to lessen reputation ; to degrade ; to seduce; to refuse or decline to meet an acceptance or bill of exchange, generally from inability to pay it: dishon'ouring, imp.: dishonoured, pp. -erd: dis- hon'ourer, n. -er-er, one who : dishon'ourable, a. -er-d- bl, shameful ; disgraceful ; base ; approaching to vile- ness : dishonourably, ad. -bli : dishon'ourableness, n. -bl-nes. disincline, v. dls'in-klin (L. dis, not, and incline), to dislike; to excite a slight aversion to; to make disaffected: disinclining, imp.: disinclined', pp. -klind': disinclination, n. dls'ln-kll-na'shun, dislike or slight aversion to ; want of desire or affection for. disincorporate, v. dls'in-kor'po-rat (L. dis, asunder, and incorporate), to deprive of corporate powers : dis'- incor'pora'tion, n. -rd'shun, deprivation of the rights and privileges enjoyed by a corporate body. disinfect, v. dis'-ln-f&kt' (L. dis, asunder, and infect), to purify from contagious matter; to cleanse ; to free from infection : dis'infec'ting, imp.: disinfected, pp. : disinfection, n. -fek'shun, purification from contagi- ous matter: dislnfec'tant, n. -ttint, any substance that destroys infection or infectious matter. disingenuous, a. dls'in-jen'il-us (L. dis, not, and in- genuous), not open or candid; not frank; unfair; meanly artful : dislngen'uously, ad. -II: dis'ingen'u- ousness, n., also disin'genulty, n. -jS-nu'l-tl, insincer- ity ; want of candour. disinherit, v. dls'in-her'lt (L. dis, asunder, and in- herit), to cut off from an inheritance ; to deprive of hereditary right: dis'inherlting, imp. : disinherited, pp. : disinherison, n. -her'l-sun, the act of cutting off from hereditary succession ; the act of disinherit- ing; also dis'inherltance, n. -l-tdns. disintegrate, v. dls-ln'tS-grdt (L. dis, asunder, and integer, whole, entire), to separate a whole body or substance by a gradual breaking into parts, as by the action of the atmosphere : disin'tegra'ting, imp. : disin'tegra'ted, pp.: disin'tegra'tion, n. -grd'shun, the wearing down of rocks by the action of air or moisture, or other atmospheric influences: disin'te- grable, a. -te-grd-bl, that may be separated into small portions. disinter, v. dls'in-teY (L. dis, the opposite of, and inter), to unbury ; to take out of the earth or grave ; to bring to light; to disclose what was formerly in ob- scurity: dis'inter'ring, imp. : disinterred', pp. -terd': personal advantage ; unbiassed : disin'terest'edly, ad. -II: disinterestedness, n. the state of having no per- sonal interest or advantage in a matter ; freedom from bias or prejudice. disinthral, v.— see disenthral. disjoin, v. dis-jdyn' (L. dis, asunder, and jungo, I join— see join), to part; to separate; to detach or sever: disjoining, imp.: disjoined', pp. -jdynd' : dis- joint, v. -jdynf, to separate parts united by joints ; to put out of joint ; to break the natural order of a thing ; to render incoherent : disjointing, imp.: disjointed, pp. unconnected; incoherent: disjoint edness, n. : disjoinfly, ad. -II: disjunct, a. -jungkt' (L.junctus, joined), separated: disjunction, n. -jungk'-shun, sepa- ration ; a parting ; disunion : disjunctive, a. -tiv, sepa- rating; in gram., that unites sentences, but disjoins the sense ; in logic, having its parts set in opposition : n. in gram., a word which disjoins: disjunctively, ad. -li. disk, n. disk (L. discus, a quoit— see dish, disc), the face of a heavenly body as it appears to us— as the sun, moon, &c. ; a piece of stone or metal inclining to an oval figure ; in bot., a fleshy expansion between the stamens and pistil which occurs in some flowers ; that part of the limb of a leaf which is included within the margin. dislike, n. dis-llkf (L. dis, not, and like), displeasure ; aversion ; a slight degree of hatred ; antipathy ; dis- relish or distaste: v. to regard with displeasure or aversion; to regard with slight disgust; to disrelish: disliking, imp.: disliked, pp. disdikf. dislimb, v. dls-lim' (L. dis, asunder, and limb), to tear limb from limb. dislocate, v. dls'lo-kat (L. dis, asunder, and locatus, put or laid), to put out of joint ; to move a bone from its socket or cavity: dislocating, imp.: dis'loca'ted, pp. put out of joint : dis'loca'tion, n. -ka'shiln, state of being put out of joint ; the act of forcing a bone out of its socket, particularly as the result of accident; in geol., displacement of stratified rocks from their origi- nal or sedimentary position. dislodge, v. dls-lof (L. dis, asunder, and lodge), to remove or drive from a place of rest ; to drive from any place of rest or retirement, or from a station: dislodging, imp.: dislodged', pp. -lojd': dislodg'ment, n. act of dislodging or removing to another place. disloyal, a. dis-loy'al (L. dis, not, and loyal), false to a sovereign ; faithless ; false ; treacherous : disloy- ally, ad. -li: disloy'alty, n. -tl, want of fidelity to a sovereign. dismal, a. diz'mdl (Swiss, dusem, dark, down- hearted : Bav. dusam, dull : prov. Dan. dussem, slum- ber), dreary ; dark ; gloomy ; sorrowful ; frightful : dis'mally, ad. -II: dis'malness, n. dismantle, v. dls-mdn'tl (L. dis, asunder, and mantle), to strip or divest, as a house of furniture, or a castle of its defences: dismantling, imp. -mdnt'Ung: break down or carry away the masts from a ship : dis- masting, imp.: dismasted, pp. dismay, n. dls-md' (Sp. desmayo, a fainting fit, dis- may : Norm. F. s'esmayer, to be sad : It. smagare, to dispirit), a loss of courage or firmness ; a sinking of the spirits ; depression ; fear, with discouragement and confusion: v. to terrify and confuse ; to dishearten; to discourage or depress: dismaying, imp.: dis- mayed', pp. -rndd'. disme, also dime, n. dim (F.), tenth; a tenth part; tithe. dismember, v. dis-mSm'ber (L. dis, asunder, and member), to separate limb from limb ; to tear or cut in pieces; to maim; to divide; to sever: dismem'bei*- ing, imp.: dismem'bered, pp. -bird: dismem'bermsnt, n. the act of severing a limb or limbs from the body; division. dismiss, v. dis-mis' (L. dis, asunder, and missus, sent), to send away ; to permit to depart, used of a person in high authority to an inferior— as, the king dismisses the ambassador ; to discharge from employ- ment or office : dismis'sing, imp. : dismissed', pp. •mist : dismis'sal, n. -mls'sdl, also dismissi'on, n. -mish'un, the act of discharging or sending away; removal from office, &c. dismortgage, v. dis-m6r'gaj (L. dis, asunder, and mortgage), to redeem from mortgage. dismount, v. dls-mownf (L. dis, asunder, and mount), to alight or get off from a horse ; to descend from an elevation ; to throw from a horse ; to unhorse ; and interested), free from selfish motives; without mate, mdt./dr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, nUt, m6ve; DISO 155 DISP to remove cannon, &c, from their carriages: dis- mounting, imp.: dismount ed, pp. disobedient, a. dls-o-be'-di-ent (L. dis, not, and obe- tiirhtK refusing to obey; not doing what is command- ed; doing v ■; refractory: dis'obe'- diently, ad. -ll: dis'obe'dience, n. -di-Sns, neglect or refusal to obey; violation of a prohibition or com- disobey, v. dis'6-bd' (L. dis, not, and obey), not to obey; to neglect to do what is commanded; to do what is prohibited ; to violate the order or injunction of a superior: dis obeying, imp. : disobeyed', pp. -bad'. disoblige, V. dls'6-blif (L. dis, the opposite of, and oblige), to offend by an act of unkindness or incivility ; to injure in a slight degree ; to contravene the will of another: disobliging, imp.: adj. not disposed to gratify the wishes of another, or to please ; unkind : disobliged', pp. -blijd' : dis'oblige'ment, n. -mint: order), want of order; confusion; irregularity; breach of the peace or laws ; a slight disease either of body or mind: v. to throw into confusion; to dis- arrange ; to produce sickness ; to disturb the mind ; to ruffle ; to disturb the regular and natural functions of either body or mind : disordering, imp. : disor- dered, pp. -derd, put out of order; sick: disorderly, a. -II, without proper order ; confused ; irregular ; un- ruly; lawless: ad. confusedly; irregularly: disor'- derliness, n. disorganise, v. dls-or'gdn-lz' (L. dis, asunder, and organic ), to throw a regular system or union of parts into confusion, as a government, a church, or a society ; to destroy order or system : disor ganisa tion, n. -za- shiin, the act of destroying a structure or connected system ; state of being disorganised. disown, v. dls-6n' (L. dis, not, and oicn), to refuse to acknowledge as belonging to one's self; to deny; to renounce; not to allow: disowning, imp.: disowned', pp. -dnd'. disparage, v. dXs-pdr'-dj (L. disparare, to part, to separate: Norm. F. de'parager— from L. dis, not, and par, equal; F. parage, equality in birth or in blood, descent: disparage originally meant, to match one with another of inferior birth and condition), to under- value; to injure by comparison with something in- ferior; to speak slightingly of one; to dishonour or debase by words or actions: disparaging, imp.: dis- par'aged, pp. -ajd .- disparagement, n. injury by com- parison with something inferior ; a lessening of value or excellence ; reproach; detraction; dishonour: dis- parager, n. -d-jer, one who : disparagingly, ad. -II. disparate, a. dls'pdr-dt (L. dis, not, andpar, equal), unlike ; dissimilar: disparates, n. plu. -ats, things so unequal or unlike that they cannot be compared:" dis- parity, n. dlspdr'l-ti (F. disparite), marked difference in degree, age, rank, condition, or excellence; un- likeness; inequality. dispart, v. dis-parf (L. dis, asunder, and part: F. dipartir, to share, to divide), to separate; to part asunder; to divide— used in poetry: n. dis'pdrt, the difference between the thickness of the metal of a gun at the mouth and at the breech: disparting, imp.: disparted, pp. dispassionate, a. dls-pdsh'un-dt (L. dis, asunder, and passionate), free from passion or personal feeling ; cool or collected ; not proceeding from temper or bias ; impartial : dispassionately, ad. -U. dispatch, v. dis-pdch' (the proper spelling is de- spatch, which see): dispatch'ful, a, -fool, bent on haste. dispel, v. dXs-pSV (L. dis, asunder, aui peUo, I drive), to scatter by driving or force ; to dissipate ; to dis- perse : dispelling, imp. : dispelled', pp. -veld'. dispense, v. dis-pens' (F. dispenser, to distribute: L. and It. dispensare, to weigh out, to distribute — from L. dis, asunder, and penso, I weigh), to deal out in parts or portions ; to distribute ; to administer, as laws ; to make up for immediate use, as medicines : to dispense with, to give leave not to do ; to do without : dispen- sing, imp. : dispensed', pp. -pSnsf : dispenser, n. that which, or one who : dispen'sable, a. -sd-bl, that may be dispensed with: dispen'sableness,n.: dispen'sary, n. -ser-l, a place where medicines are given to the poor, generally gratis, with medical advice ; the place where medicines are prepared: dis'pensa'tion, n. -sd'-shun, exemption from any rule, law, or canon; the liberty granted to a particular person to do what is forbidden ; divine government ; a particular system cow. boy, f 6~bt; pure, bud; chair, of principles and rules, as the 3Tosaic dispensation; God's dealings with His creatures : dispen'sative, a. -sa-tiv, granting dispensation : dispen sative'ly, ad. -II: dispen sator'y, n. -ter'-i, a book containing the history and composition of medicinal substances, with information ft on as medicines: adj. having the power of granting dispensation. dispeople, v. dls-pe-pl (L. dis, asunder, and people), to depopulate; to empty of inhabitants. dispermous, a. dls-per'-mits (Gr. dis, twice, and sperma, seed), in bot., having two seeds. disperse, v. dls-pers' (L. dispersus, scattered on all sides— from dis, asunder, and sparsus, scattered), to scatter; to cause to separate into different parts ; to dispel, diffuse, or distribute ; to be scattered ; to sepa- or state of scattering; in optics, the separation of light into its different coloured rays in passing through a prism: disper'sedly, ad. -II: dispersive, a, -stv, tend- ing to separate or scatter: disperisedness, state of being dispersed or scattered. dispirit, v. dls-pXr'-it (L. dis, asunder, and spirit), to discourage ; to depress or dishearten : dispiriting, imp. : dispirited, pp. : dispiritedly, ad. -II: dispir - itedness, n. want of courage ; depression of spirits. displace, v. dlsplds' (L. dis, asunder, and place), to put out of the usual order or place ; to remove from any state, condition, or office : displacing, imp. : dis- placed', pp. -plast': displacement, n. -plus'-ment, the act of removing from the usual state or condition : displace able, a. -d-bl, that may be displaced. displant, v. dls-plant' (L. dis, asunder, and plant), to pluck up or remove a plant ; to root out ; to re- move ; to drive out, as the inhabitants of a place. display, v. dls-pld' (old P, desployer; It. dispiegare, to extend itself, to explain — from L. dis, asunder, and plico, I fold), to spread wide ; to open ; to expand ; to show; to spread before the eyes or mind; to make manifest : n. show ; exhibition of anything to the view: displaying, imp.: displayed', pp. -pldd' .- dis- play'er, n. one who. displease, v. dls-plez' (L. dis, asunder, and please), to offend ; to make angry in a slight degree ; to be disagreeable to ; to raise aversion : displeasing, imp.: displeased', pp. -plezd' : displeas'ure, n. -plezh'-dor, some degree of irritation or uneasiness of the mind caused by something opposed to our desires or com- mands, or contrary to our sense of justice or pro- priety ; a slight degree of anger ; offence ; dislike. dispone, v. elision' (L. disponere, to arrange, to dispose — from dis, and pono, I place), in Scots law, to convey or make over to another in a legal form : dis- po'ning, imp.: disponed', pp. -pond': disponee, n. dls'po-ne', one to whom anything is made over in a legal form : dispo'ner, n. -ner, a person who legally transfers property from himself to another. disport, v. dls-port' (L. dis, intensive, and sport), to sport ; to play-, to divert or amuse one's self ; to move lightly and without restraint : n. play ; diversion ; amusement : disporting, imp. : disport'ed, pp. dispose, v. dls-poz'(F. disposer, to set in order— from L. dis, asunder, and positus, placed), to set; to ar- range; to place in order; to regulate; to give or apply to a particular purpose; to incline, as the mind : to dispose of, to part with ; to sell ; to use or employ: disposing, imp. : disposed', pp. -pozd'-. dis- po'sedness, n. -zed-lie's, inclination: dispo'ser, n. -zer, one who : disposal, n. dis-po'-zal, a setting or arrang- ing ; order ; arrangement of things ; power or right of bestowing: dispo sable, a. -zd-bl, free to be used or employed as occasion may require : disposition, n. dts'po-zlsh'un, order or manner of arrangement ; manner in which things or parts are placed or ar- ranged ; order ; method ; arrangement ; temper ; natural constitution of the mind ; inclination: dis'- positi'onal, a, -un-dl, pert, to disposition. dispossess, v. dls'po-zes' (L. dis, asunder, and pos- sess), to deprive of; to put out of possession by any means: dispossessing, imp. : dispossessed', pp. -es? : dis'possessi on, n. -zesh'un, act of putting out of possession. dispraise, v. dls-prazf (L. dis, not, and praise), to mention with some degree of reproach ; to censure : n. blame ; censure : dispraising, imp. : dispraised', pp. -prdzd': disprais'er, n. one who : disprais'ingly, disproof, n. dis-pr6f (L. dis, the opposite of, and proof), a proving to be false or erroneous ; confutation. game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. DISP 156 disproportion, n. dls'-pro-por'shun (L. dis, the op- posite of, and proportion), a want of due relation of parts of one thing to another, or between the parts of a thing ; want of symmetry ; want of proper quantity ; unsuitableness of things or parts to each other; in- equality; disparity: disproportionate, a. -d-bl, not in proportion; unsuitable in form, size, or quantity to something else : dis'propor'tionableness, n. -bl-nes : dis'propor tionably, ad. -bit: dis proportional, a. -dl, not having a due relation or proportion to something else: dis'propor'tionally, ad. -dl-ll: disproportion- ate, a. -at, not proportioned ; unsuitable to something else in bulk, form, or value : disproportionately, ad. -It-, dis'proportionateness, n. -nes. disprove, v. dis-prov' (L. dis, the opposite of, and prove), to prove to be false or erroneous; to con- fute: disproving, imp. : disproved', pp. -provd' : dis- i i .1 disproved: dis- pro'val, n. -vdl, act of disproving : dispro'ver, n. one dispute, v. dls-put' (L. disputare, to cast up a sum, to examine and discuss a subject — from dis, asunder, and puto, I think: It. disputare: F. disputer), to de- bate ; to contend for by words or actions ; to reason or argue in opposition to ; to altercate ; to doubt or question : n. a debate ; a contest by words ; a contro- versy ; an altercation : disputing, imp. : dispu'ted, pp.: disputable, a. dl bl, liabli to be called in question or controverted : dis'putably, ad. -Ml : dis- putableness, n. -bl-n&s: disputer, n. one who: dis- putant, n. dls'-pu-tdnt, one who argues or disputes : dis'puta'tion, n. -ta'-shun, a controversy ; a contest in words : dis'puta'tious,a. -ta'-shus, inclined to dispute ; prone to controversy : dispu'tative, a. -td-tlv, disposed to argue or dispute. disqualify, v. dls-kwol'-l-fl (L. dis, asunder, and qualify), to render unfit; to deprive of natural power, properties, or qualities: disqualifying, imp.: disqual- ified, pp. -fid, rendered unfit: disqual'ification, n. -fl-kd'-shun, that which renders unfit or incapable of further enjoyment or possession. disquiet, v. dls-kwl'-et (L. dis, not, and quiet), to disturb ; to make uneasy or restless : n. uneasiness ; restlessness ; anxiety: disqui'etness, n., also disqui'- etude, n. -e-tud, uneasiness ; want of peace or tranquil- lity: disqui'eting, imp.: disqui'eted.pp.: disqui'eter, n. one who: disqui'etly, ad. -6t-ll. disquisition, n. dls-kivl-zlsh'-un (L. disquisitio, a judicial inquiry —from dis, asunder, and qucesitus, sought: It. disquisizione : F. disquisition,), a formal inquiry into any subject by argument or discussion ; a treatise written in order to elucidate the truth re- garding any subject : dis'quisiti'onal, a. pert. to. disregard, v. dls'-rS-gard' (L. dis, not, and regard), to neglect to take notice of ; to omit to observe ; to slight: n. neglect implying indifference or some de- gree of contempt: dis'regard'ing, imp.: disregard '- ed, pp. : disregard'er, n. one who : dis'regard'ful, a. ■fool, neglectful ; heedless. disrelish, 11 i I dis, not, and relish), dis- taste or dislike ; a slight degree of disgust : v. to dis- like the taste of. disrepair, n. dts'-rS-pdr' (L. dis, not, and repair), state of being not in repair or good condition. disrepute, n. dls'-re-puV (L. dis, asunder, and re- pide), loss or want of repute ; ill character ; discredit ; dishonour : disreputable, a. dls-r&p'-u-td-U, low ; mean ; dishonourable ; disgraceful : disrep'utably, ad. -Ml. disrespect, n. dls'-re-spSkf (L. dis, not, and respect), incivility; want of respect ; disesteem: v. to show or feel disrespect to : dis'respect'ful, a. -fool, uncivil ; wanting in respect : dis'respect'fully, ad. -II. disrobe, v. dls-rob' (L. dis, the opposite of, and robe), to undress ; to strip ; to divest of covering : dis- robing, imp.: disrobed', pp. -rObd': disro'ber, n. -ber, one who. disrupt, v. dls-rupt' (L. dis, asunder, and ruptus, broken), to burst or rend in pieces ; to separate : dis- rupting, imp.: disrupted, pp.: adj. in geol., applied to the igneous matter which has forced its way through stratified rocks, and filled up the rents and fissures so made : disruption, n. -rup'-shun, the act of rending asunder; breach; rent. dissatisfy, v. dls-sdt'-ls-fl (L. dis, the opposite of, and satisfy), to fail to please ; to give discontent to ; to cause uneasiness to : dissatisfying, imp. : dis- satisfied, pp. -fid: adj. discontented; not pleased: dissatisfaction, n. -fdk'-shun, discontent; want of mate, mdt,fdr, lav); mete, met, dissatlsfac'toriness, n. inability to give content. dissect, v. dls-sekt' (L. dissectum, to cut asunder— from dis, asunder, and secturn, to cut), to cut or divide a body in order to examine minutely its structure ; to cut in pieces ; to anatomise : dissecting, imp. : dis- sected, pp. : dissector, n. one who dissects ; an ana- tomist : dissectible, a. -sek'-tl-bl, that can bear dissec- tion: dissection, n. -shun, the act of cutting or sep- arating the parts of a body for examination of its structure. disseise v. dls-sez" (L. dis, asunder, and seize : Norm. F, dissaiser), in law, to dispossess wrongfully; to deprive of seizin or possession : disseising, imp. : disseised', pp.-sezd': disseisin, n. -sez'-ln, an unlawful dispossessing of a person of his lands or tenements : disseis'or, n. one who puts another out of posses- sion wrongfully : disseisee, n. dis'-sSz-e', a person put out of possession unlawfully : the preceding also spelt with z for s— thus, disseize. dissemble, v. dis-sSm'-bl, (F. dissembler, not to he alike : L. dissimulare, to disguise, to hide— from dis, not, and similis, like), to act the hypocrite; to hide under a false appearance ; to disguise under the ap- pearance of truth ; to simulate : dissem'bling, imp. : dissem'bled, pp. -bid .- dissem'bler, n. one who : dis- sem'blingly, ad. -11. disseminate, v. dls-sem'-l-ndt (L. disseminatum, to scatter seed— from dis, asunder, and semen, seed : It. disseminare : F. dissiminer), to spread or scatter like seed ; to propagate ; to circulate ; to diffuse : dis- seminating, imp. : disseminated, pp. : dissemlna,'- tor, n. one who : dissemination, n. -na'-shun, the act of spreading or propagating : dissem'inative, a. -nd- tiv, tending to disseminate. dissent, n.dls Bnt Mssentire, to disagree— from dis, asunder, and sentio, I think, sensus, thought : It. dissentire), difference of opinion ; disagreement ; dif- ference in opinion from the Established Church in matters of government or doctrine : v. to disagree in opinion ; to think differently ; to differ in opinion from the Established Church in matters of doctrine or government : dissenting, imp. : dissented, pp. : dis- senter, n. one who differs from the Established Church in doctrine or government ; a nonconformist ; one who separates from the communion of an Estab- lished Church : dissentient, a. -sSn'-shl-ent, disagree- ing : n. one who disagrees and declares his dissent : dissen'sion, n. -shun, disagreement in opinion ; strife ; contention in words ; discord : dissentious, a. -shus, also dissen'sious, a. -shus, disposed to discord ; quar- relsome. dissepiment, n. dls.s&p'-l-mSnt (L. dissepire, to sepa- rate—from dis, asunder, and sepes, a hedge, a fence), in bot., a partition in an ovary or fruit, dividing it wholly or partially into two or more cells. dissertation, n. dis' sir -ta'-shun (L. dissertatio, a dissertation or discourse— from disserto, I argue or debate a thing : F. dissertation), a treatise ; a formal discourse written on any subject; a disquisition : dis- sertator, n. one who writes a dissertation : dis'serta'- tional, a. -shun-dl, pert. to. disserve, v. dls-sirv' (L. dis, asunder, and serve), to injure ; to hurt or harm : disservice, n. dls-ser'-vis, injury ; harm : disser'viceable, a. -d-bl, injurious ; hurtful: disser'viceableness, n. injury; mischief. dissever, v. dls-sSv'-er (L. dis, intensive, and sever), to part in two ; to divide or tear asunder ; to separate : dissev'ering, imp. : dissev'ered, pp. -erd : dissev'er- ance, n. -er-dns, separation ; the act of dissevering ; also dissev'eration, n. -d'-shun. dissident, a. dls'sl-dent (L. dissidens, being at vari- ance—from dis, asunder, and sedeo, I sit), not agree- ing ; discordant : n. a dissenter ; one who votes or gives his opinions about any point in opposition to others: dis'sidently, ad. -11: dis'sidence, n. -dins, discord ; disagreement : dis'sidents, n. plu. a name applied to adherents of the Lutheran, the Calvinistic, and the Greek Churches on the Continent. u dissilient, a. dls-sll'-l-ent (L. dissiliens, leaping asunder, flying apart— from dis, asunder, and saliens, leaping), starting asunder ; in bot. , bursting and open- ing with an elastic force : dissil'lence, n. -8ns, act of leaping or starting asunder. dissimilar, a. dls-slm'-l-lcr (L, di^nimilis, unlike— from dis, not, a i , ' i not similar : dissimilarity, n. -Mr'-l-tl, unliken«^s ; want of resemblance : dissimilarly, ad. -ler-ll : ais'- her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; DISS 157 DIST similitude, n. -sl-mll'-i-tud, want of resemblance ; a comparison by contrast. dissimulation, n. dissimulatio, a dissembling, a concealing— from dis, intensive, and Simula, I feign: F. dissimulation), ialse pretension; a concealing of something ; a hiding under a false ap- pearance ; a feigning ; hypocrisy. dissipate, v. dis'sl-pdt (L. dissipatum, to scatter, to disperse* It. dissipare: F. dissiper), to scatter com- pletely ; to dissolve and disappear ; to vanish ; to ex- pend ;" to squander ; to consume : dis sipa'ting, imp. : dis'sipa ted, pp. a. dissolute : dis'sipa tion, n. -pa- shun, the act of scattering completely ; the insensible diminution of a body; an irregular, extravagant course of life ; dissoluteness. dissociate, v. dls-so'-shldt (L. dissociatum, to sepa- rate from fellowship; — from L. dis, asunder, and socio, I unite), to separate ; to disunite ; to part : disso'ci- a'ting, imp. : disso'cia ted, pp. : disso'cia'tion, n. -d'-shun, the act of disuniting or separating: disso'- ciable, a. -a-bl, not well united or assorted; that can- not be brought to fellowship : disso ciability, n. -bil'hti. dissolute, a. dls'-so-l6t (L. dissolutus loose, reckless — from dis, asunder, and solutus, loosed, unbound : It. dissoluto: F. dissolu), given to vice and dissipation; loose in behaviour ; profligate : dis'solutely, ad. -ll : dis soluteness, n. : dissolution, n. -16-shiin, the act of dissolving or liquefying ; the separation of the parts of a body by putrefaction, &c; separation of the soid from the bodv ; death ; the breaking up of an assembly or partnership : dis'soluble, a. -sol-u-bl, that may have its parts separated by heat or moisture ; that may be disunited: dissolubility, n. -u-bll'-l-tl, capacity of being dissolved by heat or moisture. dissolve, v. dlz-zolv' (L. dissolvere, to separate, to dissolve— from dis, asunder, and solvo, I loose: It. dissolvere), to melt or liquefy; to break up; to sepa- rate ; to destroy ; to consume or waste away ; to be changed from a solid to a liquid; to be broken; to come to an end : dissolving, imp. : dissolved', pp. •zolvd': dissolvent, a. -vSnt, having power to melt or dissolve: n. any substance which lias the power of melting a solid body : dissol'ver, n. that which dis- solves : dissolvable, a. -vd-bl, capable of being melted ; that may be converted into a fluid : dissolvableness, n. the quality of being dissolvable. dissonant, a. dls'-so-ndnt (L. dissonaris, disagreeingin sound— from dis, asunder, and sona?is, sounding : It. dissonante:F. dissonant), discordant; inharmonious ; unpleasant to the ear; harsh: dis'sonance, n. -nuns, a discord ; any sound harsh or unpleasant to the ear. dissuade, v. dls-swdd' (L. dissuadere, to oppose by argument— from dis, asunder, and suadeo, I advise or incite: It. dissuadere: F. dissuader), to advise or ex- hort against ; to attempt to draw from by reasoning or motives, as from a measure or purpose : dissua- ding, imp.: dissuaded, pp. advised against; induced not to do something : dissua'der, one who : dissua- sion, n. -sivd'-zhiln, advice against something: dis- suasive, a. -sto, tending to dissuade: n. argument or counsel employed to deter from a measure or purpose : dissua'sively, ad. -II. dissyllable, n.dls-sti ice, and sw&aoe, a syllable), a word of two syllables: dissyllabic, a. -ldb'-ik, consisting of two syllables: dis'syllab'inca'- tion, n. -lab'i-fl-ka'-shun, act of forming into two syl- lables. distaff, n. dis W/ (low Ger. diesse, the bunch of flax on the distaff: Bav. doschen, a bush, a tuft: Sw. dissa, to suck,— the stream of milk from the teat ap- § earing like the thread drawn from the flax on the istatf : AS. distccf), the staff on which a bunch of flax or tow is tied, and from which the thread is drawn. distain, v. dls-tan' (old F. desteindre, to discolour : L. dis, asunder, and tingo, I dye), to stain; to dis- colour; to blot; to defile: distain'ing, imp. : distained', pp. -tand'. distance, n. dls'-tdns (L. distantia, remoteness— from dis, asunder, and stans, standing : It. distanzia: F. distance), the interval or space between two ob- jects, events, or periods ; remoteness ; length of time ; reserve; coldness; an interval in music: v. to place remotely ; to leave behind in a race : dis'tancing, imp.: dis'tanced, pip. -tanst, left behind : dis'tant, a. -tdnt, separate; standing apart; remote in time, place, connection, &c. ; remote in view; reserved; cold; somewhat haughty: dis'tantly, ad. -II. colv, bdy,fo~bt; pure, Md; chair, distaste, n. dis-tdst' (L. dis, asunder, and taste), dis- like of food or drink ; a slight degree of disgust ; dis- relish : v. to dislike: distaste'ful, a. -fool, offensive ; nauseous ; unpleasant to the taste : distaste'fully, ad. -ll: distaste 'fulness, n. distemper, n. dls-tgm'-per (L. dis, not, and temper), disease; malady; any morbid or diseased state of an animal body ; a morbid state of mind ; a disease in dogs beginning with a running from the nos<_ and eyes : v. to disorder ; to derange body or mind : dis- tem'pering, imp. : distempered, pp. -perd, diseased or disordered. distemper, n. dls-tim'per (It. distemperare, to dis- solve any liquor or fluid ; tempera, water-colours), in painting, the preparation of colours with size and water, or gum-water: v. to mix up colours with size ~md water, &c— see tempera. di&tem$era.tvae,n. dls-teni'-per-u-t Ctr (L. d is, n^m<\er. Hid temperature), excess of heat or cold, or of other qualities ; perturbation of mind ; confusion ; indispo- sition. distend, v. dls-tSnd' (L. distendere, to stretch asun- der—from dis, asunder, and tendo, I stretch : It. dis- tendere : F. distendre), to stretch or spread in all direc- tions ; to enlarge or expand ; to swell : distending, imp. : distend'ed, pp. : distention or distention, n. -tSn'shiin, the !■ t ot swelling or enlarging: disten'- sible, a. -sl-bl, capable of being distended or dilated. distich, n. dls'tlk (Gr. dis, twice, and stichos, a row, a verse), two poetic lines making complete sense ; a couplet: dis'tichous, a. -iis, in bot., disposed in two rows on the opposite sides of a stem, as the grains in an ear of barley. distil, v. dls-tll' (F. distiller, to distil: L. destillare. to drip or trickle down— from de, down, and stillo, I drop), to extract by heat ; to separate spirit or essen- tial oil from any substance by heat ; to drop ; to let fall in drops ; to flow gently : distil'ling, imp. : n. the act or process of extracting spirit by heat : distilled', pp. -tlld': adj. extracted by heat or by dropping: dis- -■ . .. I 'i -lil, eanable of being distilled : dis'tilla'tion.n. -la-sh i~tn, the manu- facture of ardent spirits or alcoholic liquors from grain, &c. ; the operation of extracting a spirit from any sub- stance by evaporation andcondensation : distil'latory, a. -ter-l, pert, to distillation : distillery, n. -ler-l, the buildings and works where distilling is carried on. distinct, a. dls-tlngkf (L. distinctus, separated, marked off: It. distinto: F. distinct), not the same in number or kind; separate; clear; different; plain; obvious; not confused: distinctly, ad. -ll: distinct- ness, n. clearness ; precision : distinction, n. -tlngk- shun, difference made by which one thing is known from another ; separation into parts ; division ; mark of difference or superiority ; elevation of rank or cha- racter; eminence: distinctive, a. -tlv, that marks distinction or difference: distinc'tively, ad. -ll. distinguish, v. dls-tlng'gwish (L. distinguere, to put a difference by some mark— from dis, asunder, and stinquere, to mark with a pointed instrument: It. distinguere.: F. distinguer), to indicate difference by some external mark ; to separate or divide by some mark or quality ; to perceive a difference by the senses ; to make eminent or known ; to signalise; to find the difference: distin'guishing, imp.: adj. constitut- ing distinction or difference from other things: dis- tin'guished, pp. -gwlsht: adj. separated from others bysome marked difference ; conspicuous ; celebrated; illustrious ; eminent : distinguishable, a. -gwlsh-a-bl, that may be known by some mark of difference; worthy of special regard: distin'guishableness, n. ■bl-ne~s: distin'guishably, ad. -d-bll: distin'guisher, n. one who, or that which: distin'guishingly, ad. -11; distin'guishment, n. distinction ; observation of dif- ference. distort, v. dis-tort' (L. distortus, distorted, deformed —from dis, asunder, and tortus, twisted: It. distoro: F. distors), to twist out of a natural or regular shape ; to put out of its natural posture ; to wrest from the true meaning ; to pervert : distort'ing, imp. : dis- tort'ed, pp.: distortion, n. -tor-shun, the act of twisting or wresting out of a natural shape; some visible deformity, as a curved spine, squinting, &c; a perversion of the true meaning of words. distract, v. dls-trakf (L. distractus, divided, per- plexed—from dis, asunder, and tractus, drawn or dragged), to pull the attention or mind in different directions; to confuse; to perplex; to confound or harass; to turn or draw from any point or object: game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. DIST 158 DIVE distrac'ting, imp. : distrac'ted, pp. : adj. disordered in mind ; furious ; mad : distrac'ter, n. one who : dis- trac'tion, n. -trdk'shun (F. distraction), confusion from a crowding of objects on the mind; perplexity; perturbation ; madness : distrac'tedly, ad. -li : dis- trac'tedness, n. : distrac'tive, a. -tiv, causing per- plexity : distrac'tile, n. -til, in hot. , a connective which divides into two unequal portions, one of which supports a cell, while the other does not: adj. separat- ing two parts to a distance from each other. distrain, v. dis-tran' (mid. L. distringere ; F. dis- traindre, to exercise severity upon, to compel or con- strain a person to do something by the exaction of a pledge or by a fine: L. dis, asunder, and stringo, I strain, I draw tight), to seize the person or goods for debt or rent: distraining, imp.: distrained, pp. -trdnd': distrain'able, a. -d-bl, liable to be distrained: distraint', n. -trdnt', a seizing of goods for rent, &c.t distrainor, n. -tran'er, he who seizes goods for debt or for service. distress, n. dis-trSs' (mid. L. districtio, the judicial authority of exacting a fine or pledge, the pledge or fine exacted, subsequently termed a distress : F. di- tresse, misery, affliction : connected with distrain), ex- treme pain of body ; anguish of mind ; calamity ; adver- sity ; misfortune ; poverty ; destitution ; a state of danger ; the act of taking goods for rent, &c. : v. to tressed', pp. -trSst': distressful, a. -fool, bringing or inflicting distress ; calamitous ; proceeding from pain or anguish : distress'fully, ad. -li. distribute, v. dis-trib-ut (L. distributum, to distrib- ute—from dis, asunder, and tribuo, I give or divide : It. distribuire: F. distribuer), to divide among two or more; to deal; to dispense or administer; to separate into classes or orders : distributing, imp. : distrib- uted, pp. divided among a number; bestowed: dis- trib'uter, n. one who: distrib'utable, a. -u-Ui-bl, that maybe distributed: distribution, n. dis'tri-bu'shun, the act of dividing among a number ; a giving in parts or portions; a separation or division into parts or classes: distributive, a. -trib'u-tiv, that divides or assigns in portions: n. in gram., a word which divides or distributes : distrib'utively, ad. -u-tiv-li. district, n. dis'trikt (old F. destroict ; mid. L. distric- tus, the right of exercising judicial authority, or the territory over which it was exercised— from dis, asun- der, and strictus, drawn together), a limited extent of country; a part of a country or city defined by law or by agreement. distrust, n. dis-trust' (L. dis, not, and trust), doubt or suspicion ; want of confidence, faith, or reliance : v. to doubt or suspect ; not to confide in or rely on : distrusting, imp. : distrust'ed, pp. : distrus'ter, n. one who : distrustful, a. -fool, suspicious ; apt to dis- trust : distrustfully, ad. -li .- distrust'fulness, n. : distrustlngly, ad. -IX -. distrust'less, a. free from dis- trust or suspicion. disturb, v. dis-terb' (L. disturbare, to throw into disorder— from dis, asunder, and turbo, I trouble, I disorder: It. disturbare), to stir; to discompose; to ruffle ; to agitate ; to move from a state of rest ; to interrupt : disturbing, imp. : disturbed', pp. -Urbd': distur'ber, n. one who: disturbance, n. -ter'bans, confusion; disorder; a stirring up or excitement; tumult ; a disquieting or hindering from the peace- able enjoyment of, as of a right. disunion, n. dis-u'-ni-un or -un'yiin (L. dis, asunder, and union), want of concord or agreement ; state of not being united ; separation; contention: disun'ion- ist, n. -ist, one who. disunite, v. dis'u-nit' (L. dis, asunder, and unite), to separate ; to disjoin ; to part ; to fall asunder ; to become separate: dis'uni'ting, imp.: dis'uni'ted, pp. disu'nity, n. -u'ni-ti, a state of separation. disuse, n. dis-us' (L. dis, not, and use), want or ne gleet of use ; cessation of practice or exercise : v dis-uz', to cease to use ; to neglect to practise : disu' sing, imp.: disused', pp. -uzd'.- disusage, n. dis-u'zaj, gradual cessation of use or custom ; neglect of use or practice. disvalue, v. dis-v&l'u (L. dis, and value), to under- value ; to set a low price upon. ditch, n. dich (Dan. dige, a ditch, a bank: F. digue, a jetty, a bank— see dike), a trench dug in the ground ; a moat; any long marshy channel for water: v. to trench ; to dig a drain ; to form ditches : ditching, imp.: ditched, pp. dicht: ditch'er, n. one who. mate, m&Uf&r, IvKv; mite, mSt, ditheism, n. di'the-izm (Gr. dis, twice, theos, a god), the doctrine of those who maintain the existence of two gods, one good, the other evil: di'theist, n. -ist, one who : di'theis'tic, a. -is'-tik, also di'theis'tical, a. -ti-kdl, pert. to. dithyrambic, n. dith'l-r&m'bik, also dith'yram, n. (L. dithyrambus; Gr. dithurambos, a surname of Bacchus), song in honour of Bacchus, imitating the wildness of intoxication; a poem written in a wild irregular strain : adj. wild; enthusiastic. ditone, n. di'-ton (Gr. dis, twice, and tonos, a tone), in music, an interval of two tones. dittany, n. dU'ld-ni (L. ilirfumnum: Gr. diktamnos), an aromatic plant whose leaves in smell resemble lemon-thyme. dittied, pp.— see ditty. ditto, ad. dit'to (It. detto, word, anything said : L. dictus, said — usually contracted do.), the same as above ; what has been said before ; the same. ditty, n. dlt'-tl (old F. dicte" or ditti, recitation of an adventure, a story, or a poem : L. dictum, to say), a song ; a little poem intended to be sung : dittied, a. dit'tid, sung ; adapted to music. diuresis, n. dl'u-re'-sis (Gr. diouresis— from dia, through, and ouron, urine ; diouretikos, having the power of provoking urine), an increased or excessive flow of urine : di'uret'ic, a. -rSt'ik, having the power to promote the flow of urine : n. a medicine that in- creases the discharge of urine. diurnal, a. di-er'ndl (L. diurnus, daily— from dies, a day: It. diurno: F. diurne), pert, to a day; daily; performed in 24 hours: n. a journal; a day-book: diur- nally, ad. -li. divan, n. di-v&n' (Pers. diwan, a collection of writ- ings, a council: It. divano: F. divan), in Turkey, the council of state or privy council of the Sultan ; a pro- vincial council; a court of justice; a hall or court, with cushioned seats around it ; a coffee and smoking saloon. divaricate, v. di-v&r'i-kdt(L. divaricatum, to spread asunder— from dis, asunder, and varicatum, to spread the legs apart), to fork; to part into two branches: divarlca'ting, imp.: adj. in bot., coming off from the stem at a very wide or obtuse angle : divar ica'ted, pp.: divarication, n. -ka'-shun, a forking; a separa- tion into two branches. dive, v. div (Dut. duypen, to duck the head: AS. dufian, to plunge in water : Dan. duve, to pitch, as a ship), to sink ; to plunge into water head foremost ; to thrust the body into water; to go deep into any subject: di'ving, imp.: dived, pp. divd: di'ver, n. one who dives into water : diving-bell, a machine in which men can remain under water for a length of time, originally in the form of a bell. diverge, v. dl-verj' (L. dis, asunder, and vergo, I in- cline: It. divergere, to diverge), to spread out from one point ; to tend from one point and recede from each other, as straight lines from the centre of a cir- cle, or rays of light from a luminous body ; opposite of converge: diver 'ging, imp. : diverged', pp. -verjd' : diver'gent, a. -ver'-jent, departing or receding from each other: divergence, n. -j6ns, a receding from each other: divei^gingly, ad. -li. divers, a. di'verz (F. divers; L. diversus, apart from, different— from L. dis, asunder, and versus, turned), various; sundry: diverse, a. di-vers', also di'- (L.), different; various; unlike; more than one: diversely, ad. -li, in different ways: diversity, n. dl-ver'-si-ti, difference; unlikeness; variety; distinct being ; not identity : diversify, v. di-ver'-si-fi (L. facio, I make), to make different or various ; to give variety to : diversifying, imp. : diver'sined, pp. -fid -. diver - sifier, n. -fi-er, one who, or that which : diver'sifica'- tion, n. -ka'-shun, variation ; the act of making vari- ous, or of changing forms; change; alteration: diver'- sifl'able, a. -fi'-d-bl, that may be diversified or varied. divert, v. di-vert (L. divertere, to turn one's self away from— from dis, asunder, and verto, I turn : It. divertere: F. divertir), to turn aside; to amuse; to entertain: diver 'ting, imp.: diver'ted, pp.: diver'ter, n. one who: diver'tingly, ad. -li: diver'sion, n. -ver' shun (L. diversus, turned to go away from), the act of turning aside ; amusement ; that which diverts ; re- creation ; sport ; the act of drawing the attention of an enemy from the real point of attack. divertisement, n. di-ver'-tlz-mdng (F. divertisse- ment), diversion; a short entertainment introduced between the acts of a play. divest, v. dl-vSst' (It. divestire; F. devetir, to un- Mr; pine, pin; note, ndt, m6ve; DIVI 159 DOCK dress— from L. dis, asunder, and vestis, a garment), to strip, as of clothes, arms, &c. ; to deprive of; to dis- possess: divesting, imp. : dives'ted, pp. : dives'ture, la. -tur, the act of stripping or depriving. divide, v. dl-vld' (L. and It. dividere, to part asun- der, to distribute : Sp. dividir, to divide), to sepa- rate or part ; to part a thing into two or more pieces ; to keep apart; to distribute; to give in shares; to Sart or open ; to cleave ; to vote, as in Parliament : ivlding, imp. : divi'ded, pp. : divi'der, n. one who : dividers, n. plu. compasses: divi'dingly, ad. -II: di- vi'dable, a. -vl'da-bl, that may be divided. dividend, n. dlv'i-dend (L. dividendum, severing, cutting off: F. dividende; It. dividenda, a dividend, a share), a part or share of the profits or gains of a public company engaged in business of any kind, as a bank, or railway ; the interest payable on any portion of the national debt or other stock ; the part or share due to each creditor from funds realised from the sale of a bankrupt's effects, or from the payment of a com- position ; in arith., the number to be divided. divination, n.— see divine, v. divine, a. dl-vln' (L. divinus, of or belonging to a deity— from divus, a god: It. divino: F. divin), pert. to the true God ; heavenly ; sacred ; excellent in the highest degree ; above human : n. a minister of the Gospel ; a clergyman ; a priest : v. (L. divino, I fore- tell), to foretell or predict ; to use or practise divina- tion; to guess or conjecture: divi'ning, imp.: di- vined', pp. -vlnd': divination, n. dlv'lna'-shun, fore- telling future events; the pretended discovery of things secret or future by certain rites, or by attention to certain omens or appearances, as the flight of birds, entrails of animals, &c: divinatory, a. div'l-nd'ter-l, Laving the nature of, or connected with, divination : divine'ness, n. divinity; supreme excellence: divinely, ad. -ll, in a divine or godlike manner : divi'ner, n. one who pretends to predict future events by supernatural means: divi'neress, n. a woman who: divining-rod, a rod, usually made of hazel, with forked branches, used by those who pretend to discover water or metals by its means: divinity, n. di-vln'ltl, the divine na- ture or essence ; the Deity; the Godhead; God; a false god; a celestial being, inferior to a god; the science Of divine things ; theology. divisible, a. di-viz'l-bl (L. divisii-s, separated, di- vided), capable of division; that may be separated into parts: divis'ibly, ad. -bll: divisibility, n. -bll'i- t%, the property possessed by bodies of being separated into parts: divislbleness, n. : division, n. di-vizh'-un, the act of dividing or separating into parts ; that which divides or separates ; the part separated ; a compart- ment; a part or distinct portion, as of an army, a fleet, a discourse; variance; difference; a rule in arithmetic ; in either House of Parliament, the sepa- ration of the members into two parties for the purpose of voting on opposite sides of a question : divisional, a. -un-dl, pert, to a division; noting a division: di- visive, a. -vl'-ziv, creating division or discord : divi- sor, n. -zer, in arith., the number by which the divi- dend is divided: divisional planes, in geol., a term applied to those lines of separation which traverse rock-masses, and divide them into blocks or frag- ments more or less regular. divorce, n. dl-vors' (L. divortium, a separating from another— from dis, asunder, and versum, to turn : It. divorzio : F. divorce), the dissolution of the marriage- bond : a legal separation between man and wife, by which each becomes free to marry another ; the sen- tence or writing dissolving the marriage ; a separation of things closely united : v. to dissolve the marriage- bond ; to separate or disunite things closely connected ; to force asunder; to put away: divorcing, imp.: di- vorced', pp. -vorsf: divorce ment, n. divorce: di- vorcer, n. -sir, one who: divorce'able, a. -d-bl: di- vorcee', n. -vOr-se', a person divorced: divorceless, a. that cannot be divorced. divulge, v. dl-vulf (L. divulgare, to spread among the people— from dis, asunder, and vulgo, I make public: It. divolgare; F. divulguer, to publish), to make public; to tell something formerly secret or unknown; to disclose; to reveal: divulging, imp.: divulged', pp. -vuljd': divul'ger, n. -vul'-jer, one who. divulsion, n. di-vul'shun (L. divulsum, to rend asunder— from dis, asunder, and vulsum, to pull, to tear away: It. divulsione; F. divulsion, a violent separation), the act of rending asunder or plucking away : divul'sive, a. -slv, that rends or pulls asunder. dizzy, a, dUfizl (AS. dysig, foolish: low Ger. diisig, giddy, dizzy: Dan. disig, hazy), having a sensation of swimming or whirling in the head, with a tendency to fall ; giddy ; thoughtless : v. to make giddy ; to confuse : diz'zying, imp. -zi-lng: diz'zied, pp. -zld: diz'zily, ad. -li: dizziness, n. djerrid, n. jer'rid (Ar. jarid, a leafless palm-branch, a lance), a Turkish javelin ; also jer'rid. do, v. d6 (AS. don; Dut. doen, to do : AS. dugan, to profit, to avail), to act ; to practise ; to perform ; to achieve ; to succeed ; to fulfil a purpose ; to finish or end, as, "I have done with the book ; " to cease to be concerned, as, "I have done with him;" in Scrip., to make, as, " we do you to wit," that is, " we make you to know;" put into the form of, as, "done into verse;" to fare : to be in a state in regard to health : doing, imp.: did, pt. did: done, pp. dim: doest, dd'est, or dost, dust, 2d sing. pres. tense : does, duz, or doth, duth, 3d sing. pres. tense : this will do, this will an- swer the purpose: how do you do, how are you in health ; how do you get on— usually a mere saluta- to do up, to envelop ; to pack up :. to do with, to dis- pose of ; to employ : to do for, to answer for ; to suit ; colloquially, to baffle completely ; to ruin : to do without, to be able to dispense with; to get along without: do is used along with a verb to render it emphatic, as, " I do love." Note 1.— do performs pretty much the same office, as a verb, which thing does, as a noun ; tiling may be put for almost any object, and do may be used instead of almost any verb in order to save the repetition of the verb, as, " I shall come, but if I do not, go away," that is, " if I come not." Note 2.— do expresses vehement command, an ear- nest request, as, "do help me ;" "make haste, do." Note 3.— do, to succeed, to fulfil a purpose, is really different from the word do, to act, to perform. As will be observed, they are from different roots, but their significations are so intermingled that it appears im- practicable to group them under their separate heads. do, n. do, in music, the Italian name for the first or C note in the scale. do, v. d6 (a colloquial word), to cheat: n. a cheat; an imposture. do. , pronounced as if written dit'-to, an abbreviation of ditto, which see. doab or dooab, n. d6'-db, in the E. I., a tongue or tract of land which lies between the confluence of two or more rivers, as the dodbs of the Punjaub. docile, a. dds'll or do'sil (L. docilis, easily taught, apt to learn— from doceo, I teach : It. and F. docile), easily instructed ; teachable ; easily managed ; tract- able: docility, n. do-sU'-i-tl, readiness to learn; apt- ness to be taught. docimacy, n. dos'l-md-sl (Gr. dokimasia, proving, trial— from dokimazo, I try, I put to the proof), the act or practice of assaying ores or metals : doc'imas'- tic, a. -mds'tik, relating to the assaying of ores or metals; proving by experiments: doc'imology, n. •mol'6-jl (Gr. logos, a discourse), a treatise on the art of assaying metals, &c. dock, v. dok (Ger. docke, a bundle, a bunch of thread : It. tocco, a scrap : W. toe, short or abrupt : Icel. dockr, a short stumpy tail), to cut or lop off the end of a thing ; to curtail ; to shorten : n. the tail of a beast cut short ; the solid part of the tail ; a term applied to several plants having leaves broad in proportion to their length, as sour-dock, burdock: docking, imp.: docked, pp. ddkt, clipped ; cut off, as the end of a thing. dock, n. dok (Flem. docke, , a bird-cage), the inclosure or box in which a criminal is placed at his trial. dock, n. dok (Ger. docke, the tap to let the water of a fish-pond in or out : It. doccia, a mill-dam), an in- closed basin for repairing ships ; a large pond at the side of a river, or at its mouth, where the water is kept out by flood-gates till the ship is built or repaired ; the water-way extending between two wharves: v. to place in a dock: dockage, n. -aj, money paid for the use of a dock: dry dock, that from which the water can be run off for the inspection of the bottoms of ships : wet dock, one always kept with a sufficient depth of water for the floating of ships : dockyard, n. spaces and warehouses near the docks for naval stores, timber, &c. docket, n. dok'et (diminutive, from dock, to curtail : W. tocyn, a slip, a ticket), a ticket or label, with written direction thereon, tied to goods ; a piece of cow, lay, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. DOCT 160 paper or parchment containing the heads, or a sum- mary, of any large writing ; the subscription at the foot of any document for attestation; a register of cases in a court: v. to mark their contents on the back of papers ; to indorse ; to form an abstract ; to mark with a ticket: dock'eting, imp.: dock'eted, pp. doctor, n. dok'ter (L. doctor; F. docteur, a teacher, a doctor— from L. doceo, I teach : Sp. doctor), short- ened into Dr ; the highest degree conferred by a uni- versity in divinity, law, medicine, music, or science ; one who practises medicine ; a physician ; a learned man : v. colloquially, to apply medicines for the cure of diseases ; to adulterate : doctors' commons, the place where the doctors of the civil law used to live and eat in common— now, the official residences and offices of the judges of various courts, as the Court of Arches, the Admiralty, &c. : doc'toral, a. -tor-dl, pert. to a doctor: doc'torally, ad. -II: doc'torate, -at, or doc'torship, n. degree or rank of a doctor : doc'toring, n. in familiar language, the adulteration of liquors and articles of domestic consumption ; the giving medicines to : doc'torly, ad. -II, like a learned man : doc'tress or doc'toress, n. a female who acts as a physician. doctrinaires, n. plu. ddk'trl-ndrs' (F.— from L. doc- trina—see doctrine), a party in France favourable to limited monarchy : n. sing, a political theorist. doctrine, n. dok'trin (L. doctrina, instruction, learn- ing—from doceo, I teach: It. dottrina: F. doctrine), whatever is taught ; a principle or position laid down by a teacher ; any tenet or dogma ; one of the truths of the Gospel : doctrinal, a. dok'tri-ndl, also -trl'-, pert, to or containing doctrine: doc'trinally, ad. -U. document, n. dok-u-ment (L. documentum, an ex- ample, a lesson— from doceo, I teach It durum, ■>,;,. > F. document), any paper containing written instruc- tions or proofs for information, &c. ; evidence ; record : doc'umen'tary, a. -mSn'ter-l, of or relating to written instructions or evidence ; also doc'umen'tal, a. dodder, n. dod'-der (Ger. dofter), a parasitical plant attaching itself to plants such as the flax or clover : doddered, a. -derd, overgrown with dodder. dodecagon, n. do-dUk'd-gon (Gr. dodeka, twelve, and ffonia, a corner or angle), a regular figure having twelve equal sides and angles. dodecagynian, a. do'dSk-d-gin'i-dn (Gr. dodeka. twelve, and gune, a female), pert, to an order of plants, the dVdecagynla, n. -t-d, having twelve pistils or styles. dodecahedron, n. do'dSk-d-he'dron (Gr. dodeka, twelve, and (h)edra, a base), a regular solid having twelve equal bases or sides : do'decahe'dral, a. -he- drdl, consisting of twelve equal sides or bases. dodecandrian, a. do d ' ilso do'decan'- drous, a. -drus (Gr. dodeka, twelve, and aner, a man —gen. andros), pert, to a class of plants, the do'dec- an'dria, n. -drl-d, having twelve stamens. dodecastyle, n. do-ddk'd-stil (Gr. dodeka, twelve, and stulos, a column), in arch., a portico having twelve columns in front. dodecatemory, n. do'dSk-d-Wm'-er-l (Gr. dodeka, twelve, and morion, a part), in astrol., a term applied to the twelve houses or parts of the zodiac of the primum mobile (prt'-mum mob'l-le), to distinguish them from the twelve signs. dodge, n. doj (imitative of the sound of a lump of a moist, soft substance thrown on the ground, then the jerk with which it is thrown: Bav. dotsch, a mass of something soft: Scot, dod, to jog), a low trick; a quibble ; an evasion : v. to follow in the track of any one in his ins and outs; to shift place by a sudden start ; to deceive one by change of motion ; to be eva- sive; to quibble: dodging, imp.: dodged, pp. dojd: dodg'er, n. one who dodges or evades. dodo, n. do'-do (Dut. dodaers— from dodoor, a slug- gard), an extinct bird. At the discovery of the island of Mauritius, in 1598, the dodo was very abundant there. doe, n. do (L. dama; Ger. dam; AS. da; Dan. daa, fallow deer: It. daino, the female of the same kind), a female of the fallow deer— male, buck: doe-skin, n. leather prepared from the skin of a doe; a stout tweeled woollen cloth. doer, n. dd'er: does, v. duz— see do. doff, v. do/ (contraction of do off— opposite of don, do on), to divest; to strip ; to put off; to take off, as the hat: doffing, imp.: doffed, pp. dofd: doffer, n. a revolving cyliii. i, , m. ;1 , ccnim-.', ■ machine, which doffs, or strips off, the cotton from the cards. DOLE dog, n. ddg (Icel. doggr; Dut. dogghe, a large dog), a well-known domestic animal ; a man, in reproach ; an iron bar with a sharp fang, used to fasten a log of timber; a name applied to various tools, pieces of machinery, &c, having a curve like the neck of a dog : v. to follow insidiously ; to hunt or follow closely for a particular purpose : dog'ging, imp. : dogged, pp. dogd: dog'gish, a. -Ish, churlish; like a dog; brutal: dog'gishness, n. : dogged, a. ddg'g6d, sour; surly; sullen; sullenly obstinate: dog'gedly, ad. -It: dog- gedness, n. -nds, sullen determination : dog'gerel, n. ■gtr-61, a sort of loose or irregular kind of poetry: adj. a name applied to irregular burlesque poetry, as doggerel verse or rhyme: to throw to the dogs, to throw away as useless : to go to the dogs, to go to, ruin : dog-berry, n. the berry of the dogwood : dog- cart, n. a light one-horse carriage having a box at the back for dogs, but extensively used for other pur- poses : dog-brier, n. the dog-rose : dog-cheap, a. very cheap ; cheap as dog's meat : dog-days, n. plu. the dog- days are the part of the summer from about the begin- ning of July to the middle of August— originally ap- plied to the time during which Sirius or the Dog-star was above the horizon with the sun : dog-fish, n. a small species of shark : dog-grass, n. a wild plant, about two feet high, with straight stem, creeping root, and leaves of dog-hip : dog^-ear, n. the corner of the leaf in a book turned down : dog's-eared, a. folded down, as the corner of a leaf: dog-star, n. the bright star called Sirius, whose rising and setting at the same time as the sun gave name to the dog-days: dog-watch, n. among sailors, a watch of two hours ; the two watches between 4 and 8 p.m. : dog-hole, n. a place fit only for dogs: dog's-meat, refuse food; offal: dog-teeth, n. the sharp-pointed human teeth growing between the fore teeth and grinders : dog-wood, n. a name applied to various plants— in JEng. and N. Amer., to the shrubby species of Cornus. of the anc. republics of Venice and Genoa. dogger, n. ddg'ger (F. dogre ; Dut. dogger, a vessel used at Dogger-Bank fishery— the Dut. dogger origin- ally signifying a cod-fish), a Dutch fishing -vessel, usually one engaged in the herring-fishery. doggerel— see under dog. dogma, n. dog'md, plu. dog'mas, -mdz, or dog'mata, -md-td (Gr. and L. dogma, a received opinion), a set- tled opinion ; a doctrine ; a tenet or point of faith in religion or philosophy: dogmatic, a. -mdt'lk, also dogmatical, a. -i-kdl, positive ; disposed to insist im- periously or with high authority ; overbearing ; arro- gant: dogmatically, ad. -II: dogmatlcalness, n. : dogmatic, n. one of an anc. sect of philosophers ; dogmatics, n. plu. doctrinal theology: dogmatise', v. -md-tlz', to assert positively without proving; to teach with bold confidence; to advance opinions or teaching with arrogance : dog'mati'sing, imp. : dog'- matisecr, pp. -tizd'-. dog'mati'ser, n. -ti'zer, one who : dog'matist, n. a positive or confident asserter; one who boldly and arrogantly advances statements and principles without proof: dog'matism, n. -tlzm, arro- gance in stating opinions or principles; positive as- sertion. dohl, n. del, a kind of pulse resembling small peas. doily, n. doy'-li (probably a modification of Dut. dwozle, a towel : Ger. zwahel, a towel : Swiss, dwaheli, a napkin), a small napkin, plain or coloured, used at tal fter dinner with the wine and dessert. doings, n. plu. do'-lngz (see do), actions good or bad; behaviour; conduct; feats. doit, n. ddyt (Dut. duit ; F. d'huit), a Dutch or French coin, value half a farthing ; an anc. Scotch coin, value l-12th of a penny sterling— hence the phrase, " I care not a doit," changed into, " I care not a farthing ;" a trifle. dolabriform, a. do-ldb'ri-fawrmiL. dolabra, an axe, and forma, shape), in bot., shaped like an axe. dolce, ad. dSl-cM [It '.. in musit softly and sweetly. doldrums, n. plu. dol'drums, a sailor's term for the tropical zones of calms and variable winds. dole, n. dol (from deal, which see), that which is dealt or distributed ; a part, share, or portion of any- thing; money or provisions given in charity: v. to distribute grudgingly and in small portions : do'ling, imp. : doled, pp. -dold. dole, n. dol (low Ger. dole, a dole ; W. hull, a pit : mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, unit, Mr; pine, pin; note, ndt, m6ve. DOLE 161 DOOR Bohe-n. did, a ditch, a mound), slips of pasture left between ploughed hinds; a boundary mark. doleful, a. dol fool (Scot, dule, grief: L. dolere, to grieve: It. duolo, pain: F. deuil, mourning), sorrow- ful ; expressing grief; sad; dismal; melancholy; querulous: dolefully, ad. -'i .- dole'fulness, n. : dole'- some, a. -sum, melancholy; gloomy; dismal: dole- Eomeness, n. dolerite, n. dol'tr-lt (Gr. dole7-os, deceptive), a vari- ety of greenstone, composed of felspar and augite, so called from the difficulty of distinguishing between these compounds. dolichocephalic, a. dol'i-ko-scf-d-Uk, also dollcho- ceph'alous, a. -stf-d-lus (Gr. dolichos, long, and kephale, the head), long-headed; applied to the long-skulled tribes of the human family : doiichoceph'alism, n. -saf- ailzm, the state or condition of: dol'ichosau'rus, n. •saw'rus (Gr. sauros, a lizard), in geol., a snake-like fossil reptile, of about three feet in length, found in the chalk formation. doll, n. dol (properly a bunch of rags : Fris. do?;, little bundle: Ger. docke, a doll), a child's baby or puppet; a small figure in the human form for the amusement of ehildren. dollar, n. ddl'ler (Ger. thaler: Dut. daler), a silver coin inU. S. and Canada, of the value of from 4s. 2d. to 4s. 4d; a silver coin current in Holland, Germany, Spain, &c, varying in value up to five shillings Eng- lish. dollman, n. dol'mdn (Hung, dolmang; Turk, dola- man), a long cassock or robe worn by the Turks. dolmen, ii. dol'men, or tolmen, tol'men (Celtic), in archceol., a Breton name given to a large excavated stone containing human remains ; a variety of crom- lech—see tolmen. dolomite, n. dol'6-mlt (after the French geologist Dolomieu), a crystalline variety of inagnesian lime- stone occurring largely in the older stratified forma- dolor, n., also dolour, do'-lir (L. dolor, grief: It. dolore: F. doideur), pain; grief; lamentation: dolo- rous, a. dol'-o-rus, sorrowful; doleful; dismal: dolo- rously, ad. -II: dol'orif erous, a. -rlf-er-us (L. fero, I produce), producing pain : dol orif ic, a. -rlf-lk, that causes or produces pain or grief. dolphin, n. dol'fin (Gr. delphin; L. delphinns, a dolphin), a cetaceous mammal about ten feet in length ; a common name for various species of fish ; a spar or buoy fastened to an anchor ; a mooring-post at the entrance of a dock or on a quay: dolphinet, n. •nit, a female dolphin. dolt, n. dolt (Swab, dolde, an awkward clumsy per- son: Ger. tolpel, a blockhead : Icel. dalpa, to flounder in the mire), a heavy stupid person; a hloekhead: doltish, a. stupid ; dull in intellect : doltlshly, ad. -Ii: doltlshness, n. domain, n. do-mcln' (F. domaine; L. dominium, lordship, property— from dominus, a lord), posses- sion; estate; empire; dominion; the parks, &c lying around the house of a lord, in which sense we also use demain and demesne : domanial, a. -md'nl-dl, pert. to. dome, n. dom (L. domus, a house: Gr. doma, a roof: It. duoma; Ger. dom, a cathedral— a church, being called the domus Dei, house of God), the part of a roof in the form of an inverted cup or half globe ; a house or building; a cupola; the upper part of a furnace ■when of a hollow circular shape: domed, a. domd, having a dome: dome-shaped, a. in the form of a dome: domal, a. do'-mdl, relating to the astrological use of a house of the heavens,— the whole heaven, visible and invisible, having been divided by astrolo- gers into 12 equal parts, called the 12 houses of the heavens. Domesday, n. ddmz'da, or Domes'day-book (L. domus Dei, the house of God, so called from the in- closure where kept— the second part of the word, viz., day, being a mere corruption of Dei: the origin from AS. dom, judgment, is less probable), the anc. record of the survey of all the lands in the kingdom made in the reign of William I., and now in the Exchequer, consisting of two volumes, a greater and a less ; in anc. times, a name for a register or cartulary of lands. domestic, a. do-mes'tik (L. domesticus, belonging to the house— from domus, a house: It. domestico: F. domestique), pert, to one's home or family ; remaining much at home ; private ; tame ; not wild ; not foreign : -i. a servant! y; domes'tically, ad. -II: domes'ticate, v. -ti-kdt, to make at ease as if at home ; to accustom to remain at home ; to tame or reclaim cow, bo~y,fdbt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. from a wild state: domesticating, imp.: domes'tica'- ted, pp.: adj. fond of remaining at one's own home: domes'tica'tion. n. -kd'-shun. the taming of wild ani- mals ; the act of living much at home : domesticity, n. do'-mes-tis'-i-tl, domestic character. domicile, n. dom'l-sll or -sll (L. domicilium, a habi- tation— from domus, a house : It. domicilio: F. domi- cile), a house; a residence; the usual place of abode: v. to fix for one's self a usual residence : dom'ici'ling, imp.: domiciled, pp. -slid: domiciliary, a. -sU'l-er-i, pert, to the residence of a family or person : domicil- iary visit, a visit paid to a house by authority to search for persons or things : domiciliate, v. -sV'-i-dt, to domicile : dom'icilia ting, imp. : dom icilla'ted, pp.: domiciliation, n. -d'-shun, permanent residence. dominant, a. dom'l-ndnt (L. dominans, ruling or bearing sway— from dominus, a lord: It. dominante ; F. dominant, dominant, rulim;), having the power or rule; possessing the ascendancy; prevailing: n. in ynusic, the note which is a fifth from the tonic— thus, if the key or tonic be C, the dominant is G : dominate, v. -ndt, to prevail ; to rule ; to govern : dominating, imp. : dominated, pp. : dom'ina tion, n. -nd'shun, arbitrary authority ; tyranny ; insolent rule : dom'ina- tive, a. -tlv, arbitrary ; governing: dominion, n. -yun, supreme power or authority ; territory or district gov- erned byaprince ; rule ; control : domineer 7 , v. -ner, to tyrannise over; to rule over with insolence; to use authority oppressively : domineering, imp. : dom- ineered', pp. -nerd': dominical, a, do-mln'-ikal, that notes or marks the Lord's day or Sabbath : dominical letter, in almanacs, the letter which denotes the Sab- bath, the first seven of the alphabet being used for that purpose: Dominican, n. -kan, one of a religious order in the R. Cath. Ch., founded about 1215 by St Dominic, known in England as Black Friars, in France as Jacobins. domino, n. ddm'l-nd (It.), an outer dress or cloak, with a movable hood, used at masquerades : domi- noes, n. plu. -noz, a game played with dotted pieces of bone of a flat oblong shape. don, n. don (Sp.— from L. dominus, a lord), a Span- ish title of nobility, now a title of respect, of general application : donna, n. fern, of don, title of a lady in Spain and Portugal: dons, in familiar language, the heads of colleges, and the fellows at the universities. don, v. don (contr. for do on), to put on ; to assume ; opposite of doff: donning, imp.: donned, pp. ddnd. donation, n. do-na'shun (L. donatio, a donation — from demo, I give : F. donation), the act of giving ; a grant or gift ; that which is given or bestowed : don- ative, a. ddn'd-tlv, vested or vesting by donation : n. a gift; a gratuity; in laiv, a benefice merely given and disposed of by the patron to a man, without either presentation to, or institution by, the ordinary, or induction by his order: donee, n. do-ne', the person to whom a gift is made : donor, n. do'-ner (F. donneur), one who gives a gift ; a benefactor. done, dun (pp. of do, which see), performed; fin- ished; agreed. donee, n.— see donation. donjon, n. don'-jon (F. a turret, a tower — see dungeon), principal tower or keep of an anc. castle, forming the central and strongest portion of the build- ing, beneath which were the prison vaults, hence called dungeons. donkey, n. dong'kl (probably dun, from its colour, and key, a dim nation), an ass; a well- known domestic animal; (Ger. dickkopf, thickhead), a stupid person: donkey-engine, in a steam-ship, a small engine used for pumping water into the boilers, raising weights, &c. donna, n.— see don, n. donor, n.— see donation. doodle, n. dod'l (Scot, dawdle, to be indolent or slovenly), atrifler; a simpleton. doolee, n., or dooly, n. do' 11, in the E. I., a litter suspended from men's shoulders for carrying per- sons; a palanquin. doom, v. d6m{AS. dom, jmlg-menl , climan, to judge: Lith. dumd, mind, thought : Gr. thunios, breath, life), to sentence; to condemn; to destine: n. judgment; fate ; destiny ; ruin ; destruction : doom'ing, imp. : doomed, pp. domd .- dooms-day, n. domz-dd, the day of judgment: doom'ful, a. -fool, full of destruction. doomsday-book— see domesday. door, n. dor (Gr. thura; Goth, daur; Ger. thor; Sans, dvdr, a door), an opening into a house or other building, or into a room or closet of a house; the DOQU l! movable frame of wood which closes an entrance : within doors, in the house : without doors, out of the house : to lie at the door, to be imputable or charge- able to one : next door to, bordering on ; near to : doorway, n. the entrance into any building; means of approach : door-keeper, n. one who guards an en- trance; a porter; a janitor. doquet, n. dok'-et (see docket), a warrant ; a paper granting licence. dor or dorr, n. dor (AS. dora, a drone, a locust : Gael. diirdan, humming noise: Ir. dordam, to hum like a bee), a drone bee ; a beetle — so called from the hum- ming sound made by animals of this class in flying. doree, n. do-re' or do-rd' (P.), a sea-fish of a golden yellow colour, popularly called in Eng. John doree gol kee, , Adriatic, in allusion to St Peter possessing the keys of heaven, the fish being called St Peter's fish. Dorian, a. do'-rl-dn, pert, to Doris in Greece : Doric, a. dor'-lk, pert, to the Dorians, or to Doris, in Greece ; an order in architecture ; a dialect of the Greek lan- guage : Dor'icism, n. -slzm, a phrase of the Doric dialect. dormant, a. dor'm&nt (L. dormiens; It. dormente; F. dormant,- sleeping— from L. dormio, I sleep), in- active ; sluggish ; at rest ; sleeping ; quiescent ; pri- vate ; suspended ; not exercised, as a dormant peer- age: dormancy, n. -mdu-si, quiesi-cnce ; sleep; abey- ance: dor'mer, or dormer-window, -mer-, an up- right window placed on a sloping roof giving light to the chambers next the roof, formerly allotted for sleeping apartments: dor'mitory, n. -ml-ter-l, a sleep- ing-room; a series of sleeping-places in a building: dor'mouse, n. -mows, plu. dor'mice, -mis (L. dormio, and mouse: but probably old F. dormeuse ; Lang. dourmeire, a slumberer, a sleepy head), a creature allied to the mouse that remains torpid during win- ter. dorn, n. d5rn (Ger. dorn; Dut. doom, a thorn), the fish thornback. dorsal, a. dor'-sdl (L. dorsum ; It dorso, the back), pert, to the back, as the dorsal .fin of a fish : dorsifer- ous, a. -slf-er-us (L. fero, I bear), in hot., applied to ferns bearing fructification on the backs of their fronds. dory— see doree. dose, n. dos vGr. dosis, that which is given— from didomi, I give : It. and F. dose), the portion or quantity of medicine prescribed to be taken at one time ; a por- tion ; anything nauseous ; what one is obliged to take : v. to give in portions or quantities, as medicine ; to give anything nauseous, or to oblige to take : do'sing, imp.: dosed, pp. dosd. dosser, n. dos'sir (F. dossier, back of a seat — from L. dorsum, the back), a pannier or basket to be car- ried on the shoulder: adj. noting the hangings placed at the back of the altar as a decoration, and to hide the bare walls ; noting hangings in a dining-hall be- hind the seats of the guests : dorsale, n. dor'-sdl, dosel, n. dos'-el, and dos'ser, n. dos'-ser, a rich tapestry hang- ins at the back of an altar as an ornament, and to hide the wall ; a hanging in a dining-hall ; an orna- mental cover for a chair : also dos'sal, n. dossil, n. dos'-sU (F. dousil, a peg or tap to draw off liquor from a cask— the primary idea being a bunch of something to stop an orifice : Ger. docke, a bunch : Gael, dos, a tuft, a cluster), a small portion of lint made round, or in the form of a date, to be laid on a dost, v. dust, 2d pers. sing, of the verb do, which see. dot, n. dot < i\ low Ger. dutte, a plug or stopper: Scot, dottle, a small particle: other modifi- cations of dot are jot, tot, tait), a small point or spot made with a pen, &c. ; any small point or mark : v. to mark with small points : dot'ting, imp. : dot'ted, pp. dotage and dotard— see dote. dotation, n. do-td'-shun (L. dotatus, endowed, por- tioned—from dos, a dowry, a gift: F. dotation, an en- dowment), endowment; establishment of funds for support, as of an hospital ; a dowry or portion : do'tal, a. -tdl, pert. to. dote, v. dot (Dut. doten, to be foolish, to rave : F. dotter, to dote, to rave : Icel. dotta, to nod the head in slumber), to regard with excessive fondness; to show the weakness of age : do'ting, imp. : do 'ted, pp.: do'ter, n. one who: do'tingly, ad. -II: dotage, n. do'-tdj, the childishness of age ; feebleness of mind in 2 DOVE old age: do'tard, n. -Urd, a man in the childishness of age: do'tardly, ad. -U: dottard, n. ddt'-tvrd (Scot. dottar, to become stupid), :i Branding tree in a state of decay .-dotterel, n. itol'-Ur-el. also dot'trel, a bird pro- verbial for stupidity. doth, v. duth, 3d pers. sing. pres. of do, which see. douanier or douaneer, n. do'-d-nl-d (F. douanier), a custom-house officer. Douay, n. do'-d, name of a town in France celebrated for its English college for Roman Catholics, and where a translation of the lible ra made for the Use of the adherents of the Rom. Cath. Ch., hence called the Douay Bible. double, a. dub'-l (F. double, double— from L. duplico, I make twice as much), twice as much ; twofold ; being in pairs ; deceitful ; acting two parts, that is, two lines of conduct, open and secret : v. to fold ; to increase by adding an equal sum or quantity : n. twice as much ; a fold ; the same quantity or length repeated ; a turn in running; a trick: adv. twice over: doubling, imp.: n. a fold ; an artifice ; a shift ; act of sailing round a cape ; the winding and turning of a hare : doubled, pp. -Id: doubleness, n. : doub'ly, ad. -II: double- dealing, n. fraud; deceit; cunning: double-entry, in book-keeping, an entry on both Dr. and Cr. side for each transaction : double-minded, a. unstable ; un- settled ; wavering : to double a cape, to sail round it ; to turn or wind in running, as a hare : double-barrel- led, a. having two barrels— applied to a gun : double- base, n. the lowesl sical instr. of the violin class : double-charged, a. loaded with a double quan- tity of gunpowder: double-dealing, n. the profession of one thing and the practice of another; duplicity ; dissimulation ; fraud : double-faced, a. showing two faces ; deceitful : double-hearted, a. deceitful ; treach- erous : double-dyed, a. -did, criminal in the highest degree ; steeped in crime, as a double-dyed villain. Note.— Double is very much used as the first part of a compound word, and denotes two ways; twice the number or quantity: doublet, n. dub'-Ut, a man's inner garment; a waistcoat; originally a garment in folds or doubles for defence ; two ; a pair. doubloon, n. dub-Ion' (F. doublon : Sp. doblon—see double), a Sp. or Port, gold coin, the double of the pistole. doubt, n. ddivt (F. douter ; L. dubitare, to waver, to fear— from L. dubius, doubtful, what may turn out in two ways), uncertainty of mind; suspense; suspicion; fear ; apprehension : v. to hesitate ; to waver in opin- ion ; to suspect ; to fear ; to hesitate to believe ; to be in a state of uncertainty of mind : doubt'ing, imp.: doubt'ed, pp. : doubt'er, n. one who : doubtful, a. -fool, uncertain ; obscure ; not clear or obvious : doubt'fully, ad. -II -. doubt'fulness, n. : doubt'ingly, ad. -II: doubtless, ad. -Us, without doubt ; unquestion- ably: adj. free from fear: doubtlessly, ad. -II, un- questionably. douceur, n. doo-ser' (F. douceur, sweetness— from F. doux; L. didcis, sweet), a gift for service done or to be done ; a lure. douche, n. dosh (F. : It. doccia, a mill-dam ; docci- are, to let water run with some force on the head to clean and wash it), a bath given by a jet or stream of water poured from above on some part of the body. dough, n. do (AS. dah; Dut. deig, properly damped flour: Icel. deigia, to wet; deig, dough: old H. Ger. daha, clay), a soft mass composed of flour and yeast kneaded ; bread before being baked in an oven : dough'y, a. -I, soft like dough : dough-faced, a. weakly and sickly looking ; cowardly : dough-nut, n. a small cake boiled in lard. doughty, a. dow'-ti (AS. dohtig, valiant : Dut. deu- C, to be of some value : Ger. taugen, to be good for), ve ; valiant ; noble ; commonly used ironically : dough'tiness, n. -nis : dough'tily, ad. -II. douse, v. dows (a probable corruption of douche— which see : Scot, dook, to plunge under water), to thrust into water ; to lower or slacken suddenly ; dousing, imp. : doused, pp. doust. dout, v. dowt (contr. of do out), to put out ; to ex- tinguish. dove, n. duv (Dut. duyve ; Icel. dufa, a dove— pro- bably from its habit of ducking the head— from Dut. duypen, to duck the head), a pigeon ; a word of en- dearment : dove-cot, a small house for pigeons : dove- tail, n. -tdl, a method of fastening thi ads of pieces of wood together, by slipping the one, cut in the form of a dove's tail, into the correspondent notches of an- other ; a strong way of jointing : v. to joint or unite ;, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, n6t, m6ve; strongly : dove-tailing, imp. : dove-tailed, pp. -told : dove'let, n. a little dove. dowager, n. dow'-d-jer (F. douairiere, a dowager— from mid. L. dotarium; F. douaire, a dowry), a title given to the widow of a prince or person of rank when he who succeeded her deceased husband in his titles and estates is married, there being thus two ladies with the same title ; a widow of rank, with property or real estate enjoyed by her during her lifetime : dower, n. dow'er, or dowry, n. ddiv'-rl, the property which a woman brings to her husband on marriage : dow'ered, a. -erd, having a dowry: dowerless, a. without a dowry : queen-dowager, u. widow of a king : dow'agerism, n. -izm, state, rank, or condition of a dowager. dowdy, n. dow'dl (Scot, dawdle, a dirty, slovenly woman: Dan. dddtln, to be slow : Icel, dodi, languor), a woman awkward and untidy in dress : adj. awkward and slovenly in dress ; ill dressed, applied only to a woman : dow'dyish, a. -tsh, like a dowdy. dowel, n. dow'el (F. douelle, a tap or socket: Ger. dbbel, a peg, a plug: Dut. douiven, to press into), a projection in a stone to fit into a socket, by which it may be fastened into the adjoining one ; a peg of wood or iron used in the edge of a board for fastening it to another : v. to fit with dowels : dow'elling, imp. : n. a method of uniting two boards or pieces of wood together at their edges by pins or plugs of wood or iron: dow'elled.pp. -Sid: dowel-pin, n. a pin inserted into a piece of wood in order to unite it to another. dower, dowry— see dowager. dowlas, n. ddio'lds (Dourlais, in France, where ma- nufactured), a kind of coarse linen cloth. down, n. down (Ger. daune; Icel. dun, the lightest and softest kind of feathers : Ger. dunst, exhalation, vapour), the fine soft feathers of fowls ; any fine hairy substance light enough to float in the air: down'y, a. -i, soft, like down. down, ad. or prep. ddTvn (AS. of dune, from the hill —see downs), from a higher to a lower place ; on the ground; extended or prostrate on any surface; to- ward the mouth of a river; below the horizon, as the sun ; into a due consistence, as, to boil down. Note.— Persons in London say down to Scotland, &c, and those in the provinces, up to London : downcast, a. -kdst, dejected ; directed to the ground : up and down, ad. here and there : downcome, n. a sudden fall of anything ; downfall, n. -fdiwl, ruin ; destruction ; ruin by violence or decay; sudden fall or depression: downfallen, a. -fawln, ruined ; fallen : down-hearted, a. cast down ; dejected in spirits : down-hill, n. de- right, a. plain; open; undisguised; blunt: adv. straight or right down : downrightly, ad. -II : down- rightness, n.: down-sitting, n. rest; act of sitting down : down-train, n. on a railway, a train proceeding on from the terminus or chief station : down-trod, or trodden, a. trampled down ; oppressed : downward, a. extending from a higher to a lower state or place ; tending towards the earth : down'ward or downwards, ad. -werdz, in a descending course ; from a higher to a lower state or place. downs, n. plu. dolvnz (Dut. duyne; F. dunes, sand- hills by the sea-side : Fris. dbhne, a hillock of sand or snow : AS. dun, a hill), elevations of sand thrown up by the wind ; broad ridges of elevated land near the sea, covered with close and fine turf; a flattish-topped hill: the Downs, a well-known road or anchorage- ground for shipping in the English Channel, near Deal. doxology, n. doks-ol'-d-jl (Gr. doxologia, giving glory —from doxa, praise, glory, and logos, a word), a hymn in praise of God ; form of giving glory to God : dox- ol ogise, v. -jlz, to give glory to God : doxol'ogi'sing, imp.: doxologised, pp. -jizd: dox'olog'ical, a. -loj'l- Ml, pert, to doxology ; giving praise to God. doze, v. doz (Bav. dosen, to keep still : Dan. dose, to doze, to mope), to be half asleep ; to be drowsy ; to sleep lightly: n. alight sleep: do 'zing, imp. : dozed, pp. dozd •. do'zer, n. one who : dozy, a. do'zi, sleepy ; drowsy: do'ziness, n. drowsiness. dozen, a. dilz'n (F. douzaine— from douze, twelve), twelve in number : n. twelve of tilings of a like kind. drab, a. drab (F. drap ; It. drappo, cloth), of a pale- brownish colour: n. a kind of thick woollen cloth of a colour approaching the dry mud of a road: drab- coloured, a. having the colour of drab. drab, n. drub (Dut. drabbe; Dan. drav; Gael, drubli, 3 DKAK draff, dregs), an untidy, dirty woman ; a prostitute : drab'ber, n. one who associates with drabs : drab'bish, a. having the character of a drab: drabble, v. drclb-l, to cover with filth. drabs, n. drubz, in salt-works, a kind of wooden box for holding the salt when taken out of the boiling- pan. drachm, n. drum (Gr. drachme, an anc. coin, about 9Jd. : L. drachma), the eighth part of an ounce; three scruples ; a weight used by apothecaries— usually written dram, which see. draff, n. drdf (AS. and Dut. drabbe; Dan. drav ; Icel. druf, dregs, husks), the refuse malt after the liquor has been drawn off, used for the feeding of cows and swine ; dregs ; sweepings : draf fy, a. -ft , also draf fish, a. -fish, worthless ; dreggy. draft, n. draft (corrupted from draught, drag, or draiv), a body of men taken from an army or any part of it, or from a district ; a detachment of soldiers ; a cheque or order on a bank for money ; a bill of ex- change ; a sketch ; an outline or plan on paper : v. to draw men from a body of soldiers for service else- where ; to select or detach ; to draw out or delineate : drafting, imp. : drafted, pp. drafts, n.— see draught. draftsman, n.— same as draughtsman, which see. drag, v. drag (AS. dragon ; Icel. draga, to drag or draw : Dut. draghen; Ger. tragen, to carry), to draw along heavily or slowly ; to p'ull by main force ; to pull forcibly or roughly ; to draw a heavy body along at the bottom, as of a river or other water ; to hang so low as to trail on the ground : n. something to impede ; anything to be drawn along the ground ; an apparatus for searching among water for drowned persons, &c. ; an instrument for retarding the motion of carriage- wheels when going down-hill ; anything that retards or hinders ; an obstacle to progress ; a kind of cart drawn by the hand; a kind of carriage: drag'ging, imp.: dragged, pp. drdgd: to drag an anchor, to trail it along the bottom when the anchor will not hold the ship : drag-net, a net to be drawn along the bottom of a river or pond. draggle, v. drdg'l (same as drubble : Scot, druglit, bedirtied, bespattered : Sw. dragla, to drivel, to let spittle fall from the mouth), to wet and dirty by draw- ng along wet muddy ground, or^ wet grass : drag- untidy. being drawn over mud: draggle-tailed, a. slatternly; dragoman, n. drdg'o-m&n, plu. drag'omanB (F. and sp. dragoman; Arab, tardjumdn, a dragoman : Chald. turgem, to explain ; turgum, explanation, interpreta- tion), an interpreter— a word much used in the East. dragon, n. drdg'dn (Gr. drukon ; L. draco, a serpent —from Gr. drakein, to see, to flash— from its supposed sharpness of sight), a fabulous winged creature; a genus of reptiles of the E. I.; a constellation ; in Scot., a paper kite; a serpent; in Scrip., the devil: drag"- onish, a. -nish, or dragon-like, a. in the form of a dragon; like a dragon: dragon's-blood, n. a red colouring matter obtained from various plants : drag- onet, n. -6-nSt, a little dragon: dragon's-skin, a fa- miliar name among miners and quarrymen for certain fossil stems whose leaf-scars somewhat resemble the scales of reptiles. dragoon, n. drd-gtn' (old Eng. dragon, a species of carbine used by soldiers who could serve on horseback or on foot: F. dragon), a horse soldier, originally trained to act on foot also : v. to force ; to harass ; to persecute ; to use violent measures to obtain an object : dragooning, imp. : dragooned', pp. -gond' .- dragoon- ade, n. drug'db-nud' , the giving up a place to the violence of soldiers ; also dragonnade, n. drag'on-nad'. drain, v. drun (AS. drehnigean, to strain : old H. Ger. drahan, a drop, a tear : Gael, drugh, to soak or ooze through), to make dry by drawing off the water ; to free from water gradually ; to empty ; to exhaust ; to be freed from moisture : n. a channel, trench, or ditch for conveying water ; a sink or small sewer ; a gutter: draining, imp.: drained, pp. drand: drainer, n. he who, or that which : drain'able, a. -d-bl, capable of being cleared of water or surplus moisture : drain'- age, n. -aj, the act of draining; that which flows out of a drain ; the mode of carrying off the surface-water of a country, as by rivers, &c: draining-tiles, tiles used in the draining of fields. drake, n. druk (Sw. and-drake ; Ger. enterick, a male duck : Icel. reckr, a male), the male of the duck kind ; name of a fly. cow, boy, f dot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. DRAM 164 DRES dram, n. drdm (It. dramma, a very small quantity of a thing : Gr. drachme, a weight of 60 grains), one eighth part of an ounce apothecaries' weight ; one sixteenth of an ounce avoirdupois; a small quantity; a small glass of spirits to be drunk at once. drama, n. drdm'd (L. and Gr. drama, an act or deed, a play, a drama : F. drame), a composition written to exhibit a picture of human life, and fitted for repre- sentation on the stage ; a play : dramatic, a. drd-mdt- Ik, also dramatical, a. -1-kdl, relating to iin • = > ■ . . . . . i dramatically, ad. -ll: dramatis persons, drdm'd-tls pcr-so'-iic (L. the persons or characters of the drama), the actors in a drama or play represented on the stage : dram'atist, n. 41st, a writer of plays : dram'atise', v. ■ttz', to adapt to, or fit for, the stage : dram'ati'sing, imp.: dram'atised', pp. -tlzd': dram'aturgy, n. -ter'-ji (Gr. ergon, work), the science and art of dramatic com- positions and representations. drank, v.— see drink. drape, v. drop (F. drap, cloth : Sp. trapo, tatters, cloth), to cover with folds of cloth or drapery for use or ornament : draping, imp. : draped, pp. drdpt : adj. having on drapery; clothed: draper, n. drd' pir, one who sells cloths: dra'pery, n. -per-l, hang- ings ; curtains ; the representation of folds of cloth, clothing, or dresses in paintings or sculptures ; cloth goods. drastic, a. dnls'tlk (Gr. drastikos, active, vigorous —from drao, I do, or act : F. drastique), powerful ; acting rapidly and violently : n. a strong purgative medicine : dras'tics, n. plu. -tlks, powerful purgatives. draught, n. draft (from drag or draw, which see), that which is dragged or drawn ; the act of drawing, or quality of being drawn ; force necessary to draw ; act of drinking, or the, quantity drunk at once ; the number of fish caught at one drag of the net ; a de- tachment or number drawn away, as men from an army; the depth to which a ship sinks in water when afloat ; a current of air ; a delineation or representa- tion of a thing by lines; in Scrip., a sink; a privy- see Matt. xv. 17 : draughts, n. plu. drdfts, a game played on a checkered board : draught-horse, n. a horse that draws loads, opposed to a saddle-horse : draught-hooks, n. plu. hooks on each side of a cannon-carriage: draughtsman, n. drdfts'mdn, one who draws plans or designs. draw, v. draw (AS. dragan; Icel. draga, to drag or draw: Dut. trtc.ken, to draw, as a sword, to trace out- lines : L. trahere, to draw), to haul ; to raise, as water from a well; to pull along; to pull out or unsheath ; to attract ; to suck or inhale ; to take or let out a liquid ; to sketch or delineate ; to have, receive, or take, as money; to pull or exert strength in drawing; to move, advance, or approach: drew, pt. drd: draw'- ing, imp.: drawn, pp. drawn: drawable, a. draw'd-bl, that may be drawn : to drawback, to retire ; to move back: to draw nigh or near, to approach : to draw off, to retire or retreat ; to take from : to draw on, to bring on ; to entice ; to seek or obtain payment by a written order or bill called a draft: to draw over, to cause to come over ; to persuade or induce to leave one party or side to join another : to draw out, to lengthen or stretch ; to take out of; to extract ; to ar- range in battle: to draw together, to collect: to draw up, to form in regular order : to draw in, to collect : drawback, n. any loss of advantage in enjoyment, &c; a certain amount of duties or customs on goods paid back: drawbridge, n. a movable bridge over water : draw'er, n. -er, one who draws a bill of ex- change ; draw'r, a sliding box in a table : chest of drawers, draw'rs, a case of sliding boxes for contain- ing household articles: drawers, n. plu. draw'rs, light underclothing, breeches or trousers: draw'ee, n. -e, the person drawn on by a bill of exchange : drawing, n. the representation of a thing on a flat surface : drawing-master, n. one who teaches the art of drawing: drawing-room, n. (an abbreviation of withdrawing-room), the room in a house set aside for the reception of company— generally the best fitted- up room in a house ; the formal reception of company at the court of a sovereign : draw-well, a deep well from which water is drawn by means of a rope. Note. — In all its meanings, the word draw expresses action gradual or continuous, and leisurely. drawl, v. drawl (Dut. draelen; Fris. draulen; Icel. drolla, to delay, to loiter: prov. Dan. drovle, to be slow at one's work), to utter words in a disagreeably slow tone: n. a long monatonou : fcom in peaking: draw'- ling, imp. : drawled, pp. drawld .- draw'lingly, ad. -II. drawn, pp. of draw, which see : drawn-battle, n. a contest or fight in which neither side is the victor. dray, n. drd (Sw. drog, a sledge, what is dragged along : L. traho, I draw), a strong low cart on wheels ; a sled or sledge: dray-cart, a brewer's cart: dray- horse, a heavy and strong horse : drayman, the man who attends on a dray. dread, n. dred (AS. draid; Sw. rcedas, to fear: Scot. rad, afraid : old F. dredre, imitative of the chattering of the teeth), great fear ; apprehension of evil or dan- ger ; fear united with awe ; the person or thing feared: adj. exciting fear; venerable in a veiy high degree ; awful ; terrible : v. to fear greatly; to be in great fear: dreading, imp.: dread'ed, pp.: dread'er, n. one who : dreadful, a. -fool, inspiring dread ; ter- rible: dread'fully, ad. -It: dread'fulness, n.: dread'- less, a. -Us, fearless; undaunted: dread'lessly, ad. -II ■. dreadlessness, n. dream, n. drem (Icel. draumr; Ger. traum, to slumber, to be slow: AS. drefan; oldEng. dretche, to disturb or trouble— in the latter, especially by dreams), thoughts or ideas occupying the mind during sleep ; a vain fancy : v. to have ideas or thoughts in the mind during sleep; to think or imagine; to see in a dream : dreaming, imp. : n. the mind engaged. with thoughts during sleep : dreamt, pt. and pp. drenit .- dream'y, a. -I, indistinct ; full of dreams : dreamless, a. without dreams : dream'er, n. one who : dream- ingly, ad. -ll: dream'lessly, ad. 41: dream-land, n. unreal events, or an imaginary country as pictured in dreams ; region of fancies ; fairy-land. drear, a. drer, also dreary, a. drer'l (AS. dreorig; Ger. traurig, sorrowful), dismal ; gloomy with soli- tude : drearily, ad. -ll: drear'iness, n.-l-nes, gloomy solitude. dredge, n. drej (Dut. dregghe, a drag or grapple for sweeping the bottom of rivers, &c. : F. drege, a kind of net), a net or drag for being dragged along the bot- tom of water for taking oysters, flat-fish, &c. : v. to catch, take, or gather with a dredge ; to deepen with a machine, as the bed of a river : dredging, imp. : dredged, pp. drejd : dredger, n. drej'er, one who, or that which : dredging, n. the operation of deepening the bed of a river, canal, &c. : dredging-machine, a machine employed to deepen rivers, docks, &c, by taking up the gravel and mud from the bottom. dredge, v. drej (Dan. drysse, to dredge, to sprinkle: prov. Dan. drasse, to fall with a pattering noise: Scot. drush, atoms, fragments), to scatter flour, &c, on meat while roasting: n. a mixture of oats and barley sown together : dredging-box, a box used for scattering flour over meat— generally called a dredger. dreelite, n. dre'-lit (after the Marquis de Dree), one of the heavy spars, generally occurring as a whitish crystallised vein-stone in lead mines. dregs, n. plu. dregz (Icel. dregg, sediment : Ger. and Dut. dreck, dung, dirt : old F. drague, draff), the mat- ter that settles at the bottom of a liquor ; the sedi- ment of liquors ; lees ; refuse matter ; distillers' re- fuse used for cattle-feeding ; the most vile and despi- cable part: dreggy, a. dreg'gl, muddy; containing dregs or lees: dreg'giness, n. foulness; fulness of dregs : dreg'gish, a. full of dregs ; foul with lees. drench, v. drSnsh (Icel. dreckia, to plunge in water : Sw. dranka, to plunge in water, to drown : Dut. drencken, to water beasts), to wet thoroughly; to soak; to saturate; to purge violently: n. a dose of liquid medicine for purging a horse; a draught: drenching, imp.: drenched, pp. drensht: drencher, n. drdnsh'er, one who, or that which. dress, n. dres (F. dresser, to make straight : It. driz- zare, to address or turn toward a place : L. dirigere, to direct), covering or ornaments for the body; gar- ments ; clothes ; a lady's gown : v. to cover the body with clothing or ornaments ; to deck, adorn, or em- bellish ; to cultivate ; to prepare food for the table ; to put into good order, as a wound; to prepare or fit for use; in mil., to adjust the front of a company to a straight line: dressing, imp. : dressed, pp. drSst: dres'ser, n. one who: a large table or bench in a kitchen on which things are dressed for use: dres'- sing, n. matter, as manure, applied to land; a pre- paration to fit for use; an application made to a wound; in familiar language, a flogging or beating: dres'sy, a. -si, showy in dress : dressing-case, n. a box fitted with toilet requisites: dressing-gown, n. a light gown used in the morning before or while dress- ugni gown usea in tne morning Deiore or wnue dress- ing : dressing-room, n. an apartment in which a per- son may dress : dressing-table, n. a table at whi ' mdte, milt, fur, law; mete, m&t, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; DRIB 165 a person may dress, and on which articles for the toilet stand: dressmaker, n. one who makes ladies' dresses. dribble, v. drlb'-l (Dan. draabe, a drop : prov. Dan. drible, to drivel: Pol. drob, a diminutive thing), to throw down in drops ; to fall in drops ; to slaver, as a child or an idiot: dribbling, imp. -ling: drib "bled, pp. -Id: dribbler, n. -Ur, one who: dribblet, n. ■lit, a small quantity ; a small piece or part ; a small sum. dried, drier— see dry. drift, n. drift (AS. dri/an; Goth, dreiban, to move under the influence of an overpowering force : Icel. drif, a tempest), that which is driven by wind or water and collected in heaps ; overbearing power or influence; tendency; aim or scope; in mining, a passage cut between shaft and shaft, called the drift- way : v. to be driven into heaps, as snow or sand ; to be driven along by a current of water, as the ship drifts; to drive into heaps: drifting, imp.: drifted, pp.: drift-bolts, steel bolts used to drive out other bolts: drift-sand, sand blown or driven by the wind : drift-wind, a wind that drives all before it: drift- wood, wood carried by a current of water. drill, n. dril (primary signification, as in thrill, trill, thirl, a shivering, a turning round, and hence a piercing: Dut. drillen, to shake— also applied to the brandishing of weapons: old Dut. drille, a hole: F. driller, to glitter), a pointed instr. for boring holes ; the act of training in military exercises : v. to pierce or bore with a drill ; to train to, as a soldier by mili- tary exercises ; to educate by repeated acts : drilling, imp.: drilled, pp. drild: drill-bow, n. a small bow for rapidly turning a drill : drill-sergeant, a non-com- missioned officer who trains soldiers: drill-master, one who teaches drill by way of gymnastics. drill, v. dril (Gael, drill, a drop : \V. drvll, a frag- ment : Sw. dralla, to scatter, to sow : W. rhill, a row or trench), to let corn dribble along a furrow or chan- nel like a trickling rill of water: n. in agriculture, a row of grain or seed sown or planted in a furrow ; the trench or channel so sown: drilling, imp.: drilled, pp. drild: drill-box, the box containing the seed for sowing: drill-grubber, -barrow, and -plough, instrs. used in drill husbandry. drink, n. drlngk {Goth, driqkan; Icel. drecka; Dan. drikke, to drink: Icel. dreckia, to sink under water), any liquid taken into the mouth and stomach for quenching thirst ; a beverage ; a draught ; a potion : v. to swallow a liquid, as water ; to suck in ; to ab- sorb ; to take alcoholic liquors ; to be intemperate : drink'ing, imp.: adj. pert, to the use of intoxicating liquors : n. the act of swallowing or absorbing ; the practice of partaking to excess of intoxicating liquors : drank, pt. drdngk.- drunk, pp. drungk. intoxicated: drunken, a. drungk'en, intemperate: drink'er, n. one who ; a tippler: to drink off, to drink the whole at a draught : to drink up, to drink the whole : to drink to, to salute or wish well to any one by drinking liquor: drinkable, a. -d-bl, fit or suitable for drink- ing: drink'ableness, n.: drinkless, a. without drink: drink-offering, an offering of wine, &c, in the reli- gious services of the Jews. drip, v. drip (AS. drypan, to drip: Icel. driupa; Dut. druppen, to fall in drops : Lith. dribti, to hansr, to fall as snow), to fall in drops ; to let fall in drops ; to have a liqu it in drops, as a wet gar- ment drips: n. that which falls in drops ; the edge of a roof; the eaves: dripping, imp.: dript or dripped, pp. dript: dripping, n. the fat from meat while roast- ing : dripping-pan, a pan for receiving the fat from meat roasting : drip-stone, a projecting slab or mould- ing to throw off the rain : drips, n. plu. steps made in flat roofs or in gutters. drive, v. driv (AS. drifan; Goth, dreiban; Ger. treiban, to urge forwards, to move under the influence of an overpowering force : Icel. dreifa, to scatter), to impel or urge forward by force ; to compel ; to guide or regulate, as the horses in a carriage; to distress; to press; to be forced along; to rush or press with violence ; to be moved by any force ; to tend to ; to aim at ; drive is the reverse of lead: n. a ride or ex- cursion in a carriage ; the road passed over: dri'ving, imp.: drove, pt. drov: driven, pp. driv'n: driver, n. drj'ver, one who, or that which: driving-wheel or driver, the wheel in a machine which communicates motion : to drive away, to scatter ; to force to a dis- tance : to drive off, to force to remove to a distance ; to depart, as in a carriage : to drive out, to expel : to drive a bargain, to haggle about the terms: to drive a trade, to carry on a trade. drivel, n. cMv'l (Gael, drabhas, filth: Icel. draft, loose, idle talk: Sw. drafird. nonsense: low. Ger. draueln, to speak in a childish, foolish manner), slaver ; saliva or spittle from the mouth : v. to let the saliva drop from the mouth ; to slaver ; to be weak or foolish : driv'elling, imp. drlv'llng: drivelled, pp. drlv'ld : driv'eller, n. -Ur, a fool ; a dotard. driven, v. and driver, n.— see drive. drizzle, v. driz'l (Ger. rieseln, to purl, as a brook; to fall in grains, as snow or small rain : Sw. droseln, to make arattlin- ■ ■ ■ i ng), to rain in small drops or fine rain: drizzling, imp. drlz'-llng: drizzled, pp. driz'ld .- driz'zly, a. -It, shedding a fine or light rain. droll, a, drol (F. dr6le, a wag, a comical fellow : low Ger. draueln, to speak in a childish manner), odd; laughable; merry; comical: n. a comical fellow; a jester; one who raises mirth or laughter: v. to jest; to play the Merry-Andrew; to cheat: drolling, imp.: drolled, pp. drold: drollery, n. -lcr-i, sportive tricks; comical gestures or manners: drol'lingly, ad. -li: drol'lish, a. somewhat droll. dromatherium, n. drom'd-the'rl-iim (Gr. dromaios, swift, and therion, a beast), a name given to a small fossil mammal, parts of which have been discovered in the New Red Sandstones. dromedary, n. drum'6-der-l (F. dromadaire— from Gr. dromas, a running, swift), the one-hump camel of Arabia, more swift of foot than the camel. drone, n. droit (AS. draen, the non-working bee— from the buzzing: sound it utters : Icel. drunr, a loud hollow noise: Gael, dranndan, humming, buzzing), the male of the honey-bee which makes no honey ; an idler; a sluggard; a dull humming sound; the larg- est pipe of the bagpipe : v. to emit a dull humming sound; to live idly: dro'ning, imp.: droned, pp. drond: dronish, a. -nish, idle; lazy: dro'nishly, ad. -ll: dro'nishness, n. droop, v. drop (Icel. dryp, to drip ; driupi, to hang the head), to hang down ; to lean forward or down- ward; to fail, sink, or decline; to languish from grief or other cause ; to faint or grow weak : drooping, imp.: drooped, pp. dr&pt: droop'ingly, ad. -II. drop, n. drdp (Dut. drop; Ger. tropfen; Icel. dropi, a drop: Icel. driupi, to drip), a small portion of a fluid; a very small quantity; a globule of a liquid; part of a gallows on which the criminal stands ; any- thing in the form of a globule of water: v. to pour or let fall a liquid, or to drop anything in small portions ; to dismiss or lay aside, as to drop a subject ; to utter slightly or briefly, as to drop a hint ; to sink or lower ; to fall ; to die suddenly ; to come to an end ; to have done with, as to drop an acquaintance ; to come un- expectedly, as to drop in : drop ping, imp.: n. a distil- ling ; a falling ; that which drops or falls : droppings, plu. the excrement or dung of animals : dropped, pp. dropt: droplet, n. -lit, a little drop: drop pingly, ad. -li: drops, n. plu. a medicine, the dose of which is measured by drops : to drop astern, in sailors' lan- guage, to slacken the speed of a vessel to allow an- other to pass her, or to be passed by a vessel sailing faster : to drop down, to sail or move down a river : drop-scene, in a theatre, a curtain suspended by pulleys, and which is made to fall down in front, of the stage. dropsy, n. drop'si (L. hydrops — from Gr. hudor, water— the word having been formerly written hydro- pisy), an unnatural collection of water in any part of the body: drop'sical, a. -sl-kdl, inclined to dropsy: drop'sied, a. -sid, having dropsy. drosky, n. dros'kl (Russ. drozhki), a four-wheeled open carriage used by the Russians — many kinds of ue now so called : dros'kies, plu. -kiz. drosometer, n. dro-som'S-ter (Gr. drosos, dew, and metron, a measure), an apparatus or instrument for determining the amount of dew deposited during a single night. dross, n. dros (AS. dros; Dut. droes, dregs, filth: F. drasche, lees), worthless matter separated from the better part ; any waste or refuse ; the scum or refuse of metals thrown off in melting ; impurity : dross'less, a. pure: dros'sy, a. -si, full of dross; impure; foul: dros'siness, n. -nes, foulness ; impurity. drought, n. drdiut (AS. druguth; Dut. drooghte; Scot, drouth— from. AS. dryg ; Dut. droogh, dry), dry- weather ; want of rain ; thirst : droughty, a. drdiu'-tt, wanting rain ; thirsty : drough'tiness, n. -nes, state coiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. DEOV 166 DUCT of dryness of the weather ; drouth, n. drdivth, dry weather ; thirst ; another spelling of drought : drou- thy, a. -thl, thirsty : drou'thiness, n. drove, v. drov, past tense of drive, which see. drove, n. drov (from drive: AS. drifan, to urge for- wards), a number of animals, as sheep or cattle, moving in a body; a crowd of people in motion: drover, n. dro'ver, one who drives cattle and sheep to market. drown, v. drown (Icel. dreckia, to sink under water : Dan. drukne, to drown), to overwhelm in water ; to destroy life by submersion in water ; to overflow ; to inundate; to perish in water: drowning, imp.: adj. perishing in water : n. the act of destroying life by immersion in water: drowned, pp. drownd. drowsy, a. drow'zl (Dut. droosen, to doze, to slum- ber: Dan. drose, to dawdle : low Ger. drbsseken, to slumber), inclined to sleep ; sleepy ; dull ; sluggish : drow'siness, n. -nSs, hea riness or dispi isition to sleep : drow'sily, ad. -II : drow'sy-headed, a. having a slug- gish disposition: drowse, v. drowz, to slumber; to grow heavy with sleep : drow'sing, imp. : drdwsed, pp. drowzd. drub, v. drub (Icel. drepa, to strike: Sw. drabba, to hit or knock), to thrash; to beat with a stick; to beat soundly: drub'bing, imp.: n. a sound beating: drubbed, pp. drubd. drudge, v. driij (AS. dreorjan, to work : Ir. drugaire, a slave or drudge : Manx, drug, a timber waggon), to work hard; to labour in mean offices: n. one who labours with toil and fat i om ployed in mean labour: drudg'ing, imp.: drudged, pp. drujd: drudg- ery, n. -er-i, hard and continuous labour ; ignoble toil : drudgingly, ad. -li. drug, n. drug (P. drogue, a drug : Dut. droog, dry, from their hot dry nature as once used: It. treggea; Sp. dragea; mod. Gr. tragema, sweetmeats— articles of that nature having formerly constituted the princi- pal stock of a druggist), any medicinal substance; any article slow of sale, or not saleable : v. to dose to excess with medicine ; to season or tincture with something offensive or injurious: drugging, imp. dosing with drugs: drugged, pp. drugd: drug'gist, n. -gist, one who deals in drugs. drugget, n. drug'gSt (F. droguet, a kind of stuff of wool, &c— from drogue, a stuff, trash), a coarse kind of woollen stuff, chiefly used for carpeting. druid, n. dri < I I ruidh, a sorcerer, a druid: L. druides, the priests and wise men of the Britons and Gauls), a minister or priest among the anc. Celts, Gauls, or Britons, who - - e esteemed the oak sacred, and sacrificed under it : dru'idism. n. -fern, the doctrines, rites, &c, of the druids: druid'ical, a. -i-kdl, pert, to the druids: druidess, n. a female druid. drum.n. drum (imitative of the sound: Icel. thruma, thunder : Dan. drum, a booming sound), a musical in- strument, hollow, round, and flat at the two ends, which are covered with parchment or vellum ; in machinery, a short cylinder moving on an axis ; anything resem- bling a drum in form : v. to beat or play on a drum : drumming, imp. : drummed, pp. drumd : to drum out, to expel ignominiously from the army: to drum up, to assemble, as by beat of drum: drum-major, first or chief drummer in a regiment : drum'mer, n. one who : drum of the ear, the internal membrane of the ear which conveys the impression of sound : drum- head, the parchment or skin stretched over one end of a drum : drumstick, n. a stick with which a drum is beaten, or anything resembling it : kettle-drum, n. a drum made of copper, shaped like half a globe or like a kettle, having thus only one parchment cover. drumly, i I >ul ; muddy, as water. drunk, a. drilngk (from drink, which see), overcome by alcoholic liquor ; intoxicated ; stupefied by the action of spirit on the stomach and brain : drunk'en, a. -6n, given to over-indulgence in alcoholic liquor ; done when intoxicated, as a drunken frolic : drunkard, n. ■erd, one given to the excessive use of strong drink drunk'enness, n. -Sn-ne's, habitual intemperance. drupe, n. drdp (L. drupa; Gr. druppa, an over-ripe wrinkled olive), in bot., a fleshy or pulpy fruit without valves, containing a hard stony kernel, as the plum, cherry, or peach; a stone-fruit: dru'pel, n. dro'pel, a fleshy or pulpy fruit containing many small stony seeds,^ as the raspberry or blackberry : drupa'ceous, a. -pd'shiis, having the form of a drupe ; consisting of or producing drupes. driuo, a. droz (Gr. drosos, dew : Ger. druse), a hollow mate, mat, far, law; mete, m$t, or cavity in rocks lined or studded with crystals, sometimes filled with water : dru'sy, a. -zl, consisting of or covered with very minute crystals. Druses, n. plu. dro'zes, a remarkable religious sect inhabiting the districts of Mount Lebanon, and speaking Arabic. dry, a. drl (AS. drig; Dut. droog; Ger. trocken; Icel. thurr; Dan. tor, dry, arid), free from water or moisture ; not rainy not juicy ; arid ; thirsty ; barren ; void of interest, as applied to persons ; sarcastic ; severe ; humorous : v. to free from water or moisture, as by wiping ; to lose moisture: drying, imp.: dried, pt. or pp. drld: dry'er or dri'er, n. he who or that which dries : drily or dryly, ad. drl'll, without mois- ture; coldly; without all'ect.iou ; sarcastically: dry- ness, n. : dry-goods, woollen and cotton cloths, &c, as distinguished from groceries: dry-rot, li. a rapid decay of timber by which its substance is converted into a dry powder : dry'sal'ter, n. -sawl'ter, formerly, a dealer in dry or salted meats; now, a dealer in gums, drugs, dye-stuffs, and in chemical substances generally : drysaltery, n. -I, the goods or business of a drysalter : dry- wines, wines free from sugary matter : dry-nurse, a nurse who brings up children without the breast : to dry up, to deprive wholly of moisture : dry-shod, a, withoul ettin : the feet. dryad, n. drl'-dd (L. dryades, nymphs of the woods— from Gr. drus, an oak-tree), a deity or nymph sup- posed to watch over woods. dual, a. du'-dl (L. duo, two), expressing the number two: du'ad.n. -ad, a union of two: du'alism.n. -dl-izm, the doctrine of two separate and independent princi- ples in man, the spiritual and corporeal; the doctrine of two independent principles or deities in nature, the good and the evil: du'alist, n. -1st, one who adopts dualism : du'alis'tic, a. -is'tlk, consisting of two : duality, n. -dl'-i-H, state or quality of being two ; that which expresses two. dub, n. dub (Fris. dobbe, a puddle, a swamp : Scot. dub), a small pool of rain-water ; a puddle ; a gutter. dub, v. diib (Prov. adobar, to arrange, to prepare : F. douber, to rig or trim a ship : Sp. adobar, to dress or make anything up : but probably the root may be no other than the old Eng. dup, a contraction for do up, to dress, to invest with), to confer the title of knighthood by a slight tap with a sword ; to invest with any dignity or new character ; to cut down or dress with an adze, as a plank of wood: dub'bing, imp. : dubbed, pp. dubd: to dub cloth, to dress it with teasels : to dub a cock, to prepare it for fighting by cutting off its comb and wattles: dub'bing, n. (Bohem. dub, oak-bark ; dubiti, to tan), a dressing of flour and water used by weavers ; a mixture of taliow, &c, for dressing leather. dubious, a. du-bl-us (L. dubius, doubtful: It. dubio), not settled ; doubtful ; not clear or obvious ; uncertain: dubiously, ad. -li : du'biousness, n. : dubi'ety, n. -bl- e-ti, doubtfulness: dulritable, a. -bl-td-bl, doubtful; uncertain: du'bitably, ad. -bit. ducal, a. du'kdl(F. ducal; It. ducale, pert, to a duke —from L. duco, I lead ; dux, a leader), pert, to a duke : duchess, n. duch'-es, the wife or widow of a duke : ducat, n. duk'dt, coin first struck by a duke ; a coin of silver or gold much used on the Continent : duc'a- toon, n. -ton, a coin varying in value on the Conti- nent : duchy, n. duch'i, the possessions of a duke. duck, n. duk (Dut. duycken, to bow the head, to sink it under water : Bav. ducken, to press down), a well-known water-fowl ; a kind of canvas (Ger. tuch, cloth); a vulgar term of endearment ; a quick inclina- tion of the head, resembling the motion of a duck's head in water : v. to plunge or dip among water, and then withdraw, as the head ; to stoop ; to bow : duck - ing, imp. : n. immersion in water: ducked, pp. dukt: duckling, n. a young duck : duck'er, n. one who, or that which: to make ducks and drakes, to throw a stone obliquely on the water, so as to strike it, and rebound repeatedly ; to squander money as heedlessly as children throwing stones along the surface of water : ducking-stool, n. a mode of punishment for scolding women, who were placed on a stool, and then let down into the water— should be written cucking-stool as the proper term: duck'weed, n. a native water- Elant, common in fresh-water lakes and ponds : duck- jgged, a. short-legged. duct, n. dukt (F. duit, a duct : L. ductus, led— from duco, I lead), a tube or pipe for conveying a fluid; a canal. ductile, a. duk'til (L. ductilis, that may be drawn ',r; pine, pin; note, not, mOve DUDG 167 DUPL yielding; tractable: ductility, n. -l-tl, the property possessed in a greater or less degree by all the metals of being beaten or drawn out without fracturing or breaking; flexibility; obsequiousness: duc'tilely, ■Li: due tileness, n. dudgeon, n. dtij'un (W. dygen, anger, grudge), in- ward anger or resentment ; sullenness ; a dagger (Ger. dcjfu, a sword). due, a. dil (old F. deuvre; L. debere, to be necessary as a duty, to owe: It. dovuto, duty, right: mod. F. dd, clue), that ought to be paid or done to another; owing to; fit; proper; that ought to arrive at a certain time specified, as a ship or train ; exact or exactly, as due east ; seasonable ; becoming : n. that which is owed or may be justly claimed ; right ; just title ; a toll or fee : duly, ad. -li, properly ; fitly ; regularly ; at the proper time: over-due, behind in time or payment: dues, n. plu. duz, certain taxes, rates, or payments. duel, n. dil'Sl (F. — from L. duellum, a battle be- tween two — from duo, two), a battle or combat be- tween two persons with deadly weapons : du'elling, n. the act or practice of righting in single combat : du'- ellist or du'eller, n. one who tights in single combat. duenna, n. du-in'ncl (Sp. duena— from L. domina, the mistress of a family), in Spain, an old woman kept to award a younger one ; a governess. duet, u. du-et' (It. duetto^-from L. duo, two), a song or air in two parts, for two voices or instruments : duet'to, n. -to (It.), a duet. dug, n. dug (Sw. dagga, to give suck— see dairy), the teat or pap of a cow or other, beast : dug, pp. of the verb dig, which see. dugong, n. du'-gong (Malayan, duyong), a large ceta- ceous animal, resembling the seal and walrus, which lives wholly on vegetable substances ; the sea-cow. duke, n. duk(L.duco, I lead; dux, a leader: F. due: It. duca), a title of nobility of the highest order ; a chief; a prince: dukedom, n. the territory, title, or quality of a duke : duchess, n. duch'-es, the wife of a duke : du'eal, &c— see ducal. dulcamara, n. diil'ka-md'-nl (L. dulcis, sweet, and amarus, bitter), a common British hedge-plant, commonly called "bitter-sweet" or "woody night- shade," so named from its stalks or root when chewed first tasting bitter, and then sweet. dulcet, did'- set (L. dulcis, sweet), sweet to the taste or ear ; melodious ; harmonious : dulcify, v. did'-sl-fl (L. facio, I make), to make sweet; to sweeten: dul'- cifying, imp.: dulcified, pp. -fid: dul'cimer, n. -mer (Sp. dulcemele— from dulcis, sweet, and L. and Gr. vielos, a tune or air), an anc. musical instrument. dulia, n. du'll-d (Gr. douleia, service: F. dulie), an inferior worship paid to saints— distinguished from latria. dull, a. dill (Goth, dvals, foolish: Icel. dvali; Sw. dicala, giddiness, stupefaction: old H. Ger. dualm, torpor, sleep : Gael, dull, blind, obscure), the primary idea is a stoppage of the faculties or powers proper to the subject; without spirit; not cheerful; stupid; slow of understanding ; slow of hearing ; slow to learn ; not bright or clear; dim; obscure; blunt; cloudy: v. to make dull; to stupefy; to blunt; to tarnish: dulling, imp. : dulled, pp. diild: dullard, n. -lerd, a blockhead: adj. stupid: dully, ad. -II, stupidly : dul- ness, n. dulse, n. diils (Scot.), a common sea-plant, of a red- dish-brown colour, eaten in some parts of Scotland. duly, ad. du'll (see due), properly; fitly; regularly. dumb, a. dilm (Icel. dumba, darkness : Dan. dura, dim, obscure : Ger. dump/, hollow, dead— applied to sound : Dut. dom, blunt, dull), mute ; silent ; unable to speak: dumbly, ad. -II: dumbness, n. : dumb- bells, n. weights swung in the hands for exercise : dumb-show, n. signs and gestures without words : to strike dumb, to astonish ; to confound ; to deprive of the powers of speech through some sudden emotion : dumb-waiter, a framework made to act between the kitchen and dining-room, for conveying food ; a piece of furniture for the table, consisting of a series of cir- cular revolving shelves one above the other, by means of which the various articles required may be easily reached : dumfound or dumfounder, dum-fown- dcr, in familiar language, to strike dumb; to con- fuse with sudden astonishment: dum'my, n. -ml, one who is dumb ; a representation of a full package or case, and meant to deceive ; at whist, the name of the open hand when three play. coin, boy, foot; pure, I dumose, a. da-rags' (L. dumosus, covered with bushes— from dumus, a thorn-bush), bushy; full of bushes or briers ; having a low, shrubby aspect. dumps, n. plu. dilmps (Dut. domp or damp, a vapour), sulkiness; pettishness ; gloominess; sullen- ness; low spirits; melancholy: dumpish, a. sullen; dull: dump'ishly, ad. -II: dump'ishness, n. dumpy, a. diim'pl (probably from the sound of a blow, from the syllables dab or dub, a blow ; dab, a small lump: Dan. dubbet, dumpy), short and thick: humpty-dumpty, n. hum'-tl-dum'-tl, a short thick per- son : dum'pling, n. -pling, a round pudding, usually cooked by boiling. dun, n. dun (imitative of a droning sound : Icel. duna, to thunder : AS. dunung, a noise), an importu- nate creditor or visitor : v. to urge for payment of a debt ; to call or ask for frequently : dun'ning, imp. importuning: dunned, pp. dftnd. dun, a. dun (Gael, duin, to shut close : Manx, doon, to darken : Dut. doncker, dark in colour : Ger. dunkel, dark), of a dark-brown colour : dun'nish, a. -nlsh, a little brown in colour : dun'stone, n. a term applied to certain magnesian limestones of a dun or cream colour, extremely hard, and rich in lead and calamine. dun, dun— see dune. dunce, n. duns (from Duns Scotus, the great leader of the schoolmen in the dark ages, and opposed to the revival of learning, called alter hi m < / mis men or dunce- men), one who is dull or weak in intellect ; one slow at learning ; a dolt : dune ish, a. -Ish, like a dunce : dunce'dom, n. the realm or domain of dunces. dunder, n. dun'-dcr, (Sp. ralundar, to overflow), the lees or dregs of cane-juice, used in the distillation of rum. dunderhead, n. dun'der-hid (Sw. dunser, a heavy- footed man), a stupid fellow ; a dunce : dunder- headed, a. thick-headed ; stupid. dune, n. dun (Celtic, dim, a hill, a fortified place: F. dune, a sandhill), a low hill of moving sand on the coast ; a rude circular building with conical roof. dung, n. dung (Dan. dygge, to sprinkle with water : prov. Dan. dung, wet through : Sw. dynga, muck : Ger. dungen, to manure), the refuse or filth from ani- mals ; excrement ; anything filthy or rotten : v. to manure with dung : dunging, imp. : dunged, pp. dungd : dung'y, a. -I, filthy ; lull of dung : dunghill, a heap of dung ; a dirty, vile abode : adj. sprung from the dunghill ; base ; mean. dungeon, n. dun'jun (F. donjon, the large tower of a fortress— from mid. L. dominio, domgio, or dongeo, a tower, a work of defence — from domus, a house), originally the large and strongest tower of a fortress, to which the garrison could retreat in case of neces- sity, the lower apartments of such being used as pri- sons ; a close dark prison, commonly underground ; any deep dark place : dun'geoned, pp. a. -fund, con- fined in a dungeon. dunnage, n. dun'ndj (probably Gael, dun, a mound, a hill ; or Manx, doon, to close, to darken), loose sub- stances laid on the bottom of a ship as a bed for heavy ° dunned, dunning, dunnish— see dun. dunning, n. dun'-ning (from dun, of a dark-brown colour), in Amer., a particular method of curing cod- fish. duodecimal, a. du'6-dSs'l-mdl (L. duodecim, twelve — from duo, two, and decern, ten), computing by twelves : du'odec'imals, n. plu., a rule in arithmetic ; a kind of multiplication in which the denominations proceed by twelves : duodecimo, n -mo, a book hav- ing twelve leaves to a sheet : du'odec'imally, ad. -II. duodenum, n. du'6-de'num (L. duodeni, twelve each), the first of the small intestines immediately succeed- ing the stomach, which in man is about twelve inches inlength : du'ode'nal, a. -ndl, connected with, or re- lating to, the duodenum. dupe, n. dup (F. dupe, one who lets himself be de- ceived—from duppe, the bird called the hoopoe), one who is deceived ; one easily led astray ; a credu- lous person : v. to cheat ; to trick ; to deceive by im- posing on one's credulity : du'ping, imp. : duped, pp. dupt : du'per, n. one who : du'pery, n. -per-%, the act or practice of duping. duplicate, a. du'-pli-kat (L. duplicatum, to double— from duo, two, and plico, I fold : It. duplicare : F. dupliquer), double ; twofold : n. a second thing cor- responding to the first ; a copy; a pawnbroker's ticket: v. to double ; to fold : duplicating, imp. : du'pli- ca'ted, pp. : du'plica'tion, n. -ka'-shun, the act of chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. DUPP 168 DYSU doubling : du'plica'ture, n. -tur, a doubling ; a fold : duplicity, n. dii-plls'-i-tl, doubleness of heart or speech ; deceit ; deception. dupper, dup'per, or dubber, n. dtib'bei (liinfi. e-> '/i.n i;; 1 : ■- 1 » • ■ ' I ■ ii-_- >■ dwindle), to waste away ; to pine : dwi'ning, imp. : dwined, pp. dwlnd. dwt., a contraction for penny-weight : d. tor penny; wt., the first and last letters of weight. dye, v. di (AS. deaa, a dye, a colour: Dan. dygge, to sprinkle with water), to colour; to stain; to tinge deeply : n. colouring matter ; colour ; stain : dyeing, imp. -ing-. n. the art or trade of fixing colours in various fabrics : dyed, pp. did : dyer, n. one who dyes: dye-house, n. the building in which the opera- tion of dyeing is carried on: dye-stuffs, n. plu. a general name for the vegetable and mineral sub- stances used in dyeing or staining. dying, a. di'-ing (from die, which see), perishing ; losing life ; wasting away ; mortal : given or uttered just before death ; pert, to death : dy'ingly, ad. -II. dyke, n. dik (Scot, a wall or fence— see dike), in geol., applied to wall-like intrusions of igneous rocks, which fill up rents and fissures in 1 he si, ratified rocks. dynamics, n. plu. di-ndm'-iks (Gr. dunamis, power), the science that treats of the laws regulating the force or power of moving bodies: dynamical, a. -i-Ml, pert, to dynamics ; also dynamic, a. -Ik : dynami- cally, ad. -li: dyn'amom'eter, n. -mom'S-ter (Gr. met- ron, a measure), an instr. for measuring the relative strength of men and animals, &c. : dyn'amite, n. din' d-m.it, a new explosive agent, consisting of porous silica, saturated with nitro-glycerine : dynam'eter, n. -d-ter (Gr. metron, a measure), an instr. for ascertain- ing the magnifying power of telescopes : dyn'amet'ri- cal, a. -met'ri-Ml, pert, to a dynameter. dynasty, n. din'ds-ti (Gr. dunastes, a lord or chief : F. dynastie), a race or succession of kings of the same family or line: dynastic, a. di-nds'tik, relating- to a dynasty ; also dynas'tical, a. -ti-kdl. dys, dis (Gr. dus), a Gr. prefix only used in compo- sition, and indicating badness, evil, as opposed to Gr. eu, signifying goodness. dysaesthesia, n. dis'ez-thez'4-a (Gr. dus, badly, and aisthanomai, I feel), in path., impaired power of feeling. dysentery, n. dls'Sn-ter'i (Gr. dus, badly, and entera, the bowels), a flux or looseness of the bowels, accom* panied with a discharge of blood and mucus, and grip- ing pains: dys'enterlc, a. -ik, pert, to or proceeding from dysentery. dysodile, n. dis'6-dil (Gr. dusodes, fetid, and this, mud), a bituminous shale or Tertiary mud, evidently of animal origin, and emitting a highly fetid odour when burnt. dyspepsia, n. dis-pip'-si-d (Gr. dus, badly, anipepto. I digest), bad digestion; difficulty of digestion; also dyspep'sy, n. -si: dyspep'tic, a. -tik, afflicted with dyspepsia: n. a person amicti d with bad digestion. dysphagia, n. "boy, foot; pure, Md; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. EBB 170 ECTH what is being said within doors : eavesdropping, lis- tening at doors or windows to what is said within: eavesdropper, n. one who listens at doors or windows for curiosity, or for the purpose of tattling ; an insidi- ous listener. ebb, n. 6b (Ger. and Dut. ebbe, the falling back of the tide : Ger. aben, to fall off, to sink— connected with evening), the reflux or flowing back of the tide ; de- cline ; a falling from, a better to a worse state : v. to flow back, as the tide ; to return, as the waters of the sea ; to decay or decline : eb'bing, imp. : n. the flow- ing back of the tide: ebbed, pp. ebd: ebb-tide, n. the retiring tide. ebony, n. eb'on-l (L. ebenus ; Gr. ebenos, the ebon- tree : It. ebeno; F. ebene), a hard, heavy, black wood ; the tree itself: eb'onise, v. -iz, to make black : eb'onis'- ing, imp. : eb'onised, pp. -Izd: ebon, a. eb'on, of or like ebony ; black. ebracteate, a. e-brdk'H-dt (L. e, from, and bractea, a thin layer of wood), in bot., without a bract or floral leaf. ebriety, n. Sbrl'4-tl, for inebriety (L. ebrietas, drunkenness), into icatioi irunkenness. ebullition, n. 6b'ul-llsh'un, (L. ebullio, I boil or bubble up— from e, out, and bulla, a bubble), the boil- ing of liquids ; the agitation or bubbling up of a liquid, caused by particles of it being changed into steam ; effervescence ; an outward display of feeling, as of anger: ebbullient, a. e-bul'-yent, boiling over: ebul'liency, n. -yen-si, a, boiling over. eburnean, a. 6-ber'nl-dn (L. ebur, ivory), made of ivory: eburnation, n. e'bur-na'shiin, in med., the ex- cessive deposition of osseous matter in certain dis- eased states of bones. ec, prefix, 6k (see ex), ex becomes ec before c. ecarte, n. d-kdr'td (V.), a. game at cards so called. eccentric, a. ek-sen'-trlk, also eccentrical, a. -trl-kdl, (L. ex, out of, and centrum, centre : Gr. ek, out of, and kentron, the centre), odd; singular; departing from the usual course ; not having the same centre : n. a circle not having the same centre as another ; a wheel having its axis out of the centre : eccen'trically, ad. -II: eccentricity, n. ek'-sen-trls'-l-tl, the being odd or singular ; deviation from a centre ; the distance of the centre of a planet's orbit from the centre of the sun. ecchymosis, , k'\ mS'si [Gr.eh, out of, and chumos, juice, sap— from chuo, I pour out), livid spots or blotches on the skin, caused by an effusion of blood under the skin, as in a black eye. Ecclesiates, n. ek-kle'-zl-ds'-tez (Gr. ekklesia, an as- sembly, a church : L. ecclesia), one of the books of the Old Testament : Eccle'sias'ticus, n. -ds'-tl-kus, a book of the Apocrypha: eccle'sias'tic, a. -tlk, also eccle- sias'tical, a. -tl-kal, pert, to the Church : eccle'sias'- tic, n. a clergyman; a priest: eccle'sias'tically, ad. -II: eccle'sias'ticism.n. -as'H-slzm, Church principles: eccle'siol'ogy, n. -61-6-jl (Gr. logos, a discourse), the science of buiidim- ami .:<■., •< .■;;,,■■ churches: eccle'- siolog'ical, a. -loj'l-k&l, pert, to church-building, &c. : eccle'siol'ogist, n. -jlst, one who. eccroprotic, a. 6k'-ro-prot'-lk (Gr. ek, out of, and kopros, dung), in med., promoting the discharge from the bowels. ecdysis, n. 6k-dl-sls (Gr. ekdusis, a coming out, an emerging— from ek, out of, and duo, I enter), the act of putting off or moulting ; emerging. echelon, n. 6sh'-6-long(¥. a ladder-step— from dchelle, a ladder), the position of an army or body of troops in the form of steps of a ladder; an army arranged in lines or divisions, having the right of the one border- ing upon, but slightly behind the left of the other : ech'eloned, a. -longd, arranged in lines like steps, or as a series of terraces or platforms one above the other. echinate, a. 6k'-X-ndt, also ech'ina'ted, a. (L. echinus; Gr. echinos, a hedgehog: It. echino ; F. echine), set with prickles ; prickly ; bristled : echinida, n. 6-kl'nl- da, also echinoidea, n. 6k'l-ndy'dl-d (Gr. eidos, like- ness), a family of the radiata, comprehending the marine creatures known as sea-eggs or sea-urchins : ech'inite, n. -nit, a general term for any fossil sea- urchin, or part of one : echinus, n. 8-kl'nus, a radiated animal ; a sea-hedgehog ; a sea-urchin ; prickly head or top of a plant; an ornamental moulding with oval spaces : echinoderm, n. 6-kl'-n0-derm, echinoder'- mata, -ilrr'-ma-tii, also echi'noderms, -clermz (Gr. der- ma, skin), a numerous class of radiata, like the star- fish and sea-urchin, all less or more covered with a firm crustaceous substance, often densely armed with spines: echi'noder'mal, a. -mdl, relating to the echi- nodermata: echinosphaerites, n. plu. 6k'-l-nos'-J'e- rlts (Gr. sphaira, a ball), in geol., a genus of echino- derms characterised by their small size and globular form: echinostachys, n. e-kl'nO-std'kls (Gr. stachus, a head of flowers), a singular fossil, apparently a spike of inflorescence, beset on all sides with a kind of fruit. echo, n. 6k'0 (L. or Gr. echo, a sound : inane, myth., a nymph who pined away into a sound for love of Nar- cissus), sound, as of a voice, reverberated or returned to the ear from an opposite hill, &c. ; a repeated sound : v. to send back a sound ; to be sounded back : ech'oing, imp. : adj. sending back sound : echoed, pp. ek'-od, returned, as an echo : echometry> n. e-kom'-e-trl (Gr. metron, a measure), the art of mea- suring the length of sounds : echom'eter, n. -ter, an instr. for measuring the duration of sounds, and their intervals. eclaircissement, n. 6-kldr'sls-mdng' (F.), the clear- ing or explaining any thing or affair not before under- stood; explanation. eclampsy, n. ek-ldmp-sl, or eclamp'sia, n. -sl-d (Gr. eklampsis, a shining forth— from ek, forth, from, and lampein, to shine), an appearance of flashing of light which attends epilepsy ; any form of epilepsy or other convulsive disease. eclat, n. 6-kld' (F.), sudden splendour or brightness ; applause ; sho . iking effect. eclectic, a. ek-lek'-tik (Gr. eklektikos, selecting— from ek, out of, and lego, I choose or gather : F. dclectique), choosing or seh bing.as ona or doctrines : n. any philosopher in anc. times who selected his opinions and principles from various sources : eclec'tically, ad. -II : eclec'tics, n. plu. -tiks, a sect of philosophers ; a certain sect of Christians: eclec'ticism, n. -ti-slzm, the principles or doctrines of the eclectics. eclipse, n. ek-llps' (L. eclipsis; Gr. ekleipsis, a for- saking, a being absent, an eclipse: It. eclisse: F. eclipse), the phenomenon of a celestial body disap- pearing from view in whole or in part, inconsequence of another celestial body passing between it and the spectator ; darkness : v. to hide or conceal a lumin- ous body in whole or in part; to cloud or darken; to disgrace : eclip'sing, imp. : eclipsed', pp. -kllpst, concealed; darkened; outshone: eclip'tic, n. -tlk, the apparent path of the sun in the heavens in a year —so called because an eclipse cannot take place un- less the moon be in or near the ecliptic. eclogue, n. ek'log (L. ecloga; Gr. ekloge, a selection —from Gr. ek, out of, and lego, I choose : F. eglogue), a select piece ; a pastoral poem : eclogite, n. ek'10- git, a mineral, being a fine-grained mixture of green smeragdite and red garnet. economy, n. 6-kon-o-ml (L. ozconomia; Gr. oikono- mia, the management of household affairs— from Gr. oikos, a house, and nomos, a law), the frugal and prudent management of a family or household ; fru- gality ; the judicious management and arrangement of the affairs of a nation— the study of the best sys- tem for which is called political economy; a system of rules or regulations ; the operations of nature in regard to animals or plants : economic, a. ek'O-nOin'-tk, also ec'onom'ical, a. -l-kdl, pert, to household matters ; frugal; careful; thrifty: economically, ad. -II: ec'- onom'ics, n. plu. -Iks, the science of household affairs : economise, v. 6-kon'-o-miz, to manage money matters, or household expenditure, with frugality : econ'omi'- sing, imp.: adj. using with frugality: economised', pp. -mlzd ': econ'omi'ser, n. -ml'zer, one who: econ- omist, n. one who manages household matters fru- gally: political economist, one who writes on or teaches political economy. ecorchee, n. a-kdr'-shd (F.), in paint, and sculp., an animal or human subject, or the representation of one, deprived of its skin, so that the muscular system is exposed for the purposes of study. ecstasy, n. ek'-std-si (Gr. ekstasis, change of state— from ek, out, and stasis, standing, state), excessive joy; extreme delight; a state of the body in which the functions of the senses are suspended ; a trance : ec'stasied, a. -sld, enraptured; filled with extreme delight: ecstatic, a. -stdt'lk, also ecstat'ical, a. -l-kdl. ecthlipsis, n. ek-thllp'sls (Gr. ekthlipsis, a pressing: or squeezing out— from Gr. ek, from, and thlibo, I press or squeeze), in L. gram., a figure of speech in mdte, mtlt,/dr, law; mete, m6t, Iter; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; ECTR 171 EFFI ■which a final m with the preceding vowel is cut off, when the next word begins with a vowel. ectropium, n. ek-tro'-pi-um (Gr. ek, out of, and trepo, I turn), a disease in which the eyelashes are turned outwards. ectype, n. ek'tlp (L. ectypus; Gr. ektupos, worked in high relief— from Gr. ek, out of, and tupos, stamp, figure), a copy from an original ; a cast in relief of an ornamental design: ec typal, a. -ti-pdl, taken from the original; copied: ec typography, n. -pog'rd-fi (Gr. grapho, I write), a method of etching by which the lines are raised on the plate instead of sunk in. ecumenic, a. ek'ii-men'-ik, also ecumenical, a. -i-kdl (Gr. oikoumenikos, pert, to tin- inhabitable earth, uni- versal— from oikeo, I inhabit), general; universal — usually applied to the councils of the Church; also written oecumenical. eczema, n. ek'-ze-md (Gr. ekzesis, a boiling out — from ek, out, and zeo, I boil), an eruption of the skin in small watery pustules, without fever. edacious, a. e-da : >hus (L. edax, voracious — gen. edacis—Xrom. edo, I eat), eating; greedy; voracious: edaciously, ad. -II: edacity, n. -dds'-l-ti, greediness; rapacity. edaphodon, n. S-ddf-6-don (Gr. edaphos, the pave- ment, odous, a tooth), in geol., a genus of fishes, founded chiefly on the jaws and dental apparatus. eddish, n. ed'dish (a corruption of eatage; Fris. etten, to pasture), the pasturage or eatable growth of either grass or corn field. eddy, n. ed'dl (Icel. yda, a whirlpool— from yda, to boil : AS. yth, a wave, a flood), a current of water con- trary to the main stream; a circular motion of water; a whirlpool: v. to move, as an eddy: eddying, imp.: eddied, pp. -did. edematous, a. ScWm'd-tus, also edem'atose, a, -tOz (Gr. video, I swell; oUUiiut, a swelling), having a minor form of dropsy ; full of humour ; dropsical ; also spelt cedem'atous. Eden, n. e'-den (Heb. eden, delight), the garden given by God for the dwelling-place of Adam and Eve ; a place of delight. edentate, a. S-dSn'tdt, also eden'tated, a. (L. eden- tat us, rendered toothless— from e without, and dens, a tooth), without teeth; deprived of teeth; without front teeth: e'denta'ta, n. -td'-td, an order of quadru- peds, so called because they agree in being destitute of front or incisive teeth: edentulous, a. -tu-lus, toothless. edge, n. Sj (AS. ecge; Icel. egg; Gr. ake, a point, an edge: Dut. egghe, an angle, an edge: Ger. ecke, a comer), the extreme border of anything ; brink ; verge ; the thin cutting part of a knife, &c; keenness ; sharpness of mind or appetite: v. to sharpen; to border or fringe; to incite; to provoke; to move gradually: edging, imp. inciting; moving gradually or sideways: n. a narrow lace ; trimming added to a garment for ornament ; an outside row of plants : edged, pp. and a. ejd, furnished with an edge or border ; sharp ; keen : edge less, a. not sharp ; blunt : to set the teeth on edge, to cause a grating or tingling sensation in the teeth : to edge in, to get in ; to slide in: edge-tool, a cutting instrument: edgewise, ad. in direction of the edge ; sidewise. edible, a. ed'i-bl (L. edo, I eat), fit to be eaten as food ; eatable : edibles, n. plu. -biz, things fit to be eaten as food. edict, n. e'-dlkt (L. edictum, to utter or proclaim — from e out, and dictum, to say), the written command or order of a sovereign ; a decree ; a proclamation having the force of law. edify, v. ed'ifi (L. ozdifico, I build— from cedes, a house, and facio, I make : F. edifier, to build, to in- struct), to instruct and improve the mind ; ed'ifying, imp.: adj. instructing; improving: edified, pp. -fid, instructed; improved: edifier, n. -fler, one who: edifylngly, ad. -li: edification, n. -fi-ka-shfra, a building up or improvement of the mind in faith and holiness; instruction; improvement in any kind of knowledge : edifice, n. -fis, a large or splendid build- ing ; a large structure : ed'ifici'al, a. -fish'-dl, respect- ing the appearance of an edifice. edile, n. e'dll (L. cedilis— from cedes, a house or building), a magistrate of anc. Rome who had the oversight of buildings and streets, &c: e'dileship, n. the office. edit, v. ed'it (L. editum, to publish, to utter— from e, out, and datum, to give), to revise and prepare for publication; to publish: editing, imp.: n. act of an editor ; the act of making or preparing for the press : edited, pp.: editor, n. -ttr, one who superintends the publication of a book, magazine, >>r newspaper: edl- to'rial, a. -to'-rl-dl, written by an editor: editorship, n.: edition, n. S-dish'-un, the whole number of copies of a book printed at one time. educate, v. ed'-u-kat (L. education, to bring up, to rear— from e, out of, and duco, I lead : It. educars ), to instruct ; to inform and expand the mind ; to bring up as a child: ed'ucating, imp. : ed'uca'ted, pp. in- structed; trained; furnished with knowledge: ed- uca'tor, n. -kd'-tir, an instructor; a teacher: educa'- tion, n. -shiin, instruction; formation of manners; the cultivation of the moral, intellectual, and phy- sical powers: ed'ucational,a.-«/,pert. to education: educe, v. 6-dus', to bring or draw out; to bring to light; to elicit; to develop: edu'cing, imp. -sino: educed', pp. -diisf: educt, n. e'dilkt, that which is brought to light by separation or analysis : educ'tion, n. -duk'-shun, the act of educing or bringing into view: eductor, n. that which extracts. edulcorate, v. H-dul'-ko-rdt (L. e, out of, and dulcis, sweet), to free from acids or other foreign substances by washings or nitrations: edulcora' ting, imp. : edul'- cora'ted, pp. eel, n. el (Dut. aal; Fin. ilja, slimy: Esthon. ilia, slime, saliva), a well-known long slender-bodied fish, species of which occur both in fresh and salt water. e'en, e'er, en, dr, contractions for even and ever. eerie or eery, a. e'ri (Scot.), serving to inspire fear ; wild: affected with fear. ef, prefix, ef, another form of ex, which see. efface, v. if -fas' (L. ex, out, and fades, the face : F. effacer, to blot out), to destroy or render illegible ; to wear away ; to strike or rub out ; to destroy any im- pression on the mind: effa'cing, imp.: effaced', pp. -fast': efface'able, a. M.-U, capable of being rubbed out: efface'ment, n. act of effacing. effect, n. effekt' (L. effectus, made, finished— from ex, out, and facio, I make), result or consequence of a cause or agent ; consequence ; result ; impression pro- duced by certain combinations, as in a picture : v. to produce ; to bring to pass ; to accomplish : effec'ting, imp.: effec'ted, pp.: effec'ter, n. one who; also effec- tor: effec'tible, a. -tl-bl, that maybe done: effec'tive, a. -llv, having power to effect; producing effect; active; serviceable; operative: effectively, ad. -If, powerfully; with real operation: effectless, a.: ef- fectiveness, 11.: effects', n. plu. goods ; movables: in effect, really ; virtually : effec'tual, a, -tudl, producing the effect intended or desired; efficacious; complete: effectually, ad. -II: effec'tuats, v. -at, to bring to pass; to accomplish: effectuating, imp.: effec'tua'- ted, pp. effeminate, a. Sf-fSrn'-X-not (L. eff< minatum.to make a woman of— from ex, out, and femina, a woman: It. effeminare: F. effeminer), soft and delicate as a wo- man; womanish ; unmanly; weak: v. to make woman- ish ; to unman ; to soften : effem'inating, imp. : ef- feminated, pp. : effem'inately, ad. -II .- effemlnate- ness, n.: effeminacy, n. -i-na-si, unmanly delicacy; womanish weakness ; voluptuousness. effendi, n. effen'di (Turk.), master; lord; a title of respect among the Turks, particularly given to men learned in the law. effervesce, v. ef'fer-ves' (L. effervescere, to boil up or over— from ex, out, and fervere, to boil, to be hot), to bubble up, as in boiling ; to froth up, as in the fer- menting of liquids : ef ferves'cing, imp.: adj. bubbling up : effervesced', pp. -vest': ef ferves'cent, a. -sent, gently boiling or bubbling : ef'ferves'cence, n. -sens, the frothing or bubbling up of liquids from the genera- tion and escape of gas : ef'ferves'cible, a. -si-bl, capable of producing effervescence. effete, a. effef (L. effetus, barren, worn out— from ex, out, and faztus, the young of any creature), worn barren; exhausted. efficacious, a. ef'fl-ka'shus (L. efficax, effectual, powerful— gen. efficacis— from ex, out, and facio, I make or do : It. and F. efficace), producing the effect intended ; effectual : efficaciously, ad. -li: effica'- ciousness, n. -nes: efficacy, n. -kd-si, power to pro- duce effects ; virtue ; power ; ability : efficient, a. -fish'-ent, producing effects ; able ; competent ; ma- terial : n. that which produces effects ; he that makes : effici'ently, ad. -li: effici'ence, -ens, also efficiency, n. -en-si, a causing to be or exist ; effectual agency ; power of performing works. effigy, n. effi-jl (L. effigies, an image— from ex, out, boy, foot; pure, bild; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. EFFL 172 EL AT and Jingo, I form: It. and F. effigie),the image or like- ness of a person, whether a full figure or in part ; a portrait: effigial, a. ef-fij'-l-dl, pert, to, or having the ■ ■i :n:i of, an effigy: to burn or hang in effigy (L. in effigie), to burn or hang the image or figure of a person. effloresce, v. gf -fid-res' (L. efflorescere, to blow, or bloom, as a flower— from ex, out, and flos, a flower), to become covered with crystals, as the moisture frozen on a pane of glass ; to form a mealy powder on the surface, as of a liquid ; to become dusty on the surface.; in chem., to change from a compact or crys- talline state to a powder, generally by losing water of crystallisation: ef'nores'cing, imp.: effloresced', pp. -rest': efflores'cence, n. -res-ens, the being in flower; bloom; a mealy-like substance which covers certain minerals when exposed to the action of the atmos- phere ; redness of the skin : ef ' flores'cent, a. -ent, shooting out in flowers ; forming a white powder on the surface ; throwing out minute needle-like crystals. effluent, a. cf'fio-ent (L. effluens, flowing or running out— from ex, out, and fluens, flowing: F. effluent), flowing out : n. a stream which flows out of another stream, or out of a lake : effluence, n. -6ns, that which flows from any body or substance : effluvium, n. ef-fld'-vi-um, plu. efflu'via, -d (L. a flowing out), the 'in i ih'i" rapoui ii -as arising from putrefying matter or from diseased bodies ; a disagreeable smell : efflux, n. e/'fluks (L. effluxus, flowed out), that which flows out ; a flowing out or issuing in a stream. effort, n. effort (F. effort— from L. ex, out, and fortis, strong), exertion ; endeavour ; strain : effort- less, a. without effort. effrontery, n. ef-friin'-ter-l(F. effronterie, impudence '-from L. ex, out or forth, and from, the forehead- gen, frontis), impudence ; shameless boldness. effulge, v. ef-fulf (L. effulgens, a shining or gleam- ing forth— from ex, out, and fulgeo, I shine), to shine with splendour : efful'ging, imp. : effulged, pp. -filljd' .- efful'gent, a. -jent, din'usin or * flr >" H nf Ho** ■ ^Ho-ht. • efful'gence, n. -jens, great 1 dour : effuT gently, ad. -II. effuse, v. effuz' (L. effusus, poured out or forth— from ex, out, and fusus, poured), to pour out ; to spill or shed, as a fluid : effu'sing, imp. : effused', pp. -fuzd', poured out ; shed : effusion, n. gf-fu'-zhun, a shedding or spil'ing ; act of pouring out ; what is poured out : effusive, a. -zlv, flowing abundantly ; that pours out largely : effu'sively, ad. -II. eft, n. eft (AS. efete, an eft : Sans, apada, a reptile —from a, not, and pad, a foot), a small lizard ; a newt. egg, n. gg (AS. oeg ; old Eng. eye ; Ger. ei, an egg), a roundish body produced by the females of birds and certain other animals, out of which a creature is pro- duced of a like kind ; the spawn of fishes, &c. : egg- shaped, a. in the form of an egg. egg, v. eg (Icel. egg. an edge ; eggia, to sharpen— see edge), to urge on ; to incite : eg'ging, imp. : egged, pp. egd. eglantine, n. gg'-ldn-tin (F. aiglantin, the dog-rose ; Prov. aguilen, a hawthorn), the old Eng. name for the sweet-brier. ego, n. e'-go (L. ego, meaning I : Ger. ich ; Dan. jeg ; Sw. jag; AS. ic, I), the thinking subject, whatever it may be— all beyond being non-ego .- egoism, n. e'-go- izm, the doctrine of those who believe everything un- certain but their own existence: e'goist, n. one who believes nothing certain but his own existence : ego- tism, n. eg'-o-tlzm, a speaking or writing much of one's self : eg'otist, n. one who writes or speaks much of himself : eg"oti3e, v. -tiz, to exalt one's self : eg'oti'- sing, imp. : eg'otised, pp. -tlzd -. eg'otis'tic, a. -tis'-tik, also eg'otis'tical, a. -tl-kcll, self-conceited : eg'otis ti- cally, ad. -II. egregious, a. - ;; gn'-ii ■■// . ' : ,. ran --■ i • i-s: It. elemen- to: F. ilement), a simple substance; the first or con- stituent principle of anything ; an ingredient or con- stituent part ; the proper sphere or state of anything : plu. the first rules or principles of any branch of knowledge; rui lata; an outline or sketch ; the bread and wine used in the Eucharist or Lord's Supper el'emen'tal, a. -men'-tdl, produced by ele- ments; arising from first principles: el'emen'tally, ad. -ll: el'ementallty, n. -i-ti, com] i . tion of ingredients: el'emen'tary, a. -ter-i, simple; relating to first principles; rudimentary icur bined; uncompounded ; primary: out of one's ele- ment, in fa miliar language, out of one's proper habi- tation or sphere; dealing rii\ infai dliar matters: the elements, in popular language, fire, air, earth, and water. elemi, n. Sl'e-ml(F., It., and Sp., elemi— probably of Oriental or Amer. origin), a resinous substance ob- tained from several allied species of trees, brought cotv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. ELEN 174 ELUC elemi, used to give consistency to {lie varnish which forms part of the composition-of lacquer. elenchus, n. e-Ungk-us, also elench, n. e-Ungkf (Gr. elengchos, proof, demonstration), in log., a vicious or fallacious argument ; a sophism ; a syllogism which convinces or confutes an antagonist: elen'chial, a. -kl-dl, pert. to. elephant, n. el'S-fdnt (Gr. and L. elephas, an elephant — gen. elephantis : ¥. elephant: It. elephante), the name of a well-known animal : el'ephan'tine, a. -fdn'tln, pert, to; very large: el'ephanti'asis, n. -tl' d-sls, a disease of the skin by which it.»becomes thick, livid, and insen bl I i % ■ el'ephan'toid, a. -tdycl, also el'ephantoi'dal, a. -toy'ddl, shaped like an ele- phant. Eleusinian, a. el'u-sln'i-dn, relating to the anc. mysteries of Greece ; pert, to the rites in honour of Ceres at Eleusis, in Greece. elevate, v. 61'6-vdt (L. elevatum, to lift up, to raise— from e, out of, and levo, I raise : F. dlever: It. elevare), to raise to a higher state or station ; to exalt ; to re- fine ; to raise in mind and habits ; to raise in height, as the voice : el'eva'ting, imp. : el'eva'ted, pp. raised ; exalted; dignified; excited: el'eva'tor, n. one who, or that which, raises or exalts ; in anat. , a muscle which serves to raise a part of the body ; in surg., an instr. for raising the depressed portion of a bone ; also el'eva'tory, n. -ter-l, an instr. for raising a depressed or a fractured part of the skull : adj. able or tending to raise : el'eva'tion, n. -vd'shun, the act of raising from a lower to a higher state or condition ; exalta- tion of character or style ; raised ground ; a sketch plan of the front or principal side of a building : angle of elevation, the angle through which a heavenly object appears elevated above the horizontal plane to a spectator looking upwards : eleve, n. a-ldv' (F. bred, a pupil), one reared or protected by another ; a pupil; a disciple. eleven, n. 6-lev'n{AS. endleofan ; Goth, ainlif, eleven, literally, leave one: Gr. leipein; L. lictum, to leave: Lith. likti, to remain over ; lekas, what remains over, odd— as, pirmas lekas, the first in excess above ten, i.e., eleven), ten and one added : elev'enth, a. -ISv'nth, next after the tenth: eleventhly, ad. -ll, in the elev- enth place. elf, n. 6lf, plu. elves, Slvz (AS. celf; Icel. alfr; Ger. alp, supernatural beings of the Northern mytho- logy), a fairy ; a wandering spirit ; an undersized or mischievous demon : elfin, a. elf '-in, of or relating to elves : n. playfully applied to a child, as being small and mischievous: elfish, a. resembling an elf; in secret disguise : elvan, a. Slv'dn, same as elfish : elf- lock, n. matted or intricately entangled hair. Elgin marbles, n. plu. el'gln mdr'blz, a name given to a collection of anc. sculptures in the British Mu- seum, collected in Athens by Lord Elgin. elicit, v. e-lls'lt (L. elicitum, to draw out, to lure forth— from e, out of, and lacio, I allure : It. elicere), to draw out ; to extract ; to deduce by reason or argu- ment : eliciting, imp. : elicited, pp. : eliclta'tion, n. -i-td'shiln, the act of eliciting or drawing out. elide, v. 8-lld" j(L. elido, I strike out— from e, out of, and laedo, I strike forcibly, I hurt : F. ilider), to cut off or suppress a vowel or syllable, usually a final one: eli'ding, imp. : eli'ded,pp. : elisi'on, n. -llzh'un, the cutting off or suppression of a vowel or syllable at the end of a word, as in poetry, in order to make the lines of the requisite length. eligible, a. 6l'i-ji-bl (L. eligo, I choose or pick out— from e, out of, and lego, I choose : F. Eligible), fit to be chosen; suitable; proper; legally qualified; de- sirable: eligibly, ad. -jl-bll: eligibleness, n. -bl-n8s, also eligibility, n. -Ml'i-fl, worthiness or fitness to be chosen; that which renders one thing preferable to another. eliminate, v. S-llm'l-ndt (L. eliminatum, to turn another out of doors— from e, out of, and limen, a threshold : It. eliminare : F. dliminer), to set at liberty; to get rid of anything; to throw out or reject some- thing from an argument; in alg., to cause a quan- tity to disappear from an equation; to disengage; to separate : elimlna'ting, imp. : elimlna'ted, pp. : elimlna'tion, n. -nd'shun, the act of expelling or dis- charging ; the act of throwing out or rejecting some- thing from an argument or process of thought ; in alg., the process of causing certain letters to disappear from an equation. eliquation, n. tl'-l-kwd'-shun (L. elequare, to melt out— from e, out, and liquo, I melt), the separation of substances that melt at different temperatures by raising the heat sufficient to melt the one but not the other. elision, n. — see elide. elite, n. e-let' (F.— fr choose), the flower of a chosen part. elixir, n. 8-Wcs'lr (Ar. el iksir, the philosopher's liquor for conferring immortality, sought after by the old alchemists. Elizabethan, a. e-llz'-d-beth'-dn, after the manner or model of the time of Queen Elizabeth. elk, n. 81k (AS. elch; Sw. elg, an elk), an animal of the deer kind, with broad palm-shaped antlers ; moose- deer. ell, n. el (Gr. olene; L. ulna, the forearm: Dut. el; F. aulne, an ell-measure), the name of a measure of length for cloth; an English ell is 45 inches— the Flemish, 27— the Scotch, 37 and 2-10ths. ellipsis, n. 81-llp'sls, plu. ellip'ses, -sez, also ellipse', -lips', plu. ellip ■ '■ II i j,, is; Gr. elleipsis, ;m omission or defect— from Gr. leipo, I leave), an oval figure ; a figure formed by cutting a cone or sugar- loaf in an oblique direction across its length ; in a sentence, the omission of a word or words obviously understood : ellip'sograph, n. -so-grdf (Gr. grapho, I write), an instr. for describing a semi-ellipse : ellip - soid, n. -sdyd (Gr. eidos, form), a figure or solid formed by the revolution of an ellipse about its axis : ellip'soid or el'lipsoi'dal, a. -soy'ddl, pert, to: ellip'- tic, a. -tik, also ellip'tical, a. -tl-kdl, having the form of an ellipse ; approaching the form of an ellipse ; de- fective; having a part understood: ellip' tically, ad. -II: el'lipticlty, n. -tlsH-tl, the fraction that indicates the deviation of an ellipse from a sphere or circle. elm, n. 81m, (L. ulmus; Dut. olm ; F. orme), the name of a well-known tree : elmy, a. 8l'-ml, abound- ing in elms. elocution, n. 81'6-ku'shun (L. elocutio, oratorical delivery— from e, out of, and locutus, spoken : F. Elo- cution: It. elocuzione), the management and quality of the voice in the utterance or delivery of words ; fluency of speech ; style or manner of speaking : el'o- cu'tionary, a. -er-l, relating to elocution: el'ocu'- tionist, n. -1st, one versed in, or who treats of, elocu- tion. eloge, n. 8-lozh' (F.— from L. elogium, a short saying or maxim), eulogy ; a panegyric; an oration in honour of a deceased person: elogium, n. 8-lo'jl-um, also elogy, n. 81-6-jl, a funeral oration— same as eloge: el'o- gist, n. -jist, one who pronounces an elogy. elongate, v. 8-long'gdt (mid. L. elongatus, made long —from e, out of, and longus, long), to extend; to lengthen ; to draw out ; to go farther off : elon'gat- ing, imp. : elon'gated, pp.: elongation, n. e'long-gd- shun, the act of lengthening; < \i,< usion ; continua- tion ; departure ; apparent distance of a planet from the sun. elope, v. Mop' (Icel. hlaupa; Dut. loopen, to run: Norm, laupast, to ran away), to run away privately ; to run away from the house of a father, husband, or guardian without leave, in company with another per- son: elo'ping, imp.: eloped', pp. -lOpt': elope'ment, n. -mint, the private departure from a house without leave, as of a wife from a husband in order to co- habit with another man, or as a young woman from her parents or guardians in order to be married with- out their consent. eloquent, a. 6l'6-kwSnt (L. eloquens, eloquent— from e, out of, and loquor, I speak: F. eloquent: It. elo- quente), forcible and powerful in the use of appro- priate language ; fluent ; persuasive : el'oquently, ad. -II: el'oquence, n. -kwens, persuasive speech; the fluent use of forcible and elegant language in public speaking ; the power of expressing strong emotions in striking and beautiful language ; oratory. else, ad. 6ls(AS. elles, otherwise: old F. el; Gr. al- ios; L. alius, other), other; different; besides: conj. otherwise; in the other case : n. other person or thing. elsewhere, ad. 8ls'hwdr (else, and where), in any other place ; in some other place ; in other places. elucidate, v. 8-16'sl-ddt (L. e, out of, and lucidus, bright, clear), to make clear ; to throw light upon ; to act of throwing light upon anything obscure ; illustra- mute, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; ELUD 175 EMBL •tlv, also elu'ci- tion ; explanation: elu'cida'tive, da'tory, a. -ti-r-l, explanatory. elude, v. e-lod' (L. eludo, I mock, I deceive— from e, out of, and ludo, I play: It. eluderc: F. Under), to escape ; to shun ; to evade ; to avoid by artifice ; to escape being seen: eluding, imp.: eluded, pp.: elu'- dlble, a. -dl-bl, capable of being eluded : elu'sion, n. ■l6'-zhun (L. elusum, to mock, to deceive), escape by artifice; evasion: elusive, a. -ziv, deceptive; using arts to escape: elu'sively, ad. -II: elusory, a. -zer-l, tending to elude or deceive ; deceitful ; evasive. elutriate, v. 6-l6'-trl-dt (L. elutriatus, washed out, decanted— from e, out of, and latum, to wash), to purify by decanting or straining off; to cleanse by washing: elutriating, imp.: elu'tria'ted, pp.: elu- tria'tion, n. -a'shun, the process of washing metallic ores, &c, by which the lighter earthy parts are sepa- rated from the heavier and metallic. elvan, n. ei'-vdn (see elf), pert, to elves: elvan courses, a Cornish name for felspathic rock or por- phyry occurring in dykes in the mining districts of that county. elver, n. il'-ver (the young eels in their passage up the Thames are called eel-fare, of which it is a pro- bable corruption), small eels caught in some parts of the kingdom. elves, n. eivz, plu. of elf, which see : el'vish, the same as elfish. elysian, a. C-llzh'-l-dn (L. ehjsium; Gr. elusion, the abode of the blessed), pert, to the seat of delight ; de- lightful in the highest degree: elysium, n. 6-llzh-l-um, in anc. myth., the abode of future happiness; any delightful place, elytrum, n. CV-l-trum, or elytron, n. -trdn, plu. ely- tra, -tr& (Gr. elutron, a covering or sheath), the hard coriaceous case or sheath which covers the wings of such insects as the beetle; the wing-sheath. em, 6m (F. en : L. in: Gr. en), a prefix ; a form of en, which becomes em before b, p, or m-. AS. prefix em signifies to make, to surround: Gr. prefix em signi- fies in or on: em, for L. im, signifies in, on, or into. emaciate, v. e-ma'-shl-at (L. e, out of, and maciare, to make lean or thin; macies, leanness), to become lean ; to deprive of flesh ; to lose flesh gradually ; to pine or waste away : ema'cia'ting, imp. : ema'cia'ted, pp.: ema'ciation, n. -a'shun, a becoming lean by a gradual waste of flesh ; the being reduced to leanness. emanate, v. im'a-nat (L. emanatum, to flow out— from e, out of, and memo, I flow: It. emanare: F. emaner), to issue or flow from something, as a source ; to arise or spring from: em'ana'ting, imp.: em'ana'- ted, pp.: em'ana'tion, n. -nu'-shun, that which issues or proceeds from any object as a source ; a flowing from; an efflux: em'ana'tive, a. -tlv, issuing from another: em'ana'tively, ad. -ll. emancipate, v. e-mdn'-sl-pat (L. emancipatum, to declare free and independent— from e, out of? from, and inancipium, the legal sale of a thing, a slave— from manus, the hand, and capio, I take), to set free from bondage or slavery; to restore to liberty; to free from any controlling influence : eman'cipa'ting, imp. : eman'cipa'ted, pp. set free from bondage or servi- tude; liberated: emancipation, n. -pa-shun, deliver- ance from bondage or controlling influence ; the act of setting free fi (ties: eman'cipa'tionist, n., also eman'cipa'tor, n. -ter, an advocate for the abo- lition of slavery ; one who liberates from bondage or slavery: emancipist, n. in Australia, a convict who has been set free, or wh his liberty. emarginate, a. e-mdr'-jl-ndt, also emar'gina'ted (L. emarginare, to deprive of its edge— from e, out of, and margo, the extremity or margin), having the margin broken by an obtuse notch oi he i i i r a circle ; in hot., slightly notched at the summit, as if a piece had been cut out. emasculate, v. S-mds'-ku-ldt (L. e, out of, and mas- r.ulus, a male: It. mascolo: F. male), to geld or cas- trate ; to weaken ; to render effeminate : emas'cula'- ting, imp. : emas'cula'ted, pp. : emas'cula'tion, n. - 1 a'-shun, the act of depriving of virility; unmanly embalm, v. em-bdm' (F. embaumer, to embalm or perfume— from em, in, and baume, balsam), to fill the internal parts of a dead body with aromatics and drugs in order to preserve it from decay ; to preserve and treasure with great care ; to preserve with affec- tion, as, to embalm in one's memory: embalming, imp.: n. a process by which a dead body is preserved from putrefaction and decay— a body thus prepared was called a mummy: embalmed', pp. -b&md": em- balm'er, n. -er, one who. embank, v. em-bdngk' (em, in, and bank), to inclose or protect by a raised mass of stones or earth ; to de- fend or protect by a mound or dyke: embanking, imp.: embanked', pp. -bangkf : embank'ment, n. an inclosure by a mound of earth or stone : a mound of earth, or a raised structure, partly of stone, to prevent the encroachments of water ; a raised mound of earth spanning a valley for a railway. embargo, n. im-bdr'-go (Sp. embargar, to impede, to restrain; embargo, impediment), an order by au- thority to a ship or ships not to leave a harbour or port ; an order to a ship not to trade for a limited time : v. to lay an embargo on a ship : embargoing, imp. : embargoed, pp. -god, hindered from sailing or trading for a time. embark, v. em-bark' (F. embarquer, to put on ship- board—from em, in or on, and barque, a boat), to go on board a ship about to sail ; to cause to go on board a ship ; to engage in any undertaking ; to engage an- other in any affair : embarking, imp.: embarked', pp. -bdrkt': embarkation, n. em'-bdr-ka'shun, the act of going or of putting on board a ship ; that which is embarked— sometimes spelt embarcation. embarrass, v. em-bdr'-rds (Sp. emharazo, confusion, perplexity: Port, embaracar, to mix, to embroil: F. embarrasser, to perplex— from the root bar or bar, used to represent confused sound), to confuse ; to per- plex ; to entangle ; to involve : to abash : embar rass- ing, imp.: adj. perplexing; confusing: embarrassed, pp. -rdst, perplexed; confused: embarrassment, n. -mint, perplexity ; confusion ; distress or perplexity from inability to discharge debts. embassy, n. Sm'-bds-sl, also embassage, -sdj (mid. L. ambascia, business of another, message committed to another : F. ambassade, an embassy, a love-message— see ambassador), a public message to another na- tion; the charge of a public minister to a foreign court ; the minister himself, his residence and suite ; a solemn message. embattle, v. Cm-bdt'-l (em, in or on, and battle), to array troops for battle ; to indent for ornament or de- fence, as a wall : embat'tling, imp. -ling: embat'tled, pp. -Id: adj. furnished witli battlements: embat'tle- ment, n. -bdt'-l-mint, an indented parapet-wall. embay, v. im-ba' (em, in, and bay), to inclose, as a ship in a bay, or between points of land : embaying, imp.: embayed', pp. -bad'. embed, v. Cm-bed' (em, in, and bed), to lay deeply in surrounding matter, as in clay, sand, or mortar: em- bed'ding, imp.: embed'ded, pp.: embed'ment, n. -mCnt— also spelt imbed. embellish, v. em-bel'-llsh (F. embellir, to adorn ; em- bellissant, adorning, beautifying— from em, in or on, and belle, beauty : L. belius, pretty), to decorate ; to beautify; to adom : embellishing, imp.: embel'- lished, pp. -llsht: adj. decorated; beautified: em- bel'lishment, n. anything that adds beauty or ele- gance ; ornament ; decoration : embellisher, n. -e'r, one who. ember-days, n. Sm'-ber- (Ger. quatember, a quarterly day— from L. quatuor tempora, the four seasons : low Ger. tamper; Sw. ymber-clagar, ember or imber days), in the Church calendar, certain fast-days for implor- ing a blessing on the fruits of the earth, and on the ordinations performed at those times, occurring on the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday after the first Sunday of Lent, after the feast of Whitsunday, and after the 14th Sept. and 13th Dec. embers, n. plu. Sm'berz (AS. aemyrian; Dan. emmer; Sw. morja, hot or glowing ashes), cinders and ashes still hot ; the expiring residuum of a fire. embezzle, v. Sm-bez'-l (em, to make, and old Eng. bezzle, to guzzle, to drink hard: old F. besiller, to over- turn, to destroy), to conceal ; to apply to one's own use money held in trust : embez'zling, imp. -ling, mak- ing away by a servant with property intrusted to him by his master : embez'zled, pp. -Id : embez'zlement, n. -ment, the fraudulent appropriation to one's own use of what is intrusted to one's care and management, especially money: embez'zler, n. -ler, one who. embitter— see imbitter. emblazon, v. em-bla'-zn (em, on, and F. blasonner, to blazon a coat of arms— see blazon), to adorn with figures of heraldry; to adorn with glaring colours; to display pompously : embla'zoning, imp. adorning with armorial figures : n. the act of adorning with armorial figures or ensigns: emblazoned, pp, -znd, >> boy, /dot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 176 EMIN adorned with armorial figures or ensigns : emblazon- ment, n. -zn-ment, the act of emblazoning : embla- zonry, n. -zn-rl, pictures on shields ; display of emblem, n. Sm'-blem, (L. and Gr. emblema, inlaid work— from Gr. emballo, I cast in or insert— from em, in, and hallo, I throw: F. embleme), an object that repre- sents one thing to the eye and another to the under- standing ; a figure ; a type ; a symbolical representa- tion : em'blemat'ic, a. -ble-mdt'-lk, also em'blemat'ical, a. -l-kdl, consisting of or containing an emblem ; fig- urative; allusive: em'blemat'ically, ad. -It: emblem- ise, v. em'-blem-izf ', to repi > • • ;< ■ ■ 1 1, by < • ml >L 'ins : em'blemi'- sing, imp.: em'blemised', pp. -Izd". emblements, n. plu. em'-ble-ments (em, on, and F. bled, corn), in laiv, claim on the part of an outgoing tenant for the growing crops on the land. embody, v. em-bod'-i {em, in or on, and body), to collect into one mass or whole ; to incorporate : em- bod'ying, imp.: embodied, pp. -id: embod'iment, n. -i-ment, the act of uniting into a whole. embolden, v. gm-bold'-en {em, to make, and bold), to give boldness or courage to : embold'ening, imp. : embold'ened, pp. -hid, encouraged. embolus, n. em'-bo-lus (Gr. embolon, a bolt, a piston), the movable part of a pump or a syringe, also called the piston or sucker ; in mech., a wedge. embonpoint, n. dng'-bong-pwong" (F.— from en bon point, in good jilumpness. emborder, v. 6m-bor'-der (em, on, and border— which see), to adorn -with a border. embosom, v. Sm-bSbz'-Hm [t m in, and bosom), to hold in the bosom; to caress; to inclose in the midst, gen- erally said of trees ; to surround : embos'oming, imp.: embos'omed, pp. -umd— also spelt im-. emboss, v. em-bos' {em, in or on, and boss), to cover with raised ornamental work ; to form with bosses or protuberances : embos'sing, imp. : n. the forming of raised ornaments on any surface : embossed', pp. -host': embos'ser, n. one who: emboss'ment, n. raised work ; figures in relief. embouchure, n. dng'bd-shdr' (F.), the mouth of a river ; that part where it discharges itself into a sea or lake ; the mouth of a cannon or wind musical in- strument. embowel, v. <£m-bdw'-el {em, intensive, or with the force of L. e, out of, and bowel), to take out the en- trails or intestines of an animal ; to take out internal parts ; to inclose or bury in another substance : em- bow'elling, imp. : embow'elled, pp. -eld, deprived of intestines : embow'elment, n. the act of taking out the bowels : embow'eller, n. -Sl-er, one who. embower, v. em-bow'-r (em, in, and bower), to shelter with a bower ; to place or rest among trees : embow'- ering, imp. : embow'ered. pp. -bow'-rd. embrace, v. em-bras' (F. embrasser; It. imbracci- are, to enfold in one's arms— from en, in, and Floras; It. braccia; L. brachium, the arm), to take or inclose in the arms; to press or clasp to the bosom in token of affection ; to seize eagerly ; to include or take in ; to comprehend ; to accept ; to admit : n. pressure to the bosom with the arms ; a hug ; sexual intercourse : embra'cing, imp. : embraced', pp. -brasf: embra'cer, n. -ser, one who : embra'cery, n. -ser-l, in law, an at- tempt to corrupt a jury to one side by promises of money and the like. embrasure, n. im-bra'zhobr (F. embraser, the splay- ing of the opening of a door or window for gaining light ; embrasure, the splayed opening of a window or door— from braser, to slope the edge of a stone, as masons do in windows), the splayed opening in a wall or parapet for a cannon to fire through ; the sloping or spreading sides of a wall or window. embrocate,- 8m :anyplace. encephalon, n. en-sef'd-lon, also enceph'alos, -16s (Gr. engkephalos, what is in the head, the brain— from en, in, and kephale, the head), the brain : enceph'ala, n. plu. -Id, molluscous animals having a distinct head : enceph'alous, a -d-lus, pert, to those molluscous ani- mals, as the limpet and periwinkle, which have a distinct head : encephalic, a. en'se-fdl'lk, belonging to the head or brain : en'cephal'gia, n. -jl-d (Gr. algos, pain), a severe or deep-seated pain in the head : en'- cephali'tis, n. -sef-d-li'tls, inflammation of the brain : enceph'aloid, a. -16yd (Gr. eidos, form), resembling the materials of the brain. enchain, v. en-chdn' (en, and chain), to bind or hold in chains ; to hold fast or restrain : enchain'ing, imp.: enchained', pp. -chdnd': enchain'ment, n. enchant, v. en-chdnt' (F. enchanter, to charm : L. incantare, to sing a magic formula over— from in, on, and canto, I sing), to delight in a high degree ; to charm; to fascinate ; to subdue by charms or spells: enchanting, imp. : enchant'ed, pp. : adj. inhabited by spirits, ghosts, or imaginary beings ; subdued by charms; delighted in a high degree: enchant'er, n. one who : enchant'ment, n. the use of magic arts or spells ; an overpowering or irresistible influence which fascinates or delights : enchantress, n. fem. a woman who charms or fascinates ; a sorceress : enchant'ingly, ad. -II. enchase, v. Sn-chds' (F. enchasser, to enchase— from en, in, and chassis, a frame), to enclose in another body partially, as a jewel in gold ; to adorn with em- bossed or raised work ; to adorn any work in metal by figured work : encha'sing, imp. : n. the art of enrich- ing or adorning works in gold, silver, &c. : enchased', pp. -chdst'. encho'rial, a. en-ko'rl-dl (Gr. engchorios, of the same country, domestic— from en, in, and choros, a place), native ; popular— applied to the common writ- ing of the anc. Egyptians, as distinguished from the hieroglyphic. encircle, v. en-ser'kl (en, and circle), to enclose with a ring ; to embrace ; to go round ; to surround : en- cir'cling, imp. -Ming: encir'cled, pp. -kid. enclitic, a. en-kllt'ik (Gr. engklitikos, inclined— from en, in, and klino, I bend), inclining or leaning upon : n. a word or particle joined to the end of another, forming one word, as ne in the Latin word nonne ; a particle or word which throws the accent back on a former syllable : enclit'ical, a. -l-kdl, pert, to : en- clit'ically, ad. -II. enclose, v. en-klOzf (en, and close), to encircle ; to surround ; to shut in between other things ; to cover with a wrapper or envelope: enclo'sing, imp.: en- closed', pp. -klozd' : enclo'sure, n. -zhoor, that which encloses or is enclosed; space enclosed ; common land when enclosed and appropriated ; also spelt with in, as inclose. encomiast, n. en-ko'ml-dst (Gr. engkomion. praise ; engkomiastes, a praiser). one who praises another ; a panegyrist : enco'mias'tic, a. -ds'-tlk, bestowing praise ; laudatory; also enco'mias'tical, a.: enco'mias'tically, ad. -ll: enco'mium, n. -mlum, high praise or com- mendation ; panegyric : enco'miums, n. plu. encompass, v. en-kum'-pds (en, and compass), to surround ; to encircle ; to enclose : encompassing, imp. : encom'passed, pp. -pdst. encore, int. or n. ung-kor 1 (¥.), again ; once more; a repetition of the same : v. to call for the repetition of a part of a performance: enco'ring, imp.: encored', pp. -kord'. encounter, n. en-kdivn'-ter (F. encontre, an encoun- ter— from en, in, and L. contra, against), a sudden or ac- cidental meeting of two or more persons ; a combat ; a fight; a battle: v. to meet suddenly or unexpectedly ; to meet in opposition or in a hostile manner ; to resist and oppose; to fight: encoun'tering, imp.: encoun- tered, pp. -terd. encourage, v. en-kilr'dj (F. encourager, to animate —from en, in, and cazur, the heart), to inspire with courage; to make bold; to increase confidence of success ; to embolden ; to animate ; to support ; to cheer: encour'aging, imp.: adj. exciting courage; inspiring with hope ; cheering : encouraged, pp. -djd : encouragement, n. -aj-ment, incitement to action or to practice ; that which serves to incite to, or promote, any undertaking ; favour ; profit ; countenance : en- couragingly, ad. -II. encrinite, n. en'kri-nit (Gr. en, in, and krinon, a lily), an extensive and chiefly fossil group of animals, characterised by their long many-jointed stalks, sur- mounted by lily-shaped bodies or receptacles; the stone-lily: encrinal, a. en-kri'ndl, also encrin'ic, -krin'ik, and en'crinit'ic, -kri-nit'ik, relating to or containing encrinites. encroach, v. en-kroch' (F. accrocher, to hook on to — from croc, a hook), to invade rights or possessions of another ; to take possession of what belongs to another gradually or by stealth ; to pass proper bounds ; to in- trude : encroach 'ing, imp.: adj. tending or apt to en- croach : encroached , pp. -krochf: encroach'er, n. one who: encroach'ingly, ad. -II: encroachment, n. the seizing stealthily a part of the rights or possessions of another ; unlawful advance upon the rights of another ; invasion ; inroad. encrust— see incrust. encumber, v. en-kum'-ber (F. enrombrer, to hinder, to perplex: Dut. kombcr, loss, difficulty: Ger. kum- mer, trouble, rubbish), to burden with a load; to clog or impede motion with a load ; to perplex or embar- rass; to load an bt: encum'bering, imp.: encum'bered, pp. -bird, impeded ; loaded with debts, as an estate : encumbrance, n. -brdns, anything which impedes motion ; a load; hindrance; an impediment ; a claim on an estate, as money or service : encum'- brancer, n. -brdn-ser, one who holds an encumbrance on an estate. encyclical, a. en-si'Jdik-dl, also ency'clic, a. -kliklGr. engkuklios, circular— from en, in, and kuklos, a circle), sent to many persons or places ; intended for many, as a letter sent individually to a whole order of men ; applied to the letter or circular which, on any impor- tant occasion, the Pope addresses to the Bishops of the Church ; circular. encyclopedia, n.— also se for 6— $n-sl'Mo-pe'dl-(i(GT. en, in, kuklos, a circle, and paidein. instruction), a circle of instruction; an alphabetical summary of every branch of knowledge : ency'clope'dian, a. -pi.'- di-dn, embracing the whole circle of learning : ency- clopedic, a. -pe'dlk, pert, to ; also ency'clope'dical, a. -pe-dl-kdl: ency'clope'dism, n. -pe'-dlzm, the state of Immii'j. hi vclopedii in character: ency'clope'dist, n. one who compiles, or assists in compiling, an encyclo- pedia. encyst, v. Sn-sfsf (Gr. en, in, and kustis, the bladder, a bag), to enclose in a cyst or vesicle: encyst'ed, a. enclosed in a bag, sac, or cyst ; consisting of cysts. end, n. 6nd (Goth, ancleis; Sans, anta, end," death: mdte, mdt, fur, law ; mete, met, Mr ; pine, pin ; note, not, mCve; ENDA 179 ENGA AS. ende), the extreme point ; the extremity or last part ; the conclusion or close ; last or ultimate state ; limit ; dose of life ; issue or result ; object aimed at, as end in view : v. to finish ; to terminate ; to con- clude : to destroy ; to be finished ; to cease : end'ing, imp.: n. termination; conclusion: ended, pp. : end- less, a, without end : interminable ; unlimited ; per- petual: endlessly, ad. -ll: end lessness, n. : the ends of the earth, the remotest parts : end all, n. a com- plete termination : end'wise, ad. -iciz {end tcays), on end ; erectly ; with the end forward : end'most, a. re- motest ; at the extreme end. endamage, v. en-ddm'dj (en, and damage: F. en- doinmager, to damage), to injure ; to do mischief. endanger, v. en-da n'jer {en, and danger), to put in hazard ; to peril ; to expose to injury or loss : endan- gering, imp.: endangered, pp. -jerd. endear, v. en-der' (en, to make, and dear), to make dear; to make more beloved : endearing, imp.: adj. having a tendency to make dear or beloved : en- deared', pp. -derd': adj. made beloved or more be- loved : endearment, n. state of being beloved ; the cause of love : that which endears ; tenderness ; affec- tion : n. plu. caresses. endeavour, v. en-dev'er (F. en devoir, in duty— from en, in, and devoir, to owe, to be bound ; devoire, en- deavour), to make it our duty to do a thing; to exert strength either of body or mind for the accomplish- ment of a purpose ; to attempt ; to try : n. an exertion of strength, physical or mental, towards some end ; effort; an attempt. I shall do my endeavour, imply- ing duty, means, I shall make an effort: endeavour- ing, imp.: endeavoured, pp. -erd. endecagon, n. en-dek'-d-gon (Gr. hendeka, eleven, and gonia, an angle), a plain figure having eleven sides and eleven angles. endemic, a. cn-dim'-ik, also endem'ical, a. -l-kdl (Gr. en, on, and demos, people : F. endemique), peculiar to a district or to a certain class of persons— applied to a prevalent disease arising from local causes, as bad air or water: n. a disease prevailing in a particular lo- calitv, or among a particular class of persons: endem- ically, ad. -li. endermic, a. en-der'-mXk, also en'dermat'ic, -mdt'-lk (Gr. en, on, and derma, the skin), in med., consisting of something to be applied to the skin and to be absorbed by it by way of a remedy for disease : ender- mically, ad. -II. endive, n. cn'-dlv (F. endive, a salad), a garden salad- plant of the succory kind. endocardium, n. en'-do-kdr-dl-um(Gr. endon, within, and kardia, the heart), the membrane lining the in- terior of the heart : endocardial, a. -al, pert to: en- docardi'tis, n. -dl'-tls, inflammation of the lining membrane of the heart. endorse, &c— see indorse, &c. endocarp, n. en'do-kdrp (Gr. endon, within, and Car- los, fruit), in oot., the membrane which lines the cavity containing the seeds, as in the apple ; the stone or shell which encloses the embryo, as in the plum. endochrome, n. en'-do-krom (Gr. endon, within, and chroma, colour), in hot., the colouring matter which fills vegetable cells, exclusive of the green. endogens, n. plu. Sn'do-jens (Gr, endon, within, and gennao, I produce), in hot., that division of the vege- table kingdom, as palms, grasses, rushes, and the like, •whose growth takes place from within, and not by external concentric layers, as in the exogens: endog- enous, a. en-doj'-e-nus, increasing by internal growth: endog'enites, n. plu. -nits, fossil stems and frag- ments exhibitinz the endogenous structure: en'do- phlce'um, n. -dd-flc'-um, (Gr. phloios, the bark of trees), the inner layer of the bark of trees : endophyllous, a. en'do-fU'lus (Gr. phidlon, a leaf), in oot., evolved within a leaf or sheath : en'dopleu'ra, n. -do-plo-rd (Gr. pleura, a side), the inner covering of the seed imme- diately investing the embryo and albumen : en'do- rhi'zal, a -ri'-zal (Gr. rhiza, a root), having a root within— applied to plants whose rootlets burst first through the coverings of the seed before elongating downwards : en'dosmose', n. -dos-mos' (Gr. osmos, a thrusting, impulsion), in hot., that property of mem- branous tissue by which fluids of unequal densities, when placed on opposite sides of it, are enabled to pass through and intermix : en'dosperm', n. -do-sperm' (Gr. sperma, a seed), in hot., albumen formed within the embryo-sac : en'dospo'rus, a. -spo'-rus (Gr. spora, seed), applied to fungi that have their spores con- tained in a case : en'dostome', n. -stom', (Gr. stoma, a mouth), the passage through the inner integument of an ovule: endothelium, n. -the'-shi-u?n (Gr. theke, a box), the inner lining of the anther-cells. endow, v. en-dolv'(L. en, in, and dos— gen. dotis; F. dot; It. dote, a marriage-gift: F. doner, to give a dowry to), to settle on or furnish with in perman- ency ; to settle money or property on permanently ; to enrich or provide with, as a gift, quality, or faculty: endow'ing, imp. : endowed', pp. -doled': endow'er, n. one who : endow'ment, n. that which is bestowed or settled on ; property set apart and secured in per- petuity for the support of a clergyman, college, hos- pital, &c. ; any gift of nature ; any faculty or quality of mind. endue, v.— see indue. endure, v. in-dur' (L. indurarc, to make hard— from in, in, and dums. hard: It. indurare), to bear; to suffer with patience; to submit; to undergo; to last; to continue in same state; to remain: endu- ring, imp. : adj. capable of sustaining: endured', pp. ■diird': endurable, a. -rdbl. that can be borne: en- du'rably, ad. -Mi: endu'rableness, n. act or state of that which endures: endu'ringly, ad. -ll: endu'rer, n. one who: endu'rance, n. -rdns, a bearing or suffer- ing; continuance; patience; fortitude. Eneid, n. or JEneid, e'-nc-ld, a famous Latin epic poem by the anc. Latin poet Virgil— so named from its chief hero, Eneas, e-ne'-ds. enema, n. c-ne'-md or en'-b-md (Gr. eniemi, I cast or throw in), a medicine thrown into the lower bowel. enemy, n. en'-e-mi (L. inimicus, an enemy— from in, not, .and amicus, a friend: It. inimico : F. ennemi), one who hates another person ; a foe ; an adversary ; an opposing armed force, naval or military. energy, n. en'-cr-jl (Gr. energeia, action, energy — frome/t, in, and ergon, work), power; force; the power ofoperatingordoing; vigorous action ; efficacy; spirit; life: en'erget'ic, a, -jet'lk, also en'erget'ical, a. -i-kdl, possessing force or vigour; vigorous; forcible; power- ful; effective: energetically, ad. -It: energise, v. in'-ir-jlz', to operate with vigour ; to give energy or strength to : en'ergi'sing, imp.: energised', pp. -jlzd'. enervate, v. e-nir-vdt (L. enervatum, to take out the nerves or sinews from, to render effeminate— from e, out, and nervus, nerve: It. enervare: F. enerver), to render feeble ; to weaken ; to enfeeble ; to deprive of strength : adj. weak ; without strength or force : ener'vating.imp.: adj. weakening; enfeebling: ener'- vated, pp.: enervation, n. in'-dr-vd-shiin, the act of weakening: enervis, a. e-ner'-xis (L.), in hot., without nerves or veins. enfeeble, v. (n-fe'-bl {en, and feeble), to weaken ; to reduce the strength of: enfeebling, imp. : adj. weak- ening ; debilitating : enfee'bled, pp. -bid : adj. weak- ened ; deprived of strength : enfee'blement, n. -bl- mint, the act of weakening. enfeoff, v. en-fef (en, in, and law L. feoffare, to confer a fee on one), to invest with a fee or estate ; to give a right of property in lands or houses by a deed or instrument : enfeoffing, imp. : enfeoffed', pp. -feft'-. enfeoffment, n. the act of giving the fee- simple of an estate ; the deed or instrument by which it is given— see feoff. enniade, v. en'-fl-ldd' {en, in, and L. filum ; F. fil, a thread: F. enfilade, a range, a row: It. inftlare: Sp. enfilar), to scour, rake, or pierce with shot or shell, a body of soldiers in the direction of the length of the line which they form ; to sweep the deck of a ship or a trench, from end to end, with shot or shell : n. a line or straight passage ; the situation of a place which may be raked with shot in the direction of its length ; the fire of artil rench or a line of sol- diers : en'fila'ding, imp. : en'fila'ded, pp. enforce, v. en-fors' {en, to make, and force), to con- strain ; to compel ; to urge with energy ; to give strength or force to ; to impress on the mind : en- forcing, imp. : enforced', pp. -forsf: enforce'ment, n. compulsion ; a putting into execution. enfranchise, v. en-frdn'-chlz (en, in or on, and fran- chise), to invest with civil and political privileges ; to admit to all the rights and privileges of a freeman ; to invest with the right of voting for a member of Par- liament: enfran'chising, imp.: enfran'chised, pp. -chlzd: enfranchisement, n. the admission to civil and political rights and privileges. engage, v. en-gaf (F. engager, to enlist— from en, in and gage, a pledge), to occupy, as one's time ; to under- take ; to win, as affection ; to hold, as in attention ; to embark in, as in business ; to bespeak, as rooms or a ', boy, foot; pure, oud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. ENGA 180 ENOR partner in a dance ; to bind one's self as surety ; to enlist for a service ; to unite by contract ; to begin to fight: enga'ging, imp.: adj. winning; attractive; pleasing: engaged', -gajd', pp. or a. pledged; pro- mised ; attached ; earnestly employed : enga'gedly, ad. -jed-ll: enga'gedness, n. -jed-nes: engage'ment, n. an appointment; employment; a fight; a battle; an obligation ; a compact. engarrison, v. en-gdr'-l-sun (en, in, and garrison), to protect by a garrison ; to furnish with a garrison. engender, v. en-jen'-der (F. engendrer, to generate, to produce : L. ingenero, I engender— from in, in, and genero, I breed, I bring forth : It. inyenerare), to form ; to cause to exist; to occasion; to produce: engen- dering, imp. : engendered, pp. -derd. engine, n. Sn'jm (L i late or natural quality : It. ingegno ; F. enjin, contrivance, craft), any mechanical contrivance ; a machine composed of many or different parts in order to produce a certain result ; any combination of the mechanical powers for producing an effect : en'gineer', n. -jl-tiMr, one who constructs or manages an engine ; one who is skilled in forming plans of works for offence or defence for an army; a designer of great machines to be employed in the arts and manufactures ; one employed in plan- ning and superintending the formation of public works, such as roads, &c. : engineering, n. the work, skill, business, or profession of an engineer ; the prac- tice of an engineer: civil engineering, n. the art of designing and constructing public works, great ma- chines, &c: military engineering, the art of designing and constructing fortifications and all works necessary for military purposes : mining engineering, the art of designing and constructing mines, and conducting operations in them : en'gineman, n. one who waits on or attends to an engine. engird, v. en-gerd' (en, and gird), to encircle; to surround : engirding, imp. : engird'ed or engirt', pp. -girt'. Engis, n. dng'zM, and Engihoul, dng'-zhS-db, the names of two places near Liege, the caverns of which contain human remains imbedded with those of ani- mals now extinct in Europe. English, a. ing'-gllsh (AS. englisc— from Angles or Ungles, an anc. tribe of Germans who settled in Eng- land), of or pert, to England : n. the people of Eng- land and its language: v. to translate into the En- glish language. En'giished, pp. -gllsht: En'glishry, n. -rl, state or privilege of being an Englishman. engorge, v. en-gorf (en, and gorge), to swallow with greediness ; to swallow in large quantities ; to devour : engorging, imp. : engorged , pp. -gorjd' : engorge'- ment,n. a swallowing greedily ; in med., applied to an overfilled state of the vessels of a part. engraft, v.— see ingraft. engrail, v. en-gral' (F. engreler— from greler, to hail), to spot as with hail; to make ragged at the edges: engrailed', pp. a. -grdld', indented along the edges: engrail'ment, n. the ring of dots round the edge of a medal. engrain, v. en-gran' (en, and grain), to cover or dye deeply; to dye in the grain: engraining, imp.: engrained', pp. -grand'. engrave, v. in-grav 1 (en, and grave), to cut figures or letters on metals, rare stones, or pebbles, wood, &c; to imprint or impress deeply, as on the memory : engra'- ving, imp.: n. the art of cutting devices, figures, or letters on metals, stones, &c; the print from an en- graved plate: engraved', pp. -gravd': adj. marked as with a chisel ; imprinted ; deeply impressed ; also en- graven, pp. en-grdv'-n : engra'ver, n. one who ; a carver: engra'vings, n. plu. impressions on paper taken from copper or steel plates— those from wood blocks are usually called woo.dcuts. Note.— Engrav- ing on wood is called xylography; on stone, litho- graphy; and on copper, chalcography. engross, v. en-gros' (F. grossoyer, to write in great and fair letters— from gros, big, large: F. grosse; Dut. gros, a notarial copy), to copy in a fair large kind— generally said of legal documents : engros'ser, one who engrosses: engros'sing, imp.: n. the copy- ing of a writing in fair and legible characters : en- grossed', pp. -grOst': engross'ment, n. the copy in a large fair hand. engross, v. en-grds' (F. engrossir, to make great, to increase, to enlarge— the primary signification being to buy up a commodity in order to increase the price), to occupy the whole, as the thoughts; to take or assume in undue quantities or degrees : engros'sing. imp.: n. the invidious occupation of anything which ought to be shared with others : engrossed', pp. -grOst': engros'ser, n. one who : engross'ment, n. the act of appropriating things in undue quantities. engulf, v. en-gulf, also ingulf' (en, and gulf), to swallow up ; to absorb ; to throw into a gulf : engulf- ing, imp. : engulfed', pp. -gulft'. enhance, v. en-hdns' (Prov. anz, before; enans, for- wards; enansar, to put forwards, to exalt— from L. ante, before : Norm. F. enhausser), to raise, as in value or esteem ; to advance ; to increase ; to ;i irmavate : en- hancing, imp.: enhanced', pp. -hanst': enhan'cer, n. -sir, one who: enhancement, n. increase; aggrava- tion. enharmonic, a. Sn'-hdr-rndn'-lk (Gr. enarmonikos, conformed to the rules of harmony— from en, in, and harmonia, harmony of sound), applied to a scale in music proceeding by very small intervals. enhydrous, a. en-hl'-drus (Gr. en, in, and hudor, water), applied to crystals and minerals containing .:■' i 1m. ; i :■ Ulll ll(J I'm enigma, n. e-nig'-md (Gr. ainigma; L. oznigma, ob- scure speech: F. enigme), a riddle; a dark saying; anything obscure or ambiguous : enigmatic, -mat'-ik, also enigmatical, a. -i-kdl, darkl y expressed ; obscure : enigmatically, ad. -II: enig'matist, n. -md-tist, a dealer in enigmas : enig'matise, v. -tlz, to utter or form riddles : enig'mati'sing, imp. : enig'matised', pp. -tlzd'. enjoin, v. Sn-jdyn' (L. injungo, I join or fasten into —from in, into, und jungo, I fasten : F. enjoindre; It. ingiugnere), to command; to order; to bid; to urge: enjoining, imp.: enjoined, pp. en-joynd': enjoin'er, n. one who. enjoy, v. Sn-joy' (en, and F. jouir, to enjoy— from L. gaudeo, I enjoy), to feel or perceive with pleasure ; to take pleasure in the possession of; to possess and use, as an estate : enjoying, imp.: enjoyed', pp. -joyd': enjoy'ment, n. pleasure; satisfaction; possession; possession with pleasure : enjoy'able, a. -a-bl, that can be possessed with pleasure. enkindle, v. en-kln'-dl (en, and kindle), to inflame; to excite; to rouse into action: enkindling, imp.: enkin'dled, pp. -did. enlarge, v. in Idrj ■ nd large), to extend; to ex- pand; to amplify; to expatiate; to augment; to set free: enlar'ging, imp. : enlarged', pp. -larjcl': enlarge'- ment, n. increase of size ; expansion : enlar'ger, n. -jer, one who. enlighten, v. Sn-llt'n (en, intensive, and Ger. leuch- ten, to lighten), to shed light on; to illuminate; to instruct: enlight'ening, imp. -lU'-ning-. enlight'ened, pp. -end: enlight'ener, n. -ner, one who: enlight'en- ment, n. state of being enlightened or instructed. enlist, v. en-llst' (en, on, and F. liste, a roll), to re- gister; to enrol ; to engage in the public service, as in the army ; to enter heartily into a cause : enlisting, imp.: n. the act of engaging men to enter into mili- tary service ; the act of engaging one's self in a cause : enlist'ed, pp.: enlist'ment, n. the act of engaging, as a soldier or sailor, or of attaching one's self to a cause ; voluntary enrolment. enliven, v. en-llv'-n (en, to make, and live),' to ex- cite ; to make vigorous or active ; to cheer or gladden : enliv'ening, imp. -llv'-ning -. adj. invigorating; mak- ing sprightly or cheerful : enliv'ened, pp. -nd : en- liv'ener, n. -llv'-ner, one who. enmity, n. en'mi-tt (from enemy: F. inimitie; L. inimicitia, enmity : It. inimiciziu), ill-will ; un- friendly disposition ; hostility. enneagon, n. en'-ne-d-gon (Gr. ennea, nine, and gonia, an angle), a figure with nine sides and nine angles: en'neatlc, a. -dt'-ik, ninth; also enheat'ical, a. -i-kdl: en'nean'drian, a. -dn'-dri-dn; also en'nean'- drous, a. -drus (Gr. aner, a man— gen. andros), in hot., having nine stamens. ennoble, v. en-no'-bl (en, and noble), to elevate ; to raise to nobility ; to exalt ; to dignify : enno Tiling, imp. -bllng: enno'bled, pp. -bid: ennotlement, n. •bl-mSnt. ennui, n. dng'-we (F. weariness), heaviness; lassi- tude; languor or weariness from want of employ- ment. enode, a. e-nod' (L. ex, out of, and nodus, a knot), in bot., without knots or joints. enormous, a. 6-ndr-mus (L. enormis, irregular— from out of, and norma, a rule: It. and F. enorme). mdte, mdt.fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, ndt, move; ENOU 181 EXTH -ml-tX, anything very vicious or sinful ; an atrocious crime ; any villany or crime which exceeds the com- mon measure. enough, a. S-nvf (AS. genoh, sufficient: Goth. ganauhan, to suffice: Icel. gnogr, abundant: Ger. genug; Dut. genoeg. enough), that gives content; that satisfies desire; sufficient : n. a sufficiency ; a quantity ■which satisfies desire : adv. sufficiently ; fully ; some- times it denotes a slight increase or augmentation, as, he is ready enough to oblige; sometimes it expresses indifference or slight, as the music is well enough, that is, not so good as it ought to be; used as an exclamation, to denote fulness or satiety, as, enough! ' w' t sometimes used for enough. enrage, v. en-raj' (en, in, and rage: F. enrager), to provoke ; to excite to anger ; to exasperate ; to make furious : enra'ging, imp. : enraged', pp. -rajd'. enrapt, v. en-rapt (en, in, and rapt), thrown into an ecstasy; carried away with emotion: enrapture, v. -tur (en, and rapture), to transport with pleasure or delight : enrap'turing, imp. : enraptured, pp. -turd, transported with delight. enravish, v. in-rCiv'-lsh (en, and ravish), to trans- port with delight ; to fill with the highest degree of pleasure ; to enrapture : enrav'ishing, imp. : enrav- lshed, pp. -hht, earned awav with pleasure or de- light. enrich, v. hi -rich' (en, and rich), to make rich; to supply or furnish with wealth or property; to fer- tilise, as land ; to supply with anything desirable ; to store, as the mind ; to adorn, as with carving, paint- ing, &c. : enrich'ing, imp. : enriched , pp. -ruhtf: en- rich'er, n. one who : enrich'ment, n. that which en- riches ; augmentation of wealth. enrobe, v. Sn-rob'(en, and robe), to clothe; toinvest; to attire : enro'bing, imp. : enrobed', pp. -rdbd'. enrol, v. en-rol' (en, and roll), to insert a name in a register or list ; to record : enrolling, imp. : enrolled', pp. -rold': enroller, n. one who : enrolment, n. the act of enrolling or entering into a register ; a regis- tering. ensample, n. en-sam'pl (old F. ensample— from L. exemplum), old form of example, which see. ensanguined, a. en-sang'gwlnd (en, and L. sanguis, blood), soaked or stained with blood. ensconce, v. in-skdns' (en. in, and Dut. schantse, a rampart made of trees and branches: Ger. schanzen, to make a fence : F. esconser, to hide), to put one's self behind a screen of some kind ; to shelter or cover ; to protect ; to secure : ensconcing, imp. : ensconced', pp. -skonst'. ensemble, n. dng-sdng'bl (F. the whole), the whole with reference to the parts of which it consists ; details of anything viewed with relation to each other; the general grouping of characters in dramatic art to form a picture on the fall of the curtain : tout ensemble, toot- (F.), the whole together. enshrine, v. en-shrln' (en. and shrine), to enclose in a covering or chest ; to preserve as sacred : enshri'- ning, imp. : enshrined', pp. -shrind'. enshroud, v. en-shroivd' (en, and shroud), to cover or envelop in a shroud: enshrouding, imp.: en- shrouded, pp. ensiform, a. en'si-fdwrm (L. ensis, a sword, and forma, a shape), in bot., in the form of a sword, as the leaves of the gladiolus ; in anat., applied to the carti- lage in which the breast-bone ends. ensign, n. en'-sln (It. insegna; F. eiweigne, a dis- tinctive mark : L. in-sign ia. plu. of insigne",Xhs.t has a mark upon it — -from L. en. in, and sig- num, a mark impressed), the banner or flag of a regi- ment ; the infantry officer who carries the flag of a regiment ; a mark of rank or office ; the national flag of a ship : en'sign-bearer, n. he who carries the flag : en'signcy, n. -si, the rank or commission of an ensign. enslave, v. en-slav' (en, and slave), to deprive of liberty ; to reduce to bondage ; to hold in subjection : ensla'ving, imp. : enslaved', pp. -sla-vd': ensla'ver, n. one who : enslave'ment, n. state of being enslaved ; also insnare. ensue, v. en-su' (old F. ensuir, to ensue : mod. F. ensuivre, to follow— from L. insequi, to follow upon— adj. coming next after ; following as a consequence : ensued', pp. -sud': also insue. ensure, v. en-shdr'— see insure. entablature, n. en-tdb'ld-tur, also entablement, n. en-tab'l-ment (oldF. entablature; mod. F. entablement — from en, in, and L. tabula, a board or table), the whole top parts of a column or pillar. entail, v. en-tcil' (F. entailler, to cut, notch, or carve —from en, and tailler, to cut), to fix the succession of lands or tenements to a certain line of descendants, so that the one in possession can neither sell nor bur- den them except by legal process under an Act of Par- liament, and with the consent of the next two heirs ; to fix as an inevitable consequence on persons or things: n. lands or tenements limited in descent ; the settled rule of descent for an estate : entailing, imp.: entailed', pp. -tald': adj. settled on a person and his descendants : entailment, n. the act of settling un- y an estate on a person and his heirs. entangle, v. ea-tang'gl (en, in, and tangle), to twist and intermingle so as not to be easily separated ; to involve ; to confuse ; to bewilder ; to puzzle ; to perplex : entan'gling, imp. : entangled, pp. -gld : entan'glement, n. a disordered state. entasia, n. en-ta'zhl-a (Gr. entasis, distention, a violent straining), in med., a vehement straining or stretching— applied as a -mk nil term for constrictive spasm, tetanus, &c. : entas'tic, a. -tds'-tlk, relating to diseases characterised by tonic spasms: entasis, n. en'-ta-sls, in arch., the gradual swelling of a shaft or column. enter, v. Sn'ter (F. entrer ; L. intrare, to walk into, to enter— from F. entre; L. inter, between, among: It. enlrare), to go or pass into a place ; to begin orcom- mence ; to engage in ; to join or become a member of; to set down in writing ; to enrol ; to flow into ; to pierce: entering, imp. : n. a passing in ; an entrance: en'tered, pp. -terd: adj. enrolled; introduced: en'- trance, n. -trans, power or right to enter ; the door ; the beginning : adj. that which allows to enter; pre- liminary. enteric, a. In-ter'lk (Gr. enteron, an intestine), be- longing to the intestines: en'teri'tis, n. -%'t'is (itis, a postfix denoting inflammation), inflammation of the intestines : enter ocele, n. -o-sel (Gr. kele, a tumour), a hernial tumour containing intestine : enterolith', n. -0-llth' (Gr. lithos, a stone), a concretion resembling a stone found in the intestines : en'terol'ogy, n. -61-6- jl (Gr. logos, discourse), a treatise or discourse on the internarparts of the body: en'terom'phalos, n. -dm- fa-Ids (Gr. omphalos, navel), an umbilical hernia whose contents are intestine : en'tecot'omy, n. -6t'-6- ml (Gr. tome, a cutting), the act or art of dissecting the intestines. enterprise, n. Sn'ter-prlz (F. entreprise, an under- taking—from F. entre, between, and prise, a taking), anything attempted to be performed ; an undertak- ing; any bold or hazardous undertaking: en'terpri'- sing, a. bold ; resolute ; active : en'terpri'singly, ad. -ll. entertain, v. en'tir-tan' (F. entretenir, to hold in talk, to hold together— from F. entre, between, and tenir; L. tenere, to hold), to treat with hospitality ; to amuse or instruct by conversation ; to cherish or har- bour in the mind ; to please or divert : en'tertain'ing, imp.: adj. pli ing; diverting: enter- tained', pp. -tand' : en'tertain inent, n. a feast; a re- past: amusement: entertainingly, ad. -II. enthral, v. en-thrawl'—aame as inthral, which thro'ning, imp. : enthroned', pp. -thrond' : enthro'- nisa'tion, n. -nl-za'-shun, also enthrone ment, n. the induction or installation of a bishop. enthusiasm, n. en-th6'-zl-azm (Gr enthousiasmos, divine transport or inspiration— from en, in, and theos, a god: F. enthousiasme), elevation of fancy; intense heat of imagination arising from belief in revelation ; fanaticism ; violent excitement of mind in the pursuit of some object; ardent zeal: enthu'- siast, n. -ast, one filled with mental excitement; one imagining himself possessed of some special re- velation; a zealot; one who is ardent and imagi- native : enthu'sias'tic, a. -as'-ilk, ardent ; zealous ; visionarv; also enthu'sias'tical, a. -as'-tl-kal: enthu'- sias'tically, ad. -II. enthymeme, n. hi'thl-mem (Gr. enthumema, a thought— from en, and thumos, the soul, mind : F. cn- )o~j,fobt; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. ENTI 182 EOLI thymeme), In logic, an argument consisting of two pro- positions, an antecedent and a consequent ; a syllo- gism where one premiss is suppressed. entice, v. en-tls' (old F. entiser: Bret, atiza, to in- stigate, to incite: Dut. hissen; Ger. hetzen, to set on dogs— the origin being the hissing sound by which dogs are incited to attack other animals), to attract by exciting hope or desire ; to allure ; to tempt ; to decoy; to lead astray : enti'cing, imp.: adj. alluring: enti'cingly, ad. -II: enticed', pp. -tist': enti'cer, n. -air, one who: entice'ment, n. that which allures; that which seduces or incites to evil. entire, a. en-tlr' (P. entier; It. intero, whole, com- plete—from L. integer, whole, untouched), undivided ; unbroken ; whole ; complete in all its parts ; sincere ; honest ; wholly devoted ; unmixed : entire'ly, ad. -II, in the whole ; completely : entire'ness, n. -nes, whole- ness ; completeness : entire'ty, n. 41, the whole ; com- pleteness: the preceding words sometimes spelt with i. entitle, v. en-tit'-l (L. in, and titulus, a title: F. in- tituler), to name or designate ; to give or prefix a name to ; to qualify ; to give a right to demand ; to give a claim to : entitling, imp. -tit-ling, designating ; giving a claim to : entit led, pp. -tlt'-ld, named ; hav- ing a claim to. entity, n. in'-tl-tl (L. ens, a being— gen, entis : F. entite), being ; existence ; a real being : nonen'tity, n. (see the word), a thing 1 1 ,vi ■ ig no real existence. ento, en'-to (Gr. entos, within), a prefix in certain compound words signifying "to the inner side." entomb, v. en-tom' (en, in, and tomb), to hide or con- ceal completely ; to put or place in a tomb : entomb'- ing, imp.: entombed', pp. -tomd' -. entomb'ment, n. -tom'-mSnt, entire seclusion ; burial. entomology, n. en'-to-mol'-o-jl (Gr. entoma, insects, and logos, discourse: F. entomologie: entoma— from Gr. en, and temno, I cut), that branch of natural science which treats of the history and habits of in- sects: en'tomol'ogist, n. -jist, one who studies the habits, &c, of insects: en'tomolog ic, a. -loj'-lk, also en'tomolog'ical, a. -l-kul, pert, to: en'tomolog'ically, ad. -It: en'tomoid, a. -mdyd (Gr. eidos, form), resem- bling an insect: entom'olite, n. -tom'o-llt (Gr. lithos, a stone), the general term for a fossil insect : en'to- moph'agous, a. -mdf-d-gus {Gr. phago, I devour), insect- eating — applied to animals which chiefly subsist on insects : en'tonos'traca, n. -mos'-trd-kd (Gr. ostrakon, a shell), a sub-ciass of Crustacea covered with a deli- cate skin, and usually protected by a bivalve shield : ento'mos'tracan, n. -kdn, one of the Crustacea so pro- tected: adj. pert, to: en'tomos'tracon, n. -kdn, a member of the class of crustaceous animals repre- sented in the English fauna by the water-flea : en'to- mos'tracous, a. -Ms, pert. to. entonic, a. en-ton'lk (see entasis), in med., having great tension or exaggerated action. entozoon, n. en'-to-zo'-on, plu. en'tozo'a, n. -d (Gr. entos, within, and zoon, an animal), an animal which lives within the bodies of other animals— properly ap- plied to those infesting the intestines : en'tozo'ic, a. -Ik, relating to or connected with the entozoa. entrails, n. plu. Sn'-trdlz (F. entrailles, bowels: Gr. entera, plu. of enteron, a piece of the guts— from entos, within), the bowels ; internal parts of animals; internal parts : sing, entrail. entrance, n. Sn'trdns (L. intrans, an entering in — see enter), a door, gateway, or passage ; beginning or commencement; the act of taking possession and power of. entrance, v. Sn-trdns' (en, in, and trance), to make insensible to present objects ; to ravish with delight or wonder: entrancing, imp. a. enrapturing; ravish- ing: entranced', pp. -trdnst', enraptured; carried away with delight : entrance'ment, n. a state of ec- stasy. entrap, v. in-trdp' (en, and trap), to ensnare ; to inveigle ; to catch as in a trap ; to entangle : entrap'- meddle with, to discourse— from L. tractare, to handle), to solicit pressingly ; to ask earnestly ; to beseech ; to importune ; to be prevailed on: entreating, imp.: entreat'ed, pp.: entreat'ingly, ad. -II: entreat'er, n. one who : entreat'y, n. -I, urgent prayer ; earnest petition ; pressing solicitation. entree, n. dng-trd' (F.), access; entry; course of dishes at table: en'tremets, n. -tr-md (F.), side dishes ; dishes containing dainties not the principal ones: en'trepot, n. -tr-po (F.), a warehouse; a store- mdte, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, house: en'tresol, n. -sol (¥.), in arch., alow room or apartment between two floors. entrench, v. same as intrench, which see. entrochites, n. plu. en'-tro-kits (Gr. en, in or on, and trochos, a wheel), name given to the wheel-like joints of the encrinite, also called en'trochi, -kl, and trochitse, tro-kl'-te. entropium, n. en-tro'-pl-um (Gr. en, in, and trope, a turning), in med., the inversion or turning in of the eyelashes. entrust, same as intrust, which see. entry, n. 6n'-trl (F. entrSe, act of coming in— see enterTT passage by which persons enter a house or building ; ingress ; the exhibition of a ship's papers to the custom-house authorities in order to obtain permission to land the goods ; the actual taking pos- session of lands or tenements ; the act of recording in a book. entwine, v. in-twin' (en, and twine), to twist round : entwining, imp. ; entwined', pp. -twind' : entwine- ment, n. a twining or twisting round. enumerate, v. 6-nu'me-rdt (L. enumeratum, to count out, to relate— from e, out of, and numero, I number : It. enumerare : F. enumerer), to reckon up or tell the number of singly ; to count or mention a number of things one by one : enu'mera'ting, imp. : enu'mera- ted, pp. : enu'mera'tion, n. -d'-shun, counting up a number of things by naming each particular one : enu'mera'tive, a. -tlv, counting singly : enu'mera'tor, n. one who. enunciate, x. S-nun-sl-at or -sM-dt(L. enunciatum, to divulge, to disclose— from e, out of, and nuntio, I tell : It. enunciare : F. enoncer), to declare ; to utter ; to proclaim : enun'cia'ting, imp. : enun'cia'ted, pp. : enun'cia'tion, n. -d'-shun, the act or manner of utter- ing ; manner of pronunciation ; declaration ; in geom., the words in which a proposition are ex- pressed : enun'cia'tive, a. -tlv : enun'cia'tively, ad. -II : enun'cia'tor, n. -d'-ter, one who enunciates or de- clares : enun'cia'tory, a. -d-ter-l, containing utter- ance or sound. enure, v. en-ur" (see inure), to habituate ; to accus- tom ; in law, to come into use or power. envelop, v. gn-vdl'-dp (F. envelopper, to fold up : It. inviluppare), to cover by folding ; to enclose by wrapping ; to surround entirely ; to hide : envel'op- ing, imp. : envel'oped, pp. -6pt : envel'opment, n. a covering on all sides : envelope, n. 6n'-velop, an en- closing cover ; a wrapper ; any investing integument. i, v. en-vin'-om (en, and venom), to taint or impregnate with poison or with malice, &c. ; to enrage ; to make odious : enven'oming, imp. : enven- omed, pp. -6md. enviable, envious, &c— see envy. environ, v. en-vi'-ron (F. environ, about, around— from en, in, and virer, to veer, to turn round ; Gr. guros, a circle), to surround or encompass ; to encircle or hem in : envi'roning, imp. : environed, pp. -rond: environment, n. act of surrounding: environs, n. plu. in'-vl-ronz or en-vl'-ronz, the parts lying near to or adjacent ; the suburbs of a town or city. envoy, n. en'-vdy (F. envoy er, to send— from en, and L. via, a way), a public minister at a court, in dignity below an ambassador ; a messenger sent by a state or government to negotiate a treaty with a foreign gov- ernment ; one sent on a special mission : en'voyship, n. the office of an envoy. envy, v. en'-vl (F. envier, to grudge: L. invideo, I envy, I bear ill-will to— from in, in, and video, I look), to repine at another's superiority ; to dislike and be discontented on account of the superior excellence or success of another ; to look upon with malice : n. hatred or ill-will excited by the superior success or excellence of another ; malice: en'vying, imp. : n. ill- will or mortification on account of some supposed superiority in others: en'vied, pp. -vld: en'vier, n. -er, one who : enviable, a. -d-bl, capable of exciting desire to possess ; desirable : en'viably, ad. -bll : en- vious, a. -us, feeling uneasiness; at the superiority or happiness of another: en'viously, ad. -H: en'vious- enwrap, v. Sn-rtip'—see in wrap. eocene, a. e'-O-sen (Gr. eos, daybreak, the dawn, and kainos, recent, or new), in geol., the Lower Tertiary strata, so called because of the very small percentage of existing testacea contained in them, indicating the '.I I.V> II <:> i.lir :..<■:;; ,,l. .',,u ili.i-.fl ■>,',■,;■;,; i,,-,, Eolian, a. e-O'-ll-dn, also ^o'lian (from Molis, in Asia Minor), pert, to ^Eolis, in Asia Minor ; pert, to ^olus, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; EOLI Sert. to -Eolia, or the Gr. dialect of .ffiolia: Eolian arp, a musical stringed instr. on which the wind acts to produce the notes. eolipile, n. e-ol'-l-pll LEolus, the god of the winds, and L. pila, a ball), a hall or sphere. in which water is heated, and from which the rarefied air escapes through a pipe. eon, n. e'-6n, also aeon, which see. eozoon, n. e'6-z6'-6n (Gr. eos, dawn, and zoon, an animal), a fossil organism occurring in certain lime- stones of Canada, so called from its position in the oldest stratified rocks yet known to geology : e'ozo'ic, a. -Ik (Gr. zoe, life), a term applied to the oldest fossil- iferous rocks of Canada, from their containing the earliest traces of life yet discovered. ep, prefix, 6p — see epi. epact, n. e'-pdkt (Gr. epaktos, brought on or in, added —from epi, on, and ago, I bring or lead to : F. epacte), the excess of the solar over the lunar month, the annual epact being nearly eleven days. epaulet, n. ep-aw-let' (F. epaulette— from epaule, the shoulder: It. spalla, the shoulder: L. scapula, the shoulder-blades), an ornament worn on the shoulder by naval and military men : ep'aulet'ted, a. furnished with epaulets : epaulment, n. e-pawl'ment, in mil., a sidework to cover troops in flank, made of gabions, fascines, or bags of earth. epenthesis, n. e-pen'thS-sls (Gr.— from epi, on or upon, and entithemi, I put or set in), in gram., the insertion of an additional letter or syllable in the middle of a word : epenthetic, a. -thet'-lk, inserted in. epergne, n. 8-pern' (F. e'pargne, economy), an orna- mental stand with dish and branches for the centre of a table. epha, n., also ephah, e'-fd (Heb.), a Hebrew measure of about 3 pecks A pints. ephemera, n. e-fem'-e-rd (Gr. ephemeros, lasting but a day— from epi, on, and \!> )< mcro, a day), that which lasts but a day, as a fever ; a fly that lives a day, or for a short period : ephem'eral, a. -dl, continuing or existing one day only ; short-lived : ephem'eris, n. -Is, a daily account ; an almanac containing the daily positions of the sun, moon, and planets, with useful information respecting the other heavenly bodies, and of such phenomena as depend upon them ; a table of the positions of a heavenly body, as the ephemeris of the sun: plu. ephemerides, ef-i-mer'-i-dez: ephem- erist, n. one who studies the daily motions of the plan- ets by means of an ephemeris. Ephesian, a. ef-e'zhl-dn, pert, to Ephesus: n. a native of Ephesus. in Asia Minor. ephod, n. ef-od (Heb.), a short upper garment worn by the Jewish priesthood. epi, prefix, ep'i (Gr), on ; upon ; during; on the out- side or above : epi has the forms ep and eph ; ep is used before a vowel, eph with an aspirate, and epi before a consonant. epic, a. ep'lk (L. epicus ; Gr. epikos, epic— from Gr. epos, a song : It. epico .- F. epique), narrative : epic poem, a poem that contains a narrative or story ; heroic. epicarp, n. ep'l-kdrp (Gr. epi, upon, and karpos, fruit), the outer skin of fruits— the fleshy or edible portion being called the sarcocarp, and the stone the endocarp: epicalyx, n. ep'l-ku'-liks (Gr. epi, on, and calyx), in hot., a calyx formed either of sepals or bracts. epicene, n. ep'l-sen (L. epiaznus, of both genders— from Gr. koinos, common), in gram., common to both epichilium, n. Sp'i-kil'-l-um (Gr. epi, upon, and cheilos, a lip), in tot., the upper portion of the lip of any orchidaceous plant when this organ is divided into two part- similar in appearance. epicure, n. ep'-i-kur (L. Epicurus; Gr. Epikouros, Epicurus, a famous Greek philosopher, to whom is ascribed, but erroneously, the teaching, that " pleasure is the highest good"), a man who indulges in the luxuries of the table ; a dainty eater : epicurean, a. -ku-re'dn, luxurious : n. a disciple of Epicurus: ep'- icu'rism, n. -rlzm, luxury ; habits of gross indulgence : epicureanism, n. -re'dn-izm, the doctrines of Epi- curus : ep'icurise', v. -riz', to become an epicure ; to play the epicure : ep'icuri'sing, imp.: adj. tending to- wards the doctrines of Epicurus. epicycle, n. ep'i-si'kl (Gr. epi, upon, and kuklos, a cow, boy, f dot; pure, bud; chair, i EPIM circle), a little circle whose centre is on the circum- ference of a greater circle : ep'icy'cloid, n. -kloyd (Gr. eidos, form), a curve described by the movement of the circumference of one circle on the convex or con- cave part of the circumference of another : eplcy- cloid'al, a. pert, to : epicycloidal wheel, a wheel for converting circular into alternate motion, or the reverse. epidemic, a. ep'-l-dSm'lk, also ep'idem'ical, a. -l-kdl (Gr. epi, upon, and demos, the people : F. epidemique), attacking many persons ; prevailing generally ; affect- inggreat numbers : ep'idem'ically, ad. -II: epidemic, n. an infectious or contagious disease, attacking many persons at the same time, but of a temporary charac- ter : epidemiology, n. ep'i-dem'-l-6l'-6-ji (Gr. logos, dis- course), doctrine of epidemic diseases ; method of in- vestigating such diseases : epidemiological, a. -6-ldj- l-kdl, connected with, or relating to, epidemic dis- eases. Note.— Epidemic diseases are not of a perma- nent character, are due to contagion, or are carried by the atmosphere, and follow a track more or less wide ; whereas endemic diseases are connected with certain local conditions, and are more or less permanent in a district. epidermic, a. Sp'-i-der'-mlk (Gr. epi, upon, and derma, skin), pert, to the outer skin or cuticle ; also ep'ider'mal, a. -dir'-mdl: epidermis, n. -mis, the scarf or outer skin of the body ; the cuticle ; the outer coating of a plant or tree ; also ep'iderm. epidote, n. ep'-l-dot (Gr. epi, upon, and didomai, I give or add to), a mineral, a member of the garnet family, generally of a green or greyish colour. epigaeus, a. ep'-l-je'us (Gr. epi, upon, and ge, the earth), in bot., growing on land in contradistinction to growing in the water ; growing close to the earth : e'pige'al, a. -je'-al, above ground. epigastric, a. Sp'i-gds'trik (Gr. epi, upon, and gaster, the belly), pert, to the upper part of the abdomen, or the part over the belly: epigastrium, n. -tri-iim, the upper and middle part of the abdomen, nearly coin- ciding with the pit of the stomach. epigee, n. ip'-l-je (Gr. epi, upon, and ge, the earth), the point of a planet's or satellite's orbit nearest to its primary— same as perigee. epigenesis, n. ep'-i-jcri-e-sls (Gr. epi, upon, and genesis, generation), the doctrine which holds that the germ is actually formed as well as expanded by virtue of the procreative powers of the parent— op- posed to the doctrine of evolution, which holds that the germ pre-exists in the parent. epiglottis, n. ep'-i-glot'-tls (Gr. epi, upon, and glottis, the mouth of the windpipe— from glotta, the tongue), the valve or cartilage that covers the upper part of the windpipe when food or drink is passing into the stomach: epiglottic, a. -glot'-tlk, pert. to. epigone, n. e-plg'6-ne (Gr. epi, upon, gone, the seed, offspring), in bot., the cellular layer which covers the young seed-case in mosses, &c. epigram, n. ep'i-grdm (Gr. cp ^pon, and gramma, a writing : F. epigramme), a shore poem on one sub- ject ending with a witty or ingenious turn of thought : epigrammatic, a. -mdt'-ik, also eplgrammat ical, a. -i-kdl, like an epigram ; concise ; pointed : eplgram'- matist, n. -grdm'-md-tlst, a writer of epigrams : epl- grammatlcally, ad. -II. epigraph, n. ep'-i-grdf (Gt. epi, upon, and grapho, I write), an inscription on a building ; a citation from some author, or a sentence constructed for the pur- pose, placed as a motto at the commencement of a book, or at the beginning of each chapter or part. epigynous, a. 6-pij'l-nus (Gr. epi, upon, and gune, a woman), in bot., having the outer whorls of the flower adhering to the ovary so that their upper portions alone are free, thus appearing to be seated on it. epilepsy, n. ep'-i-lep'-sl (Gr. epilepsia, a seizure, the falling sickness— from epi, upon, and lambanein, to take ; F. epUepsie : L. epilt epilepsia), the fall- ing sickness ; a kind of sudden fit, with convulsions : epileptic, a. -tlk, affected with falling sickness : n. one affected with epilepsy: ep'ilep'tical, a. -tt-kdl, pert, to epilepsy. epilogue, n. Hp'K-log (L. epilogus; Gr. epilogos, a close or conclusion : F. epilogue), the conclusion of a speech, discourse, &c. ; a short speech or poem at the end of a play : epilogistic, a. e-pU'-O-jls-tlk, of or like epilogue. epimeral, n. gp'-i-me'-rdl (Gr. epi, upon, and meros, the upper part of the thigh), that part of the segment of an articulate animal which lies immediately abovo game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. EPIO 184 EQUA the joint of the limb : ep'ime'ra, n. plu. -me'-rd, the parts lying immediately above the joint of the limb, as the epimera or side segments of the lobster. epiornis, n. e'pi-or'-nls (see sepiornis), a gigantic extinct bird of Madagascar. epipetalous, a. Hp-l-pW-d-lus (Gr. epi, and petalon, a petal), inserted upon the petals. epiphany, n. e-pif-a-v (I ■ epvphaneia, appearance —from epi, upon, and phaino, I bring to light, I ap- pear), a church festival held on 6th January in com- memoration of the visit of the Magians or Eastern Sages to Bethlehem to see and worship the child Jesus ; generally the manifestation of Christ to the world. epiphora, n. e-plf-o-rd (Gr. epi, upon, and pherein, to bring), watery eye, a disease in which the tears flow over the cheek from an obstruction in the canal which should carry them off. epiphysis, n. e-plf-i-sls (Gr. epi, and phuo, I grow ; phuton, a plant), that which grows on something else ; the end of a long bone, formed at first separately from the shaft, and afterwards united to it: epiphyte, n. ep'4-flt, a plant which grows on another ; a plant at- tached to another plant, and growing suspended in air: epiphytic, a. -fit'lk, pert, to ; also epiphytical, a. 4-kdl. epiploon, n. S-plp'10-on (Gr. epiploos, the caul— from epi, upon, and plein, to sail, to swim), the caul— a por- tion of the peritoneum or lining membrane of the abdomen, which covers in front, and as it were floats on, the intestines : epiploic, a. ep'4-pW-ik, pert, to the epiploon or caul. epirrheology, n. S-plr'4-ol'o-jl (Gr. epirrhoe, a flow- ing on, and logo aiscoin ■ ; that branch of natural science which treats of the effects of external agents on living plants. episcopacy, n. 8-pls'ko-pd-sl (Gr. episkopeo, I over- see : mid. L. episcopus, an overseer— from Gr. epi, upon, and skopeo, I see), church government by bishops ; the order of bishops in the English and other Churches: epis'copal, a. -pal, pert, to episcopacy: epis'- copa'lian, n. -pd'll-dn, an adherent or member of the Ch. of Eng., or of a church governed by bishops : adj. pert, to : epis'copally, ad. -II : epis' copa'lianism, n. -ll-dn-lzm, the system of episcopal church govern- ment : epis'copate, n. -pdt, the order of bishops ; office and dignity of a i ishoji episode, n. ip'4-sod (Gr. epeisodos, a coming in be- sides—from epi, and eisodos, a coming in : F. Epi- sode), an incidental narrative or digression introduced for the purposi o iving i i ter variety to the events related : episodic, a. -sdd'ik, also episodical, a. -I- kdl : episodically, ad. -II. epispastic, a. epH-spds'tlk (Gr. epi, upon, and spao, I draw), in med., drawing ; blistering : n. that which acts as a blister. episperm, n. 8p4- sperm (Gr. epi, upon, and sperma, the seed), in hot., the external covering of the seed: eplspore, n. -spor, the outer covering of some spores. epistaxis, n. ep'i-stak'sls (Gr. epi, upon, and stazein, to drop), the act or state of bleeding from the nose. episternal, 1 1 rr. epi, and sternon, the breast-bone), situated on or above the sternum or breast-bone. episthotonos, n. cp'Xs-thdt'o-nos (Gr. episthen, for- ward, and teinein, to bend or stretch), in med., a spas- modic affection in which the body is bent forward. epistilbite, n. gp'l-stll'bit (Gr. epi, upon, and stilbe, lustre), a crystal of a white, bluish, or yellowish-white colour— see stilbite. epistle, n. S-pls'l (L. epistola; Gr. epistole, anything sent by a messenger— from epi, upon, and stello, I send : Sp. and It. epistola), a letter ; a writing or com- munication to be sent: epis'tolar'y, a. -to-ler'4, pert. tO letters Or COMrsiiuilili'lirr r .li i-lfc-j.-, epistolic, a. Sp'ls-tol'lk, also ep'istol'ical, a. -l-kdl, pert, to letters or epistles : epis'tler, n. -ler, the priest who reads the epistle. epistomium, n. ep'ls-to'ml-um (Gr. epistomion, a muzzle), the cock or spout of a water-pipe, or of any vessel containing liquids to be drawn off in small ■' i ' ' ; ' > ' i ■ i >■ i < 's when req uired : eplsto'meus, a. -us, spigot- shaped. epistrophe, n. e-pls'tro-fS (Gr. epistrophe, a turning toward— from epi, upon, and strephein, to turn), in rhet., a figure in which each member of a sentence concludes with the same affirmation. epitaph, n. ep'-l-taf (Gr. epi, upon, and taphos, a mate, mdt,fdr, laiv; mete, mSt, tomb, a sepulchre : F. e'pitaphe), an inscription on a monument or tombstone in memory or honour of the dead: ep'itaphlc, a. -Ik, also epitaph ian, a. -l-dn: ep'itaphlst, n. a writer of epitaphs. epithalamium, n. ep'4-thd-ld-ml-um (L.— from Gr. epithalamion, that which appertains to the bridal chamber, the bridal song: F. ipithalame), a nuptial song in honour of the bride and bridegroom. epithelium, n. ep'4-the'll-um (Gr. epi, upon, and thele, the nipple), a covering membrane in animals and vegetables, of the same structure as epidermis, but thinner and finer; the superficial, insensible, and bloodless layer of the mucous membrane : epithelial, a. -dl, pert, to or formed of. epithem, n. gp'4-them (Gr. epithema, that which is laid upon a thing— from epi, upon, and tithemi, I place), in med., a liquid in which cloths may be dipt to be laid on any part of the body ; a poultice. ' epithet, n. ep'4-thet (Gr. epithetos, added or put to, annexed— from epi, upon, and tithemi, I place), a word which expresses some real quality of the thing to which it is applied : eplthetlc, a. -Ik, pert, to ; i.JxHmiljiCj ., n [i "in lief.,: epitome, n. 6-pit'o-me (Gr. epi, upon, and temno, I cut ; tome, a cutting), a brief summary or abridgment of any book or writing ; an abstract or compendium : epit'omise, v. -miz, to reduce a work to a small com- pass ; to shorten or abridge by giving the principal matter: epit'omi'sing, imp.: epit'omised, pp. -mlzd: epit'omist, n. -mist, one who ; also epit'omi'ser, n. epizoon, n. gp'l-zo'on (Gr. epi, upon, and zoon, an animal), a parasitic animal which fastens itself on the exterior of other animals and lives upon them— op- posed to entozoon: epizootic, a. -ot'-lk, applied to diseases prevailing among animals, corresponding to epidemic diseases among men. epoch, n. e'pdk, also epocha, n. e'pOkd (Gr. epoche, a check, a pause in the reckoning of time— from epi, and echo, I hold or have : F. ipoque), a fixed point of time from which succeeding years are numbered; a period in the progress of events when some important occurrence takes place ; a fixed and important period of novelty or change ; in geol., age or era. epode, n. ip'-od (Gr. epode, a song— from epi, upon, and aido, I sing), the third or last part of an ode: epodic, a. g-pod'ik, pert, to: epopee, n. ip'-o-pe' (F.j, the history or fable which makes the subject of an epic poem. eponym, n. ip'o-nim (Gr. eponumia, a surname— from epi, upon, and onuma, a name), the individual who is assumed as the person from whom any race or tribe took its name. eprouvette, n. a'prd-vgf (F.), a gun, machine, or contrivance of any kind for determining the strength of gunpowder. Epsomite, n. ep'sum-it, also Epsom salt (after Epsom, in England, from whose waters it was origi- nally obtained), sulphate of magnesia— now usually manufactured from the magnesian limestone of York- shire, or from sea-water. equable, a. ek'ivd-bl (L. ccquabilis, that may be made equal— from cequus, equal : It. equabile), smooth and uniform ; even ; steady ; unruffled : eq'uably, ad. -Ml: equability, n. -bU'i-ti, continued equality; equality in motion ; uniformity ; evenness ; also eq'uableness, n. -bhn8s: equal, a. e'kiv6l, being of the same magnitude or extent; having the same value; possessed of the same qualities or condition ; in just proportion; adequate to: n. one not inferior or su- perior to another ; one of the same age, rank, fortune, &c: v. to make or to be of the same kind, rank, quality, &c, as another; to answer in full proportion : e'qualling, imp.: equalled, pp. -kwOld: e'qually, ad. -II : equality, n. e-kwol'4-tl, similarity or likeness in regard to two things compared ; the same condition ; uniformity; evenness : e'qualise, v. -%z, to make equal : e'quali'sing, imp.: e'qualised', pp. -izcl': e'quali'ser, n. -zer, one who : e'qualisa'tion, n. -l-za'shiin, the act of making equal : e'qualness, n. -nils, state of being equal ; evenness. equanimity, n. e'kwd-nim'l-tl (L. ccquanimitas, calmness— from ccquvs, equal, and animus, mind : It. equanimita), evenness of mind; uniformity and steadiness of temper. equation, n. e-kicd'shun (L. cequatio, equal distri- bution—from cequus, equal— akin to Sans, ekas, one : F. equation), a making equal; in alg., a proposition asserting the equality of two quantities, having tho sign = (equal to) placed between them : equate', v, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; EQUE 1S5 ERAS ■kwdt', to reduce to an equation ; to reduce to mean time or motion: equated, a. reduced or corrected, as an astronomical observation: equa'tor, n. -kwd' ter, the great circle which passes round the middle of the earth at an equal distance from both poles, and which divides the earth into two hemispheres: equatorial, a. e'-kwa-to-ri-dl, pert, to the equator or regions about it : n. an astronomical instrument : e'quato rially, ad. -II: equation of time, the differ- ence between apparent and mean time: equatorial current, the great ocean current which manifests itself within the equatorial regions of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans, having a decided western flow, and warmer by several degrees than the ad- jacent waters. equerry, u. ek'-u-gr-l, also spelt eq'uery (F. ecurie, a stable— from escuyer, a squire who attended on a knight, part of whose duties was to look after his master's horse : F. escuyrie, a squire's place), an offi- cer in a prince's household who has the care of the horses. equestrian, a. d-kwHs'-trl-dn (L. equester, belonging to horsemen— from eques, a horseman: F. equestre), pert, to horses or horsemanship ; being on hoiseback; noting an order of anc. Roman knights. equi, ekivl (L. aquus, equal), a prefix meaning equal, alike — as, equilateral, equal-sided: equi- valved, having both valves alike. Note.— T he words of which equi forms the prefix are mostly self- explanatory. equiangular, a. e'-kul-dwi'-guKr (I. aquus, equal, and angulus, a corner or am.de). having equal amnios. equidiflerent, a. i'-kwl-dif'/er-Snt (L. aquus, and iliff<.rtnt), arithmetically proportional. equidistant, a. e'-kui-dis-tant (L. aquus, equal, and distorts, far asunder), at an equal distance from some point or place: e'quidis'tance, n.: e quidis'tantly, ad. -If. equilateral, a. e'kicl-ldt'er-dl (L. aquus, equal, and latus, a side), having all the sides equal. equilibrate, v. C-ku-i-lVbrdt (L. aquus, equal, and libratus, weighed, balanced), to balance equally two scales, sides, or ends. equilibrium, n. e'kwl-llb'rl-um (L. aquus, equal, and libra, a balance), equality of weight, power, or force, &c; a state of rest resulting from the action of two opposite and equal forces. equimultiple, n. e-kuhtnid'tl-pl (L. aqmis, equal, and multiple), a number which has been multiplied by the same number or quantity as another : adj. multi- plied by the same number or quantity. equine, a. e'-kicin, also equina!, a. -dl (L. equinus, pert, to horses— from equus, a horse : It, equina), peit. to horses : e'quidae, n. plu. -kwl-de, the horse tribe, or the horse kind. equinox, n. e'-kicl-noks (L. aquus, equal, and nox, night ; nodes, nights), the time when the sun enters on the equinoctial line— the sun rising higher in the heavens every day at noon till the point is reached when the days and nights are of equal length all over the world, makes what is called the vernal or spring equinox, about 21st March ; when the same point is reached in descending, the sun makes what is called the autumnal equinox, about 23d September: e'qui- noc'tial, a. - _■ an equal length of day and night ; occurring at the time of the equinoxes, as the equinoctial gales: n. the great circle of the celes- tial concave which divides the heavens into the north- ern and southern hen hich derives its name from the phenomenon that at all places on the earth's surface beneath this circle, the nights are equal all the year round, being of the constant length of 12 hours, the sun setting at 6 p.m., and rising at 6 a.m. ; the circle in the heavens which the sun appears to describe when the days and nights are of equal length: e'quinoc'tially, ad. -It, equip, v. e-kulp' (F. equiper, to accoutre : Icel. skipa, to arrange: AS. sceapan, to form: Ger. schaffen, to create, to provide), to fit out ; to furnish with what- ever is necessary : equip'ping, imp. : equipped', pp. -kiclpf: equip'ment, n. all necessary articles or fur- nishings as for an expedition or voyage : equipage, n. ck'wi-paj (F. equipage), the carriages', horses, liveried servants, &c, of a gentleman, nobleman, or prince; the furniture and necessaries of an army or ship of war, &c. : eq'uipaged, a. -pujd, furnished with an equipage. equipoise, n. e'kicl-poyz (L. aquus, equal, and F. poids, weight), equality of weight ; eauilibrium. equipollent, a. S'kwi-pol'-lint (L. aquus, equal, and pollens, being able: F. equipollent), having equal power, strength, or force ; equivalent : e'quipol'lence, '" t, also e'quipollency, n. -len-si, ability, power, equal, and ponclus, weight— gen. ponderis), being of the same weight : e'quipon'derance, n. -dns, equality of weight; equipoise. equisetaces, n. plu. e'-kicl-se-td'-shi-e, also equise- tums.n. plu. ek'icl-se'tihns(L. equisetis, the plant In >rse- tail— from equus, a horse, and sin, a thick stiff hair on an animal), an extensive order of marsh or boggy cryptogamie plants, represented by the common horse- tail of bogs and ditches : eq'uisetites', n. plu. -si-tltzf, in geol., fossil plants resembling the equisetum of our pools and marshes. equitable, a. ek'-icl-td-bl (L. aquifas, justice — from aquus, equal: F. equitable), fair; just; giving equal justice; doing justice ; impartial: equitably, ad. -bli: equitableness, n. -bl-7i6s, the quality of bem- jusi ; """" of doing justice: equity, n. -ti, impartial dis- justice: court of equity, a tribunal, distinct from the common law courts of the country, in which justice is administered by a separate body of laws created and sustained on the strength of prece- dents or usage, or in which cases are decided accord- ing to reason and justice, when they appear to be excepted from the general provisions of the law. equitant, a, ek'-ul-tdnt (L. equitans, riding), in bot., applied to a form of vernation, in which the leaves are folded forwards longitudinally on the mid-rib, so that their edges meet, and each embraces the one which is placed next within it. equivalent, a. e-kiviv'd-lent (L. aquus, equal, and valens, being strong or vigorous— gen. valeniis: F. equivalent), equal in value or worth ; equal in power, force, or effect; of the same import or meaning: n. that which is equal in value, weight, &c, to something else; offset; compensation; in geol., strata or a series of strata that have been formed contemporaneously in distant regions, or which are characterised by simi- lar suites of fossils: equiv'alently, ad. -It: equiv'- alence, n. -lens, equal value or worth ; also equiv'- alency, n. -si. equivocal, a, e-kiclv'-o-kdl (L. aquus, equal, and vocal- is, sounding, speaking — from vox, a voice : It. equivo- cale), of doubtful signification; uncertain; that may be understood in different senses ; doubtful : equivo- cally, ad. -II: equiv'ocalness, n. : equivocate, v. -kat, to use words of doubtful meaning ; to quibble ; to pre- varicate ; to evade : equiv oca'ting, imp. : adj. using ambiguous words or phrases : equivocated, pp. : eqtuVoca'tor, n. one who : equiv'oca'tion, n. -ka'-shun, the use of words that have a double or doubtful mean- ing : equivOca'tory, a. -ter-l , containing, or savouring of an equivocation : equivoque, n. a'-kl-vok? or e'-kwi- voK (F.), an expression in which a word has at once different meanings ; a quibble. era, n. e'-rd, also sera (L. ara, the particulars of an account, period of service: F. ere; Sp. and It. era, age, era : akin to AS. gear, a year), a fixed point of time from which a nation or people reckon their years, as Christian era; a succession of years from a fixed point; in geol., the commencement of a new system or formation, or the entire duration of that system or formation : an epoch is a point of time fixed by historians, or a certain memorable period of years— see epoch. eradicate, v. e-rdd'i-J;.' :. to pluckup by the roots— from e, out of, and radix, a root : It. era- dicare), to pull up by the roots ; to destroy thoroughly ; to extirpate : erad'ica ting, imp. : erad'ica ted, pp. < erad'ica'tor, n. one who : erad'icable, a. -kd-bl, that can be rooted up or completely destroyed : erad'ica'- tion, n. -ka'-shun, complete destruction; the state of being plucked up by the roots : erad'ica'tive, a. -tiv, that cures or destroys thoroughly. erase, e-rds 1 (L. erasus, scraped out— from e, out of, and rasus, scraped : F. raser, to shave), to scrape or rub out ; to obliterate ; to expunge ; to blot out or deface : era'sing, imp. : erased', pp. -rdsd': era'ser, n. one who or that which: era'sable, a. -sd-bl, that can be scraped out or obliterated : erase'ment, n. -ment, a rubbing out; obliteration: era'sure, n. -zhdbr, the act of scratching out; the place where a letter or word has been rubbed out. '. boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. ERAS 186 ESCA Erastian, a. 6-rds'tl-dn, pert, to Erastus or his doc- trines: Eras'tians, n. plu., those professing the doc- trines of Erastus, a German divine and physician of the 16th century, who taught that the Church ought to be wholly dependent on the State for its government and discipline : Eras'tianism, n. -torn, the principles of the Erastians. erbium, n. er'-bl-um — erbium and terbium, names given by Mossander to two new metals, the oxides of which accompany yttria. ere, conj. ar (Goth, air, early; AS. cer, early, be- fore : Dut. eer, sooner : Ger. eher, before ; erste, first), before ; sooner than : erst, ad. erst, at first ; in early times ; once ; long ago : ere long, ad. dr'long (ere and long), a contraction for "before long time," or "be- fore a long time shall elapse": ere now, ad. before this time. Erebus, n. er'S-bus (L. in anc. myth., the god of dark- ness, son of Chaos, and brother of Nox), darkness ; the region of the dead ; hell. erect, v. e-rekt' (L. erectus, raised or set up— from e, out of, and rectus, straight or upright), to raise ; to set up ; to build ; to found or establish : adj. in a perpen- dicular position; upright; firm, unshaken, or bold: erec'ting, imp. : erec'ted, pp. : erectly, ad. -It, in an upright position : erect'ness, n. the being perpendicu- lar in position or form: erec'table, a. -td-bl, that can be erected: erec'tile, a. -til, that which may be erec- ted; having the property of raising itself: erec'tive, a. -tlv, able or tending to erect : erec'ter, n. one who : erec'tor, n. a muscle that erects ; he or that which erects : erec'tion, n. -shun, the act of raising or build- ing ; settlement or formation ; a building of any kind. eremacausis, n. er'6-md-kaw'sls (Gr. erema, silently, gently, and kausis, a burning), the slow chemical change or combustion without sensible heat, caused by the action of the oxygen of the atmosphere on moist animal or vegetable bodies, as in the slow de- cay of wood. eremite, n. £r'S-mlt, another spelling of hermit, which see. erethism, n. gr'S-thlzm (Gr. erethismos, irritation), in med., a state of irritation or excitement of a part, different from, or short of, the inflammatory condi- tion, although often passing into it ; unnatural energy of action. ergo, conj. ?r'-go (L.), therefore; consequently; often used in a joeuiar way. ergot, n. er'got (P. ergot, cock's spur), a vegetable disease consisting in the growth of a black horn-like fungus, commonest on the rye or secale : er'gotism, n. -go-tlzm, in med., a diseased state of body caused by eating diseased or unripe grain, especially the poisonous effects resulting from eating bread made from spurred rye: er'gotised, a. -tlzd, diseased by ergot, as rye : er'gotin, n. -tin, the acrid, bitter, active principle of ergot. Eridanus, n. e-rld'd-nus (Gr. Eridanos, the river Po), a winding constellation in the southern hemi- sphere. Erin, n. e'rln (L. Jerne, Ireland, the L. name being itself a probable corruption of an old Celtic term), contr. for Ireland, or its ancient name : erinite, n. 6r'l-nlt, a beautiful green arseniate of copper found in Limerick, Ireland. ermine, n. er'mln (F. hermine), an animal of the weasel kind, of a white colour, the fur of which, as being used for the robes of judges, is often employed to denote the office or dignity of a judge ; an emblem of purity and of honour without stain : er'mined, a. -mind, adorned or clothed with ermine. erode, v. 6-rod' (L. erodo, I consume or eat away— from e, out of, and rodo, I gnaw), to eat in or away ; to corrode: ero'ding, imp. : ero'ded, pp. : ero'sive, a. -zlv (L. erosum, to consume), that eats away : ero'- sion, n. -zhun, the act of gradually wearing away ; the state of being gradually worn away : erose, a. 6-roz', in bot., irregularly toothed as if gnawed: erose'ly, ad. -II. erotic, a. grot'lk (Gr. erotikos, relating to love— from eruo, I love passionately), relating to the pas- sion of love ; also erot'ical, a. -t-kdl. erpetology.n.er^e/V jl(i • (/i \i rp ton. .. .-. <'<■>> in- thing, a reptile, and logos, discourse), that branch of natural science which treats of the structure, habits, and history of reptiles ; also spelt herpetology. err, v. er (L. errare; Ger. irren, to wander, to go astray: Fin. eri, separate, apart; ero, departure: from the right way ; to deviate from the line or path of duty ; to miss the right way ; to commit error : erring, imp. : adj. uncertain ; wandering from the truth or the right way : er ringly, ad. -II : erred, pp. erd: er'rand, n. -rdnd (AS. azrend, an errand), a mes- sage ; something to be told or done by a messenger : er- rant, a. ir'rdnt (L. errans, wandering— gen. errantis), wandering ; rambling: er'rantry, n. -trl, the employ- ment of a knight who wandered about seeking adven- tures ; a wandering : knights-errant, knights wander- ing about in search of adventure : erratic, a. -rdt'lk, having no fixed course ; irregular ; strange ; queer ; also errat'ical, a. -l-kal-. erratically, ad. -It: erratics, n. plu. Sr-rdt'-lks, orerratic blocks, in geol., those large water-worn blocks of stone, commonly called boulders, which are scattered so plentifully over the higher and middle latitudes of the northern hemisphere : erra- tum, n. -rd'tum, plu. erra'ta (L.), an error or mis- take in writing or printing: erro'neous, a. -r6'-ne-us, not conformable to truth ; wrong ; false ; mistaken : erro'neously, ad. -It: erro'neousness, n. : error, n. er'er, a deviation from truth ; a sin or transgression ; a blunder: er'rorist, n. -er-lst, one who encourages and propagates error. errhine, a. er'rln (Gr. errhinon, a medicine for in- citing sneezing— from en, in, and rhis, the nose— gen. rhinos), in med., affecting the nose; producing dis- charge from the nose : n. what is snuffed up the nose to cause sneezing. Erse, n. ers (contr. from Irish), the branch of the Celtic spoken by the Highlanders of Scotland, called by themselves Gaelic; Irish. erst, ad. erst— see under ere : erst'-while, till then ; till now. erubescent, a. $r'db-b$s'ent (L. erubescens, growing red— from e, out of, and ruber, red), reddish ; flush- ing: er'ubes'cence, n. -ens, redness of the skin or sur- face of anything : er'ubes'cite, n. -bSs'lt, purple cop- per. eructate, v. e-ruk'tat (L. eructatum, to belch out— from e, out of, and ructatum, to belch : It. eruttare : F. eructer), to throw up foul air from the stomach ; to belch : eruc'tating, imp. : eruc'tated, pp. : e'ructa'- tion, n. -ta-shun, the act of belching wind or foul air from the stomach ; a violent bursting forth of gaseous and liquid matter from any orifice or opening, as from the crater of a volcano or geyser. erudite, a. er'u-dU (L. eruditus, free from rudeness, cultivated— from e, out of, and rudis, rough : It. erudito: F. erudit), instructed; conversant with books ; learned : er'uditi'on, n. -dlsh'un, knowledge gained by study of books; learning in literature; scholarship : eruditely, ad. -It. eruginous,a.e-TOi ; f-m"(s (see aeruginous), resembling the rust of copper or brass. erumpent, a. e'-rum'pent (L. e, out of, and rumpo, I break), in bot., prominent, as if bursting through the epidermis, as seen in some tetraspores. erupted, a. e-rup'ted (L. eruptus, broken out or burst forth— from e, out of, and ruptus, rent asunder), forcibly thrown out, as from a volcano: erup'tion, n. -shun, a bursting out from confinement ; a violent throwing out of anything, as flames or lava from a volcano ; a sudden and overwhelming hostile rush of armed men from one country into another ; a breaking out of pustules or pocks on the skin, as in measles, small-pox, &c. : erup'tive, a. -tlv, bursting forth ; attended with eruptions or producing them ; in geol., applied to igneous rocks, which have evidently buibt through the sedimentary strata. erysipelas, n. er'l-slp'e-lds (Gr. erusipelas, a red eruption on the skin— from eruthros, red, and pella, skin), an eruption of a fiery inflammatory nature on some part of the body ; the disease called St Anthony's fire: erysipelatous, a. -l-pel'd-tus, eruptive; of or erythema, n. dr'l-the'md (Gr. eruthema, redness— from eruthaino, I make red), in med., a superficial red- ness of the skin : er'ythem'atous, a. -them'd-tus, pert, to: er'ythrine, n. -thrln (Gr. eruthros, red), a mineral of a carmine and peach-blossom red colour ; cobalt- bloom, used for the manufacture of smalt: er'y- thrite, n. -thrlt, a mineral, a flesh-coloured variety of felspar. escalade, n. Ss'-kd-ldd' (F.— from L. scala; old F. scalle, a ladder : It. scalata), the entering by troops into a fortified place by means of ladders : v. to enter a place by ladders: es'cala'ding, imp.: es'cala'ded, pp. Lap. erit, away, to another place), to wander or stray mate, mdt.fdr, law; mete, m&t, her; pine, pin; note, not, mdve; ESCA 1 escallop, n. Ss-kdl'-op (see scallop), a bivalve shell ; inequality of margin. escape, v. es-kdp' (F. eschapper, to shift away, to slip out of: It. scappare, to run away: Icel. skreppa, to slip away), to flee from and avoid ; to get out of the way without injury ; to shun or evade ; to avoid an evil, as punishment; to shun danger or injury: n. a getting away from danger; flight; excuse; evasion; subterfuge : escaping, imp. : n. avoidance of danger : escaped', pp. -kupt' ■. esca'per, n. one who: escape'- ment, n. a mechanical contrivance to regulate and change the direction of the moving force in clocks and watches : escapade, n. es'kd-pdd' {¥.), a mischiev- ous freak ; an impropriety of speech or slip of the tongue ; the gambols of a horse. escarp, v. es-kdrp' (F. escarper, to cut to a slope), to form a slope: n. that side of the ditch next the rampart and in front of a fortified work forming a steep slope : escarp ing, imp. : escarped', pp. -skdrpf, cut or formed to a sudden slope: escarp'ment, n. -mint, the steep face of a ridge of high land ; ground about a fortified position cut away nearly perpendicu- larly to prevent the approach of an enemy. eschalot, n. esh'd-lot (F. ichalotte), an edible bulb related to the onion ; the shalot. eschar, n. Ss'kdr (Gr. eschara, a hearth, a scab : F. escarre), in rued., a crust or scab produced by burning or caustics : es'charot ic, a. -kdrot'-lk, having the power to sear or burn the flesh. escheat, n. cs-rhet' (old F. escheir, to fall, to happen : escheate, the falling in of a property— from L. cadere, to fall), lands or tenements which fall or revert to the lord or superior through failure of heirs, or by for- feiture; lands, ic„ tailing to the state through want of heirs, or toil cited by rebellion: v. to revert or fall to a superior, or to the state : escheating, imp. : escheated, pp. : escheat able, a. -d-bl, liable to escheat : escheat'or, n. an officer who looks after escheats: escheat age, n. -uj, the right to succeed to an escheat. eschew, v. cs-chO' (F. eschever, to avoid : It. schivare, to avoid, to parry a blow: Sw. skef; Dan. skieve, oblique), to avoid ; to flee from; to shun: eschewing, imp.: eschewed', pp. &s-ch6d'. escort, n. 6s'-kort (F. escorte; It. scoria, a convoy, a guide— from L. cohors, a company of soldiers), a body of armed men to attend or protect any person of dis- tinction on a journey ; a guard for the safety of bag- gage, &c: v. es-korr, to attend as a guard on a jour- ney ; to accompany ; to attend and guard anything conveyed by land: escorting, imp.: escorted, pp. guarded on a journey or excursion ; attended. escritoire, n. es'-krl-twcuvr' (F.), a box or case with conveniences and materials for writing. escuage, n. es'-kiidj (F. escusson, diminutive of escu, a shield : It. scudo; L. scutum, a shield), literally, service of the shield; a commutation for the personal service of military tenants in war: escutcheon, n. -kuch'-un, the shield on which a coat of arms is repre- sented; a hatchment; picture of the ensigns armo- rial: escutcheoned, n. -und, having an escutcheon or hatchment. Esculapian, a. es'ku-ld'pidn (L. JEsculapius ; Gr. Asklepios, the god of the healing art in anc. mytho- logy), pert, to the healing art; medical; also spelt Esculapian. esculent, a. es'ku-lent (L. esculentus, fit for eating, edible— from esca, food), good for food; eatable: n. something that is eatable. Escurial, n. esku'-ri-dl (Sp. Escorial), in Spain, a vast and wonderful structure about 22 miles from Madrid, comprising a magnificent monastery, a col- lege, a seminary, and a royal palace. escutcheon— see under escuage. eskirs or escars, n. plu. es'kirz, the name given in Ireland to the mounds of post-glacial gravel which occur in the river- valleys of that country — called kaims in Scotland, and osars in Sweden. esocidae, n. plu. e-sos'i-de (L. esox—gen. esocis; Gr. isox, a species of pike), the pike family, represented by the well-known fresh-water fish of that name. esophagus, n. e-sof'd-giis (Gr. oisophagos, the gullet —from oio, I bear or carry for another, and phago, I eat), the canal through which food and drink pass to the stomach; the gullet: esoph'agot'omy, n. -got'6-mi (Gr. temno, I cut), the operation of making an opening into the esophagus or gullet ; also spelt oesophagus. Esopian, a. e-so'pl-dn (from JEsop, an anc. Greek who wrote fables), composed by .rEsop ; after the manner of iEsop. vate; secret; pert, to doctrines taught in private; opposed to exoteric, noting the form of such doctrines taught to the public: es'oter'ical, a. -l-kdl: es'oter- ically, ad. -li .• es'oter'ics, n. plu. -Iks, mysterious or hidden doctrine. espadon, n. es'pd-don (It. spadone, a two-handed sword— from spada, a sword), a long heavy sword wielded by a powerful foot-soldier, or used in decapi- tating by an executioner. espaliers, n. plu. es-pdl'-yerz (Sp. espaldera, wall- trees— from espalda, a shoulder : F. espalier, fruit- trees trained against a wall), rows of trees trained to a frame or lattice in order to form an enclosure; fruit-trees trained upon stakes or a paling. esparto, n. es-pdr'to (Sp.— from L. sparfum; Gr. sparton, Spanish broom), a species of grass imported from Spain, and now extensively used for making paper. especial, a. Ss-pesh'dl (old F. especial— from L. spe- cialis, not general: It. speciale: F. special), chief; principal; particular: especially, ad. -It, principally; particularly ; in an uncommon degree above any other : especi'alness, n. espied, espial, and espier— see espy. espionage, n. 6s'pe-o-ndj' or -ndzh' (F. espionnage, act of spying— from espion, a spy), the practice of watching the words and conduct of others, generally from un- worthy motives ; the practice of employing others as spies or secret agents. esplanade, n. es'pld-ndd' (F.— from L. planum, level ground, a plain), level ground within a fortified place or adjoining it, used for exercise, &c; the slope of a parapet towards the country ; properly, the space be- tween the fortifications of the town and those of the citadel. espouse, v. Ss-polcz' (F. e'pouser; old F. espouser, to wed : L. sponsus, promised solemnly), to promise or engage in marriage by a written contract ; to betroth ; to marry ; to embrace or adopt, as a cause or opinion : espou'sing, imp.: espoused', pp. -powzd': espou'sal, a. -zdl, relating to the act of espousing: n. act of espousing or betrothing ; adoption : espousals, n. plu. -zalz, the act of contracting a man and a woman to each other in marriage : espou'ser, n. -zer, one who : espouse ment, n. ■vowz'me'nt. esprit, n. es-pre' (F.), spirit ; soul : esprit de corps, -de-kof (F. esprit, spirit, de, of, corps, body), the pre- vailing spirit or disposition which binds men as mem- bers of the same society or profession. espy, v. es-pV (F. epier; old F. espier, to watch : It. spiare, to spy), to see a thing at a distance ; to dis- cover something meant to be concealed or not very visible : espy'ing, imp. : espied', pp. -pid'.- espi'er, n. one who : espial, n. the act of spying: es'pionage, n. which see. Esquimaux, n. sing, or plu. Ss'kl-mo, tribes of diminutive stature inhabiting the northern seaboard of America and Asia, and the Arctic Islands : Esqui- mau, as a sing, form, is rarely used. esquire, n. e's-kwlr' or es'kwir (It. scudiero; F. icuyer, one who attended on a knight and bore his lance and shield— from scutum, a shield), a title of respect put after a name, usually given to any one occupying a respectable position in life; formerly an attendant on a knight; a name properly pert, to younger sons of noblemen, &c. essay, n. es'-sd (F. essayer, to try— from L. exigere, to prove by examination : F. essai, an essay, a sketch), an attempt ; an endeavour ; an effort ; a trial or ex- periment ; a written composition on a practical sub- ject, less formal or extended than a treatise : es'sayist, n. -1st, writer of an essay : v. 6s-sd', to attempt ; to try; to endeavour: essaying, imp.: essayed', pp. -sad': essay^er, n. one who. essence, n. es'-sens (L. essentia, the being of any- thing—from esse, to be: It. essenzia: F. essence), the concentrated preparation of any substance; a per- fume ; the virtues or qualities of a thing separated from its grosser matter; that which constitutes the particular nature of a being or substance ; existence ; being : es'senced, a. -enst, perfumed : essential, a. -sen'-shdl, indispensably necessary ; important in the highest degree ; pure : essen'tially, ad. -li : essen'tial- ness.n.: essen'tial'ity, n. -shi-dl'-i-ti, essential nature or character. Essenes, n. plu. Ss-senz', a sect among the anc. Jews, remarkable for their strict and abstemious life : es- Vifobt; pure, biid; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. ESTA 188 ETHO eenism, n. es'e-nlzm, the doctrines or the practices of the Essenes. establish, v. es-tdb'llsh (F. e'tablir, to establish ; itab- lissant, establishing : old F. establir— from L. stabilis, that stands fast, firm), to settle or fix firmly ; to found permanently ; to make firm ; to constitute ; to decree ; to ratify: establishing, imp. : established, pp. -llsht: establisher, n. one who : establishment, n. a house- hold ; a place of trade ; that which is fixed or set up permanently; a form of religion supported by, and in connection with, the State : establishment of the port, a term employed to denote the interval between the time of high water at any given port, and the time of the moon's transit immediately preceding the time of high water, when the moon is at the new or fullrr-- >, n. Ss'td-fet' (F.), one of a series of in relay ; an express. estate, n. Hs-tdtf (F. dtat; old F. estat— from L. status, fixed, certain), condition of a person or thing; rank; landed property; property in general; orders or classes of men in a country ; dominions or posses- sions: estates', plu. in Scrip., persons of high rank; in Scot, hist., Houses of Parliament : estate-real, lands and tenements : -personal, movable property. esteem, v. es-tem' (F. estimer, to esteem— from L. cestimo, I set a price upon : It. estimare), to set a high value upon; to prize; to regard with respect or friendship ; to think ; to hold in repute : esteeming, imp. : esteemed', pp. -temd' : estimable, a. es'tl-md-bl, worthy of esteem or honour; deserving regard ; valu- able: es'timably, ad. -bit: es'timab'leness, n. : esti- mate, v. -mat, to form an opinion of the value of, or expense of; to fix the value by comparison and from experience; to calculate: n. the computed cost of anything ; a valuing or rating by the mind ; a valua- tion : es'tima'ting, imp. : es'tima'ted, pp. : es'tima'tor, n. one who : es'tima'tion, n. -ma'shiln, an opinion or judgment of the value or worth of; esteem ; regard ; favourable opinion: es'tima'tive, a. -md'tlv, able to estimate or judge. esthetics, n. plu. ez-thSt'lks, also aesthetics, which see (Gr. aisthetikos— from aistliesis, perception), the doctrine of taste, or the perception of beauty in art and nature. estivation, n. Hs'-il-vd'shun (L. cestiva, summer ;:i:Mi..| - fro n castas, summer), in bot., the disposi- tion of the parts of the perianth in the flower-bud ; the arrangement of the unexpanded leaves of the flower-bud, which burst in summer, as opposed to ver- nation, the arrangement of the leaves of the bud on a branch, which burst in spring; in zool., the sleep or dormancy of animals during the hot or dry season in warm climates ; the analogue of hybernation in cold regions : es'tival, a. -veil, pert, to summer. estoppel, n. es-top'el (old F. estouper, to stop), in laiu, a legal impediment: estop, v. es-tdp' , to bar ; to place under estoppel : estop'ping, imp.: estopped', pp. es-topt'. estovers, n. plu. Ss-tO'ven (old F <^foveir, to be needful), in law, supply of needful wood for repairs, fuel, Ac. estrade, n. es-trdd' (F.), a level place; the raised part of the floor of a room. estrange, v. es-trdnf (F. etranger, a foreigner: old F. estrange; It. esiraneo, not native, foreign: L. extraneus, that is without, a stranger), to divert from its original use; to alienate; to turn from kindness to indifference or enmity ; to withdraw the heart or affections from : estran'ging, imp. : estranged', pp. -strdnjd': estrange'ment, n. -merit, the withdrawal of the heart or affections from ; alienation. estrapad* 3 , . i I species of torture), the violent yerking of the hind legs which a horse makes when desirous of getting rid of his rider. estreat, n. es-tref (L. extractum, to draw out, the copy of any origin <• ■ riting Norm, estraite), the copy ..■,,. ■> , niN'i ,. ,■ { iv. ini'i • in'. i;:)iv of fines set down in the rolls of a court to be levied of any man for his offences : v. to copy : estreating, imp. : estreat'ed, pn. applied to the recognisances when the officer is directed to take out such a copy for the purpose of levying the amount. estuary, n. es'-tu-d-rl (L. cestuarium, an arm of the sea— from cestuo, I rage or boil, as the sea: It. estu- ario), the mouth of a tidal river; an arm of the sea; " ctaerio, n. S-te'rl-d (Gr. etairia, fellowship, society), in bot., a fruit composed of several distinct one-F" J - ' pericarps, arranged upon an elevated receptacle or torus, which may he either dry or fleshy. et-cetera or -caetera, et-set'-e-rd (L. et, and, ccetera, other tilings), commonly contracted into &c. or etc.— put at the end of a sentence, title, or announcement, to point out the fact that other things could be men- tioned, or are to be understood as following ; and so on. etch, v. Sell (Ger. atzen, to cause to eat : Dut. etsen, to etch), to engrave a metal plate by the eating or corroding power of an acid : etching, imp. : n. the art of producing a picture on a metal plate by the eating power of an acid; the impression from the plate: etched, pp. Scht: etch'er, n. one who: etch- ing-ground, the substance, usually a mixture of wax and resins, used to protect the surface of the metal, &c, from the action of the acid: etchings, n. plu. impressions upon paper of designs etched on a plate of copper, steel, &c. : see hatch, note. eternal, a. e-ter'ndl (L. ceternus, perpetual— from cevum, lifetime: akin to ! Ian dju - It. eternak: F. eternel, eternal, perpetual), without beginning or end of existence; without an end; everlasting; ex- isting always without change: n, a title of Deity: eter'nalist, n. -ndl-lst, one who holds the existence of the world to be eternal: eter'nally, ad. -II: eter'- nity, n. -nl-tl, duration without beginning or end; endless future existence: eter'nise, v. -nlz, to make endless; to immortalise: e'terni'sing, imp. ; eter- nised', pp. -nlzd'. Note.— In porno u ag< /<,/../ and everlasting are very much used as if they were synonymous. In the true Biblical use of the terms, however, the first has no primary reference to dura- tion at all. Its primary significance may be defined as " raised above all conditions of time." etesian, a. S4e'zM tesios; L. etesius, annual —from Gr. etos, a year : F. itesien), periodical ; noting a northerly or north-easterly wind that prevails all over Europe in early spring; in Gr. and Rom. authors, applied to the periodical winds in the Mediterranean, from whatever quarter they blow. ether, n. e'ther (L. cether; Gr. aither, the upper or pure air: It. etere: F. e'ther), an extremely fine fluid, supposed to fill all space beyond the limits of our atmosphere ; a very light volatile and inflammable liquid, obtained from alcohol and an acid by distilla- tion : ethe'real, a. -the'rl-dl, heavenly ; spiritual ; celes- tial ; resembling ether: ethe'really, ad. -II: ethe'real'- ity, n. -dl'i-tl: ethe'realise', v. -dl-iz', also etherise, v. e'-ther-lz, to convert into ether; to stupefy with ether ; to make spiritual : ethe'reali'sing, imp. : ethe'- realised', pp. -izd': etheriform, n. e-ther'-l-Jawrm (L. forma, shape), having the form of ether. ethics), the science which treats of morality; that which relates to human actions, their motives and tendencies : ethic, a. -Ik, also ethical, a. -i-kdl, treat- ing of manners or morals ; moral : ethically, ad. -II. Ethiopian, n. e'-thi-o-pi-dn, also Ethiop, n. e'thi-6p (Gr. aithiops, fiery -looking— from aithein, to light up, to burn), a native of Ethiopia, and as such supposed to be black ; a country of Africa, which included the modern Abyssinia and several adjacent states: adj. pert, to : E'thiop'ic, a. -op'lk, pert.to Ethiopia or its lan- guage ; applied to the negro race as inhabiting Africa. ethiops— see aethiops. ethmoid, a. eth'-moyd (Gr. ethmos, a sieve, and eidos, form), perforated with holes like a sieve— applied to the bone of the nose, which is perforated like a sieve for the passage of the olfactory nerves. ethnical, a. eth'-nl-kdl, also ethnic, a. cth'-nik (Gr. ethnikos, pagan, heathen— from ethnos, a tribe, a na- tion), relating to the different races or nations of man- kind ; heathen ; gentile : eth'nicaliy, ad. -li : eth'ni- cism, n. -sizrn, heathenism: ethnography, n. eth-nog- rd-fl (Gr. ethnos, a race, a nation, and grapho, I write), an account or description of the origin, dispersion, connection, and characteristics of the various races of mankind: eth'nographle, a. -no-grdf-lk, pert, to the origin, dispersion, &c, of mankind ; also eth'nograph- ical, a. -i-kdl : ethnology, n. -ndl'-o-ji (Gr. logos, dis- course), the science of races, in all that relates to physical features, language, manners, religion, and other characteristics: eth'nologlcal, a. -no-loj'-l-kdl, pert, to ethnology: ethnol'ogist, n. -nol'-o-jlst, also ethnographer, n. -nog'-rd-fer, one who. ethology, n. eth-6l'6-ji (Gr. ethos, use, disposition or character formed by habit, and lego-:, discourse), the science which determines the kind of character t, far, law; mete, m&t, Mr; pine, pin; note, nSt, mOve; ETIO . II produced in conformity to certain general laws, or by any set of circumstances, physical and moral ; the theory of the causes which determine the type of character belonging to a people, or to an age : etio- logical, a. eth'-o-loj'-l-kai, connected with or relating to ethology. etiolate, v. e'tl-6-Ult' (F. etioler, in gardening, to grow up long-shanked and colourless), to whiten by excluding the light of the sun ; to blanch ; to become white: e'tiola'ting, imp.: etiola'ted, pp.: adj. ap- plied to the whitening of the leaves and the lengthen- ing of the stem of a plant by its being suffered to grow in a shady or dark situation : e'tiola'tion, n. -la-shun, the act of becoming white by the absence of light ; absence of green colour; the process of blanching plants by excluding the action of light. etiology, n. e-tl-oi-6-jl (Gr. aitia, a cause, and logos, a discourse: F. e'tiologie), the doctrine of causes, particu- larly with reference to diseases : etiological, a. -loj'-i- Ml, connected with or relating to etiology. etiquette, n. et'-l-ket' (F. a ticket on which the forms to be observed on particular occasions were inscribed), forms of civility, manners, or good - breeding ; the ceremonial code of polite society. etymology, n. et'l-mol'6-jl (Gr. etumos, true, and logos, a word: L. etymon; Gr. etumon, the true source of a word), that department of the study of language which traces words to their elements, their original forms, and primary significations : et'ymol'ogist, n. one who: etymological, a. -molOj'l-kal, pert, to ety- mology: et'ymolog'ically, ad. -II: etymologise, v. -moi-d-jlz. to search into the origin and primary mean- ings of words: etymologi'sing, imp. : etymologised', pp. -jlzd' : etymon, n. StH-mCn, an original or primi- tive word ; a root. eucharist, n. u'kd-rlst (Gr. eucharistia, a giving of thanks— from eu, well, and charis, favour), the sacra- ment of the Lord's Supper ; a giving of thanks : eu- charis'tic, a. -ka-ris'tik, also eu'eharis'tical, a. -tl-kal, pert, to the Lord's Supper. euclase, n. u'-klds (F. evclase— from Gr. eu, well, and klaein, to break), prismatic emerald, a fine green min- eral found in Brazil and Peru. eudiometer, n. ii'dl-6m'e-tcr (Gr. eudia, fair or fine weather, and metron, a measure), an instr. for ascer- taining the quantity of oxygen contained in the air, or its purity: eu'diom'etry, n. -e-trl, the act or practice of measuring the quantity of oxygen in the air or in a gaseous mixture : eu'diomet He, a. -met'rik, also eu diomet'rical, a. -rl-kdl, pert. to. eulogy, n. u-lO-jl (Gr. eulogia, good language, praise —from eu, well, and logos, a discourse), the praise of any one, written or spoken ; encomium ; praise : eu- logic, a. u-loj'-lk, also eulog'ical, a. -Ikal, containing praise : eulog ically, ad. -ll .- eulogistic, a. u'lo-jls'tlk, also eulogis'tical, a. -ti-kal, containing praise ; com- mendatory: eulogis tically, ad. -II: eulogium, n. ii-lO'-jium, praise ; commendation ; panegyric ; eu- logy : eulogise, v. u'lo-jlz' , to praise highly ; to extol : eu'logi'sing, imp. : eulogised', pp. -jlzd', praised. eunuch, n. u'-nuk (Gr. eunouchos, one who is cas- trated—from eune, a bed, and echo, I have or keep : L. eunuchus ; It. eunuco ; F. eunuque, a eunuch), a castrated man ; in the East, a man who has the charge of the women's apartments ; a chamberlain : eu'nuch- ate, v. -at, to make a eunuch : eu'nucha'ting, imp. : eu'nucha'ted, pp. : eu'nuchism, n. -Izm, the state of a eunuch. euomphalus, n. u-om'fa-liis (Gr. eu, well, and om- phalos, the navel, the boss of a shield), in geol., a whorled discoidal shell, having the whorls angular or coronated. euosmite, n. uos'mlt (Gr. eu, well, and osme, odour-), a fossil resin, so called from its strong, pe- culiar, and pleasant odour. eupepsy, n. u-pep'sl (Gr. eu, well, and pepto, I cook, I digest), good digestion : eupeptic, a. -tik, pert. to. euphemism, n. u'fem-lzm (Gr. eu, well, and phemi, I speak : F. euphemisme), the substitution of a deli- cate or indirect expression in order to avoid some- thing offensive to good manners, or indelicate ; a mild name for something offensive: eu'phemis'tic, a. ■u-tik. rendering less offensive or more delicate. euphony, n. z^/o-?u(Gr. ew, well, andphorie, a voice : F. euphon ie), an agreeable sound of words ; a pronunci- ation of words or syllables pleasing to the ear: eu- phonic, a. -fon'-lk, also euphonical, a. -%-kdl, agree- able in sound: eupho'nious, a. -fo'ni-us, pleasing to the ear : eupho'niously, ad. -II .- euphonise, v. u'/o-mz', 9 EVAN to render agreeable in sound: eu'phoni'sing, imp.: euphonised', pp. -nizd': euphonicon, n. u-fon'l-kon, an improved pianoforte. euphorbia, n. u-Jor'-bi-d (Gr. euphorbion, a certain gum-resin— from Euphorbos, an anc. Greek physician), a genus of plants of many species, yielding an acrid milky juice: euphor'bium, n. -bi-iim, an " inodorous gum produced by several species of euphorbia or spurge, and used in the composition of some plasters. euphrasy, n. u-frd-sl (Gr. tuphrasio, delight), the plant eye-bright, formerly supposed to be beneficial in diseases of the eyes. euphuism, n. u'fa-izm (Gr. euphues, growing or in- creasing well — from eu, well, and phue, growth), an expression affectedly refined ; high-flown diction : euphuist, n. -1st, one who: eu'phuis tic, a. -is'tlk, pert. to. Eurasian, n. u-ra-zl-dn (contr. from Europe and Asia), a cross-breed between a European and an Asiatic : adj. pert, to both continents. eureka, n. u-ri'-kd (Gr. eureka, I have found), a dis- covery made after long and difficult research— so called in allusion to the story of Archimedes, who is said to have repeatedly uttered this word upon sud- denly discovering a method of estimating the adul- teration in the gold of which king Hiero's crown was made. eurite, n. u'-rlt (F. eurite .- Gr. eurutos, well or wide flowing), a fine-grained white variety of felspathic granite ; whitest one : BUrit'i i -. . : i- Euroclydon, n. u-rok'-li-don (Gr. euros, a south-east wind, and kludon, a wave), a tempestuous wind which prevails in the Mediterranean. European, n. u'ropedn, a native of Europe: adj. pert, to : Europe, n. u'-rop, one of the great divisions of the world. eurynotus, n. u'rl-no'tus (Gr. eurus, broad, ample, and notos, the back), in geol., a genus of lepidoid fishes occurring in the carboniferous formation, having a high bream-like back: eurypterus, n. u-rip'tir-iis, also eu'rypter idse, n. plu. -tir'-i-de (Gr. pteron, a wing or fin), in geol., a genus and family of extinct crus- taceans, so termed in allusion to their broad, oar- like, swimming feet : euryp'terite, n. -ter-it, any one of the eurypterus family, or any undetermined portion or specimen. eurythmy, n. u'-rlth-ml (Gr. euruthmia, complete harmony— from eu, well, and rhuthmos, rhyme, mea- sure), in arch., the exact proportion between all parts of a building. Eustachian, a. u-std'kl-dn (after Eustachius, a cele- brated Italian anatomist, A.D. 1574), in anat., applied to a tube or canal extending from behind the soft palate to the tympanum of the ear, to which it con- veys the air : eustachian valve, a fold of the lining membrane of the heart. Euterpe, n. u-ter'-pa (Gr. eu, well, and terpein, to delight), in anc. myth., the muse who presided over wind instruments, and music generally : Euter'pean, a. -phdn, pert, to music. euthanasia, n. u'thdn-d'shld (Gr. eu, well, and thanatos, death), an easy, happy death. evacuate, v. e-vdk'u-dt (L. evacuatum, to empty out —from e, out of, and vacuus, empty: It. evacuare: F. evacuer), to make empty; to quit; to eject or void; to empty; to withdraw from, as troops from a fort- ress : evacuating, imp.: evac'ua'ted, pp.: evac- ua'tor, n. one who or that which: evacua'tion, n. -a'shun, an emptying ; a retiring from ; voidance ; discharge : evac'ua'tive, a. -d'tiv, that evacuates : evac'uant, a. emptying : n. a medicine used for pro- ducing evacuation. evade, v. e-vdd' (L. evado, I go forth or out— from e, out of, and vado, I go : It. evadere .- F. evader), to avoid or escape by artifice; cleverly to escape from; to elude ; to slip away ; to equivocate : eva'ding, imp.: evaded, pp. evaluation, n. 6-vdVu-a'shun (L. e, out of, and val- uation), exhaustive valuation. evanescent, a. ev'd-nes'-ent (L. evanescens, vanishing or passing away— from e, out of, and vanesco, I van- ish: F. evanouir, to vanish), vanishing; fleeting; momentary ; passing away : ev'anes'cence, n. -ens, a vanishing ; the act of passing away : ev anes'cently, ad. -1%. evangelic, a so e'vangellcal, a. -i-k&l well, go. ,',;, I bring tidinss, I announce: F. em , jug belonging to a b.-l md basin; a water-jug; a pitcher: ewery, n. u'rl, an officer of the royal household who takes care of the table linen, and serves up water in ewers after dinner. ex, prefix, eks or 6qz (L. and Gr. ex; Gr. ek), out of; out; off; from; without; denoting merely inn-ease of the power of the simple word : ex assumes the forms e, ec, ef, according to the letter commencing the word of which it forms the prefix : ex prefixed to the name of an office denotes that the person for- merly held the office named, or does not now hold it, as ex-mayor, ex-minister: ex officio, eks of-fish'l-6 (L. ex, from, officio, office), by virtue of office: ex parte, eks pdr'te (L. ex, from, parte, a part or side), partial. exacerbate, v. Sks-ds'-er-bat (L. exacerbatum, to provoke— from ex, out of, and acerbus, bitter, harsh), to exasperate; to inflame angry passions; to irritate highly: exae'erba'ting, imp.: exacerbated, pp.: exae'erba'tion, n. -ba'shun, the act of irritating highly; increase of violence in a disease; also exac'- erbes'cence, n. -bes'ens. exact, a. egz-dkf (L. exactum, to demand, to require —from ex, out of, and actum, to do or drive), very cor- rector regular ; accurate ; precise ; punctual ; method- ical: v. to force to payor yield; to demand or re- quire authoritatively; to extort: exacting, imp.: adj. harsh; severe; unyielding: exac'ted, pp.: her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve: EXAG 191 EXCI exac'ter or exac'tor, n. one who : exac'tion, n. -dk- shiin, the act of demanding with authority; extor- tion: exact ness, n. -akt'-nes, accuracy; regularity: exactly, ad. -II : exactitude, n. egz-dk'-ti-tud, exact- ness; accuracy. exaggerate, v. (gz-aj'er-at (L. exaggeratum, to in- crease by heaping up— from ex, out of, and agger, a heap: It. esag>:rare.- F. catyrer), to enlarge beyond the truth ; to colour highly ; to tell more than the truth : exag'gera ting, imp. : exag'gera ted, pp. : exaggeration, n. -d'-shun, telling more than the truth; hyperbolical representation: exag'gera'tory, a. -ter-l, containing exaggeration. exalbuminous, a. eks-al-bu'-ml-nus (L. ex, out of, and albumen), in hot., applied to a seed which ha.s no distinct albumen, or none but what is contained within the cotyledons themselves. exalt, v. egz-aivlt' IL. exaltare, to raise, to elevate —from ex, out of, and altus, high: It. esaltare: F. exalter), to raise high; to elevate in power, wealth, dignity, or fame ; to elevate the tone of, as the voice; to magnify; to extol: exalting, imp.: exalted, pp.: exaltation, n. egz'-awltd'-shun, elevated state; state of greatness or dignity : exal'tedness, n. examine, v. egz-dm'ln (L. examino, I try, I try by weight: It. esaminare: F. examiner), to inspect care- fully with a view to discover the real state of ; to search or inquire into ; to try by experiment, rule, or law; to scrutinise: examining, imp.: exam'ined, pp. -Ind: examinable, a. -a-bl. that may be inquired into : exam iner, n. one who : exam'ina'tor, n. one who: examination, n. -a'-shun, careful observation or inspection ; investigation ; scrutiny by study or experiment ; research : examen, u. egz-d'-men (L. that which examines, the tongue of a balance), examina- tion ; the tongue on the beam of a balance, rising per- pendicularly from it : cross-examination, in law, the examination of a witness by the opposite party, with the view of shaking his evidence formerly given. example, n. egz-dm'-pl (L. exemplum, a model or copy, a sample: It. esemplo: F. eaa mple), a pattern, copy, or model; a specimen; one as an illustration of the whole ; a former instance ; that which, or the person who, is proper for imitation ; one uunished for the warning of others; an illustration 6f a rule or precept. exanthema, n. iks-dri-thl-md (Gr. exanthema, a blossom— from ex, out of, and anthos, a flower), in med., an eruption— applied to contagious diseases attended by fever and an eruption on the skin ; plu. exanthemata, -them-a-ta : ex anthem'atous, a. ■them'a-tus, pert. ro. exarch, n. eks'-drk (Gr. exarchos: L. exarchus: F. exarque— from Gr. arche, source, authority), a vice- roy: exarchate, n. -dr'-kdt, dignity of an exarch; department governed by him. exasperate, v. cgz-ds'-per-dt (L. exasperatum, to roughen, to stir up— from ex, out of, and asper, rough : It. esasperare : F. exasptrer), to irritate to a high de- gree ; to excite to great anger ; to enrage or provoke greatly : exasperating, imp. : exas'pera'ted, pp. : exas pera'tion, n. -d'-shun, the act of exciting to vio- lent anger ; an extreme degree of anger. excamb, n. eks'-kam (mid. L. excambiare, to ex- change), in Scots law, an exchange of one piece of land for another ; also excam'bion, n. -bi-on, and ex- cam bium, n. -bium: excamb', v., and excam'bie, v. -kdm'-bi, to exchange one piece of land for another. excarnate, v. eks-kar'-ndt (L. ex, out of, andean?, flesh —gen. camis), to deprive or clear of flesh: excar'na- ting, imp. : excar'nated, pp. : excar'niflca'tion, n. -ni-fi-kd'-shun {L.facio, I make), the act of depriving of flesh. ex cathedra, a. or ad. eks'-kd-the'-drd (L. ex, from, and cathedra ; Gr. kathedra, a chair), with authority or dogmatism, in allusion to a professor or teacher; with an air of official authority. excavate, v. eks'-kd-vdt (L. excavatum, to hollow out — from ex, out of, and cavus, hollow), to scoop or dig out; to hollow: ex'cava'ting, imp.: ex'cava'- ted, pp. : ex'cava'tor, n. -rd'-ter, one who; a machine for cutting into rocks : excavation, n. -shun, a hol- low cavity or pit formed by digging out earth ; the act of digging out earth. exceed, v. ek-sed' (L. excedo, I go out, I withdraw —from ex, out of, and cedo, I go : It. eccedere : F. ex- cider), to pass or go beyond ; to excel ; to surpass ; to go too far; to go beyond any given limit: exceed- ing, imp. : adj. great in extent or duration ; very large : adv. in a very great degree : exceed'ed, pp. : exceedingly, ad. -II, very; unusually ; to a very great degree. excel, v. ek-sel' (L. excello, I am high, I am eminent —from L. ex, and cello, I impel or urge on : It. eccel- lere : F. exceller), to surpass ; to possess good qual- ities in a great degree ; to do anything in a superior manner: excel'ling, imp.: excelled', pp. -seld'.- ex- cellency, n. -len-si, a title of honour given to viceroys, ambassadors, and others : ex'cellent, a. -I6nt, of great virtue, worth, or quality ; highly useful ; prime ; se- lect ; highly desirable: ex'cellently, ad. -II: excel- lence, n. -lens, any valuable quality ; also excellen- cy, n. -si. excelsior, a. Sk-seT-si-or (L.), more lofty; more ele- vated. excentric, n. ik-sSn'-trlk (see eccentric), a wheel having the axis removed from the centre: adj. devi- ating from the centre ; removed from the centre or axis. except, v. Ik-sept' (L. excepturn, to withdraw— from ex, out of, and capio, I take : F. exciper), to pass over ; to take or leave out of any specified number; to ob- ject ; to exclude : excep ting, imp. : excep'ted, pp. : except, conj. unless; without: prep, exclusive of; 11. t including: exception, n. -sep'shun, the act of ex- cluding or leaving out of a certain number; that which is excluded or separated from others ; the per- son or thing not included; an objection; dislike; slight offence taken ; a saving clause in a formal writing: exceptionable, a. -a-bl, liable to objection : exceptional, a. -al, forming an exception : excep- tive, a. -tlv, including an exception : excep'tor, n. one who. excernent, a. ek-scr'-ngnt{L. ex, outof, and cernere, to separate, to sift), in med., connected with excretion. excerpt, v. ik-sirpt' (L. excerptum, to pick or take out— from ex, out of, and carpo, I pluck or take), to select parts of any writings: n. an extract or selection from a writing : excerpting, imp. : excerp'ted, pp. excess, n. ek-ses' (L. excessum, to retire, to with- draw—from ex, out of, and cessum, to go or depart : F. exces), a passing or going beyond a certain measure or limit ; more than enough ; intemperance ; differ- ence between things unequal: exces'sive, a. -sty, being in excess ; beyond any given measure or limit : unreasonable ; extreme : exces'sively, ad. -II : exces- siveness, n. exchange, v. {ks-rhdnf (F. irhanger, to exchange, to barter— from L. ex, out of, and F. changer, to change), to give one thing for another ; to barter ; to resign or lay aside one state or condition and take another instead of it ; to give and receive the like thing : n. the act of giving one thing or commodity for another; barter; the act of giving up one condition or state for an other; the difference in value of money in different countries ; a place where merchants meet — in this sense often written 'change ; a rule in arithmetic : exchanging, imp. : exchanged', pp. -chclnjd' : exchan'ger, n. one who deals in money in the way of giving the money of one country for that of another : exchangeable, a. -a-bl, fit or proper to be exchanged ; that may be ex- changed: exchange'abil'ity, n. -bil'-l-tl, the state or quality of being exchangeable: bill of exchange, a written promise on stamped paper to pay money for value received— issued in the country where payable it is called an inland bill, if payable in another coun- try it is called a foreign bill. exchequer, n. eks-ehek'-er(F. echiquier, achessboard, checker-work— said to have been so called from the large patterned checked cloth which covered the table of that place), a treasury; in familiar language, cash or funds in hand ; a court of law having exclusive jurisdiction in all cases affecting the public revenue ; a court of common law: v. to institute proceedings in the Court of Exchequer: exchequ'ering, imp.: ex- chequ'ered, pp. -erd: exchequer chamber, n. a court of error from which appeal lies only to the House of Lords : exchequer bill s totes for sums varying in amount from £100 to £1000, issued by the Treasury under the authority of Parliament ] i < i < u . . amount usually forming a large portion of the float- ing or unfund >ebt. excipulus, n. ek-sip'-u-lus, also excip'ula (L. excipio, I catch, alluding to the roughness of the surface), in bot, areceptai i •■ u n m li< hei^ ; a minute species of black fungus found in autumn upon dead raspberry-stems. excise, n. ek-sxz' (L. excisum, to cut out or off—from cow, toy, foot: pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. EXCI 192 EXEM ex, out of, and ccedo, I cut : F. excise, tax on merchan- dise), a tax or duty levied on articles produced and consumed in a country, as on spirits, malt, &c; a tax levied on licences to pursue certain trades, and deal in certain commodities : adj. pert, to the duties levied on certain articles produced and consumed at home : v. to levy a tax on : excising, imp. : excised', pp. -slzdf: excis'able, a. -slz'-d-bl, liable to be taxed : ex- cise'man, n., also excise-officer, n. one who inspects ni' 1 'i articles liable to excise duty : excisi'on, n. -slzh'-un, a cutting out or off; amputation ; destruction. excite, v. Sk-sit' (L. excito, I rouse up— from ex, out of, and cito, I call or summon : It. eccitare : F. exciter), to call into action ; to rouse ; to animate ; to stimu- late ; to inflame ; to raise or stir up : exci'ting, imp. : adj. calling or rousing into action: exci'ted, pp. : adj. roused; awakened; animated: exci'ter, n. one who : excitable, a. -td-bl, easily provoked or called into action: exci'tabil'ity, n. -bll'-l-tl, the being easily provoked or called into action : excite'ment, n. -sit- ment, agitation ; that which excites : ex'citant, a. -si- tdnt, that which produces or is capable of producing increased action: exci'tative, a. -sl'-td-tlv, tending to excite : ex'cita'tion, n. -sl-td'-shun, the act of exciting : exci'tatory, a. -ter-l, tending to excite : exci'tingly, ad. -li. exclaim, v. Sks-lddm' (L. exclamo, I ciy aloud— from ex, out of, and clamo, I cry : It. esclamare), to cry out loudly; to speak or utter emphatically; to make a loud outcry in words : exclaim'ing, imp. : exclaimed', pp. -khlnui' : exclaim'er, n. one who: ex'clama'tion, n. -kld-md'shun, outcry; a loud noise in words; vehe- ment utterance ; the point or mark (!) put after the words expressing emphatic speech : exclam'ative, a. -kldm'-d-tlv, containing an exclamation: exclamatory, a. -ter-l, expressing an exclamation. exclude, v. gks-klod' (L. excludo, I remove or sepa- rate—from ex, out of, and clando, I shut : It. escludere : F. exclure), to hinder from entering ; to shut out ; to debar to prohibit ; to except : exclu'ding, imp. : ex- clu'ded, pp.: exclu'sion, n. -klo'zhun (L. dausum, to close, to shut), the act of shutting out ; the act of de- barring; rejection; exception: exclu'sionary, n. -er-l, tending to exclude or debar: exclu'sionist, n. one who would debar another from any right or privilege : ex- clusive, a. -kld'-slv, tending to excludo ; having the power to exclude ; not admitting to social inter- course ; illiberal ; not taking into the account ; not including : an exclusive, n. one whose real or affected liiMiiliousness makes his circle of acquaintance more than ordinarily select: exclusively, ad. -II: exclu'- siveness, n. excogitate, v. Sks-lcoj'-l-tdt (L. excogitatum, to find out by thinking, to devise— from ex, out of, and cogito, I think), to invent or contrive ; to strike out by think- ing: excogitating, imp.: excogitated, pp.: excog'- ita'tion, n. -td'-shun, invention or contrivance by thinking. excommunicate, v. 8) i at (L. ex, out of, and communicatum, to have anything in common with one: It. communicare ; F. communiquer, to im- part), to expel or exclude from the communion of the church; to deprive of church privileges: n. one who is excluded from the fellowship of the church: ex'- commu'nica'ting, imp. : ex'communica'ted, pp. : adj. expelled or separated from communion with a church ex commu'nica'tion, n. «■*-■■'■ or expelling from the c vation of church privik._ excoriate, i (L ex, out of, and corium; Gr. chorion, skin, hide: F. excorier), to wear or strip off the skin ; to break the skin by rubbing ; to gall or abrade: exco'ria'ting, imp. : exco'ria'ted, pp.: exco'- ria'tion, n. -d'-shun, the act of wearing or rubbing off the skin; an abrasion. excortication, n. ck (L. ex, out of, and cortex, bark— gen. corticis), the act of stripping off bark : excor'tica'ted, a. stripped of the bark. excrement, n. eks-kre-ment (L. excrementum, that which passes from the body— from ex, out of, and cre- tnx, separate! ;! '• ■ sncmrnio: V ■: orrment), matter <' ' _"l I'. "I 111 III I" '■' I' ' ! '-' I"" . ' ■ ' ■ • ■-.■ -. filth: ex'cremen'tal, a. -tdl, discharged or voided as excrements: ex'crementiti'ous, a. -men-tish'-us, pert. to or consisting of matter voided from the animal body. excrescence, n. Sks-krSs'gns (L. excrescentia, morbid excrescences on the body— from ex, out of, and cres- cens, growing : It. escrescenza : F. excroissance), a pro- mate, mdt, fur, leuv; mete, mZt, tuberance or growth on any body; a superfluity: ex- cres'cent, a. -ent, growing out of, as a superfluity. excrete, v. eks-kref (see excrement), to separate and throw off; to discharge from the body; to strain out: excreting, imp. : excreted, pp. : excre'tion, n. -kre'-shun, a throwing off or voiding matter from an animal body ; any matter excreted ; a discharge from the bowels: excre'tive, a. -tlv, having power to eject certain matter from the body: excre'tory, a. -ter-l, having the power to excrete : n. a duct or vessel which conveys secreted fluid from a gland. excruciate, v. eks-kr6'shl-dt (L. excruciatum, to tor- ture greatly— from ex, out of, and cruciatum, to tor- ture—from crux, a cross), to torment ; to torture ; to inflict severe pain on: excru'eia'ting, imp.: adj. ex- tremely painful ; agonising : excru'eia'ted, pp. : ex- cru'eia'tion, n. -a'-shrin, extreme pain ; torture. exculpate, v. eks-kul'pdt (L. ex, out of, and culpa- turn, to blame : It. colpare, to blame, to censure), to clear by an explanation from the charge of a fault or of guilt; to excuse; to clear from blame; to justify: exculpating, imp. : excul'pated, pp. : ex'culpa'tion, n. -pa- shun, the act of vindicating from the charge of a fault or crime : excul'patory, a. -pd-ter-l, clearing from the charge of a fault. excurrent, a. eks-kur'-rSnt (L. ex, out of, and cur- reus, running), in hot., running out beyond the edge or point. excursion, n. eks-ker'-shun (L. excursio, a running out or forth — from ex, out of, and cursus, a running: It. escursione: F. excursion), a pleasure-trip; a short tour ; a ramble ; a digression ; a wandering from the subject or main design: excursionist, n. one travel- ling to a place for pleasure : excursive, a. -slv, ram- bling; wandering: excur'sively, ad. -II: excur'sive- ness, n. the act of wandering. excuse, n. eks-kus' (L. excuso, I free from blame— from ex, out of, and causa, a cause, a suit : It. escu- sare; F. excuser), a plea offered in extenuation of a fault ; an apology ; a pretext : v. eks-kuz', to pardon ; to overlook on giving an explanation or apology ; to disengage or free from an obligation; to justify: ex- cusing, imp. : excused', pp. -kuzd': excu'ser, n. -ku'-zer* one who: excusable, a. -zd-bl, pardonable; admitting of excuse: excusably, ad. -bli : excu'sableness, n. the state of being excusable : excusatory, a. -ter-l, con- taining an excuse or apology: excuse'less, a. -kusHCs, that for which no excuse or apology can be offered. execrate, v. eks'e-krdt (L. exsecratus, accursed— from ex, out of, and sacro, I devote or doom to destruction : It. esecrare : F. execrer, to execrate), to detest utterly ; to abominate; to denounce evil against; to curse: ex'ecra'ting, imp. : ex'ecra'ted, pp. cursed ; de- nounced : ex'ecrable, a. -krd-bl, very hateful ; detest- able : ex'ecrably, ad. -bll: ex'ecra'tion, n. -krd'-shun, the expression of utter detestation; imprecation of execute, v. Sks'-S-kiit (L. exsecutus, followed to the end— from ex, out of, and secutus, followed : F. execu- ter, to accomplish), to carry into complete effect ; to perform ; to inflict ; to put to death by form of law ; to complete: ex'ecu'ting, imp.: ex'ecu'ted, pp.: ex- ecu'tion, n. -kO- hun nee ; mode of perform- ing or carrying into effect ; a legal warrant or order ; capital punishment : exScu'tioner, n. he who puts to death by legal warrant ; a hangman : executive, n. cij-.-ek'tl-tiv, he or those who administer the govern- ment; the governing person or body: adj. pert, to the governing body : executively, ad. -U-. executor,^ n. -tir, a person appointed by a testator to carry out his will: exec'utnx, n. -triks, a woman so appointed: executorship, n. the office of an executor : exec'uto- rial, a. -to'-rl-dl, pert, to an executor : exec'utory, a. -ter-l, performing official duties ; having authority to put the laws in force. exegesis, n. eks'-e-je-sls (Gr. exegesis, a leading out, an exposition— from ex, out of, and egeomai, I lead : F. text or portion of Scripture : ex'egefical, a. -jet'-l-kal, expository ; tending to illustrate or explain ; also ex- eget'ic, a. -Ik: ex'eget'ically, ad. -li. exemplar, n. egz-em'-pler (L. exemplar, a pattern: It. esemplare: F. exemplaire), anything to be copied or imitated; a model: exemplary, a. eqz-cm-pV-r'-l, serving for a pattern or model for imitation ; such as may serve as a warning to others : n. copy of a book or writing: exSmplar ily, ad. -li: ex emplar'iness, n. the state of being a pattern for imitation : exemplify, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, move; EXEM 193 EXOR v. iqz-cm'ilhfl (L. facia, Imake),to show or illustrate by example : exemplifying, imp.: exemplified, pp. -fid: exemplifi'er, n. one who : exemplification, n. -fl-kd'-shan. an illustration bv example ; an attested copy: exempli gratia, egz-em'pll gra'-shl-a (L. for the sake of example), for instance ; contracted into ex. gr. , or more usually into e. g. exempt, a. egz-emf (L. exemptum, to take out, to free —from ex, out of, and emptum, to take to one's self in exchange for money: F. exempter), not liable to ; free from any service, tax, evil, &c; not included: v. to free from any charge, burden, evil, &c. ; to privilege : exemp ting, imp. : exempted, pp. : exemption, n. -em-shun, freedom from any service, charge, evil, &c, to which others are subject ; privilege. exequatur, n. Sks'-e-kwa'ter (L. exequatur, let him perform), a written authority whereby a consul or commercial . _ - , ognised. exequies, n. plu. eks'e-kiciz (L. exsequice, the follow- ing a corpse, a funeral procession or rites— from ex, out of, and sequor, I follow : It. esequie), the ceremonies or rites at a funeral— obsequies commoner: exe'quial, a. -e'kicl-dl, pert, to funeral rites. exercise, n. eks'ir-siz (L. exerceo. I drive on or keep busy— from ex, out of, and arceo, I shut up: It. eser- cere: F. exercer), any labour or exertion of the body to promote health or for amusement ; any exertion, as in a profession, business, or employment ; practice ; application of the mind ; a lesson or example for prac- tice : v. to exert ; to cause to act in any manner ; to train by use ; to discipline ; to use exertion for amuse- ment, health, or proficiency ; to keep employed: ex- ercising, imp.: exercised, pp. -slzd: exerciser, n. one who: exercitation, n. eks-er'-sl-td'-shun, practice —same as exeixise. exergue, n. eks-errf (F.— from Gr. ex, out of, and ergon, work), the small space on the face of a medal or coin left for a date, name, &c— usually beneath the base-line of the subject engraved. exert, v. egz-ert' (L. exsertum, to thrust out, to put forth— from ex, out of, and sero, I join or bind together), to put into action, as strength; to use with effort; to bring into active operation; to strive: exer'ting, imp. : exerted, pp. : exertion, n. -er-shun, effort ; the act of striving or straining. exfoliate, v. eks-fo'-ll-at (L. ex, out of, and folium, a leaf: F. exfolier), to come off in scales; to scale off: exfoliating, imp. : exfo'lia'ted, pp. : exfo'lia'tion, n. -a'-shun, the process of separation in scales or splin- ters : exfoliative, a. -d'tlv, having the power of caus- ing exfoliation. exhale, v. eks-hdl' (L. exhalare, to breathe out — from ex, out of, and halo, I breathe : It. esalare: F.exhaler), to send out, as vapour or fume ; to breathe out ; to evaporate: exhaling, imp.: exhaled', pp. -MM: ex'- hala'tion, n. -hd-ld'-shun, the act or process of send- ing forth in fume or vapour— generally applied to what rises in the form of vapour from the earth; that which is emitted; effluvia: exha'lable, a, -M,' ld-bl, capable of being evaporated : exhalant, a. eks-hd'ldnt, having the quality of evaporating or breathing out. exhaust, v. Sks-hawst' (L. exhaustum, to empty by drawing— from ex, out of, and haustum, to drain the whole ; to fatigue very much : exhaust'ing, imp. . exhaust'ed, pp. : exhauster, n. one who : exhaus'- tible, a. -tl-bl, that may be exhausted: exhaustion, n. -hawst'yun, state of being emptied; state of being deprived of strength or spirits : exhaustive, a. -haws' tiv, tending to exhaust: exhaustless, a. that cannot be exhausted. exhibit, v. Sks-Mb'lt (L. exhibitum, to show or dis- play—from ex, out of, and habeo, I have or hold: F. exhiber), to present to view ; to offer for inspection ; to display ; to show ; to administer as a medicine : n. any paper formally exhibited in a court of law ; exhibiting, imp.: exhibited, pp.: exhibitor, n. one who exhibits; also exhib'iter, n.: exhibition, n. eks- Itl-bish'un, a showing or presenting for inspection; any public show ; display ; that part of the income of a school applied for the maintenance of scholars at English universities— in Scot., called a bursary: ex'- hibiti'oner, n. a student who enjoys an exhibition : exhibltive, a. -hib'-l-tiv, representative : exhibltively, ad. -II: exhib'itory, a. -l-tir-l, showing; displaying. exhilarate, v. eks-hil'-er-dt (L. exhilaratum, to glad- den greatly— from ex, out of, and hilaratum, to cheer), to cheer ; to gladden ; to make cheerful ; to enliven ; cow, toy, foot; pure, X to become joyous : exhil'ara'ting, imp.: adj. having the power or tendency to exhilarate : exhirara'ted, pp.: exhil'ara'tion, n. -d'shiin, joyousness; gaiety; the act of making glad or cheerful: exhil'ara'tingly, ad. -II : exhil'arant, a. exciting joy, mirth, or pleasure : n. that which exhilarates. exhort, v. ekz-hort' (L. exhortor, I encourage— from ex, out of, and hortor, I advise, I instigate : F. ex- horter), to advise; to warn or caution; to animate or incite by words: exhorting, imp.: exhort'ed, pp.: ex'horta'tion, n. -hor-td'shiui, incitement to laudable deeds ; formal advice ; counsel : exhor'tative, a. -hor- td-tiv, containing exhortation : exhor'tatory, a. -ter-i, tending to exhort : exhor'ter, n. one who. exhume, v. Sks-hilm' (F. exhumer, to unbury — from L. ex, out of, and humus, the ground), to dig up what has been buried ; to disinter ; exhu'ming, imp. : ex- humed', pp. -hCiiiaV: exhumation, n. -hu-md'-shun, the act of disinterring ; the digging up of anything buried. exigent, a. Sks'-l-jSnt (L. exigens, driving or thrust- ing out— gen. exigentis— from ex, out of, and agens, doing or driving), pressing ; urgent ; requiring im- mediate aid or action : exigence, n. -jens, also ex'- igency, n. -jen-sl, urgent need or want; pressing necessity : exigible, a. -jl-bl, capable of being de- manded. exile, n. egz'll, (F. exil, banishment; exile, the per- son banished: L. exsilium, banishment— from exsul, an exile), the state of being expelled from one's native country ; banishment, sometimes voluntary ; the per- son expelled from his native country; one who leaves his own to reside in another country ; one separated from friends or country by necessity: v. to drive away or banish from one's native country by misfortune or necessity: exiling, imp.: exiled, pp. egz'-ild or ig-zMd'. exility, n. iks-il'-l-tl (L. exilis, thin, slender), slen- derness; smallness. exintine, n. ekz-ln'tln (L. ex, from, and inttts, with- in), in bot., one of the inner coverings of the pollen grain— see extine. exist, v. igz-lst' (F. exister, to exist: L. existens, being visible, existing : It. existere), to be ; to have an essence or real being ; to live ; to endure : exis'ting, imp.: adj. having being or life ; actual : exis'ted, pp.: exis'tence, n. -Is'tens, real being or essence; life; ani- mation : exis'tent, a. having being. exit, n. 6ks'-it (L. exeo, I go out; exit, he goes out), the departure of a player from the stage; a word placed on the margin of a play to indicate the same ; the act of quitting the stage of life ; death ; a depar- ture ; a passage out of any place ; a way : ex'eunt, plu. -e-unt (L.), they go out: ex'eunt omnes, om'-nez, (L.), they all go out. exo, eks'o or egz'o (Gr.), a Greek prefix, signifying on the outside. ex officio— see ex. Exodus, n. cks'6-diis (Gr. ex, out of, and (h)c way), the second book of the Old Testament ; depar- ture of the Isr. ; , mture from a place. exogens, n. plu. Sks'o-jSns (Gr. exo, without, and gennao, I produce), that division of the vegetable kingdom in which the plants grow by additions to the outside of the wood in the form of annual concentric layers, as in the oak, ash, elm, &c.—tlieendogens, those whose growth is from within outward : exog'enous, a. -e-nus, growing or increasing in size by annual addi- tions to the outside, as in the oak, ash, &c; in anat., growing out from a bone already formed : exog'enites, n. -nits, in geol., any fragment of fossil wood exhibit- ing the exogenous structure. exonerate, v. egz-on'-er-at (L. exoneratum, to free from a burden— from ex, out of, and oneratum, to load ; onus, a load : It. esonerare: F. exonerer), to free from ; to clear from blame ; to cast off, as an obliga- tion or charge on any one ; to exculpate ; to absolve : exon'era' ting, imp.: exon'era'ted,pp.: exoneration, n. -d'shun, the act of freeing from a charge or from blame : exon'era'tive, a. -tiv, freeing from an obliga- tion or from blame. exorbitant, a. egz-or'bX-tant (L. ex, out of, and or- bita, the track of a wheel, the impression of anything ; orbis, an orb or sphere), deviating from the usual course ; unreasonable ; enormous ; excessive : exor- bitance, n. -tans, also exorbitancy, n. -t&n-si, a going beyond due limits ; enormity ; excessive extra- vagance : exorbitantly, ad. -II. ; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. 2* EXOR 194 EXPE exorcise, v. eks'or-siz (Gr. exorkizein, to cause to swear, to conjure— from ex, intensive, and orkizein, ■ to bind by oath : F. exorciser), to expel evil spirits by prayers and ceremonies, or by conjurations ; to deliver from evil spirits ; to adjure by a holy name : ex'orci'- sing, imp.: ex'orcised, pp. -sizd: ex'orci'ser, n. -si' zer, one who pretends to be able to cast out evil spirits : ex'orcist, n. -sist, one who : ex'orcism, n. sizm, the act of exorcising. exordium, n. egz-or'dl-um (L. exordium, the begin- ning, the warp of a web — from ex, and ordior, I begin a web : It. esordio : F. exorde), the introductory part of a discourse, or of a written composition ; the open- ing part of an oration or speech : exor'dial, a. -dl, in- troductory. exorhizal, a. eks'6-ri'zdl (Gr. exo, outside, and rhiza, a root), in hot., applied to those plants whose roots in germination proceed at once from the radi- cular extremity of the embryo, and do not burst through an outer coat. exoskeleton, n. eks'6-skel'e-ton (Gr. exo, outside, and skeleton, a dry body or skeleton), in anat., the har- dened superficial tissues of external protection, as the crusts of crabs, the plates of reptiles, and the scales of fishes. exosmose, n. iks'os-mos' (Gr. exo, outside, and osmos, a thrusting, an impulsion : F. exosmose), the passing outwards of a fluid through a membrane— the passing inwards from the outside is called endosmose : ex'os- mot'ic, a. -mot'lk, pert, to: ex'ostome', n. -torn' (Gr. stoma, a mouth), in hot., the outer opening of the fora- men of the ovule. exostosis, n. eks'os-to'sls (Gr. a bony excrescence— from ex, out of, and osteon, a bone : F. exostose), in anat., an unnatural projection or growth from a bone ; in hot., a wart-like excrescence. exoteric, a. eks'o-ter'-ik, also ex'oter'ical, a. -i-kdl (Gr. exoteros, exterior— from exo, outside : L. exoteri- cus: It. esoterico: F. exoterique), public; external; opposed to esoteric or secret ; professed or taught openly : ex'oter'icism, n. -sizm, exoteric doctrines or principles. exothecium, n. iks'othe'sM-um (Gr. exo, without, and theke, a case or sheath), in bot., the outer coat of the anther. exotic, n. Sgz-ot'ik (Gr. exotikos, foreign, strange— from exo, outside : L. exoticus .- F. exotique), a plant, shrub, or tre°. introduced from a foreign country ; something foreign : adj. foreign ; not native ; also exot'ical, a. -i-kdl -. exot'icism, n. -sizm, state of being exotic. Note. — Indigenous, the opposite of exotic, means naturally belonging to a region. expand, v. eks-pund'jL. expando, I spread out— from ex, out of, and pando, I open or spread: It. espandere), to open ; to spread out or enlarge a surface ; to ex- tend ; to dilate : expand'ing, imp. : expand ed, pp.: ex- panse', n. -pans' (L. ex, and pansum, to spread), a wide extent of space or body; extent; a spreading: ex- pansible, a. -pdn'-si-bl, capable of being extended: expan'sibly, ad. -bit: expan'sibil'ity, n. -bil'-i-ti, ca- pacity of extension in surface or bulk: expan'sion, n. ■shun, act of expanding ; state of being expanded ; the enlargement of the surface or size of a body; extension: expan'sive, a. -siv, widely extended; having the power to dilate or spread out ; having the capacity of being expanded: expan'sively, ad. -siv-ll: expan'siveness, n. ex parte, a. iks'pdr'-te (see ex), in law, executed by one side only ; in common conversation, that which is related on one side only of the matter, as, an ex parte statement; one-sided. expatiate, v. eks-pd'-s7ii-at (L. exspatiatum, to ex- tend, to spread out— from ex, out of, and spatior, I wander or walk about), to enlarge on a subject in speech or writing ; to be copious in discussion : ex- pa'tia'ting, imp. : expa'tia'ted, pp. : expa'tia'tion, n. -d'-shun: expa'tia'tor, n. one who: expa'tiatory, a. -d-ttr-i. expatriate, v. eks-pa'-trl-at (L. ex, out of, &n&patria, one's country: F. expatrier, to banish), to banish from one's native land: expa'tria'ting.imp.: expa'tria'ted, pp.: expa'tria'tion, n. -a'shun, banishment from one's native country, voluntary or otherwise. expect, v. eks-pSkt' (L. expecto, I await, I expect— from ex, out of, and specto, I look at : It. espettare), to look out for; to wait for; to have an apprehension of something future; to entertain a belief that some- pp. : adj. looked for; apprehended: expec'tant, n. -pek'-tdnt, one possessed of the belief or hope that he will at some future time receive something good: adj. waiting; looking for: ex'pecta'tion, n. -td'shun, the act of looking forward to ; the state of expecting ; the prospect of good to come ; mean duration of life ; value of a contingency : expectancy, n. -tdn-si, some- thing expected ; a looking for with pleasure ; also ex- pectance, n. -tdns: expec'tingly, ad. -II: expec'ta- tive, a. -td-tiv, constituting an object of expectation: expec'ter, n. one who. expectorate, v. eks-pek'-to-rdt (L. expectoratum, to drive from the breast— from ex, out of, and pectus, the breast: F. expectorer), to eject matter from the air- passages or lungs by coughing and spitting ; to cough up : expec'tora'ting, imp. : expec'tora'ted, pp. : ex- pec'tora'tion, n. -ru'-shun, the act of discharging mat- ter from the air-passages or lungs; the phlegm or mucus ejected by coughing: expec'torant, n. a me- dicine that promotes discharges from the lungs: adj. that promotes the secretion of mucus in the lungs or air -passages: expec'tora'tive, a. -tiv, having the quality of pi - tin - r oration. expedient, a. eks-pe'-di-ent (L. expedient, letting loose, extricating: It. espediente: F. expedient), fit or suitable for the purpose ; tending to promote some end ; proper or necessary under the circumstances : n. a contrivance or shift ; that which serves to promote or help forward any end or purpose: expe'dience, n. -ens, or expe'diency, n. -6n-sl, suitableness for the end or purpose intended ; propriety under the particular circumstances of a case ; advantage ; self-interest. expedite, v. eks'pe-dit (L. expeditum, to loose, to set free— from ex, out of, and pedes, the feet), to quicken ; to hasten; to facilitate the doing of anything: adj. easy ; nimble ; active : ex'pedi'ting, imp. : ex'pedi'- ted, pp. : ex'peditely, ad. -II, readily ; hastily : ex'- pediti'on, n. -dlsh'un, speed; quickness; march of an army for a hostile purpose ; voyage of a ship or ships for any particular purpose ; an enterprise or under- taking by a number of persons ; the persons who form the undertaking : ex'pediti'onary, a. -er-l, consisting in an expedition : ex'pediti'ous, a. -us, speedy ; hasty ; active ; nimble : ex'pediti'ously, ad. -li. expel, v. eks-pel' (L. expello, I thrust out or away— from ex, out of, and pello, I drive: It. espellere), to drive out; to force to leave; to eject; to throw out; to exclude ; to banish : expel'ling, imp. : expelled', pp. -peld'-. expellable, a. -ld-bl, that can be driven out. expend, v. eks-pend' (L. expendo, I weigh out, I expend— from ex, out of, and pendo, I weigh), to lay out ; to spend ; to employ ; to use : expend'ing, imp. : expend'ed, pp.: expenditure, n. -pen'-dl-tur, a laying out, as of money, time, or trouble ; disbursement : ex- pense', n. -pens' (L. expensum, to weigh out), cost ; charges; a laying out, as of money ; a consuming, as of labour or time : expenseless, a. without cost: expen- sive, a. -siv, costly; extravagant; given to expense: expen'sively, ad. -li: expen'siveness, n. costliness. experience, n. eks-pe'ri-ens (L. experiens, expe- rienced, enterprising— from experior, I try, I put to the test : F. experience), knowledge gained by frequent trial or by experiment ; practice ; knowledge from ob- servation : v. to be taught by practice or experiment ; to know by trial : expe riencing, imp. : expe'rienced, pp. -enst : adj. taught by practice or by repeated obser- vations ; skilful by means of trial and use : expe'rien'- tial, a. -en'-shdl, derived from experience. experiment, n. -eks-per'-i-ment (L. experimentum, a proof, a trial— from experior, I try), a trial or operation for the purpose of discovering something unknown ; a trial to confirm or disprove something doubtful : ex- periment', v. -ment', to search by trial : experlment'- mg, imp. making trials : exper'iment'ed, pp. searched out by trial or experiment : exper'imen'tist, n. one who : experimental, a. -tdl, known by trial or experi- ment: experimentally, ad. -li: exper'imen'talist, n. one who makes experiments: experimentation, n. -td'shun, exercise or practice in experiment : ex- per'imen'tative, a. -men'-td-tiv, experimental: exper'- unen'ter, n. one who: experimentum cru'cis, n. -men'-tum krd'-sis (L. crucis, of a cross— from crux, a cross), a decisive or crucial experiment. expert, a. eks-pert' (F. expert, skilful : L. expertus, tried, proved), ready; dexterous; skilful by practice : n. eks-pert, one skilled in a science, an art, or in a profession; a scientific or professional witness: ex- pertly, ad. -li: expert'ness, n. skill; readiness. :, mdt,fdr, laiv; mete, met, her; vine, pin; note, not, mCve; EXPI 195 EXPU expiate, v. eks'-pi-dt (L. expiatum, to make com- plete satisfaction— from ex, out of, and piatum, to seek to appease : It. espiare : F. expier), to make re- paration or satisfaction for ; to atone for : ex'pia ting, imp.: ex'pia'ted, pp. : ex'piable, a. -ci-bl, that may be atoned for: ex'pia'tion, n. -d'-shun, the act of making satisfaction for a crime by which the guilt is done away; atonement; satisfaction: ex pia'tor, n. one who: ex'pia'tory, a. -a'-ter-l, having power to make atonement. expire, v. gks-pir' (L. expire*, I breathe or blow out — froin ex, out of, and spiro, I breathe: F. expirer, to breathe out, to expire), to breathe out ; to exhale ; to breathe the last; to die; to fail or be destroyed: ex- piring, imp. breathing out : adj. dying; ending; pert, to, or uttered at, the time of dying: expired', pp. -plrd': expi'rable, a. -rd-bl, that may come to an end: expiration, n. -pl-rd'-shun, the act of forcing the air from the lungs ; exhalation; conclusion; termination of a limited time : expiratory, a. -pl'-rd-tir'-i, pert, to the emission of air from the lungs : expi'ry, n. -rl, the termination or end. expiscate,v. Sks-pis'-l J. I ?. searched out —from ex, out of, and piscis, a fish), to search out by artful means ; to discover ; to investigate : expis'cat- ing.imp.: expis'cated, pp.: ex'pisca'tion, n. -ka'-shun, a thorough ligation. explain, v. eks-pldn' (L. explano, I make plain or clear— from ex, out of, andplanus, smooth, plain, evi- dent), to ma I r ; to clear of obscurity ; to expound: explaining, imp. : explained', pp. -pldnd': explainable, a. -dbl, capable of being made plain to the understanding: explanation, n. -pld-nd'-shun, act of explaining; an exposition; an interpretation; sense explained; a mutual cleavm? up of a misunder- standing: explanatory, a. -plan'-d-Ur-l, serving to explain ; containing an explanation : explain'er, n. one who. expletive, a. eks'-ple-tiv (L. expletum, to fill up — from ex, out of, and pleo, I fill : F. expletif), filling up or out ; added for supply or ornament ; not necessary to the sense : n. a word or syllable inserted for orna- ment ; something only used to take up room ; collo- quially, a coarse or profane word: ex'pletory, a. -ter-i, serving to»fill up. explicate, v. eks'-pli-kat (L. explication, to unfold or spread out — from ex, out of, and plico, I fold: It. espli- care: F. expliquer), to interpret; to explain; to clear of difficulties: ex'plica'ting, imp.: ex'plica'ted, pp.: ex'plica'tor, n. one who : explicable, a. -kd-bl, that may be explained or interpreted : explication, n. -kd'shun, interpretation; explanation: ex plica' tive, a. -ka'tlv, also ex plica'tory, a. -ter-i, serving to ex- plain or interpret. explicit, a. cks-plis'-it (L. explicitus, disentangled, free from obstacles : F. explicite—see explicate), clear ; plain ; not ambiguous or obscure : explicitly, ad. -U : explic'itness, n. clearness or plainness in language. explode, v. eks-pldd' (L. explodo, I drive out or off by clapping— from ex, out of, and plaudo, I clap the hands in token of approbation), to burst forth with sudden violence and noise ; to cause to burst, as gun- powder; to drive from notice; to cry down, as a fashion or an opinion : explo ding, imp. : adj. having the property of bursting forth with violence and noise: explb'ded, pp.: adj. rejected; condemned; burst violently: exploder, n. one who: explo'sion, n. -plo'-zhun (L. explosion, to drive off by clapping the hands : F. explosion), a bursting forth with violence and noise ; a sudden expansion with noise by exces- sive internal pressure; the noise itself: explosive, a. -slv, having a tendency to explode ; having the pro- perty of exploding : explo 'sively, ad. -li : explo 'sive- ness, n. liability to explode. exploit, n. eks-ployf (F. exploit— from L. explication, to unfold), an act cr a deed, especially a heroic one ; an achievement ; a deed of renown. explore, v. eks-plor' (L. exploro, I search out, I seek to discover— from ex, out of, and ploro, I cry out : It. esplorare-. F. explorer), to search into or examine closely with the eye in order to discover ; to exam- ine thoroughly, as to explore new countries ; to search by any means ; to try to find out : explo'ring, imp.: explored', pp. -plord': explo'rer, n. one who penetrates a new country for the purpose of thorough Hon; also ex'plora'tor, n. -rd'-ter, one who: ex'plora'tion, n. -shun, close search ; strict examina- tion : explo'ratory, a. -rd-ter-i, serving to explore ; searching out. explosion, n.— see explode. exponent, n. eks-po'-nent (L. exponens, putting or setting out— from ex, out of, and pono, I put or set), in arith. or alg. , the number or figure placed at the upper part on the right of a figure or letter to in- dicate the power to which it is to be raised, thus, o 2 , 32 — or the root of a quantity, thus, bi, 3% ; the re- presentative of a party ; one who expounds the views of another: exponential, a. -nin'-shdl, pert, to ex- ponents or certain curves or equations, &c. export, v. eks-port' (L. exporto, I carry out, I convey away— from ex, out of, and porta, I carry: It. espor- tare: F. exporter), to carry produce or goods out of a country, either by land or by water : exporting, imp. : export'ed, pp.: adj. carried out of a country in the regular course of traffic : expor'ter, n. one who : ex- portable, a. -td-bl, that may be exported : ex'porta'- tion, n. -por-ta'-shun, the act of conveying goods from one country to another, as by a merchant or trader: export, n. eks'-port, an article or commodity carried out of one country to another in the regular course of trafllc. expose, v. iks-poz' (L. exposition, to put or set out; — from ex, out of, and positum, to' put or place : F. ex- poser), to set out to public view ; to exhibit ; to dis- close ; to lay open ; to make bare ; to put in danger ; to offer for sale : expo 'sing, imp.: exposed', pp. -pozd'.- adj. laid bare ; unsheltered ; uncovered ; made public ; offered for sale : expo'ser, n. one who : expo'sure, n. -po'-zhoor, the state of being laid open to danger or in- convenience; situation of a place in regard to the points of the compass, or to sun and air ; the laying open the character or conduct of any one ; the act of exposing anything: ex'positi'on, n. -zlsh'-un, a set- ting forth to public view ; a laying open ; an exhi- bition ; an explanation or interpretation : expositive, a. -poz'-i-tlv, also expository, a. -ter-i, explanatory ; serving to explain : expositor, n. -i-ter, one who ex- plains, interprets, or expounds. expose, n. eks-po-zd' (F.), a formal recital of facts ; reasons for explanation. expostulate, v. eks-pos'-tu-lat (L. expostulatuin, to demand urgently, to find fault— from ex, out of, and postulatum, to require or demand), to reason earnestly with, as on some impropriety of conduct ; to remon- strate in a friendly manner: expos'tula'ting, imp.: expos'tula'ted, pp.: expos'tula tor, n. one who : ex- pos'tnla'tion, n. ■la'-shiin, the act of reasoning with a person with reference to his conduct : expos'tula'tory, a. -ld'-ter-l, containing expostulation. exposure, n.— see expose. expound, v. eks-po~ivnd' (L. expono, I put or set out —from ex, out of, and pono, I set or place), to make clear ; to explain ; to lay open ; to interpret : ex- pounding, imp. : expound'ed, pp. : expounder, n. one who. express, a. eks-pr5s' (F. expres, plain, clear, on pur- pose : L. expressum, to squeeze out, to represent— from ex, out of, and pressum, to press or sink down), plain ; clear; given in direct terms; sent on a particular errand ; intended for a particular purpose ; copied, or resembling— applied to painting, sculpture, &c. ; em- ployed as a direct and speedy conveyance ; used ad- verbially, on purpose ; for a particular end : n. any direct and fast conveyance ; a messenger or vehicle sent on purpose ; a special message : v. to press or squeeze out ; to declare in words ; to utter ; to repre- sent ; to denote : expressing, imp. : expressed', pp. -prestf: adj. squeezed out, as juice; uttered; set down in writing: expressly, ad. -li, indirect terms; plainly: form of a face or figure while under the influence of various emotions ; the modulation of the voice suited to the subject in music ; the appearance of the countenance ; the representation of an algebraic quantity by its proper symbols : expressionless, a. wanting in expression : expres'sible, a. -pres'-si-bl, that may be squeezed out ; that may be uttered : ex- pres'sibly, ad. -bll: expres'sive, a. -siv, serving to utter or represent; representing emphatically or clearly; significant: expres'sively, ad. -li: expres'- siveness, n. the quality of being expressive : express'- expulsion, n. Sks-piil- ' L -io, a driving out— from ex, out of, and pulsus, driven : It. espul- sione: F. expulsion), the act of expelling by authority, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. EXPU 11 force, or violence ; state of being driven out or away : expul'sive, a. -slv, having the power of driving out. expunge, v. ; a pUnj (L expungo, I blot out— from ex, out of, and pungo, I prick or puncture : It. es- pungere), to blot or wipe out ; to efface ; to obliterate : expunging, imp.: adj. blotting out; erasing: ex- punged', pp -punjd'. expurgate, v. dks-per'gdt (L. expurgatum, to purge quite, to purify— from ex, out of, and purgatum, to cleanse: It. espurgare), to cleanse; to purify; to purge : expur'gating, imp. : expur'gated, pp. : adj. cleansed; purified: expur'gator, n. -gd-ter, one who expurgates or purifies : ex'purga'tion, n. -gd'-sh //■/;., the act of cleansing or purifying : expur'gatory, a. -gd-ter -1, serving to purify or cleanse : index expurgatorius, in'deks 6lcs-per'-gd-t6'-rl-us, a list of works condemned by the R. Cath. Ch. as either heretical or dangerous to the Roman Catholic faith. exquisite, a. eks'-kwl-zlt (L. exquisitus, carefully sought out, excellent— from ex, out of, and qucesitum, to seek or search for : F. exquis, exquisite, excellent), perfect; complete; highly finished; capable of nice or delicate perception ; very sensibly felt ; nice ; de- licate; exact; extreme, as pain or pleasure: n. one nice or refined in dress ; a fop ; a dandy : ex'quisitely, ad. -ll: ex'quisiteness, n. state of being exquisite; nicety; keenness. exsanguious, a. Sk-sdng'-gwl-us, also exsan'guinous, a. -gwl-nus (L. exsanguis, bloodless— from ex, out of, and sanguis, blood— gen. sanguinis), without blood : ex'sanguinlty, n. -gwln'-l-tl, state of being without blood. exserted, a. Sk-ser'-tSd (L. exsertus, thrust forth), in hot., projecting beyond something else, as stamens beyond the corolla. exsiccate, v. ek-slk'-kdt (L. exsiccatum, to make quite dry— from ex, out of, and siccus, dried up), to deprive of moisture: exsic'cating, imp.: exsic'cated, pp. dried up : exsic'cant, a. -k&nt, having power to dry up : ex'sicca'tion, n. -kd'shun, the drying up of solid bodies ; the expulsion of moisture from solid bodies by heat, pressure, or by any other means. exstipulate, a. eks-stip'u-ldt (L. ex, without, and stipula, a stalk or stem), in hot., destitute of stipules. extant, a. eks'-tdnt (L. exstans, projecting— from ex, out of, andstows, standing), in existence ; notdestroyed or lost. extemporaneous, a. Sks-tem'-po-rd'-nl-us (Sp. extem- poraneo, extemporaneous— from L. ex, out of, and ternpus, time— gen. temporis), done or uttered with- out preparation; unpremeditated: extem'pora'ne- ously, ad. -ll: extem'pora'neousness, n. : extem'po- rary, a. -rer-l, unpremeditated ; without preparation ; sudden: extem'porar'ily, ad. -II: extem'pore, ad. -po- rt} (L. ex, tempore), on the spur of the moment ; without preparation; at the moment: extem'porise.v. -riz,.to speak without preparation : extem'pori'sing, imp. : extem'porised', pp. -rlzd": extem'pori ser, n. -zer, one who. extend, v. Sks-tSnd' (L. extendo, I spread out — from ex, out of, and tendo, I pull or stretch : It. estendere : F. entendre), to stretch in any direction, to any dis- tance ; to enlarge or increase ; to diffuse ; to reach : extending, imp. : extend'ed, pp. : adj. spread ; expanded: extend'edly, ad. -ll: extend'er, n. he or that which extends: exten'dible, a. -ten'-dl-bl, cap- able of being stretched out or enlarged : extensible, a. eks-tSn'-sl-bl (L. extensus, stretched out), that may be extended : extensibility, n. -bU'-l-tl, the capacity of being extended: exten'sile, a. -11, capable of being extended: exten'sion, n. -ten-shun, the act of en- larging or stretching out ; enlargement ; an essential property of bodies, because they must occupy a part of space however small: exten'sive, a. -slv, large; wide: extensively, ad. -ll: exten'siveness, n. : ex- ten'sor, n. -ser, in anat., a muscle of the body which serves to extend or straighten : extent, n. eks-tinf (L. extentum, to stretch out), the space or degree to which a thing is extended ; compass ; size. extenuate, v. 6ks-t6n'-u-dt (L. extenuatum, to make very thin— from ex, out of, and tenuatum, to make thin : It. estenuare : F. extenuer), to lessen ; to dimin- ish ; to palliate, as a fault or crime ; to mitigate : ex- ten'ua'ting, imp.: adj. lessening; diminishing: ex- ten'ua'ted, pp.: exten'ua'tingly, ad. -ll: exten'ua- tor, n. one who : exten'ua'tion, n. -d'-shun, the act of representing any fault or crime less than it is; pallia- tion : exten'ua'tory, a -ter-l, that extenuates or pal- liates. exterior, a. Sks-te'-rl-er (L. exterior, outer— from ex- tents, on the outside, strange), outward; external; relating to the outside or outer surface : n. the out- ward surface; that which is external: exteriority, n. plu. -erz, outward parts of a thing; external de- portment or forms. exterminate, v. iks-ter'-mX-ndt (L. exterrninatum, to drive out or away— from ex, out of, and terminus, a limit : F. exterminer, to put an end to), to destroy utterly; to root out; to eradicate: exterminating, exter'mina'tor, n. he or that which exterminates: exter'mina'tion, n.-na'slnhi, total oVsl ruction; erad- ication: exter'mina'tive, n. -nd'-tlv, that exterminates or utterly destroys: exter'mina'tory, a. tending or serving to desl roj tota.n , external, a. eks-ter'-ndl (L. externus, outward: It. esterno : F. externe), outward ; not within ; visible ; foreign : exter'nals, n. plu. -ndlz, the outward parts; outward forms or rites: externally, ad. -ll: exter- nality, n. -rial') n, state ol being external. extinct, a. eks-tlngkf (L. extinctus, put out, quenched), quenched ; put out ; being at an end ; no longer existing: extinction, n. -tingk'-shun, the act of putting out; the state of being quenched or suppressed. extine, n. eks'-tln (L. exter. on the outside), in bot., the outer covering of the pollen-grain. to put out ; to destroy ; to suppress ; to put an end to : extinguishing, imp.: extinguished, pp. -gwlsht, put out; quenched; suppressed: extin'guisher, n. he or that which extinguishes ; that which puts out a can- extin'guishable, a. -d-bl, that may be quenched extirpate, v. &ks-ter'-pdt (L. extirpatum, to pluck up by the stem or root— from ex, out of, and stirps, a root : It. estirpare : F. extirper), to root out ; to de- stroy wholly ; to remove completely ; to exterminate : extirpating, imp.: extir'pated, pp.: adj. rooted out; totally destroyed: extir'pator, n. one who, or the thing which: extir'pable, a. -pd-bl, that may be rooted out: ex'tirpa'tion, n. -pa-shun, total destruc- tion ; the act of rooting out : extir'patory, a. -ter-l, that roots out or destroys. extol, v. eks-tdl' (L. extollo, I raise up or elevate— from ex, out of, and tollo, I raise: It. estollere), to praise highly ; to laud ; to celebrate in words : extor- ting, imp.: extolled', pp. -tdld': extol'ler, n. one who. extort, v. eks-tdrt' (L. extortum, to twist or wrench, out— from ex, out of, and tortum, to turn about, to twist : F. extorquer), to wrest or wring from ; to draw from by force ; to gain from by violence or injustice : extort'ing, imp. : extorted, pp. drawn from by com- pulsion: extor'sive, a. -slv, tending to draw from by compulsion : extort'er, n. one who : extortioner, n. -tor'-shun-ir, one who : extortion, n. -shun, the act or practice of wresting from ; oppressive exaction : ex- tortionary, a. -ir-l, practising extortion: extor- tionate, a. oppressive: extortionist, n. one who. extra, iks'-trd (L. on the outside, without), a com- mon prefix, denoting above or beyond usual ; in ex- cess; additional; out of: extra-parochial, a. beyond the limits of a parish: extra-judicial, a. out of ordi- nary court procedure : extra, a. beyond what is usual, or has been agreed upon ; additional, as extra work, extra hours, extra quantity : ex'tras, n. plu. -trds, some things in addition to what is due or expected : extra- axillary, n. -dk'-sll-er-l, in bot., removed from the axil of the leaf, as in the case of some buds : ex'tracri'- nus, n. -krl-nus (Gr. krinon, a lily), in geol, a sub- genus of pentacrinus, so called from the more fre- quent subdivision of its tentacular arms : extra-mun- dane, a. -mun'-ddn (li. mundus, the world), beyond the limits of the material world : extra-mural, a. -mu'-rdl (L. murus, a wall), without or beyond the walls, as of a fortified city: extra-professi'onal, not within the usual limits of professional business or habits. Note. — When extra is employed as a prefix, a hyphen is usually placed between it and the word. extract, v. 6ks-trdkt' (L. extractum, to draw out or forth— from ex, out of, and tractum, to draw or drag), to draw out ; to take out or from ; to select : n. 6ks' trdkt, that which is drawn out or from something else ; a selection, as from a book ; a tincture ; a decoc- mClte, vid(,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; EXTR 197 FABL tion : extracting, imp. -tr&k'ting • extracted, pp. : adj. drawn or taken out: extrac tible, a. -ti-bl, that iaay be extracted : extractor, n. -ter, that which ex- tracts : extraction, n. -shiin, the act of drawing out or from ; birth ; lineage ; descent : extractive, a. -tiv, that may be extracted : n. a peculiar substance sup- posed to form the basis of all vegetable extracts. extradition, n. eks'trd-dlsh'-iln {L. ex, out of, and traditio, a delivering up, a surrender: F. extradition), the delivering up by one government to another of any subject who has fled from justice. extrados, n. eks-tru-dd~s (F. e xtrados— from L. extra, on the outside, and F. dos; L. dorsum, the back), the exterior curve of an arch. extraneous, a. eks-trd'-nl-us (L. extraneus, external, outward— from extra, without), foreign ; not belonging to a thing ; without or beyond a thing : extra neous- ly, ad. -II. extraordinary, a. (ks-trdr'dl-ner-i, also iks'trd-dr- dl-ner-l (L. extraordinarily, out of the common order — from extra, beyond, and ordo, arrangement, order: It. extr aor dinar io : F. extraordinaire), beyond ordi- nary or usual ; uncommon ; remarkable ; special : ad. in an uncommon degree : extraordinarily, ad. -ner- l-ll: extraor dinar'ies, n. plu. -Iz, unusual things. extravagant, a. eks-trdv'd-gdnt (F. extravagant— from L. extra, without or beyond, and vagans, wander- ing), excessive; wasteful; unreasonable; vainly ex- pensive ; not within ordinary limits of truth or pro- bability: extravagantly, ad. -II: extrav'agance, n. -gdns, excess in anything ; a going beyond the limits of strict truth or probability ; also extravagancy, n. -si: extrav'agants, n. plu. certain decretal epistles or constitutions of the popes : extravaganza, n. -gdn'zA (It.), an unusual or irregular piece of music, &c. extravasate, v. 6kstrdv'-d-sdt (F. extravaser— from L. extra, without, and vas, any kind of vessel), to let or force out of the proper vessels, as blood out of veins : extraVasa ting, imp. : extraVasated, pp. : adj. forced out of the arteries, veins, &c, as the blood by which the skin is discoloured in bruises : extrav- asation, n. -sd'shiin, the act of forcing or letting out of its proper ducts or vessels, as blood into the sur- rounding tissues; the effusion of the blood after the rupture of a vessel. extreme, a, iks-trem' (L. extremus, the outermost, last: It. estremo: F. extranc), furthest; outermost; most violent ; highest in degree ; most pressing ; rigorous ; strict : n. that part which terminates ; ut- most point : n. plu. what are furthest distant from each other : extreme'ly, ad. -II: extremity, n. -trem- i-tl, the utmost point ; the verge ; the greatest rigour or violence ; necessity ; the utmost distress : extrem'- ities, n. plu. -tlz, the parts most remote from the middle ; limbs as opposed to the trunk or head. extricate, v. eks'trl-kdt (L. extricaturn, to disen- tangle — from ex, out of, and tricce, trifles, hindrances), to free from difficulties or perplexities ; to disen- tangle; to set free: extricating, imp.: extricated, pp. : extricable, a. -kdbl, that may be extricated : extricably, ad. -ill : extrication, n. -kd'-shun, afree- . anglement. extrinsic, a. eks-trln'sik, also extrin'sical, a. -sl-kdl, (L. extrinsecus, from without, on the outside— from exter, outward, and secus, = side, when a postfix : F. extrinseque), external ; outward ; not contained in or belonging to a body : extrin'sically, ad. -It. extrorse,a. eks-tr6rs', also extror'sal, a. -trdr's&l (L. extra, on the outside, and orsus. beginning, commenc- ing), in bot., applied to anthers in which the slit through which the pollen escapes is towards the out- side of the flower, and not, as usual, towards the pistil. extrude, v. eks-trod" (L. extrudo, I thrust out or forth —from ex, out of, and trudo, I thrust : It. estrudere), to thrust out ; to expel ; to force or press out : ex- tru'ding, imp.: extru'ded, pp.: extru'sion, n. -tro- zhi'm, the act of thrusting or driving out ; expulsion. exuberant, a. eks-u'-ber-dnt (L. exuberans, being in great abundance— from ex, out of, and uber, fruitful, fertile: It. esuberante: F. exubdrant), plenteous in a high degree ; luxuriant ; over-abundant : exu ber- antly, ad. -It: exuberance, n. -«?is, also exuber- ancy, n. -dn-sl, an overflowing quantity; superfluous nee; richness; luxuriance. exude, v. Sks-ud' (L. exsudo, I sweat out— from ex, out of, and sudo, I sweat), to discharge the moisture or juices of an animal era plant through its skin ui sur- face ; to flow from a living body through an opening or incision : exuding, imp. : exu'ded, pp. : ex'uda- tion, n. -d&'-shun, a discharge of moisture from animal bodies or from plants ; that which has been exuded. exult, igz-idt' (L. exidto, I leap and frisk about— from ex, out of, and saitare, to leap or dance : It. esul- tare), to rejoice exceedingly; to be glad above mea- sure; to triumph: exult'ing, imp.: adj. rejoicing greatly: exult'ed, pp.: ex'ultation, n. -uhta'-shtin, the act or state of rejoicing greatly ; great gladness ; triumph: exultant, a. -taut, rejoicing triumphantly; exultingly, ad. -li. exustion, n. eks-ust'-yiin (L. exustio, a consuming by fire— from ex, out of, and ustus, burnt), the act of burning or consuming by fire. exuviae, n. plu. eks-u'-vl-e (L. exuviae, things laid aside or taken off from the body), things of any kind cast off and left ; cast-off skins, shells, &c, of animals ; in geol., all fossil animal matter or fragments of ani- mals of any description : ex'uviable, a. -d-bl, that may be cast or thrown off: exuviation, n. -d'shun, in tool., the process by which animals, such as the crus- taceans, serpents, &c, throw off their old coverings and assume new ones: exutive, a. eks'-ii-tiv, in hot., applied to seeds wanting the usual integumentary coverings. eyas, n. i'ds— see eyrie. eye, n. i (AS. eage ; Goth, augo; Ger. auge; L. oc- ulus, the eye), the organ of sight or vision ; sight ; view ; notice ; observation ; unusual power or deli- cacy of vision ; a small loop or ring ; a bud : v. to watch or keep in view ; to watch narrowly : eyeing, imp. I'lng: eyed, pp. id : adj. having eyes : eyer, n. l'-er, one who : eyeless, a. without eyes : eye-glass, a single spectacle to assist the sight : eye-servant, n. one who works only when watched : eye-service, n. service only under the eye of a master: eye-stone, n. a name given to those varieties of circle agate which show, in the centre, a spot or spots more highly co- loured than the concentric layers : eye-tooth, one of the two pointed teeth of the upper jaw, one under each eye : eye-witness, n. one who sees the thing done ; one who has seen : eyeball, n. the ball or apple of the eye : eye-bright, n. a plant of a bitter taste ; the euphrasy, formerly used for diseased eyes : eye- brow, n. the brow or hairy arch above the eye : eye- lash, n. the line of hair that edges the eyelid : eyelet, n. I'lit, or eyelet-hole (F. ozillet, a little eye), a small hole or perforation to receive a lace or cord, also to admit light: eyelid, n. the movable cover which opens or closes the eyeball: eye-piece, n. in a tele- scope or microscope, the lens or lenses with which the image is viewed and magnified : eye-salve, ointment for the eyes : eye-shot, a sudden glance of the eye ; view : eyesight, n. view ; observation ; the sense of seeing: eyesore, n. something offensive to the sight: in the eye of the wind, in the position of direct op- position to it : to have an eye to, to be on the look- out in a certain direction : to keep an eye on, to ob- serve closely ; to watch strictly : under the eye, under close inspection or observation. eyot, n. i'ot (AS. ey or ig, an island), a little island in a river or lake ; usually written ait. eyre, n. ar (old F. eirre, a journey— from L. iter, a journey— gen. itineris), in law, a journey in circuit of certain judges. eyrie or eyry, e'rl or i'rl (old F. aire, an eyry or nest of hawks : or a probable corruption of eggery), the nest of a bird, especially of a bird of prey ; spelt also eerie: eyas, n. i'-ds, a young hawk just taken from the nest, and not able to prey for itself. fa, fd. in music, the fourth sound in the scale of the | sol-fa notation — F. fabaceous,a./#-6a's7n an), bean-like ; pert, to a bean : faba'ceas, n. plu. -se-e, the bean tribe. fable, n.fd'bl (L.fabula, a story: F. fable), a short tale or story intended to instruct or amuse, the in- cidents of which are improbable ; an idle story ; a falsehood : v. to write fiction ; to tell falsehoods ; to cdlv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. FABR 198 FAIN feign: fa'bling, imp.: adj. dealing in fables: fa/bled, pp. -bid: adj. feigned ; celebrated in fables: fa'bler, n. one wbo : fabulist, n. fdb'u-llst, a writer of fables : fab'ulous, a. -lus, full of fables, pretended or feigned ; fictitious : fab'ulise, v. -llz, to compose fables ; to write or speak in fable : fab'uli'sing, imp. : fab'ulised', pp. -llzd' : fab'ulously, ad. -II : fab'ulousness, n. fabric, n. fdb'rlk (L. fabrica, the art or trade of an artisan, a workshop— from facio, I make: F. fab- rique), a building ; the structure of anything ; texture ; fabricate, v. fab'ri-kat, to invent ; to devise falsely ; to frame ; to construct: fab'rica'ting, imp. : fab'rica'- ted, pp.: fab'rica'tor, n. one who : fab rica'tion, n. -ka'shun, the act of framing or constructing ; a false- hood ; that which is framed or invented. facade, n. fa-sad' (F. facade, the front), the front view of a building. face, n. fas (F. face— from L. fades, a face, a visage), the countenance ; the front or surface of anything ; appearance ; look ; visible state of affairs ; boldness : v. to meet in front ; to meet and oppose with firm- ness ; to cover with an additional surface ; to make a false appearance : fa'cing, imp. fronting or opposite : n. a thin covering placed in front for improvement or strength ; a thin covering for ornament : fa'cings, n. plu. the movements of soldiers to make a front, to the right, to the left, &c; the collars, lappets, cuffs, &c, of a regimental uniform, which are of various colours : faced, pp. fast .- f ace'less, a. without a face : fa'cingly, ad. -It : to set one's face against, to oppose : to make faces, fd'sSz, to distort the face : face to face, in im- mediate presence : to face the enemy, to meet him tal or a cut gem : fac'eted, a. having numerous small surfaces or faces, as cut gems : facial, a. fd'shl-ai (L. fades, the face), of or pert, to the face ; in anal., op- posed to the cranial parts of the head : facial angle, the angle formed by two lines, one drawn horizon- tally from the nostrils to the ear, and the other per- pendicularly from the nostrils to the most prominent part of the forehead: fa'cies, n. -ez (L.), in nat. hist., any common resemblance or aspect among the rocks, plants, animals, or fossils of any area or epoch. facetious, a. fd-se'shus (L. facetus, courteous, witty : It. faceto), sprightly with witand good-humour asy: It. and F. fadle), Ielding ; not difficult : , . , ladiness in performing ; dexterity ; pliancy ; readiness in compliance, in a bad sense: facileness, n. fds'll-nSs, easiness to be per- suaded or overcome : facilitate, v. fd-sU'-l-tdt, to make easy or less difficult ; to lessen the labour of : facil'- ita'ting, imp. : facil'ita'ted, pp.: facilitation, n. -t&'shun: facilities, n. plu. -tlz, the means by which the doing is rendered easier ; convenient advantages. facings, n. fa' sings— see face. fac-simile, n. fdk-slm'i-ll (L. factum, made, and similis, like), an exact copy or likeness ; an accurate imitation of an original. fact, n. fdkt (L. factum, to make or do : F. fait), any- thing which is done; an event; a deed; a reality; truth : in fact, in reality, as opposed to supposition : matter-of-fact, a. prosaic or material, as opposed to fanciful or poetical. faction, n. fdk'shun (L. factio, a making, a siding with any one— from facere, to make or do : F. faction), a party in turbulent or disloyal opposition ; a cabal ; dissension: fac'tionist, n. one who acts unscrupu- lously in opposition : fac'tious, a. -shus, turbulent ; pert, to or given to faction : fac'tiously, ad. -It : fac'- tiousness, n. disposition to raise opposition on frivol- ous grounds. factitious, a. fdk-tlsh'-us (L. factitius, made by art, artificial— from facere, to make : F. factice : Sp. fac- ticio), artificial ; made by art ; not natural : factiti- ously, ad. -II: factiti'ousness, n. factor, n. fak'ter (L. factor, a maker or doer— facere, to make : F. facteur), an agent employed bymerchants or proprietors to do business for them, or to sell their goods on commission ; in Scot., a land-steward; in arith., a multiplier or multiplicand: fac'torage, n. -Oj, the allowance or commission given to a factor : factorship, n. the business of a factor : factory, n. fdk'ter-i, a place where goods are manufactured ; the place where factors reside or keep their goods— ap- plied to commercial stations abroad: factorial, a. fdk-to'rl-dl, pert, to a factory. factotum, n. fdk-to'-tum (L. fac, do, and totum, the whole), one who does all kinds of work ; a humble friend or confidential servant who is ready to do any kind of thing. faculse, n. plu. fdk'u-ie (L. facula, a little torch : It. facola), spots on the sun which appear brighter than the rest of its surface. faculty, n. fak'ul-tt (L. facultas, capability, power —from facilis, easy : F. faculte : It. facolta), the power of doing anything ; a power or capacity of the mind; ability ; skill derived from practice ; the professors of a department in a university ; an ecclesiastical dis- pensation : the faculty, the medical profession : fa- culty of advocates, in Scot., the members of the bar, taken collectively : fac'ulties, n. plu. -Hz, the powers of the mind. faddle, fdd'l (imitative of rapid movements), to trifle ; to toy : fid'dle-f addle, idle or purposeless action or talk. fade, v. fdd (Dut. vadden, to wither — from Sw. ftadra, to flutter), to decay >> ivither; to droop; to : fa'dingly, ad. -It: fa'dingness, n. faeces, n. plu. fe'sez (L. fcex, dregs or sediment— gen. feeds), excrement ; sediment or settlings : fa'cal, a. -kdl, relating to excrement. fsecula, n.fek'u-ld, fseculent, &c— see fecula, fecu- lent. faery— see fairy. fag, v. fdg(fromflag, to become flaccid, to be weary), to make a drudge of any one ; to become weary ; to tire out ; to fail in strength : n. a hard worker under another; a schoolboy who is the forced drudge of an elder pupil: fag'ging, imp.: n. laborious drudgery: fagged, pp. fdgd : fag-end, n. (the lag-end, the end which flags or hangs loose), the latter end of cloth ; the refuse or inferior part of anything ; the untwisted end of a rope : to fag out, to untwist ; to loose. fagot, n. fdg'dt (F. fagot; It. fagotto; W. ffagod, a fagot^from W. ffasgu, to bind, to tie), a bundle of sticks bound together for use, as fuel, &c. : v. to form into fagots: adj. nominal; fictitious, as a soldier numbered in the muster-roll, but not really existing ; applied to the vote of a non-resident elector— now usually restricted to a vote on a qualification created to promote party purposes : fag'oting, imp. : fag'oted, pp. fahlore, n. fd'-lor, or fablers, n. fd'lerz (Ger. fahl, ash-coloured, and erz, ore), grey copper-ore; the type of a family of minerals containing copper. Fahrenheit, n. fdr'en-Mt (the name of the inventor), the name given to a thermometer in which the freez- ing-point of water is marked 32°, and the boiling- point 212°. faience, n.fd-ydngs' (F.— from Faenza, in Italy, where first made), a rich kind of painted earthenware. faikes or fakes, n. plu. fdks, a Scotch miner's term for fissile sandy shales or shaly sandstones. fail, v. fai (F. faillir; W. ffaelu, to fail: Ger. feh- ten, to miss : Dut. fcelen, to slip : L. fallo, I deceive), to neglect to aid or supply; to disappoint; to fall short; to become deficient; to decay or decline; to be entirely wanting; to become weaker; to become bankrupt: n. omission; non-performance: failing, imp. : n. a fault ; a weakness ; an imperfection or de- fect: failed, pp. fold: faillngly, ad. -It-, failure, n. fal'ur, deficiency ; omission ; total defect ; decay ; in- solvency. fain, a. fan (old F. fain, for faim, hunger, vehe- ment desire), glad to do; obliged or compelled: ad. gladly : fain'ness, n. faint, a. fant (F. vain; L. vanus, empty, feeble: W. and Bret, gwan ; Gael, fann, weak, faint), weak; exhausted ; inclined to swoon ; not bright, as a colour ; not loud; timorous; cowardly; slight or imperfect, as a faint resemblance, a faint smell : v. to swoon ; to be weak ; to become weary ; to become senseless and motionless ; to sink into dejection ; to lose courage : fainting, imp.: adj. lan^Misiiin^; sinking: n. tem- porary loss of motion and sensation faint'ed, pp.: mate, mdtjfdr, lav:; mete, mU, her; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; FAIR 199 ness : want of strength : faint-hearted, a. -hdrt'-ed, yielding to fear ; dejected ; timorous : faint-heart'edly, ad. -Zf .•"faint-heart'edness, n. : faints, n. plu. fants, the impure spirit which comes over first and last in the distillation of whisky ; the weak or impure remains of the whisky -still. fair, a. far (Icel. fagr, bright : AS. fccger, beautiful), beautiful ; free from any dark hue ; white ; spotless ; favourable; fine, as weather; prosperous; frank; civil ; just ; equitable ; used in a slightly depreciatory sense, as a fair copy— that is, one not particularly good: n. honesty: ad. openly: fairly, ad. justly; good in some degree ; completely : fairness, n. free- dom from spots or blemishes ; beauty ; candour ; free- dom from disguise: fairish, a. -ish, reasonably or moderately fair: fair'ishly, ad. -II : the fair sex, the female sex: a fair field, open space for action or operation ; freedom from obstructions : fair-spoken, a. Wand ; civil ; courteous : to hid fair, to be likely : fair-haired, a. having light hair : fairway, the navi- gable part of a river : to keep fair, to be on good terms: to speak fair, to address with courtesy and frankness : fair play, just and impartial treatment. fair, n.fCtr (It. feria; F. foire, a market held on a holiday — from L. feria:, holidays), a market held at stated periods: fairing, n. fdr'-lng, a present bought at a fair. fairy, n.fa'rl (It. fotare, to charm as witches do: Sp. hadar, to divine : F. fi rie, witchery), an imagin- ary good or bad being, said to influence the fate of men : adj. of or pert, to fairies : fairy-like, a. like a fairy : fairy-land, n. the supposed abode of the fair- ies : fairy-rings, n. scorched-like circles, or circles of greener grass, frequently found in pasture-lands in Great Britain: fairy- stones, the flinty fossil sea- urchins found in the chalk of the south of England ; concretionary nodules of clay found in streams and faitn, n. fdth (L. fides, trust : F. foi: It. fede), be- lief ; trust ; confidence ; sincerity ; belief in revealed religion; trust in God; a system of doctrines or tenets: faithful, a. constant; not fickle; true: faith'fully, ad. -ll: faith'fulness.n. constancy; fidelity: faithless, a. -lis, not true in the performance of duty ; false ; not believing: faithlessly, ad. -ll: faithlessness, n. per- fidy; unbelief; treachery: the faith, n. the Christian religion: the faithful, n. those firm in their adherence to the truths of Christianity ; applied to their co- religionists by Rom, Catholics and by Mohammedans. fake, n. fak (Scot, fa ik, a fold), a single turn or coil of a cable. fakir, n. fA-key, sometimes faquir' (Ar. a poor man), a Mohammedan hermit or monk. falcade, n. fal-kad' (F.— from L. fair, a sickle, a hook), a falling sharply on the haunches, as a horse. falcate, a.fdl'kat, also fal'cated (L.falcatus, scythe- shaped— from falx, a reaping-hook— gen. falcis: It. falcato), in tot., bent or shaped like a reaping-hook ; crescent-shaped: falca'tion, n. -ka'shun, the state of being crooked as a sickle ; a bending in the form of a sickle : falciform, a, fal'sifdTcrm. (L. forma, shape), shaped like a reaping-hook. falchion, n. fawl'-shun (F. fauchon, a small scythe : mid. L. falso, a short heavy sword), a short crooked sword ; a scimitar. falcon, n. faw'-kn (F. faucon; It. falcone, a falcon — from L. falx, a reaping-hook— gen. falcis), a hawk trained for hunting : falconer, n. one who trains or sports with falcons: falconry, n. -kn-rl, the art of training or hunting with hawks. faldstool, n. fau-ld'stdbl (old F. faudesteuil; mid. L. faidistorium : AS. fald, afold, and stool), the low desk at which the Litany is said in churches ; the chair of a bishop within the rails of the altar; also fald'istory, n. -ls-ter-l, a kind of stool on which the king may kneel at his coronation ; a folding chair. Falernian, a. fd-ler'nl-dn (L. Faiernus, an ancient district of Italy famous for wine), of or from Faiernus. fall, n. fowl (Icel. falla; Dut. vallen, to fall— con- nected with Gr. sphallo, I cause to fall), the act of dropping or coming down from a higher to a lower ; a tumble; ruin; apostasy; decrease of price or value; a rush of water down a st rnn:v.todrop or come down from a higher to a lower ; to descend ; to depart from the faith ; to perish ; to decrease in price or value ; to flow into, as a river ; to sink ; to come in or upon; to forsake; to happen: falling, imp.: adj. descending; dropping; declining: fell,pt./e?: fallen, pp. fawl'-n: adj. degraded; ruined; decreased: fal- cdiv, lay, foot; pure, bud; chair, FAMI lible, a. fdl'll-bl, liable to error or mistake : fal'Jibly, ad. -bit: fallibility, n. -ot£*.#, liability to err or be deceived: falling- sickness, epilepsy: falling-stones, a familiar term for meteoric stones : to fall astern, among seamen, to be passed or left behind ; to move or be driven backward, as by a current : to fall away, to lose flesh ; to apostatise ; to fade : to fall down, to come to the ground ; to prostrate one's self in wor- ship : to fall foul, to attack ; to come into violent contact : to fall from, to recede from ; to depart : to fall in, to agree with ; to enter among, as a body of soldiers arranged; to join : to fall in with, to meet with, as a ship ; to discover : to fall off, to withdraw ; to forsake ; to depreciate ; to become less : to fall on, to begin suddenly and eagerly ; to rush against : to fall out, to quarrel ; to happen : to fall short, to be deficient: to fall to, to begin ; to apply one's self to : to fall under, to come under or within the limits of: the fall of the leaf, autumn : the fall, the state of sin and misery into which our first parents were brought by their eating the forbidden fruit ; the act itself. fall, n. faTcl (F. faille, a fishing-net), a short veil worn over the bonnet by females ; a veil. fallacious, a, falla'shus (L. faltaciosus, deceitful— from fallo, I deceive: F.fallacieux), deceiving; decep- tive ; not well founded ; producing error or mistake : fallaciously, ad. -IX: fallaciousness, n.: fallacy, n. -si (L. fallacia), that which misleads the eye orthemind ; deceptive appearance ; a sophism. fallible— see fall. Fallopian, a, fdhlo'pl-dn (from Fallopius, the dis- eovcTi-i'), in cmat., noting certain ducts or tubes. fallow, a. fal'-lo (Ger. falb, pale : AS. fealo, pale- reddish, or yellowish: F.fauve, deep yellow), applied to one of the deer kind of a brownish bay colour. fallow, a. fal'lo (Scot, fail, a sod or turf: Sw. vail, sward : prov. Dan. fcelde, to give a first shallow plough- ing), applied to land which has lain a year or more untilled ; land ploughed but not seeded for the season ; neglected : v. to plough up land without seeding it : fallowed, pp. a. -loci, ploughed and opened up to the air for the season : fallowing, imp.: n. the operation of ploughing land not meant to be sown : fallowness, n. exemption from bearing fruit : to lie fallow, to lie uncropped ; to rest ; to remain unexercised. false, a. fdTvls (L. falsus, deceived: Ger. falsch; Icel. falskr, false), not true ; not real or genuine ; de- ceitful ; treacherous: falsely, ad. -ll: false'ness, n. : falseheart'ed, a, treacherous : falsehood, n. a lie ; an untruth : falsify, v. fauT-sl-fl (L. facio, I make), to make something appear true which is really false ; to prove to be false ; to forge ; to violate the truth : fal- sifying, imp.: falsified, pp. -fid: falsifier, n. one who : fal sifica'tion, n. -fl-ka'shun, quality of being false; the act of making a thing appear what it is not : fal'sity, n. -sltl, an untruth from ignorance or mis- take. falsetto, n. fcffclset'to (It.), in singing, a strain on the voice above its natural compass ; a feigned or false voice. falsify, falsification, &c— see false. falter, y.feHwl'ter (Norm, haltra, to limp: Sp.faltnr, to fail, to falter— connected with fault), to hesitate in speaking ; to speak with broken or trembling tones ; to be unsteady or feeble ; to hesitate in purpose : fal- tering, imp.: adj. hesitating: faltered, pp. -terd: fal'teringly, ad. -ter-lng-ll. fame, n.fam (L.fama, rumour, fame: Gr. pheme-. It. fama), renown ; rumour ; public report, good or bad: famed, a. famd, renowned; much talked of: fameless, a. without renown : famous, a. fa-mils much talked of and praised ; renowned : fa'mously, ad. -ll, with great renown ; in a manner highly grati- fying, as, he is getting on famously : fa'mousness, n. great fame; celebrity. familiar,' a. fd-mU'yer (L. familia, a family or household: It. famiglia: F. fam ille), well acquainted with ; intimate ; affable ; easy and unconstrained ; common ; frequent : n. one long acquainted ; a spirit or demon supposed to wait on; an officer or. servant of the Inquisition employed to arrest and im- prison the accused : familiarly, ad. -ll .• familiarity, n. -l-dr'l-tl, freedom from ceremony ; affability ; inti- macy : familiarise', v. -y&r-iz', to make intimate or familiar ; to make easy by practice or by intercourse : familiarising, imp. : familiarised', pp. -fed'.- family, n. fdm'-i-ll, a household ; descendants from one com- mon progenitor; race; lineage; in nat. hist, classifi- game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. FAMI 200 FASS cations, the group next in comprehensiveness above a genus: kind, tribe, or group. famine, n. fdm'-ln (L. fames, hunger: F. famine, scarcity— from It. fame ; F. faim, hunger), scarcity of food ; want ; destitution : fam'ish, v. -ish, to starve ; to suffer from want : famishing, imp. : adj. starving ; perishing for want of food : fam'ished, pp. -isht : fam- lshment, n. state of extreme want. famous— see fame. fan, n. fdn (Ger. ivanne ; L. vannus, a winnowing fan : Gael, fannan, a gentle breeze), an instr. used by ladies in warm weather to cool the face by agitating the air ; anything in the shape of a fan ; an instr. for producing artificial currents of air by the revolving of two or more broad blades : v. to cool and refresh by moving the air ; to winnow, as grain ; to increase the heat or flame of, as by fanners : fan'ning, imp. : fan- ned, pp. fdnd : fan'ner, n. he or that which fans : fan'- ners, n. plu. the blowers of a winnowing machine or furnace: fan-light, a fan-shaped window .-■> ■■< <•> >Ji.v over a door ; fan-tracery, -tra'ser-l, carved work in Gothic architecture diverging like the folds of a fan : fan-tail, n. tail of a bird capable of being spread out like a fan. fanatic, a. fd-ndt'lk, also fanat'ical, a. -l-kdl (L.fan- aticus, inspired by a divinity, frantic— from fanum, a temple : It. fanatico : F. fanatique), extravagant and excessive in opinions, generally religious opinions : n. aperson possessed of wild iionon:-: or opinion:-; mi enthusiast: fanatically, ad. -II: fanaticism, n. -l-slzm, wild and extravagant notions in religious subjects. fancy, n. fdn'-si (Gr. phantasia ; F. fantaisie, imagi- nation, fancy— from Gr. phaino, I appear), an image or representation formed in the mind at pleasure, but not always connected with reason or practicability ; a false notion ; a liking ; a conceit or whim : adj. ele- gant ; ornamental : v. to figure to one's self ; to imagine ; to like ; to be pleased with : fan'cying, imp. : fan'- cied, pp. -sid : adj. imagined ; imaginary ; liked : fan'- cier, n. -sl-er, one who : fan'ciful, a. -fool, guided by the imagination rather than by reason or experience ; full of wild images ; visionary ; whimsical : fan'ci- fully, ad. -II : fan'cifulness, n. : the fancy (a slang term), the whole body of sporting characters, gene- rally of the prize-ring : fancy-ball, one at which fancy dresses, in various characters, are worn. fandango, n. fdn-ddng'go (Sp.), a Spanish dance. fane, n. fan (L. fanum, a temple— from fari, to speak, to utter in prophecy), a church ; a temple. fanfare, n. fdn'fdr (F. fanfare, the sound of a trumpet), a flourish of trumpets ; a short cheerful tune. fanfaron, n. fdn'fdr-ron (F.), a bully ; a swaggerer: f anf ar'onade', n. -ndd', blustering talk ; a swaggering. 1 i i tasp: Ger. fan- gen, to catch), a pointed tooth; a tusk; a claw or talon : fanged, a. fdngd, having fangs : fangless, a. having no fangs. fangled, a.fdng'gld (AS.ficol, fickle : Ger. ficken, to move lightly to and fro), begun ; newly made : new- fan'gled, a. inconstant ; changeable; given to novelty. fanion, n. fdn'yun (¥.), asmall flag carried with the baggage of an army. fanners— see fan. fantasia, n. fdn-td'zl-d (It.), a musical composition full of fancy ; various wild movements. fantastic, a. fdn-tds'tlk, also fantas'tical, a. -tl-kdl (Qr. phantasia, vision, fancy: V.fantasque— seefancy), imaginary ; fanciful ; unreal ; full of absurd fancies ; capricious: fantastically, ad. -II: fan'tasy, n. -td-si, the original spelling of fancy, which see. far, a. fdr (AS. feor ; Goth, fairra, far), distant ; re- mote ; more distant ; remoter of the two : ad. re- motely ; very much ; in a great part, as, "the night is far spent" : far-famed,- a. widely celebrated : far'- ness, n. remoteness : far-fetched, a. strained ; forced ; unnatural : by far, very much : far other, very dif- ferent : far off, at a great distance : far about, going much out of the way : from far, from a great distance. farce, n. fdrs (F. farce, the stuffing in meat: L. farcire, to stuff), a dramatic piece full of exaggera- tion and drollery ; anything absurdly exaggerated : farcical, a. fdr'sl-kdl, of or relating to a farce ; droll : far'cically, ad. -II. farcy, n. fdr'sl (It farcina: F. farcin), adiseasein horses allied to the glanders. fare, n. fdr (Icel. fair, pervious, passable ; feria, a passage-boat: Ger. fahr; Dut. vaer, a ferry: con- nected with succeeding fare), the price or sum paid for conveyance by land or water ; a passenger. fare, v. fdr (Goth, faran; Icel. fara; Ger. fahren, to go, to get on ), to be in any state, good or bad ; to feed ; to be entertained ; to happen : n. prepared food ; en- tertainment : fa'ring, imp. : fared, pp. fdrd :' to fare well or ill, to be prosperous or the contrary. farewell, n. fdr'wel (fare, and well), a kind wish o~ . i supper, hosp '„ to supply with food : F. ferme, a farm), a portion of land employed to raise corn, &c. : v. to let or lease at a certain rent, as a portion of land, taxes, &c. ; to cultivate land : farming, imp. : n. the busi- ness of a farmer: fanned, pp. fdrmd: farmer, n. fdr'mer, one who cultivates land; one who leases taxes at a fixed rent. faro, n. fd'-ro (It.), a common game at cards. farolite, n. fd'ro-llt (from the Faroe Isles), a mineral of a pearly lustre, and a whitish or bluish colour. farrago, n. fdr-rd'go (L. farrago, mixed food for cattle— from far, meal or flour), a confused mixture ; a medley. farrier, n. fdr'rl-er (It. ferraria, a smithy : F. fer- rer, to shoe a horse: L. ferrarius, pert, to iron), a shoer of horses; a horse-doctor: far'riery, n. -I, the place of business of a farrier ; the trade or pro- fession. farrow, n. fdr'rO (AS. fearh, a little pig : Sw. farre, a boar: Dan. fare, to farrow), a litter of pigs: v. to bring forth pigs : far'rowing, imp. : far'rowed, pp. -rOd. farther or further, a. fdr'ther, fdr'ther (from far- see further), comp. of far ; more distant or remote : ad. more remotely; at or to a greater distance: conj. moreover; more than that: superl. farthest or furthest. farthing, n. fdr- thing (AS. feor tiding, the fourth part of a coin), a small copper coin, the fourth part of a penny. fasces, n. plu. fds'sez (L. fasces, a bundle of rods : It. fascio : F. fascine), in anc. Rome, a bundle of rods tied together with an axe in the centre, carried before Roman magistrates as a badge of authority : fas'cial, a. -si-dl, pert, to the fasces. fascia, n. fds'si-d, plu. fas'cise, -e (L. fascia, a ban- dage, a swathe ; fasciculus, a small bundle : It. fasci- colo; F. fascicule), in arch., a band-like structure; a fillet; in anat., a surgical bandage; a membranous ex- pansion : fas'cia'ted, a. -d'-tSd, bound with a bandage : fas'cia'tion, -d'shiin, in hot., the union of branches or stems, presenting a flattened ribbon-like form; in anat., act or manner of binding diseased parts: fas'- cicle, n. -sl-kl, a little bunch; a cluster; in anat, a bundle of muscular fibres : fascicled, a. fds'-sl-kld, also fasciculate, a. fd-slk'u-ldt, in hot., collected, as it were, into a little bundle : fascic'ular, a. -u-ler, united or growing together in bundles or tufts : fas- ciolaria, n. fds'sl-6-la'rl-d, in geol., a genus of gaster- opods, distinguished by the smooth band-like surfaces of their windings. fascinate, v. fds'si-ndt (L. fascino, I bewitch : It. cina'ting, imp. : adj. charming ; enchanting : fas'- cina'ted, pp. : fas'cma'tion, n. -na'shun, the act of captivating ; a powerful influence over the affections or passions ; an unseen and inexplicable influence. fascine, n. fas-sen' (see fasces), a fagot ; a bundle of wood used in warfare for filling up ditches, &c. fashion, n. fdsh'un (F. facon, the form or make of a thing— from L. facio, I make), the make or form of anything ; the prevailing mode or form of dress ; the mode or style usual among persons of good breeding ; custom ; general practice : v. to mould ; to shape ; to make ; to form: fashi'oning, imp. : fashi'oned, pp. ■find: fashi'oner, n. one who: fashionable, a. -tin- d-bl, according to the established mode ; prevailing at a particular time ; dressing or behaving according to the usages of good society ; well-bred: fashi'onable- ness, n. : fashi'onably, ad. -d-bll: fashionables, n. plu. -d-blz, persons of fashion. fassaite, n. fds'sd-it (from Fassathal, in the Tyrol), a mineral— a variety of augite. mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, m§t, Mr; pine, pin; note, n$t, mOve; FAST 2 fast, a. fast (AS. faest; Icel. fast, firm, unbroken, rapid in succession), close ; immovable ; firmly fixed ; without leaving an interval, as, to follow fast; rapid in motion ; extravagant ; dissipated ; wild : ad. with quick steps; rapidly: fast'ly, ad. -II, firmly; surely : fast'ness, n. -nes, a stronghold ; a place of un- broken defence: fasten, v. fds'-n, to fix firmly, to bolt or bar; to seize and hold on: fast'ening, imp. -ning: n. anything that binds or makes fast: fast- ened, pp. fas'ncl : fas'tener, n. -ner, he or that which : fast and loose, changeable; inconstant: fast by, close or near to. fast, v. fdst (Goth, fastan, to hold, to keep : Ger. fassen; Dut. vatten, to hold— connected with preced- ing), to abstain from food beyond the usual time : n. the abstaining from food for a certain time, or from particular kinds of food, as flesh ; a religious mortifi- cation or humiliation by abstaining from food ; the time of abstaining from food : fasting, imp. : n. act of abstaining from food : fasted, pp. : fast'er, n. one who abstains from food : fast day, a day set apart for special religious worship and humiliation. fasten— see fast. fastidious, a. fas-tld'-i-ds (L. fastidiosus, disdainful, fastidious— from fastidium, aversion: It. fustidioso: F. fastidieux), difficult to please; over-nice: fastid- iously, ad. -1%: fastidiousness, n. squeamishness of mind or taste. fastigiate, a. fds-tfj'l-at : , also fastigla'ted, a. -a'tSd (L. fastigium, that which is made pointed, the highest point : It. fastigio), in hot., having a pyramidal form, from the branches being parallel and erect. fastness, n.— see fast. fat, a. fat (Ger. fett: Icel. feitr), stout; opposite of lean ; plump ; rich ; fertile : n. a solid oily substance of a white or yellow colour, found in animals ; in Scrip., for vat: fatly, ad. -li: fatness, n. quality of being fat or plump: fat'tish, a. -tlsh, somewhat fat: fat'ty, a. -tl, containing fat; having the qualities of fat; greasy: fattiness, n. -nSs: fat'ling, n. a lamb or kid, or suchlike, fattened for slaughter : fat'ted, a. made fat : fatten, v. fat'n, to make fat ; to make stout or plump ; to enrich ; to grow plump or fleshy : fatten- ing, imp. -ning: n. the process of making fat; the state of becoming fat : fat'tened, pp. -nd: adj. made fat or plump : fat tener, n. -ner. fatal, a. fa'-tai (L. fatalis, of or pert, to fate, decreed — from fatum, a prediction: It. fatale: F. fatal), deadly ; mortal ; causing death or destruction ; inev- itable; necessary: fatally, ad. -li: fatality, n.fd-tdl- i-tl, tendency to danger or disaster ; inevitable neces- sity; mortality : fatalism, n. fa'tdl-izm, the doctrine of an inevitable necessity overruling all things: fa'talist, n. one who maintains that all things hap- pen by inevitable necessity. fata morgana, fa'ta mor-ga'nd (It. the fairy Mor- gana—from It. fata, a fairy ; Bret, mor, sea, and gana, fine lady), a name for the phenomenon of the mirage at sea— especially applied to that seen in the Straits of Messina. fate, n.fdt (L. fatum, destiny: It. fafo), inevitable necessity; lot; destiny: fated, a.fa'-ted, doomed; de- creed by fate: fates, n. plu. in anc. myth., the three goddesses or destinies supposed to preside over the life and death of every individual — named respec- tively Clotho. Lachesis, and Atropos: fatalistic, a. fd'-tal-'K : til:. implying fatalism. father, n.fdth'-er (AS. faeder: Icel. fadir: Gr. and L. pater : Ger. rater), a male parent ; the first ances- tor ; a common title, applied to a protector, deliverer, or supporter; God the Creator; a name given to Rom. Cath. priests : v. to ascribe or charge to one as his offspring or production; to adopt anything as one's own: fathering, imp. adopting as one's own; ascrib- ing to any one as the father: fath'ered, pp. -erd: fath'erland, n. one's native land: father-in-law, n. the father of one's husband or wife: fatherless, a. without a father: fath'erhood, n. the character or authority of a father : fath'erly, a. -II, paternal ; like a father: ad. in the manner of a father: fath'erli- ness, n. parental kindness and care: the Father, the first person of the Holy Trinity: the Fathers, the early Chrisl i sup to the 12th century. fathom, n. fath'um (AS. fcethm, a bosom, an em- brace: Icel. fadma; Dan. fadme, to embrace: Icel. fadmr, a bosom), the length between the extremities of both arms extended ; a measure of length of six feet : V. to reach ; to master ; to comprehend ; to try the depth: fath'oming, imp.: fath'omed, pp. -urnd: FEAR fath'omable, a. •iim-d-'bl, able to be measured in depth, Sue.: fathomless, a. bottomless; that cannot be pene- trated or comprehended. fatigue, n. fa-teg' (L.fatigo, I weary or tire: F. fa- tigue}-), weariness; exhaustion oi strengthfrom men- tal or bodily labour ; toil ; labour : v. to tire or weary ; to exhaust with labour: fatigu'ing, imp.: adj. in- ducing weariness : fatigued', pp. -tegd': adj. wearied; harassed: fatigue-duty, the labours in which soldiers are often engaged distinct from the use of arms. fatling, fatten, &c— see fat. fatuous, a. fdt'-il-us (L. fatuus, silly, doltish : er ; to limit ; to confine : fettering, imp.: fet'tered, pp. -terd: fet'terless, a. without fetters. fetus, fetal— see foetus. feu, n. fu (Prov. feu, feudal tenure— from Icel./e; AS. feoh, cattle, money, price— contr. from feudal, which see), in Scot., a conditional allotment of land; property in land held of a superior on payment of a certain annual sum : v. to grant a perpetual right to a portion of land on which tenements may be erected, subject to an annual payment called the feu or feu- duty: feu'ing, imp.: feued, pp. fud: feu'ar, n. -er, one who holds land or houses on a, feu-rent. feud, r\. fud (Goth, fiathva, enmity— from Goth, and AS. flan, to hate), a contention or quarrel ; an invete- t 1 1 iii i i milies, clans, or factions. feudal, Ou.fu'd&l (mid. L. feudum, applied to the pro- perty in land distributed to his companions in arms by the Conqueror— from Prov. feu ; It. feudo, condi- tional allotment of land— see fee), pert, to the system by which lands were held on the condition of military service : feu'dalism, n. -izm, the principles and consti- iiiiinii ii; which lands were held by military services: feud or feod, n. fud, a conditional allotment of land ; a fief ; a fee : feu'dalist, n. or feu'dist, one versed in feudal law : feudality, n. fu-ddl'l-tl, state of being feudal ; feudal form or constitution : feudalise, v. fu'- d&l-lz, to reduce to a feudal tenure: feu'dary, a. mate, mCit,fdr, laTv; mete, mSt, -dcr-l, holding land of a superior: n. one who holdg lands by feudal service : feu'datory, n. -dd-ter-l, a tenant or vassal who holds his lands of a superior on the condition of military service : adj. holding i.'l i»l" /I'liiilir i::hi •iMillMii.i guns on any joyfu feuilleton, n. fO'l-tdng (F. a small leaf— trorafeuille, a leaf), the part of a French newspaper devoted to h-hr literature. fever, n. fe'-ver (F. fi'evre— from L. febris, a fever— from the notion of shivering : Bav. fibern, to tremble with anger or desire), a disease marked by aquickened pulse, an increase of heat, great thirst, &c. ; agitation ; excitement: v. to put into a fever: fevering, imp.: fevered, pp. fe'verd: fe'verish, a. having a slight fever ; hot : fe'verishly, ad. -II : fe'verishness, n. the state of being feverish ; mental restlessness : fever- few, n. -fu (L. fugare, to put to flight), a herb good against fevers. few, a./w (Goth, favs; AS.feaiva; L. paucus, little, few), not many; small in number: few'er, comp. : fewest, sup.: few'ness, n. smallness of number. fiars, n. plu fe'-erz or fl'erz (Icel. fe ; AS. feoh, cattle, price— connected with fee, fief, feudal), in Scot., the average prices of grain legally fixed for the year, in order to regulate the payment of stipend and rent. fiat, n.fl'at (h.fiat, let it be done— from^io, I am made), a formal or solemn command ; a decree ; an order. fib, n. flfo (It. flabbare, to sing idle songs, to tell flim-flam tales : old Eng. fible-fable, nonsense), a lie; a falsehood : v. to tell a lie ; to utter an untruth : fib'- bing, imp. : fibbed, pp. fibd: fib'ber, n. one who lies. fibre, n. f.l'ber (F. fibre ; L. fibra, a fibre), the fine stringy or thread-like substance found in animal bodies and in plants : fi'bres, n. plu. -berz, the finer divisions of roots ; any fine slender threads, or thread-like sub- stances : fibred, a. -berd, having threads : fiT>reless, a. without fibres : fi'bril, n. -brll, a small fibre : fibril' - lae, n. plu. -bril'-le, in bot., very small and fine roots, as in the lichens: fibrinous, a. -liis, pert, to fine fibres ; formed of small fibres : fi'brous, a. -brus, containing iii. ii., , iincad-like posse Ing a structure separable into small threads or strings : fi'brine or fi'brin, n. -brln, a peculiar substance, found in animals and vegetables, which forms fibres and muscular flesh : fi'brinous, a. -brln-iis, of or like fibrin. fibula, n. fW-u-ia (L. and It. fibula, a buckle), the outer and smaller bone of the leg : fib'ular, a. pert, to or situated near the fibula : fib'ula'ted, a. -la'-ted, resembling a brooch or buckle. fickle, a. fik'l (AS. ficol, vacillating: Ger. ficken, to move quickly to and fro), wavering ; unstable ; of a changeable mind ; variable: fickleness, n. fictile, n.fik'til (L.fictilis, earthen— from flctum, to form or shape : It. fittile), moulded into form by the potter's art ; pert, to pottery : fic'tor, n. an artist who >'i in was 1. 1 ,y, or other plastic material. fiction, n. flk'-shun (L. fictio, a making, a feigning— from fictus, invented : F. fiction : It. fizione), a false- hood ; that which is feigned or invented ; a fable ; novel literature : fic'tionist, n. a writer of novels : fictiti'ous, a. -tlsh'-us, feigned ; not real ; false : fictiti- ously, ad. -II: fictiti'ousness, n. : Active, a. fik'tlv, feigned; imaginative. fictor, n.— see fictile. fiddle, n. fid'l (Ger. fiedel; Dut. vedele, a fiddle: L. fides, any stringed instrument), a violin : fid'dler, n. -Mr, one who plays on a fiddle : fid'dle-fad'dle, n. -f&d'-l (a word directly imitative of the light rapid movements of the fiddle-bow), a trifling or fanciful matter: adj. trifling ; making a bustle about nothing : fiddlestick, n. the bow for playing a fiddle ; a term employed for a thing below notice : fid'dling, a. trifl- ing : n. the playing on a fiddle. fidelity.n. fl-del I H (L fidelitas I a. i in fulness— from fides, faith: It. fidelita-. F. fidiliU), faithfulness; in- tegrity; veracity; honesty. fidget, v./y - \s,fitschen, to flutter to and f±o: Dut. ficken, to switch : Ger. fick-facken, to fidget), to make light involuntary movements ; to be unable to keep still : n. restless agitation ; a fidgety person : fidg'eting, imp.: fidg'eted, pp.: fidg'ety, a. -Ml, rest- less ; uneasy ; impatient : fldg'ets, n. plu. restlessness ; uneasy and irregular motions. fiducial, &. f%-du'-shl-al(L.fiducia, confidence— from fido, I trust), confident ; unuoubting ; of the nature of a trust: fldu'cially, ad. -II: fiduciary, a. -ir-%, un- her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; FIE 205 FILM wavering; held in trust : n. one who holds anything in trust ; one who depends on faith without works. fie, int. fil (Ger. pfui: W. ffi), an exclamation of dis- like or disapprobation. fief, n. fief (It. fiio ; F. fief, a tenure— see fee), land held of a superior on condition of military service ; land held of a superior. field, n. /eld (Ger. field: Dut. veld, the open country, soil : prov. Dan. fiald, an enclosed portion of culti- vated soil), a piece of land enclosed for tillage ; the open country; a battle-ground ; room; space; in her., the surface of the shield ; the blank space on which figures are drawn or projected ; the entire space within which objects are seen by a telescope or microscope : field-marshal, -mdr'-shdl, the highest military title in England: field-officer, a major, a lieut.-col., or a colonel : field-piece, a cannon mounted on a wheeled carriage for moving about from place to place in the field : to keep the field, to continue in active opera- tions, as an army: field-book, note-book used in sur- veying : field-day, a military review ; a gala day : field- sports, diversions in the open country, as in shooting and fishing: field-work, fortification raised on the field to suit a particular purpose. fieldfare, n. field-far (AS. fieulo-fior — from fiealo, yellowish), a kind of thrush found in Britain during winter. fiend, n. fiend (Goth, fiands ; Ger. fieind, an enemy— from Goth. Jian, to hate : Icel. fitandi, a hater, an ene- my), an infernal enemy ; an implacable or malicious foe ; the devil : fiend'ish, a. like a fiend ; also fiend'like, a.: fiendishly, ad. -II: fiendlshness, n. quality of a fiend ; intense maliciousness. fierce, a. fiers (F. and It. fieroce: L. fierox, fierce), savage ; furious ; very violent or passionate ; very eager; outrageous: fiercely, ad. -II: fierceness, n. ferocity; fury; violence. fiery, a. filr'l (from fire, which see), passionate ; irri- table; easily provoked ; like tire; bright; impetuous: fier iness, n. • mper : fier'ily, ad. -ll. fife, n./l/(Ger. pfieifie: It. piffaro-. F. fifire: imita- tive of a shri U Bute with one key : v. to play on the fife: fifing, imp.: fifed, pp. fiffit: fi'fer, n. one who. fifteen, a. fiifi-Un (five and ten— see five), five and ten : fifteenth, a. -tenth, the fifth after the tenth ; ordi- nal of 15: fifth, a. fifth, ordinal of 5; next after the fourth ; one of five equal parts ; in m usic, an interval of three tones and a semitone : fifth'ly, ad. -ll, in the fifth place: fifty, a. filfi'-ti, five times ten: fiftieth, a. -6th, ordinal of 50. fig, n. fig (L. fiats, a fig: AS. fie: Ger. fieige: F. figue: It. fico), a well-known fruit of a pear-like shape. fight, n.filt (AS. fieoht: Ger. fiechte, a fight: Swiss, fiechten, to struggle), a battle ; a combat : v. to con- tend for victory; to combat: fighting, imp.: n. con- tention; strife: adj. qualified for war ; fit for battle: fought, pt. and pp. fdivt, did fight : fight'er, n. one who. l invention ; image— from „ „ something feigned or imagined. figure, n.fig'-ur or/ liape, an image — from, fiingo, I form: It. figura: F. figure), shape; form; appearance; a character or shape denoting a number ; a mode of expression ; a type ; an emblem ; a diagram; in art, a representation of the human body ; in rhet., mode of speaking in which words are turned from their ordinary sense— usually termed figure of speech; in logic, the arrangement of the middle term of a syllogism with the two terms of the conclusion ; in familiar language, price or value : v. to shape or form ; to represent ; to make a figure : fig'uring, imp. : fig'ured, pp. -urd: adj. adorned with figures or ornaments ; fig'urable, a. -u-rd-bl, capable of being brought into a fixed shape: fig'urabil'ity, n. -bU'l-tl: fig'ural, a. -rdl, pert, to figures : figurehead, n. the statue or figure on the upper part of a ship's head : figurate, a. filg'-u-rat, of a certain and determinate form: fig'urately, ad. -ll: fig'urative, a. -ra-tiv, not real ; representing something else ; typical : figura- tively, ad. -ll, in a sense different from the usual sense: fig'urativeness, n.: figurante, n. filg'-u-rdnf, a female ballet-dancer: figure-stone, n. a variety of talc-mica easily cut or carved into forms or figures ; to cut a figure, to make a show ; to attract attention. filament, n. fll'a-ment {L. filum, a thread: It. Jilo: fil), a thread; a fibre; in lot., the stalk which supports the anther : fil'amen'tous, a. -men'-tiis, thread- like; bearing filaments : fil'atory, n. -ter-l, a machine which spins thread: filiform, a. -l-fawrm (L. forma, shape), slender like a thread : fil'amen'tary, a. -ter-l, formed by filaments : filature, n. fil-a-td,; spinning, especially of silk from the cocoon: filose, a. fil'-los, ending in a thread-like process. filbert, n.fill'bert (corruption of fill-beard, a kind of nut which just fills the cup made by the beards of the calyx, the ordinary hazel proi ruing beyond the beard), the fruit of the cultivated hazel. filch, v. filch (Swiss ,/fofce, to bear away secretly: Norm, pilka ; Scot, pilk, to pick), to steal something of little value; to pilfer: filching, imp.: filched, pp. fillcht : filch er, n. one who : filch'ingly, ad. -ll. file, n.fill (V.fil; L.fidum, a thread), a line or wire on which papers are strung for preservation and re- ference ; the number of papers so strung ; a bundle of papers tied and titled ; a row of soldiers ranged one behind the other, but, generally speaking, two sol- diers, the front and rear-rank men : v. to fasten to- gether, as paper on a wire for preservation ; to place officially among the records of a court : fi'ling, imp. placing on a string or in a bundle, as papers : filed, pp. fixld: to march in file, to follow one after an- other, and not abreast: rank and file, the body of private soldiers composing an army. file, n. fill (old H. Ger. figila— from figen, to rub: Bohem. pila, asaw— from piliti, to saw), a well-known steel tool with a toothed or ridged surface for re- ducing, smoothing, or cutting any article made of a metal: v. to rub or smooth with a file; to wear off by friction : fi'ling, imp. : filed, pp. fiild : filer, n. one who : file-cutter, one who makes files : filings, n. plu. -llngz, particles rubbed off with a file. ; filial, a. fll'-l-Cd (L. filius, a son, filia, a daughter: F. filial), pert, to a son or daughter: filially, ad. -ll: filiation, n. fll'-l-a'-shun, relation of a child to a father ; the act of ascribing a child to a father ; affilia- tion : fil'iety, n. -e-l-tl, sonship. Alices, n. plu.fll'-l-sez (L.filix, a fern, filices, ferns), the lorn-tribe : fil icoid, a. -koyd (Gr. eidos, form), re- sembling a fern. filiform, a.— see filament. filigree, n. fiii-i-gre (formerly written filigrain or filigrane : Sp. filigrana, a kind of texture made of gold or silver wire— from filo, wire, and grano, the direction of fibres of wood: L.filuni. a thread, and granum, a grain), very fine ornamental threadlike work with gold or silver wire; in sculp., fine threadlike work: fil'igreed, a. ornamented with filigree. fill, V. fid (AS. fiyllan, to replenish : Ger. fallen, to fill: Lith. pillu, to pour into), to put or pour in all that can be held; to crowd; to stuff; to content or satisfy ; to hold or occupy, as any post or office ; to become full : n. as much as satisfies fully : filling, imp.: adj. causing fulness or satiety: n. act of that pletely; to surfeit: to fill up, to fill to the brim or entirely; to complete ; to grow or become quite full. fillet, n. fill-let (F. filet, dim. of fil, a thread— from L. filum, a thread), a little band, such as may be put round the head ; a narrow ornament or moulding : v. to bind with a little band ; in arch., to adorn with a band or astragal : filleting, imp. : filleted, pp.: fillet, n. (F. filet, the band of flesh which lies along under the backbone of an animal), a boneless lump of flesh bound together by a fillet or bandage ; the fleshy part of the thigh in veal. fiUibeg or philibeg, n.fll'-l-beg (Gael, filleadh, plait or fold, and beg, little), the pouch in front of the kilt ; the kilt itself. fillibuster, n. fiil-li-bris'-tn- (F. filibustier, a free- booter: Sp. filibuster), one who unites with others in attacking a foreign country in time of peace for plunder or conquest ; a marauder ; a freebooter. fillip, n. fill-Up (an imitation of the sound), a stroke with the finger-nail suddenly let go from the thumb : v. to strike smartly with the finger suddenly thrown outwards from its bent position inwards to the thumb : filliping, imp. : filliped, pp. -llpt. filly, n. f it'll (L. filia; F. fille, a daughter: Bav. fiulchen ; Norse, fyllic, a filly), a young mare, as op- posed to a colt or young horse. film, n. film (AS. film, a skin : Fris. fiimel, the skin of the body : W. pilen, rind), a thin skin : v. to cover with a thin skin : fil'ming, imp. : filmed, pp. filmd: coiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. FILO 206 FIRK filmy, a. / ll'mi, composed of thin skins or membranes : fil'miness, n. filose, a.— see filament. filter, n. fil'ter (from felt : It. feltro, a felt, a filter), any open porous substance, as clotb, paper, sand, or gravel, througb which a liquid may drain ; a strainer: v. to purify; to pass through a filter : fil'tering, imp.: n. act of passing through a filter : fil'tered, pp. -terd, strained : filtra'tion, n. -trd'shun, the act or process of filtering. filth, n. filth (AS. filth, filth : Icel. fyla, to stink, to putrefy : from foul, which see), dirt ; defilement ; foul matter: filthy, a. fil'thi, foul; dirty; unclean; morally impure : filthily, ad. -1% : fil'thiness, n. nasti- ness ; corruption ; impurity. fimbriate, a. fim'brl-at, also flm'bria'ted, a. (L. fimbriae, threads, fringe), in bot., fringed at the mar- gin ; bordered : fim'briae, n. plu. -e, in anat., a struc- ture resembling a fringe. fin, n. fin (AS. finna; D&n.ftnne; L. pinna, a fea- ther or fin), the projecting bony membrane of a fish for support and locomotion : finned, a. find, having fins: finny, &.fi».'-i>i, furnished with fins: fin'less, a having membranes between the toes. finable— see fine. final, a..fi'nal (L. finalis; F. and Sp. final— from finis, an end), last ; conclusive ; pert, to the end : fi'- nally, ad. -II: finality, n. fi-ndl'i-tl, the state of being final: finale, n. fl-nd'ld (It.), close; termination; the concluding piece in a concert ; the end of a piece of music. finance, n. fi-ndns' (mid. law L. finis, the ter- mination of a suit in law, the money paid as the price of settlement : mid. L.finare; old F. finer, to pay an exaction or composition: F. finance, formerly used in the sense of an exaction or a compulsory payment), revenue ; income : finances, n. plu. fi-n&n'sds, income or resources ; funds in the public treasury : financial, a. fi-ndn'shdl, pert, to public revenue or income: fi- nancially, ad. -II: financier, n. fi-ndn'ser, one skilled in the principles of banking, or in the management and raising of the public revenue. finch, n. fin , I i iamily of small singing- birds, as goldfinch, bullfinch, &c. find, v. find (Icel. finna ; Ger. finden, to find), to discover ; to recover ; to regain something lost ; to gain or have ; to furnish or supply ; to arrive at ; to determine: n. discovery; thing found: find'ing, imp.: n. that which is found by the jury ; a verdict : found, pt. and pp. fownd, did find : find'er, n. one who : to find in one's heart, to be bold enough or hard-hearted enough to do a thing : how do yon find yourself 1 how do you fare with regard to ease, health, or sickness ? to find out, to discover ; to detect : to find fault, to fine, n. fin (mid. law L. finis, applied to the money paid as the price of settlement— see finance), a sum of money paid as a penalty, as a punishment, or as the price of exemption ; a sum of money paid for ob- taining a benefit or privilege, as for obtaining or re- newing a lease : v. to impose a penalty on : fi'ning, imp.: fined, pp. find, subjected to the payment of a sum of money as a penalty or for a privilege : fina- — from W. givyn, white, fair : Icel. fina, to polish, to cleanse), not coarse ; very thin ; of small diameter ; slender ; clear ; elegant ; beautiful ; very handsome : v. to clarify; to free from foreign matter: fi'ning, imp. refining ; purifying : n. the process of refining or purifying : fined, pp. find : finely, ad. -II .- fine'ness, n. thinness ; clearness ; delicacy ; purity : fi'ner, n. one who purifies metals : fi'nery, n. -ner-i, show ; splen- dour ; showy dress or ornaments ; a furnace at iron- works for purifying iron : fining-pot, a pot or crucible for refining metals : fine-spoken, a. using a number of fine phrases : fine-spun, a. minute ; ingeniously con- trived; artfully invented: fine arts — see art: fine- drawn, a. over-minute or nice. fine, n. fin (L. finis, an end), only used in the ad- verbial phrase in fine, to conclude; to sum up all. finesse, n. fi-nls 1 (F.), artifice; stratagem: fines'- sing, a. practising artifice to accomplish a purpose : n. the practice of artifice. finger,n./ (Gotb figgrs; Fris. fenger, a fin- ger: Ger. fani/en, to seize, to catch), one of the five divisions of the hand ; a measure : v. to touch lightly ; to handle with the fingers : fin'gering, imp. handling ; touching lightly : n. act of touching lightly or hand- ling; manner of touching a musical instrument : fin'- gered, pp. -gerd, played on ; handled ; touched : adj. having fingers : finger-post, a post with a painted hand for directing passengers to a road : finger-board, board at the neck of a violin ; in a piano or organ, part where the fingers are pressed : to have at one's finger-ends, to be thoroughly familiar with, or off- hand with. finial, n. fin'i-dl (L. finire, to finish or complete), the knot or bunch of foliage, or a flower ornament, that forms a termination to pinnacles, pediments, spires, &c. finical, a. fin'i-kdl (from fine, a., which see), affec- tedly nice or showy ; spruce ; foppish : fin'ically, ad. -II : finlcalness, n. finis, n. fi'nls (L.), end; conclusion. finish, v. fln'ish (L. finire, to put an end to — from finis, an end : It. finire : F. finir), to complete ; to perfect ; to put an end to ; to come to an end : n. com- pletion ; the last touch to a work ; that which gives perfection to a work of art ; the last coat of plaster on a wall: finishing, imp.: adj. completing; perfect- ing: n. completion ; perfection ; last polish: finished, pp. -isht: adj. complete; perfect in the highest de- gree : finisher, n. one who puts an end to or com- pletes: finite, a itum, to bound or limit), confinement within certain boundaries. Note.— in- definite, without bounds : infinite, above relations to space. Finn, n. fin, a native of Finland. finned, finny — see fin. fiord, n. fl-drd', in Sw., a name for a bay or inlet. fiorite, n. fi'0-rit (from Flora, in Tuscany), pearl- sinter, a silicious incrustation not uncommon in the vicinity of hot springs and volcanoes. fir, n. fer (Ger. fohre; Icel. fura), a well-known kind of tree : fir- wood, the wood of the fir ; common deal-board. fire, n.fir (Ger. feuer ; Icel. fyr; Gr. pur, fire), the result of the combustion or burning of bodies, as coal, wood, &c. ; a conflagration ; severe trial or affliction ; flame ; lustre ; the burning fuel in a grate ; anything which inflames the passions; ardour; rage; anima- tion : v. to kindle ; to set on fire ; to take fire ; to be- come irritated ; to discharge firearms : firing, imp. : n. fuel ; the setting on fire ; discharge of firearms : fired, pp.fird .-firearms, n. plu. cannon, rifles, &c: fire- ball, a meteor resembling a ball of fire passing rapidly through the air: fire-blast, a disease to which the hop-plant is much exposed : fire-box, in a locomotive engine, the box in which the fire is placed : firebrand, a piece of burning wood ; an incendiary ; one who provokes quarrels: fire-brick and fire-clay, so called from their power of resisting the wasting effects of fire : fire-brigade, an organised body of men for extinguish- ing conflagrations in towns: fire-damp, the inflam- mable gas which gathers in coal-mines : fire-eater, one who pretends to eat fire; a fighting character: fire-engine, a machine for throwing water to extin- guish fire : fire-escape, an apparatus for the escape of persons from the upper flats or floors of buildings when the lower are on fire : firefly, a name given to those insects which have the property of emitting a luminous secretion: fire-guard, a wire fencing in front of a fireplace : fire-irons, the poker, shovel, and tongs : firelock, fir'ldk, a musket with a flint : fire- man, one who tends an engine or assists in putting out fires: fireplace, the recess in the wall of a room fitted with a flue, in which a grate for fire may be placed : fire-plug, a street water-plug : fire-proof, a. incombustible : fire-ship, a ship full of combustibles to set enemies' vessels on fire: fire-shovel, a shovel for domestic uses about a fire : fireside, one's own home ; the domestic hearth : firestone, any stone which stands heat without injury : firewood, fuel : fireworks, preparations of gunpowder for displays on occasions of rejoicing : fire-worship, the worship of fire practised by the Parsees: Greek fire, an in- flammable material that could scarcely be ex- tinguished—first used by the Greeks in the seventh century : St Anthony's fire, the disease called ery- sipelas : to set on fire, to inflame. firkin, n. fer'kln (a diminutive from four), the fourth part of a barrel of thirty-six gallons ; a small barrel used for butter, &c. mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; FIRL 207 FLAG firlot, n. fer'-lot, a measure used in Scotland con- taining the fourth part of a boll of meal. firm, a., firm (h-firmus. steadfast, strong: It. fermo: F. ferme), closely compressed ; hard ; solid ; constant ; steady ; resolute : n. the name or title under which a company transacts business; a partnership: firmly, ad. -II: firmness, n. stability; steadfastness; con- stancy; hardness. firmament, n. fer'md-ment (L. firmamenturn, a sup- port, a prop : It. firmamento: F. firmament), the hea- vens; the sky; an expanse or wide extent: fir'ma- men'tal, a. -men'-tdl, pert, to the firmament. firman, n. fer'mdn (Turk, firmaun), in Turkey, and in several Eastern countries, a decree of the sovereign ; a royal licence or passport. first, a. ferst (Icel. /;//■/, before ; furstr, in front of all: L. primus, first), earliest in time; foremost; chief; principal; primary; the ordinal of one: adv. before anything else: firstling, n.'the first-born of beasts: firstly, ad. -II: first-born, the eldest: first- rate, a. of the highest excellence ; of the greatest size, as a man-of-war : first floor, that above the ground floor: first-fruits, the earliest mature fruits or pro- duce of the earth ; the first profits ; first or earliest effects or results, used in a good or bad sense : at first, at the beginning : first-hand, directly ; immedi- ately; new, as opposed to second-hand: first and last, throughout ; on an average : first or last, at one time or other. firth, n. firth, often spelt frith, n. frith (Icel. fjordr ; Dan. fjord, an arm of the sea : Gael, frith, small, little : L. f return, a narrow sea), the mouth of a river widening into an arm of the sea ; any narrow passage of the sea ; a strait. fiscal, Si.fis'kdl (L.fiscus, a basket, a great money- bag: It.fisco: F.fisc), pert, to the public treasury or revenue: n. revenue; exchequer; in Scot., a public officer who prosecutes in certain criminal cases, usually called the procurator-fiscal. fish, n. fish (Goth, fisks; L. piscis; TV. pysg, a fish), an animal which inhabits the water, and breathes through gills ; the flesh of a fish; a machine to hoist up the flukes of the anchor: v. to seek to catch fish ; to seek to obtain by artifice ; to search by raking ; to draw out or up : fishing, imp. : adj. used or employed in fishing : n. the art or practice of catching fish : fished, pp. fisht: fish'y, a. -I, also fish'like, having the qualities of a fish: fish'iness, n. state of being fishy: fishmonger, n. -mung'gir, one who deals'in fish: iish'er, n. one who fishes : fish'erman, n. one whose occupation is to catch fish: fishery, n. flsh'-er-l, a fishing-ground ; the trade of fishing : fish-hook, n. a hook to catch fishes : fishwoman, also fishwife, n. a woman who retails fish : fish-pond, a small enclosed piece of water for breeding fish : fish-spear, a spear for taking fish : fish-tail, a. shaped like a fish's tail. fish, n. fish (F. ficher, to fix ; fiche, a gardener's dibble), counter or marker at cards; a piece of wood secured to another to strengthen it. fissile, n. fls'sll (L. fissilis, that may be split: It. fissile), capable of being split — applied to rocks which, like clay-slate, can be split or divided in the direction of the grain or cleavage : fissil'ity, n. -stl'i-ti, the quality of admitting to be split in thin leaves. fission, n. fish'iin (L. fissus, cleft or split), a cleav- ing or splitting into parts : fissiparous, a. fis-slp'-d-rus (L. pario, I bring forth), applied to the multiplying or increase of certain animal forms by the self-division of the individual into two or more parts, each of which becomes a perfect creature similar to the pa- rent-original : in hot., dividing spontaneously into two parts, by means of a septum. fissure, n. fish'dbr (L. fissura, a cleft or slit: F. fissure), a crack or cleft; a slit from the parting asunder of any substance: v. to open as a fissure: fis'sured, pp. -oord, cracked ; full of cracks. fist, n. fist (old Eng. fust; Ger.faust, the hand as an instrument of striking : Swiss, fausten, to beat : L. fustis, a stick), the hand with the fingers doubled into the palm ; the closed hand : fisticuffs, n. fis'ti-kufs, . -his, of the nature of a fistula ; in hot., hollow, like the stems of grasses ; also fis'tular, a. -ler. fit, n. fit (It. fiata; old F. fiede, intermittent period, turn: Ger. fft, an int. expressive of sudden disap- pearance, or of pain), a sudden attack of disease in cdiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, which the body is often convulsed or deprived of sense; a temporary affection or attack of pain or ill- ness ; a turn : fit'ful, a. -fool, marked by sudden im- pulses or starts: fitfully, ad. -II: fit'fulness, n. : by- fits and starts, intermittently. fit, n. fit (F. faict, wrought or fashioned for a pur- pose : Dut. vitten, to square, to fit : L. f actus, made), close and easy setting of a dress: adj. suitable; con- venient; becoming; qualified; right: v. to suit one thing to another; to adapt; to qualify for; to be proper or suitable: fit'ting, imp. adapting; quali- fying: adj. appropriate ; becomine:; suitable: fitted, pp.: fitly, ad. -II: fit'ness, n. qualification; adapta- tion ; propriety ; convenience : fittingly, ad. -U : fit'- tedne3s, n. suitableness : fitter, n. one who puts parts together, as machinery: to fit out, to furnish with necessaries : to fit up, to prepare for reception or use. fitch, n.flch (It. veccia), the vetch; a chick-pea. fitchet, n.flch'et, also fitchew, n. flch'u (F.fissau —from L. foctere, to stink), a polecat. &tz,fltz (Norm.), a common prefix, meaning son of. five, a.n.fiv (Goth, fimf: Ger. funf: Dnt.vyf: L. quinque: Gr. pente : Sans, pamhan), four and one: five-fold, a. ad. five times repeated. fix, v. flks (L. fixus, fixed, fastened: It. fisso: F. fixe), to attach firmly ; to fasten ; to make immovable ; to settle ; to appoint ; to establish ; to become firm or solid : fixing, imp. : fixed, pp. flkst, stable ; firm ; intently directed : fix'edly, ad. -ed-ll: flx'edness, n., also fixity, n. fiks'l-tl, coherence of parts : in a fix, in a difficulty: fixa'tion, n. -a'shiin, stability: fixture, n. fiky'-tar, any permanent article of furniture; that which is permanently attached. fizz, v. f\z (a word imitative of the sound), to make a hissing sound : fizzing, imp. : fizzed, pp. fizd. flabby, a. fldb'-bl (imitative of the sound produced by the flapping: of a loose broad surface, which is re- presented by the syllables flab, flap, flag, flack, and suchlike: But. flabberen, to flap, to flutter: F.flapjx, faded, soft), unnaturally soft; hanging loose by its (Wi n \ eight : flab'bily, ad. -II: flabtdness, n. flabellate, a. fid-biV-lat, also flabelliform, a. -II- fawrm (L. ftabellum, a fan, and forma, shape), in hot., shaped, and sometimes plaited, like a fan. flaccid, a,.flak'-sld {L.flaccidus ,- It. flaccido, flabby : F.flaque; Bret, flak, weak, drooping: Ger. flacken, to flicker— see flabby;, not stiff; soft and weak; wanting in stiffness: flac cidly, ad. -II: flaccid'ity, n. -sld'-l-ti, also flae'eidness, n. want of firmness or stiffness. flag, x\.flag(T>a.u.fia: g, a marsh-plant ; flagre, to wave to and fro as flame), a plant which grows' in marshy places, having large-bladed or sword-shaped leaves ; the sedge or iris. flag, n. fldg (Dut. flaggeren, to flag, to hang loose : F. flaque; Bret, flak, flaggy, drooping — see flabby), a piece of cloth on which is wrought some device, usually set upon a staff to wave in the wind ; the ensign or colours of a regiment, ship, &c. : v. to grow spiritless or dejected; to lose vigour; to droop: flag'ging, imp.: adj. languishing; having a tendency to weariness or faintness: flagged, pp. fldgd: flaggy, a. fldg'gl, weak ; not stiff : flag^gingly, ad. -II ; flag'gi- ness, n. want of tension: flag-officer, in the navy, the admiral or superior officer: flag-ship, the ship which carries a superior officer, as the admiral : flag- staff, the pole or staff on which the flag is fastened : black flag, a flag of a dark colour displayed to inti- mate to an enemy that no mercy will be given: flag of truce, a white flag displayed to an enemy to invite to a conference, or to make some request or communication not hostile : red flag, a flag of a red colour displayed as a signal of danger, or as a token of defiance : national flag, a flag of a particular coun- try on which some national emblem or device is em- blazoned : to hang the flag half-mast high, to raise a flag only half-way up the mast or flag-staff as a token or sign of mourning : to strike or lower the flag, to lower it from the top in token of respect, or of sur- render to an enemy. flag, n. fldg (Sw. flaga, a crack or breach ; prov. Dan. flag, a turf peeled off from the surface: Icel. flaga, to cut turfs ; flis, a splinter), a broad flat stone used for pavements : v. to lay with broad flat stones : flagging, imp- fldg'gl ng : n. the act of laying with broad flat stones; aside walk of large flat stones: flagstone, n. a broad flat stone for a foot-pavement : flaggy, a. ■gl, arranged in thin layers as a stone ; capable of being split into flagstones. flagellate, v. fidj'ehlat (L. flagellare, to flog: It. 'ame, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. FLAG 208 FLEA. ftagellare : F. flageller), to whip ; to scourge : flag'el- la'ting, imp. : flag'ella'ted, pp.: flag'ella'tion, n. -la- shun, a flogging : flag'ellant, n. one who flogs him- self ; one of a religious sect of the 13th and 14th cen- turies who flogged themselves as a religious duty : fla- gelliform, a. // iei'U (1 lum, a whip, and forma, shape), in hot., flexible, narrow, and tapering, like the thong of a whip : flagellum, n. -lum, in hot., a weak creeping stem, bearing rooting buds at differ- ent points, as in the strawberry. ^-jeolet, -° . o pipe), end ; a small musical pipe. flagitious, a. fld-jlsh '■ A L.flagitv &s, disgraceful— from flagito, I demand hotly or fiercely : It. ftagizioso), grossly wicked ; heinous ; atrocious ; villanous : fla- gitiously, ad. -II ; flagiti'ousness, n. wickedness ; villany. flagon, n. fldg'on (F. .flacon, a great leathern bottle), a large drinking vessel with a narrow mouth. flagrant, a,.fla'grdnt (L.flagrans, burning with heat : It. flagrante : F. flagrant), glaring ; notorious ; very great : fla'grantly, ad. -II : fla'grance, n. -grans, also fla'grancy, n. -si, excess ; enormity. flail, n. flal (Ger. flegel ; F.flayau, a flail, a scourge —see flog), a wooden instrument for beating out corn from the ear. flake, n. flak (Sw. flaga, a crack : Bohem. flak, a good piece : Icel. flak, a plank, a slice), a feathery piece of snow as it falls from the clouds ; a feathery plate ; any scaly matter in small layers : v. to form into flakes ; to peel or scale off : fla'king, imp. : flaked, pp. flakt : flaky, a. -kl, consisting of flakes : fla'kiness, n.: flake- white, oxide of bismuth ; pure white-lead. flambeau, n.flam'bo (F.— from h.flamma, a flame), a lighted torch : flam'beaux, n. plu. fldm'boz, or -bo. flame, n. flam (L. flamma, a flame : F. flamme, a flame, a streamer ; flamber, to blaze), a blaze ; fire in general ; combustion of gas or vapour ; heat of pas- sion ; warmth of affection ; love ; violence ; one be- loved : v. to blaze ; to burn, as a gas ; to break out into violence: fla'ming, imp.: adj. blazing; bright ; luminous : n. a bursting out into flame : flamed, pp. flamd: flame'less, a. destitute of flame: in a flame, intensely excited ; thoroughly roused for action : flame-coloured, a. of a bright yellow colour : fla'ming- ly, ad. -II : fla'my, a. -ml, blazing ; having the nature of flames : flamen, n. fla'mSn (akin to Gr. flego, I set on fire), the person who lights the sacrificial fires ; a priest of anc. Rome : flamingo, n. fld-mlng'go, a long- legged, web-footed bird of a crimson or red colour, belonging to Africa and the S. of Europe. flange, n.flanj (Ger. flantsche, a slice : F. flanchere, a flanker, a side piece), a raised or projecting rim of anything, as of a railway-wheel, or a pipe : flanged, a. fldnjd, having a flange, or connected by a flange. flank, n.flangk(F.flanc: Ger.flanke: It. ftanco, the flank of a body), the fleshy or muscular part of an ani- mal situated between the ribs and the hip ; the side of anything, as of an army ; the extreme right or left of a military position ; the part of a work placed to de- fend another: v. to attack the side or flank of an army ; to pass round the side or flank ; to border ; to touch; to be posted on the side: flank'ing, imp. attacking on the side ; commanding on the flank : flanked, pp. fldngkt, covered or commanded on the flank: flank'er, n. he or that which flanks: flank movement, the posting of troops so as to be able to attack the extreme right or left of an enemy : to flank or turn the flank, to attack a body of troops on the side: to outflank, to extend beyond the extreme right or left of an enemy. flannel, n.fldn'-nel (F.flanelle, flannel ; W. gwlanen, flannel : formerly written flannen), a soft woollen cloth, loose in texture : flan'nelled, a. -neld, covered or wrap- ped in flannel. and easily moved; the motion and noise of it, as sails against the mast ; tail of a coat : v. to move, as wings ; to move or fall, as something loose ; to beat with a flap: flap'ping, imp.: adj. moving something broad and loose; beating: flapped, pp. fldpt: adj. struck with something broad; let down: flap'per, n. he or that which : flap-eared, a. having broad loose ears : flap-jack, a sort of broad pancake : flap-mouthed, a. having loose hanging lips. flare, v.flar{Da,u. flagre; Ger. flackern, to flicker, to flutter— see flagrant), to glitter with a splendid but ; •■■"■ i< >> .lum <■■ ■■■! " ■>■■■ '"'.ht; tospread outwards : n. a broad unsteady light, offensive to the eye: fla'ring, imp.: adj. burning with a wavering light ; showy : flared, pp.fldrd: fla'ringly, ad. -II. flash, n.^dsfe(representati m ol >undmadebya dash of water, or by a sudden burst of flame : Swiss, ./'"'' "'' ". '" pla flat i to blaze), a sudden but transitory burst of light or flame ; a sudden burst, as of wit : v. to burst or open instantly on the sight ; to strike or throw as a burst of light : flashing, imp. : adj. bursting forth, as a flood of flame : n. act of blaz- ing ; a sudden and momentary burst, as of light : flashed, pp. fldsht: flashy, a. -I, showy, but empty; gay: flashily, ad. -Zt: flashlness.n.: flashings, n. plu. pieces of lead or zinc, or other metal, used to cover joinings on roofs, also called aprons in Scotland. flask, n. flask /Ger. flaschc ; F. flfist/uc, a flask, a bottle— see flagon), a kind of bottle for containing liquors or powder: flasket, n.fldsk'St, along shallow basket. flat, a. fldt (imitative of the dashing down of some- thing soft : F. flac, a clap by something soft : Dut. vlecke, a blot, as of ink : Dut. vlack ; Ger. flach, flat, close to the ground), smooth ; even ; level ; tasteless ; insipid ; depressed ; unanimated ; positive or down- right : n. a level or extended plain ; a shoal or shal- low ; an even surface ; a story or floor of a house ; a sign in music (n) which lowers the following note half a tone : flat'tish, a. somewhat flat : flatly, ad. -II, evenly; positively: flat'ness, n. state or quality of being flat : flat'ted, a. rendered even on the surface ; made flat; wani-in", ,,: < spirit: flatten, v. fldt'n, to make flat ; to become flat : flattening, imp. flat' nlng : flattened, pp. fldt'nd : flat'wise, ad. with the flat downwards ; not on the edge. flatter, v.fldt'ter (Ice\. fladra, to wag the tail as a dog, to flatter: Ger. flattern, to flutter: Dut. fletteren, to flatter : F. flatter, to pat, to caress), to praise falsely ; to gratify another's self-love by praise ; to soothe with praise ; to raise false hopes in : flat'tering, imp.: adj. pleasing to pride or vanity ; gratifying to self-love ; encouraging hope: flat'tered, pp. -terd, soothed by praise ; pleaseu by commendation : flat'terer, n. one who flatters : flat'teringly, ad. -II : flat'tery, n. -ter-t, false praise; that which gratifies self-love; obsequi- ousness. flatulent, a. jldt'u-Unt (mid. L.flatulentus, flatulent —from L. flatus, a breath, a breeze), windy ; affected with air in the stomach and bowels ; vain ; empty : flat'ulently, ad. -1% : flat'ulence, n. -lens, also flat'u- lency, n. -Un-sl, fulness of wind : flatus, n. fla'-tus, wind collected in the intestines ; disturbance caused by it ; a puff of wind ; a breath. flaunt, x.flawnt (Ba,v.flandern, to wave to and fro : Ger. fladdern, to flutter), to wave to and fro in the wind ; to move about in fine clothes to let them be seen ; to carry a pert or saucy appearance : n. any- thing displayed for show: flaunting, imp.: adj. mak- ing an ostentatious display; flaunt'ed, pp.: flaunt'- ingly, ad. -II. flautist, n. flaw'tlst (It. flauto, a flute), a player on the flute. flavour, n. fla'ver (F. flairer, to smell, to scent : old Eng. flaware, a strong smell), peculiar taste or smell ; quality of anything which affects the smell; odour; fragrance : v. to impart a smell or taste to : fla'vour- less, a. destitute of flavour : fla'vouring, imp. : fla- voured, pp. -verd .- adj. having a quality that affects the sense of smelling or tasting. flaw, a. flaw (Sw. flaga, a crack, a flaw : W.fflaw, a splinter : connected with flag and flake), a blemish ; a crack ; a defect or blemish : v. to crack : flawing, imp.: flawed, pp. flawd: flaw'y, a. -I, having a blemish or defect : flawless, a. without a blemish. flax, n. fldks (AS. fleax, flax— from feax, the hair: Bohem. wlakno, unspun flax, fibres), a plant ; the pre- pared fibres or threads of the same which are made into linen cloth : flax-dresser, n. one who prepares the fibres : flax'en, a. -in, made of or resembling flax ; fair, usually with the s s of long and flowing: to flay), to strip off the skin of an animal : flaying, imp.: flayed, pp.flad: flay'er, one who. flea, n.flS (Ger. floh; Icel. flo, a flea), a small insect of ■'■ I'i'r, , but of uncertain amount. floatsam— see flotage. floccillation, ihun (L.floccus, a lock of wool— see flock), a picking of bed-clothes by a sick person, an alarming symptom : floccose, a. flok-koz', in bot., covered with wool-like tufts: floccosely, ad. -ll, in a tufted manner : flocculent, a. flok'ku-lent, co- alescing and adhering in flocks or flakes ; having the appearance of flocks or flakes: floc'culence, n. -lens, the state of being flocculent : floccus, n. flok'kus, plu. flocci, flok'-sl, in bot., woolly filaments ; a tuft of hair terminating a tail. l!,fobt; pure, Md; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. FLOC 2 flock, n.fldk [L.floccus; It. fiocco; F.floc, a lock or flock of wool: Norse, flokk, a heap, a family: AS. floe, a flight), a company or collection, as of sheep or birds ; a lock or flake of wool ; a Christian congrega- tion in relation to their pastor : v. to gather in flocks or crowds ; to crowd together : flocking, imp. : flocked, pp. flokt : flocky, a. flok'l, abounding with flocks or little woolly tufts. floe, n. flo (Icel. fiaga, what separates as a splinter : to whip ; to lash : flog'ging, imp. : n. a whipping, as a punishment: flogged, pp. flogd. flood, n. fiud (Goth, flodus ; Icel. flod; Sw. flod, a flowing water : Icel. flceda ; Sw. floda, to inundate), a great flow of water ; a body of water overflowing land, as from a river ; abundance : v. to deluge ; to over- flow: flood'ing, imp. overflowing: n. an extraordi- nary uterine flow of blood : flood'ed, pp. : flood-tide, the rise and flow of the tide : the flood, the great de- luge in the time of Noah : flood-gate, a gate to be opened for the flow of water, or to be shut to prevent its flow: flood-mark, the line to which the tide rises. flook, n.fldk (Get. fluhen, the flooks of an anchor— from Ba.v.flug; Low Ger.flu.nke, a wing: Tmn.flig, a flap), that part of an anchor which catches the ground, generally spelt fluke: flooken, n., also flukan, n. fldk'dn, a miner's term for a soft clayey substance occasionally found in cross-courses and slides : flook- ing, n. same meaning. floor, n. flor (AS. flor ; Dut. vloere, a floor : Ger. flur, a tract of flat country : W. llawr, the ground : L. lar, a hearth), that part of a house or room on which we walk ; a story ; a series of rooms on the same level : v. to lay with a floor ; to knock down ; to silence an opponent : floor 'ing, imp. : n. a platform ; pavement ; material for floors : floored, pp. fiord, colloquially, overcome or exhausted, as by trouble or fatigue: floor'er, n. -er, a blow which knocks down ; an argu- ment or question which stuns or silences : floor'less, a. without a floor. flora, n. flo'-rd (L. flos, a flower— gen. floris), the whole plants peculiar to a country or to a geological era—; fauna, the animals peculiar to a district; the goddess of flowers in anc. myth.: flo'ral, a. -rdl, pert, to flowers ; in hot., seated about the flower-stalk, and near the flower : flores'cence, n. -res-ens, the flower- ing of plants : floret, n. flo'-ret, a little flower : florid, a. flor'ld (L. floridus, flowery), bright in colour; showy; brilliant: floridly, ad. -11: flor'idness, n. brightness or freshness of colour : florid'ity, n. -l-tl, florid character: floriferous, z,. flo-rlf'-er-us (L. fero, I hear), producing flowers : floriform, a. flor'-l-fawrm (L. forma, shape), flower-shaped : flor ist, n. -1st, a cultivator of flowers: florlcul'ture, n. -l-kul-tur (L. cultura, cultivation), whatever relates to the cul- ture and arrangement of plants grown for their flowers, or as objects of taste : florlcuTtural, a. -tu- rdl, pert. to. Florentine, a. flor'-Sn-tln, of or from Florence, in Italy : n. a native of. florin, n. flor'-ln (F. florin ; It. florino ; Ger. floren), a coin originally made at Florence ; an English coin, value two shillings. floscular, a. flos'-ku-ler, also, flos'cnlous, a. -Ms (L. Uosculus, a little flower— from flos, a flower), in hot., applied to the corolla of a floret when tubular : flos'- cule, n. -kul, the partial or lesser floret. flos-ferri, n. flds-fSr'-rl (L. flower of iron), a mineral, a fine radiated variety of arragonite. floss, n.fids (It. floscio; Venet. flosso ; Piedm. flos, faint, drooping: F. flosche, weak, soft: Lang, flosso, soft untwisted silk), the downy or silky substance found in the husks of certain plants : flos'sy, a. -si, soft and silk-like : floss-silk, n. a kind of loose inferior silk. flotage, n. flo'-fdj (from float— see float and fleet), the act of floating: flotation, ii. ,< , . i s >< <> of floating ; the science of floating bodies : flotsom, n. Mt'-sum, also float'sam, n. -s&m, goods found floating without an owner on a river or sea,— jetsom or jetsam, goods thrown ashore without an owner. flotilla, n. fio-tll'-ld(Sp. flotilla; F.flottille, a squad- ron : dim. of Sp.flota, a fleet), a fleet of small vessels. flounce, n. fldwns (F. froncis, a plait, a wrinkle : Dut. fronsse, a wrinkle), a loose flap sewed outside FLUG the skirt of a lady's dress : v. to adorn with flounces : flouncing, imp. flown- sing i flounced, pp. flownst. flounce, v. fldwns (Norse, flunsa, to do anything with noise and bluster: Sw. flunsa, to plunge in water: Dut. flansen, to do in a hasty, careless way), to be in a toss and fume with anger; to throw the limbs and body one way and the other : n. a sudden jerking or tossing motion of the body : floun'cing, imp. : flounced, pp. flownst. flounder, v. fCown'-der (a nasalised form of Dut. flodderen, to make a flapping or fluttering motion, as loose garments : Ger. flunder, to flounder), to strug- gle, roll, or toss, as a horse in the mire : floun'dering, imp. rolling, tossing, and tumbling, as in mire: floun'dered, pp. -derd. swimming near the bottom. flour, n. flow'-r (F. fleur, flower, blossom ; fleur de farine, blossom of meal, flour), the fine sifted part of ground wheat or other grain: flou'ring, n. the busi- ness of converting grain into flour : floury, a. fldw'-rt, resembling flour. flourish, v. fliir'-lsh (L. floresco, I begin to bloom— fromflos, a flower: F.fleu bio j.tocomeout in blossom ; to thrive ; to prosper ; to adorn with flow- ers ; to wave or brandish ; to embellish or adorn : n. blossom ; showy splendour ; parade of words ; a sounding, as of trumpets; a bold stroke «in writing: flourishing, imp.: adj. thriving; prosperous; making a show: flourished, pp. -isht: flourishingly, ad. -II. tLout.v. fldwt {Dut. fluyten triatle, to flatter : Scot, flyte, to scold), to mock ; to treat with contempt ; to jeer : n. a mock ; an insult: flouting, imp. : flout '- ed, pp. : floutingly, ad. -It. flow, v. flo (AS. flowan; Dut. vloeden, to flow: L. fluere, to flow— allied to fleet), to move along, a3 water ; to run, as a liquid ; to issue, as from a source ; to glide along smoothly; to hang loose and waving, as a mantle : n. rise of water, as opposed to a fall ; a stream ; copiousness, as a flow of language ; sudden plenty or abundance : flow'ing, imp. : adj. running, as water ; fluent orsmooth : n. act of running, as water ; great rise or abundance, as of water : flowed, pp. flod: flow'ingly, ad. -II: flow'age, n. -aj, act of flowing; state of being flowed. flower, n. flow'-r (F. fleur ; L. flos, flower, blossom- gen, floris), blossom ; the bloom or flourish of a plant ; the best or finest part of a thing, as flower of age, an army, &c. : v. to blossom or bloom ; to adorn with flowers : flowering, imp. fldw'-rlng : adj. blossoming ; blooming: n. act of blossoming; the season when plants blossom ; act of adorning with flowers : flow- erless, a. flow'-r -les, destitute of flowers: flowers, n. plu. flow'-rz, a name formerly used in chemistry for fine mealy matter, as flowers of sulphur: flower-stalk, n. the stem of a flower: flowered, pp. flow'rd: adj. embellished with figures or flowers : flower-garden, n. ground set apart for the cultivation of flowers : flowery, a. fldio'-rl, full of or adorned with flowers ; ornate, as applied to language : flow'eriness, n. : flow'eret, n. -ret, a little flower: flower-de-luce, n. floiv'r-da-los', also -de-lis (F. fleur-de-lis, flower of the lily), the iris ; cornflag ; the part of an armorial bear- ing representing a lily. to move, as a wave ; to move, now in one direction then in another ; to be irresolute or wavering ; to rise and fall, as prices : fluctuating, imp. : adj. unsteady ; wavering ; changeable : fluctuated, pp. : fluctuation, n. -d'-shun, a moving in this and that direction ; a ris- ing and falling suddenly. flue, n.flo (old F. flue, a flowing; finer, to flow— from L. fluere, to flow), a small chimney leading into a larger ; a passage for conveying smoke and flame from a fire ; a tube or shaft for conveying heat, &c. flue, n.fld, also fluff, n.fluf{W. pluf, feathers: Bav. flawen, light dust that settles on clothes), nap or down ; little feathers or flocks that stick to clothes : fluffy, a. -fi, pert, to nap ; soft and downy. fluent, a. fid'-ent (L. fiuens, flowing — gen. fluentis: It.fluente), flowing smoothly; ready in speech; volu- ble: flu'ency, n. -Sn-sl, rtu <;.. ace; smooth- ness : flu'ently, ad. -II, with ready flow. flugelman, n. flo'-gl-mdn (Ger. fiugelmann, file- leader— fTomfliigel, awing, and mann, a man), a soldier te, mat, far, law; mete, m&t, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; FLUI 2! who stands on the right or in the front of abody of men, and whose mot ions in the manual exercises they simul- taneously follow— also spelt fugleman, n. fu'gl-mdn. FOG flows like water: adj. movable or flowing, as water or air: fluid'ity, n. -id'l-tl, the state in which bodies tend to flow, or are capable of flowing; a liquid state ; also flu'idness, n.: elastic fluids, vapours and gases : non-elastic fluids, ordinary liquids. fluke, n. flok (Ger. pflug, a plough— see flook), the broad part of the anchor which fastens in the ground. fluke, n.flok (AS. floe), a fish called a flounder. flume, n. flora (Norse, flaum, a flood), a stream of water in a confined channel to drive a mill. flummery, n.Jtum'mer-l (\V. llymry, an acid prepara- tion from the husks and fragments of oats ; or Ger. jflaumerei— from pflaum, a plum), a kind of food made from th steeped in water, called in Scotland sou-ens ; a light kind of food ; empty com- pliment ; mere flattery. flung, pt. and pp. of the verb fling. flunkey or flunky, n.flung'-kX (Low Ger. flunkern, to be gaudily dressed: Dut. flonkeren, to glitter), a ser- vant in livery, generally a term of contempt ; one who is obsequious and cringing to people of rank, and a servile imitator of their manners ; an upstart ; a low mean-spirited fellow: flunkyism, n. the character or quality of a flunky: flunkydom, n. the place or domain of flunkies. fluor, n. flo'or (L.fluo, I flow— so called from being used as a flux), a mineral variously coloured, usually called fluor-spar, or fluate 0/ lime: fluoric, Sb.flo-6r'ik, pert, to fluor, or obtained from it: fluorine, n.fl6'6-rln, in chem., an elementary substance first found in fluor- spar. flurry, n. flur'rl (a corruption of fluster or flutter, which see), bustle ; violent agitation ; commotion : v. to bustle greatly ; to put in agitation : flurrying, imp.: flur'ried, pp. -rid, agitated; alarmed. flush, v. flush (Dut. fluysen, to flow with violence, to rush: Scot, flusch, a run of water: Norse, flust, abundantly ; flus, open-handed : imitative of the sound of flowing water), to redden ; to glow ; to blush ; to cause redness ; to flow suddenly; to flood or inundate with water: n. sudden glow ; redness of the face from an afflux of blood ; a sudden flow of water : adj. fresh ; full of vigour; abounding; even or level with, as the water of a river with its banks in time of flood : ad. so as to be even with: flush'ing, imp.: n. a flowing of blood into the face ; a glow of red in the face : flushed, pp.fliisht; flush ness, n. abundance. fluster, v. flus'-ter (Icel. flaustr, over haste : Wal. flusturare, to raise a wind : allied to bluster), to agi- tate ; to confuse ; to be in a heat or bustle : n. hurry ; bustle; confusion; disorder: flus'tering, imp. : flus- tered, pp. -t&rd. flute, n. flot (F. flute; Ger. flote, a flute: Prov. flagos, a pipe), a small wind instrument consisting of a pipe with holes and keys : v. to channel or furrow, as if with pipes : fluting, imp. : n. channels or fur- rows in a column: fluted, pp. channelled or fur- rowed: flu'ter, n., also flutist, n. one who plays on a flute— see flautist. flutter, v.fliit'-ter (Low Ger. fluttem; Ger. flattern, to make a flapping or flutter : Dut. fledderen, to flap the wings : imitation of a flapping noise), to move or flap the wings rapidly in very short irregular flights or without flying; to hover; to be in agitation: n. vibration ; quick and irregular motion : hurry ; agita- tion of the mind; disorder: flut'tering, imp.: n. act of hovering or flapping the wings without flying ; agita- tion: adj. flnj vithout flight .-flut'tered, pp. -terd: flut'teringly, ad. -IX. fluvial, a. fld'vi-al, also flu'viatile, a. -d-ttl (L. flu- vialis, pert, to a river— from fluvius, a river: It. fluviale: F. fluvial), pert, to a river; produced by river action ; growing or living in fresh- water rivers : flu'- vio-marine', a. -6-ma-ren' (L. mare, the sea), in geol., applied to stratified deposits having a mixed river and sea origin ; estuarine. flux, n. flilks (L. fluxus, a flow— from fluo, I flow: It. flusso : F. flux), any flow or issue of matter ; matter discharged ; fusion ; a moving or passing in continued succession; a substance added in the smelting of metals to promote their fusion: adj. inconstant; not durable : v. to melt ; to cause a flux or evacuation : fluxing, imp.: fluxed, pp.flukst: fluxible, a. fluks- l-bl, capable of being melted or fused: fluxlbillty, n. coiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, flux'ions, n. plu. the branch of mathematics which treats of the analysis of infinitely small variable quantities — called also the differential calculus: flux- ional, a., also flux'ionary, a. -er-X, pert, to fluxions. fly, n. fix (AS. fleoge; Icel. fluga, a flying insect-see next fly), a small well-known insect ; anything light or swift ; a light carriage let on hire : fly-blow, v. -bio, to taint with the eggs of a fly, which produces maggots, or by its droppings : n. the egg of a fly : fly-blown, a. tainted with maggots. fly. v - flt (Ger. fliegen; Icel. fliuga; Dan. flyve, to fly), to move through the air on wings, as a bird or insect ; to pass on or away swiftly ; to run or retreat rapidly, as an army; to break or part suddenly; to rush at or attack suddenly; to shun ; to avoid : flying, imp. flx'lng: adj. floating; waving; light, and suited for prompt and rapid motion : n. act of moving in the air: fli'er, n. one who or that which: flew, pt.fld, did fly : flown, pp. flon, moved through the air ; passed away: fly-boat, a swift boat used on canals: flying- bridge, a temporary contrivance to enable an army rapidly to cross a river: flying-buttress, in arch., a curved brace or half arch for strengthening the part of a building which rises considerably above the rest : flying-fish, fish that can fly out of the water for a brief time by means of their very long pectoral fins : fly-leaf, the blank leaf at the beginning and end of a book : fly-wheel, a wheel in a machine that equalises its movements : to fly in the face, to act in defiance : to let fly, to discharge : to come off with flying colours, to be successful or triumphant : to fly open, to open suddenly or with violence : to fly out, to rush out ; to burst into a passion. foal, n. fol (Goth, fula; Ger. fohlen; W. ebol, a young horse), the young of the horse kind, or of an ass ; a colt or filly : v. to bring forth young, used of the horse kind : foaling, imp.: foaled, pp. fold. foam, n. fom (AS. Jam; Ger. faum; Dut. broem, scum, foam), the white substance formed on the sur- face of great bodies of water by agitation, as the foam I of the sea, or at a cataract ; the substance formed on the surface of liquors by agitation or fermentation— froth is strictly applicable to smaller bodies of liquids : v. to throw out froth in rage or in a fit ; to be in a rage ; to froth : foaming, imp. : adj. frothing ; fum- ing: foamed, pp. fomd: foamlngly, ad. -II: foamy, a. fom'X, abounding in foam : foam'less, a. fob, n. f6b (prov. Ger. fuppe, a pocket), a little pocket, as for a watch. fob, v. fob (Ger. foppen, to banter), to cheat ; to trick; to delude with a trick: fob'bing, imp.: fob- bed, pp. fobd. focus, n.fo'kus, plu. fo'cuses, -Sz, or foci, fo'sl (L. focus, a fire, the hearth : It. foco : F. feu), the point in which rays of light or heat meet ; any central point : v. to bring to a focus or to a centre : fo'cusing, imp.: focused, pp. fo'-kust .- fo'cal, a. -kdl, pert, to a focus. fodder, n.fod'der (A&.foder: Dut. voeder, victuals, food: mid. L. fodrum, a demand for provisions for man and horse, as by an army), food for horses, &c, generally dry, as hay or corn : v. to feed with dry food: fod'dering, imp.: foddered, pp. -derd. fodder, n. fdd'der, also foth'er and fud'der (AS. fother, a kind of cart, a load), a weight by which metals are sold, varying from 21 to 23 cwt. • foe, n./o (AS. fah, an enemy— from flan, to hate- see feud), an enemy; an adversary; an ill-wisher: foe'man, n. an enemy in war. foetus, n. fe'tiis (L. faztus, filled with young, preg- nant : It. feto, the embryo), the young of animals in the womb or in the egg after assuming a perfect form : foe'tal, a. -tdl, pert, to: fceta'tion, n. -td'shun, the formation of a fcetus. fcetor, n. fe'tor (L.), a strong offensive smell. fog, n. fog (Dan. fyge, to drive with the wind : proy. Dan. fuge, to rain fine and blow : Icel. fok, flight of things driven by the wind), a dense watery vapour floating near the surface of the earth ; a thick mist : foggy, a. -gX, cloudy; misty; dull: fog'gily, ad. -ll: fog'giness, n. state of being foggy ; cloudiness : fog- bank, an appearance at sea in hazy weather resem- bling land at a distance, caused by fog. fog, n. fog (mid. L. fogagium, winter pasture : Swiss, fasch, thick tangled grass), after-grass; grass not eaten down in the summer that grows in tufts over the winter ; in Scot., the mosses found in pasture lands, &c: fog'gage, n. -gaj, same as fog. game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. FOGY , applied to old sol- diers when embodied for drill or garrison duty. fohn, n. fon, the Swiss name of the hot southerly winds of summer. foible, n. foy'bl (F. foible, weak), a weak point in character ; a moral weakness or infirmity ; a failing. foil, v. foyl (F. affoler, to spoil, to befool— from fol, a fool), to frustrate ; to defeat ; to baffle ; to render unavailing : n. defeat ; frustration : foiling, imp. de- feating; frustrating: foiled, pp.foyld: foil'er, n. one who. foil, n. foyl (F. rifoule, dulled, blunted), the blunted weapon used in fencing or in learning the sword exer- fo'il, n. foyl (F. feuille ; L. folium, a leaf), a thin leaf of metal, as tin-foil, silver-foil, &c. ; a piece of gold or silver leaf set behind a gem to give it colour or lustre ; anything used for showing another object to advan- tage ; in arch., one of the small arcs in the tracery of Gothic windows, panels, &c. foist, v.foyst (Ger. fist, an ill smell : Dut. veest, wind from the bowels : Icel. fysa, to breathe, to break wind in a noiseless manner), to introduce something sur- reptitiously, the effects of which are only learned by disagreeable experience ; to insert by fraud or forgery, or without authority : foist'ing, imp.: foist'ed, pp. fold, v. fold (Goth, falthan; Ger. fatten; AS. feal- dan, to lay together, to fold: W. ffill, a twist), to double; to bend one part over on another: n. the doubling of any substance; a plait: folding, imp.: adj. doubling; that may close over another; consisting of leaves that may close one over the other : n. a doub- ling: fold'ed, pp.: folder, n. one who. fold, n. fold (AS. fold ; Gael, fal, a circle, a pen- fold : W. ffald, a sheep-cote), a place to confine sheep or other animals ; a flock of sheep : v. to shut up or confine, as sheep in a fold: folding, imp.: n. the keeping of sheep in enclosures : fold'ed, pp. : foldage, n. fold-aj, the right of folding sheep. foliaceous, a. fo'H-d'shiis (L. foliaceus, like leaves —from folium.; Gr. phullon, a leaf: F.foliace), leafy; consisting of leaves ; having the form of a leaf or thin plate : foliage, n. fo'li-aj (F. feuillage, leaves of a tree), leaves of a tree collectively ; a cluster of leaves : fo'liaged, a. -ajd, furnished with foliage : fo'liate, v. -at, to beat into a leaf or thin plate ; to cover with a coating, as of a metal: adj. leaved or having leaves : fo'lia'ting, imp. : fo'lia'ted, pp. : adj. consisting of plates or thin layers ; resembling a thin plate or a leaf : fo'lia'tion, n. -a'-shun, the leafing of plants ; the act of beating metal into thin plates ; leaf or foil ; the manner in which the young leaves of plants are arranged in the leaf-bud; in geol., the plates into which certain crystalline rocks are divided : foliferous,- a. fo-lif'er-us (L. fero, I bear), producing leaves : foli- ous, a. fo'll-us, leafy : fo'lio, n. -6, in book-keeping, the right and left hand pages; any book of the largest size formed by once doubling a sheet of paper; in law writing, a page containing a certain number of words : in folio, when a sheet makes but two leaves without further folding : fo'liole, n. -01, a leaflet. folk, n. fok (AS. folc ; Icel. fylki, a troop, a district : Pol. pulk, a regiment of soldiers), people in general, whether young or old : folk-land, land held by a sort of prescription : folk-lore or folks-lore, fok'lor (folk, and lore : Ger. volkslehre), system of popular legends ; popular traditions and superstitions : folk-mote, -mot (AS. mot, an assembly), an assembly of the people. follicle, n. fol'll-kl (L. folliculus, a small bag or sack inflated with air— from follis, a bag or bellows), an air-bag ; a little bag ; a cavity ; a seed-vessel open- ing along the side, to which the seeds are attached, as in the pea : folliculous, a. fol-lik'u-lus, also follicular, a. -u-lar, having or producing follicles. follow, v.f ol-lO (Ger. folgen; Icel. fylgia; AS. fol- gian, to follow), to go after or behind ; to come after ; to attend ; to pursue ; to result from or ensue ; to adopt: following, imp. being next after; succeed- ing : n. body of followers : followed, pp. -lod .- fol'- lower, n. a disciple ; an imitator ; a companion. folly, n. fol'-H (from fool : F. folie, folly), a weak or absurd act ; a weakness of mind ; sin. foment, v. fo-m6nt' (F. fomenter, to foment : L. fo- mentum, an application to assuage pain— from foveo, I warm, I cherish), to bathe with warm liquids ; to encourage or promote, as discord or discontent: fomenting, imp. : foment'ed, pp. : fomentation, n. fo'-men-ta-shun, the act of fomenting ; warm liquors FOR applied to a diseased part of the body: foment'er, n. one who foments. fond, a. fond (old Eng. fonne, to be foolish : Icel. fani ; Sw. fane, a fool : Gael, faoin, vain, foolish), tender and loving; much pleased with; partial to; used in the sens<; <,i .ii-hi i iv..>ii. <,-.• ,iii : \- -li: fond'ness, n. tender interest ; attachment ; strong inclination; strong appetite: fondle, v. J omi'l, to caress ; to treat with tenderness : fondling, imp. fond- ling : n. a person or thing fondled or caressed : fond- led, pp. fdnd'ld. font, n. font (L. fons, a font— gen. fontis : It. fonte: F. fonts), a baptismal basin. font or fount, n. fownt (F. fonte— from fondre, to cast : L. fundere, to pour, to melt), a complete assort- ment of types of one sort : fontal, a. fon'tdl, pert, to a fount or source. fontanels, n. fdn'ta-nels (F. fontanelle, meeting of the seams of the skull— from fontaine; L. fons, a fountain), the spaces left in the head of an infant where the frontal and occipital bones join the pari- etal : fontic ulus, n. -ttk'u-lus, a small ulcer, artifi- cially produced, for the discharge of humors from the body. food, n. fdd (AS. foda, nourishment : Dut. voeden, to feed, to bring up : Goth, fodjan, to nourish), what- ever is eaten l.i\ :iiil),i;.l i'i.n n'in.ri I ,. >,., ,,..,. made under an enemy's fortification, and charged with powder. fought, fawt— see fight. foul, a. fdlvl (Goth, fuls; Icel. fidl, stinking, cor- rupt : AS. fulan, to corrupt), not clean ; offensive ; dirty ; coarse ; disgraceful ; rainy or tempestuous- applied to weather ; entangled ; dangerous : v. to make filthy; to defile: fouling, imp.: fouled, pp. folvld: foul ly, ad. -II. scandalously ; disgracefully : foul'ness, n. filthiness ; defilement : foul-mouthed, a. using scur- rilous, obscene, or profane language : foul-spoken, a. nasty in language : to fall foul of, to assail ; to run against : foul play, unlawful, dishonest means. foumart, n. fo'-mdrt (as if from foul and mart, ex- pressing the bad smell from the animal, but really a corruption of F. fouine, the polecat, and Eng. marte or martin), the beech-martin; commonly applied to the polecat. found, pp. fdivnd—see find. found, v. folund (L. fundare, to lay the bottom, to found— from fundus, the bottom : It. fondare : F. fonder), to lay the basis of anything ; to set up ; to raise; to institute; to fix firmly: founding, imp.: found'ed, pp. : foun'der, n. one who establishes ; an originator: foundation, n. fo~wn-da'-shun, the base of an edifice or building; the groundwork or origin of anything ; an endowment ; an institution : foun- dress, n. a woman who originates or establishes : on found, v. foivnd (L. fundere, to pour out: It. fon- dere; F. fondre, to melt), to .form by melting a metal, and casting it into a mould : f ound'ing, imp. : n. the act of casting or forming with melted metal in a mould: found'ed, pp.: founder, n. fown'-der, one who is skilled in forming articles by casting metal in moulds: foundery, n. folvn'-der-l, or foun'dry, n. ■drl, the place where casting liquid metal into moulds to produce articles of various designs is carried on. founder, v. fown'-der (L. fundere, to pour out), to fill or be filled with water and sink, as a ship in the sea ; to disable or lame a horse by causing sores in its feet: foun'dering, imp.: foun'dered, pp. -derd: adj. sunk in the sea, as a ship ; made lame in the feet by inflammation, &c. foundling, n. fdivnd'-llng (see find), a child found without a parent or owner; one whose parents are unknown. fount, n. fdivnt, also fountain, n. fdwn'-tan (L. fons, a spring of water— gen. font is . F. jontaine), a spring or issuing of water from the earth ; a spring ; a well of water; a jet or spouting of water ; the source of any- thing: foun'tainless, a.: foun'tainhead, n. primary source ; first beginning. fount, in printing, same as font, which see. four, n. for (AS. feower; Goth, fidvor; L. quatuor, four), two and two : fourscore, a. for'-skor (four, and score), four times twenty : fourfold, a. fold (four, and fold), four times told ; quadruple : fourteen, n. -ten (four, and ten), four and ten : fourteenth, a. ordinal of cow, toy, foot; pure, Md; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. FOUR 216 FREE fourteen ; the fourth after the tenth : fourth, a. forth, next after the third ; ordinal of four : fourthly, ad. -It, in the fourth place. fourchette, n. for-sMt (F. a table-fork), the bone in birds formed by the junction of the clavicles ; the wishing-bone in a fowl. fourneau, n. ""* ' mine in which . , foveate, a. fo've-at, also foveolate, a. fo've-6-ldt (L. fovea, a pit), in hot., having pits or depressions called foveae fo'vS-e, or fo'veolse, -o-le. fovilla, n.fo-vU'-ld {L.foveo, I nourish), in hot., the matter contained in the grains of pollen, consisting of minute granules floating in a liquid. poultry: v. to take or catch birds for food, or as game: fowling, imp.: n. the act or practice of shoot- ing fowls or birds : fowled, pp. fdiuld .- fowl'er, n. one who takes or kills birds for food : fowling-piece, n. a light gun for shooting birds. fox, n. foks (Goth, fauho ; Ger. fuchs, a fox), an ani- mal of the dog kind noted for its cunning ; a sly cun- ning fellow : foxglove, n. (AS. foxesclife, foxglove : more probably a corruption of the old spelling folks- glove, fairies' glove), a well-known plant with flowers resembling fingers of a glove, of a purple or white colour : fox-brush, the tail of a fox— usually called the brush : fox-hound, a hound for hunting the fox : fox- hunt, the chase or hunting of the fox : fox-hunting, the sport: fox'y, a. -I, having the colour of a fox : fox- like, a. resembling the cunning of a fox. fracas, n. frd-kd' (F. a crash— from L. fr actus, broken), a noisy quarrel ; a brawl ; an uproar. fraction, n. frdk'shun (F. fraction, a fraction— from L. fractum, to break in pieces), a broken part of a whole ; a part of a whole or unity ; in arith. , a part of a unit, or one, as %,b,i: frac'tional, a. -shun-dl, pert, to fractions : frac'tious, a. -shus, apt to break out into a passion ; peevish ; apt to exhibit ill-humour ; quar- relsome : frac'tiously, ad. -It: frae'tiousness, n.: frac- ture, n. frdk'tur, a break in any body; a break caused by violence ; a broken bone : v. to break ; to crack: frac'turing, imp.: frad'tured, pp. -turd: adj. weak ; frail : f rag'ilely, ad. -II : fragility, n. frd-jll- I- ti, brittleness ; weatmess ; frailty. fragment, n. frOg'mSnt (L. fragmentum, a piece broken off : F. fragment: It. frammento), a part broken off; a small detached portion; an imperfect part: fragmental, a. frdg-mSn'-tdl, consisting of fragments : frag'mented, a. broken into fragments : fragmentary, a. frdg'mSn-ter-i, composed of fragments. fragrant, a. frd'grdnt (L. fragantia, scent, odour— from fragrans, smelling sweetly : It. fragrante, fra- grant), that smells agreeably ; sweet scented ; odorous: fra'grantly, ad. -II: fra'grance, n. -grans, also fra- grancy, n. -grdn-st, sweetness of smell ; odour. frail, a. frdl (F. frele, frail— from L. fragilis, easily broken), weak; infirm; easily injured or destroyed; liable to err : frailly, ad. -It : frail'ty, n. -ti, a parti- cular fault or sin ; a foible ; an error : plu. frail'ties, -tiz, faults or sins of weakness ; errors ; foibles. fraise, n./rfls (F.), in mil, a defence consisting of pointed iron or wooden spikes in a horizontal or in- clined position. frame, n. frdm (Bret, framma, to join, to unite : Ger. rahrnen ; Dut. raem, a frame), a structure formed of united parts ; anything made to enclose or sur- round something else ; that on which anything is held or stretched; order; particular state, as of the mind : v. to form or shape ; to fit one thing to an- other ; to compose ; to draw up : fra'ming, imp. : n. the skeleton ; the rough timber-work of a house : framed, pp. framd, fitted and united in proper form ; composed: fra'mer, n. one who: fra'mable, a. -a-bl, that may be framed : framework, n. that which sup- ports or encloses something else. frame, v. fram (AS. fremman, to form, to effect: Icel. fremia, to bring to pass— from framm, forwards), to contrive ; to effect ; to manage. franc, n. frdngk, a silver coin used in France and Belgium, value about %d. sterling. franchise, n. frdn'-chlz (F. franchise— -from franc, open, free: Icel. frackr, freeborn, a Frank: Bret. frank, spacious, wide : old Eng. franklin, a freeman), the privilege or right of voting for a member of Parlia- ment ; privilege ; right granted : v. to enfranchise, which see. Franciscan, n. frdn-sts'kan (from St Francis), one of an order of monks or friars founded 1209 ; also called Grey Friars . adj. pert. to. frangible, a. fr&n'jl-bl (L. frangere, to break: It. frangere : F. franchir), that may be broken ; easily broken; brittle: fran'gibillty, n. -bil'i-ti, brittle- ness ; in geol., the degree of facility with which a rock yields to the hammer. frank, a. frdngk (F. franc, open, free— see fran- chise), open ; candid ; ingenuous ; generous : frankly, ad. -II: frank'ness, n. plainness of speech; candour: v. to exempt, as a letter from the charge of postage ; to exempt from payment: n. the endorsement which exempts a letter from postage: franking, imp.: franked, pp. frdngkt. Frank, n. frdngk, a name given by the Turks and other inhabitants of Eastern countries to the English, French, Italians, &c. ; one of the anc. Germans who conquered and settled in France ; a Frenchman. frankincense, n. frdngk'-ln-s&ns {frank, free, and incense), a gum-resin, which when burnt sends forth a strong aromatic odour, used in the religious services of several churches. franklinite, n. frdngk'ltn-lt (after Benjamin Frank- lin), a valuable ore of iron, often found in veins of great thickness. frantic, a. frdn'tlk (L. phreneticus, mad, delirious : frap, v. frdp (F. frapper, to strike), in seamen's language, to cross and draw together the several parts of a tackle to increase the tension ; to strengthen by massing arope around ; toundergird: frap'ping, imp. : rapped, pp. frdpt. fraternal, a. frd-ter'ndl (L. fraternus, brotherly— from f rater, a brother: It. fraterno: F. fraternel), mate, mdt, far, law; ?, ?,';■:/, pert, to brothers ; brotherly ; becoming brothers : frater'nally, ad. -ll: frater'nity, n. -ni-tl, a brother- hood ; a society ; men of the same class or profession : fraternise or -nize, v. frdt'-er-nlz" ', to associate or hold fellowship as brothers : frat'erni'sing, imp. : frat'er- nised', pp. -nlzd' : frat'erni'ser, n. -zer, one who : frat'ernisa'tion, n. -nl-za'shun, the act of uniting as brothers. fratricide, n. frdt'rt-sld (L. fratricida, a brother's murderer— from frater, a brother, and ccedere, to kill, to murder: It. fratricida: F. fratricide), one who murders or kills a brother: frat'rici'dal, a. -si'ddl, pert, to fratricide. fraud, n. frawd (L. fraus, cheating— gen. fraudis : It. and F. fraude), deception ; trick ; artifice ; a deceit- ful act by which the right or interest of another is in- jured : fraud'ful, a. -fool, full of fraud or deceit : fraud'- fully, ad. -It : fraudless, a. -les, without fraud : fraud'- lessly, ad. -It .* fraudlessness, n. : fraudulent, a. frawd'u-lSnt, founded on or obtained by fraud ; un- fair; dishonest: fraud'ulently, ad. -It: fraud'ulence, n. -ISns, deliberate deceit; the overreaching of an- other ; also fraud'ulency, n. fraught, a. frawt (Ger. fracht; F.frit, the loading of a waggon or ship, the money paid for conveyance —see freight), filled; stored; laden; pp. of the v. freight. fray, n. frd (F. fracas, crash : contr. of affray), a broil ; a quarrel ; a contest : v. to terrify ; to frighten. fray, v. frd (F. frayer, to rub, to wear: L. fricare, to rub), to rub ; to wear away by rubbing : fraying, imp.: frayed, pp. frdd. freak, n. frek (It. " ' >rub),a'v ... capricio ishness, n. freckle, n. frck'-l (Icel. frekna; Norm, frukne, freckles : Ger. fleck, a spot, a stain), ayellowish spot on the skin ; any small discoloured spot : v. to produce freckles on : freck'ling, imp. : freckled, pp. -Id : adj. . having small yellowish spots on the skin or surface: freckly, a. -It, covered with freckles. free, a. /re (AS. freo; Icel. fri; Goth, frija), being at liberty; not under restraint ; licentious ; enjoying civil rights ; allowed or permitted ; open ; unre- served ; exempt from ; gratuitous : v. to set at lib- erty ; to rescue ; to release ; to clear from : freeing, imp. : freed, pp. delivered from restraint ; cleared : freely, ad. -II, in a free manner; liberally; gener- Mr ; ptne, pin ; note, ndt, m6ve; , n. frek (It. frega, a longing desire ; fregare, ..awhim; a sudden fancy ; a prank: freakish, k. capricious; whimsical: freakishly, ad. -II: freak'- FREE 217 FRIG ously : free'ness, n. state of being unconstrained ; frankness; openness: free-agency, n. the state of acting freely or without necessity : free-agent, n. one under no constraint of will : freebooter, n. -bOt-er (free, and booty, old Eng. freebutter), a robber; one who roves about for plunder or booty : free'booting, n. plunder- ing; pillaging: free-born, a. free by birth; inheriting liberty : freed'man, n. a slave set at liberty by law : freedom, n. -diim (AS. freodom), liberty; indepen- dence; particular privilege ; ease of doing anything; familiarity: free-hearted, a. open; frank; liberal; generous : freeliold, n. property which a man holds for life or in his own right ; fee-simple : freeholder, n. one who possesses a freehold : freeman, n. one who enjoys liberty or a particular privilege: freemason, n. -md'- sn, one of an ancient fraternity of operative masons ; now a member of a secret society professedly founded on social and moral virtue, but generally a mere convivial and benevolent association : free'ma'son- ry, n. the principles of the society of freemasons : free-minded, a. free from care : free-school, a school free from the payment of fees ; a school open to all : free-spoken, a. speaking without reserve or restraint : freestone, n. a variety of sandstone easily cut or wrought: freethinker, n. a sceptic : free-trade, trade or commerce without undue restrictions : freewill, n. liberty of choice ; power to direct our actions : adj. spontaneous : free and easy, making one's self at home; without formality: to make free, to take undue liberties. freeze, v. frez (F. frisson, a shivering : Dut. vriesen, to tremble with cold: Low Ger. vresen, to be cold), to congeal ; to harden into ice ; to chill ; to shiver with cold ; to become chilled with cold ; to kill with cold : freezing, imp. : n. the process or state of congeal- ing: froze, pt. froz, did freeze : frozen, pp. a.fro'zen, hardened into ice ; congealed by cold : freez'able, a. -d-bl, that may be frozen : freezing-point, the degree of cold at wbi to turn into ice, being 32° Fahr. freight, n. frdt (Ger. fracht, the loading of a wag- gon or ship; ferchen, to despatch: Swiss, ferken, to forward goods— see fraught), the cargo or part of the cargo of a ship ; the hire of a ship ; the charge or price for transporting goods by water : v. to load ship : freight'er, n. one who : freightless, a. without a freight : freightage, n. frdt'aj, money paid for freight. French, a. Jrensh, pert, to France : n. the language of France : French chalk, a variety of talc used for marking : French horn, a wind musical instrument ; French polish, a furniture varnish . French'man, n. a native of France: frenchify, v. frSnsh'l-fl, to infect with the manners of the French : french'ifying, imp. : french ified, pp. -fid, frenzy, n. frSn'zl (F. frenisie, frenzy— see frantic), any violent agitation of the mind approaching to madness ; delirium : v. to drive to frenzy or madness : fren'zying, imp.: fren'zied, pp. a. -zld, affected with frenzy or madness. frequent, a. fre'-kivgnt (L. frcquens, often, repeated : It. freguente: F. frequent), often seen; often clone; often occurring : frequent, v. fre-kwent', to visit often or habitually : frequent'ing, imp. : frequent'ed, pp. : adj. often visited : frequent'er, n. one who : fre- quently, a,d.fre'kwent-U: fre'quency, n. -si, occurrence of a thing often, at short intervals : frequentative, a. fre-kioin'td-tiv, denoting the frequent repetition of an action— a term used in grammar : fre'quentness, n. quality of being frequent or often repeated. fresco, n. fres'ko (It. fresco, fresh), duskiness like that of the evening or the morning ; coolness ; a method of painting on walls freshly plastered : al fresco (It.), in the open air. fresh, a. frish (AS. ferse ; Dut. versch ; Icel. friskr ; It. fresco; F. fraische, recent, new), brisk; moving ■with celerity; not impaired or faded; not tainted; not stale ; healthy in look or feeling ; not salt ; un- practised: freshly, ad. -U: fresh'ness, n. newness; vigour : freshen, v. fresh'Sn, to make fresh ; to grow fresh ; to free from salt ; to grow brisk and strong, as the wind : freshening, imp. a. frish'-nlng, mak- ing or growing fresh ; refreshing : fresh'ened, pp. a. -end, made fresh ; deprived of saltness : fresh water, opposed to sea-water : fresh'es; n. plu. -ez, the ming- ling of salt and fresh water in rivers or estuaries: fresh'et, n. -et, the sudden overflow of a river from rain or melted snow: fresh'man, n. in Eng., a uni- versity student during his first year; a novice. fret, v. frit (L. fricare ; It. j ligare; Bav. fretten, to rub: Swiss, fretten, to become sore by rubbing: AS. fretan, to gnaw), to wear away by rubbing ; to be peevish and irritable ; to be vexed ; to irritate ; to vex : to make rough on the surface : n. agitation of mind : fret'ting, imp. : adj. wearing away ; vexing ; easing : fret'ted, pp.: adj. eaten; rubbed or worn away; made rough on the surface ; vexed : fret'ful, a. -fool, disposed to fret ; peevish : fret'fully, ad. -II .- fret ful- ness, n. ill-humour ; peevishness. fret, n. fret (Sp. fres, gold lace : It. fregio; mid. L. frisum, lace, ornamenti tmented work in embroidery or carving: v. (old F. freter, to inter- lace; frettes, an iron grating: It. /errata, the grating of a window: Sp. fretcs, the bands forming the body of a shield), in her. and arch., to ornament by inter- lacing bars or fillets : n. small bands or fillets inter- lacing each other at right angles: fret'ting, imp.: adj. variegating with bands or fillets : fret ted, pp. a. interlaced ; variegated ; ornamented with fretwork : fret'ty, a. -tl, adorned with fretwork : fretwork, raised work ; work adorned with frets : fretted-roof, a roof ornamented by bands or fillets crossing each other in different patterns: fret tised, a. -list, formed by a collection of frets. friable, a. frl'-a-bl(L. friabilis, that can be crumbled to pieces : It. f Habile : F. friable), easily crumbled ; easily reduced to powder : fri'abil'ity, n. -bll'l-tl, also fri'ableness, n. -nes, the quality of being easily crumbled to powder. friar, n.frl'er (F.frere—from L.frater, a brother), one of a religious brotherhood— usually applied to the mendicant orders ; a monk : fri'arlike and fri'arly, a. -II : friary, a. -I, pert, to friars : n. a monastery of friars. fribble, a,.frlb'l (F. frivols, trifling— from L. frivo- lus, empty), frivolous; trifling: n. a trifler: v. to trifle: fribbling, imp. frlb'-llng: fribbled, x>v>. frlb'ld : frib bier, n. -lev, a frivolous fellow ; a trifler. fricassee, n. frlk'ds-se' (F. fricasser, to fry— from L. frigo, I roast, i fry), a dish made by cutting any kind of flesh or fowl into small pieces, and stewing or frying the same with sauce : v. to dress as a fricassee: fric'- assee'ing, imp.: fric'asseed', pp. -sed': fric'andeau' , n. -dn-do" (¥.), a certain prepared dish of veal. friction, n. frlk'shun (L. frictio, a rubbing— from frico, I rub : It. frizione: F. friction), the act of rub- bing ; the resistance producing by the rubbing of bodies against each other ; attrition: fric'tional, a. -dl, relat- ing to friction ; moved or produced by friction : fric- tionless, a. -Ics, having no friction: friction-wheels, those employed to lessen friction. Friday, n. frl'dd (AS. frige-dceg; Ger. frey-tag), the sixth day of the week, supposed to have been so named from Frigga or Freya, the Saxon Venus : Good Friday, the day observed in most Christian churches as that of our Lord's crucifixion. fried, v. f rid— see fry. friend, n.frind (Goth, frijon, to love: AS.freoncl— from freon, to free, to love), one attached to another by sentiments of affection, esteem, or respect ; one not hostile; an associate: friend'like, a.: friendless, a. without a friend : friend lessness, n. : friendly, a. -II, disposed to, as a friend; amicable; favourable: friendliness, n. a disposition to favour or befriend ; goodwill : friend'ship, n. intimacy or attachment de- pending on mutual respect and esteem ; personal kindness; friendly aid: Friends, the religious body or society usually called Quakers : friendly society, a kind of club or association among operatives for affording relief to the members when out of work, or in sickness. frieze, n. frez (F. f riser, to curl or crisp ; frisons, frizzled or raised work : Sp. fres, gold or silver lace : mid. L. frisare, to ornament with borders), a kind of coarse woollen cloth with a nap on one side : (F. frise), the flat part under the corner of a column, usually ornamented with figures or other carved work : v. to form a nap ; to frizzle ; to curl : friezed, a. frezd, napped; shaggy: friezelike, a.: friez'ing, n. the pro- cess of forming a nap on woollen cloth. frigate, n. frig'at (F. frigate; Sp.fragata, a light row-boat), a war-ship, generally carrying from thirty to fifty guns. fright, n.frlt (Goth, faurhts, timid: AS.forht; Ger. furcht ; Sw. frukta, fear), sudden terror, but of short duration ; alarm : frightful, a. frlt'fobl, exciting foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. FRIG 218 FROZ alarm or terror; shocking: fright'fully, ad. -II: fright'f ulness, n. : fright, v. frit, or frighten, v. frlt'-n, to alarm suddenly ; to terrify ; to dismay : frighten- ing, imp. frlt'ning: frightened, pp.frlt'nd. frigid, a. frlj'ld (L. frigidus, cold : It. frigido : F. froid), cold; without warmth ; without affection ; for- mal; lifeless: frig'idly, ad. -11 : frigldness.n.: frigid- ity, n. frl-jld'l'tt, coldness ; want of warmth ; cold- ness of affection : frigid zones, the belts of the earth's surface which lie between the polar circles and the poles, 23^ from each pole : frigorific, a. frlg'6-rlf-lk (L. facio, I make), that produces cold. frill, n. frll (W. ffrill, to twitter, to chatter : F. f tiller, to shiver for cold), a plaited band to a garment ; a ruffle : v. to attach a frill to ; to ruffle with cold, as a hawk her feathers: frilling, imp.: n. the ruffles or plaited bands of a garment : frilled, pp. frild. fringe, n. frinj (¥.f range; It. frangia; Ger. franse, a border of hanging threads : F. froncer, to plait, to wrinkle), an edging of loose threads or ornamental open work ; the edge ; the margin : v. to ornament with a loose border ; to adorn with fringe : fringing, imp.: fringed, pp. a. frinjd, bordered with a fringe: fringeless, a. without a fringe : fringing reefs, coral- reefs, so called from their fringing or encircling islands at a small distance from shore. frippery, n. frlp'er-l (F. /riper, to wear to rags : Sw. rifva, to tear), clothes thrown aside after wear- ing ; place where old clothes are sold ; useless or worthless trifles : adj. trifling; contemptible. friseur, n.fre-zer' (F.), a hairdresser. frisk, v. frisk (It. frizzare, to quaver, to spirt : Icel. friskr, new, in full vigour : F. /risque, lively), to leap and skip about ; to gambol in frolic and gaiety : n. a frolic; a caper: frisTiing, imp.: frisked, pp. frlskt : frislier, n. one who : frisky, a. fris'kl, lively ; frolic- some : fris'kily, ad. -II: frisTdness, n. dancing or leap- ing in frolic ; liveliness. frisket, n. frls'Mt, also fris'quet, -JcSt (F. frisguette, frisket, so called from the frequency and briskness of its motion : connected with frisk), in printing, the light frame which holds the sheet of paper on the tympan. frit or fritt, n. frit (F. fritte; fritta, frit— from L. f rictus, dried, parched), the mixture of which glass is made after being calcined or baked in the furnace, but before the materials are melted. frith, n frlih—see firth. fritter, v.frii'ter (L. fritinnire, to twitter: F.frd- tiller, to fidget: Gr. phritto, I tremble), to cut or break into small pieces ; to waste away by bits or de- grees: n. a fragment or shred: frittering, imp. : frit- tered, pp. -terd. fritter, n. frit'ter (F. friture, a frying : It. frittare, to fry in a pan— see fry), a small cake or piece of meat fried; a pancake. frivolous, a. frlv'o-h'i I frivoli I ri fling : It. fri- volo: F. frivole), slight; trifling; of little weight or importance: friv'olously, ad. -It: friyolousness, n. the quality of being of very little worth or importance : frivolity, n. fri-vol'l-tl, acts or habits of trifling. frizz, v. friz (F. frizer, to curl: Gr. phriz, origi- nally a rustling sound; phrizos, rough, curled), to form into small curls; to form into little hard pro- minences or burs, as the nap of cloth : friz'zing, imp.: frizzed, pp. frlzd: frizzle, v. frlz'-l, to curl or crisp in small short curls: frizzling, imp. frlz'Ung: frizzled, pp. frlz'ld. fro, ad. fro (AS. or Dan. fra: contr. of from, which see), from ; back or backwards : to and fro, there and back ; backwards and forwards. frock, n. frok (mid. L. frocus, a shaggy cloak— from L. floccus, a lock of wool : Port, frocco, a tuft of wool : F. froc, a monk's habit), a loose upper dress worn by children and females ; a loose upper garment worn by men: frocked, a. frokt, dressed in a frock: frock'less, a. without a frock: frock-coat, a coat with skirts meeting in front : monk's frock, a monk's outer gar- ment : smock-frock, a loose outer garment worn prin- cipally by agricultural labourers in England : to un- frock a clergyman, to suspend him for bad conduct. frog, n. frdg {AS.frogga ; Ger. frosche ; Dut. vorsch), an amphibious four-footed reptile ; a disease affecting the foot of the horse : frog-fish, a sea-fish : frog-bit, frog-grass, n. species of plants. frog, n. frdg (Port, frocco, a tuft of wool or silk), a kind of button or tassel on a coat : frogged, a. fr6gd, ornamented with frogs. frolic, n. sometimes frolick, frol'lk (Ger. frbhlich, in mate, mm, far, law; mete, mSt, good humour— from froh, gay, and lich, like), a wild prank; gaiety and mirth; a gambol: adj. gay; full of pranks : v. to play wild pranks ; to gambol : frol'- icking, imp. a. playing pranks: frol'icked, pp. -Ikt .- frolicsome, a. -Ik-sum, given to pranks and fun ; full of mirth: frolicsomely, ad. -II: frollcsomeness, n. wild pranks. from, prep, frdm (AS. fram; Icel. framm; Dan. frem, forth, forwards), away; out of; denoting dis- tance in space or time ; generally denoting separation, removal, or departure : in the following phrases— from above ; from afar ; from beneath ; from behind ; from hence, thence, or whence,— the construction may be frequently considered as a preposition and its case ■' the following phrases — from amidst; from among; from beneath; from beyond; from forth; from off; from out; from out of; from under; from within,— are simply prepositional phrases, and as such followed by an objective case. frond, n. frond (L. frons, a leaf— gen. frondis : It. fronde), the peculiar leafing of palms and ferns; the union of a leaf and a branch : frondescence, n. fron- des'ens, the time or season of putting forth leaves : frondose, a,.fr6n'dos, in hot., having a foliaceous or leaf-like expansion. front, n. frunt (L. frons, the forehead or forepart- gen, frontis: Pol. przod, forepart), the forepart of any- thing; the face or whole face; the most conspicuous part ; impudence or boldness : v. to have the face to- wards ; to stand opposed or opposite ; to stand fore- most: adj. relating to the face or front: fronting, imp. a. front to front, or opposite: front'ed, pp. a. formed with a front: front'less, a. having no front: front'age, n. -aj, the front part of a building : front'al, a. -CLl, pert, to or connected with the forehead: n. a, small pediment over a door or window : front'ingly, ad. -II: frontier, n. fron'ter (F. frontiere), the boun- dary of a country or state ; the parts adjacent to a boundary of a country: adj. bordering; lying on or near the boundary : frontispiece, n. frdn'-tis-pes (mid. L. frontispicium, the forefront of a house — from L. frons, the forepart, and specio, I view), the ornamental first page of a book ; the part which first meets the eye : frontlet, n. a band worn on the forehead : front- view, n. the representation of the front part or eleva- tion of a building. frost, n. frost (F. frisson, a shudder : from froze, the pt. of freeze, which see), the power, act, or state of freezing ; frozen vapour or dew, as hoar-frost : v. to adorn with the appearance of frost: frosting, imp.: n. the sugar composition resembling hoar-frost, used to cover cakes, &c: frost'ed, pp. and a. covered with anything resembling hoar-frost in colour or form; having white or grey hairs: frostily, ad. fros'ti-U: fros'tmess, n. : frosty, a. frds'tl, containing frost ; very cold; freezing; grey-haired: frost-bite, the effects of excessive cold on a part of the surface of a body: frost-bitten, a. affected by frost: frost-bound, a. bound or confined by frost: frostwork, n. work resembling hoar-frost on plants. froth, n. frdth {Icel. fraud, scum : Low Ger. frathen, steam, vapour: W. ffrydio, to stream, to gush), the small bubbles formed on the surface of a liquid by fermentation or by agitation ; foam ; a showy pretence of knowledge or ability ; anything light or unsub- stantial : v. to throw up foam or bubbles : frothing, imp.; frothed, pp. frdtht: frothy, a. frdth'l, full of froth ; consisting of light bubbles ; light ; empty ; un- substantial: frothily, ad. -II: froth/mess, n.: froth- less, a. destitute of froth. frounce, v. frdions (F. froncer, to plait, to wrinkle : Dut. fronssen, to plait), to frizzle ; to form wrinkles in or upon : froun'cing, imp.: frounced, pp. frownst. frousy, a. frow'zl (probably from old Eng. frow ; Ger. frau, a woman), fetid ; musty ; dim ; cloudy. frow, n. frow (Ger. frau; Dut. vrouw), a woman ; a dirty woman; a slattern. froward, a. fro'werd (AS. fram, from, and ward), perverse; refractory; unyielding; disobedient: fro'- wardly, ad. -II: fro'wardness, n. frown, n. frown (F. frogner, to look sourly on: It. grignare, to snarl), a contraction of the forehead, ex- pressing anger or dislike ; a look expressing displea- sure : v. to express displeasure or anger by contract- ing the forehead ; to scowl at or on : frown'ing, imp.: adj. knitting the brows in anger or displeasure: frowned, pp.frownd: frown'lngly, ad. -II. froze, pt. froz, frozen, pp. a. fro'-zn (see freeze), congealed by cold ; frosty ; chill. Mr; pine, pin; note, not, move; FRUC 219 ectijier), t ml : fruc'tify- , imp.: fructified, pp. -fid: fructification, n. -flkashun, the act of rendering productive of fruit; those parts of a plant which embrace the organs of generation— i.e., flowers and fruit: fructiferous, a. -tif-erus (L. fero, I bear), bearing fruit : fructescence, n. fruk-tSs'-6ns, the time when the fruit of a plant ar- rives at maturity. frugal, a. fru'jal (L. fmgalis, thrifty: It. frugale: F. frugal), t ig; not lavish ; sparing: fru'gally, ad. -II: frugality, n. -gal'l-tl, prudent economy; a prudent and sparing use of anything; thrift. frugiferous, a. fr6-j>i~:r-fi$ i'L. frvoifer, fruit-bear- ing— from frux, fruits of the earth, and fero, I bear), bearing fruit: frugiv'orous, a. -jiv'6-rus (L. two, I devour), feeding on fruit. fruit, n.fr6t{L.fructus, fruit, produce— from fruor, I enjoy : It. frutto: F. fruit), whatever the earth pro- duces for food, clothing, or profit ; fruit of a tree ; that which is produced ; effect, good or ill ; advantage ; profit : v. to produce fruit : fruit ing, imp. : adj. pro- ducing fruit ; pert, to fruit : n. the bearing of fruit : fruit'age, n. -«,/. the fruit of one season, as the apple or vine : fruit'erer, n. -er-er, a dealer in fruits, as apples, oranges, grapes, strawberries. &c. : fruit'ery, n. -er-i, a place for keeping fruit : fruit'ful, a. -foul, producing fruit ; fertile ; abundant: fruit'fully, ad. -II: fruit'ful- ness, n. productiveness ; fertility : fruitless, a. bar- ren; unprofitable; useless: fruitlessly, ad. -II: fruit - lessness, n. barrenness: fruity, a. frut'l, having the odour, taste, or appearance of fruit: fruit'iness, n.: fruit-bearing, a. having the quality of producing fruit: fruit-tree, a tree producing fruit, as opposed to a timber-tree. fruition, n. frO-lsh'Hn (L. fruor, I enjoy), the plea- sure derived from use or possession ; enjoyment. frumentaceous, a. frO'-min-ta'shiis (L. frumentum, corn or grain: It. frumento : F. froment), made of or resembling wheat or grain : fru'menta'tion, n. -shun, a largess of grain among the anc. Romans : fru menty, n. -tl (Y.frumtntie), a kind of wheat-gruel. frustrate, v.friis'trat (L. frustration, to deceive — from frustra, without effect, in vain: It. frustrare: F. frustrer), to defeat ; to disappoint ; to bring to no- thing ; to render of no effect : frus'trating, imp. : frustrated, pp.: frustration, n.-tru'-shiin, disappoint- ment; defeat. frustum, n. frus'tiim (L. frustum, a fragment, a broken piece : It. frusto, a little piece : F. fruste, de- faced), the part of a solid next the base, formed by cutting off the top, as of a cone : frustules, n. plu. frus'tulz, in hot., the parts or fragments into which certain sea-weeds separate. frutescent, a. froUs'-ent (L. f rut ex, a shrub— gen. fruticis: It. frutice), growing or becoming shrubby; taking the character of a shrub : frutes'cence, n. -6ns, state of becoming shrubby: fruticose, a. frot'-l-kos, shrubby. fry, v. fri (L. frigere ; F. frire, to fry, to parch), to heat or roast in a pan over a fire ; to cook in a pan : n. a dish of anything fried: frying, imp. : fried, pp. frld, cooked by frying : frying-pan, n. a shallow pan with a long handle for dressing food by frying : out of the frying-pan into the fire, from bad to wor.se. fry, n. frl (F.fray, spawn of fish or frogs: Goth. fraiv, seed: Icehfriof, seed), the young brood of fish lately spawned ; a - mimals. fucivorous, a. fu-slv'o-rus (L. fucus, sea-weed, and two, I devour), eating or living on sea-weed. fuchsia, n. fu-shl-a (named after Furhs, the dis- coverer), a flowering shrub of many varieties. fucus, n.fu'kus, plu. fuci, fu'sl (L. fucus; Gr. phu- kos, rock-lichen, certain sea- weeds used by the ancients in dyeing), sea-weed or sea-wrack : fucoid, a. fu'kdyd, also fucoid'al (Gr. eidos, likeness), resembling sea- weed: fucoid'es, n. plu. -ez, in geol., a general term for any fossil fucus : fu'coids, n. plu. fucus-like im- pressions. fuddle, v. fud'l (Low Ger. fuddig, confused : Ger. faseln, to rave or dote), to make tipsy; to stupefy one's self with drink : fuddling, mxp.fud'-llng : fuddled, pp. fiid'ld. fudge, int. fiij (F. fuche), an exclamation of con- tempt; nonsense. fuel, n.fn'el (mid. L.focale; F. fouaille, supply of wood for the fire— from L. focus, a fire-place), any matter used to produce heat by burning, as in grates or stoves ; anything that serves to increase excitement or energy : fuel to fire, making matters worse. fugacious, a. fu-gd'-shus (L. fugax, swift— gen. fu- gacis— from fugio, I fly: It. and F. fugace), fleeting; volatile; unstable; in hot., evanescent; falling off early: fuga'ciousness, n. the quality of flying away: fugacity, n.fu-gi'i -■/•?(, act of flying away; volatility ; uncertainty: fugitive, a. fii'ji-tlv, apt to flee away; flying; volatile; escaping readily: n. a runaway; a deserter : fu'gitively, ad. -II : fu gitiveness, n. fugleman, n. fu'gl-rndn (Ger. fliigelmann — from fiilgel, a wing, and mann, a man), a soldier appointed to take his place in front of a line of soldiers under drill as a guide to the others— spelt also flugelman. fugue, n. fug (L. fuga, a fleeing : F. fugue : It. fuga), in music, a piece in which the parts follow or chase each other with certain repetitions at intervals: fuguist or fugist, n. fu'glst, one who composes or performs fugues. fulcrum, n. ful'krum, plu. fulcra or ful'crums (L. fulcrum, a prop— /«Z«'?v>, to keep upright), a prop or support ; that by which any lever is sustained ; in hot., a general name for several of the appendages of the stem or leaves, which serve for support or defence. fulfil, x. fool-fa' (from full, and jTO), to complete or carry into effect ; to perform what is promised, ex- pected, or foretold ; to bring to pass ; to answer, as a purpose or design: fulfil'lihg, imp.: n. accomplish- ment; completion: fulfilled', pp. -flld': fulfil'ment, n. completion ; performance. fulgent, a. ful'jent(L. fulgens, shining: It. fulgente), shining; dazzling; exquisitely bright: ful'gency, n. ■si, splendour; glitter. fulgurate, v. fuV-gurat (L. fulgur, a flash of light- ning—from fulgeo, I gleam: It. fulgore), to emit flashes of light : ful'gura'ting, imp.: ful'gura'ted.pp.: ful'gura'tion, n. -ra'shun, the brightening of melted gold or silver : fulgurites, n. plu. ful'-gu-rlts, or fuT- gorites, -go-rlts, vitrified sand-tubes supposed to have originated from the action of lightning ; any rocky substance that has been fused or vitrified by lightning. fuliginous, a. fu-lij'l-nils (L. fuligo, soot: It. ful- iyinc), sooty: smoky. full, a. fool (Ger. fullen, to pour liquids), well sup- plied; holding all that can be contained; stored; stuffed; sated; complete; clear; distinct; mature: n. state of being satiated, as, fed to the full : ad. without abatement ; with the whole effect ; complete- ly; exactly, as, full in the face; placed before adj., ad., and other words, to strengthen their significa- tions, as, full many a flower: fully, ad. -li, com- pletely; entirely; perfectly: fulness, n. state of being filled so as to leave no part vacant ; completeness ; plenty; extent; loudness: full -aged, a. of mature age : full - blown, a. fully expanded, as a blossom : full-bodied, a. having a large body ; having standard strength and flavour : full-bottomed, a. having a large bottom, as a wig : full dress, the dress which custom or etiquette prescribes for any occasion of ceremony, social or public : adj. having all the necessary parts of attire for the occasion : full-dressed, a. dressed in pro- per form or costume, as for a ball or concert : full-drive, with full speed : full-faced, a. having a broad fat face ; full habit of body, stout and fat : full-length, a. ex- tending the whole length ; embracing the whole : fully- manned, a. completely furnished with men : full pay, the whole pay, without any deduction. full, v. fo~bl (L. fullo, a dresser of cloth : It. follare, to full cloths : F. fouler, to tread or trample on), to scour or cleanse ; to make compact, or to thicken in a mill : furling, imp. : n. the art of thickening and scour- ing cloth in a mill : fulled, pp. fcfold .- adj. cleansed ; thickened : fuller, n. one whose business is fulling : fuller's earth, a soft unctuous clay used in scouring and cleansing cloth : fuller's thistle, the plant teasel, whose burs are used in dressing cloth. fulminate, v. ful'mi-nat (L. fulminatum, to hurl lightning— from fuhnen, thunder : It. fulminare : F. fulminer), to make a loud sudden noise ; to cause to explode ; to utter or send out a denunciation or cen- sure : n. a substance which explodes by percussion, rubbing, or heat: ful'mina'ting, imp.: adj. thunder- ing; exploding kand flash : ful'mina'ted, pp.: ful'mina tion, n. -na'shun, theutterance ofthreats — ■ explosion of certain chemical prepara- cdic, boy, foot ; pure, Mid ; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, fh-ere, zeal. FULS 220 FURR certain acid which in combination forms explosive compounds. fulsome, a. ful'sum (Icel. fullsa, to show disgust— from full, foul : perhaps rather Eng. full, and some), disgustingly fawning or obsequious ; nauseous ; rank and gross, as a fulsome speech : ful'somely, ad. -II: fuT- someness, n. offensive grossness. fulvous, a. ful'-vus (L. fulvus, of a deep yellow), yel- low ; tawny ; of a saffron colour. fumble, v. fum'-bl (Low Ger. fummelen, to fumble adj. groping man I in fum'bled, pp. -bid: fum'bnngly, ad. -II: fum'bler, n. -bier, one who gropes or manages awkwardly. fume, n. fum (L. fumus, smoke : Sans, dhuma, smoke— from dhu, to agitate : It. fumo : F. fumie), vapour from combustion ; smoke or vapour ; any volatile or gaseous matter emitted in an offensive form ; rage ; passion : v. to yield vapour ; to be in a rage; to chafe with anger: fu'ming, imp.: adj. send- ing forth vapour; raging: fumed, pp. fumd: fu'- niingly, ad. -II: fume'less, a. free from fumes : fu'mily, ad. -ml-ll: fu'miness, n. : fumy, a. fu'-mt, producing smoke or vapour; full of vapour: fumiferous, a. fu-mtf'er-us (L. fero, I bear), producing fumes or smoke: fumarole, n. fu'-md-rOl I fumai e, i," s lol, an opening in a volcanic district from which smoke and other gaseous fumes issue forth : fumigate, v. fu'ml-gat, to smoke anything ; to perfume ; to expose to the action of disinfecting vapours : fu'miga'ting, imp.: fu'miga'ted, pp.: fu'miga'tion, n. -gd'shun, the employment of fumes or vapours in order to purify or disinfect : fu'miga'tory, a. -ga'ter-l, that purines by fumes or vapours. fumet, n. fu'mSt (L. fimus, dung), the dung of deer. fun, n. fun (prov. F. fun, smoke : Sw. fiun, any- thing light, as vapour : Icel., AS. fon, a fool), sport ; merriment ; drollery : f un'ny, a. -nl, droll ; comical : f un'nily, ad. -1%. funambulate, v. fu-ndm'bu-ldt (L. funis, a rope, and ambulo, I walk), to walk or dance on a rope: funam'bulist, n. -list, a rope walker or dancer. function, n. fungk'shun (L. functio, a performance, an execution : It. funzione : F. fonction), performance ; office; employment; duty; the office of any bodily organ; power; faculty: func'tional, a. -dl, pert, to functions: func'tlonally, ad. -II: functionary, n. -er-l, one who holds an office ; an official : functional dis- ease, in med., the derangement of an organ arising from a cause external to itself, as when indigestion causes functional derangement of the heart, brain, &c. ; opposed to organic disease, in which the organ itself is affected ; a term merely expressing ignorance of the cause and nature of the disease. fund, n. fund (L. fundus, a farm, an estate: It. fondo : F. fond), that out of which supplies are drawn ; a stock or bank of money ; ample store ; permanent debts due by Government paying interest are called the funds or stocks: v. to place money in a fund ; to put lent money into the form of permanent bonds or stock bean n g i larii rest: fund'ing, imp. a. put- ting into the funds; placing in the condition of a funded debt : fund'ed, pp. a. placed in the funds or public stocks as a permanent investment; put into the form of bonds or stock : fund'less, a.: fund -holder, n. one having money invested in the funds : sinking fund, a sum of money set apart, and increased at fixed intervals, with the view of extinguishing a public debt. fundament, n. fun'-dd-mSnt (L. fundamentum, groundwork, basis: It. fondamento: F. fondement), the foundation; the seat of the body: fun'damen'tal, a. serving for the foundation; essential; primary; leading: n. a leading or primary principle or article ; essential : fun'damen'tals, n. plu. essential parts, as fundamental truths: fun'damen'tally, ad. -t&l-tt : fun'damental'ity, n. -tdl'Ul, character of being es- sential. funeral, n.fu'nSr-dl (F. funirailles; It. funerale, a burial— from L. funus, a dead body, a burial— gen. funeris), the ceremony of burying a dead human body: adj. pert, to or used at a funeral: funereal, a. fu-ne'rl-al, suiting a funeral ; dark ; solemn ; mourn- ful : fune'really, ad. -It fungus, n. fung'gus, plu. fungi, fun'-jl, sometimes funguses, fung'gus-es (L. fungus, a mushroom or toad- stool : It. fungo : F. fongus), a mushroom or toadstool ; any spongy excrescence on a plant or animal : fungi, n. plu. fun'-jl, an order of plants : fungous, a. fung'- gus, of or resembling a fungus ; soft ; spongy : fun- gos'ity, n. -gds't-ti, soft excrescence: fungia, n. fun'- jl-d, a mushroom-like genus of corals : fun'gic, a. -jlk, denoting, an acid obtained from mushrooms : fun'- giform, a. -fawrm (L. forma, shape), headed like a mushroom: fun'gite, n. jti, < : . i i'u.ngus or coral: fungiv'orous, a. -jiv'6-rus (L. voro, I devour), feeding on mushrooms : fungoid, a. fung'goyd (L. fungus, and Gj\ ruin.-;, likeness), resembling a mushroom. funicle, n. fu'nl-kl (L. funiculus, a slender rope— from funis, a cord: It. funicolo: F. funicule), in bot., a cord-like appendage by which, in many cases, the ;'■'•' <.'■' ; "- in i i i ' . < il u-ler, con- sisting of a funicle : funif orm, a. fu'-nl-fawrm (L. for- ma, shape), resembling a cord or cable. funnel, n. ffm-nel (L. infundibulum, that which serves for pouring in— from in, smdfundo, I pour: It. infundibolo), a trumpet-shaped tube for conveying liquids into close vessels ; the hollow or shaft of a chimney through which the smoke ascends. funny, a. fun'ni—see fun. fur, n. fer (a contr. of fodder, used in the double sense of food, and a case or lining: Goth, fodr, a sheath, lining: Dut. voeder, fodder, a lining : Sp. forro, lining), the soft hair of certain animals growing thick on the skin ; the skin and hair when prepared ; any coating considered as resembling fur, as morbid mat- ter on the tongue, the down on a peach, &c: adj. made of fur: v. to line or ornament with fur; to cover with morbid matter, as the tongue : fur'ring, imp.: furred, pp. ferd: fur'rier, n.fer'-l-er, a dealer in furs : furry, a. fer'-l, covered with fur ; consisting of fur : furriery, n. fer'-l-er-l, furs in general ; the trade in furs. furbelow, n. f&r'-M-lO (F. falbalas ; Sp. farfala, a flounce— from Swiss, fall, a hem ; It. falda, any kind of folding or plaiting), padding ; a puckered flounce for ornamenting various parts of the female dress. furbish, v.fer'bish [F.fourbir; It. forbire, to bur- nish), to rub or scour to brightness; to polish: fur- bishing, imp.: fur'bished, pp. -Msht: fur'bisher, n. one who. furcate, a. fer'-kdt, also fur'cated, a. -kd-ted (L. furca, a fork: It. forca: F. fourche), forked; branch- furfur, n. fer'-fer (L. furfur, bran: It. forfora), scales like bran ; dandriff ; scurf : fur'fura'ceous, a. -d'-shus, scurfy or scaly; covered with a meal-like powder. furious, a. fu'rl-us (L. furiosus, mad, raging— from furiaz, rage : It. furioso : F. furieux), impetuous ; raging; transported by passion beyond reason: fu'ri- ously. ad. -II: fu'riousness, n. madness; rage: fury, n. fu'rl, rage; madness; impetuosity; a turbulent violent woman: fu'ries, plu. -rlz, in heathen myth., the three avenging deities : fu'rio'so, ad. -rl-O'-so (It.) in music, furiously; vehemently: fu'ror, n. -ror (L.), rage; fury. furl, v. ferl (F. fardeler, to truss or pack up), to roll up in a long bundle, as a sail or flag ; to draw up : furling, imp. : furled, pp. ferld. furlong, n. fer'46ng (contr. from furrowlong, the length of a furrow), a measure of length, being the eighth part of a mile. furlough, n. fer'lo (D. verlof; Dan. forlov, leave, permission), among mil. men, leave of absence from duty: v. to grant leave of absence: furloughing, imp.: furloughed, pp. -lod, having a furlough. furnace, n. fir'nds (F. fournaise, an oven— from L. fumus, an oven : It. fornace), an enclosed fireplace for obtaining a high degree of heat; grievous afflictions. furnish, v. fer'-nlsh (F. fournir, to furnish— from enfourner, to set in an oven— from L. fumus, an oven : It. fomire, to store with), to supply with any- thing wanted or necessary ; to fit up ; to store : fur- nishing, imp. : adj. supplying furniture, &c. : fur'- nished, pp. -nlsht, supplied: fur'niture, n. -nl-tur or -nl-chobr, the necessarymovables of ahouse ; equipage ; decoration. furor, n.— see furious. furred, furrier, &c— see fur. furrow, n. fur'-ro (AS. furh; Ger. furche, a furrow —from L. porca, a ridge between two furrows), the small trench or channel made by a plough ; any nar- row groove or channel: v. to form furrows in; to groove ; to wrinkle : fur'rowing, imp. : fur'rowed, pp. -rod, having channels or ridges lengthwise. mate, mdt,fdr, laTu; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, nit, mQve; FURT 221 GAIE farther, a. fer'-ihir (AS. forth, forward : comp. of forth, -which see), more distant; beyond this; addi- tional ; now used as the comp. of far : adv. to a greater distance: v. to help forward; to promote: fur'ther- ing, imp. promoting; advancing: furthered, pp. -third: furtherance, n. -ther-dns, a helping forward : furthermore, ad. moreover; besides: furthermost, a. most remote : furthest, a. fer'tMst, most advanced in time or place : adv. at the greatest distance. Note, —farther is restricted by many in its application to distance, and/uW/V. /• to quantity and degree, &c. furtive, a. fer'-tlv (L. furtivus, stolen— from fur, a thief: It. furtivo: F. furtif), stolen, as furtive glances : furtively, ad. -II, by stealth. fury— see under furious. furze, n. ferz (AS. furs, furze : properly firs, from the prickly leaves), a common, Lardy, prickly shrub ; the gorse or whin : furzy, a. fer'-zl, full of furze. fuscous, a. fus'kus (L. fuscus, dark : It. fosco), dark ; dusky; brown. fuse, v. fuz (L. fusus, poured or spread out: It. fuso), to melt or liquefy by heat ; to dissolve ; to be melted: fu'sing, imp.: fused, pp. a.fuzd, melted: fu- sion, n.fu'zhiln, the act of melting ; the state of being dissolved or melted by heat ; the union or blending together as if melted: fusible, a. -zl-bl, that may be melted: fu'sibil'ity, n. -b'd'l-tl, the quality of being able to be melted : fusible metal, an alloy of bismuth, lead, and tin, which melts at the heat of boiling water. fuse or fuze, n. fuz, also fusee, n. fu-ze' (F. fusde, a squib, a firework of sputtering gunpowder: Ger. pfuschen, Swiss, pfusen, to fizz, as hot iron in water), a tube filled with a combustible composition, used for firing shells or for blasting : fusee, n. fu-ze', a match ; a cigar-light. fusee, n. fu-ze' (F. fuseau, a spindle ; fusde, the barrel of a crane: L. fusus, a spindle), the cone or conical part of a watch or clock round which the chain is wound: fusiform, a. fu'-zl-fawrm (L. forma, shape), in bot., spindle-shaped, like the root of a carrot. fusel, a. fu'zSl (Bav. fusel, bad brandy; fuseln, to trifle), a fetid oil arising from potato-spirit. fusibility, fusible— see fuse. fusiform, a.— see under fusee. fusil, n. fu'-zil (F. fusil; It. focile, a fire-steel for a tinder-box— from mid. L. focus, fire), a light musket or firelock : fusileer or fusilier, n. jil'-zl-ler', a soldier originally armed with a fusil: fusilade, n. fu'zll-ad' (F. fusillade, a shooting), discharges of firearms in military exercises. fusion, n.— e fuse. Sw. fias, stir), a bustle about trifles: fus'sy, a. -si, troublesome and bustling about a small matter : fussily, ad. -ll, in a bustling manner. fust, n.fiist (L. fustis, a staff: F. fut), in arch., the shaft of a column from the astragal to the capital. fusted, a. fus'ted (F. fuste, tasting or smelling of the cask: Low Ger. fistrig, ill-smelling), bavins' a oad smell ; mouldy : fus ty, a. -tl, ill-smelling ; rank : fus - tiness, n. an ill smell from mouldiness, &c. fustet— see fustic. fustian, n. fust'-l-dn (old Y.fustaine; It. fusfagno, fustian— so called as brought from Fostat, near Cairo), a thick strong cloth made of cotton ; an inflated swell- ing kind of writing or speaking ; bombast : adj. made of fustian ; absurdly pompous. fustic, n. fus'tlk, or fustet, n. fus'-tlt (F.fustoc or fustet), a kind of wood used as a yellow dye-stuff. fusty, a,— see fusted. fusus, n. f&zus (L. a spindle), an extensive genus of shells, of which the spindle-shell and the red whelk maybe taken as the type: fusulina, n. fu'-zu-U'-nd, in geol., a genus of foraminil'era, forming spindle- shaped cell-growths. futile, a..fu'tll (L.futilis, that cannot contain, that cannot be relied on : It. and F. futile), trifling; of no weight or importance ; of no effect : fu'tilely, ad. -II : futility, n. fu-tll'-i-tl, want of weight or effect ; worth- future, a. fu'-tur or -choor (L. futurus, about to be : It. futuro .- F. futur), that is to come ; that which is to exist: n. time to come; a tense in grammar: futurity, n. fu-tu'-rl-tl, time to come ; event to come : fu'turist, n. -1st, one who belb-ves that the Bible pro- phecies are to be fulfilled in the future. fuzz, v. fuz (Ger. pfuschen; Swiss, pfusen, imita- tive of the sound of water flying off a heated surface), to fly off with a whizzing noise, as water from a hot surface: fuz'zing, imp. : fuzzed, pp. fuzd: fuzzle, v. fuz'-l, to confuse the head with drink ; to fuddle : fuz- zling, imp. fuz'-ling-. fuzzled, pp. fiiz'ld: fuzzy, a. fuz'-zl (Scot, fossy o~ '-- spongy mass: fuzz-h dust ; the puff-ball. fy, int. fl (Ger. pfui), a word expressing blame, dis- like, or disapprobation ; lor shame. gabardine or gaberdine, n. gdb'-er-den (Sp. gabar- dina), a loose outer garment; in the middle ages, a long loose coat or cassock rendered obligatory on the Jews to wear. gabble, v. gdb'-l (Scot, gab, talk : Dan. gab ; Pol. geba, mouth), to prate ; to talk idly and rapidly, or without meaning : n. loud or rapid talking without meaning ; inarticulate sounds : gab'bling, imp. : gab- bled, pp. gdb'-ld: gabbler, n. gdb'-lir, one who: gab, n. gdb (a coarse word), talkativeness; loquacity: v. to talk much; to talk idly: gab'bing, imp.: gabbed, pp. gdbd. gabion, n. ga'-bl-un (F. gabion: It. gabbia, a cage; gabbione, a gabion), in mil., a large cylindrical basket of wicker-work, open at both ends and filled with earth, used as a shelter for working parties, and in the construction of the parapets of trenches, &c. : galiion- nade', n -iin-OA'. a parapet formed of gabions. gable, n. ga'bl (Goth, gibla, a pinnacle: Ger. giebel, the pointed end of a house), the triangular part of the end of a house or building between the eaves and the summit : ga'blet, n. -blet, the small gable used for the summit of niches or Gothic tabernacle-work. gad, n. gad (Norm, gadd, a sharp point : prov. Dan. gadd, a prickle), in mining, a pointed wedge of a pe- culiar form, used to break up the ore under ground ; a graver : v. to ramble about without any fixed pur- pose, as cattle flying from the attack of the gadfly: gadding, imp.: adj. roving: gad'dingly, ad. -II, in a gadding manner : gad'ded, pp. : gad-fly, n. the fly that goads or stings the cattle, and deposits its eggs coiv, bo~y,fuut; pure, Md; chair, e who runs much abroad of the Highlanders of Scotland ; a dialect of the C language : adj. pert, to the Scottish Highlanders or their language. gaff, n. gdf (Dan. gaffel; Ger. gabel, a fork), a prop or sort of boom used in extending the upper corner of a fore-and-aft sail. gaffer, n. gaffer (a probable contr. of good-father or grandfather), a word formerly applied to an aged man in humble life; a name given to a foreman or oversman. gag, n. gdg (imitative of sounds uttered while suffer- ing from an impediment or imperfection in the organs of speech: Swiss, gaggen, to stutter: Gael, gagach, stuttering), something put into the mouth to hinder speaking: v. to hinder speaking by thrusting some- thing into the mouth, or in any other way: gagging, imp. : gagged, pp. gdgd : gag-tooth, a projecting tooth. gage, n. guj {'• ■•■), a pledge or security ; a glove or cap, &c, thrown to the ground as a chal- lenge to combat : v. to pledge ; to wager : ga'ging, imp. -jing: gaged, pp. gdjd. gage, in weath indwardof aship: gage, v. gaj, to measure— see gauge. gaggle, v. gdg'-l (Dut. gaggelen ; Ger. gackeln, to make a noise, as a goose), to make a noise like a goose: gaggling, imp. -gllng -. adj. silly; noisy and foolish : gaggled, pp. gdg'-ld. gaiety and gaily— see gay. game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeah GAIN 222 GALV gain, n. gdn (old F. gaagner; F. gagner, to gain— ap- plied primarily to what was obtained from the ground by labour: Prov. gaanh, gain, profit), profit; advan- tage obtained ; interest : v. to get, as profit or advan- tage ; to obtain by effort ; to procure ; to have profit or advantage; to reach or arrive at: gaining, imp.: gained, pp. gand: gains, n. plu. gam, earnings, &c: gain'ful, a. -fool, profitable ; advantageous : gainfully, ad. -II: gain'fulness, n: gain'less, a. bringing no ad- vantage: to gain ground, to advance in any under- taking ; to prevail : to gain over, to draw to another party or interest : to gain on or upon, to encroach on, as the sea ; to get the better of. gainsay, v. gdn'sd(AS. gean; Icel. gegn; Ger. gegen, against, and say), to contradict; to oppose in words: gain'saying, imp. : gain'said, pp. -sad, contradicted : gain'sayer, n. one who ; an opposer. 'gainst, contraction for against. gairish or garish, a. gar'-ish (old Eng. gaure ; Swiss, glare, to stare), staring ; glaring ; showy : gair'ishly, ad. -II: gair'ishness, n. finery; flaunting gaudiness. gait, n. gat (Dan. gade, a street : Icel. gata, street, path : Sw. gata, a street, a way), manner and air in walking. gaiters, n. plu. ga'terz (F. guestre, or guetre), cover- ings of cloth for the legs and ankles, coming down over part of the shoe. gala, n. gd'-ld (It. gala, ornament: old F. gale, good cheer: Sp. gala, a court dress), display; splendour: gala-day, a day of pomp, splendour, or festivity. galactic, a. gd-ldk'-tlk(G,T. gala, milk— gen. galaktos), connected with or relating to the galaxy or milky- way ; of or pert, to milk : galactometer, n. gdl'dk- tom'e-ter (Gr. matron, a measure), an instr. for ascer- taining the quality of milk ; a lactometer : galactile, n. gd-ldk'til, a mineral, so called from its giving the colour of milk when triturated among water : galaxy, n. gdl'-dks-l, the milky -way ; the long white luminous track which seems to encompass the heavens like a girdle ; any assemblage of distinguished persons or things. Galatians, n. plu. gd-ld'sMdnz, inhabitants of Ga- latia, in Asia Minor, descendants of the Gauls, who settled there. galbanum, n. gdl'bd-num (L.), the resinous sap of an umbelliferous plant imported from Turkey. galbulus, n. gdl-bu'-lus (med. L.), inbot., a modifi- cation of the cone, where the apex of each carpellary scale is much enlarged or fleshy, so that collectively they form a round compact fruit. gale, n. gnl | i i rngry: prov. Dan. galm, a strong blast of wind : Dan. gal, mad), a strong wind ; a blast. galeate, a. gd'U-dt, also ga'lea'ted (L. galeatus, wearing a helmet), in hot., shaped in a hollow vaulted manner like a helmet ; bearing a flower resembling a helmet. galena, n. gd-U'nd (Gr. galene, tranquillity), an ore of lead of a bluish-grey colour and metallic lustre: galenic, a. gd-Un'-ik, pert, to galena. Galilee, n. gdl'-l-le, a Roman province of Palestine in the time of Christ ; a porch or chapel annexed to some anc. churches : Gal'ile'an, n. -le'dn, an inhabitant of Galilee. galionella, n. gtil'-l-d-nel'-ld (a small helmet — dim. of L. galea, a helmet), an abundant genus of diatoms or microscopic silicious organisms. galiot, n. gdl'-l-ot (F. galiote— dim. of galere, a gal- ley), a ship moved by both sails and oars ; a small Dutch vessel ; also galliot. juice found flowing from fir or pine trees. gall, n. gawl (AS. gealla, gall ; gealew, yellow : Ger. galle, gall ; gelb, yellow), in an animal, a bitter yel- lowish-green fluid secreted by the gall-bladder ; bile ; anything extremely bitter ; anger ; rancour ; bitter- ness of mind ; a neutral salt skimmed off the surface of melted crown glass: gall-bladder, a small sack, pear-shaped, which receives the bile from the liver : gall-stone, a concretion found in the gall-bladder: galless, a. wanting gall or bitterness. gall, n. gawl, or gall-nut (It. galla, a bubble, an oak-gall: L. galla; F. galle, the oak-apple), a hard round excrescence growing round the eggs of an in- sect deposited in the tender shoots of the oak-tree, &c: gallic, a. -Ilk, pert, to or obtained from galls, as gallic acid. gall, v. gawl (F. galler, to fret, to itch: It. galla, scab : Icel. galli, a fault or imperfection), to hurt or mate, mat, Jar, law; mtte, met, break the skin by rubbing ; to tease ; to vex much ; to chagrin ; to wound the feelings : n. a wound in the skin by rubbing: galling, imp.: adj. adapted to fret or vex : n. a fretting or wearing of the skin by fric- tion : galled, pp. gawld. gallant, a. gdl-ULnt (It. galano, quaint and gay in clothes ; galante, brave, handsome— from gala, show, festivity: F. galant, courteous, gallant), manifesting bravery ; magnanimous ; daring ; showy : gallantly, ad. -II: gallantry, n. -tri, bravery ; intrepidity ; polite attention to women— often used in a bad or equivocal sense : gallant, n. gdl-ldnf or gdl', a showy person ; one polite and attentive to women ; a lover : v. gdl- l&nt', to attend and wait on, as on a woman : gallant'- ing, imp.: gallant'ed, pp. galleon, n. gt aZeon), a large Spanish ship formerly used in trading to America, or as a war- vessel. gallery, n. gdl'-Ur-l (F. galerie, gallery, lobby : Lang. galarie, the rails of a staircase : Sw. galler, lattice), a long apartment serving as a communication to others; any long passage; the upper seats in a theatre; the raised floor round a church or public building ; a col- lection of paintings, &c, and the place where they are arranged for inspection; in mining, a working drift or level from which the mineral has been excavated ; in mil., a passage formed under ground. galley, n. gdl'll (Icel. galleyda; mid. L. galeida; It. gallera, a galley : F. galere, a galley), a one-decked vessel navigated with sails and oars, used in the Medi- terranean ; a light open boat ; the kitchen of a ship ; in printing, the frame which receives the types from the composing-stick: the galleys, n. plu. gdl'llz, gal- leys used as a place of punishment— galleys being generally rowed by slaves and criminals: galley- slave, n. a person condemned for a crime to work in a galley. Gallic, a. gdl'-llk (L. Gallia, Gaul, ancient name of France), pert, to Gaul or France; also Gallican, n. ■l-kdn: gallicise, v. -H-slz, to render French: Gal- licism, n. -ll-slzm, a French idiom or form of expres- sion : Gallican Church, the distinctive title of the R. Cath. Ch. in France. galligaskins, n. plu. gdl'll- gds'-klnz (F. Greguesque, Greek or Grecian), leather protectors or hose for the legs of sportsmen during shooting excursions, &c. gallinaceous, a. gal'H n linaceus, pert, to domestic fowls— from gallina, a hen : F. gallinace), denoting birds like the domestic fowl, pheasant, tur- key, &c. galliot, n.— see galiot. gallipot, n. gal'-ll-pdt (Dut. gley, clay; gley-pot, earthen pot), the coloured pots or vessels employed by druggists or apothecaries to contain medicines. gallon, n. gdl'lun (Sp. and old F. galon, a gallon : F. jalle, an earthen jar), a liquid or dry measure con- taining four quarts. galloon, n. gdl-l6n' (F. and Sp. galon— -from F. and It. gala, pomp, show), a narrow kind of lace made of silk, cotton, gold, &c. gallop, n. gdl'lup (F. galoper; It. galoppare, to gal- lop: imitative of the sound of the footfall of a horse repeated at regular intervals), the swift forward move- ment of a horse or other animal by springs or leaps : v. to move forward swiftly, as a horse : gal loping, imp.: adj. rapid: n. the act of: galloped, pp. -lupt: galloper, n. -er, one who : gallopade, -lo-pad (F. ga- lopade), a sidelong kind of gallop; a dance, and the music appropriate to it : gallopa'ding, n. the act of dancing a gallopade : adj. dancing a gallopade ; mov- ing about briskly. Galloway, n. gdl-lo-wa, the name for a species of horses under 14 hands high, first bred in Galloway, in Scotland. gallows, n. gdl'loz (Goth, galga; Ger. galgen, gal- lows : Fris. gulig, gallows— connected with L. gula, the throat), two upright posts, with a crossbeam on top, from which criminals are hung. galoche or galoshe, n. gdl-lOsh' (¥. galoche, a clog: old Eng. galache, a wooden sole fastened by a strap to the foot), an overshoe of caoutchouc or leather for keeping the feet dry in wet weather ; also golosh. galvanism, n. gdl'-vdn-lzm,(irom Galvani, of Bologna, the discoverer), electricity developed from the chemi- cal action which takes place from certain bodies placed in contact, as different metals : gal'vanist, n. -1st, one who studies galvanism: gal'vanol'ogy, n. ■6V-6-JI (Gr. logos, a discourse), a treatise on: gal'- vanol'ogist, n. one who writes on : galvanic, a. gat- her; pine, pin; note, nCt, m6ve; GAMB 223 GARB vdn'-Xk, of or pert, to galvanism; also galvan'ical, a. ■l-kdl : galvanise, v. -va n-Vz, to affect with galvanism : gal'vam'sing, imp.: galvanised, pp. -izd: gal'van- om'eter, n. -dm'-i-Ur (Gr. metron, a measure), an instr. for ascertaining the presence of electricity and esti- mating its amount : galvan oscope, n. -6-skop (Gr. skopeo, I examine or view), an instr. for detecting slight currents of electricity: galvanic battery, an apparatus for generating and accumulating galvan- ism: galvanised iron, iron, generally sheet-iron, covered with zinc by a peculiar process : gal'vanog- raphy, n. -og'-rd-fl (Gr. graphe, a writing), a modern process by means of which objects of wood, stone, metal, &c, and coins, plaster-casts, copperplates when engraved, &c, maybe exactly copied in copper; also called electrog'raphy— see electrotype, under elec- tric. gambit, n. gdm'blt (F.— from It. gambetto, to trip up by the heels), at the game of chess, an .opening made by sacrificing a pawn gratuitously at an early sta^e of the game in order to gain a particular advantage thereby. gamble, v. gdm'-bl (Bav. gampen, to jump, to sport : Swiss, gammel, merry-making: connected with game and gambol), to play at a game extravagantly for money: gambling, imp.: n. the act or practice of one who gambles: gam'bled, pp. -bid: gambler, n. -blir, one who. gamboge, n. gdm-bof (from Cambodia, in Asia), a yellow gum-resin used as a pigment, and in medicine as a drastic and nauseating purge. gambol, n. gdm'-bol (F. ganibiller, to wag the leg, to dance: Lang, jhimbela, to tumble; ghimba, to jump : connected with game), a dance or skip about in or for sport or joy; a sportive prank: v. to dance and skip about in sport or joy ; to frisk: gamtoling, imp. : adj. sportive : gamboled, pp. -bold. gambrel, n. gam-Orel (It. gambarella— from gamba, a leg), the hind leg of a horse ; a crooked stick used by butchers for suspending animals that have been slaughtered. game, n. gam (AS. gaman, merry-making, sport: Sw. gamman, joy), wild animals pursued or taken by hunting; sport or diversion of any kind; contest for amusement ; a single match at play ; sportive insult or mockery : v. to play at any sport ; to gamble : ga- ming, imp.: n. practice or habit of gamblers : gamed, pp. gamd: game'ster, n. -stir, one wbo is viciously addicted to play for money ; a gambler : gamekeeper, n. one who has the care of certain wild animals pro- tected by law: gamesome, a. -sum, gay: sportive: game'somely, ad. -It: game'someness, n.: game-cock, n. a cock of a particular species bred for fighting : game-laws, laws by which persons are punished by fine or imprisonment if convicted of killing certain wild animals, as hares, pheasant-;, partridges, &c, of trespassing in the pursuit of them, or of having them in their possession without a certificate or licence. gammer, n. gdm'-mer (AS. gemeder: contr. of god- mother or grandmother), a word formerly used in ad- dressing old women. gammon, n. gam'-miin (It. gambone, any great leg— from gamba, a leg: F. jambon, a ham— from jambe, a leg), a smoked or cured bam ; the hinder and thick part of a flitch oi bacon having part of the leg. gammon, int. gdm'mun (Dan. gammen, sport: Fris. gammen, int. of contempt), a familiar exclamation, signifying nonsense, you are joking : n. an imposition or hoax : v. to impose on by hoaxing or humbugging ; to defeat at the game backgammon: gammoning, imp. : gam'moned, pp. -imd: backgammon, n. a game played with a box and dice. gamopetalous, a. gam'-o-pct'-d-lUs (Gr. gamos, mar- riage, and petalon, a leaf), in bot., having a corolla formed by the union or grafting together of several petals so as to form a tube ; monopetalous : gam'- osep'alous, a. -sep'-a-lus (sepalon, an adopted word from Gr. petalon, for a sepal), having a calyx formed by the union of several sepals ; monosepalous. gamut, n. gdm'-ut (F. gamme, the musical scale— from game or gamme, a chime of bells, and ut, used formerly to mark or designate the first note of the scale), the lines and spaces on which musical notes are written. gander, n. g&n'der (AS. gandra), the male of the goose. gang, n. gang (AS. gang, a journey, a step: Ger. gang, a walk, a gallery— see go), a number going in company, generally persons ; a crew ; a band ; ganger, n. -er, the foreman of a gang of labourers on a railway : gang or gangue, n. gang, a German term for a vein or lode ; the matrix or portion of rock in which an ore is imbedded: gang'board, n. a board or plank with strips of wood nailed across it for the convenience of from one part of a ship to another ; any temporary ac- cess to a building formed of planks ; a narrow passage of any kind. ganglion, n. gdng'-gll-dn, plu. gan'glions or gan'- glia, -gild (Gr. gangglion, a little tumour under the skin near the sinews), in anat., an enlargement in the course of a nerve ; atumour in the sheath of a tendon : ganglia ted, a. -d'-ted, having ganglions ; intertwined : gan'glion'ic, a. -on'-ik, applied to collections of vesicu- lar matter which are centres of nervous power to the fibres connected with them: gan'glioneu'ra, n. -o-nu' rd (Gr. neuron, a nerve), a name applied to the mol- luscous and articulate divisions of the animal king- dom, which are characterised by a ganglionic nervous system. gangrene, n. gdng'-grln (L. gangrozna ; Gr. gang- graina, a gangrene— from Gr. graino, I eat or gnaw), a condition of some soft part of a living body closely approaching to mortification or death: v. to mortify or become mortified : gangrening, imp.: gan'grened, pp. -grend: adj. affected with gangrene: gangrenous, a. ya ng'-gre-n i'is, showing a tendency to gangrene ; hav- ing the character of gangrene. gangue— see gang. gannet, n. gdn'net (AS. ganota, the wild goose), the solan gpose. ganocephala, n. gdn'-O-sef-d-ld (Gr. ganos, lustre, and kiphale, the head), a name applied to one of the orders of reptilia. living and extinct, having reference to the sculptured and externally polished or ganoid bony plates with which the head is defended : gan - oceph'alous, a. -lus, pert. to. ganoid, a. gdn'o'yd, also ganoi'dean, a. -dy'-de-dn (Gr. ganos, splendour, and eidos, appearance), applied to an order of fishes, living and extinct, having an- gular scales, composed of horny or bony plates covered "vith a strong shining enamel. gantlet, n. gant'-let, also gauntlet, n. gawnt'let (F. gantelet, an iron glove— from F. gant: It. guanto, a glove), an iron glove jointed for the movement of the fingers, worn by knights, &c, and which formerly used to be thrown down in token of a challenge: gantleted, a. -let-id, wearing a gantlet : to throw the gantlet, to challenge: to take up the gantlet, to ac- cept a challenge: to run the gantlet or gantelope, gan'-t hop (Sw. gatlopp— from gata, a street, a line of soldiers, and lopp, a course), to run through a com- pany of soldiers or sailors standing in two rows, making a lane, each having a switch or knotted cord in his hand to scourge the criminal. Note.— Though put under this group, it will be seen that gantlet, in the expression to run the gantlet, has really no con- nection with gantlet or gauntlet, but is a mere cor- ruption of gantelope. gaol, n. jdl, often written jail (It. gaiola, a cage : Sp. gayola, a cell for mad persons : Gael, gabhar, a gaol— from gabh, to take, to seize), a place of confine- ment for debtors and criminals ; a prison : v. to con- fine in a prison: gaoling, imp.: gaoled, pp. jald: gaoler, n. the keeper of a gaol or prisoner: gaol- delivery, the clearing of a prison of persons awaiting their trial by bringing them to trial. gap, n. gap (AS. geap, wide; geapen, to gape, to open: Icel. glapa, to stare ; gapa, to gape: Norm, gap, a passage), an opening ; a hiatus ; a breach ; a hole ; any opening : to stop a gap, to patch up or make a shift for a time : to stand in the gap, to stand forward in the post of danger, as adefender : gape, v. gap, to open the mouth wide, as from drowsiness or dullness ; to yawn ; to open, as a crevice : n. a gaping ; a yawn ; the opening between the mandibles of birds : ga'ping, imp. : gaped, pp. gapt: to gape for or after, to desire earnestly; to long for; to stare or gaze: to gape at, to stare in a wondering manner : ga'per, n. one who stares foolishly. garb, n. garb (F. garbe, gracefulness: Sp. garbo, grace: It. garbo, comeliness, behaviour), dress; clothes ; mode or fashion of dress. garbage, n. go garbillare, to separate the bad from the good: It. ga'i hello, ragments of seed), the refuse of rlesh or vegetables ; the bowels of an animal. cow, boy, /dot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. GAEB 224 garble, v. gdr'-bl (Sp. garbillo, a coarse sieve ; gar- billure, to garble, to sift), to pick out and choose such parts from a statement, a writing, or an author, as may serve a purpose— generally in a bad sense ; to mu- tilate: gambling, imp. : gambled, pp. -bid: adj. sepa- rated or picked out to serve a purpose : gar'bler, n. -bier, one who; a sorter and cleanser, as of spices: garbles, n. plu. gur'-blz, the dust, soil, or dross separated from good spices or drugs, &c. : gar'belled, a. -beld, in com., sorted or picked. garden, n. gar'-dn (It. giardino; F. jardin; Ger. garten, a garden), an enclosed cultivated space in which flowers, fruits, vegetables, &c, are reared: v. to cultivate a garden: gar'dening, imp. -dn-lng: n. the act or art <>i U. ■.'in'.; "Hi nni -■nii n_ in-- -r<-nn'i :>:■. gardens: gardened, pp. -dnd: gar'dener, n. -dn-er, one who has charge of a garden, or who cultivates one : kitchen-garden, an enclosed space where culi- nary herbs and vegetables are reared. garfish, n. gar-fish (AS. gar. a spear), a fish known under the name of sea-needle. gargle, n. gar'-gl (imitative of the sound produced: F. gargouiller, to gargle), a liquid medicinal prepara- tion used for washing the mouth and throat : v. to wash the mouth and throat: gar'gling, imp. -gllng: gar'- gled, pp. -gld. gargoyle, n. gar'-gdyl (F. gargouille, the throat, a spout to void the rain-water of a house), one of the antic figures into which the spouts carrying off rain-water from a building were worked in Gothic architecture ; also gurgoyle, ger'-gdyl. garish, a. gd-rish (old Eng. gare or gaure, to stare : F. garer, to beware, to take heed of: Swiss, glare, to stare), staring; glaring; showy; extravagantly gay: ga'rishly, ad. -li, splendidly; gaudily: ga'rishness, n. flaunting gaudiness. garland, n. gar'-land (mid. L. garlanda; Sp. guir- nalda; F. guirlande, a garland— from It. gala, fes- tivity), a wreath or chaplet made of branches, flowers, &c. : v. to deck with flowers : gar 'landing, imp.: gar- landed, pp. garlic, n. gar'llk(AS. garleac; Icel. geirlaukr, garlic —from AS. gar; Icel. geirr, a spear, and laukr, a leek), a plant of the onion kind, having a very strong smell and an acrid pungent taste. garment, n. gar-mint (It. guarnimento; F. garni- ment, decking or trimming— from F. gamir, to deck, to adorn), any article of clothing: garments, n. plu. dress in general. garner, n. gar'-ner (F. grenier, a corn-loft — from grsne, grain), a place where grain is stored ; a granary : v. to store in a granary : gar'nering, imp.: gar'nered, pp. -nerd. garnet, n. gar-net (It. granato, fine scarlet ; granata, a garnet or precious stone), a precious stone of several varieties, the better varieties being of a beautiful red. garnish, v. gdr'-nlsh (It. guarnire; F. gamir, to deck, to adorn), to adorn ; to decorate : garnishing, imp. : n. something added for embellishment, as round a dish at table ; that which ornaments : gar'nished, pp. -nisht-. garnishment, n. ornament; embellishment: gar'niture, n. -nl-tur, ornament ; furniture ; dress. garnishee, n. gdr-nish-e (F. garer, beware, look out), in laiv, the person in whose hands the property of another is attached till the claims of a third party be satisfied. garote or garrote, n. gd-rdf (Sp. garrote, strang- ling a criminal with an iron collar: F. garrotter, to tie fast or bind with cords), the capital punishment in Spain ; a method sometimes employed by thieves and footpads of rendering their victim insensible by seizing him round the throat from behind, thus causing partial suffocation; strangulation; a bow- string: v. to render suddenly insensible by com- pressing the throat, &c, and then to rob: garot'- ting, imp. : n. the practice or method of garotters : garot'ted, pp.: garot'ter, n. -ter, one who attacks by garotting. garret, n. gar-ret (F. garite, a place of refuge, the tower of a ca...;, gird, v. gerd (Icel. gardr, a fence or hedge; girda, to enclose or surround with a fence : Goth, gairda, a girdle: L. gyrare, to turn), to bind round; to sur- round with a flexible substance, as a bandage, twig, or cord ; to invest ; to encircle : gird'ing, imp. : girttn, the tongue), the narrow opening at the upper part of the windpipe : glot tal, a. -tdl, pert, to the glottis. glove, n. gliiv (Icel. gloji ; AS. glof, a glove), a cov- ering for the hand, or for the hand and arm, usually with sheaths for the fingers : v. to cover, as with a glove: gloving, imp.: gloved, pp. t/Wrd.-adj. co- vered, as with a glove : glov'er, n. -er, one who makes or sells gloves. glow, n. gl6 (Icel. gloa, to glow; glod, live coal: Ger. gUihen, to be red-hot: Dut. gibed, hot coals), brightness of colour ; redness ; shining heat ; passion : v. to shine with heat ; to be red or flushed, as with heat or animation : glow'ing, imp. : adj. burning with vehement heat ; ardent; animated; inflamed: n. act or condition of that which glows : glowed, pp. glod -. glow'ingly, ad. -H : glow'worm, n. -werm, an insect which emits a shining green light at certain seasons. gloze, v. gloz (AS. glesan, to explain, to flatter : a corruption of gloss), to flatter; to wheedle; to talk smoothly: n. flattery; insinuation: glo'zing, imp.: glozed, pp. glozd : glo'zer, n. -zer, one who. glucina, n. gl6-sl'-nd, also glucine, n. gW-sln (Gr. glukus, sweet : F. glucine), the oxide of the metal glucinum, a wliite powder without taste or odour, and insoluble in water : gluci'num, n. -num. the metallic base of glucina, of a dark-grey colour : glucose', n. -kOsf (Gr. glukus, sweet), the peculiar form of sugar which exists in grapes and in other fruits. glue, n. gl6 (F. glu, bird-lime : W. glud, tenacious paste: L. gluten, giue or paste), a tenacious jelly made from the parings of the skins, &c, of animals, and used as a cement : v. to join or unite by means of like glue : glu'eyness, n. -rtSs. glum, a. glum (Ger. glumm, gloomy— see gloom), sullen; stubbornly grave : glum'mish, a. -mlsh, some- what glum; gloomy: glump, v. gliimp, in familiar language, to show sullenness by manner ; to be sullen : glum'py, a. -pi, sullen. glume, n. gldm (L. gluma, the husk of corn: F. glume), the husk of corn or grasses formed of flaps or valves embracing the seed : glumous, a, gld'mus, hav- ing a glume: gluma'cious, a -md'-shus, resembling the dry scale-like glumes of grasses : glumif'erous, a. -mlf'er-us (L. fero, I bear), bearing or producing glumes : glumelle, n. gtd'mSl, also glumel'lule, n. -mel- ill (dim. of glume), the inner husk of the flowers of grasses. glut, v. glut (a word imitative of the sound, and represented by such syllables, as glut, glop, glvp, gulp, &c: glut glut, the noise of a liquid escaping from a narrow-necked opening : L. glutio, I swallow), to swallow greedily ; to gorge ; to fill or to be filled beyond sufficiency: n. superabundance; more than enough— as, the market is glutted ; anything which obstructs a passage : glutting, imp. : glut'ted, pp. gluten, n. glo'-ten (L. gluten, paste or glue : It. glutine : F. gluten), a tough substance obtained from wheat and other grains ; in 10 ax-painting, a compound w, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (here, zeal. made of wax and copal, with an essential oil with which the pigments are mixed : glu'tinate, v. -tl-ndt, to unite with glue ; to cement : glu'tina'ting, imp. : glu'tina- ted, pp. : glu'tina'tion, n. -nd'shun, the act of unit- ing with glue: glu'tina'tive, a. -nd'tlv, having the quality of gluing or cementing : glu'tinous, a. -tl-nus, tenacious ; covered with slimy moisture : glu'tineus- ness, n., also glu'tinoslty, n. -nos'l-tl, the quality of being glutinous ; tenacity. gluteus, n. gld-te'us (Gr. gloutos, the buttock or hip), the large thick muscles on which we sit : glute'al, a. -te'dl, pert, to the buttocks. glutton, n. glut'n (F. glout, ravenous : W. gloth, gluttonous: Norm, glupa, to swallow: L. glutio, I swallow), one who eats to excess ; one who gorges or stuffs himself with food ; a carnivorous mammal about the size of a large badger: gluttonous, a. glut'n-us, given to excessive eating: glut'tonously, ad. -It: glut'tony, n. -I, excess in eating ; voracity of appetite : glut'tonise, v. -iz, to eat to excess : glut'toni'sing, imp. -i'zlng : glut'tonised', pp. -Izdf. glycerine, n. glls'-er-ln (Gr. glukus, sweet), the sweet principle of oils and fats; a sweet, inodorous, and thick syrup, when pure: glyceric acid, glts'er-lk, an acid produced by the action of nitric acid on glycerine : nitro-glycerine, nl'tro-, a powerful blasting oil, and highly dangerous explosive agent, prepared by the action of nitric and sulphuric acids on glycerine. glyconian, a. gli-ko'ni-dn, also glycon'ic, a. -kon'lk (Gr. glukoneios, a kind of verse, said to be so called after its inventor, Glukon), denoting a kind of verse in Greek or Latin poetry, consisting of three feet, a spondee, a choriamb, and a pyrrhic. glycyrrhiza, n. glls'er-rl'-zd (Gr. glukus, sweet, and rhiza, a root), a genus of herbaceous plants having the small flowers in bunches or cones, commonly known by the name of liquorice plants : glycyrrhizine, a. glls'er-ri'zln, the saccharine matter of liquorice-root. glyph, n. glif (Gr. glupho, I hollow out, I carve), in sculp. , a notch, channel, or cavity intended as an orna- ment: glyphaea, n. gllfe'd, in geol, a genus of small lobster-like crustaceans : glyphography, n. gli-fdg'-rd- fi (Gr. grapho, I write), a particular kind of raised engraved drawing produced by an electrotype process. glyptic, a. gllp-tlk, (Gr. glvptos, carved, sculptured), of or relating to the art of carving on stone : glyptics, n. plu. -ttks, the art of engraving figures, as on precious stones : glyptog'raphy, n. -tog'rd-fl (Gr. grapho, I write), a treatise on the art of engraving on precious stones : glyp'tograph'ic, a. -td-grd/'lk, describing the methods of engraving figures on precious stones : glyptocrinus, n. gllp-tdk'rl-nus (Gr. krinon, a lily), in geol. , a genus of Lower Silurian encrinites, character- ised by their highly-ornamented basal plates : glyp'- todon, n. -to-ddn (Gr. odous, a tooth— gen. odontos), •'■a gigantic fossil animal, allied to the armadilloes, so «alled from its deeply -grooved teeth : glyptotheca, n. gttp'to-the'kd (Gr. theke, a repository), a building or an apartment in which works of sculpture may be pre- gnarl, v. ndrl (Dut. knarren, to growl, to snarl : Sw. iknarra, to creak : Dan. knurre, to growl), to growl ; 'to murmur; to snarl: gnarling, imp. ndr'llng : gnarled, pp. ndrld: adj. distorted in large woody knots : gnar'ly. a -11, knotted or knotty. gnash, v. ndsh (Dan. gnaske; Sw. gnissla, to crunch, to gnash: Dut. knasschen, to gnash), to strike the teeth together as in pain or rage ; to grind the teeth ; to growl: gnashing, imp.: n. a striking together or grinding of the teeth in rage or pain : gnashed, pp. ndsht : gnash ingly, ad. -II. gnat, n. ndt (imitative of its humming sound before attack: Norm, gnette, to crackle, to rustle), a very small stinging fly of the mosquito kind ; anything proverbially small. gnaw, v. naw (Icel. gnaga; Dan. gnave; Ger. nagen, to gnaw : Fin. nakkia, to rap), to eat away or bite off by degrees ; to bite in agony or rage ; to corrode ; to fret: gnawing, imp.: adj. eating by slow degrees; corroding: gnawed, pp. nawd: adj. bit; corroded: gnaw'er, n. -er, one who or that which. gneiss, n. n£s(Ger. gneisz, a kind of granite), a hard, tough, crystalline, and slaty rock, composed mostly of quartz, felspar, mica, and hornblende, differing from granite in having its crystals broken, indistinct, and confusedly aggregate : gneis'sic, a. -slk, also gneis'- sose, a. -sOs, having the aspect of gneiss ; exhibiting the crystalline texture, and the foliated and flexured structure, of gneiss : gneis'soid, a. -sdyd (Gr. eidos, andg gnome, n. nom (Gr. gnomon, one that knows : F, gnome), an imaginary being said to inhabit the inner parts of the earth, and to be the guardian of mines, quarries, &c. gnome, n. nom (Gr. gnome, an opinion), a senten- tious saying : gno'mic, a. -mik, having the character of a gnome ; sententious ; also gno'mical, a. -ml-kdl. gnomon, n. nO'-mdn (L. and Gr. gnomon, one that knows, the index of a dial), in a, sun-dial, the pin which by its shadow shows the hour of the day ; that which remains of a parallelogram after taking away one of the two parallelograms formed about the diagonal : gnomonlc, a. -Ik, also gnomonlcal, a. -l-kdl, pert, to dials or dialling : gnomonlcally, ad. -II -. gnomonlcs, n. plu. -Iks, the principles or art of dialling. gnostics, n. nds'tlks (Gr. gnostikos, possessing the power of knowing, intelligent— from ginosko, I know), sects in the first ages of Christianity who taught that they alone had a true knowledge of the Christian re- ligion, and who attempted to incorporate the tenets of the Pagan Philosophy with the doctrines of Christian- ity : gnos'tic, a. -tik, pert, to a gnostic : gnos'ticism, n. -tl-slzm, the doctrines or tenets of the gnostics. gnu, n. nu (Hottentot, gnu or nju), a wild horned animal of the ox kind inhabiting S. Africa,— a seeming compound of horse, buffalo, and antelope. go, v. go (AS. ganga; Ger. gehen; Dut. gaen, to go: Norm, ganga, to go on foot), to move from one place to another ; to pass ; to proceed ; to depart ; to walk ; to be pregnant ; to run ; to take a direction ; to contrib- ute, as, the different ingredients which go to make up the compound ; to conduce ; to fall out or termi- nate ; to reach or be extended ; to fare : went, pt. w6nt, did proceed or go, &c. : going, imp. a. moving ; travelling ; walking ; rolling ; sailing ; about, as, I was going to say, &c. : gone, pp. g6n, declined; departed ; ruined ; undone ; past ; deceased : to go about, to attempt ; to engage in : to go about your business, to depart and mind your own affairs : to go between, to interpose; to mediate: a go-between, an inter- mediate agent : the go-by, an evasion ; a shifting off ; escape by artifice : go to, an exclamation meaning — come, come, say the right thing, or take the right course ; move ; begin : to go abroad, to go out of the country ; to walk outside the house ; to be disclosed or published : to go aside, to retire to a private place ; to err : to go astray, to wander from the right course : to go away, to depart : to go down, to come to nothing ; to disappear ; to be swallowed or accepted : to go for nothing, to have no meaning or effect : to go forth, to issue ; to become public : to go hard with, to have small chance of escape ; to cause serious trouble or danger to : to go in, to enter : to go in and out, to go freely ; to be at liberty : to go off, to depart to a distance ; to die ; to explode ; to run away : to go on, to proceed ; to make an appearance, as on the stage : to go out, to issue forth ; to go upon any expedition ; to be extin- guished : to go over, to change sides ; to read ; to ex- amine : to go through, to suffer ; to undergo ; to per- form thoroughly : to go under, to be known by, as, to go under a certain name ; to be ruined : to go ill with, not to prosper : to go well with, to prosper : to go into or unto, in Scrip., to have sexual intercourse with: to let go, to allow to depart ; to release : go-cart, n. a framework moving on wheels for training children to walk. goad, n. g6d (Norm, gadd, a sharp point : prov. Dan. gadd, a prickle : old H. Ger. gart, a goad), a pointed stick used in driving oxen : v. to drive as with a goad ; to urge forward ; to rouse by anything severe or irri- tating ; to stimulate : goading, imp. : goad'ed, pp. : goads'man, n. a driver with a goad. goaf, n. gof, or gob, n. gob (see gobbing), in mining, the waste or empty space left by the extraction of a seam of coal. goal, n. gol (Gael, geal, anything white, a mark to shoot at : F. gal, the goal at football ; gaule, a long pole set up to mark the bounds of the race), the win- ning-post at football or on a racecourse ; final purpose or aim. goat, n. got (AS. gat, a goat : Icel. geit, a female goat), a well-known animal useful for its milk and flesh : goatish, a. resembling a goat ; of a rank smell : lascivious : goatlshness, n. : goatchafer, n. a kind of beetle: goatsucker, n. an insect-eating bird: goat- herd, n. one whose occupation is to tend goats. mdte, mdt.fdr, Idtv; mite, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; GOBB 233 GOOD gobbing, n. gob'bXng, also gobbin, n. gob'bhi, and goaffin, n. goffln (W. gob. a heap, ainound: F. gobbe, a poisoned morsel), The refuse thrown hack into the mine, after the removal of the coal, to help to support the roof. gobble, v. g6b'-bl(a word imitative of the sound : Dut. gobiln; Icel. gubba, to vomit: F. gober, to swallow), to swallow in large pieces ; to swallow greedily and with noise ; to make a noise like a turkey-cock : gob'- bling, imp. -bllng: gobbled, pp. gob'bld: gob'bler, n. -bUr, one who swallows in haste ; a greedy eater ; a turkey-cock— so called from the character of the noise which it makes. Gobelins, n. plu. gdb'-llnz, the royal manufactory of tapestry near Paris : Gobelin, a. pert, to Gobelins tap- estry. goblet, n. gdb'let (F. gobelet, a wide-mouthed vessel to drink from ; gobeloter, to guzzle, to tipple), a cup or tlrinking-ves- goblin, n. g6b-lln{F. gobelin, hobgoblin : Ger. kobold, the goblin or spiritof the mines : W. coblyn, a knocker), the familiar name of a supposed supernatural being of small size but of great strength d\\ filing underground in mines, in mounds, and ill desert places, not gener- ally ill-disposed towards men ; an evil spirit ; a fairy : hobgoblin, a spirit. goby, n. gO'bl (F. gobie; L. gobius), a small sea-fish >rform. God, n. gdd (AS. God; Ger. gott ; Pers. khoda; Hind. khooda), the Supreme Being; the Almighty ; an idol or improper object of worship. Note.— In written or printed compositions, the word God, designating the Supreme Being, begins with a capital letter, thus, God ; but when an idol or false god is meant the word is wholly in small letters, thus, god : goddess, n. fern god'-Ss, a female heathen deity or idol : godfather, n. one who becomes sponsor for a child at baptism — a woman who does so is called a godmother : god- g6d'-lSs, impious ; regardless of God : gbd'Tessly, ad. ■ll : godlessness, n. state of being godless or irreligi- ous: Godlike, a. -Ilk. resembling God; of superior excellence ; divine : godly, a. -11, devout ; pious : god- liness, n. a religious life ; piety ; the Christian Revela- tion, as, "Great is the mystery of godliness" : god'- send, n. an unexpected acquisition or piece of good fortune: god ship, n. rank or character of a god: God-speed, God be with you ; may God prosper you : God ward, ad. -tcerd, toward God. goer, n.— see under go. goetfaite, n. gath'it (i ierman poet), brought to a sudden stop), to strain or roll the eyes n. a strained or affected rolling of the eyes : adj. hav- ing full eyes ; staring with rolling eyes : gog'gling, imp. -ling: gog'gled, pp. -Id: goggles, n. plu. gOg'lz, spectacles to cure squinting or keep off dust : goggle- eyed, a. having large prominent eyes, which are con- stantly in motion. goitre, n. goy'-tr (F.), a large tumour or swelling on the forepart of the neck, prevalent chiefly in Alpine districts : goi'tred, a, -trd, affected with goitre ; spelt also goi'terd : goi'trons, a. -trils, affected or inclined to goitre. gold, n. gold (Icel. gull, gold— from gidr, yellow), one of the precious metals, of a bright yellow colour; money; riches; wealth: adj. made or consisting of gold: golden, a, gol'dn, consisting of gold; bright; shining ; of a gold colour ; exceDent ; happy or inno- cent, as the golden age; pre-eminently favourable: goldbeater, n. bet-er, one whose trade it is to make gold-leaf: goldfish, n. beautiful fresh-water •fish of a bright orange-colour on the upper part : goldfinch, n. -finsh, a native song-bird— so called from the colour of its plumage : gold-lace, lace wrought with a mix- ture of gold threads: gold-leaf, gold beaten ex- tremely thin : gold'smith, n. a worker in the precious metals: gold-dust, gold as found in fine particles golden-haired, a. having yellow hair : golden num- ber, number which shows the year of the moon's cycle: golden rule, the Christian rule, "that we should do as we would be done by " : gold-field, the coiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal, testuie of the ox, used to keep separate leaf-gold in the process of goldbeating : golden age, the fabled age of primeval simplicity: golden fleece, in anc. myth., a fleece made of gold, in search of which Jason under- took the Argonautic expedition. goldylocks, n. gol'-di /< Kks), a native plant, so called from the tufts of yellow flowers which terminate the stems. golf, n. golf (Ger. kolbe ; Sw. kolf, a club), a favour- ite game in Scotland played with clubs and a ball : golfing, n. the act of playing at the game of golf. golosh, n. go-losh' (F. galoche, a golosh, a clog: L. gallica, a Gallic shoe), a shoe worn over another to keep the foot dry : golosh'es, n. plu. -Sz: goloshed', a. -loshf, applied to half boots in which the parts passing round the ankles are of a different material from the rest of the upper— generally of a finer quality of lea- ther, with elastic gussets at sides, or made to lace or button; also galoche, or galoshe. gomphosis, n. gom-fO'sls (Gr. goynphos, a nail), in anat., a form of joint in which a conical body is fast- ened into a socket, as the teeth in the jaw: gom'- pholite, n. -fo-lit (Gr. lithos, a stone), in geol., a name applied to certain sanely conglomerates which occur in vast thickness at the foot of the Alps in the great Swiss valley. gomuti, n. go-md'tl, a substance resembling black horse-hair, obtained from an Indian palm. gondola, n. gon'dO-lu (F. gondole; It. gondola), a Venetian pleasure-boat or barge : gon'dolier', n. -la-'. a man who rows a gondola. gone, gon, pp. of go, which see. gong, n. g6ng (Chinese : probably imitation of the sound), a Chinese musical instr. of a circular shape, like the lid of a pot or caldron, and beaten with a stick like a drum ; a metal drum. gongylus, n. gong'gU-ns (Gr. gonggulos, round), in bot., applied to round hard bodies produced on certain algce, which become ultimately detached and germi- nate: gon'gyli, plu. -gll-l. goniaster, n. gO'ml-ds'-tir (Gr. gonia, an angle, and aster, a star), in geol., a genus of fossil star -fishes, popularly known as cushion-stars : go'niatites, n. -d- tits (Gr. gonia), in geol, a genus of the ammonite family, so called from the zigzag lines which mark the junctions of its chambers. gonidia, n. gon-ld'l-d (Gr. gonos, offspring, seed), in bot., green germinating cells in the thallus of lichens. goniometer, n. go'-ni-oni'e-ter (Gr. gonia, an angle, and metron, a measure), an instr. for measuring solid angles, particularly the angles of crystals: go'niom- etry, n. -tri, the art of: go'niomet'rical, a. -6-met'rt- kdl, pert. to. goniopholis, n. g6'nl-6f'o-lls (Gr. gonia, a corner, and pholis, the scale of a fish or snake), in geol, a genus of crocodilians, so called from the angular shape of their scutes. gonophore, n. g6n'6-f6r (Gr. gonos, generation, and phero, I bear), in bot., an elevated or elongated recep- tacle, bearing the stamens and carpels in a prominent and conspicuous manner. gonorrhea, n. gdn'or-re'd (Gr. gonos, semen, and rheo, I flow), name of a contagious disease. gonus, go'nus (Gr. gonu, the knee), and gonum, go' nion (Gr. gonia, a corner), in bot. , words which signify, when the latter part of a compound, either "kneed" or "angled,"— as polygonum, many-kneed; tetragon- urn, four-angled. good, a. good (Ger. gut; AS. god; Gr. agathos, good), the opposite of bad; pious; sound; undamaged; pro- per or fit; considerable; having sufficient; pleasant to the taste ; unblemished ; kind ; favourable ; clever ; real— as, he is in good earnest ; in the sense of wishing well— as, good-day, and good-bye : n. the contrary of evil ; virtue ; righteousness ; benefit ; advantage : ad. well, as in the phrase as good : int. a word expressing approbation or admiration : goods, plu. gobdz, house- hold furniture ; wares ; merchandise : goodly, a. -II, being of a handsome form ; fine : goodliest, a. most good or excellent : goodliness, n. beauty of form ; grace: good'ness.n. kindness; benevolence; Christian excellence ; mercy : goody, n. gobd'l, a familiar contr. for goodwife ; a child's name for a sweetmeat : as good as, the same as ; no worse than : a good many, a con- siderable number : in good time, early enough: good- breeding, polite manners : Good Friday, the anniver- sary of the crucifixion: goodman, goodwife, applied GOOR 234 GOUT r _„___gsome respect: good woman, a familiar term of address: good manners, politeness: good sense, sound judgment : goodwill, kind feeling ; favour ; the benefit of a business in full operation, for which a price may be paid: good fellow, a kind man ; a boon companion: good fellowship, merry society; pleasant company: good humour, a cheerful temper or state of mind: good-humoured, a. being of a cheerful temper : good- humouredly, ad. : good nature, mildness and kind- ness of disposition : good-natured, a. possessing a mild disposition: good-naturedly, ad.: good heed, due caution ; great care : to make good, to supply deficiency ; to prove or establish ; to fulfil ; to indem- nify for : to stand good, to be firm or valid : as good ashisword.performiiiu i -■ used: for good u i h u i i i i! good-bye, -bi (a probable contraction of God be with you), a salutation at leave- taking: good-speed, an old form of wishing success— a spiritual guide. goose, n. gds (AS. gos; Low Ger. goos; Pol. ges, a goose: Lith. guz, guz, cry to call geese), a well-known web-footed bird ; a silly person ; a tailor's smoothing- iron: geese, plu. ges: goos'ery, n. -er-l, a place for geese; folly: goose-foot, a native plant, so called from the shape of the leaf: goose-quill, quill from a goose's wing, used for writing with: to cook one's goose, in familiar language, to do for one in the sense of cheating or befooling: green-goose, a goose less than four months old. gooseberry, n. -gobz'Mr-rl (Ger. krausel-beere or kraus-beere — from Ger. kraus, crisp; Dut. kroesen, to curl— probably from the ip ightb.au i which cover the fruit), the well-known fruit of a prickly shrub : goose- berry-fool, gooseberries stewed or scalded, and pounded with cream, and sweetened. gopher, n. go'fer (Heb.), the wood used in building the ark ; (F. gaufre, a honeycomb), the popular name of a burrowing animal, about the size of a squirrel, of various species, found in America ; a species of turtle. gorcock, n. gor'kok (from gorse, furze ; or imitative of the sound it utters), the moor-cock or grouse. gordian, a. gor'dl-dn, intricate; applied to any- thing very intricate and not easily unravelled : gor- dian knot, -ndt, in anc. times, a knot said to have been so skilfully tied by king Gordius that no one could untie it, and to the untier of which an oracle promised the sovereignty of Asia— Alexander the Great cut it through with his sword ; any inextricable diffi- culty or problem. gore, n. gor (AS. gor, wet filth, blood: Norm, gor, wet mud: old H. Ger. horo, mud, ooze), thick or clotted blood : gory, a. go'rl, covered with congealed or clotted blood. gore, v. gor (AS. gar; Norm, geir, a spear, a jave- lin), to pierce or wound with anything pointed, as with the horns of a bull: goring, imp.: gored, pp. -gOrd. gore, n. gor (Dut. gheere, the part which makes a garment larger: It. gherone, the gusset), a corner- shaped piece let into a garment to widen a part : v. to furnish with gores. gorge, n. gorj (F. gorge, a throat : It. gorgo, a gur- gle, a whirlpool: L. gurges, a whirlpool), the throat; the gullet ; the entrance into the outwork of a fort ; that which is swallowed ; a narrow passage between hills or mountains : v. to swallow greedily ; to feed to satiety; to glut: gorg'ing, imp.: gorged, pp. gOrjd, glutted. gorgeous, a. gor'jl-us (Norm. F. gorgias or gourgias, gaudy, flaunting, proud), showy; splendid; glitter- ing in a variety of colours : gor'geously, ad. -II .- gor'- geousness, n. -nes, splendour of raiment; magnifi- cence. gorget, n. gor'jSt (F. gorgette— from gorge, the throat), a piece of armour for the throat; a small ornament worn by officers on the breast. Gorgon, n. gor'gdn (Gr. and L. gorgon, a Gorgon— from Gr. gorgbs, fierce), anything very horrid or ugly; in Gr. myth., one of the three sister-deities Stheno, Medusa, and Euryale, said to be of such terrible aspect as to turn the beholder into stone: Gorgo'nean or Gorgo'nian, a. -go'nl-dn, like or pert, to a Gorgon; very ugly or terrific : Gorgoneia, n. gor'gd-nl'd, masks carved in imitation of the Gorgons' heads, used as key-stones in arches : sing. Gor gonei'on, -nl'on: Gor- gonia, n. gor-go'ni-d, a genus of corals, so called from their branching flexible stems, and popularly known as "Venus's fans" and " sea-fans," from their spread- ing fanlike forms. gorilla, n. g6-rll'la (an African word: said by La- tham to be found in a Gr. translation of an anc. Car- thaginian work in the plural, gorillai), a large crea- ture of the ape kind, most nearly resembling man, and as large, remarkable for its strength and ferocity. gormand, n. gor'-mdnd, or gourmand, n. g6r-mdnd (F. gourmand, a glutton— from prov. F. gourmer, to taste wine), a greedy or ravenous eater; a glutton: gormandise, v. -dlz, to eat greedily : gor'mandi sing, imp.: adj. gluttonous: n. gluttonous habits: gor- mandised', pp. -dizd': gor'mandi'ser, n. -zer, one who eats much and greedily: gor'mandism, n. -dlzm, gluttony. gorse, n. gdrs (W. gores or gorest, waste, open), a prickly shrub bearing yellow flowers; whin or furze: gorsy, a. gOr'sl, abounding in or resembling gorse. gory, a.— see gore, clotted blood. goshawk, n. gos'-hawk (AS. gos-hafoc), a bird of the hawk kind. gosling, n. gds'llng (AS. gos, a goose, and ling, dim. termination), a young goose ; a cation on nut-trees and pines. Gospel, n. gds'pel (AS. god-spell; Icel. guds-spial, the word of God— from AS. spell ; Icel. spiall, discourse, tidings: Goth, spillon, to tell), literally, good tidings; one of the four historic of Christ handed down to us by the inspired writers, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John ; the whole system of the Christian faith : God's word ; general doctrines of the New Test. : gos'peller, n. -ler, one who reads the Gospel at the altar: Gospel truth, the doctrines or truths of the New Test. ; cer- tain truth. gossamer, n. gds'sd-mer (properly God's-summer, so called from the legend that the gossamer is formed from the parts of the Virgin Mary's winding-sheet, which fell away in fragments when she was taken up to heaven), the fine long filaments formed by a small spider, found floating in the air in calm clear weather in autumn ; anything unsubstantial or flimsy : gos'sa- mery, a. -mer-l, flimsy ; unsubstantial. gossan, n. gdz'zdn, among Cornish miners, the peculiar ferruginous condition of the top of a vein near its outcrop, considered to be very strongly in- dicative of tne lode below ; ferruginous quartz. gossip, n. gos'slp (AS. Godsibb, related in God as a sponsor in baptism, a gossip— from god, God, and sib, place, relationship), originally a sponsor, a neighbour, or friend; an idle tattler ; a busy teller of news : v. to run about among neighbours and engage in idle talk ; to engage in much small-talk ; to tattle : gos'- siping, imp. : gos'siped, pp. -slpt: gos'sipry, n. -ri, special intimacy; idle talk: gos'sipy, a. ■*, full of gossip; chatty. got, pt., and gotten, pp. of get, which see. Goth, n. gOth, one of an anc. tribe or nation which took an important part in the overthrow of the Roman empire; any one rude and uncivilised; an enemy to the fine arts, or one destitute of a taste for them — Vandal is also employed in the latter sense : Gothic, a. -Ik, of or belonging to the Goths or their language ; designating the architecture of the middle ages: Goth'icise, v. -i-siz, to reduce to barbarism: Goth ici'sing, imp.: Goth'icised, pp. -sizd: Goth'icism, n. -slzm, rudeness of manners ; a Gothic idiom ; con- formity to Gothic architecture. Gothamite, n. g6th'-dm-it, or Goth'amist, -mist, a man of Gotham, a village in Nottinghamshire, whose habits were noted for their real or supposed sim- plicity; a simpleton. gouge, n. g6j (F. gouge; Sp. gubia, a hollow chisel), aroundedholln, hi I. roi inn.. I . nds or grooves °~ wood or stone : v. to scoop out as with a gouge ; to force out, as the eye, with the thumb < goug'ing, imp. : n. the act of scooping out, as with a gouge : gouged, pp. gdjd. gourd, n. gurd (F. gourde ; L. cucurbita), the name of a plant which produces a large fruit somewhat of a bottle shape, a native of warm climates ; also its fruit ; a vessel made from its outer shell : gourdy, a. g6r'-dl, swelled in the legs : gour'diness, n. swell- ing on a horse's leg. gourmand, n. gor'-mdnd— see gormand. gout, n. gmut (L. gutta, a drop, so called from the old medical theory which attributed all disorders to the settling of a drop of morbid humour upon the part affected : Dut. goete, the palsy : F. goutte, a mdte, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; GOUT 235 GRAI drop, the gout), a well-known painful disease of the joints or extremities, confined almost wholly to the higher classes and high livers : gouty, a. -I, subject to the gout or affected with it : gout'ily, ad. -l-ll : goutiness, n. -rigs, state of being affected with the gout, gout, n. g6 (F.— from L. gustus, taste), taste ; re- lish. govern, v. guv'-ern (F. gouverner; It. governare ; L. gubernare, to direct, to govern), to direct and con- trol ; to regulate by authority ; to command ; to have influence or force, as a verb in grammar ; to exercise authority; to restrain: governing, imp. : adj. hold- ing the superiority ; controlling ; directing : gov- erned, pp. -ernd : governor, n. -er, one who rules or directs ; one who is invested with supreme authority ; a ruler ; a tutor ; in a machine, a contrivance for maintaining a uniform velocity with varying resist- ance ; a regulator : governorship, n. the office of a governor: governess, n. a lady intrusted with the care and instruction of children or young ladies : governable, a. -a -bl, manageable; obedient: govern- ance, n. -am, ride ; management ; control : govern- ment, n. control ; restraint ; the exercise of author- ity ; the ruling power in a state ; the principle or sys- tem under which a state is ruled : adj. connected with or pursued by government: governmental, a. -em- viSn-tai, of or relating to government : gov ernante, n. -dnt (F.) a lady who has the care of young girls of quality ; a lady-tutor or governess. gowan, n. golc-dn (Sent.), a wild daisy. Bower-caves, golv'erkdvz, the caverns of the pen- insula of Gower, in Glamorganshire, which have yielded abundant remains of the mammoth, the rhino- ceros, the hippopotamus, the reindeer, and other extinct animals, associated with species still living in Europe, together with Mint-knives and other rude im- plements of human workmanship. gowk, n. goivk (yrov. Eng. and Scot, gowk, a cuckoo), one easily imposed on; a simpleton: v. to make a fool of any one— see gawk. gown, n. gown (It. gonna, a gown : W. gwn, a gown —from givnio, to sew, to stitch), a woman's upper garment ; a long, loose, light robe worn by professors, clergymen, barristers, &c: gowned, pp. gdlvnd: adj. dressed in a gown : gown'man, n. or gown's-man, n. a university student: dressing-gown, a long loose robe worn by gentlemen within doors, espeeiaUy in the morning before dressing. gozzard, n. goz'-erd (corruption of gooseherd), one who tends a flock of geese or keeps them. grab, v. grab (Sw. grabba. to grasp : Dut. grabbelen, to seize greedily— from greb, a dung-fork : Icel. greipa, to seize : Pol. grabki, a rake, a fork), to seize ; to grasp suddenly : grabbing, imp. : grabbed, pp. grdbd : grabble, v. grab'-l, to grope ; to feel in muddy gradh, love, fondness : F. grace), favour ; goodwill the free and unmerited favour of God ; a state of re- conciliation to God ; mercy ; pardon ; the Gospel ; elegance ; any natural or acquired excellence ; be- haviour, considered as good or bad— as, he did it with a very bad grace; privilege; a short prayer before or after a meal ; the title used in addressing a duke or an archbishop : v. to adorn ; to honour : gra- cing, imp. : graced, pp. grast .- graceful, a -fool, ele- gantly easy— used with reference to motion, looks, and speech ; possessing an agreeable dignity of man- ner : grace'fully, ad. -IX .- grace'fulness, n. : grace'- less, a. -les, coarse; rude ; wicked; depraved: gracelessly, ad. -II: gracelessness, n. : grace- notes, in music, ornamental notes added to the principal ones : good graces, -sSz, favour ; friendship : gracious, a. gra'-shiis, favourable; kind; disposed to show kindness or favour: graeiously, ad. -II: graeiousness, n. kind condescension ; mercy : the Graces, in anc. myth., three beautiful sisters who at- tended on Venus, and who were said to confer beauty ; beauties ; arts of pleasing : days of grace— see under day. gradation, n. grd-da'-shun (L. gradatio, the making a series of steps— from gradus, a step : F. gradation), a regular advance from one degree or state to an- other ; regular progress step by step ; order ; series : grada'tional, a. accordingto gradation : grada'tioned, yy.fobt; pure, bud; chair, a proceeding step by step : grade, n. grdd, a degree or rank in order or dignity; a step or degree in any series : v. to cut or reduce to the proper levels, as a canal or road : gra'ding, imp. : gra'ded, pp. : gra'- dient, n. -dl-int, the slope or incline, chiefly of a rail- road : gradual, a. grad'ildl (F. graduel— from L. gradus), advancing step by step ; proceeding by de- grees; regular and slow: gradually, ad. -li, by degrees ; step by step : grad'ual'ity, n. -14%. progres- sion by degrees : graduate, n. -u-at, one who has re- ceived an academical degree : v. to divide any space into small regular intervals or parts ; to receive or take a degree from a university: grad ua'ting, imp. : grad'ua'ted, pp. : grad'uateship, n. the state of being agraduate : graduation, n. -a'shiin, the act of receiv- ing an academical degree ; the act of marking or divid- ing into degrees : grad'uator, n. -ter, an instr. for divid- ing lines into equal parts; an instr. used in vinegar- making : gradus, n. grdd'us, a dictionary for Latin or Greek verse-making, the full title being gradus ad Parnassum, a step to Parnassus, the abode of the Muses. gradual— see grail. graff, v. grOf, the old spelling of graft, which see. graft, n. graft (F. greffc, a slip or shoot for grafting : Dut. greffie, a cutting for grafting or planting in the ground, a style for writing— from L. graphium, a pointed instr. for writing on waxen tablets), a small shoot or scion cut from one tree and inserted into a part of another : v. to insert a cutting of one tree into part of another in such a way that they unite ; to in- sert anything into a body to which it did not origi- nally belong: graft'ing, imp. : n. the act or art of in- serting grafts or scions : grafted, pp. : adj. inserted on a foreign stock : graft er, n. one who. grail, n. grdl, or gradual, grad'u-al (It. graduate, gradual— from L. gradus, a step), a book of anthems in the R. Cath. Ch. grain, n. gran (F. grain; L. granum ; It. grano, grain, corn), any small hard mass ; a single seed ; corn in general ; any minute particle ; the smallest weight, so named because supposed of equal weight with a grain of corn ; the unit of the English system of weights : v. to form into grains, as powder : grained, a. grand, formed into grains ; roughened : grain-dealer, one who deals in corn : grain-tin, tin melted with charcoal ; that reduced from the melted grains of tin-stone : grains of paradise, the seeds of a certain plant largely imported from Africa, and used illegally to give a pungent flavour to spirits and beer : granary, n. grdn-drl, a building for storing grain: graniferous, a. -ij'-cr- ns (L. j\ ro, I carry), bearing hard seeds or grain ; gran'iform, a. -l-jawrm (L. forma, shape), resembling grains of corn : graniverous, a. -6-riis (L. voro, I devour), grain-eating : granular, a. grdn'-u-ler, consisting of grains ; resembling grains : gran'ularly, ad. -ll: granulate, v. -kit, to form into grains or very small pieces ; to make rough on the sur- face ; to repair lost parts, as a wound in healing : gran ula'ting, imp. : gran'ula'ted, pp. : gran'ula'tion, n. -hl'-shun, the act of forming into grains; the art of forming metals into grains by pouring them when melted, from a height into water ; small fleshy excres- cences springing up on the surface of wounds in the process of healing : gran'ule, n. -ul, a little grain : gran'ulous, a, -lus, full of granules. grain, v. gran (old Eng. grain, the kermes, an insect found on certain oaks, from which the finest red dyes were formerly obtained : F. graine, seed, the kermes : It. grana, the redness upon the surface of some work : Sp. grana, seed, the cochineal dye, the cloth dyed with it), to paint or ornament in imitation of wood : grain'- ing, imp. : n. a mode of painting in imitation of the grains of wood ; a process of staining : grained, pp. grand: grainer, n. -er, one who paints in imitation of the grain of wood ; the brush with which he works ; an infusion of pigeons' dung in water, used for giving flexibility to skins in the process of tanning ; grain colours, dyes made from cochineal. grain, n. gran (Icel. gren, a branch : Dan. green, a branch, a bough), direction of the fibres of wood ; the wood as modified by the fibres ; the form or direction of the constituent particles of a body ; the temper or disposition: grains, an instr. with barbed prongs, used at sea for spearing fish : against the grain, against the direction of the fibres : to go against the grain, to be repugnant to ; to cause trouble or mortifi- cation to : to dye in grain, to dye in the raw material ; to dye firmly : the grain-side of leather, that side of game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. GRAI 236 GRAS the tanned or dressed hide on which the hair grew. Note.— The three preceding entries are necessarily connected, but it was judged more convenient to make each one begin a separate paragraph, chiefly with the view of exhibiting the derivations with greater distinctness. grains, n. plu. grans (a corruption of drains: Russ. (Iran, refuse : Dut. drank, drees : Sw. drag, grains), the refuse or husks from malt or grain after mg or distillation. graip, n. grap (Scot.), a dung-fork; a forked instr. • i] lifting potatoes, &c. graith, n. grath (Scot.), furniture ; accoutrements ; the working tools of a miner. grallae, n. plu. grdlMe, also grallatores, n. plu. grd.l'-ld-to'-rez (L. grallafor, he that goes on stilts— from gradus, a step), stilted or long-legj ed wad mi- i such as the stork or crane : gral'latory, a. -ter-l, of or pert, to; also gral'lato'rial, a. -to'-rl-ai. gramineal, a. grd-mln'6-dl, also gramin'eous, a. -a-us, and gram'ina'ceous, a. -a'shus, (L. gramineus, pert, to grass — from gramen, grass: F. gramince), grassy; like grass; pert, to grass: gramineae, n. plu. grd-min'-e-e, also graminaceae, grdm'-in-d'sl-e, a very extensive and important order of plants called grasses: graminlfo'lious, a. -i-fo'-li-us (L. folium, a leaf), bearing leaves like grass : gram'iniv'orous, a. -Iv'-o-rus (L. voro, I devour), feeding on grass. grammar, n. grdm'mer (F, gramrnaire— from Gr. gramma, a letter), the science which treats of the "principles of language ; the art of speaking, reading, or writing any language with correctness according to established usage ; the book containing the rules and principles relating to a language ; propriety of speech ; speech according to grammar : adj. pert, to : gram- mar-school, a school where the Latin and Greek lan- m.m. ;>re chieflj baught: gramma'rian, n. -md'-rl-dn, one versed or skilled in the grammar of a language : grammatical, a. -m&t'i-kdl, according to the rules of grammar; belonging to grammar; also grammat'ic, a. -Ik: grammatically, ad. -II: grammat'icalness, n. the quality of being according to the rules of gram- mar : grammat'icise, v. -slz, to render grammatical ; to act the grammarian: grammat'ici'sing, imp. : gram- mat'icised, pp. -sizd. gramme, n. grdm (F.), a French unit of weight equal to 1543'2 English grains. grammysia, n. grdm-mi'-sl-d (Gr. gramme, a line, and raws, am issel-shell). in geol, a mussel-like bivalve occurring in the Upper Silurian strata. grampus, n. grdm'pus (a probable corruption of F. grand poisson, great fish), a large species of arctic dolphin which is frequently found on our northern coasts. granary, granula, granulate, &c— see grain, corn. grand, a. grdnd (F. grand: It. grande ; L. grandis, great, large), splendid; sublime; lofty; great, as ap- plied to size ; the second degree of parentage or descent, ,s grandmother ; principal or chief, as grand-master grandly, ad. -II: grand jury, a jury that decides whe- ther there is sufficient evidence to put the accused on trial : grandchild, a son or daughter's child, the male being a grandson, the female a granddaughter: grandfather or grandsire, n. the father of one's father or mother: grandmother, n. the mother of one's father or mother : grandee, n. grdn-de', a Spanish nobleman; a man of great rank: grandee'ship, n. the state or rank of a grandee : grand'ness, n. magni- ficence ; greatness : grand' eur, n. -yer, splendour of appearance ; that which excites a feeling or sentiment of greatness; elevation of sentiment, language, or grandiloquent, a. grdn-dll'-O-kwSnt (L. grandis, great, and loquor, I speak), pompous in language; bombastic: grandil'oquence, n. -kwSns, pomposity of language : grandil'oquently, ad. -II. grange, n. grdnj (F. grange, a barn— from L. gran- um, corn), a granary ; a farmhouse with its attached buildings. granite, n. grdn'-lt (F. granit, granite: It. granito, kernelly or corny, as figs, or oil in winter : L. granum, grain, corn), a well-known rock, having a granular- crystalline composition and appearance, and composed of quartz, felspar, and mica, arranged in distinct grains or crystals: granitic, a. grd-nit'-ik, partaking of the character and appearance of granite ; also granit'ical, a. -l-kdl: granitoid, a. -lt-dyd (Gr. eidos, likeness), applied to such rocks as have the granular-crystalline aspect of granite: graphic granite, grdf-lk- (Gr, mate, mat, far, law; mCte, met, her; plne,pin; note, n6t, mOve; mal ri ,:! tines f Arabii .vriting. grant, v. grdnt (old F. cranter, to confer an advantage— from mid. L. gratum, consent ; grantum, satisfaction : or old F. craanter, to assure— from L. credentia, trust, assurance), to admit as true what has not been proved; to give or bestow something which cannot be claimed by right ; to concede : n. tin; thing conferred on or conveyed to; an allowance : n. -te', the person to whom anything is conveyed o_ granted : grant'or, n. -er, in law, one by whom a grant is made. granular, granulate, granulation, &c— see under grain, corn. grape, n. grap (F. grappe; It. grappo, a cluster or bunch of grapes : It. grappa, the stalk of fruit), the fruit of the vine ; a single berry : gra'py, a. -pi, like grapes, or made of grapes ; full of clusters of grapes : grape'less, a. without grapes : grape-shot, a number of balls arranged in three tiers by means of circular plates, and secured by a pin passing through the cen- tre, intended to be discharged from a gun ; shot dis- charged in clusters : grapestone, n. the seed of the grape : grape-sugar, a variety of sugar obtained prin- cipally from fruits, forming also the basis of honey, and often called sugar of fruits, sugar of starch, or glucose: grapery, n. gra'perl, a place where grapes are grown. graphic, a. grdf-lk (Gr. grapho, I write: L. graphiews, done to the life: F. graphique, gra- phic), well delineated ; described with accuracy ; life- like ; having the appearance of writing, as graphic granite; also graphical, a. -l-kdl: graphically, ad. -II. graphite, n. grdf-lt (Gr. grapho, I write), a mineral, known chiefly by the name plumbago or black-lead, though lead does not at all enter into its composition, graphometer, n. grd-fom'-e-ter (Gr. grapho, I write, and metron, a measure), a mathematical instrument for measuring angles, called also a semicircle : graph- omet'rical, a. -m&t'rl-kai, pert, to or ascertained by a graphometer. graphotype, n. grdf-0-tlp (Gr. grapho, I write, and tupos, a type), a method of producing book illustra- tions for printing along with type, without the art of an engraver. grapnel, n. grdp'nel (F. grappin or grappil, the grapple of a ship), a small anchor with four or five flukes or claws, used to hold boats or small vessels ; a grappling-iron ; also grap'line or grap'ling. grapple, v. grdp'pl (It. grappare, to clutch, to grapple: Sw. grabba, to grasp: Dut. grabbelen, to seize greedily), to seize ; to lay fast hold of; to contend in close fight, as wrestlers : n. a seizing firmly ; a wrest- ler's hold ; a close fight ; an iron instr. by which one ship fastens on another : grap'pling, imp. -pllng-. adj. catching as a grapple : grap'pled, pp. -pld .- to grapple with, to contend with; to struggle against boldly: grappling-irons, small grapnels used in sea-battles. graptolites, n plu. grdp'-to-lits (Gr. graptos, writ- ten, and lithos, a stone), in geol., fossil zoophytes akin to the sea-pen of modern seas, found throughout the Silurian deposits ; also graptollthus, n. tol'-l-lhus. grapy— see grape. grasp, n. grasp (Ger. grappsen, to grope : Pol. grabki, a fork: connected with gripe and grab), the grip or seizure of the hand ; hold or possession ; power of seizing : v. to grip or seize the hand ; to catch at ; to lay hold of greedily ; to encroach : grasping, imp. : adj. covetous ; rapacious : n. seizure ; attempt to seize : grasped, pp. grdspt: grasp'er, n. one who: grasp '- able, a. -a-bl, capable of being grasped : grasp'ingly, ad. -II. grass, n. grds (AS. grces ; Dut. gras, grass : Norm. gras, applied to every green herb : Dut. groese, growth, increase), field or hill pasture ; the plants having simple leaves, jointed and tubular stems, &c: v. to cover with turf or herbage : gras'sing, imp. : grassed, pp. grast : gras'sy, a. -si, covered with grass ; green with grass : gras'siness, n. : grass'less, a. wanting grass : grass -green, a. green like grass: grass -grown, a. grown over with grass : grasshopper, n. (grass, and hop), a small nimble insect living among grass : grass- plot, a level spot covered with grass: grass-wrack, GRAT 237 GREA. Pol. kruta, a grate, a lattice), a framework of iron bars for holding the fuel in a fireplace ; a partition or frame made of bars : gra ting, n. the bars of a grate. grate, v. grat (F. grafter, to scratch, to scrape : Ger. kratzen, to scratch : Icel. grata ; Scot, greet, to cry— from the high pitch of a crying voice producing the disagreeable sensation), to rub one body against an- other so as to produce a harsh sound ; to wear away into small particles by rubbing against anything rough ; to act or utter so as to offend ; to irritate : gra- ting, imp.: adj. causing a sense of harsh rubbing or rasping; offensive; disagreeable: n. a harsh sound or rubbing : grated, pp. rubbed harshly ; worn off by rubbing: grater, n. grd'-ter, a kind of' kitchen rasp; any rough instr. to grate with: gratingly, ad. -II, harshly. grateful, a. gr&t'fobl (L. gratus, pleasing, agreeable : It. grato), having a due sense of benefits or kindness ; agreeable ; affording pleasure to the senses : grate- fully, ad. -H: gratefulness, n.: gratify, v. grdt'-l-fl (L. facio, I make), to give pleasure to ; to delight ; to please: gratifying, imp. : adj. giving pleasure: grat- ified, pp. -/id : grat'ifier, n. -cr, one who : grat ifica'- tion, n. -fl-kd'-shun, the act of pleasing the mind, taste, or appetite ; that which affords pleasure or de- light : gratitude, n. -tud, an emotion of the heart ex- citing a desire to return benefits received ; a senti- ment of goodwill toward a benefactor. graticulation, n. grd-tlk'-u-ld'-shiin (F. graticider, to divide into small squares in painting : L. craticula, a small hurdle— from crates, wicker-work, a hurdle), the art of dividing a plan or design into squares in order the more easily to reduce the copy to a smaller size. gratis, n. gi-d'-tls (L. gratiis, out of favour or kind- ness—from gratia, favour), for nothing ; freely ; with- out reward : gratuitous, a. grd-tu'-l-tus (L. gratuities, that is done without reward or profit — from gratia, favour), free ; not required by justice : without cause or provocation ; assumed or taken without ground or proof: gratuitously, ad. -II : gratu'ity, n. -l-tl, a gift ; a present ; a donation. gratitude, n.— see under grateful. gratulate, v. grdt'-u-ldt (L. gratulatus, wished joy grat'ula'tion, n. -Id'shun, an address or expression of joy to a person : grat ula'tory, a. -ter-l, expressing congratulation. grauwacke— see graywacke. gravamen, n. grd-vd'-men (L.— from gravis, heavy, weighty), cause of complaint or action. grave, a. grdv (L. gravis, heavy, weighty: It. and F. grave), serious ; sedate ; not gay, light, or trifling ; weighty ; momentous : gravely, ad. -It .• grave ness, n., also gravity, n. grdv'-l-tl, weight; heaviness; seri- ousness ; solemnity— see gravitate. grave, n. grdv (Ger. grab ; Dut. graf; Pol. grob, a grave : Dut. grave, a ditch, anything dug ; graven, to dig), the pit in which a dead body is laid ; a tomb ; a sepulchre : grave-clothes, the dress in which the dead are interred : gravedigger, n. one who digs and prepares graves : graveless, a. without a grave : grave- stone, n. a monumental stone : grave-wax, a familiar term for adipocere, because occasionally found in graveyards. grave, v. grdv (F. graver, to carve: Ger. graben; Dut. graven, to carve, to dig), to carve or cut letters or figures on any hard substance, as stone or wood; to carve or form : gra'ving, imp. : graved, pp. grdvd, also graven, pp. grd'-vn: gra'ver, n. an engraving tool : one who engraves. gravel, n. grdv'-el (It. gravella ; F. gravelle, sand), small stones or pebbles rounded by the action of water ; sandy matter sometimes found in the kidneys or bladder : v. to cover with gravel ; to puzzle ; to embarrass ; among horses, to hurt the foot by gravel in the shoe : grav'elling, imp. covering with gravel ; hurting the foot, as of a horse : n. act of covering with gravel : gravelled, pp. -eld, covered with gravel : grav'elly, a. -II, abounding with gravel. graveolent, a. grd-ve'-O-ldnt (L. gravis, heavy, and oleo, I smell), strong-scented : grave'olence, n. -lens, a strong and offensive smell. graves, n. grdvz, also greaves, n. (Sw. grefwar; Low Ger. grebe; Ger. gruben, graves: It. gruma, the sedi- ment that sticks to anything, tartar: Sw. grums, cot'.', boy, fool; pure. bi,d; chair grounds, dregs), the dregs at the bottom of the pot in melting tallow made up into cakes as food for dog.", &c. : to grave a ship, to smear the hull with graves, for which pitch is now employed: graving-dock, a dock from which the water can be run off in order to smear a ship with graves ; an enclosure on the side of a river or on the sea-shore, into which a vessel can he floated for examination and repairs. gravid, a. grdv'-ld (L. gravis, heavy), weighty ; being with young ; pregnant : gravidity, n. -l-tl, pregnancy. gravimeter, n. grd-vlm'-6-tir (L. gravis, heavy, and Gr. metron, a measure), an instr. for ascertaining the specific gravity of bodies, whether liquid or solid. graving, n. gra'ving (see graves), the act of cleaning a ship's bottom and covering it with pitch : graving- dock, n. place where this is done. gravitate, v. grdv'-l-tdt (L. gravitas, heaviness— from gravis, heavy: It. gravita: F. gravite), to tend towards the centra of attraction : grav'ita'ting, imp. a. tending towards another body by the law of gravi- tation: grav'ita'ted, pp. : grav'ita'tion, n. -td'-shun, the peculiar force by which all bodies are drawn to the surface of the earth or in the direction of its centre ; the tendency of all bodies, at liberty, to ap- proach each other: gravity, n. -l-tl, weight; heavi- ness ; the power or force which draws or attracts all great bodies to a common centre, as the earth or planets to the sun ; the power or force which draws all unsupported bodies to the surface of the earth in the direction of its centre ; seriousness ; solemnity ; atrociousness ; weight of guilt : centre of gravity, the point of a body which, if supported, all the other part-; will be equally balanced : specific gravity, the relative weight of any solid or liquid as compared with the weight of an equal bulk of distilled water, or of any gas as compared with air. gravy, n. grd'-vl (from graves, the dregs of melted tallow : Low Ger. grebe, graves), the juice and fat which drips from flesh while roasting ; dripping ; gray or grey, a grd (Icel. grar; AS. gro?g; Low Ger. graag, gray: Gr. grata, an old woman: the pro- bable original meaning was party-coloured), of a white colour tempered with black ; hoary ; mature : n. a colour compounded of black and white in various proportions : gray'ish, a. -ish, gray in a moderate de- gree : gray'ness, n.: graybeard, n.'an old man ; a large coarse earthenware vessel for holding liquors ; for- merly stoneware drinking-jugs having a bearded face on the spout; the preceding also spelt grey-: gray- stone, n. a volcanic rock of a grayish colour. grayling, n. grd'-Ung (corruption of gray-lines, re- ferring to the dusky streaks along the body), a native fish allied to the trout, called also the umber. graywacke, n. grd-wak'-d, also grauwacke, grdTr- wdk'd, and greywacke (Ger. grauwacke), a hard silici- ous sandstone composed of grains or fragments of dif- ferent minerals ; also the strata now known as Sil- urian. graze, v. gr&z (Ger. kratzen, to scratch : Icel. krassa, to scratch, to tear : F. razer, to shave, to graze), to rub or brush lightly anything in passing ; to touch and glance from, leaving a very superficial wound: gra- zing, imp.: grazed, pp. grdzd. graze, v. grdz (AS. grasian, to graze— from grccs, grass : Dut. grazen, to graze), to furnish pasture for ; to feed on grass ; to supply grass : gra'zing, imp. sup- plying pasture: adj. feeding on grass: n. the act of feeding on grass ; a pasture : gra'zer, n. an anima I which grazes : grazier, n. grd'-zher, one who pastures cattle and rears them for market. grazioso, n. grdt'-sX-o'zd (It.), in music, an intima- tion to perform the music smoothly and gracefully. grease, n. gres (It. grascia, grease : F. gras, fat ; graisse, grease : Gael, creis, grease), soft animal fat, as tallow or lard ; a disease in the heels of horses : v. to smear, rub, or anoint with fat : greasing, imp. grt'zlng, smearing with fat or oily matter : greased, pp. grezd : greasy, a. gre'-zl, oily ; of or like grease ; smeared or covered with grease : greasily, ad. -It : grea'siness, n. oiliness ; fatness. great, a. grat (Dut. groot ; Ger. gross), large or considerable in bulk, dimensions, or number ; weighty ; adorable; marvellous; principal; having rank or power ; illustrious ; eminent ; of a high and noble character; expressing an extension or unusual de- gree of a thing; pregnant ; a word used in the more remote steps of consanguinity, either ascending or de- scending, as greatgrandfather; hard, difficult, or game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. GREA 238 GRIN grievous : great'ly, ad. -II .- great'ness, n. largeness ; extent ; high degree, rank, or place ; eminence ; ele- vation of sentiment ; magnificence ; grandeur : great- coat, n. an overcoat : great seal, n. the principal seal of a state : the great, people of rank or distinc- tion : great-hearted, a. noble; undejected: great circle— see circle. greaves, n. plu. grevz (Norm. F. greve, the shin or shinbone: Sp. grevas, greaves), armour for the legs. greaves, n. gravz—see graves, dog's food. grebe, n. greb (F. grebe; W. crib, a comb, a crest), a water-fowl of the duck kind. Grecian, a. gre'shdn, pert, to Greece: n. a native of Greece ; one a ersed in the Greek language : Grecise, v. gre'siz, to translate into Greek ; to render Grecian : Greci'sing, imp. : Gre'cised, pp. -slzd : Gre'cism, n. -sizm, a Greek idiom. greedy, a. gre'di (AS. grccdig, greedy: Goth, gre- dags, crying for food, hungry), ravenous ; voracious ; having a keen appetite for food or drink, or for any- thing desired; vehemently desirous: gree'dily, ad. ■VI: gree'diness, n. keenness of appetite for food or drink ; voracity ; ardent and selfish desire : greed, n. gred, greediness ; avarice. Greek, n. grek, a native of Greece ; the language ; in familar It \U lligible : adj. pert, to Greece : Greek'ling, n. a beginner in Greek : Greek fire, a composition said to burn under water- see under fire. green, a. gren (Icel. graz, to grow ; grcenn, green : Dut. groeyen, to grow ; groen, green), of the colour of plants or herbage ; verdant ; flourishing ; fresh ; not dry ; half-raw ; unripe ; inexperienced : n. a colour ; a small grassy plain : greens, n. plu. certain fresh vegetables dressed for food : green'ish, a. somewhat green: green'ly, ad. -li: green'ness, n. quality of being green ; unripeness ; freshness ; vigour ; in- experience : green-bone, n. two kinds of British fish, so called from the colour of their bones when dressed : green-crop, a crop, such as grasses, turnips, &c, used chiefly as fodder for cattle : green-earth, n. an earthy variety of chlorite, occurring in various shades of green: green-eyed, a. having eyes that see through a false medium as if coloured with green ; jealous : greenfinch, a small sinking bird of a greenish col- our : green-mantled, a. covered with verdure : green- gage, a variety of plum: greengrocer, n. one who deals in vegetables and fruit : greenhand, n. one raw and inexperienced : greenhorn, n. a raw youth easily imposed upon ; one unacquainted with the world : greenhouse, n. a house, built mostly of framework filled with glass, in which tender plants are reared : greenroom, n. in a theatre, the actors' retiring room, painted green : greensand, n. the lower portion of the chalk system as developed in the south of England, so called from its greenish colour : green-sickness, n. a disease in which the person affected has a sickly pale- ness, with a green tinge of the complexion, chiefly confined to ui 1 1 rri fern 1 1 s : greenstone, n. a gene- ral designation for the dafdgi tiul i crystalline var- ieties of trap, in which greenish or blackish -green colours largely prevail : greensward, n. turf on which grass grows: greenwood, unseasoned wood; a wood or forest when the leaves are out : adj. pert, to : green vitriol, the sulphate of iron in the form of crystals : green tea, a name of several commercial varieties of tea: green turtle, the species of turtle imported as a high luxury for making turtle soup : Scheele's green, a pigment of a vivid light green colour, prepared from arseniate of copper. greet, v. gret (Dut. groeten; old H. Ger. grozjan, to salute : W. gresaw, to welcome), to salute in kindness and respect ; to congratulate ; to meet and salute : greeting, imp. : n. a salutation ; expression of kind- ness or joy : greeted, pp. : greet'er, n. one who. greffier, n. gref'fi-er (F.— from Gr. grapho, I write), a registrar or recorder. gregarious, a. gre-gd'rl-us (L. gregarius, pert, to a herd— from grex, a flock— gen. gregis: It. gregario), associated or living in flocks or herds ; not living alone: grega'riously, ad. -II: grega'riousness, n. Gregorian, a. grS-gO'ri-dn, denoting what pert, to Gregory, the name of several popes : Gregorian cal- endar, the calendar as reformed by Pope Gregory XIII. in 1582 : Gregorian chants, a collection origi- nally compiled by Gregory the Great. grenade, n. gre-nad' (F. grenade, a pomegranate, a ball of wild-fire made like a pomegranate : L. grana- lum, a pomegranate), a hollow ball of iron or other metal filled with powder, to be thrown from the hand amidst an enemy when ignited by means of a fuse : grenadier, n. gren'dder', a foot-soldier, so called from from others by their dress and arms— now usually applied to the Grenadier Guards. gressorial, a. gres-sO'ri-dl (L. gressus, a stepping or step), applied to the feet of birds which have three toes forward, two of them connected, and one behind. grew, gro, pt. of grow, which see. grey, a. grd, another spelling of gray, which see : grey-head r ed, a. aged, as shown by the colour of the hair : greyhound, n. grd'hdivnd (Icel. grey-hundr, a bitch), a tall slim >\<>- im;i rli;: ■ grey mare is the better horse, the wife rules the husband : the Greys or Scots Greys, an Eng. cavalry regiment so named: greystone, a greyish granular rock of volcanic origin : grey-wethers, the weather- worn and half -rounded blocks of grey sandstone which are scattered over the surface of the lower Downs and other districts in the S. of Eng. ; also known as Sarsen or Druid stones. griddle— see under gridiron. gridiron, n. grld'irn (W. greidyll, a griddle— from greidio, to scorch or singe : Gael, gread, to burn : Sw. gradda, to roast), a grated frame for broiling flesh or fish over a fire ; a kind of frame for drawing up a ship on to be docked and repaired : griddle, n. grld'l (Scot. girdle), an iron plate to bake cakes on ; a bakestone ; a sieve with a wire bottom used by miners. grief, n. gref (F. grief, oppression : It. gravare, to aggrieve, to oppress— from L. gravis, heavy), pain of mind on account of any trouble, past or present, or of fault committed ; sorrow ; that which afflicts : grief- less, a. without grief: grieve, v. gr6v (from grief), to cause pain of mind to ; to afflict ; to hurt ; to mourn or lament: grieving, imp. : grieved, pp. grevd: griev'- er, n. one who : grievance, n. -dns, that which causes grief or uneasiness ; a hardship or wrong : griev'ingly, ad. -li: griev'ous, a. -us, hard to be borne; burden- some ; distressing : griev'ously, ad. -li : griev'ous- ness, n. griffin, n. griffin, also griffon, n. -fon (F. griffon ; L. gryjis; Gr. grups, a griffin: Gr. grupos, carved, hook-nosed), a fabulous animal, half eagle, half lion : griffin-like, a. resembling the rapacity of a griffin. grig, n. grig (from its wriggling motion), a small eel ; a sand-eel ; a grasshopper or cricket. grill, v. grll (F. griller, to broil— from grille, an iron grate), to dress or broil on a gridiron; to harass: grilling, imp.: grilled, pp. grild: adj. broiled on a gridiron : grillade, n. -lad, the act of grilling ; some- thing broiled. grilse, n. grils, in Scot., a salmon not fully grown, usually one in its second year. grim, a. grim (Ger. grimm, fury, wrath : Dut. grim: Ger. grimmig, crabbed, enraged : W. grem, a grinding or gnashing of the teeth), ugly and fierce ; stern and surly ; impressing terror and alarm ; hideous : grimly, a. -li , having a frightful or hideous look : ad. in a grim manner ; hideously : grim'ness, n. fierceness of look ; sternness : grim-faced, a. having a grisly appearance, and stern scowling look. grimace, n. grl-rnds 1 (F. grimace, a crabbed look: Dut. grimmen, to snarl, to grin : It. grima, wrinkled), a wry face ; a distortion of face from habit, affectation, or insolence : grimaced', a. -mxlst', distorted. grimalkin, n. gri-mdl'kln (gri, a corruption of gray, and malkin, a dim. of mall or mawkin, a scarecrow), an old cat ; a fiend supposed to resemble an old cat. grime, n. grim (It. groma, the dirt that sticks to anything: Sw. grum; Icel. grom, dirt, dregs: Norm. grima, a spot or stripe), foul matter; dirt; a black- ness and foulness not easily cleansed : v. to foul or soil deeply : gri'ming, imp. : grimed, pp. grlmd : grimy, a. grl'mi, dirty ; foul. grin, v. grin (Dut. grimmen, to grin, to snarl: Norm, grina, to wry the mouth : F. gronder, to snarl : L. ringi, to open wide the mouth, to show the teeth), to close or clinch the teeth and open the lips, as in mirth, scorn, or anguish : n. the act of closing the teeth and showing them ; an affected laugh : grin'- ning, imp.: adj. showing a grin: grinned, pp. grind: grin'ner, n. one who : grin'ningly, ad. -II. grind, v. grind (Dut. grimmen or grinden, to grin, to grind the teeth— from grinding the teeth, the term being transferred to the breaking small by a mill), to break and reduce to powder by friction or rubbing, as mate, mdt,fdr, law; mite, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; GRIP 2 between stones ; to sharpen or polish ; to oppress by severe exactions; in fain iliar lunyuacie, to prepare a student for examination, and to prepare one's self ; to perform the operation of grinding: grind'ing, imp.: adj. harassing; oppressing : n. act or process by which anything is ground; the act of preparing one's self for examination: ground, pt. and pp. gro~wnd, did grind : grind' er, n. one who or that which ; a back or molar tooth : grindstone, n. a flat circular piece of sandstone for sharpening tools. grip, n. grip (Dut. gruppe or gripjje, a furrow: Ger. grube, a ditch— from grabm, to dig: connected with groove), a little ditch or channel for surface water. grip, n. grip (see gripe), a grasp; a holding fast; strength in grasping; a peculiar mode of clasping the hands ; that by which anything is grasped : v. to grasp; to hold fast: grip'ping, imp.: gripped, pp. grlpt. gripe, n. grip (Dut grijpen; Gen F. griffe; It. grifo, a claw), a clasping with the hand or arms; ahold; a grasp; pinching distress; oppres- sion ; pain in the bowels : v. to catch with the hand ; to seize ; to grasp ; to pinch ; to press ; to cause a colicky pain in the bowels; in nav., applied to a ship when she runs her head too much into the wind: gri'ping, imp.: adj. catching or holding, as in a gripe ; distressing, a,s griping poverty: n. the sensation of pain or pinching ; distress: griped, pp. grlpt : gri'per, n. one who : gn'pingly, ad. -II. grisette, n. grlzet' {¥.), in France, a tradesman's wife or daughter ; a shop girl. grisly, a. grlz'-U (AS. grislir, grisly, dreadful: Bav. gruseln; Ger. grieseln, to shudder), frightful; hor- rible ; hideous : grisliness, n. Grisons, n. grlz'uns (F.j. the most eastern of the Swiss cantons ; the inhabitants. grist, n. gi-lst (F. grust, grain for grinding or for making beer), corn for grinding ; the grain carried by a customer to the mill at one time ; that which is ground at one time ; gain ; profit : grist-mill, origi- nally a mill for grinding the quantities of grain brought by different customers : grist to the mill, gain or profit. gristle, n. grls'l (Swiss, krb'spelen, to crunch ; kros- pele, gristle : Pol. grysc, to gnaw : Dut. krijsselcn ; prov. Eng. grist, to grind the teeth), soft bone which makes a peculiar crunching noise when bitten; in animal bodies, a smooth, solid, elastic substance, chiefly covering the ends of bones ; cartilage : gristly, a. grls'll, of or like gristle : grist'liness, n. grit, n. grU (AS. greot, sand, dust: Icel. griot, stones : Ger. graus, rubbish, fragments : Low Ger. grut, grit, gravel : F. gres. gritty stone), any hard sand- stone in which the component grains of quartz are less rounded or sharper than in ordinary sandstones; rough hard particles : grit'ty, a. -tl, containing sand or grit: grit'tiness, n. the quality of consisting of hard particles or grit. grits, n. plu. gritz, the proper spelling of groats, which see. grizzle, n. grlz'l (F. and Sp. gris, grey: Dut. grijs, grey: Ger. greis, grey, an old man; grieselen, to fall in morsels: F. qresille, covered or hoar with rime), a mixture of white and black; a grey colour: grizzled, a. -Id, grey; of a mixed colour: griz'zly, a. -II, somewhat grey. groan, n. grOn (Dnt. groonen, to groan: W. grwn, a broken or trembling noise : F. grander, to snarl, to grunt: an imitative word), a deep mournful sound uttered in pain, anguish, or sorrow : v. to utter a deep moaning sound ; to be oppressed or afflicted : groan- ing, imp.: n. lamentation; complaint; a deep sound uttered in pain or sorrow : groaned, pp. grond. groat, n. grot (Dut. groot; Ger. grot, great: Low Ger. grote, applied to a great coin containing five of a smaller), an old silver coin of Edward III. equal to 4d. ; a small sum. groats, n. plu. grdts (Dut. grut ; Ger. grutze, grain husked, and more or less broken : Norm, graut ; Dan. grbd, porridge : AS. grut, meal, wort), oats that have the hulls or shells taken off. grocer, n. gro'ser (F. grosserie, wares sold by whole- sale—from gros, gross, great), one who sells tea, coffee, sugar, &c: gro'cery, n. -i, a grocer's shop or store: groceries, n. plu. -Iz, the articles sold by a grocer : grocery is also used in the sing, for articles sold at a grocer's. grog, n. grog (said to be so called from the nickname of an admiral who wore a grogram coat), a mixture of cow, ooy,fo~ot; pure, bud; chair, 9 GROU spirit and cold water not sweetened: grog-shop or grog'gery, n. -ger- 1, a shop dealing in spirits : grog'gy, a. -gi, tipsy. grogram, n. grog'rdm (F. grosgrain, coarse grain), a kind of stuff with large woof and a rough pile. groin, n. gro~yn (F. groin, snout of a hog: Dan. green, prong of a fork: Sw. gren, arm of a stream, fork of a pair of trousers), in the human body, the depressed part between the belly and the thigh ; the angular curve formed by the intersection of two arches : groined, a, grdynd, having an angular curve formed by the intersection of two arches: groins, n. plu. groynz (old F. groing, a tongue of land jutting into the sea), a frame of woodwork constructed across a beach, perpendicular to the general line of it, to retain or gather shingle. gromet, n. or grommet, n. grom'et (F. gourmette, a curb), among seamen, a ring formed of a twist of rope laid in three times round. groom, n. groin (Dut. grom, a youth; grome, a lover: F. gramme, a servant: Goth, guma; old Eng. gome, a man), a man or boy who has the charge of horses ; a man about to be married or who has been recently married—more usually called & bridegroom: v. to tend and clean, as a horse: grooming, imp.: n. the care and feeding of horses: groomed, pp. groin d: groom's man, an attendant of a bridegroom at his wedding— familiarly called best man: groom in wait- ing, groom of the chamber, groom of the stole, cer- tain officers of the English royal household. groove, n. grov (Dut. groeve, a furrow: Ger. grube, a pit^from gi-aben, to dig), a furrow; a channel or long hollow cut by a tool : v. to furrow ; to cut a chan- nel with an edged tool: grooving, imp.: grooved, pp. gr&vd. grope, v. grOp (Sw. grabba, to grasp: Pol. grabic, to seize, to rake: connected with grab and grasp), to feel one's way, as with the hands, or as a blind man ; to search or attempt to find, as in the dark: gro'ping, imp. : groped, pp. grOpt: gro'per, n. one who: gro - pingly, ad. -ll. groschen, n. grbsh'Sn, a small silver coin of Ger- many, worth about three halfpence. gross, a. gros (F. gros; L. crassus, thick), thick; fat ; corpulent ; coarse ; rude ; indelicate ; impure ; unrefined; great, as gross ignorance; whole or entire : n. the whole taken together; the whole weight of goods, including box, package, or suchlike ; the mass : grossly, ad. -II, in a gross manner; coarsely; pal- pably : gross'ness, n. coarseness ; thickness ; un- wieldy corpulence ; want of refinement or delicacy : gros'sinca tion, n. -sljlka'shun (L. j'acio, I make), in bot., the process of swelling in the ovary after fer- tilisation: gross average, the average upon the gross or entire amount : by the gross, by the whole weight or bulk : in the gross, in the bulk ; with all parts taken together. gross, n. grOs (F. grosse— from gros, large), the number of twelve dozen : great gross, 112 gross. grossart, n. groz'ert (old F. groiselle; F. groseille; mid. L. grossula, a gooseberry), in many districts, a familiar name for a gooseberry: gros'sular, n. gros' uler, also gros'sulaire, n. -ICir, the name given to the pale gooseberry-green varieties of translucent lime- alumina garnet. grossbeak, n. gros'-bek (F. grosbec, large beak), the hawfinch, a native bird having a short bill very thick at the base. grossular, &c— see grossart. grot, n. grot, or grotto, n. grot'tO (F. grotte; It. grotta, a cave, a den : F. crotter, to dig), a cave ; a cool recess or excavation ; a summer-house in a garden of a particular form and ornamented, as with shells, &c. : grottoes, plu. -tOz. grotesque, a. grO-tesK (F. grotesque, odd — from grotte, a grotto : It. grottesco), literally, the style in which grottoes were ornamented ; extravagant ; whimsical ; ludicrous : n. whimsical figures or scen- ery : grotesquely, ad. -II : grotesque ness, n. ground, n. groivnd (Goth, grundus ; Icel. grunnr ; Pol. grunt; Gael, grunnd, ground), the earth or soil, as distinguished from air or water; the surface or upper part of the earth ; soil ; territory or region ; estate or possession ; that which supports anything ; fundamental cause; primary reason; in a painting, the primary or principal colour; fundamental sub- stance: v. to lay or place on the ground; to settle in first principles ; to fasten or strike on the bottom, as a ship in too shallow water : grounding, imp. : ground- game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. GROU 240 GUAR ed, pp. fixed on the ground, as a ship ; thoroughly in- structed : ground'age, n. -aj, toll for lying in port : ground'edly, ad. -li, upon good grounds : groundless, a. without foundation ; false : groundlessly, ad. -li, without just cause or reason: groundlessness, n. want of just cause or reason : ground'ling, n. name of a fish that keeps at the bottom of the water : grounds, n. plu. dregs or lees; in arch., pieces of wood let in flush with the plastering, for which they serve as a guide, and to which the mouldings and other finish- ings are nailed: ground -bait, bait thrown into the water to assemble fish : ground-floor, the lowest floor of a house on a level with the outside ground : ground- ice, ice formed under peculiar circumstances at the bottom of running water: ground-ivy, n. an aromatic plant which creeps along the ground : ground-plan, the plan of the lowest or bottom flat of a house : ground- plate, in arch., the piece of timber which forms the lower part of a timber building : ground-plot, ground on which a building is placed : ground-rent, rent or feu paid for the ground on which the house is erected : groundsel, n. grown'sel, a very common wild plant producing clusters of yellow flowers : groundsil, n. -sll, also -sel, sdl (AS. sil, threshold), the timber of a build- ing which lies next to the ground : ground-swell, the heavy swelling and surging of the sea after a storm, or as indicating an advancing storm : ground-tackle, in a ship, all the ropes, &c, connected with the anchors and other mooring apparatus : groundwork, n. the foundation or basis of anything; first prin- ciples ; fundamentals : to gain ground, to advance ; to have some success : to lose ground, to give way ; to go back ; to retire. group, n. grdp (F. groupe, a cluster: It. groppo, a knot or lump of anything), a small crowd or assem- blage ; in art, an assemblage of figures or objects hav- ing some resemblance or character in common : v. to bring or place together in a cluster or knot : group'- ing, imp.: n. the art of arranging or combining the ob- jects in a picture, &c, in harmony with the design: grouped, pp. gropt. grouse, n. grows (F. griescJie, speckled, grey), the heath-cock ; a wild fowl of several species. grout, n. grdtot (AS. grut, meal of wheat or barley : Dut. gruete, chips and fragments of stones : Gael. gruid; Dut. gruys, lees, dregs), coarse meal; a fine plaster for finishing ceilings ; any solution of lime for cementing stones ; an admixture of gravel and lime for cementing walls : grouting, n. finishing with grout. grove, n. grCv (AS. graef, a cave, a grove : old Eng. greaves, trees, boughs), a small wood or cluster of trees. grovel, v. grov'-l (It. grufolare or grofolare, to grub up with the snout like the hog: Icel. grufla, to feel with the hands, to grovel on the ground), to creep on the ground; to be low or mean: grov'elling, imp. -ling: adj. mean in life or character ; without dig- nity : grov'elled, pp. -Sid : grov'eller, n. -er, one who. grow, v. gro (AS. growan, to be green: Icel. groa; Dut. groeyen, to grow, to flourish), to increase in size or stature by a natural process ; to increase or become greater; to be changing from one state to another ; to vegetate ; to cause to vegetate ; to improve ; to pro- ceed, as from a cause or reason: growing, imp. : adj. advancing in size or extent; increasing; thriving; producing : grew, pt. gr6, did grow : grown, pp. gron : adj. increased in growth ; arrived at full growth or stature : grow'er, n. one who raises or pro- duces : growth, n. grOth, the act of growing ; in- crease; advancement: grown over, covered with a growth, as of creeping plants: to grow out of, to issue from, as a branch from a tree ; to result from : to grow up, to arrive at full stature or maturity: to grow together, to become united by growth. growl, n. grdivl (Dut. grollen, to cry as a cat: Norm. gryla, to grunt: F. grouller, to rumble: Ger. groll, spite, rancour), a deep angry snarl, as of a dog; an angry murmur : v. to snarl or grumble as an angry dog: growl'ing, imp.: growled, pp. grdivld: growl- er, n. a grumbler ; a snarler : growTingly, ad. -li. growse, v. grdz (Ger. grausen, to shudder at : Bav. gruseln, to shudder), in Scot., to chill before the ague- fit ; to shiver; to have chills: grows'ing, imp.: n. a shivering : growsed, pp. grdzd. growth— see under grow. grub, n. grub (Dut. grubbe, a pit, a ditch: Low Ger. grubhfln, to root about with the hand: Ger. griibeln, to pick, to stir), a short worm that digs in the earth ; mate, mdt, far, law; mete, mit, a maggot : v. to dig up with the hands or with a small instrument, as roots ; to root out of the ground by digging; to work underground, as a grub; to work among, as by digging, raj ly for an object difficult to be reached : grub'bing, imp. : n. the a<:t of digging up by the roots : grubbed, pp. grubd : grub'ber, n. -er, an instr. for digging up the roots of trees ; an instr. for breaking up land and rooting up weeds. grudge, n. gruj (F. gruger, to grieve, to mutter: Gr. „ rudsein, to grumble, to mutter), secret enmity ; ill- will ; an old cause of quarrel ; discontent : v. to give >r take unwillingly ; to be discontented at another's jujoyments or advantages : grudging, imp. : n. dis- content at another's possessing, &c. ; grudged, pp. grujd: grudg'er, n. -er, one who: grudgingly, ad. -li, with reluctance or discontent. gruel, n. gro'-el (F. gruau, oatmeal: W. grual, gruel: Norm, grant, porridge : prov. F. gruua, husked oats or grain more or less broken), a thin mixture, made by boiling oatmeal in water. gruff, a. grief (Dan. grof, coarse: Gris, grufflar, to snore), rough or stern in manners or voice ; harsh or surly: gruffly, ad. -ll: gruff'ness, n. roughness of manner or voice. grugings, n. plu. griij'lngz (Norm. F. grugeons), the same as gurgeons, which see. gram, a. grum (Dan. grum, atrocious: AS. grom, fierce: Gael, gruaim, a surly look: W. grwm, a growl), sour ; surly : grum'ly, ad. -li, in a surly manner : adj. surly; morose: grum'ble, v. -bl (Dut. grommelen; F. grommeler, to murmur), to express discontent in a low murmuring voice; to growl; to make a hoarse rambling noise: grumbling, imp.: n. a murmuring through discontent : grum'bled, pp. -bid: grumbler, n. -bier, one who grumbles ; a discontented man : grum'blingly, ad. -II. grume, n. gr6m (L. grurnus, a little heap or hillock : It. grumo, a clot of blood), a fluid thickened; a clot, as of blood : grumous, a. grd'-mus, thick ; clotted ; knotted ; in 60?., in clustered grains— applied to fleshy tubercular roots : gru'mousness, n. grunt, n. grunt (L. grunnire ; F. grogner ; Ger. grunzen, to grunt, to mutter), a short rougli sound, as uttered by a hog or sow : v. to utter a short rough sound, as a hog ; to snarl : grunt'ing, imp.: adj. utter- ing grants: n. the sounds uttered by a hog; the act of one who grants : grunt'ed, pp. : gruntlngly, ad. -II. gryphaea, n. gri-je'-d, or gryphite, n. gri'fit (L. gryps; Gr. grups, a griffin), in geol., a sub-genus of the oyster family, abounding in the lias, oolite, and chalk formations. guaiacum, n. gwd'-y&hum (Sp. guayaco), the resin of a tree of the same name, much used in medicine- shortened into guiac, givi'ak. guano, n. g6b-&'n6 • rwa 'm ! ( Sp. guano or huano— from Peruvian, huanu, dung), the dung of sea-fowls, found in beds of great thickness on certain islands on the coast of S. Amer., imported and much used as a manure. guarantee, n. gdr'dn-te', also guaranty, n. -dn-ti (F. garantir, to warrant, to vouch ; garantie, warranty : It. guarentia, guarantee, surety), an engagement to see certain stipulations performed ; the person or party who does so: v. to engage that certain stipulations shall be performed ; to undertake to secure to an- other ; to make certain : guaranteeing, imp. : guar- anteed', pp. -ted'. guard, v. gdrd (F. garder, to keep: It. guardare, to look, to guard), to protect; to defend; to watch over; to keep in safety; to be cautious: n. defence; pre- servation or security against loss or injury; that which defends or protects; anticipation of objec- tion ; caution of expression ; a body of men for defence or security; state of caution or vigilance; -'- fencing, a posture ol defence: guarding, imp.: guardianship, n. the office of a guardian : guard'able, a. -d-bl, capable of being protected: guards, n. plu. general name for the regiments of household troops : life guards, cavalry of household troops ; a body of select troops for the protection of a prince: guards- man, n. gdrdz'mdn, a soldier of the guards : ad- vanced guard or vanguard, a body of troops march- ing some distance ill front of an army to prevent sur- prise, or to give notice of danger : rearguard, a body of troops that march behind an army for its protection her; plne,2rfn; note, not, move; GUAV 241 GUN against surprise : guard-room, a room for the accom- modation of soldiers on guard : guard-ship, a vessel of war appointed for service in a harbour or river : on guard, acting or serving as a guard. guava, n. gwd'-vd (Sp. guayaba), a tree of tropical Amer., the fruit of which makes a delicious jelly. gudgeon, n. gvj'-un (F. goujon: L. gobio), a small river-fish easily caught ; a person easily cheated or deceived; the iron pin or shaft on which a wheel turns. guelder-rose, n. gel'-dir-roz, a shrub bearing large bunches of white flowers— called snowball-tree. Guelfs or Guelphs, n. plu. gwelfs (from the great Ger. house of the Weljs or Giwlfs), the name of a famous faction or party in the middle ages in Italy acting in the interests of the Pope— the opposite faction being called Ghibellines, n. plu. gib-el-ins (name supposed to be derived from the castle of Weiblingen). guerdon, n. ger'-don (F. guerdon; It. guiderdone, a reward), reward : recompense : v. to reward : guer - doning, imp.: guer'doned, pp. -dond: guer'donable, a. -a-bl, worthv of reward. guerilla, n. ger-U'ld (Sp. guerrilla, a war of par- tisans—from ffuerra, war), one of an irregular force employed in small bands to harass an army, partic- ularly in a mountainous country: adj. pert, to irreg- ular warfare ; carried on by independent bands. guess, n. ges (Dut. ghissen, to estimate, to guess : Ieel. giska ; Norm, gissa ; Dan. gisse, to guess), a con- jecture; an opinion formed without certain know- ledge : v. to conjecture ; to suppose ; to form an opin- ion without sufficient evidence ; to decide from mere probabilities ; to hit upon the truth : gues'sing, imp. : n. the forming of conjectures: guessed, pp. gist: gues - aer, n. -ser, one who: gues'singly, ad. -U: guesswork, n. random or haphazard conjecture. guest, n. gist (Goth, gasts, a stranger: Ger. gast; Ieel. gestr, a guest: W. gwest, a visit; givestai, a visitor), a stranger or friend entertained in the house of another; a visitor: guest-chamber, n. the apart- ment appropriated to a guest. guide, n. gld (F. guidtr; It. guidare, to show, to direct), the person or thing that directs; one who leads ; a regulator : v. to lead or direct ; to influence ; to instruct; to superintend: gui'dable, a. -dd-bl, cap- able of being guided: guiding, imp. gi'ding: gui'ded, pp.: gui'dance, n. -Jd.-is. a leading; direction; govern- ment: guide 'less, a. -lis, having no guide: guide- post, n. a post at a cross-road, directing the traveller which road to follow: gui'der, n. one who or that which: guide-book, a book for tourists or visitors, containing directions how to visit certain districts or localities, what to see, and where, with useful infor- mation in regard to them ; an elementary treatise. guidon, n. gi'dun (F.), the silk standard of a regi- ment of dragoons. guild, n. gild (Dan. gilde; Low Ger. gilde, a feast, a company, a corporation: W. gioyl; Bret, gouil, a feast), a society ; a corporation ; a confraternity : guildhall, the meeting place of a guild— especially ap- plied to the hall of the corporation of London : guil- dry, n. gil'-dri, the members of a guild. guilder, n. gll'-der, a coin in Holland worth about one shilling and ninepence; a florin. guile, n. gll (old F. guille, deceit: Dut. ghijlen, to delude : Low Ger. gigeln, to deceive by jusglinsr'trick* ), craft ; cunning ; artifice ; duplicity : guile'fuL a. -fool, crafty; insidious; wily: guilefully, ad. -li: guile - fulness, n. : guile'less, a. artless; frank; free from guile: guile'lessly, ad. -II: guile lessness, n. : guil'er, n. -er, a deceiver. guillemot, n. gil'-le-mot (F.), a thick clumsy sea-fowl, found in northern Europe, Asia, and America. guilloche, n. gll-losh' (F. guillocher, to make wav- ing lines by means of an engine), a series of interlaced ornaments'on stone resembling network: guilloched', a. -loshf, waved or engine-turned. guillotine, n. gU'-lo-ten (from the name of the in- ventor), in France and other countries, a machine for beheading at a stroke : v. to take off the head by the guillotine : guillotin'ing, imp. : guillotined, pp. -tend. guilt, n. gilt (Swiss, giilt; Dan. gjeld, debt: AS. gildan; Dan. gielde; Ger. gelten, to requite, to re- turn an equivalent), crime; offence; state of being tainted with sin or crime : guiltless, a. innocent ; free from crime: guiltlessly, ad. -li: guilt' lessness, n. of crime ; wickedness. '. boy, f Jot ; pure, bud; chair, guinea, n. gln-l (from Guinea, in Africa), a gold coin of the value of 21s., not now used : adj. of or belong- ing to Guinea, as guinea-lien: guinea-pig, a small animal of the rodent or gnawing order, covered with white, red, and black patches ; a cony : guinea-worm, a womi which affects the skin of man, particularly the legs, in warm climates. guise, n. glz (F. guise; W. gicis; Bret, giz, way, manner), external appearance; dress; manner: gui- sards, n. plu. gl'zerts, also gui'sers, n. plu. -zers, in Scot., persons, chiefly young persons, who go from house to house in a sort of masquerade, about Christ- mas time, singing songs and soliciting contributions for holiday purposes. guitar, n. gl-tdr' (F. guitare; Sp. guitarra, a guitar : L. cithara, a harp), a stringed instrument, much in the form of a violin, but with a longer neck, and played upon with the fingers. gula, n. gu'-ld, or gola, n. go'-ld (L. gula; It. gola, the throat), the alternate convex and concave parts of the moulding of a cornice ; the cymatium. gules, n. plu. giilz (F. gueides. red or sanguine in blazon— from gueale, the mouth, the throat— so called from the red colour of the mouth), in her., a term denoting red, represented in engravings by upright lines. gulf, n. gulf (It. golfo, an arm of the sea : F. golfe, a whirlpool, a guil':" Dut. gulpen, to swallow), a tract of ocean water extending into the land ; an ami of the sea ; an abyss ; a deep place in the earth ; any- thing insatiable: gulf'y, a. -i, full of or resembling gulfs : gulf-stream, one of the most important of the ascertained ocean-currents, flowing out from the Gulf of Mexico, whose waters, of a high degree of tem- perature, crossing the Atlantic Ocean to the shores of Western Europe, raise or modify, to a consider- able degree, the temperatures of the climates pre- vailing there. gull, n. gul (W. gwylan; Bret, givelan, from the peculiar wailing cry of the bird : Bret, gwela, to weep), a sea-bird of many species. gull, v. gill (Dan. guul; Sw. gul, yellow— from the yellow colour of the down or beak of a young bird), to cheat ; to deceive ; to defraud : n. one easily cheated : gulling, imp.: gulled, pp. gidd: gullible, a. -ll-bl, easily deceived : gullibility, n. -bll'-i-ti. gullet, n. gul'lit (F. goulet, the gullet— from goule, the mouth : Bav. gii.llen ; Swiss, guile, a sink ; L. gula, the windpipe), the passage in the neck of an animal down which food and drink pass into the stomach; the oesophagus : gully, n. gul'-ll (F. goulette), a channel or hollow formed by running water ; a ditch; a gut- ter : gullied, a. -lid, having a hollow worn by water : gully-hole, the mouth of a drain where the water pours with a gurgling noise into the sink or the main sewer. gnlPf v - fffdp (Dut. golpen, to drink greedily: Dan. gulpe ; Norm, gulka, to gulp up), to swallow eagerly or in large draughts : n. as much as can be swallowed at once: gulping, imp.: gulped, pp. gulpt. gum, n. gilm (F. gomme; L. gummi ; Gr. komini, gum: Lang, goumo, sap), a vegetable mucilage or glue, found thickened on the surface of certain trees : v. to smear with gum ; to unite with gum : gumming, imp. : gummed, pp. gumd ; adj. covered or smeared with gum : gurnmif erous (L. few, I carry), bearing or producing gum : gum mous, a. -ttvus, of the nature or quality of gum : gum my, a. -m l, adhesive ; consisting of or resembling gum : gum'miness, n. : gum-arabic, n. -dr'-d-blk, a gum procured from several species of acacia in Africa and S. Asia : gum-lac, -Idk. a resinous substance exuded from the body of certain insects, chiefly upon the banyan-tree. gums, n. plu. gumz (Dut. gum/me; Ger. gaumen, the palate), the fleshy matter surrounding the teeth ; the sockets of the teeth : gum-boil, a boil on the gum. gumption, n. gum-shun (AS. geomian, to take care of), in familiar language, capacity; shrewdness; common-sense. gun. n. gun (old Eng. gonne; mid. L. gunna, a war- engine, a fire-tube : F. guigner, to wink or aim with one eye; guigneur, an aimer with one eye, as a gun- ner), any firearm, except a pistol and revolver; a fowling-piece; an instr. for throwing shot by means of gunpowder, as a musket, a rifle, a cannon : gun- barrel, n. the tube of a gun : gunboat, n. a strongly- built vessel for rivers and coasting, carrying one or more heavy guns: gun-carriage, n. a carriage for bearing and moving heavy guns: gun-cotton, n. game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. GUNT 242 GYRA cotton-wool chemically prepared, and so highly ex- plosive as to be used instead of gunpowder : gun- fire, n. in certain places, a morning and evening gun fired at fixed times : gun'nage, n. -ndj, the number of cannon a ship carries : gun'ner, n. -ner, one appointed over guns or ammunition : gun'nery, n. -£, the art of managing guns, mortars, &c; also the science: gun'- powder, n. -pdw-der, the chemical composition used in guns, &c. : gun'shot, a. caused by the shot from a gun, as a wound : n. reach or range of a gun : gun'- smith, n. one who makes or repairs guns : gun'stock, n. the wood into which the barrel of a fowling-piece, musket, or rifle is fitted: gun-tackle, n. -tdk'l, pulleys and ropes used on board of ships to secure guns or to run them out of the ports : gunwale, n. giin'el, the upper timber of a ship's side from the half-deck to the forecastle ; spelt also gun'nel : to blow great guns, to blow violently. Gunter's chain, n. gun'terz chdn, a surveyor's mea- sure, so named after the inventor, consisting of a series of iron links, usually 100, each being 7 '92 inches in length : Gunter's scale, -skal, a plane scale, having various lines engraven on it, used in certain mathe- matical computations. gurgeons, n. plu. ger'junz (P. gruger, to granulate, to crumble: Dut. gruizen, to reduce to small bits), that part which remains after the fine meal has passed the sieve ; the sittings of meal. gurgle, v. ger'gl (L. gurges, a whirlpool ; gurgulio, the windpipe, the guliet), to flow with an irregular noise, as water in a stream or from a bottle: gur'- gling, imp. -gllng: adj. running or flowing with a broken noise : n. a gushing or flowing with a broken noise : gur'gled, pp. -gld. gurgoyle, n. ger'-gdyl, also gar'goyle (F. gargouille, a water-shoot), an ornamental waterspout in stone, al- ways more or less fantastic. gurnard, n. ger'nerd (F. gournauld — from grogner, to grumble), a small sea-fish of several species with a rough bony skin— so called from the grunting sound the fish emits in certain circumstances; often spelt gurnet, ger'-nit. gurt, n. gert (a corruption of gutter, which see), in mining, a gutter or channel for water, usually hewn out of the pavement or bottom of a working drift. gush, n. gush (Ger. giessen; Dut. gosselen, to pour: Swiss, gusseln, to dabble in wet), a sudden and violent flowing out of a liquid from an enclosed place ; a sud- den flow: v. to rush as a fluid from confinement; to issue with fone and rapidity: gushing, imp.: adj. breaking forth >vith a gush or rush ; exuberant ; de- monstrative : n. a rushing forth with impulsive force : gushed, pp. gusht: gushingly, ad. -II. gusset, n. gits s&t (F. gousset, a fob, the armpit— from F. gousse; It. guscio, the pod or husk, as of peas), a triangular piece of cloth put into a garment to enlarge or strengthen a part ; in mech., an angular piece of iron to unite parts, or to give strength and stiffness to the angular parts of a structure. gust, n. gust (Icel. gustr, a cold blast of wind), a sudden blast of wind ; a sudden violent burst of pas- sion : gus'ty, a. 41, subject to gusts ; stormy. gust, n. gust (L. gustus, taste, flavour : It. gusto : F. gout), sense of tasting ; relish ; intellectual taste : gus'table, a. -td-bl, pleasant to the taste: gus'tatory, a. -ter-i, pert, to the taste ; tending to please the taste : gus'to, n. 46, relish ; that which excites pleasant sen- sations in the palate and tongue. gut, n. gut (Icel. gutla, to sound as a liquid agitated in a cask : Swiss, gudem, applied to the rumbling of the bowels), the intestinal canal reaching with many convolutions from the stomach to the anus ; a passage or strait : v. to take out the inside of anything ; to plunder thoroughly : gut'ting, imp. : gut'ted, pp. : guts, n. plu. stomach ; receptacle for food ; gluttony. gutta, n. gut'td (L. gutta; It. gotto ; F. goutte, a drop), a drop ; concrete juice : gut'ta serena, -se-re- na (L. clear drop), a loss or decay of sight from palsy of the optic nerve without any apparent blindness : gut'tated. a. besprinkled with drops : gut'tae, n. plu. 4e, in sculp. , ornaments like drops : gut'ta-percha, n. -per'chd (Malay, ragged gum), a dried milky juice, the produce of a large forest-tree growing in the East- ern Archipelago, much used in the arts and for in- dustrial purposes : guttif'erous, a. -tif-er-us (L. fero, I bear), yielding gum or resinous substances. gutter, n. gut'ter (F. gouttiere, a channel or gutter: Low Ger. guddern, to gush out : L. gutta, a drop), a channel or hollow for conveying water; any hollow piece of wood or metal for conveying waste water: v. to form into small hollows or channels: gut'terlng, imp.: gut'tered, pp. 4erd. guttural, a. gut'ter-dl (L. guttur, the throat: F. guttural), formed in the throat ; pert, to the throat : n. a letter pronounced in the throat : gut'turally, ad. guy, n. gl (Sp. guia, a guide), in a ship, a rope used to keep a heavy body steady while hoisting or lower- ing; a wire rope, chain, or rod to steady and prevent undulations in a suspension bridge. )tesque effigy of G odd or fantastic n_ guzzle, v. guz'-l (Swiss, gutzeln, to shake liquids in a flask : It. gossare, to guzzle— from gozzo, the throat), to drink much and greedily; to drink often: guz'- zling, imp. -ling: guzzled, pp. -zld: guz'zler, n. -ler, an immoderate drinker. gybe, v. jib, to shift a boomsail from one tack to the other: gy'bing, imp.: n. in sailing, the act of going about when the wind is astern or abaft the beam : gybed, pp. jibd. gyle-tun, jll-tun, a tun or vessel used by brewers. gymnasium, n. jlm-nd'zi-um (L. gymnasium; Gr. gumnasion, in anc. times, a place where they wres- tled naked— from Gr. gumnos, naked), a school for gymnastics or athletic exercises : gymnas'tics, n. plu. -nds'tlks, physical exercises tending to the improve- ment of health and strength, and muscular develop- ment: gym'nast, n. -ndst, one who teaches or prac- tises gymnastics : gymnas'tic, a. -nds'tlk, of or relat- ing to gymnastics : gymnas'tically, ad. -II : gymna'si- arch, n. -nd'-zi-drk, in anc. Greece, the chief officer of a gymnasium. gymnocarpous, a. jlm'-no-kdr'-pus (Gr. gumnos, naked, and karpos, fruit), in bot., applied to naked fruit — that is, fruit having no pubescence nor floral envelope about the fruit : gym'nodonts, n. plu. -dontz, (Gr. odous, a tooth— gen. odontos), applied to a family of fishes in which the jaws are covered with a sub- stance resembling ivory, arranged in small plates, re- presenting united teeth : gymnos'ophist, n. -nos'6-flst (Gr. gumnos, naked, and soi)hos, wise; sophistes, a philosopher), a barefooted and thinly-clad philosopher of India : gymnos'ophy, n. -of I, their doctrines. gymnosperms, n. plu. jim'-no- sperms (Gr. gumnos, naked, and sperma, seed), in bot., plants having naked seeds— that is, whose seeds are not enclosed in a peri- carp: gym'nosper'mous, a. -sper'mus, having naked seeds: gym'nospore, n. -no-spor (Gr. spora, seed), a naked spore— applied to the spores of acotyledonous plants when they are developed outside the cell in which they are produced : gymnos'tomi, n. plu. -nos' tomi (Gr. stoma, a mouth), mosses without a mem- brane to cover the mouths or openings of their spore- cases. gymnotus, n. jlm-nO'tus (Gr. gumnos, naked, and notos, the back), the electric eel of S. Amer. gynandrian, a. jln-dn'dri-dn (Gr. gune, a woman, and andros, a man), in bot., being male and female, applied to those plants — the gynan'dria, -drl-d — which have the stamens inserted in the pistils ; also gynan'drous, a. -drus. gynarchy, n. jin-dr'ki (Gr. gune, a woman, and arche, government), government by a female : gyn'- ecoc'racy, n. -S-kok'ra-sl (Gr. kralos, strength, autho- rity), female ascendancy or government: gyn'eoc'- racy, n. -e-ok'rd-si, a government over which a female may preside ; the rule of a woman. gynizus, a. jin-l'zus (Gr. gune, a woman), in bot, applied to the position of the stigma on the. column of Orchids : gyn'obase, n. -o-baz (Gr. basis, a base), a fleshy substance in the centre of a flower, to the base of which the carpels are attached: gynoe'cium, n. •e'-sl-um (Gr. oikos, a house), the female organs of the flower ; the pistils : gyn'osphore, n. -os-for (Gr. phero, I bear or produce), a stalk supporting the ovary: gyn'oste'mium, n. -te'ml-um (Gr. stemon, a stamen), the column in Orchids bearing the organs of repro- duction. gypsum, n.jip'-sum (L. gypsum; Gr. gupsos, white lime), a soft chalky stone which, calcined and burnt and reduced to powder, is called plaster of Paris ; sulphate of lime : gyp'seous, a,.-sS-us, of or resem- bling gypsum : gypsiferous, a. -sif'-er-Hs (L. fero, I bear), containing gypsum. gypsey or gipsy— see gipsy. a circle, and akantha, : mate, mdt.fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, phi; note, not, mOve; GYEA 2 gigantic fin-spines, the groovings on which run in a spiral manner from the base upwards. gyrate, a. jl'-nit (L. gyrus; Gr. guros, a circuit or compass, a circle), winding or going round, as in a circle : v. to whirl round ; to revolve round a central point: gyrating, imp.: gy'rated, pp.: gy'ral, a. -rdl, whirling: gyra'tion, n. -rd'-shun, a circular motion; a turning or whirling round : gyratory, a. -ter-l , moving or whirling in a circle : gyre, n. jlr, a circular motion; a circle described by a moving body: gyred, a. jird, falling in rings: gyrfalcon, n. jlr-fdw'-kn, a species of hawk, from its circling around before de- scending on its prey. termed from their circular grinding teeth : gyrog'o- nites, n. plu. -rog-6-nltz (Gr. gonos, seed), the spiral seed-vessels of plants allied to the chara, and found fossil in the fresh-water tertiaries. gyromancy, n. jl'ro-mdn-si (Gr. guros, a circuit, and manteia, divination), a kind of divination by walking in a circle or ring. gyroscope, n. jl'-ro-skop (Gr. guros, a circuit, and skopeo, I see), an instr. which can exhibit the effects of revolution and rotation. gyrose, a. jl'ros (Gr. guros, a circle), in hot., turned round like a crook. gyves, n. plu. jlvz (W. gefyn, fetters), shackles or iron fetters for the legs : gyve, v. jlv, to fetter ; to shackle: gy'ving, imp.: gyved, pp.jlvd. ha, int. M, a word expressing wonder or surprise ; when repeated in rapid succession, it expresses laughter or joyous exultation: n. the interjection so sounded: ha-ha, n. ha-ha, also written hah-hah, in landscape gardening, a sunk fence, so named as in- dicating the surprise expressed when the division is first unexpectedly discovered. haaf, a. ha/(Icel. haf: Dan. hav, the sea), pert, to the deep-sea fishing ofT the Orkney and Shetland Islands— called the hoof-fishing. habeas corpus, n. and a. ha'bl-ds kor'-pus{L. habeas, you may have, corjm^, the body), in law, derived from the Great Charter, so called from containing these words, and which secures the liberty of the sub- ject, or his person from illegal restraint; a writ or document which orders the body of a person confined in prison, or otherwise in restraint, to be produced. haberdashery, n. hdb'er-ddsh'er-i (Icel. hapartask, things of trifling value), small wares, woollen drapery goods, and suchlike : hab'erdash'er, n. a dealer in soft goods, as woollens, linens, silks, &c. haberdine, n. hdb'-ir-din (F. habordeau; Dut. ab- berdaan), a kind of cod-fish cured ; poor-john. habergeon, n. hd-ber'jl-un (F. haubergeon, origi- nally a little coat of mail — see hauberk), a coat of mail or armour to defend the neck or breast, formed of little iron rings. habiliment, n. hd-bll'l-ment (F. habillernent, clothes —from habiller, to dress: L. habitus, dress), a gar- ment; clothing: habiliments, n. plu. garments or dress in general. habit, n. hab'lt (L. habitus, state of the body, dress —from habeo, I have, I possess : F. habit, a suit of clothes), dress ; the particular state of the body ; a coat with a long skirt worn by ladies on horseback ; the tendency to any action or practice occasioned by custom or frequent repetition ; manner; way; inbot., the general external appearance of a plant: v. to dress or array : hab'iting, imp. : habited, pp. : habit- ual, a. hd-bit-u-dl, formed or acquired by habit; cus- tomary; usual: habitually, ad. -II: habit ualness, n. : habit'uate, v. -u-dt , to accustom ; to make famil- iar by frequent use or practice : habit'ua'ting, imp. : habit'ua'ted, pp. -d'tsd: habituation, n. -a'shun: habitude, n. -tild, state with regard to something else ; long custom : habit-maker, a tailor who makes long cloth riding-dresses for ladies: habit-shirt, a thin muslin or lace garment worn over the neck and breast by females. habitable, a. hdb'l-td-bl (L. habitabilis, habitable— from habitare, to have possession of, to inhabit: F. habitable), that may be dwelt in : hab'itableness, n. -bl-nes, capacity of being inhabited: hab'itancy, n. -tdn-sl, abode ; legal settlement : hab'itat, n. -tat (L. habitat, it in! [welling; the natural locality of an animal or plant: hab'ita'tion, n. -td'shun, a place of abode ; a house ; a residence. hacienda, n. hds'i-en'dd (Sp.), in Sp. Amer., an iso- lated farmhouse with surrounding land. pp. -ntd : adj. used much or in common ; worn : hack- ney-coach, a carriage exposed for hire. hack, n. hdk (Dut. hacken. to cut up ; hacke, a spade: Ger. hacken, to chop: Dan. hakke, to hack, to mince), a notch or cut made by the blow of an instru- ment: v. to cut or chop with repeated strokes; to mangle ; to notch ; to cough in a short broken man- ner: hack'ing, imp. : hacked, pp. hdkt: hack- watch, in nav., a good watch with a seconds finger, used in taking observations, to obviate the necessity of con- stantly moving the chronometer. hackery, n. hdk'er-l, in Bengal, a native cart drawn by oxen. hackle, n. hdk'l, also heckle, Mk'l (Dut. Jiekel; Ger. hechel; Fin. hakyla, a hackle, a comb), an iron-spiked comb or machine for dressing flax, raw silk, or any flimsy substance; a fly for angling, dressed with feathers or silk: v. to dress flax with a hackle; to tear asunder: hackling, imp. : n. act or process of preparing flax by the hackle: hackled, pp. hdk'ld: hackler or heckler, n. hek'ler, one who : hackly, a. -ll, rough, as if hacked ; covered with sharp points : hackles, n. plu. huk'lz, the long shining feathers from the cock's neck used to make artificial flies. hackmatack, n. hdk'-mdtdkf ', the Indian, and now the popular, name of the red larch. hackney— see hack, a horse. had, pt. and pp. of have, which see. haddock, n. hdd'ok (old F. hodot; Scot, haddie), a common sea-fish of the cod kind, used for food. hade, n. hdd, among miners, the steep descent of a shaft ; the inclination or deviation from the vertical position of a mineral vein : v. to deviate from the ver- tical ; to slope, as a fault, vein, or lode : ha' ding, imp. n. the amount of deviation from the vertical ; the dip in a vein : ha'ded, pp. Hades, n. hd'dez (Gr. hades, the invisible), among the Hadj, n. hdj (At. hadjdj— from hadjdja, to set out, to go on a pilgrimage), the pilgrimage to Mecca or Medina by a Mohammedan: hadji, n. hdj'-i, one who has made the pilgrimage. hadrosaurus, i -us (Gr. hadros, mighty, and sauros, a lizard), in geol., a huge herbivorous reptile, whose remains were discovered in 1858 in the chalk-marls of Haddenfield, New Jersey. haemachrome, n. he'md-krorn (Gr. haima, blood, and chroma, colour), the colouring matter of the blood. haemadynamometer, n. he'mddln'd-mdm'S-ter (Gr. haima, blood, dunamis, force, and metron, a mea- sure), an instr. for measuring the force of the flow of blood in the vessels. haemal, a. he'mdl (Gr. haima, blood), relating to blood ; applied to the arch under the vertebral column which encloses and protects the organs of circulation. hsemapophysis, n. he -m6 haima,blood, and apophysis), in anat., the parts projecting from a vertebra which form the haemal arch. haematemesis, n. he'-md-Um'-i-sts (Gr. haima, blood, and emeo, I vomit), a vomiting of blood. haematin, n. he'md-tin (Gr. haima, blood), the col- ouring matter of the blood : hae'matine, n. -tin, the colouring matter of logwood. haematite, n. he'md-tlt (Gr. haimatitis, resembling blood— from haima, blood), bloodstone, a native oxide of iron of a reddish colour, and having a blood-like cow, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. a horse kept for all kinds of work, or for ordinary any thing or person overworked on hire ; a drudge ; anything much used : hackney, n. hdk'nl, hackneys, plu. -nlz, a horse kept for hire : adj. let out for hire ; devoted to common use : v. to use much ; to use or convey by a hackney: hack'neying, imp.: hack'neyed, ILEMA 244 HALF streak: hematocele, n. /< r. haima, blood, and kele, a tumour), a tumour tilled with blood. haematocrya, n. he'-md-tok'-H-d (Gr. haima, blood, and kruos, cold), a term applied to the cold-blooded vertebrate animals, as fishes and reptiles. hematology, n. he'ma una, blood, and logos, discourse) a desi ription of the blood. haematosine, I i In, same as hcematin. hsematosis, . i (Gr. haima, blood), the formation of blood. haematotherma, n. he'md-to-ther'md (Gr. haima, blood, and thermos, warm), a term applied to the warm-blooded vertebrate animals. haematoxylon, n. he'md-toks'l-lon (Gr. Haima, blood, and xulon, wood), the logwood-tree : hae'matox'yline, 11. -lln, the colouring principle of logwood. hematuria, n. he-ma I ima, blood, and ouron, urine), a discharge of bloody urine. haemoptysis, n. hi-mop'-i lima, blood, and ptuo, I spit), a coughing up or spitting of blood. haemorrhage, n. h&m'-dr-rdj' (Gr. haimorrhagia, a flowing of blood— from haima, blood, and rhegnumi, I burst forth), amorbid flow of blood from the nose, lunf " -royds (Gr. rheo, I flow, and eidos, appearance), piles . called in Scripture, emerods : haem'orrhol'dal, a. -rdy- ddl, pert. to. Note.— All the above words, and others, from haima, blood, are oftener spelt with e than 03. haft, n. hdft (AS. hazft, a handle : Icel. hefta; Dan. hefte, to fettt i to bin h I \> ut of a cutting instru- ment by which it is held and used ; a handle : v. to set in a handle. hag, n. hdg (AS. hmges, a witch: connected with haggard), a fury ; an ugly old woman ; a witch ; an eel-like fish, one of the lamprej family: hag'ged, a. •6d, ugly ; like a hag : hag'gish, a. -Ish, of the nature of a hag; deformed; ugly: hag'gishly, ad. -II: hag- like, a. like a hag. hag— see under haggard. haggard, a. hdg'gerd (F. hagard, wild, strange— from Ger. hag, a wood, a thicket), wild and rough in appearance ; having sunken eyes ; gaunt or lean : n. anything wild or irreclaimable : hag'gardly, ad. -M : hag, n. hdg, or hag'ger, n. -ger, in Scot., a person em- ployed in felling timber : hag, a quagmire, as a moss- hag. haggis, n. Jidg'ls (Scot, haggis; F. hachis, a hash), in Scot., chopped heart, lungs, and liver of the lamb or sheep mixed with suet and oatmeal, well seasoned with condiments, and boiled in a sheep's or lamb's haggle, v. hdg'l (Swiss, haggeln, to wrangle : Scot. hogglin, unsteady), to be difficult in bargaining ; to stick at small matters : hag'gling, imp. -ling : hag'- gled, pp. -Id .- hag'gler, n. -ler, one who. Hagiographa, n. hdg'l-og'rd-fd, also haglog'raphy, n. -ft (Gr. hagios, holy, and grapho, I write), a certain division of the Old Testament Scriptures, comprising Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Canticles, Daniel, Chronicles, Nehemiah, Ezra, and Esther; the sacred writings; the holy Scriptures: hag'iog'raphal, a. -rd- fdl, pert, to the sacred writings: hag'iog'rapher, n. -fer, one who : hag'iol'ogist, n. -ol'6-jist (Gr. logos, a word), one who writes or treats of the sacred writings : hag'iol'ogy, n. the history of saints. hah, int. ha— see ha. hail, n. hdl (AS. hagol; Ger. hagel; Norm, hagl, hail: Norm, hagla, to fall in drops), drops of rain frozen while falling : v. to pour down like hail : hail'- ing, imp. : hailed, pp. hold : hail'stone, n. a drop of rain frozen while falling. hail! int. hdl (Goth, hails; AS. hal, sound, healthy— see hale), a word expressive of a wish for one's health : n. a familiar greeting ; a reverential salutation. hail, v. hdl (Low Ger. anhalen, to call to one : Dut. halen, to send for), to address one in passing; to call after loudly. hair, n. hdr (Dut. haer; Ger. haar, hair), fibres or threads of different degrees of fineness which cover the bodies of many animals ; anything very small and fine having length : a hair, a single hair ; a fine slen- der thread or filament : the hair, the whole collection or body of threads or filaments growing upon an ani- mal, or upon any distinct part : hairy, a. hdr'l, cov- ered with hair; resembling hair: hairiness, n. -ngs, the state of being covered or abounding with hair : hair-breadth or hair's-breadth, a very small distance ; among the Jews, the 48th part of an inch : hair'less, a. without hair : hair-brush, a brush for smoothing and dressing the hair : haircloth, a woven fabric chiefly composed of horse-hair : hairdresser, one who trims and arranges the hair: hair-dye, a preparation for darkening or altering the colour of the hair : hair- gloves, gloves made of horse-hair for rubbing the skin while bathing : hair-line, a fishing-line made of horse-hair: hair-net, anetfon;ii<:l female's hair: hair-oil, oil for moistening the hair, generally per- fumed: hair-pencils, small brushes made of fine hairs used by artists : hair-pin, a bent wire, or a double pin, for fastening a female's hair : hair-powder, a kind of fine powder for sprinkling on the hair: hair-salt, a popular name for native sulphate of magnesia, appearing as fine capillary inn iwhat.ions on damp walls: hair-sieve, a strainer with a haircloth bottom: hair-splitting, the act or practice of making minute or fine-drawn distinctions. hake, n. hdk (Norm, hakefiih, a fish with a hooked under jaw), a kind of sea-fish allied to the cod, so called from having a hook-shaped jaw. hakeem, also hakim, n. hdk'-em (Ar.), in the East, -. 1. man ; a physician. halberd or hal'bert, n. hdl'berd or -bert (F. and Ger. hellebarde, a kind of spear— from Swiss, halm, the handle of an axe, and old H. Ger. parten ; Ger. barte, a broad axe), an anc. military weapon consisting of a long pole terminating in a battle-axe, overtopped by a spear-head: hal'berdier, n. -der, one who carries a halberd. halcyon, n. hdl'-sl-dn (L. halcyon or alcyon; Gr. hal- kuon, the kingfisher, halcyon— from Gr. hals, the sea, and kuo, I conceive), a name formerly given to the bird kingfisher, said to lay its eggs near the sea dur- ing calm weather ; a bird fabled to incubate on the sea, and which so brought about calm weather : adj. calm; quiet; undisturbed; peaceful: halcyon days, the name given by the ancients to the seven days which precede and follow the winter solstice, from the supposed circumstance of the halcyon selecting that period for incubation ; days of peace and tran- quillity: halcyornis, n. hdl'-si-or'-nls (Gr. ornis, a bird), in geol., an extinct bird whose remains occur in the eocene Tertiaries. hale, a. hdl (Goth, hails; AS. hal, sound, healthy: Icel. heill, whole: Gr. holos, entire), sound of body; healthy ; not impaired. hale, v. hdl (F. haler, to haul, to tow— see haul), to drag by force ; to drag violently : ha'ling, imp. : haled, pp. hald. half, n. hdf, plu. halves, hdvz (Goth, halbs, half: Icel. halfa, a pa 1 1 i< 1 1 / < n m 1 > ■ : ■. 1. ■ the portion of a thing divided into two equal parts : adj. in an equal part or degree : ad. in part ; equally ; almost, as half-starved: half-and-half, a mixture of porter, and ale or beer, in about equal portions : half- boarder, a day-boarder only at a school : half-bound, father or mother, but not of both : half-breed or -bred, of a mixed race ; a mongrel ; a race-horse not pure- blooded : half-brother or -sister, related by one par- ent only : half-caste, a cross, as between a European and a Hindoo : half-cock, a. raised only half-way to the Eerpendicular : n. the position of being half raised : alf-crown, the second in value of the British silver coins, in value thirty pence: half- dead, a. almost dead ; very much exhausted : half-farthing, the small- est British copper coin, in value the eighth part of a penny— not now in circulation : half-holiday, half of a working day devoted to rest or amusement: half- measures, not full and complete endeavours or steps to accomplish the end in view : half-moon, the moon when half the disc appears illuminated ; anything like it: half-yearly, a. twice in the year: half-pay, a re- duced pay— applied to naval and military officers: adj. having a reduced pay: halfpenny, hd'-pen-ni, a copper coin, the half of a penny : half-pike, a board- ing-pike used in ships : half-price, a reduced price of half the amount ; a reduced charge for admission : half-round, a semicircular moulding ; half-seas-over, half drunk : half-sovereign, a British gold coin, second in value, equal to ten shillings : half-stuff, in manufac- turing anything, half-formed; a partially - prepared pulp in paper-making: half -tint, an intermediate tint: half-way, midway; equidistant from the ex- tremes : half-witted, a, -wlt'ed, weak in intellect ; silly. mate, mat, fur, laTv; mete, mU, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; HALI 245 HAND halibut, n. hal'-l-biU (Dut, heil-bot— from heil, holy, and oof, as in bot-visch , a flat-fish), a large flat sea-fish. haliography, n. hdl-i-0 : i-rdf-i (Gr. lials, the sea, and qrupho, I write), a description of the sea. halitherium, n. hdl'-i-the-rl-ilm (Gr. hals, the sea, and therion, a wild beast), in geol., a tertiary cetacean having evident affinities to the sea-coivs. halitus, n. hcil'-i-tiU (L. halitus, breath— from halo, I breathe), a breathing ; the vapour from new-drawn blood. hall, n. hawl (AS. Jieal; L. aula; It. sola; F. salle, a house, a residence), a large room ; a large room at the entrance of a mansion-house or palace ; a court-house ; the name often given to the country residence of a nobleman or gentleman; the place of meeting and business of a corporation ; the designation of certain colleges in the English universities: hall-mark, the stamp affixed by the gnldsmiThs' company, and cer- tain assay offices, to gold and silver articles, as a sign Of their quality. halleluiah, n. hdl'-ll-lo'-yd, also spelt hal'lelu'jah (Heb.— from halnl, to praise, and Yah or Jah, Jehovah), praise ye the Lord : n. a song of praise or thanks- giving. halliards or tackles, on their respective masts, for hoisting or lowering sails. halloo, n. hdl-16' (F. halle, an int. of cheering or setting on a dog: Low Ger. hallo, outcry: Sp. jalear, to encourage hounds to follow the chase), a shout to attract attention : v. to cry loudly after ; to shout to : hallooing, imp. : n. a loud shouting : hallooed, pp. hai-mv. hallow, v. hdl-16 (AS. halgian, to keep holy), to make holy ; to consecrate ; to honour as sacred : hal- lowing, imp. : hallowed, pp. hal'lod: adj. consecrated to a sacred use; treated as sacred: Hallowfair, in Scot., a market held in November : Halloween, n. hdl- 10-in (halloic , and even), in Scot., All Hallows' or All Saints' eve, 31st of October: Hallowmass, n. hdl-lo- mas (hallow, and mass), the feast of All Hallows or All Saints, 1st November. halloylite, n. hdl-loli'-lit, or halloy'site, n. -sit (after Omalius d'Halloy), a clayey mineral occurring in soft, smooth, amorphous masses of a whitish colour, rich in alumina. hallucination, n. hdl-lo'- sl-nd'-shun (L. hallucinor, I wander in the mind: F. hallucination), delusion; error; a settled belief in the reality of things which have no existence: hallucinatory, a. -nu'-ter-l, par- taking of hallucination. halm or haulm, n. hawm (Ger. halm; F. chaidme, straw), the stem or stalk of grain; the dead stems of herbs, as of the potato. halo, n. ha'-lo (F. halo; L. and Gr. halos, a halo), a circle or ring of light around the sun or moon ; in a painting, a bright ring around the head of a holy person: haloed, a, by a halo. halogens, n. plu. hdl'-o-jenz (Gr. hals, salt, and Cnao, I produce), substances, such as chlorine, iodine, mine, and fluorine, which, by combination with metals, produce saline compounds: halogenous, a. hd-loj-Sniis, having the nature of a halogen: haloid, n. hd'-loljd, or haloid-salt (Gr. eidos, resemblance), a salt-like compound, produced by the combination of a metal with a halogen. halophytes, n. plu. hdl'-o-fitz (Gr. hals, the sea, and phuton, a plant), in bot., plants of salt marshes, con- taining salts of soda in their composition. halotrichite, n. hd-lot'-ri-kit (Gr. hals, salt, and thrix, hair), an iron alum, a mineral occurring in fibrous silky masses of a yellowish-white colour. halser— see hawser. • halt, a. hafvlt (Goth, halts ; Icel. hcdltr, lame : Norm. Jialtra, to halt, to go lame), lame; crippled: n. the act of limping; a lame man; a cripple: v. to limp from lameness; to hesitate; to falter: halt'ing, imp.: adj. limping: n. act of one who halts: halt'ed, pp. : halt'er, n. one who : haltingly, ad. -It. halt, v. hauit (Ger. and Sw. halt, hold, stop: F. halte, a halt — connected with above), to cease march- ing; to stop; to make a stand: n. a stopping; a stop in marching : halt'ing, imp. : halt'ed, pp. halter, n. hawl'-ter (old H. Ger. halftra; Dut. half- ter, a halter : Bav. halfter, a pair of braces), a rope or strap for leading or confining a horse ; a rope to hang criminals : v. to bind or catch with a halter : hal'ter- halve, v. hav (from half, which see), to divide into colu, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. two equal parts: halving, imp.: halved, pp. hdvel: halysites, n. plu. hdl'l-slts (Gr. halusis, a chain), in geol., chain-pore coral. ham, n. hdm (Icel, horn, the back or rump— from Fin. and Dan. humma or homme, a cry to keep a horse quiet), the back part of the thighs : hamstrings, the strong sinews passing from the hams to the lower legs : ham'string, v. to cut the strong sinews of the leg, and thus to disable or lame : ham stringing, imp.: hamstrung, pp. -strung, disabled by having the strong sinews of the leg cut. ham, n. 7u!»i (Lav. hummen ; Dut. hamme, ham ; Sp. jamon; F. jambon, ham— from F. jambe, a leg), a salted thigh of pork ; the cured leg of any animal. hamadryad, n. hdm-d-drl'-dd (L. hamadryas— from Gr. hama, together, and drus, an oak), a wood-nymph attached to a particular tree. hamate, a. hd'-nult (L. hamatus, hooked, crooked), hooked ; entangled : ha'mated, a. hooked or set with hooks. hamble, v. hdm'-bl, also hammel, v. hdm'-mel (Dut. hamme, a shackle for cows : Icel. hamla, to restrain ; hamladr, disabled: AS. hamelun, to hamstring), to render dogs unfit for hunting by cutting their feet ; to cut the tendons of the legs ; to hamstring. hames, n. plu. hdmz (Wal. hene, a splint or thin piece of wood : Flem. haern, a horse-collar), a kind of collar for a draught-horse consisting of two pieces of iron or wood to which the traces are fastened. hamite, n. hd'-mlt (L. hamus, a hook), in geol., a genus of the ammonite family, so named from the shell, which is hooked or bent upon itself. hamitic, a. hd-mit'-ik, pert, to Hani, a son of Noah, or to his descendants. hamlet, n. hdm'-let (AS. ham, a village, a town : Goth, haims; F. hameau, a village: Swiss, hain, the enclosed ground in which a house is situated), a little cluster of houses in the country; a small village. hammer, n. hdm'-mer (Ger. and Dut. hammer ; Icel. hamar, a hammer : a word imitative of the sound of blows), a striking instr. : an instr. for driving nails, &c. : v. to beat or forge with a hammer : ham'mer- ing, imp. : n. the act of striking with a hammer : ham'mered, pp. -merd : hammer-beam, a tie-beam at the foot of a pair of rafters, but not extending so as to connect the opposite sides : hammer-cloth, the cloth which covers a coach-box, so called because origi- nally the box contained a hammer, nails, &c, for repairs on the coach during a journey : ham'merman, in Scot., name for a smith : to bring to the ham- mer, to sell by putting up for auction. hammock, n. hdm'-mdk (Ind. and Sp. hamaca), the swinging bed of the sailor on board a ship. hamous, a. hd'-mus (L. hamus, a hook), in bot, hav- ing the end hooked or curved. hamper, n. hdm'-per (mid. L. hanaperium, a recep- tacle for cups: F. hanap, a drinking-vessel), a large round basket for carrying articles of produce to market. hamper, v. hdm'-per (Dut. haperen, to stammer, to stick fast ; hapering, a hindrance : Scot, habble, a dis- turbance, a fix), to shackle ; to impede in motion or progress; to perplex or embarrass; to entangle: n. an encumbrance : ham'pering, imp. : hampered, pp. -perd. hamster, n. hdm'-stcr (Gr. hamster), a species of rat having a pouch on each side of its jaw. hamstring— see under ham. hanaper, n. hdn'-d-per (mid. L. hanaperium, a large case), original! 1 (lie ba I m u Inch the king's money or writs were kept ; the treasury or exchequer : hanaper office, one of the offices belonging to the Court of Chancery. hances, n. plu. htin'-sc's (see haunch), the ends of elliptical arches ; in a ship, the falls of the fife-rails. hand, n. hdnd (Icel. henda; AS. hand, the hand- probably named as the instr. of seizing : L. prehen- dere, to seize), the broad extremity of the arm below the wrist ; side ; part ; act ; discipline ; restraint ; power ; agency ; style of writing ; a workman ; cards held in a game : v. to give or transmit with the hand ; to guide or lead by the hand ; to manage : adj. pert, to or used by the hand— much used as the first element of acompound word : hand'ing, imp. : hand'ed, pp.: adj. having the greatest power or dexterity in one of the hands : handless, a. useless with the hands : hand'ful, HAND 246 HARA n. -fSbl, as much as the closed hand will contain : clean hands, innocence ; blamelessness : handbarrow, a barrow earned with the hands : hand-bell, a bell rung by the hand, and not by means of a bell -pull and wires : handbill, a small printed sheet distributed to persons by hand, or from house to house : handbook, a manual : hand's-breadth, a measure of 4 inches ; the which the rate of speed is regulated by pressing the bridle with the hand : hand-gear, the contrivances for working steam-engine valves : hand-glass, a glazed frame for sheltering and forcing outdoor plants : hand- lead, among seamen, the instr. for sounding when passing through shallow water: handloom, -16m, a loom not worked by steam, as opposed to power- loom, one worked by steam: hand-made, made by the hand and not by a machine: hand-rail, a rail supported by balusters, as in staircases : handwriting, the form of writing peculiar to a person; any writing: at hand, near ; within reach : by hand, with the hands ; not by tools or instruments, &c. : from hand to hand, from one person to another : hand in hand, in union ; con- jointly: hand to hand, close union; close fight: hands off, keep off ; forbear : in hand, present payment ; in possession ; in the state of execution : laying on of hands, a form used in consecrating, setting apart, or blessing, by placing the hands upon : off hand, with- out delay, hesitation, or difficulty ; immediately : off one's hands, out of one's possession or care: on hand, in present possession : on all hands, on every side ; by all parties : putting the hand under the thigh, an anc. ceremony used in swearing : right hand, place of hon- our or power: slack hand, idleness; carelessness: strict hand, severe discipline ; rigorous government: to his or my hand, in readiness ; already prepared : under his or my hand, with the proper writing or signature of the name : to be hand and glove, to be intimate and familiar with : to bear a hand, to give help quickly : to bring up by the hand, to bring or rear up, as a child, without suckling it : to change hands, to change sides or owners : to clap hands, to express joy : to come to hand, to be received : to give one's hand in marriage, to take in marriage ; to marry : to hand down, to transmit in succession : to have a hand in, to have a part or concern in doing : to have one's hands full, to be pressed by much labour or by many engagements : to lay hands on, to seize : to lend a hand, to give assistance : to live from hand to mouth, to live barely and uncertainly as to the supply of daily food : to set the hand to, to en- gage in : to strike hands, to make a contract ; to be- come surety for : to take in hand, to attempt; to un- dertake : to wash the hands, to profess innocence. handcuffs, n. hdnd'kufs (hand, and cuff), a ring or chain to confine the hands ; a manacle : handcuff v. to confine the hands with a ring or chain ; to manacle : hand'euffing, imp. : handcuffed, pp. -kuft. handicap, n. hdn'di-kdp, a race in which the horses carry different weights according to age and char- acter for speed, or are placed at different distances, or start at different times, &c, with the view of equalising the chances as nearly as possible ; the term is said to have been originally applied to the method of settling a bargain by putting a hand with money into a cap. handicraft, n. h&n'dl-krdft [handy, and craft), work performed by the hand ; a workman : adj. belonging to a trade : handicraftsman, n. an artisan ; a me- chanic : han'diwork, n. work of the hands ; work of skill or wisdom. handkerchief, n. hdng'ker-chlf (hand, and kerchief), a piece of cloth, usually silk or linen, carried in the pocket or worn around the neck. handle, n. hdn'dl (Ger. handeln, to act ; to trade ; AS. handlian, to touch : from hand), that part of anything held in the hand when used ; that of which use is made ; the instr. by which a purpose is effected : v. to feel, use, or hold with the hand ; to make famil- iar by frequent touching ; to treat or discourse on ; to treat or use well or ill : han'dling, imp. -dllng -. n. in the fine arts, the method of manipulation peculiar to each artist in the use of his pencil : handled, pp. •did. handmaid, n. hdnd'mdd, also hand'maiden, n. -md'dn (hand, and maid or maiden), a female servant or attendant. handsel, n. hdnd'sSl (AS. hand-syllan, a striking of hands, a giving of the hand in token of conclusion : Icel. handsal, an agreement upon which hands have been joined, a settled contract— from AS. syllan: Icel. selia, to give or bestow), an earnest ; money for the first thing sold ; something given or done to make good a contract ; in Scot. , a gift conferred at a par- ticular season, as at or shortly after the new year : v. to pay an earnest; to use anything for the first time : hand'selling, imp. : handselled, pp. -seld. handsome, a. hdnd'sum (Ger. handsam, conveni- ent ; Dut. handsaem, dexterous, convenient), having a well-proportioned and pleasing figure ; beautiful or elegant ; ample ; large ; generous : hand'somely, ad. -II : hand'someness, n. beauty ; elegance ; grace. handy, a. han'-dl (Dan. haendig, handy: Norm. hendt, adapted) ready; able to use the hands with ease and skill ; dexterous ; convenient han'dily, ad. -dl-ll, in a handy manner : han'diness, n. hang, v. hang (Icel. hanga ; AS. hon, to hang), to suspend ; to fasten to something above in such a way as to be movable ; to put to death by suspending by the neck ; to be suspended ; to be supported by some- thing raised above the ground ; to dangle ; to suspend ; to depend; to cling to; to linger: hanging, imp.: adj. dangling; swinging: n. death by a halter : hang'- ings, plu. drapery hung against the walls or at the windows of rooms for ornament ; figured paper-linings for rooms : hung, pt. and pp. hung, did hang ; also hanged, pt and pp. hdngd. Note.— When reference is made to the punishment of death, hang, hanging, hanged, are the words employed, and not hang and hung, hang'er, n. that on which anything is hung ; a short broadsword : hanger-on, a dependant : hang'- man, the public executioner : to hang out, to display : to hang over, to hover or impend; to project: to hang up, to suspend ; to suffer to remain undecided : to hang fire, in mil. , to be slow in communicating fire through the vent to the charge, as in a gun ; to be slow in taking effect. hank, n. hdngk (Ger. henken, to fasten something upon another: Norm, haank, a cluster: Icel. haunk. a wreath of thread), a parcel of thread consisting of two or more skeins tied together ; a coil of thread ; in ships, a wooden ring fixed to a stay ; in iV. of Eng. , a withy or rope for fastening a gate. hanker, v. hdng'ker (Dut. hungkeren, to seek eager- ly : Flem. hungkeren, to hinny), to long for with eager- ness : han'kering, imp. : adj. longing for with ardent desire : n. an ardent or vehement desire to possess or enjoy : hanTtered, pp. -kercl. Hansard, n. hdn'sdrd, the books which contain the official printed records of the proceedings of Parlia- ment, named after the printer. Hanseatic, a. hdn'se-dt'lk (F. hanse, a corporation of merchants— from Icel. handsal, a contract), pert, to the Hanse towns, certain towns in Germany, an- ciently associated for the protection of commerce, now only Lubeck, Hamburg, and Bremen: Han'- sard, n. -sdrd, a merchant of a Hanse town : Hanse- atic league, the famous confederacy of the Hanse towns in the middle ages. hap, n. hdp (Fris. hijnnen, to seize with the hand: Icel. henda, to seize, to happen : F. happer, to hap or catch), that which we catch ; that which falls to our lot; luck; chance; fortune: hapless, a. -Us, unlucky: haply, ad. -II, by chance; casually: haphaz'ard, n. -hdz'erd (hap, and hazard), chance ; accident : hap- ._ or enjoying pleasure or good; fortunate; harmonious ; agreeable ; strikingly appropriate, as a speech: hap'pily, ad. -II: hap'piness, n. state in which the desires are satisfied ; state of mind resulting from the enjoyment of good ; felicity : happy dispatch, in Japan, suicide under legal sanction, and as a mark of consideration to the sufferer, instead of a public exe- cution ; a voluntary death in this manner to avoid disgrace. harangue, n. hd-rdng'(F. harangue— fromlt. arenga, a public set speech ; arringare, to place the audience in a ring for hearing, to make a set speech— from old H. Ger. hring, an arena, a ring), a popular ora- tion ; a public address : v. to make a speech or to give an address to a large assembly : haranguing, imp.: harangued', pp. -rdngd\: harangu'er, n. -er, one who. harass, v. hdr'ds (F. harasser, to tire or toil out, to vex — from the figure of setting on a dog : Norm, hirra, and hissa, to set on a dog), to fatigue or weary to ex- cess ; to weary with importunity or care : har'assing, mate, mdt,fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; HARB 247 HARP imp.: adj. fatiguing; teasing: harassed, pp. har- Cut : har asser, n. -ser, one who. harbinger, n. hdr'bln-jer (AS. heribyrigan; Scot. herbery, to give lodgment or quarters to), a forerunner ; a precursor: har'bingered, a. -gird, preceded by a harbinger. harbour, n. Jidr'bir (mid. L. heribergum, the duty of lodging officers on public service— from old H. Ger. heri; AS. here, an army, and Ger. bergen; AS. beorgan, to shelter: Ger. herberge; It. albergo; F. auberge, an inn"), a place of rest, security, and retirement ; a shel- ter; a port or haven for ships: v. to shelter; to secure ; to secrete ; to entertain : harbouring, imp. : har'boured, pp. -bird: har'bourer, n. one who: har- bourage, n. -«/, shelter : har'bourless, a. shelterless. hard, a. hdrd (Ger. hart; Icel. hardr; Goth, hardus; AS. heard, hard— allied to Gr. kartos, for kratos, strength), not easily penetrated ; firm ; solid ; not soft; not easy to be done or executed; laborious; fatiguing; severe; oppressive; unkind; rough; sour, as applied to beer, &c; unprosperous, as hard times ; avaricious and exacting; in the fi?ie arts, applied to a style which rejects the graces and too rigidly adheres to the mere mechanism of art: ad. close; near; ear- nestly; diligently, as to read hard, to work hard; importunately; nimbly; with great force : hard'ly, ad. ■ll, scarcely; barely; not quite: hardness, n. power of resistance in bodies ; obduracy ; coarseness ; aus- tereness ; stinginess : hard'ish, a. -ish, somewhat hard : hard'ship, n. toil ; severe labour ; oppression ; injustice : hard by, near; close at hand: hard drinker, one who drinks intoxicants to excess : hard-earned, a. -ernd, earned with toil and difficulty: hard-featured, a. having strongly -marked features: hard-fisted, a. having hard strong hands ; covetous : hard-fought, a. vigorously contested : hard-headed, a. shrewd; intel- ligent : hard-hearted, a. having an unfeeling heart ; pitiless ; cruel; merciless: hard-mouthed, a not obey- ing the rein ; not feeling the bit ; not easily governed : hard up, in familiar language, without money or resources; in extremity: hard-visaged, a. having a coarse harsh countenance: hardware, goods or ware made of iron or other metal, as pots, pans, knives, &c. ; ironmongery : hard -water, water containing some mineral substance which renders it unfit for wash- ing purposes : hard-won, n. obtained with difficulty or severe toil : to die hard, to die after a protracted struggle for life : hard-a-lee, the helm put close to the lee side of the ship : hard-a-port, the position of the helm close to the larboard side of a ship : hard-a- starboard, the helm close to the starboard side of a ship : hard-a-weather, the position of the helm on the windward side of a ship. . harden, v. hur'dn (from hard: AS. heardian), to make or become hard, or more hard; to confirm in wickedness; to render firm or less liable to injury: hardening, imp. -dn-lng-. hardened, pp. a. -dnd, made hard ; made unfeeling : har'dener, 11. -dn-er, one who. hardock, n. hdr'dok (hoar, and dock), dock with whitish leaves. hards, n. hdrdz (AS. heordas), the refuse or coarse part of flax. hardware, n.— see under hard. hardy, a. hdr'di (F. hardi; It. ardito, daring: W. hyrrio, to excite, to set on, as a dog), inured to fatigue ; strong in body or in health; bold; brave; strong; stubborn to excess: har'dier, comp. -dl-er, more inured to fatigue: har'diest, superl. -di-est, most inured to fatigue : hardily, ad. -II, stoutly ; not ten- derly : har'diness, n. firm courage ; an enduring body derived from exposure and a life of toil ; excess of confidence ; effrontery : har'dihood, n. -dl-hobd, daunt- less bravery ; effrontery : foolhardy— see fool. hare, n. har (AS. har a; Ger. hase), a common field- animal like a rabbit, but larger, having a divided upper lip and long hind legs : harebrained, a. -brand, giddy; heedless: harelip, n. a cleft or division in the upper lip of a child, like a hare : harelipped, a -ttpt, having a harelip : harebell, the common Scottish blue- bell. harem, n. ha'rem, also ha'ram, n. -rdm (Ar. harama, to forbfd, to deny access : Pers. harim), the apart- ments allotted to females among Eastern families ; a seraglio. haricot, n. h&r'l-ko (F. haricot, small pieces of mut- ton partly boiled and then fried with vegetables, the beans being so called because they are served up sliced), the French kidney-bean ; a kind of ragout of meat and vegetables. hark, v. or int. hdrk (Icel. hark; Bohem. Jirk, noise: Ger. horchen, to listen), used generally in the imperative, hear; listen; hearken. harl, n. hdrl, the skin of flax or hemp. harlequin, n. har'-le-kicln (F.), in a pantomime, the performer who is dressed in a many-coloured tight- fitting suit, and who carries a talismanic wand : har- lequinade, n. -kwlnad, a piece in which harlequin acts the conspicuous part. harlot, n. hdr'-lot (W. herlawd, a youth ; herlodcs, a damsel— the term originally meant simply a young man), a strumpet ; a woman of loose character ; one who forsakes the true God and worships idols : har- lotry, n. -ri , lewdness : to play the harlot, to com- mit lewdness or fornication. harm, n. hdrm (AS. hearm, evil, harm : Icel. harmr, grief: Sw. and Ger. harm, anger, affliction), injury ; hurt; damage; moral wrong; mischief: v. to hurt; to injure; to damage: harming, imp.: harmed, pp. hdrrnd: harm'ful, a. -fool, injurious: harm'fully, ad. -II : harm'fulness, n.: harm less, a. -18s, void of harm ; inoffensive: harmlessly, ad. -II: harmlessness, n. innocence ; freedom from tendency to injure or hurt. Harmattan, n. hdr-rndt'-ttui (an Arabic word), the hot dry wind from the great desert of Africa in Dec, Jan., and Feb. harmonia, n. hdr-mo'nl-d (Gr. harmonia, a joining together— from harmozo, I fit together), in anat., a form of articulation which does not allow motion to the bones. harmonic, a. Mr-mon'-ik, also harmon'ical, a. -i-kdl (L. or Gr. harmonia, a due proportion, as of sounds, harmony— from Gr. harmozo, I fit together), relating to harmony or music; musical; consonant; applied to the sounds which accompany the simple tone of any chord or string: harmonically, ad. -It: harmonica, n. -kd, an instr. formed of glasses on which musical compositions can be performed: harmonics, n. plu. -Iks, the doctrine or science of musical sounds : harmo' - nious, a. -mO'nl-us, sweet to the ear ; living in peace and friendship; in concord; adapted to each other: harmo- niously, ad. -II : harmo niousness, n. : harmon'icon, n. -muii'l-kon, a musical instr. contrived to imitate the effect of a military band, including the triangle, cym- bal, and drum : harmo nium, n. -mo'nl-um, a wind instr. keyed like a piano, and producing sounds similar to the organ, but by means of metallic tongues: har- monise, v. hdr'mo-nlz' , to bring together and recon- cile ; to adiust in harmony ; to agree : har'moni sing, imp. : har monised', pp. -nlzd': har'moni'ser, n. -ser, one who: harmonist, n. a musical composer: har'- monom'eter, n. -ndm'8-ter (Gr. metron, a measure), an instr. for measuring the harmonic relations of sounds : harmony, n. -moni, an agreeable combination of sounds heard at the same time ; the just adaptation of parts to each other ; concord or agreement ; correspon- dence of sentiment or feeling: harmonic triad, in music, the chord of a note with its third and perfect fifth; the common chord: harmonical proportion, that relation of three numbers, when the first is to the third, as the difference between the first and second is to the difference between the second and third, as in the three numbers 2, 3, and 6. harmotome, n. hdr'md-tom (Gr. harmos, a joint, and temno, I cut), cross-stone, one of the zeolite family, and so called from the joint-like intersection of its rhombic crystals. harness, n. hdr'nes (F. harnois ; It. arnesp, all manner of harness— from Sp. guamear, to garnish, to adorn : Ger. harnisch, armour), armour ; the tackle or fittings of horses when employed in dragging carts, coaches, gigs, &c. : v. to prepare a horse with the neces- sary fittings for drawing a vehicle ; to put on war- like accoutrements : har'nessing, imp. : harnessed, pp. -n8st : har'nesser, n. -ser, one who. harp, n. harp (AS. hearp; Ger. harfe; F. harpe, a harp — from F. harper, to seize), a large musical instr., Strang with wires, which are played on with the fin- gers ; a sifting implement for cleaning grain or screen- ing lime : v. to play on the harp ; to bring out a sound from the harp ; to dwell on a subject vexatiously and tediously: harp'ing, imp.: adj. dwelling on continu- ally: n. a continual dwelling on : harped, pp. hdrpt: harp'er, n. -er, one who ; a minstrel : harpist, n. one who plays on or teaches the harp. harpings, n. plu. / hold the timbers of tl ship is planked. harpoon, n. hdr-p6n' (F. harpon— from harper, to anv, boy, foot ; ',, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, (fiere, zeal. HARP 248 HAUB ' grapple), a long-shafted barbed spear, used in catch- ing whales, &c. : v. to strike or kill with a harpoon : harpooning, imp. : harpooned', pp. -pdnd': har- poon'er, -ner, also har'pooneer', n. -ner', one who throws the harpoon. harpsichord, n.Mrp?; - - rd{hai p, and chord : old F. harpechorde), a musical instr. strung with wires, and played by striking keys. harpy, n. h&r'pi, plu har'pies, -pis (F. harpie, a harpy: L. harpyice; Gr. harpuiai, the spoilers, the harpies), fabulous winged monsters, three in number, having the face of a woman and the body of a vulture, armed with sbarp claws, and filthy and ravenous ; a plunderer ; an extortioner. harquebuse, harquebus, and harquebuss, n. hdr- ke-bdbz'—see arquebuse. harridan, n. hdr'rl-ddn (Dut. schaerde ; Wall. hard or har, a breach or nick ; the union of the simple elements, har, breach, and dain, tooth), a decayed or worn-out strumpet. harried— see under harry. harrier, n. hdr'rl-er (from hare), a small kind of hound for hunting the hare ; a kind of hawk (from harry). harrow, n. hdr'ro (Dan. harv, a harrow : Fin. hara, a brush-harrow made of pine-tree branches ; harawa, a hay-rake), an instr. consisting of cross bars and spikes, which is drawn over ploughed land in order to level it, and break the clods or lumps of earth : v. to break or tear with a harrow: har'rowing, imp.: n. the act or process of drawing a harrow over ploughed land: harrowed, pp. -rod: har rower, n. -6r, one ■who. harrow, v. hdr'rO (old F. harau, a cry of distress ; harauder, to utter a cry of distress or pain: Bret. harao, a cry when one is hooted), to distress acutely ; to lacerate, as the feelings; to harass: har'rowing, imp.: adj. acutely distressing; lacerating: har'rowed, pp. -rod, distressed : har'rowingly, ad. -11. harry, v. h&r'-rl (Scot, herry, to rob: AS. hergian, to plunder: Icel. heria, to make an inroad on), to plunder ; to strip ; to pillage ; to handle roughly ; to tease: har'rying, imp.: har'ried, pp. -rid; also for- merly written harow. harsh, a. hdrsh (Ger. harsch, rough : Dan. harslc, rancid: Scot, harsh, harsh, rough), rigorous; rudely severe; jarring; discordant; morose: harsh'ly, ad. -II : harsh'ness, n. roughness to the touch, in manners, or in words. hart, n. hdrt (AS. heort; Icel. hiortr ; Ger. hirsch, a stag), a stag or male deer : hart'beest, n. -best (Dut.), a kind of stag or antelope found in S. Africa : hart- wort, n. a plant: hartshorn, n. the horn of the hart; a medicinal substance originally obtained from the horn of the hart : hartstongue, n. a native fern. hartite, n. hdr'tlt, a fossil resin found in the brown coal of lower Austria. harum-scarum, a. ha'rum-ska'-rum (old Eng. hare, to terrify, and Eng. scare, to strike with sudden ter- ror), unsettled ; rash ; giddy ; flighty. haruspice, n. hdrus'pls (L. haruspex, a soothsayer), in anc. Home, one who pretended to foretell future events by inspecting the entrails of animals sacrificed : harus'picy, n. -pl-sl, the art of foretelling future events by the inspection of the entrails of animals. harvest, n. h&r'-v&st (Ger. herbst, harvest, autumn : Icel. haust, autumn), the time of reaping and gather- ing in corn or fruits; the corn, grain, or fruits gathered; the produce of labour: v. to reap and gather in: harvesting, imp.: n. act of collecting the harvest : har'vested, pp. and a. reaped and collected, as ripe corn : harvester, n. -er, one who : harvest- home, n. feast at the close of the harvest, or song sung at it : harvest-queen, a representation of Ceres carried about at the close of the harvest : harvest-moon, the bright moon near the full at the time of harvest. has, v. hdz (contracted from haves), 3d pers. sing, pres. of have, which see. hash, v. hdsh (F. hachis, minced meat— from hacher, to hack or mince— see hack), to chop into small pieces ; to mince and mix: n. a kind of stew consisting of meat cut up into small pieces : hash'ing, imp. : hashed, pp. hdsht. haslet, n. hds'lSt, or harslet, n. hdrs'lSt (F. hastille, the pluck of an animal -from haste, a spit— from L. hasta, a spear : old F. hastier, the rack on which the hasp, n. Jidsp (AS. hwps, a lock, a latch : Ger. haspe, the hinge of a door: Icel. hespa; Sw. haspa, a clasp, a latch: Dut. haspe, a reel to wind yarn on), a fasten- ing ; the clasp that passes over a staple to be fastened by a padlock: v. to fasten with a hasp : hasping, imp. : hasped, pp. hdspt. hassock, n. hds'sok (Scot, hassock, anything bushy, a large round turf used as a seat : Sp. haz, a bundle of hay, grass, or brushwood), a cushion or thick mat to kneel on in church ; a padded footstool. hast, v. hast (contracted from havest), 2d pers. sing, pres. of have, which see. hastate, a. hds'tdt, or has'tated, a. -ta-ted (L. hasta, a spear), spear-shaped; formed like the head of a hal- berd ; in bot. , applied to a leaf with two portions of the base projecting more or less completely at right angles to the blade. haste, n. hdst (Lap. hasetet; Ger. hetzen, to set on dogs : old H. Ger. heist, anger : Sw. hasta, to push for- ward : Icel. hastr, fierce), hurry ; celerity of motion ; precipitation : hasten, v. ha'sn, to drive or urge for- ward; to accelerate; to push on; to be speedy or quick: ha'stening, imp. -sn-lng: hastened, pp. ha'snd: ha'stener, n. -sn-er, one who: hasty, a. ha'sti, quick; speedy ; eager ; precipitate; irritable; rash: hastily, ad. -II, with speed or quickness ; rashly : ha'stiness, n. -n6s, speed; hurry; rash eagerness: hasty-pud- ding, n. oatmeal and water, or flour and water or milk, boiled quickly together. hastener, n. has'ner — see under haslet. hastlet, n. hds'let—see haslet. hat, n. hdt (Icel. hattr ; Fris. hatte), a covering for the head ; figuratively, the dignity of a cardinal in the R. Cath. Ch.: hat'band, n. a band round a hat: hat- ted, a. hdt'ted, wearing a hat: hat'less, a. without a hat: hatter, n. -ter, one who makes or sells hats. hatch, v. hdch (Ger. hecken, to peck, to hatch young ; hecJce, a hedge or fence, a time of breeding), to produce young from eggs, as by a hen or by artificial heat ; to contrive or plot : n. a brood : hatch'ing, imp.: hatch- ed, pp. hdcht: hatch'er.n. -er, one who or that which. hatch, n. hdch (Dut. hack, a hook; heck, a barrier, a grating Low Ger. haken, to hook, to hold fast : Sw. hack, a hedge of branches : Fin. hakki, a hurdle made of wattles), the frame laid over the opening in a ship's deck ; the opening itself; also called hatchway, a half- door frequently grated: hatches, n. plu. -6z, openings for exploring mines ; flood-gates to stop the course of water. hatch, v. hdch (F. hacher, to hack: Norm, hak, a score or incision), to shade or delineate by lines in drawing and engraving: hatch'ing, n. shading with ablacklead pencil or pen, .or in engraving. Note. — etching may only be a corruption of hatching. hatchel, n. hdch'el or hak'Sl, also hackle, hdk'-l (Ger. hechel; Dan. hekel, a heckle, a comb), a board set with iron teeth used for separating the finer parts of hemp and flax from the coarser; a large sort of comb : v. to separate the finer from the coarser parts of flax or hemp by means of a hatchel: to tease or vex by sarcasms or reproaches: hatch elling, imp.: hatch' elled, pp. -Sid: hatch 'eller, n. -elder, one who. hatchet, n. hdch'et (F. hachette, a small axe— from hacher, to hack), a small sharp axe with a short handle : to take up the hatchet, to make war : to bury the hatchet, to make peace : hatchet-faced, a. having thin prominent features. hatchetine, n. hdch'-et-ln (after Mr Hatchett), mine- ral tallow, a waxy or spermaceti-like substance of a greenish-yellow colour. hatchment, n. hdch'ment (corrupted from achieve- ment), a lozenge-shaped funereal escutcheon or coat of arms, placed in front of the residence of the deceased for a certain time, and afterwards in a church. hate, v. hat (Swiss, hatz, anger: AS. hettan, to per- secute: Icel. hata; Ge.r. hassen, to hate: Goth, hatis, anger: connected with haste), to dislike greatly; to detest: ha'ting, imp. : hated, pp.: ha'ter, n. one who: hate'able, a. -d-bl, that may be hated: hate'ful, a. -fool, exciting hate ; odious; detestable: hate'fully, ad. -II: hate'fulness, n.: hatred, n. ha'tred, intense dislike or aversion ; ill-will ; enmity. hatter, n.— see under hat. hatti-sheriff, n. hat'-tl-sher'-ff [Tmk.— from Ar. hatkt, a writing, and sherif, noble), an irrevocable order direct from the Sultan of Turkey. hauberk, n. haw'berk (old F. hauberc; AS. heals- beorg, a coat of mail— from heals, the neck, and beor- gan, to cover or defend), armour for the neck and mate, mat, far, law; mete, met, Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; HAUG 2 chest ; a tunic of ringed mail descending below the knees, and having short -wide sleeves. -laugh, 11. haXv (AS. haga, a hedge: Ger. hag, a ence), in Scot Qg meadow. . haul (F. haler, to haul : Ger. holen, to fetch : Dut. haelen, to send for, to fetch), to pull or draw with force ; to drag : n. a catch, as of fish ; a pull; among ropemakers, a bundle of about 400 threads to be tarred : hauling, imp. : hauled, pp. hawld: hauler, n. one who. haulm, n. harem— see halm. haunch, n. haunsh (F. hanche, the hip : old H. Ger. hlancha, the flank), the hip ; the part of a man or quadruped which lies between the last ribs and the thigh ; a joint of mutton or venison ; in an arch, the part between the vertex and springing. haunt, n. hawnt (Bret, hent, away: Bret, henti; F. hanter, to frequent, to haunt), a place of frequent re- sort : v. to resort much or often to ; to trouble with frequently visited, especially by ghosts or apparitions ; subject to the visits of : haunter, n. one who. haurl or harle, v. hc'trl (Scot.), to rough-cast a wall with a mixture of lime and gravel : haur'ling, imp. : haurled, pp. h&rld. haustellate, a. haTrs'tSiat (L. haustellum, a sucker —from haurio, I draw water), provided with a sucker : hausto rium, n. -to'-rbum, the sucker at the extremity of the parasitic root of dodder. hautboy, n. hO'bdy (F. hautbois— from haut, high, and bois, wood), a wind instrument like a flute, also called oboe ; a large sort of strawberry. hauteur, n. haw-tir' (F), haughtiness; insolent manner or spirit. haut-gout, ho-g6' (F.), high seasoning ; high relish or flavour. hauyne, n. hdiv'ln (after M. Eaiiy), one of the haloid minerals of a tine azure-blue colour. have, v. hav (Goth. Jiaban; AS. habban; Ger. haben; L. habere, to have), to possess or hold; to en- joy; to be under necessity or impelled by duty, as you will have to do it ; to desire, as I had rather be a doorkeeper in the house of my God ; to buy ; to hold opinion; to bring forth: having, imp.: had, pt. and pp. hdd. Note.— When used as an auxiliary, the com- pletion of the sense is expressed by the verb which follows : to have a care, to take care ; to guard. The phrase, I had rather, is a corruption of I'd rather— that is, / would rather. haven, n. h&'vn (Icel. hofn; old F. havene; F.havre, a haven), a harbour ; a port ; a place of safety ; a shelter. haversack, n. hdv'er-stik (F. havre-sac), a soldier's provision-bag when on a march or on service. haversian-canals, hd-vir'si-dn- (after Havers, their discoverer), a name given to a very complicated ap- paratus of minute canals found in the substance of bone. havildar, n. hdv'-ll-ddr' , a sergeant in the native Indian army. havoc or havock, n. hav'-ok (W. hafog, destruction, . waste ; hai hafog, a cry when cows are committing waste in a field : AS. hafoc, a hawk), wide and gene- ral destruction ; devastation. haw, n. haw (AS. haga ; Ger. hag, a hedge, an en- closure), the berry of the hawthorn ; a gristly excres- cence under the nether eyelid of a horse : hawthorn, n. hdio'thaXcrn (haiv, and thorn), a common prickly tree or shrub, chiefly used in forming hedgerows. haw, v. haw, to make sounds like haw, haw, be- tween one's words in speaking : hawing, imp. : n. hesitation : hawed, pp. hawd. hawk, n. hawk (AS. hafoc ; Icel. haukr, a hawk: Fin. haicikka, a hawk— from hawia, voracious), a bird of prey of several species : v. to fly trained hawks at birds on the wing: hawk'ing, imp.: n. the sport of taking wild birds by means of a hawk : hawked, pp. hcuckt: adj. crooked or curved, like a hawk's bill: hawk-eyed, a. quick-sighted : hawk-nosed, a. -nosd, having a nos iokec i the beak of a hawk. hawk, v. hawk (W. hochi, to clear the throat : Mag- yar, hak, clearing the throat, phlegm; Dan. harke,-to hawk: an imitative word), to bring up phlegm by 9 HEAD coughing: hawk'ing, imp.: n. the effort to force up phlegm from the throat ; a small cough : hawked, pp. hawk, v. hawk (Norm, hauka, to cry, to shout : Pol. huk, roar, din : W. hwa, to halloo), to carry about goods for sale from place to place ; to peddle : hawk'- ing, imp.: n. the act of ol for sale on the streets : hawked, pp. hawkt : hawker, n. -er, a pedlar ; a travelling seller of goods. hawk, n. halck, a small flat board, having a handle underneath, used by plasterers when at work with mortar or plaster. hawse, n. haXcz (It. alzare ; old F. hausser, to raise), the situation of a ship's cables when she has two anchors down— a foul hawse being when the cables cross each other or are twisted together ; the part of the bows close to the cables : hawses, n. phi. hawz'ez, or hawse-holes, the holes in the bow of a ship through which cables are passed : haws'er, n. -er, a small cable or large towing-line. hawthorn— see haw. hay, n. ha (Goth, havi, grass: AS. heag; Icel. hey; Dut. hoy, grass cut and dried), cut grass dried and used for fodder: hay-cock, n. hd'-kok, a conical pile or heap of hay in the field: hay-rick, n. -rtk, hay raised in a pile or heap for preservation in the open air ; also hay- stack. hayesine, n. hd'-Ss-ln (after Hayes), borate of lime, occurring in globular or reniform masses, particularly abundant on the western coast of America, of great value in the manufacture of glass. hazard, n. hdz'erd (F. hasard— from Sp. azar, un- lucky throw of the dice: It. zara, an unlucky cast: mod. Gr. zari, a die), that which falls or comes unex- pectedly; chance; accident; chance of danger; ven- ture ; a game at dice : v. to put in danger ; to expose to chance; to risk; to try the chance: haz'arding, imp. : haz'arded, pp. : haz'ardous, a. -erd-us, peril- ous ; dangerous ; that exposes to the chance of loss or evil : hazardously, ad. -VI : haz'ardousness, n. -tic's. haze, n. haz (Icel. and AS. has, hoarse or rough in the throat from a cold), light vapour; mist; a slight fog: hazy, a. ha'zl, covered or shrouded with light vapour ; misty : ha'ziness, n. mistiness. hazel-nut, n. hd'-zel-nut (Norm, hasl; Dut. hazel-noot, the common nut: Dan. haze, the beard of nuts), the nut of the hazel-tree, whose wood, being very flexible, is used for the hoops of casks, and also in turnery ; a miner's term for a tough fine-grained sandstone: hazel, a, of a light-brown colour like the hazel-nut : ha'zelly, a. -II, of a light brown. he, Ae(AS. he; Dut. hij ; Fris. hi), pron. of the 3d pers. applied to a man or boy; poss. his, obj. him; often used as a prefix to denote the masc. gen., as he- bear : n. a male. head, n. hid (AS. heafod, ahead: Dan. hoved: Dut. hoofd), the uppermost part of the body containing the face, &c; a chief person ; the chief or principal part of anything; a leader; understanding or mind; a title or heading ; source of a stream ; the top part ; the fore- part, as of a ship ; chief place, as head of affairs ; division of a discourse ; crisis or height, as to bring or come to a head: v. to act as a leader to; to fit or furnish with a head ; to top off ; to form a head ; to go in front of; to oppose; to restrain: adj. chief; prin- cipal: heading, imp. getting in advance or ahead of: n. that which stands at the head or top, as of a sub- scription paper: head'ed, pp.: headless, a. without a head : headache, n. hid'ak, pain in the head : head'ers, n. plu. -erz, bricks placed lengthwise across the wall: head-dress, n. an ornamental covering for the head; also head-gear, n. -ger: headland, n. a cape or pro- montory: headlines, n. plu. lines displayed conspic- uously at the top of a page, or to begin a chapter : headlong, a. head-foremost ; steep ; precipitous : ad. rashly; precipiti lastily: head-money, n. a poll- tax : head'most, a. most advanced : headpiece, n. the helmet of the soldier ; an ornament at the head of a chapter or page of a book : head'quarters, n. plu. the place of general rendezvous ; the residence of the offi- cer or general in command: head'ship, n. dignity; chief place ; authority : headsman, n. hedz'mdn, an executioner: head'stone, n. a stone with inscription, placed at the head of a grave : head'strong, a. self- willed ; obstinate ; violent ; ungovernable : head'way, n. the motion of an advancing ship : head-wind, a con- trary wind : head of cattle, a single one : neither co~o, boy, f Sot; pure, bud.; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. HEAL 250 HEAV on one's own responsibility : out of one's own head, without the advice or co-operation of another : over head and ears, completely overwhelmed; entirely: to give the head, to let go control, as he gave his horse the head: to lay heads together, to combine in a plan : to make head against, to advance ; to resist with success : heady, a. Md'-i, apt to affect the head ; intoxicating: head'ily, ad. -II: head iness, n. -n6s, rashness; obstinacy. heal, v. Ml (AS. hcelan, to cure : Ger. Mil, whole : Gr. holos, whole, entire), to cure of a disease or wound ; to restore to soundness or health ; to recon- cile; to grow healthy or sound: healing, imp.: adj. mild; curative; gentle: n. act or power of curing: healed, pp. held: heal'ingly, ad. -U. healds, n. plu. Mldz, the harness for guiding the warp-threads in a loom. health, n. hclth (from heal), sound state of the body, in which the parts perform freely their natural func- tions ; mental vigour ; moral purity ; divine favour : health'ful, a. -fool, in a sound state of body ; whole- some; salubrious: healthfully, ad. -II: health'ful- ness, n.: healthy, a. Ml'thl, in a sound state of body; salubrious ; enjoying health ; vigorous : heal'thily, ad. -II : heal'thiness, n. heam, n. hem (AS. hame, the birth, the womb), the after-birth among beasts. heap, n. hep (AS. heap; Ger. haufe ; Icel. hopr, a heap, a crowd), a pile or mass consisting of many single things ; a collection, as of ruins : v. to throw or lay together single things in a mass or pile ; to ac- cumulate; to amass or lay up: heap'ing, imp.: heaped, pp. kept: to heap up, to accumulate in great quantity. hear, v. Mr (AS. hyran, to hear: Swiss, hor, an interjection to still an unquiet ox : Swiss, hbran; Ger. aufhdren, to cease, to be still : Goth, hausjan, to hear), to perceive by the ear ; to attend or listen to willing- ly ; to attend ; to listen ; to obey ; to try in a court of law ; to be told ; to receive by report ; to receive in- telligence or news : hearing, imp.: n. the faculty or sense by which sound is perceived; audience; judicial trial ; extent within which sound maybe heard : heard, pp. herd, did hear: hear'er, n. -er, one who: hear, hear, an exclamation calling forcible attention to cer- tain words of a speaker, while speaking, without necessarily expressing approval: hearing-trumpet, an instr. for collecting sounds and conveying them to the ear : hearsay, n. her'-sd, report ; rumour ; common talk. hearken, v. hdr'kn (from hark: AS. hyrcniaii), to attend to what is uttered ; to listen ; to give heed to : hear'kening, imp. -kn-lng : hear'kened, pp. -knd: heark'ener, n. -kn-er, one who. hearse, n. hers (old F. herce; F. herse, a harrow made in a triangular form, then the name of the iron frame for candles placed at the head of the funeral carriage, and finally applied to the carriage in which coffins are conveyed), a carriage for conveying the dead to the grave : hearse'like, a. suitable to a funeral ; mournful. heart, n. hart (AS. heorte; Goth, hairto; Sans. hardi; Gr. kardia, the heart), the well-known organ in animals which, by alternate contracting and ex- panding, sends the blood through the arteries, to be again received by it from the veins ; the vital, inner, or chief part of anything ; the centre or interior ; the seat of the affections and passions; disposition of mind : v. to become close or hard in the centre, as a cabbage: hearting, imp.: heart'ed, pp.: heartless, a. void of feeling or affection ; faint-hearted ; without courage : heartlessly, ad. -II: heart'ed, a. laid up or sealed in the heart— generally used as the latter part of a compound, as hard-hearted : heart'some, a. -sum, merry ; lively : hearty, a. hart'-l, proceeding from the heart ; warm ; sincere ; zealous ; full of health ; vigor- ous ; plentiful, as a meal: heartily, ad. -II: heart'- iness, n. state of being hearty ; sincerity ; ardour ; eagerness of appetite: heart-blood, blood from the heart ; the life : hard-hearted, a. unfeeling ; cruel : faint-hearted, a. wanting in courage ; liable to sink under difficulties or trials : at heart, as regards the heart ; really : by heart, fixed in the memory ; in a most thorough manner: to break the heart, to re- duce to despair or hopeless grief : to find in the heart, to be willing or disposed : to speak to one's heart, to speak home to; to encourage: heart-breaking, a. overpowering with grief or sorrow: heart-broken, a. intensely grieved or afflicted : heartburn, n. pain, heat, and uneasiness about the region of the stomach: heart-burning, a. causing discontent ; secret enmity: heartfelt, a. deeply and sincerely felt: heart-piercing, a. very acute or affecting: heart-rending, a. deeply afflictive: heart-searching, a. searching the secret thoughts and purposes: heart-sick, a. sick at heart; pained in mind: heart - sickening, a. sickening or paining the heart: heartsore, a. deeply wounded; that pains the heart : heart-stirring, a. moving the feelings ; also heart-touching, a. : heart-strings, the nerves or tendons supposed to brace or sustain the heart : heart-wood, the innermost layers of wood in exogenous trees, more deeply coloured and harder than the rest: with all my heart, with right good will ; sincerely : to get or learn by heart, to commit to memory : to lay to heart, to be much affected : to lose heart, to become discouraged : to set the heart on, to fix the desires on ; to take to heart, to be much concerned about; to be cast down and de- pressed in spirit by: heart-wheel, a contrivance for converting circular into rectilinear motion. hearth, n. h&rth (AS. heorth; Ger. herd, floor, hearth : Swiss, herd, soil, ground), the large flat stone placed in front of a fireplace, and generally on a level with the floor; the fireside; one's home: hearthrug, n. a thick ornamental piece of carpet-work laid on a hearth. heat, n. Mt (Icel. hita, heat, boiling; heitr, hot: Ger. hitze, heat, passion— from hetzen, to set on dogs, to incite : Sw. hetsa, to set on, to heat), the sensa- tion experienced on approaching or touching a hot body ; caloric ; strong excitement or agitation ; ardour ; fervency ; a single effort, as in a race ; a course : v. to make hot ; to become warm ; to warm with passion or desire; to excite: heating, imp.: adj. stimulating; exciting : heat'ed, pp. : heat'er, n. that which warms or makes hot. heath, n. heth (Goth, haithi, the open country : Icel. heidi, a waste: Ger. heide, a heath, a waste), a small narrow-leafed flowering shrub or various species, very common on certain high lands— called in Scotland heather; a tract of land covered with heath ; an open waste tract of land : heath'y. a. -I, abounding with heath : heath-cock, called also heath-pout, a large fowl found on heaths ; a species of grouse : heath-pea, a species of wild vetch. heathen, n. he' thin (Goth, haithno ; Ger. heide, a heathen— from Goth, haithi, the open country ; Dut. heyden, a clown, a heathen), one who knows not the true God ; a worshipper of idols ; a pagan ; a very ignorant person : adj. pert, to ; pagan ; gentile : the heathen, idolaters: hea'thenise, v. -iz, to render heathen : hea'theni'sing, imp. : hea'thenised', pp. -izd': hea'thenish, a. -ish, rude ; ignorant ; of or relating to heathens: hea'thenishly, ad. -II: hea'- thenism, n. -Izm, ignorance ; rudeness ; ignorance of the true God. heather, n. hStJb'ir (from heath, which see), in Scot., the common name for heath : heath'ery, a. -I, abound- ing in heather or heath : heather-bells, blossoms of a kind of heather. heave, v. hev (Goth, hafjan; Icel. hefia; AS. heolan; Ger. heben, to lift), to raise or force from the breast, as a sigh ; to throw or cast with strong effort ; to cause to swell ; to pant ; to rise with pain ; to swell and fall ; to have an inclination to vomit : n. a rising or swell ; exertion or effort upwards ; in mining, the displacement of a vein or bed when thrown upwards by the intersection of another vein or fault : heav'- ing, imp. : adj. throwing upwards from the breast ; swelling ; panting : n. a rising or swell : hove, pt. or pp. Mv, or heaved, Mvd : heaves, n. plu. hevz, a dis- ease of horses : heaving the log, using the log to ascertain the rate the ship is going at : to heave to, to bring a ship's head to the wind and stop her mo- tion : to heave in sight, to make its first appearance: heave-offering, n. among the Jetvs, a tenth of the tithes, &c, received by the Levites, which was offered by heaving or elevating. heaven, n. Mv'-n (AS. heofon Goth, himins; Ger. himmel, an arched or vaulted covering, the sky, heaven : old S. heban, a covering, heaven), the habi- tation of God and the abode of the blessed ; great happiness ; the region or expanse above us ; the sky; the supreme power ; God : heav'enly, a. -II, supremely excellent ; godlike ; celestial ; pert, to or resembling an inhabitant of heaven ; delightful : ad. in a manner resembling that of heaven : heav'enliness, n. state or quality of being heavenly ; supreme excellence : mate, mCtt.fdr, law; mete, m&t, Mr; pine, pin; note, nCt, move; HEAV 251 HELI b.eav'en-born, a. of surpassing genius ; native of heaven: heavenward, ad. -ward, also heav'enwards, ad. -werdz, toward heaven: heavenly -minded, a. having the t iced on heaven or heavenly objects : heavenly-mindedness, n. state of having the affections placed on heavenly things heavy, a. hev'-l (AS. liejig; Icel. ho/ugr, heavy), weighty ; ponderous ; dejected ; depressed ; dark ; drowsy ; not light or spongy ; large ; abundant ; in- digestible ; dull or tedious, as a sermon ; soft or miry, as heavy land ; loud, as heavy firing : ad. common as the first element of a compound ; heavily, as in heavy- laden, heavy-hearted : heavily, ad. -II: heaviness, il quality of being heavy; weight: heavy-spar, a mineral, the name given to barytes in consequence of its great specific gravity. hebdomadal, a. heb-dom'-d-ddl (Gr. heMomas, the space of seven days— from hepta, seven : L. hebdom- ada, a week), weekly ; consisting of seven days, or occurring everv seven days ; also in same sense, heb- domat'ical, a.'-ikal: hebdom'adary, n. -der-i, in a convent, an inmate officiating in turn for a week: adj. weekly. Hebe, n. he-be (Gr. Eebe), in the anc. myth., the god- dess of youth ; one of the planetoids. Hebrew, n. he'brd (L. Hebrcevs; Gr. Hebraic* ; F. Hebreu, of or belonging to the Hebrews, Hebrew— sup- posed to be derived from Eber or Heber, a descendant of Shem), a descendant of Eber or Heber— more par- ticularly of Jacob ; a Jew; an Israelite; the language of the Jews : adj. of or pert, to Hebrews or Jews : He- braic, a hebra-lk, of or relating to the Hebrews or the language : hebra'ically, ad. -kdl-ll, after the manner of the Hebrew language : hebraicise, v. he- bra'-t-slz, to make or convert into Hebrew : hebra'ici- sing, imp. : hebra'icised, pp. -sizd -. hebraise, v. he- brdlz, same sense as hebraicise: he braising, imp.: hebraised, pp. -izd: He'braism, n. -Izm, Hebrew idiom ; an expression or manner of speaking peculiar to the Hebrew language : Hebraist, n. -1st, one versed in Hebrew : He'braia'tic, a. -tik, pert, to or resembling Hebrew. Hebridian, a. hSb-rld'-l-dn, pert, to the Hebrides, hib'-ri-dez, a group of islands on the west coast of Scotland : n. an inhabitant. hecatomb, n. hek'-d-tom (Gr. hekatombe— from heka- ton, a hundred, and bous, an ox), in anc. Greece or Home, the sacrifice of a hundred oxen at one time ; any destruction or sacrifice of a large number of vic- heck, n. hlk, or hack, n. Mk (Dut. Tieck, a grating : Sw. hack, a hedge of branches), an instr. for catching fish ; a bend in a stream ; a rack for holding fodder. heckle, n. JiSk'-l (see hackle), an instr. for preparing flax: heckling, n. Mk'ttng, act or process of preparing flax; in Scot, a rough off-hand way of questioning a candidate for a seat in Parliament as to his views and principles. hectare, n. hek-tdr' (Gr. hekaton, a hundred, and L. area, any void place), a French measure containing 100 ares, or r _\ imperial acres nearly. hectic, a. Mk'-tlk (Gr. hektikos, pert, to habit of body —from hexis, habit of body), constitutional ; habitual"; affected with fevers called hectic; also hectical, a. -ti-kal: hectically, ad. -II: hectic, n. a peculiar re- mitting fever attended with alternate chill and heat. hectogramme, n. hek'togrdm (Gr. hekaton, a hun- dred, and gramma, a letter, an account), a French weight containing 100 grammes, being S£ oz. avoirdu- pois. hectolitre, n. hek'-t6-le'-tr (Gr. hekaton, a hundred, and litra, a pound), a French measure of 100 litres, about 22 gallons Eng. hectometer, n. hek-tdm'-S-fer, also hectometre, Mk'- to-ma'-tr (Gr. hekaton, a hundred, and metron, a mea- sure), a French measure of 100 metres, about 328 feet Eng. hector, n. Mk'-ter (from Hector, the famous Trojan warrior), a bully ; a blustering fellow : v. to threaten ; to play the bully: hec'toring, imp. : adj. blustering; insolent : hec'tored, pp. -terd. heddle, n. hld'-l, in weaving, the meshes of twine by which the u-arp is alternately raised and depressed for the passage of the weft. hedenbergite, n. M'den-bcr'-jU, an important vari- ety of lime-iron augite, of a black or blackish- green colour, named after Hedenberg, the Swedish chemist. hederaceous, a. hSd-ir-cVsliiis (L. hedera, the plant ivy), of or belonging to ivy : hed'eral, a. -ill, composed of or pert, to ivy. hedge, n. hej (AS. hegge ; Ger. hag, a bush, a shrub: Dut. hegghe, a thorn-bush), a fence of thorn-bushes or small trees : v. to guard or protect ; to obstruct ; to skulk ; to enclose, as with a hedge ; to surround for defence : hedg'ing, imp. guarding or protecting ; among sporting men, manoeuvring with a bet: hedged, pp. hejd: hedg'er, n. -er, one who repairs or makes hedges : hedgeless, a, -Us, without a hedge : hedge-horn, a, lowly ; obscure: hedging-bill, a prun- ing-hook : hedgehog, n. a small quadruped covered ou the upper part with prickles or spines : hedgerow, n. -io, a thick-set line or row of small trees or bushes forming a fence : hedge-school, in Ireland, an open- air school beside a hedge ; a common country school : hedge-sparrow, a common and well-known bird : to hedge a bet, among betting men, to bet on the oppo- site side, after having betted c~ * u to guard against great 1c tioori n horl I AS herlr i the other, in order Hi, foot; pure, bud; chair, heed, n. hed (AS. hedan ; Dut. hoe den; Ger. hiiten, to keep guard, to observe), care ; attention ; regard : v. to regard with care; to mind; to observe; to attend to: heeding, imp.: heeded, pp.: heedless, a. care- less; inattentive: heedlessly, ad. -II: heedlessness, n. inattention; carelessness: heed'ful, a. -fool, atten- tive; watchful; observing: heed'fully, ad. -II: heed- fulness, n. attention ; vigilance. heel, n. Ml (AS. hel ; Icel. hccll; Dut. Mel, the heel), the hind part of the foot ; hind part of a shoe or stock- ing ; the latter or remaining part of a thing ; among seamen, the lower end of anything, as of a mast : v. to add a heel to : heel'ing, imp. : heeled, pp. held .- to be at the heels, to pursue closely; to follow hard: neck and heels, the whole length of the body: to go heels over head, to go over so as to bring the heels uppermost ; to move in a hasty precipitate manner : to lay by the heel, to fetter ; to confine : to show the heels, to flee ; to run from : to take to the heels, to take to flight : heel-piece, a piece fixed on the heel of a shoe. heel, v hel (AS. hyldan, to incline: Icel. halla, to lean towards: Dan. helck, to slope), to lean on one side, as a ship : heel'ing, imp. : n. the leaning over to one side of a vessel : heeled, pp. held. heft, n. heft— see haft. hegemonic, a. M'-jl-mon'-lk (Gr. hegemonikos, fitted for a command, chief), ruling ; predominant ; also he'gemon ical, a. -l-kal: hegemony, n. -mon-l (Gr. hegemonia, leadership), leadership of one state over another; preponderant influence or authority. Hegira, n. he-jl'rd (Ar. hadjara, to remove or de- sert), the Mohammedan era dated from ltith July, a.d. 622, being the date of the flight of Mohammed from Mecca ; any flight or exodus. heifer, n. Mf'-er (AS. heafore; prov. Eng. heckfor), a young cow. heigh-ho, int. hl'-hO, an exclamation expressing un- easiness or languor. height, n. hit (from high, which see), distance above the ground; elevated ground; a hill; altitude of any thing or person ; elevation of rank, excellence, or fame ; highest state; crisis: heighten, v. hlt'-n, to raise higher ; to increase ; to improve ; to aggravate : height'ening, vuvp.-nlng: n. the making high; exalta- tion : heightened, pp. hlt'nd : height'ener, n. -ner, one who. heinous, a. ha'-nus (F. haineuz— from haine, malice, hate: old F. hadir, to hate), wicked in a high degree; hateful; atrocious: hei'nously, ad. -II: hei'nousness, n. -Ms, wickedness ; ati i i lsih - heir, n. ar (L. hceres; old F. hoir, an heir), one who is entitled to anything after its present possessor : v. to inherit : heiress, fem. of heir : heirless, a. desti- tute of an heir : heir'ship, n. state or right of an heir : heir-apparent, n. one entitled to succeed to an estate, &c. : heir-presumptive, n. one who stands nearest in succession in default of an heir-apparent. Note. — A man's son or daughter is heir -apparent, but when he has no son or daughter, then his brother or cousin, &c, is heir-presumptive, heirloom, n. -16m, (AS. geloma, goods), any movable article which by law descends to the heir with the freehold. held, v. held, pt. or pp. of hold, which see. helenine, n. hel-S-nin (L. helenium, the plant ele- campane—so called because supposed to have spnm» from the tears of Helen), a substance like camphor o£ tained from the plant elecampane. heliacal, a. M-ll'-d-kdl(Gx. hel ios, the sun), emerging game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. HELI 252 HEMI thus (Gr. anthos, a flower), a genus of plants of sev- eral species, one of which is the well-known sun- flower: hellanthoi'da, n. -thdy'-dd (Gr. anthos, a flower, and eidos, form, shape), an order of polypes, resembling a sun-flower in appearance, of which the actinias or sea-anemones may be taken as the type. helical, a. hel'-l-kdl (Gr. helix, a winding, a spiral body— gen. hi \\ i mi ]■■■■■:,.-. . n i -11: hellspherlc, a. -sfer'-lk (Gr. sphaira, a globe or ball), spiral 01 R indin a I 10 hel'ispherlcal, a. -l-kdl: helicidae, n. plu. hg-Us'l-de, the land or garden snails, having a light variously-coloured shell : hel'ioc'eras, 11. -i-Qs'cr-as, or hel'iocer'alite, n. -o-ser'-d-llt (Gr. keras, a horn), a genus of the ammonite family— so named from the spiral arrangement of its chambered whorls : helicoid, n. -kditd (Gr. eidos, form), a peculiar curve or spiral : hellcoi'dal, a. -kdy'ddl, in hot., having a coiled appearance like the shell of a snail— applied to inflo- resence: helix, u. //-./: ; Mi : ; i ■■■, of their pores. heliometer, n. he'll-om'-S-ter (Gr. helios, the sun, and metron, a measure), an instr. for measuring the appa- rent diameter of any heavenly body— called also an astrometer. helioscope, n. he'll- 6- sk6p (Gr. helios, the sun, and skopeo, I view), a telescope fitted for solar observations : helioscoplc, a -skop'-lk, pert, to: he'liostat, n. -stdt (Gr. statos, that stands or remains), an instr. which continually reflects the sun's rays in the same direc- tion, consisting of a rotating mirror moved by clock- work. heliotrope, n. M'-ll-o-trop (Gr. helios, the sun, and trope, a tin in n , i > ni ; uds the sun; an anc. instr. for showing the time of the sun's arrival at the tropics or equinoctial line ; a flowering plant ; a mineral of a deep green, varied with bloodstone. hell, n. hSl (Icel. hel, death ; Helia, the goddess of death : Dan. helvede, hell), the place or state of pun- ishment ; the place of departed souls ; any den of vice or misery; Hades; the grave; a gambling-house: hellish, a. -Ish, pert, to hell ; infernal : hellishly, ad. ■II: hellishness, n. the qualities of hell; extreme wickedness or malignity : hell-hound, n. an agent of hell ; a diabolical savage. hellebore, n. hel'-U-bor (L. helleborus; Gr. helleboros —from helein, to kill or overcome, and bora, food), a common name of several poisonous plants; the Christmas rose or flower: helleborine, n. -bor-ln, the active principle of hellebore: helleborus niger, hel- leb'-dr-ns nl'jer (L. black hellebore), a homoeopathic medicine ; the Christmas rose. Hellenic, a. hel-le'-nlk (Gr. Hellenikos, Grecian— from Hellen, son of Deucalion), pert, to the Hellenes (Ml-lc- Tie's) or Greeks : Helle'nism, n. -le'-nlzm, a Greek idiom : Helle'nist, n. -nlst, a Jew who spoke Greek ; one skilled in Greek: Hellenis'tic, a. 41k, also Hellenis'tical, a. -fl-kdl, pert, to the Greek spoken by the Hellenists: Hel'lenis'ticaUy, ad. -II. hellish, a.— see under hell. helm, n. Mini (Ger. helm, a handle, a rudder : AS. helma, a helm : Icel. hialma, a rudder), the movable i . i :-■. i ■ ,P.ih< lei part of a ship by which it is steered; the place of direction or management: v. to steer: helming, imp.: helmed, pp. h&lmd: adj. furnished with a helm : helmless, a. without a helm : helms'- man, n. one who guides the helm. helmet, n. Ml'-met, also helm (Goth, hilms; Icel. mate, rndf, far, Vmo; mete, mSf, Tx&r; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; hialmr: Ger. helm, a helmet— from Icel. Mima, to cover, to hide), defensive armour for the head; in her., the representation of a helmet, denoting, by modifications in form, certain gradations of rank; in bot., an arched concave petal or sepal, or a part of one, as the upper lip of several labiate flowers : hel'meted, o" ni Ik m vii. ii . | helminthic, a. helmln'-thlk (Gr. helmins, a worm), relating to worms; expelling worms: n. a medicine for expelling worms : herminthol'ogy, n. -thol'-ojl (Gr. logos, a discourse), the science or history of worms : herminthol'ogist, n. -jlst, one who : hel'mintholog'ic, a. -lof-lk, also hel'minthologlcal, a. -l-kdl, pert, to worms or their history: hel'minthites, n. plu. -thlts, in geol., applied to those long sinuous tracks so com- mon on the surfaces of many flaggy stones— usually considered as worm-trails. helot, n. h&l'-ot (from anc. Helos, whose inhabitants were enslaved: perhaps Gr. helein, to take, to con- quer), a slave of anc. Sparta: hel'otism, n. -tlzm, the condition of the helots or slaves of anc. Sparta : hel'- otry, n. -ot-rl, the body of helots; helot-like bonds- men. help, v.hSlp (Goth. hilpan; Icehhialpa; Ger. helfen, to help, to take care of), to assist; to aid; to forward or promote ; to avoid ; to forbear ; to lend aid ; to prevent or hinder n. assistance; aid; relief; in Amer., a hired man or woman: helping, imp.: adj. assisting; aiding: helped, pp. hSlpt: help'er, n. an assistant: help'ful, a. -fool, that gives aid or assist- ance ; useful : help'fulness, n. : helpless, a. unable to succour one's self, and wanting assistance : help'- lessly, ad. -It : helplessness, n. want of ability ; want of succour : help'mate, n. -mdt, a companion or part- ner : to help forward, to advance by assistance : to help out, to aid, as in delivering from a difficulty : to help over, to enable to surmount : to help to, to fur- nish with. helter-skelter, ad. hel'ter-skSl'ter (Low Ger. Miller- polter, an exclamation iinita t injc a loud rattling noise ; hulter -de-butter, in a great hurry), in hurry and con- fusion; tumultuously. helve, n. helv (AS. helf; Bav. helb, the handle of an axe : Ger. helm, handle of a tool), the handle of an axe or hatchet: v. to furnish with a helve: helving, imp.: of Switzerland), pert, to Switzerland. hem, n. hSm (W. hem, ahem, a border: Fris. heam, a hem), the edge or border of a garment doubled down and sewed : v. to fold down and sew the edge of cloth : hem'ming, imp. : hemmed, pp. hSmd. hem, v. h6m (Ger. hemmen, to stop the motion of a body : Sw. hamma, to restrain, to check— from Ger. hamm or humm, an int. of prohibition, stop ! let it alone!), to confine; to enclose; to surround: hem'- ming, imp.: hemmed, pp. hSmd, enclosed ; surrounded : hem, n. or int. a sort of half-voluntary cough as a preparation for speaking, or as a call to a person at a little distance. hema- or hemat-, for words beginning thus, look back for the same words commencing with haema- or haemat-. hematine, n. Mm'-d-tln (Gr. haima, blood), the col- ouring matter of logwood : hem'atite, n. -tit, the name given to two ores of iron, the one of a red and the other of a brown colour ; a species of bloodstone : hem'atitic, a. -Ik, pert, to or resembling hematite. hemeralopia, n. hem'er-Ci-lo'-pl-d (Gr. hemerrt, the day, and ops, the eye), a disease in the eye by which a person is only able to see in broad daylight. hemi, Mm'-l (Gr. hemi— from hemisu, the half), a prefix signifying a half: dem'i (F.), a half; sem'i (L.), a half. hemicarp, n. hSm'-l-kdrp (Gr. hemi, half, and karpos, fruit), in bot., one portion of a fruit which spontane- ously divides into halves. hemicidaris, n. hem'l-sld'-er-ts (Gr. hemi, half, and kideris, a turban), in geol. , a < f turba n echinites. hemicosmites, n. plu. A. Gr. hemi, half, and kosmos, the universe), in geol., a cystedean charac- terised by its spherical form, and composed of numer- ous plates. hemicrany, n. Mm'-l-kra'nl (Gr. hemi, half, and kranion, the skull), a pain which affects one side of the head only; also hemlcra'nia, -nl-d (L.) hemicycle, n. hem'-l-sl'-kl (Gr. hemi, half, and cucle), HEMI 2 gamos, marriage), having two florets in the same spike- let, one of which is neuter and the other unisexual. hemihedral, a. hem'i-he'drdl (Gr. hemi, half, and hedra, a seat), in a crystal, having half of the similar parts, instead of all. hemiopia, n. hem'-VO'pl-cl (Gr. hemi, half, and ops, the eye), a disease of the eye in which only half the object looked at is seen. hemiplegy, n. hSm'i-ple'jl (Gr. hemi, half, smdplege, a stroke), paralysis of one side ; also hem'iple'gia, -jl d. hemipneustis, n. hem'ip-7iils'tls (Gr. hemi, half, and pnevstis, blown), a term for the fossil sea-urchin, in allusion to its flattened or half-inflated shape. hemipters, n. plu. he-mlp'-terz, or hemip'tera, -ter-d (Gr. hemi, half, and pteron, a wing), an order of insects with the upper wings usually partly coriaceous and partly membraneous : hemip'teral, a. pert, to ; also hemip'terous, a. -us. hemisphere, n. hlm'-i-s/er (Gr. hemi, half, and sphaira, a globe), a representation of half the earth ; a half sphere or globe; in a?iat., applied to each lateral half of the brain : hemispherical, a. -s/er'-l- kdl, also hemispheric, a. -Ik, containing half a sphere or globe; half-round. hemistich, n. hem'-l-stlk (Gr. hemi, half, and stichos, a row, a verse), an incomplete line in poetry: hemis- tichal, he-mti'tl-kal, pert, to a hemistich. hemitrope, a. h&n'htrop (Gr. hemi, half, and trope, a turning), half-turned. hemlock, n. hem'-lok (AS. hemleac), a wild poisonous pi int. used medicinally. hemoptysis, hemorrhage, &c— see under hse-. hemp, n. hemp (Dut. hennip; Ger. hanf : Icel. hanpr), the fibres or threads of a plant of the same name cleaned and dressed, used for making coarse cloth, ropes, &c: hempen, a. hem'pn, made of hemp: hempy, a. him'jtl, like hemp ; fibrous. hen, n. hen (Icel. hann, he; han, she: Ger. henne, a hen), the female of any kind of fowl : henpecked, a. -pi'kt, governed by the wife : hen-coop, n. -kop, a cage for fowls : hen-harrier, a kind of hawk or kite— so called as the harasser or enemy of hens: henbane, n. -ban [hen, and bane), a poisonous wild British herb, used medicinally — so called from being supposed poisonous to domestic fowls. hence, ad. hens(AS. heona; old Eng. hennes, hence), from this place ; from this source ; from this time ; away ; to a distance ; for or from this reason. Note.— From hence is a form come into use, but is not to be commended, hence'forth, ad. -forth, from this time forward : hencefor'ward, &d.-fdr'werd, from this time to futurity. henchman, n. hpnth'-mdn (haunch, and man), a sup- porter; one who stands at one's haunch ; a servant. hendecagon, n. hendek'd-gon (Gr. hendeka, eleven, and gonia, an angle), a figure of eleven sides and eleven angles. hendecasyllable, n. Mn'-dek-d-sll'd-bl (Gr. hendeka, eleven, and sulldbe, a syllable), a metrical line of eleven syllables. hendiadys, n. hSn-di'd-dXs (Gr. en dia duoin, one by or through two), a figure of speech in which two nouns are used instead of a noun and an adjective ; the same idea presented by two phrases. henna, n. hen'nd (At. hinna), a tropical shrub, the powdered leaves of which, made into a paste, are used by Asiatics for dyeing the nails, ary, n. -ber-i, a herb garden: herbes'cent, a. -bes'ent (L. herbescens, growing green), growing into herbs: herbivora, n. plu. -blv'-O-rd (L. voro, I eat), animals living on herbs or vegetables : herbiv'orous, a. -i-iis, eating or living on herbs or vegetable substances : herborise, v. her'bor-iz', to search for plants, or seek for new species : herT)ori'- sing. imp.: n. going about seeking for and gathering medicinal herbs: herborised', pp. -%zd' .- her'borisa- tion, n. -zd'-shun, act of seeking for plants in the field; figures of plants in mineral substances : herbous, a. hir'bus, abounding with herbs ; also herhose', a. -bos': her'by, a. -bi, having the nature of or pert, to herbs. herculean, a. herku'lS-dn (Gr. Herakles ; L. Her- ctiles), very great ; difficult or dangerous ; of extra- ordinary strength or power: Hercules, 11. hir'-ku-lez, a hero in the Greek mythology celebrated for his feats of strength, the son of Jupiter and Alcmena. herd.n. herd (Icel. hirda, to keep, to guard: Ger. hiirde, a hurdle or wattled fence : F. harde, a herd of deer), a collection or assemblage, as cattle or beasts ; the rabble ; one employed to attend cattle : v. to unite or associate, as beasts; to form into a herd: herding, imp.: herded, pp.: herds'man, n. one em- ployed in tending herds of cattle. here, ad. her (Ger. and Dut. hier; Icel. her; Sw. Mr), in this place ; in the present state or life : here and there, in a dispersed manner ; thinly : neither here nor there, neither in this place nor in that ; of no importance : here or here's, a word used as an in- troduction to the drinking of a health, and to call attention to the fact that such is about to be done, as well as to the person who is about to do it, as here's to you— that is, " it is to you," or " it is in your honour"; a word used in calling to, or making an offer, as "here's my hand," "come here," "here goes": here'- about, ad., also here'abouts, about this place : here- after, ad. in time to come : n. a future state : hereat', ad. at this : hereby 7 , ad. by this : herein', ad. in this ■ hereof, ad., of or from this : hereon', ad. on this : hereto', ad. -to', to this ; add to this : heretofore', ad. ■t6-for y , hitherto ; formerly : hereunto', ad. -un-tv', :q game, jog, shun, thing, tiiere, zeal. HERE 254 HETE this : hereupon', ad. -up-dn', on this : herewith', ad. with this. hereditable, a. Mr-ed'-i-td-bl (L. hereditas, heirship, an inheritance— from heres, an heir : F. hiredite, heir- ship), that may be inherited : hereditably, ad. -bli : hereditament, n. her'-e-dit'd-ment, any species of pro- perty that may be inherited : hereditary, a. M-red- 1-tdr-i, that has descended from an ancestor; that may be transmitted from parent to offspring : hered'- itarily, ad. -i-ll: heredity, n. -l-tl, or hereditary transmission, the scientific name for the law, "that each plant or animal produces others of like kind with itself." heresy, n. Mr'S-si (Gr. hairesis; L. hceresis, a taking for one's self, heresy— from Gr. haireo, I take, I choose), an untenable or unsound opinion or doctrine ; re- ligious opinion opposed to Scripture, as interpreted by the authorised doctrinal standard of any particu- lar church : her'etic, n. -tik, one who holds opinions contrary to those generally received or taught : heret- ical, a. M-rSt'-i-kdl, contrary to the true or established faith; erroneous: heretlcally, ad. -li: heresiarch, n. her'-i-si-drk (Gr. urchos, chief), a leader in heresy ; the founder of a sect of heretics : her'esiar'chy, n. -dr'-ki, chief heresy : her'esiog'raphy, n. -dg'-rdfi (Gr. grapho, I write), one who writes on heresies. heriot, n. her'i-ot (AS. heregeatwu, warlike imple- ment, what was given to the lord of the manor to pre- pare for war— from here, an army, and geatwe, a pro- vision, a treasure), a tribute or fine payable to the lord of the manor on the death of the landholder or vassal : her'iotable, a. -td-bl, subject to a tribute or fine. heritable, a. hSr'-i-td-bl (L. heres, an heir — gen. heredis), that may or can be inherited ; that passes to the heir : heritage, n. an estate which passes from an ancestor to an heir; in Scrip., those whom God adopts : heritor, n. her'-i-ter, in Scot., a landholder in a parish. hermae, n. plu. Mr'-mH (L. and Gr. Hermes, Mercury), heads carved on the top of a square pedestal or post diminishing towards the base, used to mark the boundaries of land. hermaphrodite, n. her-mdf'-rO-dit (Gr. Hermes, the god Mercury, and Aphrodite, the goddess Venus), a living creature which is both a male and a female ; a plant having the male and female organs of gene- ration: adj. designating both sexes: hermaph'ro- ditlc, a. -dlt'-Vc, or hermaph'rodit'ical, a. -i-kdl, unit- ing in one body the character of both sexes : her- maph'roditlcally, ad. -II: hermaphrodelty, n. -de- 1-ti, being in the state of an hermaphrodite : her- maph'rodism, n. -ro-dizm, also hermaph'roditizm, n. -dit-izm, state of being an hermaphrodite ; the union of the two sexes in the same individual. hermeneutics, n. plu. Mr'-mi-nu'-tiks (Gr. hermeneu- tikos, pert, to explanation— from hermeneus, an inter- preter—from Hermes, Mercury), the art of interpret- ing or explaining with clearness the clauses or sen- tences of any author, particularly of Scripture : her'- meneu'tic, a. -tik, also her'meneu'tical, a. -ti-kdl, in- terpreting; explanatory: her'meneu'tically, ad. -li. hermetical, a. her-mW-i-kdl, also hermetic, a. -Ik (Gr. Hermes, Mercury, the fabled inventor of chemis- try), chemical; perfectly closed, so that no air, gas, or spirit can escape or enter : hermetically, ad. -li -. hermetically sealed, closed up or sealed by fusion, as the closing of a glass tube by melting the ends. hermit, n. her'-mlt (Gr. eremites, a solitary : It. ere- mita, a hermit), one who retires from society and lives in solitude for devotional purposes ; an anchorite ; a recluse or ascetic: her'mitage, n. -ml-tdj, a place inhabited by a hermit ; a secluded or solitary dwelling- place ; also her'mitary, n. -ter-i : hermitlcal, a. -i-kdl, pert, to a hermit or to a retired life. hermodactyl, n. Mr'-mO-ddk'-til (Gr. Hermes, Mer- cury, and daktulos, a finger), Mercury's finger, a root shaped like a heart flattened, and of a white colour, brought from Turkey, and used in medicine. hernia, n. her'-nl-d (L. hernia, a rupture— from Gr. hernos, a branch, a sprout), the protrusion of some part of the abdomen ; a rupture : her'nial, a. of or re- lating to hernia. hero, n. he'rO, plu. he'roes, -r6z (L. and Gr. heros, a demigod, a hero: P. heros, a hero: Fin. uros, an adult male, a brave man), a man who displays remarkable intrepidity, enterprise, or courage in matters con- nected with danger or suffering; the principal char- acter in a poem or tale : heroine, n. fem. hir'-o-in, vidte, mdt,far, law; mite, mSt, a female hero ; a brave woman : heroic, a. M-rO'-ik, pert, to a hero or heroes ; brave ; magnanimous : hero'- ically, ad. -li: he'roi-com'ic, a. -i-k'om'ik, also he'roi- comlcal, a. -i-kdl, consisting of the heroic and the ludicrous; serio-comic: heroism, n. hcr'6-izm, the quality or character of a hero ; bravery : he'roship, n. the character of a hero : hero-worship, -wer'-ship, ex- travagant admiration of great men, approaching, in some degree, the worship of heroes practised by the nations of antiquity: heroic age, the age when heroes, or the supposed children of the gods, are fabled to have lived : heroic verse, that verse in which the life of a hero is celebrated ; epic poetry ; the heroic verse in English consists of the iambic of ten syllables, and in classic poetry, the hexameter. Herodians, n. plu. hS-r6'-di-dnz, a sect among the Jews which took its name from Herod. heron, n. her'-un (AS. hragra; Sw. hiigr; F. hiron, a heron— probably from the harsh cry of the bird: W. cregyr, a screamer, a heron), a large long-legged fowl living on fish ; also called heronshaw (old F. heronceau): her'onry, n. -ri, a place where herons breed. herpes, n. hir'-pez (L. herpes, a spreading eruption on the skin— from Gr. herpo, I creep along: F. herpes), a skin disease consisting of clustered eruptions : her- petic, a. -pit'-lk, creeping; spreading; of or resembling herpes herpetology, n. her'-pe-tdl'-d-ji (Gr. herpeton, a rep- tile, and logos, discourse), the natural history of rep- tiles and a description of them : herpet'ologlc, a. -loj'-ik, pert, to : her'petol'ogist, n. -jlst, one versed in. herring, n. Mr-ring (F. hareng; Ger. haring; AS. hcering, a herring— from AS. here ; Ger. heer, a host, an army), a well-known sea-fish : herring-bone, ap- plied to a kind of cross-stitch in seams ; in masonry, when the stones are laid a: instead ol being bedded flat. hers, herz (see her), 3d pers. pron. fem. poss. : her- self, comp. pers. pron. fem. added for the sake of em- phasis, as she herself; in her ordinary character; female individual. Herschel, n. her'-shSl, the planet discovered by Dr Herschel, now called Uranus. herse, n. hers (F. herse, a harrow), a lattice or port- cullis in the form of a harrow set with iron spikes ; a frame of light woodwork covered with a cloth or pall, and ornamented with banners and lights, set up over a corpse in funeral solemnities ; a hearse— which see. hervidero, n. her'-vi-de'-rO (Sp. hervidero, ebullition —from hervir, to boil), the name given in Central America to the mud volcanoes. hesitate, v. Ms'-i-tdt (L. hozsitatum, to stick fast, to be uncertain : F. hesiter), to pause respecting decision or action; to be in doubt; to delay; to waver; to stammer in speech : heslta'ting, imp. : adj. pausing; stammering: heslta'ted, pp.: hesitation, n. -td'-shun, doubt; suspense of opinion or decision from uncer- tainty how to act : heslta'tingly, ad. -li: hesitancy, n. -tdn-si, a pausing to consider ; suspense. Hesper, n. hes'-per (L. Hesperus; Gr. Hesperos, Hesperus), the evening star: hespe'rian, a. -pe-ridn, western; situated at the west: Hesperldes, n. plu. -per'-i-dez, in anc. myth., the daughters of Hesperus, possessors of the fabulous garden of golden fruit at the western extremity of the earth : hes'peridlum, n. -per- id'-i-um, the fruit of the hes'perid'ese, -id'-e-e, an inde- hiscent many-celled fruit coated with a spongy rind, the cells containing a mass of pulp, in the midst of which a few seeds are embedded, as in the orange. hetero, het'-er-O, or heter, hSt'Sr (Gr. heteros, an- other), a common prefix, meaning another; one op- posite or different ; denoting dissimilarity ; irregular ; abnormal. heterarchy, n. hSt'Sr-dr-ki (Gr. lieteros, another, and arche, rule), the government of an alien. heterocephalus, a. Mt'er-6-sSf-d-lus (Gr. heteros, another, and kephale, the head), in bot., having some flower - heads male, and others female, on the same plant. heterocercal, a. hSt'Sr-6-ser'kdl (Gr. heteros, an- other, and kerkos, a tail), applied to fishes having unequally-lobed tails, as in the sharks and dogfish: heterochromous, a. hW-ir-o-kro'-mus (Gr. heteros, another, and chroma, colour), in 601!., having the cen- tral florets of a different colour from those of the cir- cumference. heteroclite, n. hSt'-Sr-O-kllt (Gr. heteros, another, her; pine, pin; note, nCt, mCve; HETE 255 HIER and klitos, a slope), anything irregular or anomalous : lidj. varying from the common forms ; irregular : het'- eroclitic, a. -d-klit'-ik, also het'eroclit'ical, a. -l-kdl, deviating from the common rule. heterodox, a. het'er-o-doks (Gr. heteros, another, and doxa, an opinion), contrary to right doctrines or tenets ; holding doctrines contrary to those established or gen- erally received ; heretical; opposed to orthodox: het- erodoxy, n. -doks-l, the state of being heterodox; opinions or doctrines contrary to those generally re- ceived; heresy. heterodromous, a. hSt'er-6'drdm-tis (Gr. heteros, different, and dromos, a course), in hot., running in different directions— applied to the arrangement of leaves in branches in a different manner from the , a. hSt'er-og-d-mi'is (Gr. heteros, an- other, and gamos, marriage), in hot., having the essen- tial parts of fructification on different spikelets from the same root. heterogeneous, a. hct'Sr-6-je'nlus, also het'eroge'- neal, a. -nidi (Gr. heteros, another, and genos, a kind), of a different kind or nature; unlike; dissimilar; con- fused and contradictory : het'eroge'neousness, n.:het'- eroge'neously, ad. -It: heterogeneity, n. -ii-ne'l-tl, op- position of nature ; dissimilarity. heteromorphous, a. het'-er-O-mor'fus (Gr heteros, an- other, and morphe, form or shape), having an irregular or unusual form. heteropathic, a. hSi'Sr-6-pdth'lk (Or. heteros, an- other, and pathos, suffering), regulating by a different action, force, or law: het'efop'athy, n. -op'd-thl, same as allopathy. heterophyllous, a. het'&r-o-fll'lus (Gr. heteros, an- other, and phullon, a leaf), two kinds of leaves on the same stem. heteropods, n. plu. h8t'-8r-6-podz (Gr. heteros, an- other, and pous, a foot — gen. podos), molluscous ani- mals whose feet are compressed so as to form a kind of vertical fins. heterorhizal, a. het'er-d-rl'zdl (Gr. heteros, another, and rhiza, a root), in bot., applied to rootlets proceed- ing from various points of a spore during germination. heteroscian, a. hat'-ir-osh'l-dn (Gr. heteros, another, and skia, a shadow), applied to the inhabitants of the earth between the tropics and the polar circles, in' al- lusion to their shadows, at noon, always falling in oppo- site directions— in the one case towards the north, and in the other towards the south : n. an inhabitant of that part of the earth. heterotropal, a. het'-dr-ot'rO-pdl. alsohet'erot'ropous, a, -pus (Gr. heteros, another, and trepo, I turn), lying across— applied to the embryo of seeds when they lie in an oblique position. hetman, n. het'mdn (Pol. hetman; Russ. ataman, a head man or chieftain), the sovereign prince or com- mander-in-chief among the Cossacks. heulandite, n. hu'ldn-dlt (after Heuland, the Eng. mineralogist), a mineral, usually of a white, but also of a flesh or tile-red colour, occurring in detached crystals, ami in layers and ^nmu: ,,,.,., hew, v. hu (Icel. hoggva, to strike, to cut: AS. heawaii; Dut. hauwen; Ger. hauen, to hew), to cut; to chop ; to hack : hewing, imp. : hewed, pt. and pp. hud: hewn, pp. hun: hewer, n. -er, one who: hewed or hewn, a. made smooth and even by cutting, as with a chisel; shaped by cutting: to hew down, to cut down; to fell by cutting: to hew out, to shape; to hollow. hex, hSks (Gr. hex, six), a common prefix, meaning six: hexachord, n. heks'dkawrd (Gr. hex, six, and L. chorda; Gr. korde, a string or chord), a musical instr. of six strings : hex'agon, n. -gon (Gr. hex, six, and gonia, a corner), a figure of six sides and angles : hex- ag'onal, a. -a. six angles and six sides: hexag'onally, ad. -It: hex'agyn'ian, a. -d-jln'l-dn (Gr. gune, a female), in bot., having six styles or pistils: hex'ahe'dral, a. -he'drdl (Gr. hedra, a base or seat), having six equal sides: hex'ahe'dron, n. -dron, a cube; a figure with six equal sides: hexam'eter, n. -dm'6-ter (Gr. metron, a measure), in L. or Gr. poetry, a line consisting of six poetic feet : adj. having six poetic feet : hex'amet'rical, a. -met'ri-kdl, also hex'- amet'ric, a. -rik, consisting of six poetic feet : hex-an'- drian, a.-dri-dn, also hexan'drous, a. -drus (Ger. aner, a man— gen. andros), having six stamens, of the genus hexan'dria, n. -dri-d: hexan'gular, a. -dng'-gu-ler (L. angulus, a corner), having six angles or corners : hex- apet'alous, a. -d-pet-d-lus (Gr. petalon, a leaf), having six petals or flower-leaves : hex'apla, n. -pld (Gr. hexap- lous, sixfold— from hex, six, and aplcios, single, plain), a collection of the Holy Scriptures in six versions of the Gr. and Heb. text, arranged in columns: hex- aplar, a. -pldr, containing six columns of the same matter in different versions or in different languages : hex'apod, n. -pdd (Gr. pous, afoot— gen. podos), an ani- mal having six feet : hex'astich, n. -stik (Gr. stichos, a verse), a poem consisting of six verses : hex'astyle, n. -stll (Gr. stulos, a column), a building with six columns in front, or with six columns to support the roof: hex'- aprot odon, n. -prot'-o-don (Gr. protos, the first, the front, and odous, a tooth), literally, the six front teeth ; in geol. , the generic term for a large pachyderm, whose remains occur in certain tertiaries of Asia. heyday, int. hd'-dd (Ger. heyda, an exclamation of high spirits : Sw. hojta, to shout), an exclamation of frolic or exultation: n. frolic; wildness— applied to youth. hhd., the common contr. for hogshead. hiatus, n. hl-d'tus (L. hiatus, an opening, a cleft —from hio, I open or gape: F. hiatus), the opening of the mouth in pronouncing words or syllables, when a vowel follows a vowel; the effect so produced; a defect in a MS. ; a gap ; an opening. hibernal— see under hibernate. hibernate, v. hi'ber-ndt (L. hiberna, winter quar- ters, houses for winter), to pass the winter in a state of seclusion or sleep, as certain wild animals do: hi'bernating, imp. : adj. having the nature of that which hibernates : hibernated, pp. : hibernation, n. -nd'-.shun, the act of spending winter in seclusion or sleep : hiber'nal, a. -ndl, of or belonging to win- ter. Note. — The preceding words also spelt with y for i. Hibernian, a. hl-ber-nX-dn (L. Hibernia, Ireland), of or pert, to Hibernia or Ireland : n. an Irishman : Hibernicism, n. -nl-sizm, a modi' of speech peculiar to the Irish ; an Irish idiom : Hiber'no-Cel'tic, a. the native Irish language. hiccough, n. hlk-up (Dut. huckup ; Bret. 7iik; F. hoquet, hiccough: Dut. hikken, to sob: an imitative word), the sound caused by a sudden catching of the breath, repeated at short intervals; a short inspira- tory movement, attended by convulsive contraction of the diaphragm: v. to utter a short choking cough: hie coughing, imp. : hiccoughed, pp. -kupt '.- more usu- ally spi-it hiccup, hie'eupping, hie'eupped, -kupt. hickory, n. hik'-or-i, a nut-bearing American tree whose wood possesses great strength and tenacity ; a species of walnut. hidalgo, n. hi-ddl'gO (Sp.), in Spain, a nobleman of huddo, to cover: Norm, hide, the la'ir of a beast), to be withdrawn from sight; to conceal; to keep secret: hi'ding, imp. : n. concealment: hid, pt. Aid, did hide; one who: hid denly, ad. -II: hide-and-seek, a child's amusement, in which some hide and others seek: hiding-place, a place of concealment. hide, n. hid (Ger. haut; Dut. huyd; Icel. hud, skin of a beast), the skin of a horse, ox, or other large animal ; an anc. measure of land of about 100 acres, or as much as could be tilled by a single plough : hiding, n. hi'ding, in familiar language, a beating : hide'bound, a. applied to a disease of cows and horses characterised by a morbid tightness of the skin ; hav- ing the bark so close and firm as to impede growth — said of trees. hideous, a. hid'i-us (F. hideux, hideous: old F. hidour, dread: Sw. hisna ; Low Ger. huddern, to shudder), horrible; frightful to the sight; exciting terror: hid'eously, ad. -li: hid'eousness, n. hie, v. hi (AS. higan, to endeavour: Dut. hiighen, to pant), to hasten; to go in haste: hieing, imp.: hied, pp. hid. hiemal, a. 7rt nali&, belonging to win- ter— from hiems, winter), of or belonging to winter. hierarch, n. hl'e-rdrk (Gr. hieros, sacred, and archos, a ruler or prince), the chief of a sacred order : hi'erarchal, a. -rdr'kdl, pert, to a hierarchy or sacred government; also hi'erar'chical, a. -ki-kdl: hierar- chically, ad. -It: hi'erar'chy, n. -rdr'ki, ranks or orders of the sacred ministry, commonly applied to the order of Episcopal churches ; the priesthood: hi'erat'- ic, a. -rdt'lk, pert, to priests or to sacred uses : hi'erar- chism, n. -rdr-kizm, church government by a hier- cdlv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. HIER 256 HIPP archy: hi'eroc'rasy, n. -rok'rd-sl (Gr. krateo, I am strong or powerful), government by priests ; hier- archy. hieroglyph, n. hl'6-ro-gllf, also hi'eroglyph'ic, n. -Ik (Gr. hieros, sacred, and glupho, I carve), a sacred character or symbol; the sculpture or picture-writing of anc. Egypt— generally used in the pin. hierogly- phics : hi'eroglyph'ic, a. -tk, also hi'eroglyphlcal, a. -l-kdl, expressive of some meaning by pictures or figures; emblematic: hi'eroglyph'ically, ad. -II: hi'- eroglyph'ist, n. one skilled in the reading of hiero- glyphs: hierogram, n. hi'&ro-grdm (Gr. gramma, a letter), a species of sacred writing : hi'erogrammat'ic, a. -mdt'lk, pert, to a hierogram : hi'erogram'matist, n. a sacred writer : hi'erog'raphy, n. -rog'rd-fl (Gr. grapho, I write), sacred writing: hi'erographlc, a. ■Ik, also hi'erographlcal, a. -l-kdl, pert, to: hi'er- ol'ogy, n. -rol'6-jl (Gr. logos, a word), the science of hieroglyphics : hi'erologlc, a. -loj'lk, also hi'erolog'- ical, -l-kdl, pert, to : hi'erol'ogist, n. -jlst, one who is skilled in : hi'eromancy, n. -mdn-sl (Gr. manteia, di- vination), divination by observing the things offered in sacrifice: hi'erophant, n. -fdnt, in anc. Greece, a priest who im i adi ites into sacred mysteries and duties : hi'erophan'tic, a. -tlk, pert. to. higgle, v. hlg'-l (prov. Ger. hitzler, one who carries about meal or corn on horseback for sale: Swiss, hodeln, to traffic in corn), to carry about provisions for sale ; to be difficult in making a bargain : hig- gling, imp. : n. the bein I nice in making a bargain: higgled, pp. hig'-ld: hig'gler, n. one who chaffers ; one tedious in making a bargain. higgledy-piggledy, ad. Mg'l-dl-plg'l-dl, in familiar language, confusedty ; topsy-turvy ; chance medley. high, a. hi (AS. heah; Goth, hauhs; Icel. ha; Ger. hoch), far upwards; elevated; lofty; noble; honour- " ; violent; boastful pi incipal or chief ; strong or with deep thought: hlgh'ly, ad. -II: high'ness, n. -nSs, a title given to princes or persons of rank; ele- vation : on high, aloft : high admiral, the chief ad- miral : high altar, the principal altar : high and dry, completely out of the water ; out of reach of the waves : high art, that elevated style which disarms criticism by avoiding the slightest attempt at meretricious dis- play : high bailiff, the chief officer of some corporate towns : high-blown, a. much inflated : high-born, a. of noble birth: high church, the party in the Church of England who hold strong views of the authority and jurisdiction of ihe Church : high-coloured, a. glaring ; exaggerated : high day, a great feast day ; a day of great ceremonies : high-fed, a. pampered : high-flier, one who carries his opinions or claims to extrava- gance: high-flying, extravagant in opinions or claims: high-flavoured, a. having a strong flavour: high-flown, a. swelled; proud; extravagant: high- handed, a. violent ; overbearing : high life, the manner of life among the aristocracy or persons of wealth : high living, the feeding upon rich and costly food: high-lows, -loz, a boot extending up to the ankle only : high mass, mass on great occasions, and in a specially formal and solemn manner: high-mettled, a. having a proud or ardent spirit: high-minded, a. foolishly proud ; arrogant ; often applied in the sense of having honourable pride : high place, an elevation or mound used in anc. times for worship and sacrifices: high- pressure engine, a steam-engine in which the steam is not condensed: high seas, the ocean beyond the limits of the waters usually assigned to nations : high priest, n. the principal priest among the Jews, &c. : high-road, that used by the public for traffic, vehicles, &c: high-seasoned, a. food well spiced: high-sound- ing, a. pompous ; noisy : high-spirited, a. full of life and spirit: high time, time at which a thing must be attended to: high-toned, a. high in sound or in moral principles : high treason, the greatest offence that can be committed by a subject, and assigned by statute to various crimes— as, compassing the death of the king or queen, rebellion against the state, killing certain high officers, counterfeiting the great seal, &c. : high water, the time when the tide has flowed to its furthest point : high-water mark, line reached by the furthest flow of the tide : high'way'man, n. a robber who plunders on the public roads : high-wrought, a. -rawt, accurately and elaborately finished. Highland, 1 1 h I •■ l(h igh, and land), a mountain- e who is a native of the Highlands mdle, mat, fdr, law; mete, mSt, her; pine, pin; note, not, mOve; of Scotland, or of any mountainous district of a coun- higre, n. hi'ger, also eagre, egre, hygre, or aker (Bav. hidl, the rising of the underground water-level : Fris. hieen, to rise or swell, as water: Icel. JEgir, the sea-god, the sea), the commotion made in certain rivers by the meeting of the tidal wave and the river current; a sudden inundation of the sea. hilarious, a. lii-ld'rl-us (L. hilaris; Gr. hilaros, merry, joyful), mirthful ; merry: hilarity, n. -Idr'l-tl, ii ' '■li.'-ci I .... . :,i.-iai ).!( :: ..ire; gaiety. Hilary, a. hll'd-ri (from St Hilary), applied to a term commencing about the time of St Hilary's day, about Jan. 13. hile, n. Ml— see hilum. hill, n. Ml (Dut. heuvel; Ger. hugel, a hill : Low Ger. hull, a mound : Fris. hovel, a hunch in the back), a natural elevation of the land less in height than a mountain : hillside, n. the side of a hill : hilly, a. -It, abounding with hills: hillock, n. hll'ok, a small hill. hilt, n. Mlt (Dut. hilte, the hilt of a sword— from holte, a cavity : Icel. Malt, the knob at each end of a handle), the handle of anything, chiefly a sword: hilt'ed, a. having a hilt. hilum, n. hl'lum, also spelt hile, n. Ml (L. hilum, a thread, a little thing), the eye of a seed ; the scar or spot indicating the point where the seed was attached to the pericarp, as the dark mark at the one end of a bean. him, pron. Mm (AS. Mne, him— see he), the obj. case of he ; his, poss. : himself, masc. (him, and self), a reciprocal pron., joined to a noun or pronoun to render it more emphatic : herself, fern. : themselves, plu. com. gend. ; by himself, alone ; unassisted. hin, n. Mn (Heb.), an anc. Hebrew measure con- taining about twelve pints. hind, n. hind (Icel. hind; Ger. hindinn, a hind), the female of the red deer, of which the male is the stag. hind, n. hind (AS. hina, a domestic : Sw. hjun, the member of a family : Icel. Mon, a family), a servant ; a husbandman ; a peasant. hind, a. hind (Ger. hinter, behind : Fin. hanta, the tail; hannassa, behind: AS. hindan, behind), pert, to the tail or back part ; pert, to the part which follows, in opposition to fore : comp. hinder, hlnd'er, that i3 in a position contrary to that of the head or forepart: superl. hindmost, -most, or hind'ennost, the last; being in the rear of all others. hinder, v. hln'der (AS. hindrian, to hinder— from hinder, behind, after), to put or keep back ; to retard progress ; to delay ; to raise obstacles : hin'dering, imp.: hin'dered, pp. -derd: hin'derer, n. one who: hin'derance or hin'drance, n. -drdns, that which stops progress or advance ; impediment. Hindoo, n., also Hindu, n. Mn-do' (Hind. Hindi or Hindawi, a native of India), a native of Hindustan: Hin'dooism, n. -Izm, also Hin'duism, n. the doctrines and rites of the Hindoos : Hin'doostan'ee, or Hindu- stani, n. -stdn'e, the language of the Hindoos : adj. pert, to the Hindoos or their language. hinge, n. Mnj (old Eng. King, to hang: Dut. henghen, to hang— from henghe, a hook), the hook or joint on which a door, &c, turns or swings : v. to furnish with to hang or depend: hin'ging, imp.: hinged, hint, n. hint {Icel. ymia, to whizz ; ymta, to rumour : Dan. ymfe, to whisper), a distant allusion; slight mention or reference : v. to bring to mind by a slight intimation : to suggest ; to allude to distantly ; to imply: hinting, imp. : hint'ed.pp.: hint'ingly, ad. -II. hip, n. M.p (Ger. hufte; Dut. heupe, the hip, the flank: Norm, hupp, the flank), the projection caused by the haunch-bone and it coi ei ing >< ;h ; the upper fleshy part of the thigh: hipped roof, n. Mpt'rdf, a roof having the ends and the sides of the same slope: hip-knob, the ornament placed at the point of junc- tion where the sloping sides of a roof meet, or on the summit of a gable : hip and thigh, in Scrip., wholly ; completely. hip, n. Mp (Sw. hjupon; Dan. hybe; AS. Mop), the fruit of the brier or dog-rose. hip, Mp, an int. used on convivial occasions, in con- nection with hurrah. hippish, a. Mp'plsh, also hipped, a. hlpt (corruption of hypochondriac), somewhat hypochondriac. HIPP 257 HOBB hippocamp, n. hip'po-kdmp, also hip'pocam'pus, n. -kdm-pus iGr. hippos, a horse, and kampto, I bend or curve : L. hippocampus), a small fish of singular shape with head and neck like a horse; the sea-horse ; a fabu- lous monster, having the head and fore quarters of a horse attached to the tail of a fish : hip'pocen'taur, n. -sen'-tdwr (Gr. hippos, and centaur, which see), in ayic. fable, a creature said to be half man and half horse. hippocrass, n. hip'-pd-krds (after the anc. physician Hippocrates), a medicinal drink consisting of* spiced wine: hip'pocratic, a. -krdt'-lk, of or pert, to Hippoc- rates; having pale, sunken, and contracted features in dis j :i?e, or when dying. hippodrome, n. Mp'pOdrSm (Gr. hippos, a horse, and dromos, a running-course), a circus ; a horse and chariot racing-ground : hip pogriff , n. -grff (Gr. grups, a griffin), a fabulous winged animal half horse and half griffin: hip'popathol'ogy, n. -pd-thdl-6-ji (Gr. hippos, and path v.;."). the doctrine or description of diseases of horses: hippoph'agi, n. plu. -pof'-d-jl (Gr. phago, I eat), horse-eaters: hippoph'agous, a. -pus, feeding on horses: hip'popo'dium, n. pO'-dl-um (Gr. pous, a foot — gen. podos), in geol., a large heavy bi- valve characteristic of the lower lias shales of Eng- land: hippo rion, n. -po'-i-l-on, in geol., a tertiary mammal having affinities with the horse : hip'popot- amus, n. -pot'-d-mus (Gr. jjotaryios, a river), the sea or river horse: hip'pothe'rium, n. -the-rl-iun (Gr. therion, a wild beast), in geol., a mammal of the mio- cene tertiaries, so called from its close resemblance to the horse family: hippuric, a, hlp-pu-rlk (Gr. oitron, urine), applied to an acid obtained from the urine of horses or cows: hippurite, n. hlp'-pu-rlt (Gr. oura, a tail), in geol., a massive horsehoof-like bivalve of the chalk formation, having a deep conical under valve, with a flatfish lid or upper valve : hip purites, n. plu. •rltz, in geol., a genus of coal-measure plants, so called from their close resemblance to the common hippuris, hin pii'ris, or mare's tail of our marshes. hircine, n. her'sln (L. hircus, a he-goat), a foetid oily matter found in goat's or sheep's fat : hir'cic, a, -sik, applied to an acid derived from hircine. hire, v. Mr (AS. hyre ; Dut. huur; Ger. heuer; W. hur, wages, payment for service), to procure the use of, for a certain time, and at a certain price ; to let out for money : n. the price paid for the loan or tem- porary use of anything ; wages : Wring, imp. : n. an engagement to service: adj. applied to a place where engagements to service are entered into: hired, pp. Mrd: hire less, a. without hire: hi'rer, n. -rtr, one who hires : Mre'ling, n. one who serves for wages ; a mercenary — used generally in a bad sense. hirsute, a. her'-sAt(L. h irs}itus, rough, hairy), covered with long stiffish hairs thickly set ; hairy : hirsute - ness, n. -nis, hairiness. his, hlz, pers. pron. poss. of he, which see. hispid, a. hispid (L. hispidus, bristlv, rugged: F. hispide), re g ng hairs or bristles. hiss, n. his (an imitative word : Piedm. isse or sisse, to hiss on a dog: W. hust, a low buzzing noise: It. zitto, a slight sound : Dan. tys, hush ; tpsse, to hush), an expression of contempt or disapprobation like the continuous sound of the letter s, produced by driving breath between the tongue and the teeth ; the noise made by a serpent or goose : v. to express contempt by hisses; to condemn by hissing: his'sing, imp.: n. the act or expression of: hissed, pp. hist: his'singly, ad. -IX: hist, int. hl* f . hush ; silence. histogenesis, n. hls'-to-jin'-S-sls, also histog'eny, n. -tdj'e-ni (Gr. histos. a tissue, and gennao, I produce), the formation and development of organic tissues: histol'ogy, n. -tol'-o-jl (Gr. logos, a discourse), the science of the animal tissues ; the description of the tissues which form an animal or plant : his'tologlcal, a. -loj'i-kdl, relating to histology or the description of tissues. history, n. hls'to-ri (Gr. and L. historia, history: F. histoire), a systematic account of facts and events, particularly those affecting nations or states ; a narra- tion of past events : histo'rian, n. -to'-rl-dn, one who writes history : historical, a. -tdr'-i-kdl, also historic, a. -Ik, pert, to hi storv; , ;.ntained in historv or deduced from it : historically, ad. -kdl-ll: his'toribg'raphy, n. 3 write u act or employ- ment of writing history : his'toriog'rapher, n. -rd-fir, one who ; a person appointed by a sovereign to write the history of his kingdom : sacred history, "the history of religion and the events connected with it, as con- tained in the Scriptures : profane history, the history cdio, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shim, thing, there, zeal. of nations in general, called also civil history: anc history, the history of th nfaquity down to the destruction of the Western Empire, 476 A.D. : history of the middle ages, extends from 476 A.D. to end of 15th century : modern history, from about 1492 A.D. to our own times : classical history, the history of the Greeks and Romans : natural history, a descrip- tion and classification of the mineral, vegetable, and animal productions of the earth— sometimes limited to animals only. histrionic, a. his'-irl-on'-lk, also his'trionlcal, a. -l-kdl (L. h isirio, an actor or stage-player : F. h istrion), of or relating to the stage or stage-players ; befitting the stage : histrionically, ad. -li : histrionic art, the art of acting in the drama : his'trionism, n. -nizm, stage-playing. hit, v. Mi (Icel. hitta, to light on: Bav. hutzen, to strike), to touch or strike with or without force ; to touch, as a mark ; to succeed ; to chance luckily ; to light on : n. a stroke ; a chance ; a lucky chance ; a happy conception : hitting, imp.: hit, hlt'pt. and pp.: hit'ter, n. -er, one who: to hit off, to describe l>y characteristic strokes : to hit on or upon, to light upon, or come to, by chance. hitch, n. Mch (Bav. hutschen, to rock, to hitch one's self: Dut. hut sen, to shake, to jumble), a catch, or anything which acts as one ; a knot or noose in a rope ; a sudden stop or halt ; an impediment : v. to hook, or catch by a hook ; to catch ; to move by jerks : hitching, imp. : hitched, pp. hicht. hither, ad. Mth'-er (AS. hider or hither; Icel. hed- har), to this place : adj. nearer : hith'ermost, adj. -most, nearest on this side : hitherto, ad. -t6, to this time or place ; in any time before the present : hith'- erward, ad. -werd, towards this place. hive, n. hiv (Goth, heiv; Icel. hiu, family, house- hold: AS. hige, a household), a kind of box or basket in which the domestic bees store their honey ; a swarm of bees ; any company of persons numerous and in- dustrious: v. to collect into a hive; to take shelter together : hi'ving, imp. : hived, pp. Mvd : hi'ver, n. one who. hives, n. plu. hlvz, in Scot, and A T . of Eng., a skin disease among children, consisting of vesicles scat- tered over the body, which are shaped something like a beehive ; the croup. ho, int. ho, also hoa, int. hO-d (F. ho, an int. to im- pose silence or stop an action), hold! stop! used to excite attention. hoar, a. hor (AS. har, hoary: Icel. ho?ra, grey hair; Jicerdr, grey -haired : F. < iiirt), white, as with frost or age : hoary, a. hor'-l, white or grey with age; greyish-white ; thickly covered with short whitish hairs : hoar'iness, n. -nis, the state of being whitish or grey : hoar-frost, frozen dew or vapours on the surface of the ground. hoard, n. hord (AS. hord ; Goth, huzd ; old H. Ger. hort, treasure), a store or stock of anything accumu- lated or laid up ; a hidden stock ; a treasure : v. to collect and lay up a quantity of anything ; to amass or store up secretly: hoarding, imp.: n. the habit or practice of secreting money or treasure : hoard'ed, pp. : hoard'er, «. one who. hoard, n. herd, also hoarding, n. {Dut. horde, a fence of branches: Ger. hiirde, a frame of rods ; hur- dling, a fence), a timber fence enclosing builders while at work ; a fence about any building while erecting or under repair. hoarse, a. hors (AS. and Icel. has; Ger. heiser; Dut. heesch, hoarse), having a rough grating voice, as from a cold: hoarsely, ad. -II: hoarseness, n. -nes, harsh- ness or roughness of voice or sound ; unnatural asper- ity of voice. hoary, a., and hoariness, n.— see hoar. hoax, n. hoks {AS. hucx, slight irony: also a supposed corruption of hocus, in the phrase hocus-pocus), some- thing done for deception; a deceptive trick; an im- position : v. to play a trick upon for sport ; to deceive : hoaxing, imp.: hoaxed, pp. hokst. hob, n. hobd '; stammer : Dut. hdbbeZen, to stammer, to jolt ; hobbelig, rough, uneven : Dan. hob, a heap), the flat side part of a grate ; a country clown; a rustic: hobble, v. hob'-l, to walk lamely; to limp ; to fasten loosely together the legs ; to clog : n. an unequal limping walk : hobljling, imp. -bling: adj. walking with a halting step ; limping : hobbled, pp. hob-Id: hobble: n tewho: hob'blingly, ad. -li. hobbledehoy, n. hob'-hde-hdij, a youth not yet come to man's estate. HOBB 258 HOLO hobby, n. hob'-M, or hobby-horse (Ger. hoppe, a mare : F. hobin, a little ambling horse : Gr. hippos, a horse : Fris. hoppe, a horse, in nursery language), a stick on which young boys place themselves astride and ride ; a wooden horse on which children ride ; a pasteboard representation of a horse fastened to a man, who appears then to be riding on horseback ; the favourite object or pursuit of any one. hobby, n. hdb-bl (F. hobere.au, a hobby), a small but strong- winged falcon— formerly trained for hawking. hob-nails, n. hob'-nalz (Ger. hufnagel, a hoof-nail— see hob), the nails set in the thick soles of a country shoe ; the nails of a horse-shoe : hobgoblin, n. -gob- lin, a clownish goblin ; a frightful fairy. hobnob, v. hob-nob (AS. habban, to have, and nab- ban, to have not), at a social meeting, a friendly invi- tation to reciprocal drinking : hobnob'bing, imp. : hobnobbed', pt. and pp. -ndbdf. hock, n. hok (AS. hoh, the heel, the ham ; hoh-sin, the hamstring : Ger. hakse, the foot-joint of the hind leg of a horse ; hacke, the heel), the joint of an animal between the knee and fetlock— hough, used in same sense, but signifies properly the back of the knee : v. to cut the hamstring: hocking, imp.: hocked, pp. hold. hock, n. hok {Hochheim, in Germany), Rhenish wine. hocus, v. ho'kus (Dut. hokus-bokus ; F. hoccus-bocus, the gibberish repeated by jugglers— probably from Ochus-Bochus, a magician and demon of the north- ern mythology), to cheat or trick; to put a trick upon: ho'cussing, imp.: ho'cussed, pp. -kust: hocus- pocus, a. -po'kus, a juggler's trick : v. to put a trick upon one. hod, n. hod (F. hotte, a scuttle : Ger. hotte, a basket in which grapes are gathered : Scot, hot, a small heap), an open wooden box fitted with a handle, in which labourers carry mortar or brick on their shoulders : hod'man, n. a bricklayer's labourer. pdch (Dut. huti ' pot— from prov. F. hacK- poter, to hack, to cut to bits), a mixed mass, or a medley of ingredients; in Scot, a soup with a large variety of vegetables. hoe, n. ho (F. houe, a hoe— from ftouer, to dig up : Dut. houiuer, to pick or hoe— from homven, to hew), a common garden or field tool : v. to dig or cleanse with a hoe ; to cleaj from weeds : hoeing, imp. : n. the clearing or digging with a hoe : hoed, pp. hod. hog, n. hdg (W. hwch, a swine : Bret, hoc'h, a swine — from houc'ha, to grunt), a pig ; a swine ; a gelded boar ; a flat rough broom used by seamen for scrub- bing : v. to scrape and scrub a ship's bottom under water ; to become bent upward in the middle— applied to a ship strained out of shape ; to cut short, as the mane of a horse : hog'ging, imp. : hogged, pp. hogd, applied to a ship which, through some defect or strain, droops at each end : hog'get, n. -St, a boar of the second year: hog'gish, a. -ish, resembling a hog; filthy; greedy; selfish: hog'gishly, ad. -II: hog'gishness, n.: hog-sty, an enclosure or house for hogs : hog's lard, ■lard, the fat of the hog or swine : hogger-pump, the top pump in the sinking pit of a mine : hog'gers, n. plu. -gerz, stockings without feet worn by miners at their work : hog's back, in geol. , the ridgy structure of certain districts, consisting of alternate ridges and ravines. hog or hogg, n. hog, also hoggerel, n. -ger-Sl (Norm. F. hogetz, a hog : Dut. hokkeling, a beast of one year old, from being fed in the hok or pen), a young sheep of the second year ; a young sheep that has not been shorn : hog'get, same as hog : wether-hog, a young castrated male sheep : hog colt, a yearling colt. hogmanay, n. hdg'mdn-a' (Norm. F. au gui menez, lead to the mistletoe), in Scot., the old name of the last day of the year ; a noted festival day, and one employed in merriment. hogshead, n. hogz'hSd (Dut. ochshood; Sw. oxhuf- wud), a measure commonly containing 54 gals., some- times 63 gals. ; any large cask. hoiden, n. hdy'dSn (W. hoeden, a flirt ; Dut. heyden, a rude uncultivated man), a rude or rustic girl : adj. rude ; ill-taught ; bold : v. to romp rudely : hoi'den- ing, imp. -dn-ing: hoi'dened, pp. -dSnd. hoist, v. hdyst (F. hisser ; Sw. hissa ,- Dan. heise, to hoist), to raise ; to lift ; to bear upwards by means of tackle : n, a raising ; a lift ; an apparatus for raisinf or lifting bodies from the ground: hoist'ing, imp.: hoist'ed, pp. hoity-toity, int. hdy'tl-toy'ti, an exclamation ex- pressing a check to over-liveliness and exuberance of spirits : adj. thoughtless ; giddy ; flighty. holaster, n. ho-lds'ter (Gr. holos, entire, wholly, and astron, a star), in geol, a genus of fossil sea-urchins, comprehending those which are heart-shaped. hold, v. hold (AS. healdan, to keep, to observe: Ger. halten; Dut. houden, to preserve: Icel. halla, guard), to stop ; to detain ; to have or grasp in the hand ; to keep ; to keep steady or fast ; to contain ; to possess ; to be true ; not to fail ; to stick ; to ad- here ; to maintain, as an opinion : n. a grasp, as with the hands ; an embrace ; power of keeping or seizing ; influence ; a fortified place ; a prison : int. or impera. be still ! forbear ! stop 1 hold'ing, imp. : n. a tenure ; a farm held of a superior ; land or house rented : held, pt. and pp. Mid, did hold : hold'er, n. -er, one who possesses anything; a tenant: hold'fast, n. -f&st, a long nail with a catch or hook: to hold forth, to offer ; to put forward ; to harangue : to hold in, to restrain : to hold off, to keep at a distance : to hold on, to continue : to hold out, to propose or offer ; to yield not : to hold together, to remain in union : to hold up, to raise ; to sustain or support : to hold one's own, to keep one's ground. hold, n. hold (Dut. holte, a cavity— from hoi, hollow: Scot, how, hollow), the whole interior cavity of a ship ; the space where the cargo is stored hole, n. hoi (Dut. hoi ; Ger. hohl, hollow : Ger. hohle, a cave), an opening in or through a solid body ; an ex- cavation in the ground ; a perforation ; a cavity ; a mean place or habitation : v. to dig or make a hole in ; to drive into a hole or bag, as in billiards : ho'ling, imp.: n. in coal-mining, cutting under a seam of coal so as to deprive it of support and facilitate its falling down : holed, pp. hold : hole and corner, special and private to promote party ends or some disreputable object, as a hole-and-corner meeting. holiday, n. hdl'l-da (Dut. heyligh-dagh, a sacred day— see holy), a day of freedom from labour ; a day of joy and gaiety : adj. pert to a festival ; gay. holiness, n. ho'-li-nis (from holy, which see), free- dom from sin ; moral goodness ; piety ; purity ; sacred- ness ; a title of the Pope. holing, n.— see under hole. Holland, n. holldnd, fine linen first manufactured in Holland : Hollands, n. Dutch or a superior kind of gin : Hollander, n. a Dutchman. holloa, int. hullo', also spelt hollo and holla (F. hold, ho there!) an exclamation used in calling to some one at a distance ; a word expressive of sur- prise : v. to call the attention of some one at a dis- tance : holloaing, imp. : holloaed, pp. hullod'. hollow, a. hollo (from hole, which see), having an empty space within ; not solid ; deep ; not sincere or faithful; not real; false: n. any depression of surface ; a cavity ; a pit ; a groove : v. to dig or scoop out ; to excavate : ad. without difficulty, as he carries it hol- low; without a chance of success, or beyond a doubt, as he was beaten hollow: hollowing, imp.: hollowed, pp. -I6d: hollowly, ad. -II: hollowness, n. state of being hollow ; insincerity ; deceit : hollow-hearted, a. insincere ; treacherous : hollow square, in a body of foot, soldiers drawn up in the form of a square with an unoccupied space in the middle: hollow-eyed, a. having the eyes sunk in the head. holly, n. hoi i ■ old Eng. hollen; W. celyn), an evergreen shrub having prickly leaves, and producing clusters of red berries ; the holm-tree ; called also the holm. hollyhock, n. hol'H-hok (AS. hoc; W. hocys, mal- lows, and holly — so called from being supposed to have been first brought from the Holy Land), a tall beautiful flowering plant. holm, n. holm or horn (AS. holen, holm or alder-' tree— see holly), the evergreen oak. holm, n. holm or hom, spelt also holme— generally when part of a compound word (Norm, holm, a small island: Dut. holm, a sandbank: AS. holm, the deep sea), a river islet ; low flat rich land on the banks of a river. holocaust, n. hdl'O-kdwst (Gr. holos, whole, and kaustos, burnt : F. holocauste), a sacrifice or offering the whole of which was consumed by fire ; a burnt- offering. holograph, n. hol'0-grdf (Gr. holos, whole, and grapho, I write), a deed or will written wholly by the mate, mdt,f&r, law; mete, mit, her; pine, pin; note, n6t, m6ve; HOLO 259 HOMO hand of the granter or testator : adj. applied to a written document or letter, written as well as signed by the same person ; also hol'ograph'ic, a. -ik. holoptychius, n. hol'op-tlk'-i-us (Gr. holos, whole, entire, and ptuche, a wrinkle), in geol., a genus of fossil fishes — so called from the corrugated or wrinkled surfaces of their enamelled scales. holothure, n. hol'-O-thdr (Gr. holos, the whole, and thurion, a little door), a marine radiate animal of the order of echinoderms, from their shape sometimes called sea-cucumbers— some species are largely used for food by the Chinese: hol'othu'rian, a. -thO'-ri-dn, pert, to : hol'othu'rioi'dea, n. -i-oy'de-d (Gr. eidos, re- semblance), in gcol., fossil sea-cucumbers. holster, n. hol'ster (AS. heolster, a hiding-place— from helan, to cover : Dut. holster, a case for pistols), a leather case for a pistol attached to the fore part of a saddle : hol'stered, a. -sterd, furnished with holsters. holt, n. holt (AS. holt, a grove : Dut. hout, a wood), a wooded hill ; a forest ; a cover, hole, or other place of security. holy, a. ho'U (Icel. heilagr ; Ger. heilig ; Dut. hey- lig, holy— from Ger. heil; Dut. heyl, health), good; pious ; free from sin and sinful affections ; sacred ; perfect in a moral sense ; consecrated to : ho'lily, ad. ■II : holiness, n. -ties, state or quality of being holy ; freedom from sin : holiday, n. hol'i-dd, a day of joy or amusement, &c: Holy One, n. one of the names of the Supreme Being a name of Christ: Holyrood, n. ho'U- r6d, a crucifix in the R. Cath. Ch., placed over the entrance to the chancel : h6l'i-rdbd, the palace, &c, at Edinburgh : Holy of Holies, n. ho'-liz, the innermost room of the tabernacle and temple where the ark was kept : holy day, a religious feast : holy office, a name for the inquisition : holy orders, in Episcopal Churches, the several ranks of the ministry: holy Thursday, Ascension day, ten days before Whitsuntide : holy week, the week before Easter ; passion week : Holy Writ, the Sacred Scriptures: Holy Land, Palestine, the country of the anc. Jews : Holy Ghost or Holy Spirit, the Third Person of the Trinity : holy war, a war undertaken with the view of crushing the ene- mies of the Church — usually restricted to one of the crusades : holy water, in the Gr. and R. Cath. Ch., the water which has been consecrated by the priest. homage, n. hom'dj (F. hommage, homage, duty — from L. homo, a man), the service or fealty promised hy a vassal to his lord or superior as his lord's man ; the act of giving the promise ; respect paid by outward action ; reverential worship ; devout affection ; recog- nition of superiority. homalonotus, n. hdm'd-lo-nO'tus (Gr. homalos, on the same level, and notos, the back), in geol., a genus oftrilobites. home, n. Mm (AS. ham; Goth, haims; F. hameau, a village, a dwelling), a dwelling-house ; an abode ; one's own country: adj. domestic ; produced at home or in one's own country ; close or severe, as a home thrust : ad. to one's own habitation or country ; close to our own breast or affairs ; to the utmost ; fully ; closely : home is used of anything close in its place — applied to the sheets of the sails, to the shot in a gun, &c. : homely, a. -II, plain ; not handsome ; not polished ; easy and plain in manners : ad. in a homely manner : homeliness, n. -n6s, want of beauty ; plainness ; want of polished manners : homeless, a. without a home : homelessness, n. state of being without a home: home- hred, a. native ; plain ; uncultivated : home farm, the cultivated fields around a mansion-house and grounds —frequently kept in the proprietor's own hands: home- made, a. of domestic manufacture : home-sick, a. pining after one's native place or home : home-sick- ness, n. : home-spun, a. wrought at home ; plain in manner or style ; not elegant : at home, at one's own place of abode : at home in anything, conversant or familiar with : home-born, a. native ; not foreign : home-bound or homeward-bound, on the way to one's abode or native country, particularly by sea : home- hrewed, a. brewed at home, as beer or ale : Home Secretary, in Britain, one of the high officers of state to whom is intrusted the management of affairs con- nected with the civil jurisdiction of the kingdom: homestead, n. the ground on which a house stands, and the enclosed ground surrounding it : home'ward or home'wards, ad. in the direction of, or towards home : to bring a thing home, to prove guilty ; to convict. homeopathy, &c— see homoeopathy. homer, ho'-mer (Heb. khomer, a mound, a heap), a cow, o6y,fSbt; pure, Md; chair, Hebrew measure containing about 75 gallons 5 pints liquid measure, or 8 bush, dry measure ; also chomer, ko'mer. Homeric, a. ho-mer'lk, pert, to Homer, the great anc. poet of Greece, or to his age or poetry. homicide, n. hom'i-sid (L. homicidium, homicide— from homo, a man, and cozdo, I strike or kill : F. homi- cide), the killing of one human creature by another; amanslayer: hom'ici'dal, a. -si'-ddl, inclined to kill; murderous; bloody. homiletics, n. plu. hom'l-iet'lks (Gr. homiletikos, social— from homileo, I converse, I have intercourse with), that branch of theology which treats of sermons and the best way of preparing and delivering them : hom'ilet'ic, a. -Ik, or hom'ilet'ical, a. -i-kal, pert, to : hom'ily, n. -II, a plain familiar sermon : hom'ilist, n. -list, a preacher. hominy, n. hom'-in-i (Ind. auhuminea, parched corn), in N. Amer., maize pulled and crushed and boiled with water. homo, ho'-mo (Gr. homos, similar or same), a com- mon prefix, meaning same, similar, or alike. homocentric, a. ho'mo-sen'trlk (Gr. homos, similar, and kentron, the centre), having the same centre. homocercal, a. ho'-mo-ser'-kdl (Gr. homos, alike, and kerkos, the tail), having equally-bilobate tails, as the herring", the cod, &c. homochromous, a. ho'-mo-krO'mus (Gr. homos, alike, and chroma, colour), applied to flowers when all the flowerets in the same flower -head are of the same colour. homodromous, a. h6-mv-o->,rris( Gr. homos, alike, and dromos, a course), in bot, running in the same direction. homceomeric, a. ho'-me-Q-mlr'-ik (Gr. homoios, simi- lar, and meros, a part), having sameness of parts. homoeopathy, n. ho'-me-op'-d-thi (Gr. homoios, simi- lar, like, and pathos, suffering), a mode of treating diseases by the administration of medicines capable of exciting in healthy persons symptoms closely simi- lar to those of the disease for which they are given : ho'moeopath'ic, a. -o-pdth'-ik, also ho'moeopath'ical, a. -i-kal, pert, to homoeopathy : ho'mceopath'ically, a'd. -IX: ho'mceop'athist, n. -op'-d-thist, one who believes in and practises homoeopathy. Note.-— The o in ' » >•■ am biguous : homon'ymously, ad. -M : homon'ymy, n. -%■ ml, sameness in name, with difference in signification ; ambiguity. homomorphous, a. ho'mo-mor'/us (Gr. homos, like, and morphe, shape), of similar form. homoousian— see homoiousian. homopetalous, a. ho , r homos, like, and petalon, a petal), in hot., having all the petals formed alike ; having all the florets alike in a com- posite flower. homophone, n.h6m'0-fon {'■'.< homo iike,andp/icw, sound), a letter orcharaotei having bhe same sound as another: homophonous, a. hO-mo/'o-nus, having the same sound ; of the same pitch : homoph'ony, n. -nl, sameness of sound. homotropal, a. ho-rnot'ro-pdl (Gr. homos, like, and trepo, I turn), in hot., having the same general direc- tion as a body of which it forms a part. homotype, n. hom'6-tip (Gr, homos, like, and tupos, form), that part of an animal which corresponds to another part. hone, n. hon (Norm, hein; W. hoji, to incite, to sharpen), a stone of a fine grain used for sharpening cutting instruments : v, to sharpen on a hone : honing, imp. : honed, pp. hond. honest, a. on'est (L. honestus, honourable — from honos, honour : It. ojiesto .- F. honnete), fair in dealing with others ; just ; frank ; hearty ; sincere : hon estly, ad. -II, uprightly; justly: hon'esty, n. -tl, upright con- duct ; fairness in dealing with others. honey, n. Mn't(Dut. and Ger. honig: Icel. hunang-. AS. hunig), the sweet substance collected by bees; sweetness: honeyed or honied, a, Mm. Id < < iVu< ! in a figurative sense, as honeyed tvords: hon'eyless, a. without honey: honeycomb, n. the wax cells containing the honey : honeycombed, a. -kornd, applicable to any surface having small irregular punctures spread over it, like the cells of the honeycomb : hon'eysuckle, n. -suk'-l, a well-known climbing plant and flower ; the woodbine : hon'eymoon, n. the first month after mar- riage : honey-mouthed, a. soft or smooth in speech : honey-stone, a popular name for mellite, from its honey- yellow colour : honey-tongued, a. fair and smooth of speech. hong, n. hong (Chinese, hang or hong, a mercantile house), in China, the company of merchants who were alone privileged to deal with foreigners; now any foreign factory. honorarium, n. hon'-o-ra'rl-um (L. a present made on being admitted to a post of honour ; a douceur), a voluntary fee paid to a professional man. honour, n. on'er (L. honor or honos, honour, respect : It. onore; F. honneur), the esteem paid or due to worth ; the expression of high respect ; high rank or place; civilities; dignity; fame; scorn of meanness, the result of self-respect ; token of respect ; chastity ; glory : v. to respect highly ; to treat with deference or submission ; to raise to distinction or notice ; in com- merce, to accept and pay when due, as a bill of ex- change : honouring, imp. : honoured, pp. 6n'-6rd: hon- orary, a. 6n'er-d-ri, intended merely to confer honour ; unpaid : honourable, a. on'er-a-bl, deserving or im- plying honour ; high-minded ; actuated by the princi- ples of honour ; of high rank in society ; used as a title of rank or high office, as right honourable; without taint or reproach: hon'ourably, ad. -d-bll: hon'our- ableness, n. -d-bl-nSs.- hon'ourless, a. without honour: hon'ours, n. plu. privileges of rank or birth ; public marks of respect or esteem; high academic distinctions: honours of war, certain privileges or distinctions grant- ed to a vanquished enemy, as that of marching out with military insignia : code of honour, certain rules by which social intercourse is regulated among persons of fashion : on one's honour, on the pledge of one's own reputation for integrity: to do the honours, to pay respect and attention to guests in the manner of a host, as at a private or public dinner : your honour, a common and familiar title of respect paid to untitled gentlemen by many persons in the humbler ranks- still given to some English judges. hood, n. hood (Low Ger. hode ; Ger. huth, guard, keeping: Dut. hoed, a hood— from hoeden, to cover), a covering for the head and shoulders, attached to a cloak or a monk's frock at the back of the collar ; a covering drawn upon the head and wrapping round it, leaving the face only exposed ; a covering for a HOPP hawk's head ; an ornamental fold which hangs down the back of a graduate to mark liis degree; in bot.,& concave petal resembling a monk's hood : v. to dress or cover with a hood : hood'ing, imp. : hooded, pp. : adj. having or wearing a hood; covered with a hood: hood'less, a. having no hood: hoodwink, v. -wingk, to bind by covering the eyes ; to deceive by disguise ; to impose on : hood'winking, imp. : hoodwinked, pp. wlngkt. hood, hdbd (Icel. hattr, manner ; hatta, to be wont : Bav. halt, the condition of a thing: AS. hud, person, state), a common postfix, denoting quality, state, condition, character, as manhood, priest/iooci. hoof, n. hof (Dut. hoe/: Norm, and Dan. hov), the horny substance that covers the feet of many ani- mals: hoofed, a. hu/t, having hoofs: hoof'less, a. without hoofs. hook, n,hdbk{Dut. hoeck; Low Ger. hake; Pol. hak, a hook), a piece of metal or other substance bent or curved so as to catch, hold, or sustain; a curved cut- ting instrument; a sickle; a snare; a trap: v. to catch, draw, or fasten, as with a hook; to draw by force or artifice ; to bend : hooking, imp. : hooked, ■pn.hobkt: adj. bent like a hook; curved: hook'ed- ness, n. -ed-ues, state of being curved like a hook: hook'y, a. -%, pert, to or full of hooks : hooknosed, a. having a nose curved somewhat likeahook; aquiline: hook and eye, a simple fastening for ladies' dresses : off the hooks, disturbed; out of place: by hook or by crook, by any means ; one way or another. hookah, n. ho'-kdh (Hind, hukkah), a pipe with a long flexible tube in which the smoke, before being inhaled, is made to pass through water. hooker, n.lio'ok'ir,a, small Dutch vessel. hoop, n. hup (Dut. hoep, a ring ; Swiss, hup, con- vex : F. houpe, a tuft), a band of wood or metal used to bind together the staves of casks, &c. ; anything circular: v. to bind or fasten with hoops; to encircle or surround : hoop'ing, imp. : n. stuff for hoops : hooped, pp. hbpt; hoop'er, n. one who: hoops, stiff circular bands to extend ladies' dresses ; crinoline : hoop-iron, narrow thin strips of iron for making hoops. hooping-cough, n. hbp'-lng-hof (F. houper; Swiss, hopen, to call out : Bret, hopa, to call to a distance- see whoop), a cough in which the patient hoops or whoops with deep breathing. hoopoe, n. hbp'-o (L. upupa, so called from its sound), a bird whose head is adorned with a beauti- ful crest, common in S. Europe. hoot, n. h6t (Fin. hutaa, to shout, to call : Norm, hut , a cry to silence a dog: W. hwt, off with it! away I) a shout given in contempt : v. to cry or shout in con- tempt ; to drive with noise and shouts ; to cry as an owl : hoofing, imp. : n. shouting and crying in con- tempt : hoofed, pp. hop, v. hop (Ger. hup/en; Norm, hoppa; Dut. hop- pen; AS. hoppan, to hop, to frisk), to proceed by short leaps ; to skip lightly ; to walk lamely ; to limp : n. a short leap or spring, as on one leg ; a light leap : hop'ping, imp. : n. the act of advancing by short leaps: hopped, pp. hopt: hop'per, n. -per, one who. hop,n. hop (< i nt. hopptn; F. houblon, hops), a climbing plant whose seeds or flowers give bitterness to beer and ale : adj. pert, to hops : v. to impregnate with hops : hop'ping, imp. : hopped, pp. hopt: adj. impregnated with hops : hopbine, n. -bin,, the stalk or stem of the hop. hope, n. hop (Ger. hoffen ; Dut. hopen, to expect : AS. hopa, hope), the desire of good, accompanied with some degree of expectation of obtaining it, or with a belief that it is attainable; anticipation of future good; trust ; opinion or belief not amounting to cer- tainty : v. to cherish a desire of good, with some de- gree of expectation of attaining it ; to trust in with confident anticipation of good : ho 'ping, imp. : hoped, pp. hopt: hope'ful, a. -/obi, full, of hope;. having qua- lities promising success: hope'fully, ad. -II: hope- fulness, n. : hopeless, a. without hope ; being with- out pleasing expectation; despairing: hopelessly, ad. -II: ho'pingly, ad. -ll, with hope: forlorn-hope —see forlorn. hoplite, n. hop'llt (Gr. hoplites— from hoplon, a weapon), a heavy armed soldier of anc. Greece. hopper, n. hop'per (from hop: Dut. haperen, to stammer, to stutter), the funnel or trough through which grain passes into a mill— so called from its jumping, shaking motion ; a vessel in which seed-corn is carried ; a conical vessel suspended from the ceil- mate, mdt,/dr, law; mete, m5t, her; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; HOPP 261 HOSP ing, containing sand and water, for the use of the cut- ter in glass. hopple, v. hop'-l (Dut. hobbelen, to jolt, to stammer: Scot, hobble, to mend shoes in a bungling manner), to tie the feet near together to prevent leaping : hop - pling, imp. -ling: hoppled, pp. hop'-ld: hopples, n. plu. hop'-lz, fetters fur the legs of horses. horal, a. hor-dl (L. hora, an hour), relating to an hour or hours : hor'ally, ad. -li : horary, a. hor'-il-rl, relating to or noting the hours ; in hot., lasting about an hour. horde, n. hOrd (F. and Ger. horde, a horde, a clan : Alb. hordi; Turk, ordu, a camp, a tribe), a body of wandering or migratory people dwelling in tents or waggons : v. to live together like migratory tribes : hording, imp. : horded, pp. hordeine, n. hor'de-in (L. hordeum, barley), a pecu- liar substance found in barley. horehound, n. hor'hownd (AS. hara-hune, hore- hound— from har, hoary, grey, and hune, consump- tion), a native wild medicinal plant of an aromatic and bitter flavour. horizon, n. ho-ri'zun (Gr. horizon, that which ter- minates—from horos, a boundary), the circular line where the earth and sky seem to meet, called the sen- sible horizon; the great circle dividing the visible and invisible heavens into two equal parts is called the rational horizon: horizontal, a. hor'-i-zon'tal on a level ; on a line with the horizon ; the oppo- site of perpendicular or vertical: hor izon'tally, ad. -li: hor izontal ity, n. -l-ti, state of being horizon- tal: artificial horizon, a reflector whose surface is perfectly horizontal, used to observe altitudes on shore : horizon-glass, a glass fixed in front of the telescope of a reflecting astronomical instr., whose lower part is a minor, and upper transparent. horn, n. haHbrn [Goth. /" i ' ,■ L. hydrop'ical, but a contract i , ■ < hydrop'ic, a. -drop'-ik, also hydrop'ical, a. -%-kdl, re v sical. ., resembling dropsy; drop- hydro-salts, n. plu. hl'-drd sawlts, salts, the acid or base of which contains hydrogen. hydroscope, n. hi'-dro-skop (Gr. hudor, water, and skopeo, I view), an instr. for measuring the dampness or moisture of the air, or of a gas. hydrostatics, n. pin i tdi'\ (Gr. hudor, water, and statikos, standing or settling), the science which treats of the properties of fluids when at rest of water while at rest : hy'drostat'ically, ad hydrosulphuret, n.hl'i hydrogen, and sulphur), a compound of hydrosulphuric aci. >' of the rocks which abound along the Nile throughout the Libyan ridge of hills, and under the contiguous plains of sands : hy'poge'ous, a. -its: hyp'oge'al, a. SI, underground; subterranean; in tot., applied to the parts of plants growing bem - -face of the soil. hypogynous, a. hl-pdj'l-nus (Gr. hupo, under, and gune, a female), in tot., inserted below the ovary or pistil : hy'pogyn, n. hl'po-jin, a hypogynous plant. hypophosphite, n. M-po-fos'J U{Gt. hupo, m^Km-iiu a less quantity, and phosphorus), a compound of hypophosphorous acid with a base: hy'pophos'pho- rous, a. -fo-rii: uami applied to an acid which con- tains less oxygen than phosphorous acid. hypophyllous, a. hi'po-fll'lus (Gr. hupo, under, and phullon, a leaf), in tot., situated under the leaf. hypostasis, n. hi-pos'td-sls, plu. hypostases, -sez (Gr. hupo, under, and stas, having stood, stasis, a standing), distinct personality with joint dependence — applied to the Trinity; individual particular sub- stance ; a common nature or essence : hy'postatlc, a. -pO -stat- ik, also liy'postat'ical, a. -l-kdl, personal, or distinctly personal ; relating to the union of the divine and human natures in the person of Christ : hy'po- stat'ically, ad. -It. hyposulphate, n. hl'po-sul'-fdt (Gr. hupo, under, and sulphate), a compound of hyposulphuric acid with a base : hy'posul'phite, n. -fit, a compound of hypo- sulphurous acid with a base : hy'posuiphu'ric, a. -fu' rlk, applied to an acid containing less oxygen than sulphuric, and more than sulphurous, acid : hy^posuT- phurous, a. -fu-rus, applied to an acid containing less oxygen than sulphurous acid. 8 ICE hypotenuse, n. hl-pot'e-nus (Gr. h upoteino, I subtend —from hupo, under, and teino, I stretch out, I lay along), the longest side of a right-angled triangle, or the side opposite the right angle ; also spelt hypoth'- hypothec, n. M-poth'Sk (Gr. Jiupotheke, a pledge not delivered, a mortgage— from hupo, under, and tithemi, I put or place), in Scot., the right which the law gives to a landlord over the goods of his tenants, such as furniture or crops, as security for payment of rents : hypothecate, v. -e-kdt, to assign in pledge a3 security: hypothecating, imp.: hypothecated, pp.: hypoth'eca'tor, n. -kd'ter, one who : hypoth'eca'tion, n. -ka'shun, the pledging of a ship or goods for ad- vances made. hypothesis, n. hl-pdth'S-sts (Gr. hupothesis, foun- dation, supposition — from hupo, under, and titlurnii, I put or place, I suppose), something assumed for the purpose of argument ; a system or theory put forward to account for something not understood: plu. hy- potheses, -sez: hypothetic, a. -thet'lk, also hypo- thetical, a. -l-kdl, assumed ; conditional : hy'pothet'- ically, ad. -II. hypotrachelium, n. hl'-pO-trd-ke'-ll-um (Gr. hupo, under, and trachelos, the neck), in arch., that part of the capital of a column which occurs between the shaft and the annulets of the echinus. hypotyposis, n. hi-pO-ti-po'-sls (Gr. hupo, under, and tupos, a type), h ptire language; imagery. hypozoic, a. hi'-po-zo'-lk (Gr. hupjo, under, and zoon, an animal), in geol., applied to those rocks which have as yet yielded no organic remains, and which lie be- neath the und< n •■• .v. ■ (;■-. hyppish— see hippish. hypsodon, n. hlp'-so-don (Gr. hupsos, height, and odontes, teeth), in geol., a large fossil fish having long- pointed teeth. hypsometry, n. Mp-s6m'c-trl (Gr. hupsos, height, and metron, a measure), the method of ascertaining heights by the barometer or by boiling water : hyp - somet'rical, a. pert. to. hyrax, n. hi'rdks (Gr. hurax, the shrew-mouse, a rat), the rock-badger or rock-rabbit, an animal not much big- ger than a hare, remarks bly to the rhino- ceros and tapir: hy'racothe'rium, n. •r&k-o-the'ri-um (Gr. therion, a wild beast), in geol., a small pachyderm intermediate between the hog and hyrax. hyson, n. hi'-sun (Chinese, hi-tshun, first crop), a fine sort of green tea. hyssop, n. hls'-siip (L. hyssopus: Gr. hvssojws), a garden plant having an aromatic smell and pungent taste; in Scrip., a species of caper is supposed to be meant. hysteranthous, a. hls'-ter-dn'-thus (Gr. husteros, after, and anthos, a flower), in tot., applied to plants whose leaves expand after the flowers have opened. hysterics, n. plu. hls-ter'-lks (Gr. husterikos, caused by the womb — from hustera, the womb), a nervous disease or affection peculiar to women, called also hyste'ria, n. -te'rl-d: hysteric, a. -tSr'ik, also hys- terical, a. -l-kdl, affected with, or liable to, hysterics : hysterotomy, n. -ot'o-ml (Gr. tome, a cutting), the operation of cutting an unborn infant out of the womb. I, pron. % (Ger. ich; Icel. eg; L. and Gr. ego, I), the person who speaks ; one's self. iambic, n. %-dm'tlk (L. iamtus ; Gr. iamtos), a poetic foot of two syllables, the first short, the second long or accented : adj. pert, to : iam'bics, n. plu. -tiks, a piece of poetry consisting of short and long syl- lables alternately : iam'bically, ad. -k&l-lt. iatro-mathematician, n. l'-d-tro-m dth '6-rna-t ish -u n (Gr. iatros, a physician, and maihematicio ) m- .->: a school of physicians who explain the functions of the body and the action of remedies on mechanical principles. ibex, n. l'-teks (L. ibex, the ibex or chamois), the wild-goat of the Alps, Pyrenees, &c. ibidem, ad. it-l'-dem, with its contr. ibid., tt'ld (L. ibidem), in the same place. ibis, n. l-tls (Gr. and L.), a tall bird found in various parts of Africa, particularly in Egypt, and held sacred by the anc. Egyptians. mate, m&t,far, law; mete, mSt, icarian, a. l-ka-rl-dn (Gr. Tkarios; L. Icarius, Icarus, the son of Dredalus, who, flying with wings too near the sun, the wax that cemented his wings was melted, and he fell into the sea), adventurous ; soar- ing too high for safety. ice, n. is (Icel. is; Ger. eis; Dut. ijs, ice: Bret. ien, cold), frozen water ; water in a solid state ; a sweetmeat : v. to chill ; to cover with ice : icing, imp. : n. the act of covering with ire ; the giving the appear- ance of ice to anything : iced, pp. 1st : adj. chilled with ice; frosted with sugai (AS. isesgicel; Low Ger. ishekel ; Dut. ijs-kegel, an icicle— the latter element being the Icel. jokull, a mass of ice), a pend- ant or conical mass of ice hanging from the eaves of a house, &c. : icy, a. is'l, full of ice; consisting of ice; having the nature of ice ; very cold : iclness, n. -l-nes, state of being very cold : to break the ice, to begin a subject or topic; to remove the first obstructions or difficulties : ice'bergs, n. plu. -tergs (Ger. eis, ice, and Mr; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; ICEL 2 berg, a mountain), mountainous masses of ice floating in the polar sea^— wh en I'.ar they are called field-ice, and smaller in size, fl oes : ice-blink, a distant bright appear- ance arising from the reflection of light from ice, seen before the ice itself : ice-bound, a. totally surrounded with ice, so as to hinder access or advance : ice-cream, cream flavoured and congealed : ice-field, a very great extent of ice in the arctic seas : ice-floe, a mass of floating ice: ice-house, a place for storing and preserv- ing ice for use, especially in warm weather : ice-pack, broken and drifting ice again united into an irregular mass : ice-plant, a plant covered with glittering ves- icles, which make it appear as if sprinkled -with grains of ice : ice-plough, a sort of plough for making grooves on ice and breaking it up : ice-spar, a transparent variety of orthoelase or common prismatic felspar. Icelander, n. ls'-ldnd-er, a native of Iceland: Ice- landic, a. -land'ik, of or belonging to : n. the language of the Icelanders ; the old Xorman language: Iceland- moss, a kind of lichen yielding a nutritious starch, used in medicine : Iceland-spar, a variety of calcareous spar, remarkable for its transparency and double re- fraction—the best specimens obtained from Iceland. ich dien, ih-den (Ger. I serve), the motto of the Prince of Wales, originally adopted by Edward the Black Prince. ichneumon, n. Vc-nu'mon (L. and Gr.— from Gr. ichneuo, I follow the steps), a sort of ferret or weasel, inhabiting Egypt, which tracks or hunts after the eggs of the crocodile and feeds on them : ichneumonidan, a. Xk'nu-mOn'-l-ddn, relating to the iehneumonidoe, -de, a family of predaceous insects having the ichneumon- fly as its type : ichneumon-fly, a genus of insects which destroy caterpillars and other insects. Ichnites, n. plu. ik'-nltz (Gr. ichnos, a footprint), in geol., a term applied to all fossil footprints : ichnol' ogy, n. Vc-nol'o-jl (C * of fossil footprints. ground-plot ; also ich nographlcal, a. -l-kul. ichor, n. Vkor((H: ichor, matter, gore), a thin watery humor like whey flowing from an ulcer : ichorous, a. I'-ko-riis, like ichor; watery; serous. ichthyic, a. lk'-thl-lk (Gr. ichthus, a fish), relating to fishes : ich'thyocal, n. -o-kal (Gr. holla, glue), fish- ulite, n. -dor'-u-Ut (Gr. doru, a spear, and Uthos, a stone), the fossil fin-spines or defences of fishes : ich'- thyogl-aphy, n. -ofru-fl (Gr. grapho, I write), a treat- ise on fishes : ich thyoid, a. -olid (Gr. eido*. likeness), resembling a fish: ich'thyolite, n. -lit (Gr. Uthos, a stone), a fossil fish, or any portion of a fish, as a scale, a tooth, a spine, &c. : ichthyology, n. -61'6-jl (Gr. logos, a discourse), that branch of zoology which treats of the structure, the classil catioi and the history of fishes: ich'thyologlcal, a. -loj'-h Ml, pert, to : ich'thyol'ogist, n. -jist, one versed in : ich'thyoman'cy, n. -yncin'-sl (Gr. manteia, divination), divination by the entrails, &c, of fishes: ichthyo- pat'olites, n. plu. -pat'o-litz (Gr. jmtos, a footpath, and Uthos, a stone), in geol., fish-tracks, or the im- p-ints of the pectoral fin-rays of certain fishes : ich- thyophagist, n. -of-d-jist (Gr.phago, I eat), one who eats or lives on fish: ichthyophagous, a. -giis, fish- eating : ich'thyoph'agy, n. -jl, fish diet or eating : ich'thyophthal'mite, n. -thal'-mlt (Gr. ophthalmias, the eye), fish-eye-stone ; a variety of pyramidal zeo- lite, having a peculiar pearly lustre: ieh'thyop- terygla, n. -op-ter-lj'-l-d (Gr. pterux, a wing or fin), an order of reptiles, living and extinct, having limbs formed for swimming like fins : ich'thyosau'rus, n. -saw'rus (Gr. sauros, a lizard), in geol., the fish-lizard or reptile whales : ichthyosis, n. -thi-6'sls (Gr. ich- thua, the dried rough skin of the dog-fish— from ich- thus, a fish), fish-skin disease ; a papillary, indurated, horny condition of the skin : ich'thyot'omist, n. -of- v-mlst (Gr. temno, I cut), one engaged in the dissection of fishes. icicle, n.— see ice. iconoclast, n. %-kon'o-klast (Gr. eikon, an image, and klastes, a breaker— from klao, I break), a breaker or destroyer of images used in worship : iconoclastic, a. -tlk, breaking images : i'con'oclasm, n. -kldzm, the !9 IDIO act of: i'conog'raphy, n. -og'rd-fi (Gr. grapho, I de- scribe), the description of anc. images or statues ; the art exercised by the image-makers of all ages, expres- sing in sculpture, carving, and palntingractual per- sons and events, or abstract and spiritual notions : i'conol'ator, n. -ol'-a-tir (Gr. latreia, religious service —from latris, a servant) one who worships images : i'conol'atry, n. -trl, the worship of images : i'conol- ogy, n. -6-ji (Gr. logos, a discourse), the doctrine of images or emblematical representations; a descrip- tion of pictures or statues. icosahedron, n. Vkos-d-he'dron (Gr. eikosi, twenty, and hedra, a seat, a basis), a solid of twenty equal sides: i cosahe'dral, a. -dral, having twenty equal sides: icosandrian, a. I'kos-dn'dri-dn, also i'cosan- drous, a. -driis (Gr. an, r, a male or man), in hot., hav- ing twenty or more stamens inserted on the calyx. icteric, a. ik-ter'ik, also icter'ical, a. -l-kdl (L. ic- terus, jaundice: F. ictere), affected with jaundice; good in the cure of the jaundice. icy— see ice. I'd, contr. for I would or I should: I had is a com- mon but erroneous full spelling of the contr. I'd. id, contr. for L. idem, the same. idea, n. i-dc'Ci (L. and Gr. idea, an idea— from Gr. eido, I see), a notion ; that which is seen or conceived by the mind : ide'aless, a. -It's, destitute of ideas : ide'al, a. -al, existing in idea ; mental ; unreal : ide'ally, ad. -II, in idea : i'deallty, n. -Cd'-l-tl, in phren., one of the sentiments proper to man ; also its organ on the skull ; a lively imagination united to a love of the beautiful: idealise, v. i-de'-dl-Tz, to form ideas: ide'ali 'sing, imp.: ide'alised', pp. -izd': i'dealisa'tion, n. -dll--.ddiun : idealism, n. -llzm, the doctrine which denies the existence of matter, or according to which, the objects of the external world are what they are through the action of the mind in which they exist as ideas: ide'alist, n. one who holds the doctrine of idealism: the ideal, n. a type or standard ; an imagi- nary model of perfection ; in painting and sculpture,, that which goes beyond nature, yet is modelled upon it: beau ideal, bo'ide'dl (F. beau, beautiful, and ide'al, ideal), that which unites in one form all the ex- cellences found only in different individual forms. idem, id'em (L.), the same. identical, a. l-dcn'-tl-kal (F. identique; It. identico, identical— from L. idem, the same), the same ; the self- same; not different: identically, ad. -II: identify, v. -fl, to unite or combine in interest, purpose, use, &c. ; to become the same; to ascertain or prove to be really the same with something described or as- serted: identifying, imp.-, identified, pp. -fid: iden- tification, n. -fl-kd'-shiin, the act of proving to be the same: iden'tity, n. -tl-tl, the state or quality of being the same ; sameness, as distinguished from like- ness : personal identity, the sameness of the consci- ous object, I (the person), throughout all the various states of which it is the subject. ideographic, a. ld'e-o-graflk, also id'eograph'ical, a. -i-kal (Gr. idea, an image or idea, and grapho, I write), denoting that way of writing which expresses the notion or idea and not the sound, as in figures, symbols, or hieroglyphics ; expressing or representing ideas : id'eog raphy, n. -rd-fl, the expression or repre- sentation of ideas, as in shorthand-writing, symbols, &c. ideology, n. td'e-ol'6-jl (Gr. idea, an idea, and logos, speech, discourse), the science of ideas or of mind; mental philosophy: id'eolog ical, a. -ldj'-l-kdt, eon- nected with or relating to the doctrine of ideas : ideol- ogist, n. -jist, one who. ides, n. plu. %dz (L. idus, the ides— from the Etrus- can iduo, I divide : It. idi: F. ides), in the anc. Rom. calendar, the 15th day of the months March, May, July, and October, and the 13th day of the other months. idiocrasy,n. ld'i-dk'-rd-sl{Gr. idios, peculiar to one's self, and krasis, mixture), peculiarity of constitution —same as idiosyncrasy : idlocratic, a. -krat'ik. also id'iocrat'ical, a.-l-kal, peculiar in constitution or tem- perament. idiocy, n. id'i-o-si— see idiot. idiom, n. id'l-um (Gr. idioma, peculiar phraseology — from idios, peculiar to one's self: It. idioma, mode of speech), a mode of expression or form of speech pe- culiar to a language or a dialect: idiomatic, a. id'i-6- mat'ik, peculiar to a lanj 'logical; also idlomatlcal, a. -i-kal: idiomatically, ad. -li. idiopathic, a. td'-i-6-pdth'ik (Gr. idios, peculiar, and co~i; boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thi?ig, there, zeal. IDIO 270 ILLA pathos, suffering), not depending on any other dis- ease ; arising without any apparent exciting cause ; opposite of sympathetic I iopathlcally, ad. -l-kdl- ll: id'iop'athy, n. -op'-d-thl, disease not dependent on any other disease. idiosyncrasy, n. ld-i-d-sln'-krd-sl (Gr. idios, pecu- liar, and sungkrasis, a mixing together), a peculiarity of constitution or temperament of body in which cer- tain articles of food or medicine generally produce effects different from those which usually occur ; the temperament of mind peculiar to an individual which affects his character and actions : idiosyncratic, a. -krdt'-lk, also idlosyncratlcal, a. -l-kdl, of peculiar temperament of body or mind. idiot, n. ld'-l-ut (Gr. idiotes, a private individual— from idios, proper, peculiar to one's self: It. idiota, an ignorant common person : F. idiot), a human being without the power of reason ; a very foolish person : idiocy, n. -6-sl, state of being an idiot; extreme im- becility, in which reason has been wholly undeveloped, or but partially developed; also idlotcy, n. -dt-sl: idiotic, a. -Ik, like an idiot ; also idlotlcal, a. ■%• kdl: idiotically, ad. -II: idlotism, n. -fern, natural imbecility of mind. idle, a. I'-dl (Ger. eitel; Dut. ijdel, vain, trifling), not employed ; averse to labour ; vain ; useless ; frivolous ; unprofitable: v. to lose or spend time: i'dling, imp. : i'dled, pp. -did: idler, n. l-dler, one who: idly, ad. i'-dll, in an idle manner; vainly: idleness, n. -dl-n6s, the state of being unemployed : to idle away, to spend or waste in idleness. idocrase, n. ld-6-krds (Gr. eidos, form, and krasis, a mixture), a mineral, a variety of garnet, so termed from its crystalline forms being mixed figures. idol, n. i'-ii i Gr. eidolon, an image, a form: It. idolo; F. idole, an idol), an image employed as an object of worship ; any person or thing loved beyond measure ; a term used by Bacon to denote a fal- lacy of the mind : idol'ater, n. -dol'-d-t&r, one who wor- ships idols or images : idol'atress, n. -tr£s, a woman who worships images : idol'atrous, a. -trus, tending to or comprising idolatry: idol'atrously, ad. -VI: idol'- atry, n. -d-tri (Gr. latreia, service), the worship of images; love bordering on adoration: idolise, v. l'-ddl-lz, to love to excess : i'doli'sing, imp. : i'dolised, pp. -izd : i'doli'ser, n. -zir, one who idolises or loves to idrialine, n. ld'rl-d-lln, one of the mineral resins, so named from its being found at Idria, in Carniola. idyl, n. l'-dl I y\ n, a pastoral poem), a short descriptive poem, generally pastoral : idyl'lic, a. -lik, of or pert, to idyls. if, conj. If (AS. gif; Dut. of, if, but: Icel. ej, if; efa, to doubt), a word which introduces a conditional clause ; supposing ; provided. ig, Ig, another form of the prefix in, signifying not —see in. igasuric acid, n. Ig'u I ilay, igasura, a vomiting nut), an acid found in nux vomica and Igna- tius's bean. igneous, a. lg'-nl-us (L. igneus, burning— from ignis, fire: It. igneo: F. igni), containing fire ; produced by fire ; resulting from the action of fire, as igneous rocks. ; ' ' becoming fire —from ignis, fire), emitting sparks of fire when struck with steel. ignigenous, a. Ig-nlj'-S-nus (L. ignis, fire, and Gr. gennao, I produce), produced by fire ; fire-formed— referring to the result rather than to the operation or agency. ignipotent, a. lq-nlp'6-Unt (L. ignis, fire, &ndpotens, powerful), presiding over fire, as Vulcan. ignis-fatuus, n. lg'-n i - , I lis, fire, andfat- tius, foolish), a luminous meteor that flits about in the air a little above the surface of the earth, chiefly in marshy places or near stagnant waters— familiarly called Jack-with-a-lantem, and Will-with-a-wisp, or Will-o'-the-wisp. ignite, v. lg-nlt' (L. ignitus, flery, glowing— from ignis, fire : It. ignito, ignited), to kindle ; to render red or luminous by heat ; to take fire : igni'ting, imp, : igni'ted, pp. : igni'tible, a., -tl-bl, capable of taking fire : ignition, n. Ig-nlsh tin, the act of setting on fire; the state of being kindled ; opposed to combustion, which is a consequence of ignition. ignivomous, a. Ig-nlv'-o-mus (L. ignis, fire, and vomo, I vomit), vomiting fire. ignoble, a. lg-no'bl (L. ignobilis, unknown— from in, not, and nobiiis, well-known, noble : It. ignobile : F. ignoble), of low birth or family; mean; worthless; base: igno'bly, ad. -Ml: igno'bleness, n. -bines, mean- ness ; want of dignity. ignominious, a. Ig-nO-mln'-l-iis (L. ignominia, dis- credit, reproach— iii >i a in, not, and v omen, a. name: It. ignominia: F. ignominie), incurring or inflicting disgrace or shame ; mean ; dishonourable : ig'nomin - iously, ad. -II: ignominy, n. Ig'-no-min-l, public dis- grace, as on account of dishonourable motives or conduct; shame; infamy; dishonour. ignoramus, n. lg'-no-rd'-mus (L. ignoramus, we know not, we ignore— the word formerly written by a grand jury on a bill of indictment, when there was not suffi- cient evidence to find a true bill— hence to ignore), an ignorant person ; a vain pretender to knowledge : plu. ig'nora'muaes, -6z. ignorance, n. Ig'nO-rdns (L. ignorans, not knowing : It. ignorante: F. ignorant), the want or absence of knowledge : ig'norant, a. -rdnt, without knowledge or information ; uninstructed ; illiterate ; without know- ledge of some particular ; unacquainted with : ig'no- rantly, ad. -It: the ignorant, those untaught or un- educated ; the unlettered. ignore, v. Ig-nor' (L. ignoro, I have no knowledge of), to set aside or reject ; to pass over or overlook purposely : ignoring, imp. : ignored', pp. nord— see ignoramus. iguana, n. Ig-w&'-nd (Sp. iguana — from a native St Domingo word, igoana), a genus of lizards of the family iguanldae, -wdn't-de: iguan'odon, n. -6-don (Gr. odous, a tooth— gen. odontos), in geol., one of the dinosaurs, a colossal lizard-like reptile having teeth resembling those of the iguana. il, 11, a prefix signifying not before adjectives— see in. ileo, W-6-6 (L. and Gr. ilcos, a severe kind of colic— from Gr. eileo, I turn or twist: L. He, a gut ; ilia, the entrails of animals), in anat., a prefix denoting con- nection with the intestine called ileum, or relation to it : ileum, n. ll'6-um, the lower portion of the small intestines : iliac, a. ll'-l-ak, belonging to the ileum, or to the bone called ilium: iliac passion, a vomiting of bilious and faecal matter in consequence of obstruc- tion in the intestinal canal : iliac regions, the sides of the abdomen between the ribs and the hips : ilium, n. ll'-l-um (L. ilia, the flank, the entrails), the large partly-flattened bone forming the principal part of the pelvis, and entering into the composition of the hip- joint: ilio, ll'-l-o, in anat., a prefix denoting connec- tion with the iliac bone. ilex, n. l-leks (L.), the genus of the holly, consisting of evergreen trees and shrubs. iliac— see ileo. Iliad, n. ll'-l-dd (from L. Ilium, or Gr. Ilion, Troy), the chief epic poem of the anc. Gr. poet, Homer, relat- ing to the siege of Ilium or Troy. ilk, n. Ilk (AS. celc, each), the same ; the same place : in Scot., an addition put to a gentleman's name when the name of his estate is the same with his surname, as Balfour of that ilk— that is, Balfour of Balfour. ill, a. II (Goth, ubils; Ger. iibel; Icel. illr; AS. yfel, evil), bad; evil; contrary to good; unfortunate; un- favourable; sick; unwell; cross; surly: ad. as the first element of a compound, signifying "a negation" or "some bad quality connected with it"; not well; badly: n. evil; misfortune; wickedness: ill'ness, n. sickness; indisposition: ill-bred, a. badly taught; rude: ill-nature, n. ll-vu ,■• habitual bad temper ; crossness : ill-na'tured, a. -turd, habitually bad-tem- pered; crabbed; surly: ill-na'turedly, ad. -It: ill- omened, a. attended with dismal forebodings: ill- starred, a. fated to be unfortunate : ill-suppressed, a. subdued or suppressed with difficulty, as indignation : ill-tempered, a. crabbed; peevish: ill-time, a time unsuitable for the thing : ill-timed, a. said or done at an unsuitable time: ill-turn, an unkind or injurious act ; a slight attack of illness : ill-will, hostile feeling ; enmity. Note.— In most cases, when ill is used as a prefix or the first element of a compound, it would be well to unite the two words by a hyphen, thus, ill-con- liti issortei i i.sed, &c. illapse, n. tl-ldps' (L. il, in or on, and lapsus, a fall- ing, a slipping), a sliding in ; a falling on. illative, a. ll'-ld-tlv (L. il, in or on, and latus, brought or carried), that may be inferred; that de- notes an inference, as an illative word or particle, then, therefore, &c: n. that which denotes illation or conclusion: il'latively, ad. -II: illation, n. ll-ld'-shun, a conclusion drawn from premises ; an inference ; an imperfect syllogism. mdte, mdt,fdr, laXv; m£te, mSt, Tier; pine, pin; note, not, m6ve; ILLE 271 IMIT illegal, a. U-le'gCd (L. il, not, and legalis, legal— from lex, law : F. illegal, contrary to law), contrary to law; unlawful: illegally, ad. -It: illegality, n. -gal'-ltl, unlawfulness : ille'galise, v. -le'g&l-lz, to ren- der unlawful : ille'gali sing, hup.: ille'galised, pp. -Izd. illegible, a. il-lej'i-bl (L. il, not, and legibilis, that may be read— from lego, I read), that cannot be read : illegibly, ad. -Ml : illegibil ity, n. -Ul'-l'-tl, the quality of being illegible. illegitimate, a. U'le-jlt'i-mat (L. il, not, and legiti- mes, lawful), born out of wedlock ; contrary to law ; not genuine: illegitimately, ad. -II: illegitimate, v. to prove to be born out of wedlock ; to bastardise : Il- legitimating, imp.: il'legit'imated, a, -ma-ted, proved to have been born out of wedlock : illegitimacy, n. -ma-sl, the state of being born out of wedlock : ille- git'ima'tion, n. -mil'shun, state of not being born in wedlock ; want of genuineness. illiberal, a. ll-lib'ir-dl (L. il, not, and liberalis, be- fitting a freeman, liberal), of a contracted mind ; not liberal; niggardly; mean: illib'erally, ad. -II: illib- erallty, n. -dl'i-ti, narrowness of mind; meanness. illicit, a. ll-lls'-lt (L. il, not, and licitus, permitted, allowed: It. illicito: F. illicit e), unlawful; prohibited by law : illic'itness, n. -nes, unlawfulness : illicitly, ad. -II. illimitable, a. ■V-Hm'if-a-bl (L. il, not, and limitare, to bound or limit), that cannot be limited or bounded: inimitably, ad. -dbll: illimltedness, n. exemption from all bounds. illiterate, a. ll-llt'er-dt (L. illiteratus, uneducated— from il, not, and litem, a letter), ignorant; unin- structed : illiterately, ad. -II : illit'erateness, n. : illiteracy , n. -ds-l, want of learning or reading; ignorance. illness, n.— see ill. illogical, a. illoj'i-kal (il, not, and logical), contrary to the rules of logic or sound reasoning: illogically, with— from il, in or on, and ludo, I play), to deceive ; „ nlav ud— *-■ illu'ded, pp. to mock ; to play upon by artifice : illu'ding, imp. illuminate, v. Il-l6'-ml-ndt (L. illuminatum, to light up--from il, in or on, and lumen, light : It. illuminare : F. illuminer), to throw light on ; to adorn, as books, margins, &c. ; to enlighten ; to illustrate ; to light up with lamps on any festive occasion: illu'mina- ting, imp. illustrating ; adorning : n. the act of adorn- ing manuscripts and books with ornamented letters and pictorial illustrations : illu'minated, pp. : adj. having ornamented letters and pictorial illustrations : Ulu'mina'tion, n. -nd'shun, the act of supplying with light ; the act of adon ri an iented letters and pictures; a display of lights; inspiration: illu'- mina'tive, a. -d'tlv, able to give light: illu'mina'ti, n. plu. -in- a ■ id; a name assumed by various sects at different times and places, and who pretended to special spiritual or intellectual enlighten- ment : illu'mina'tor, n. -nd'ter, one who adorns : illu'- mina'tors, n. plu. -terz, the artists who executed the drawings in colours and gold in anc. manuscripts : illumine, v. ll-16'mln, to enlighten; to adorn; illu'- mining, imp.: illumined, pp. -mind. illusion, n. ll-lo'-zhun (L. illusio, a mocking— from il, in or on, and ludo, I sport or play : F. illusion), deceptive appearance ; false show; error: illu'sive, a. -slv, deceiving by false show ; false ; deceptive : illusively, ad. -II : illu'siveness, n. : illusory, a. -ser-l , tending to deceive by false appearances. illustrate, v. ll-lus't m, to light up, to illumine— from il, in or on, and lustro, I make bright or clear), to make clear, bright, or luminous ; to explain ; to make intelligible ; to make more in- telligible by adorning with pictures, &c, as a book: illustrating, imp.: illus'trated, pp.: adj. explained more fully by means of pictures, &c: illustra'tor, n. -ter, one who: illustra'tion, n. -trd'shun, explanation of what is obscure or but imperfectly understood, par- ticularly by a picture or diagram: illus'trative, a. -trdtlv, serving to illustrate ; having the quality of making clear: illustratively, ad. -II: illus'trious, a. -trl-us (L. illustris, clear, bright), eminent by excel- lence ; renowned : illus'triously, ad. -II : illus'trious- ness, n. ilmenite, n. ll'men-it, an ore of iron occurring in various formations— so called as found in the Ilmen mountains ; called also titanitic iron. I'm, Im, a contraction for / am. lm.lm.a, prefix signifying in, into, on, and in ad- jectives not— see in. image, n. Im'aj (L. imago, an image or likeness : It. imagine : F. imago), a representation or figure of any im'aging, imp.: im'aged, pp. -djd: imagery, n. Im'- d-jSr-l, sensible ins; lively descriptions which suggest visible representations of objects to the mind: imagine, v. Im-cij'-ln, to form the notion or idea of a visible object in the mind ; to fancy: imag- ining, imp. forming in the mind ; devising : n. fancy ; thing imagined: imagined, pp. -Ind: adj. formed in the mind ; contrived : imaginable, a. -In-d-bl, that may or can be imagined: imag'inably, ad. -d-bll: imag- inary, a. -er-l, existing only in the imagination; visionary ; unreal ; fancied : imagina'tion, n. -d'-shun, scheme or contrivance formed in the mind ; that power or faculty of the mind by which it conceives or forms ideas of things: imaginative, a. -d-llv, full of im- agination : imaginativeness, n. imago, n. l-ma'go (L.) the third or perfect state of insects — the larva and pupa being the preceding states. iman, n. l-mdn', imam, n. l-mdm', also imaum, n. i-mawm' (At. imam), a Mohammedan priest ; a prince having supreme spiritual as well as temporal power. imbalm, imbauk, imbargo, imbark, imbay — see embalm, &c. imbecile, n. Im'bS-sel (L. imbecillus, feeble— from im, on, and bacillum, a small staff), one who is desti- tute of strength either of body or mind : adj. weak ; infirm ; destitute of strength of either body or mind : imTaecility, n. -sll'l-tl, weakness ; feebleness of body or mind ; defective state of mind not amounting to idiocy. imbed— see embed. imberbis, a. Im-ber'bls (L. without a beard), in hot., smooth ; without a beard. imbibe, v. lm-blb' (L. imbibo, I drink in— from im, into, and bibo, I drink), to drink or suck in ; to absorb ; to receive or admit into the mind : imbibing, imp. : imbibed', pp. -blbd': imbi'ber, n. -er, one who. imbitter.v. Im-Mt'er (im, torem, tomake, emdbitter), to make bitter ; to render unhappy ; to render more distressing; to exasperate: imbit'tering, imp.: im- bit'tered, pp. -tird s adj . rendered unhappy or painful ; exasperated. imbody, imbolden, imborder, imbosom, imbower, and imbrace— see embody, embolden, &c. imbow, v. im-bo" (im, in, and bow), to form like a bow; to arch; to vault: imbowlng, imp.: imbowed', pp. -bod': imbow'ment, n. -mint, an arch or vault. imbricate, a. Im'-bri-kdt, also im'bricated (L. im- bricatum, to form like a gutter-tile— from imbrex, a tile), bent or hollowed like a roof or tile ; lying over each other like tiles upon a roof; in bot., applied to the parts in a flower-bud which alternately overlap each other and are arranged in a spiral manner: im'- brica'tion, n. -kd'shun, a concave indenture like that of tiles. imbroglio, n. im-brdl'yO (It.), intricacy; a compli- cated plot ; a complicated and embarrassing state of things. imbrown, v. lm-brown' (im, for em, to make, and brotvn), to make brown or dirty; to obscure: im- brown'ing, imp. : imbrowned', pp. -brdwnd'. imbrue, v. Im-br6' (old F. embreuver, to moisten, to soak in— from old F. beuvre; It. bevere, to drink), to steep, soak, or drench ; to wet or moisten : imbruing, imp. : imbrued', pp. -brod': imbru'ment, n. the act of imbruing. imbrute, v. Im-brot (im, into, and brute), to de- grade to the state of a brute: imbru'ting, imp.: im- bru'ted, pp. imbue, v. lm-bu' (L. imbuo, I wet or soak), to dye ; to tinge deeply ; to tincture ; to cause to imbibe, as the mind: imbuing, imp.: imbued', pp. -bud': imbu- ment, n. -mint, a deep tincture. imitate, v. Im'l-tat (L. imitatus, imitated : It. imi- tare; F. imiter, to copy), to follow, or to endeavour to copied : imltable, a. -td-bl, that may be imitated or copied : imltabillty, n. -bll'-l-tl, quality of being imi- table : imitator, n. -ter, one who follows a pattern ; cow, boy, foot; pure, Wd; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. IMMA 272 IMPA original ; the act of following in terfeit ; a copy in inferior materials ; a work of art re- sembling something which we know it is not : imita- tive, a. -tlv, inclined to follow in manner ; aiming at resemblance : im'itatively, ad. -It. immaculate, a. tm-mdk'u-ldt (L. irnmaculatus, un- stained—from im, not, and macula, a spot: It. im- macolato : F. immacule), spotless ; pure ; unstained : immac'ulately, ad. -it: immac'ulateness, n. : immacu- late conception, the doctrine that the Virgin Mary was horn without original sin— held in the R. Cath. Ch. immanent, a. Im'md-nSnt (L. im, in, and manens, remaining or abiding), Inherent; abiding; intrinsic. Immanuel, n. im-mdn'u-el (Heb. made up of im, with, anu, us, and el, God), God with us ; a title of" the Saviom - . immarginate, a. im-mar'jln-dt (L. im, not, and margo, a border— gen. marginis), in hot., not having a border or margin. immaterial, a. tm'md-te'rl-dl (L. im, not, and mate- rial: F. itumiiii'ri I) uoi, i matter; unsub- stantial ; spiritual ; unimportant : im'mate'rialised, a. -%zd, spiritualised: im'mate'rialism, n. -tzm, the doctrine of the existence or state of spiritual beings ; the doctrine which denies the existence of matter : im'- mate'rialist, n. -ist, one who professes the doctrine of : im'mate rially, ad. -It: im'mate'rial'ity, n. -dl'l-ti, the quality of not consisting of matter ; distinctness from body or matter. immature, a. tm'md-tur (L. immaturus, not arrived at full growth— from im, not, and maturus, ripe), that has not arrived at a perfect state; unripe; not per- fect; too early; also immatured, a. Im'-ntn-trird: im- maturely, ad. -II: im'matu'rity, n. -tu'ri-ti, and im'mature'ness, n. -tur'ne.s, unripeness ; the state of that which has not arrived at perfection. immeasurable, a. tm-mezh'-obr-d-bl (im, not, and 'iiirnsuniide), that cannot be measured or fathomed; immense: immeas'urableness, n. -bl-n6s, state of being incapable measure: immeas'urably, ad. -d-blt. immediate, a. tm-me'dl-dt (It. immediato ; F. ivimrdiut, immediate— from L. im, not, and medius, middle), without delay; without the intervention of time : imme'diately, ad. -It : imme'diateness, n. immemorial, a. Im'mS-mo'rl-dl (L. im, not, and memorial : F. immemorial, immemorial), beyond memory; whose beginning cannot be remembered or traced ; in Eng. laiv, before the reign of Edward II.; in Scot., before forty years ago: im'memo'rially, ad. -It. immense, a. Im-mSns' (L. immensus, boundless, endless— from im, not, and mensus, measured: It. immenso: F. immi'iisi'), very large; enormous; bound- less: immensely, ad. -VI: immen'sity, n. -men'si-ti, vastness in extent or bulk ; an extent that cannot be measured. immensurable, a. tm-min'-sur-d-bl (L. im, not, and mensura, a measure), not to be measured : immen'- surabil'ity, n. -btl'l-tl, not being capable of measure- ment. immerge, v. tm-merf (L. immergo, I plunge or sink into— from im, into, and mergo, I plunge in), to plunge into or under, as under a liquid ; to dip : im- merg'ing, imp. : immerged', pp. -merjd'. immerse, v. tm-mers' (L. immersum, to plunge or sink into— see immerge), to plunge into or under, ar into a liquid ; to overwhelm ; to engage deeply, as ii business: immersing, imp.: immersed', pp. -merst' _ adj. in hot., growing entirely under water— applied to the leaves of aquatic plants ; having one part or organ completely embedded in another : immer'sible, a. -sl-bl, that may be immersed : immer'sion, n. -mer- shun, the act of plunging into a liquid till covered ; baptism by plunging amongst water ; in astron. , the approach of one celestial body into such a position with respect to another as apparently to sink into it and disappear. unmethodical, a. tm'-me' thSd't-Ml(im, not, andwie- thodical), having no method ; without systematic ar- rangement ; confused : im'methodlcally, ad. -It. wander: It. immigrnre), to pass or remove into a country for permanent residence— applied to persons in regard to the country in which they settle : im'mi- grating, imp. : immigrated, pp. : im'migrant, n. -grant, a person who comes into a country for per- manent residence— spoken of persons in regard to the country in which they settle ; opposite of emigrant, one who removes out of a country : im'migra'tion, n. ■grd'shun, removing into a country for permanent residence. imminent, a. tm'-ml-n&nt (L. imminens, hanging down over, threatening by its nearness— from im, in or on, and miner e, to jut, to project : It. imminente: F. imminent), impi Qdinj threatening; athand: im'- minently, ad. -It: imminence, n. -n&ns, that which is imminent ; threatening. immobility, n. lm'-mo-btl'-l-tl (L. immobilitas, im- movableness— from im, not, and mobilis, movable: F. immobility, fixedness in place or state ; want of motion, or resistance to it. immoderate, a. tm-mod'-er-dt (L. immoderatus, without measure, unrestrained— im, not, and modera- tus, moderate), exceeding just or usual bounds; ex- cessive : immod'erately, ad. -It -. immod'era'tion, n. ■d'-shun, and immod'erateness, n. want of moderation ; excess. immodest, a. im-mdd'-dst (L. immodestus, unre- strained—from im, not, and modestus, modest: It. immodesto: F. immodeste), wanting in decency and delicacy ; unchaste ; impure : immod'estly, ad. -It : immod'esty, n. -6st-l, want of delicacy or prudent re- stnuiit ; indecency. immolate, v. Im'-mO-ldt (L. immolatum, to offer or to sacrifice— from im, in or on, and mola, meal or coarse flour mixed with salt and thrown upon sacri- lici.'.:), i.'i sacrifice; to offer in sacrifice; to kill, as a victim offered in sacrifice: im'mola'ting, imp.: im'- mola'ted, pp. -Id'-ted, oil. sn ( in sacrifii lm'mola'tor, n. -ter, one who : im'mola'tion, n. -la-shun, a sacrifice offered. immoral, a. tm-mor'-dl (L. im, not, and moral), con- trary to the divine law ; vicious ; wicked or unjust : immor'ally, ad. -It: immorality, n. lm'-mo-rdl'-l-tl, any act contrary to the divine law ; vice ; wickedness. immortal, a. tm-mor'-tdl (L. immortalis, imperish- able—from im, not, and mortalis, subject to death : It. immortale .- F. immortel), exempt from death ; im- perishable ; never-ending : n. one who is not liable to death : immor'tally, ad. -It -. immortality, n. -tdl'i-tl, undying life ; existence not limited : immor'talise, v. -iz, to render immortal ; to cause to live or exist while the world endures: immor'tali'sing, imp.: immor- talised, pp. -tzd. immortelle, n. Im'-mdr-tSV (F. : see immortal), the flower commonly called everlasting-flower; a wreath made of these flowers. immovable, a. im-m6'vd-bl (L. im, not, and mov- able), that. cannot be moved from its place; fixed; unalterable: immo'vably, ad. -bit: immo'vableness, n.-bl-nes: immovables, n. plu. -vd-blz, lands; houses; fixtures. immunity, n. tm-mu'-ni-ti (L. immunitas, freedom or exemption — from im, not, and munus, service, duty: It. immunita: F. immunite), exemption from any obligation or duty ; freedom ; particular privi- lege. immure, v. Im-mur' (L. im, in or into, and munis, a wall), to enclose within walls ; to shut up ; to confine : immu'ring, imp. : immured', pp. -murd'. immutable, a. tm-mu'-tu-bl (L. immutabilis, un- changeable—from L. im, not, and muto, I change : It. immutabile), unchangeable ; unalterable ; not capable of change : immu'tably, ad. -bit : immu'tabil'ity, n. -btl'l-tl, and immu'tableness, n. -bl-nis, unchange- ableness ; that quality that renders change impos- sible. imp, n. Imp (Sw. ymp, a shoot or scion : AS. impan ; old H. Ger. impiton . ' < < imp/en, to graft), a scion ; a shoot ; a child ; generally in a bad sense, as an imp of hell ; a little devil : v. to graft ; to lengthen or ex- tend : imp'ing, imp. : imped, pp. impt. impact, n. tm'pdkt (L. impactum, to drive furiously into— from im, into, and pango, I drive in), in mech., the shock of two bodies coming together; touch; impression : v. im-pdkt', to drive close or hard ; to press or drive firmly together : impacting, imp. : im- pacted, pp. impages, n. plu. tm-pd'jez (L.), in arch., the horizon- tal parts of the framework of a door. impair, v. tm-pdr' (F. empirer, to make worse — from L. pejor, worse), to make worse ; to diminish in value, excellence, or quality : impairing, imp. : im- paired', pp. -pdrd' : adj. made worse; injured: im- pair'er, n. -er, one who. impale and impalement— see empale. mdte, mdt.fdr, laTv; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, ', IMPA 273 IMPE impalpable, a. Im-pdl'-pd-bl (F. impalpable— from L. im, not, and palpo, I touch softly), not perceptible by the touch ; extremely line, as powder or dust in ■which no gritty particles can be felt by the touch : impal'pably, ad. -bit: impalpability, n. -bll'l-tl, the quality of not being perceptible by the touch. impanation, n. im'pd-na'shun (L. im, into, and pants, bread: F. impanation), the supposed real presence and union of the body and blood of Christ with the elements of the eucharist without a change in their nature. impannel, v. Im-pdn'-nll (im, in or on, an&pannel, a piece of parchment — see pannel), to enrol the names of a jury in a court of justice ; spelt also impanel : impan nelling, imp. : impan nelled, pp. -neid. imparadise, v. lm-pdr'-a-dls (im, and paradise: It. imparadisare, to imparadise), to make happy, as if in paradise ; to put into a place or state resembling paradise : impar' adising, imp. : imparadised, pp. -dlst. imparipinnate, a. lm-par-i-pln'-nat (i.. impar, un- equal, and pinnatus, winged), in bot., unequally pin- nate ; pinnate, but ending in an odd leaflet. imparisyllabic, a. lm'-pdr-l-sil-lab-lk (L. impar, un- equal, and syllaba, a syllable), in gram., not having the same number of syllables— applied to nouns in- creasing their syllables, as mens, the mind— gen. mentis, of the mind. imparity, n. lm-pdr'-l-tl (L. impar, unequal), .not divisible into equal parts ; inequality ; difference in degree of rank or excellence. impark, v. lm-park' (im, in or on, and park), to en- close, as land for a park : imparking, imp. : im- parked', pp. -purkt'. impart, v. im-part' (L. impartio, I share with an- other—from im, into, and pars, a part— gen. partis: old F. and Sp. impartir, to impart), to bestow or give ; to communicate ; to convey ; to make known : imparting, imp.: impart ed, pp": impart'er, n. one who: impartible, a. -i-ll. that niiiy be imparted or communicated : impartlbillty, n. -bll'l-tl, -quality of being impartible. impartial, a. im-pdr'-shdl (im, not, and partial: F. impartial), not disposed to favour one more than an- other ; unbiassed : impartially, ad. -II: impartiality, n. -shldl'ltl, freedom from bias or prejudice in opin- ion or judgment. impartible— see impart. impassable, a. Im-pds'sd-bl (L. im, not, and pass- able), that cannot be passed ; not admitting a passage : impassably, ad. -bll : impas'sableness, n. -bl-7i6s. impassible, a. lm-pas'-sl-bl (F. impassible, calm, tranquil: It. impassibile, that cannot suffer— from L. im, not, an&pa-ssus, suffered), incapable of pain, pas- sion, or suffering ; that cannot be affected or disturbed by external causes: impassibility, n. -bll'l-tl, also impas'sibleness, n. -bl-?ies, exemption from pain or suffering ; insusceptibility of being affected or injured by external things : impas'sive, a. -pds'slv (im, and passus, suffered), not susceptible of pain or suffering: impassively, ad. -ll : impas'siveness, n. impassion, v. lm-pdsh'-iin (im, into, and passion), to move or affect strongly with passion : impassi'oning, imp.: impassioned, pp. -iind : adj. marked bypassion or feeling; excited; glowing; having the feelings ex- cited, as a speaker : impassi'onable, a. -d-bl, excit- able : impassi'onably, ad. -bll. impaste, v. lm-pdst' (im, in or on, and paste), to form into or cover, as with paste ; to lay on colours : impasting, imp. : impast'ed, pp. : im'pasta'tion, n. -pds-ta'-shiin, the union of different substances by means of cements: impasto, n. lm-pds'-to (It.), a term expressing the thickness of the layer or body of pig- ment applied by the painter to his canvas. impatient, a. Im-pd'shent (L. impatiens, that can- not bear— from im, not, and pattens, suffering : F. im- patient), uneasy or fretful under suffering or delay ; not enduring ; hasty: impatience, n. -shens, restless- ness ; uneasiness under pain or suffering ; restless dis- contentment under any condition, with eagerness to change it: impatiently, ad. -ll. impawn, v. lm-pawn' (im, into, an&pmon), to pledge ; to deposit as a security : impawn'ing, imp. : im- pawned', pp. -pawnd'. impeach, v. lm-pech' (F. empecher, to hinder: old F. empescher, to encumber, to hinder— from the notion of entangling with a sticky material), to charge with a crime or misdemeanour ; to charge with treason or high public crimes, as a minister of state ; to call in question : impeaching, imp. : impeached', pp. -pechf: impeacher, n. -er, one who : impeach/able , a. -d-bl, liable to accusation : impeach'ment, n. -ment, a charge or accusation ; an endeavour to fasten a charge of treason on a person; an accusation and prosecution for treason or other high crimes or misdemeanours. impearl, v. lm-perl' (im, in or on, and pearl), to decorate with pearls or the resemblance of them ; to form in resemblance of pearls. impeccable, a. im-pek'-d-bl (L. in^eccabilis, faultless, sinless— from im, not, and pecco, I err or sin : F. im- peccable), not liable or subject to sin : impec'cabil ity, n. -bV'-l-tl, exemption from sin or error: fmpec'cancy, n. -kan-sl, sinlessness. impede, v. lm-ped' (L. impedio, I hamper or hinder —from im, into, and pedes, feet), to hinder; to stop progress : impe'ding, imp. : impe'ded, pp. : impedi- ment, n. Im-ped'd-ment, an obstruction; a hindrance; a defect, as in speech : impedimental, a. -m&n'tdl, liii!Q:rin_r: imped itive, a. -tlv, causing hindrance. impel, v. lm-pel' (L. impello, I drive forward— from im, into, and petto, I drive), to drive or urge forward; to excite to action ; to incite : impelling, imp. : adj. urging; pressing: impelled', pp. -pSld': impeller, n. -ler, one who: impellent, a. -lent, a power or force which drives forward. impend, v. lm-plnd'- (L. impendeo, I hang over, I threaten— from im, into, and pendeo, I bang), to hang over ; to menace or threaten ; to be approaching and ready to fall on: impen'ding, imp.: impen'ded, pp.: impen'dent, a. -dint, hanging over; threatening: im- pendence, n. -dins, or impen'dency, n. -den-st, the state of hanging over. impenetrable, a. im-pc~7i'6-trd-bl (L. impenetrabilis, that cannot be penetrated— from im, not, and penetro, I penetrate or enter), that cannot be pierced ; not to be affected or moved ; not to be entered : impenetra- bly, ad. -bll: impenetrability, n. -bil'-l-tl, that pro- perty of matter which prevents two bodies occupying the same space at the same time ; the quality of not being able to be pierced ; obtuseuess ; incapability of being moved or affected. impenitent, a. Xm-pin'-l-Unt (F. impenitent, impeni- tent — from L. im, not, and paznitens, repenting: It. impenitente, impenitent), not repenting of sin ; obdu- rate; not contrite: n. a hardened sinner: impen'- itently, ad. -ll: impenitence, n. -tens, or impen'- itency, n. -si, want of repentance ; hardness of heart; want of remorse for crimes. impennate, a. Im-pen'-nat (im, not, and Eng. pen- nate— from L. penna, a feather), having very short wings, and useless for flight ; of the tribe im'penna'- tes, -nd'-tez, swimming birds having short wings cov- ered with leathers resembling scales. imperative, a. Im-p&r'-d-tlv (It. imperativo, fit for command, imperative— from L. impero, I command), expressing or containing positive command or desire ; positive; authoritative; in gram., the simple form of the verb which expresses command or exhorta- tion, as go, eat, sing: imperatively, ad. -ll. imperceptible, a, lm'per-sep'-tl-bl (im, not, and per- ceptible), not to be known or discovered by the senses ; very small or fine ; very slow in motion : im'percep'- tibly, ad. -tl-bll: im'percep'tibleness, n. -bl-nes. imperfect, a. Im-per'-fekt (L. imperfectus, incomplete —from im, not, and perfectus, complete), not com- pleted or finished ; defective ; in gram., applied to the tense of a verb expressing unfinished action, or time not yet complete, as 1 was eating: imper'fectly, ad. -ll: im 'perfection, n. -fek'-shun, the state of being defective ; a fault or blemish : imper'fectness, n. state of being imperfect. imperforate, a. im-per'fo-r&t, or imper'fora'ted, a. -ra'-ted (L. im, not, and perforatum, to bore through), not perforated or pierced ; having no opening or pas- sage of communication : imper'forable, a. -rdbl, that cannot be pierced : imper'fora'tion, n. -ra'-shun, state of being not perforated, or without an aperture. imperial, a. im-pe'-ri-dl (L. imperialis, of the empire, imperial— from impero, I command ; imperium, com- mand, empire: It. imperiale: F. imperial), pert, to an empire or emperor ; royal ; supreme : impe'rially, ad. -ll: impe'rialism, n. -izm, system or state of im- perial government : impe'rialist, n. -1st, one who be- longs to or supports an emperor— particularly ap- plied to the Germans under the old empire : impe'ri- al'ity or impe'rialty, n. -dl-l-tl or -dl-tl, the right of an emperor over a certain share of the produce of mines, &c. ; imperial power. coiv, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. IMPE 274 imperil, v. im-per'll (im, and peril), to bring or lead into danger: imperiling, imp.: imperiled, pp. -lid: participles also spelt with 11. imperious, a. im-pe'ri-us (L. imperiosus, possessed of command, domineering— from imperium, command : F. impirieux), assuming or exercising authority in a manner highly offensive to others ; haughty; over- hearing ; not capable of being resisted ; urgent : im- pe'riously, ad. -II: impe'riousness, n. -ne~s, a dicta- torial and bold contempt for the rights or feelings of another; haughtiness. imperishable, a. im-per'ish-d-M (im, not, andperish), not subject to decay; indestructible; calculated to last always: imper'ishably, ad. -Ml: imper'ishableness, n. -bl-nes. impermeable, a. lm-per'me-d-bl (F. impermeable, impervious— from L. im, not, and permeo, I penetrate), not admitting the passage of water or other liquid through ; rendered waterproof by the application of a solution : imper'meably, ad. -Ml : imper'meableness, n. impersonal, a. im-per'son-dl (L. im, not, and perso- nal), not personal ; said of verbs which are used only in the third person, with it for the nominative, as it rains: impersonality, n. -dl'l-ti, the want or absence of personality : imper'sonally, ad. -dl-ll. impersonate, v. im-per'-son-dt, {im, in or on, and personate), to personify ; to ascribe the qualities of a person to; to represent things as persons: imper- sonating, imp. : impersonated, pp.: imper'sona'tion, n. -a'shun, the act of representing things as persons. impertinent, a. Im-per'tl-nSnt (F. impertinent, im- pertinent : im, not, and pertinent), rude ; impudent ; meddling unduly with the matters of others : n. one rude or unbecoming in behaviour: impertinently, ad. -II: imper'tinence, n. -nens, rudeness; improper interference not becoming age or station. imperturbable, a. im'per-terb'-d-bl (L. im, not, and perturbatum, to confuse or disturb utterly), that can- not be disquieted or disturbed : im'perturb'ably, ad. ■Ml: imper'turba'tion, n. -bd'-shun, calmness; free- dom from agitation of mind : im'perturb'abil'ity, n. -bll'l-tl, self-possession ; coolness. impervious, a. im-per'-vi-us (L. impervius, that can- not be passed through — from im, not, and pervius, passable : It. impervio), not penetrable ; not to be pierced ; affording no way or passage : imperviously, ad. -II : imper'viousness, n. -nes, the state of not ad- mitting a passage. impetigo, n. iyn'pe-ti'-gd (L. impetigo, a scabby erup- tion—from impeto, I attack: F. impetigo), a skin disease characterised by clusters of pustules which run into a crust ; a running tetter : im'petig'inous, a. ■tlj'l-nus, of the nature of or relating to. impetrate, v. im'pS-trdt (L. impetratum, to accom- plish, to effect : F. impetrer), to obtain by request or entreaty: im'petra'ting, imp.: im'petra'ted, pp.: im- petra'tion, n. -shun, entreaty or petition of the nature of a demand ; the preobtaining a church living from the Pope, the disposal of which belonged to the king or other patron. impetuous, a. im-pet'u-us (L. impetus, violence, force : It. impetuoso, impetuous), rushing with force and violence ; moving or acting with force ; hasty ; violent: impet'uously, ad. -II: impet'uousness, n., also impet'uos'ity, n. -os'i-tl, a rushing with violence or great force ; force with fury : impetus, n im'pe-tus, violent tendency to any point ; force or quantity of motion ; the force with which a body is driven. impiety, n. lm-pi'6-tl (L. impietas, impiety— from im, not, and pius, pious, devout : F. impiete), any act or expression tending to irreverence towards the Supreme Being or contempt of his laws ; profaneness ; irreligion: impious, a. lm-pl-us (L. impius), irreverent towards God; irreligious; profane: im'piously, ~ J -11: im'piousness, n. impinge, v. im-pinf (L. impingere, to drive into, as one thing into another— from im, into, and pangere, to strike : It. impingere), to strike or dash against ; to clash upon: impin'ging, imp.: impinged', pp. -pinjd': impin'gent, a -jent, falling or striking against. impious, impiously— see impiety, impish— see imp. implacable, a. im-pld'kd-bl (L. implacdbilis, unap- peasable—from im, not, and placabilis, placable), not to be appeased ; stubborn or constant in enmity : im- pla'cably, ad. -Ml: impla'cabil'ity, n. -bil'i-ti, also ecute or sue at law : impleading, imp. : impleaded, pp. : implead'er, n. one who. implement, n. vra'pM-ment (F. employer, to employ —from L. im, into, and plicare; F. plier, to fold), what is turned to a certain purpose ; a tool or instru- ment of labour. implement, v. Im'ple~-m6nt' (L. implere, to fill full— from im, in, and plere, to fill), in Scot, law, to fulfil or perform an engagement : im'plement'ing, imp. : im'- plement'ed, pp.: impletion, n. Im-pW-shun, the act of filling. into connection with, as a crime or fault ; to involve : implicating, imp.: im'plica'ted, pp. : im'plica'tion, n. -kd'shun, that which is implied but not expressed; something which may fairly be understood, though not expressed in words ; implicative, a. -kd'tiv, having or conveying implication : im'plica'tively, ad. -li. implicit, a. im-plls'lt (L. implicitus; F. implici from inference— see implicate), understood, though not expressed in words ; trusting to another ; relying entirely: implicitly, ad. -II, by inference: implicit- ness, n. the state of trusting without reserve. implied— see imply. implore, v. im-plor' (L. implorare, to invoke with tears — from im, into, and ploro, I weep over : It. implorare: F. implorer), to beg or entreat earnestly ; to ask with urgency ; to beseech : imploring, imp. : implored', pp. -plord': implorer, n. -ir, one who: im'- plora'tion, n. -plo-rd'shun, supplication : imploring- ly, ad. -li, in the manner of entreaty. impluvium, n. im-plb'-vi-um (L.), the square basin or cistern in the fore-court or hall of an anc. Roman house for receiving the rain-water. imply, v. im-pW (L. implico, I entwine or involve — from im, into, and plico, I fold), to involve or com- prise in substance or by fair inference, though not expressed in words; to mean; to signify: implying, imp. : implied', pp. -plld' : adj. virtually contained in, though not expressed. impoison, v. im-poy'-zn (im, into, and poison), to af- fect with poison; to imbitter: impoi'soning, imp.: impoi'soned, pp. -znd. impolicy, n. im-pol'i-si (im, not, and policy), want of policy or wisdom ; unsuitableness to the end pro- posed ; imprudence : impolitic, a. -l-tik, not wise or prudent ; not suited to promote the end in view : im- v, ad. -li. impolite, a. im'po-lW (L. impolitus, inelegant: im, not, and polite), uncivil ; rude in manners : im'polite'- ly, ad. -li: im'polite'ness, n. want of manners. imponderable, a. im-pon'der-d-bl(F. impondirable ; It. imponderabile, that cannot be weighed— from L. im, not or without, and pondero, I weigh), that can- not be weighed ; not having a sensible weight : impon'- derabillty, n. -bil'i-ti, the want of sensible weight : im- pon'derables.n. pin -a-bh i]:o-eagentsorforces which are destitute of weight, as light, heat, electricity, and impla'cableness, n. -M-nis, irreconcilable enmity; aappeasable malice. implant, v. im-pltint' (im, into, and plant), to in- mate, mdt,fdr, law.; mete, me~t, her; pine, pin; note, n6t, m6ve; import, v. Im-port' (L. importo, I bring or carry into— from im, into, and porto, I carry : F. importer), to bring in from another state or country ; to bear or convey bywords; to mean; to signify; to be of weight or consequence: import'ing, imp. bringing into, as goods ; bearing, as a meaning : imported, pp. : adj. brought into a country ;a ,] .< i] - > rally to all goods and merchandise brought by sea : import'er, n. one who receives goods and produce directly from abroad : import'able, a. -d-bl, that may be imported: im'- porta'tion, n. -td-shun, the act or practice of bringing from another state or country; the articles brought bywords; meaning: import'ant, a. -dnt, of great con- sequence; weighty: import'antly, ad. -li: import'- ance, n. -dns, ighl cod equence. importune, v. im'por-tun' (L. importunus, inconven- ient, troublesome — from im, not or without, and portus, a harbour: It. importunare : F. importuner), to press or tease again and again with the same re- quest; to urge with unceasing application: im'por- IMPO 275 IMPR fa'ning, imp. : im'portuned', pp. -tilnd': im'portu'ner, ii. -er, one who: importunity, n. -tu'-nl-tl, pressing or incessant application for a claim or favour: im- — from im, in or on, and pono, I place : F. imposer, to impose), to lay or place on, as a burden or duty ; to enjoin: to impose on, to deceive; to mislead by a false pretence: imposing, imp.: adj. commanding; suited to impress forcibly imposingly, ad. -ll: im- posed', pp. -pozd': imposer, n. one who impresses or lays on : impo'sable, a. -za-bl, that may be imposed or laid on: imposition, n. im'-po-zish'-un, the act of lay- ing on ; imposture ; fraud ; a tax or toll ; an extra exer- cise laid on a student as a punishment : impo'sing, n. among printers, the arrangement of the pages of a sheet in their orde r upon a stone called the imposing- stone, and preparing them to be printed : impost, n. im'-post, a tax ; a burden ; the top part of a pillar which supports an arch : imposition of hands, in eccles., ordination; confirmation. impossible, a. im-pos'sl-bl (L. impossibilis ; F. im- ^■"■'J-le; It, impossibile, impossible: im, not, and pos- uot feasible. impost— see impose. imposture, n. Im-pos'tiir (It. imposfura; F. impos- ture, imposture, cheat— from L. impositum, to place or lay on), deception ; fraud : impos'tor r n. -ter, one who assumes a character in order to deceive ; a cheat. impotent, a. Im'-potent (L. impotens, powerless— fromim, not, and potens, powerful: It. impotente: F. impotent), weak; feeble; wanting strength or power; unable to beget: im'potently, ad. -II: impotence, n. -tens, also im'potency, n. -tin-sl, want of strength or power. impound, v. lm-pcncnd' (im, into, and pound), to shut up in a pound or pen ; to confine ; to shut in : impounding, imp.: impounded, pp.: impounder, n. one who : impound'age, n. -dj, the act of impounding or confining cattle. impoverish, v. Im-p6v'-er-lsh (L. im, into, or AS. em for en, to make, and L. pauper; F. pcnivre, poor: It. impoverire, to impoverish), to reduce to poverty ; to make poor ; to exhaust, as resources, or the fertility of land: impoverishing, imp.: impoverished, pp. -Isht : impoVerisher, n. -er, one who : impoverishment, n. the act of reducing to poverty ; exhaustion. impracticable, a, Irn-prdk'-ti-kd-M (im, not, and practicable), that cannot be done or performed ; not to be done by human means; unmanageable: im- practicably, ad. -Ml: imprac'ticabil ity, n. -bll'l-tl, also imprac ticableness, n. -ka-bl-nes, state or quality of being beyond the power of man, or the means pro- posed. imprecate, v. Im'pr&kdt (L. imprecatus, invoked —from im, in or on, and precor, I pray : It. imprecare), to invoke, as an evil on any one ; to pray that a curse or calamity may fall upon : im'preca'ting, imp. : im'- preca'ted, pp. : imprecation, n. -kashun, a curse ; a prayer that a calamity may fall on some one : im'pre- ca'tory, a. -ka'-ter-l, containing a prayer for evil. impregnable, a. im-preg'nd-bl (L. im, not, and old F. pregner; L. prehendere, to take), that cannot be re- duced or taken by force ; not to be moved or shaken : impreg'nably, ad. -Ml: impreg'nabil'ity, n. -bll'l-tl, state of being impregnable. impregnate, v. im-preg'-nat (It. impregnare, to get with young ; impregnatura, the state of being with young : L. im, in, and prccgnans, with child : F. ira- pregner, to impregnate), to render or make prolific ; to cause to conceive ; to saturate ; to infuse the quali- ties or virtues of one thing into another : impreg'- nating, imp.: impreg'nated, pp. made pregnant or prolific: im pregna'tion, n. -na'shun, act of impreg- nating ; that with which anything is impregnated. imprescriptible, a, Im'-pre-skrip'tl-bl (L. im, not, and prescriptible), that cannot be lost or impaired by neglect or want of use : im'prescrip'tibly, ad. -Ml. impress, v. tm-pres' (L. impressum, to form or make by pressing— from im, in or on, and pressum, to press or squeeze : old F. impresser, to impress : It. impresso, stamped, impressed), to make a mark or figure by pressing ; to stamp ; to indent ; to fix deep, as in the mind; to seize or employ for the public service: n. Im'-pres, a mark or figure made by pressing ; a stamp ; the image or figure of anything, as if formed by pres- sure : impressing, imp. : impressed', pp. -prest: im- pressi'on, n. -presh'un, a mark ; a copy ; effects pro- duced by external causes on the mind ; idea ; indistinct recollection ; the total number printed at one time, as of a book ; a single edition ; a print from an engraved plate : impressionable, a, -d-bl, susceptible of impres- sions: impres'sible, a. -sl-bl, that readily receives im- pressions : impres'sibly, ad. -sl-bll: impressibility, n. -bll'l-tl, quality of being impressible : impres'sive, a. -slv, adapted to excite solemn attention and feeling: impressively, ad. -ll .- impres siveness, n. -slv-nSs, the quality of being impressive : impressment, n. -ment, the act of seizing men for the public service : impress- gang, a party of men formerly employed forcibly to seize men as seamen for ships of war— usually written press-gang : proof-impression, an early copy taken from an engraved plate, a lithographic stone, and the like. imprimatur, n. Im'prl-md-ter (L. let it be printed— from imprimo, I mark or stamp), licence to print a book, printed on the title-page ; authority. imprimis, ad. Im-prl'-mls (L. imprimis— trom im, in, and primus, first), in the first place. imprint, n. Im'-prlnt (im, in or on, and print), the place where, the person by whom, and the time when a book is published, printed at the bottom of the title —sometimes at the end, as in newspapers : v. Im- print', to mark by pressure ; to stamp ; to fix on the mind or memory : imprinting, imp. : imprint'ed, pp. imprison, v. lmprlz'-n (im, in or on, and prison: F. empriionner, to confine), to put into or to confine in a prison; to shut up or confine : imprisoning, imp. : impris'oned.pp. -priz'-nd: imprisonment, n. -n-ment, confinement in a place ; restraint of liberty. improbable, a, Im-prob'-dbl (L. improbabilis, not deserving of approbation— from im, not, and probo, I prove : F. improbable), not likely to be true ; un- likely : improb ably, ad. -Ml : improbability, n. -Ml' l-tl, unlikelihood. improbity, n. Im-prob'-l-tl (im, not, and probity), want of integrity or honesty ; baseness. improficiency, n. Im'-pro-flsh'-Sn-sl (im, and pro- fie it ncy), want of proficiency. impromptu, n. ImprompytH (F. impromptu, extem- pore— from L. inpromptu, in readiness), a short com- position produced on the spur of the moment— gener- ally something witty : adj. extempore ; off-hand. improper, a. Im-prop'-er (im, and proper: L. im- proprius, not befitting : F. impropre), not suitable ; not adapted to its end ; not becoming ; not decent -. improperly, ad. -II ; impropriety, n. Im'-pro-pri'l-tl, unsuitableness to character or circumstances ; an im- proper action or speech ; an inaccuracy in language : improper fraction, a fraction whose numerator is either equal to or greater than the denominator. impropriate, a, im-pro'prl-dt (L. im, into, r~* larly to place ecclesiastical property in the hands of laymen : impro'pria'ting, imp. : impro'pria'ted, pp. : impro'pria'tor, n. -ter, a layman who possesses or en- joys church lands : impropriation, n. -d'-shun, the act of impropriating; the ecclesiastical property appropri- ated ; exclusive possession. impropriety— see improper. improve, v. Im-prov' (L. im, in, and old F.prover; L. prcbare, to try, to esteem as good), to make better; to advance in value, &c. ; to grow better or wiser; to raise from good to better ; to turn to good account : impro'- ving, imp. : adj. growing better ; using to better ad- vantage : improved', pp. -pr6vd'-. impro'ver, n. one who: impro'vable, a. -vd-bl, capable of being made better: impro'vably, ad. -Mi: impro'vableness, n. -M-nls, also impro'vabil'ity, n. -bll'l-tl, capableness of being made better : impro vingly, ad. -II -. improve- ment, n. -mint, advancement nearer to perfection; progress ; a making or growing better ; practical ap- plication, as of a sermon. improvident, a. Im-prov'l-d&nt (L. im, not, and pro- videns, foreseeing— see provident), wanting care to make provision for the future ; neglecting measures for future safety or advantage; thoughtless: improv'- idently, ad. -ll: improvidence, n. -dens, want of foresight ; want of due regard to consequences. improvise, v. Im'pro-vez' (F. improvisi, done extem- pore ; improviser, to speak or compose without pre- paration: It. improvvisare, to make verses extem- pore : L. improvisus, unexpected), to compose and re- cow, o 'f if Sat; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. IMPR 276 INAR cite without premeditation : Im'provi'slng, imp.: im'- provised', pp. -vezd', extemporised : improvisate, a. im-prdv'4-sat, unpremeditated: improvisatore, n. im-pro-vez-d-W-rd, in Italy, a man who makes and writes short poems without premeditation; im'pro- vis'ato'ri, plu. -to'-re-. im'provis'atrice, n. fem. -vez' d-tris or -tre'chd, a woman who makes and recites extempore verses: im'provls'atri'ci, plu. -vez-d-tre- che. imprudent, a. im-pr6'-dent (L. imprudens, not fore- seeing, inconsiderate— from im, not, prudens, prudent : It. imprudente : F. imprudent), indiscreet ; not atten- tive to the consequences of words or actions ; rash : impru'dence, n. -dins, indiscretion ; want of due re- gard to consequences : imprudently, ad. -li. impudent, a. im'pil-dcnt (L, impudens, without shame— from im, not, and pudens, modest: It. im- pvdente:F.i»'r, ,: ■ iii nimn,! ■.; hold '-din m,- less; saucy ; insolent : im'pudently, ad.-Zi : im'pudence, n. -dins, want of modesty ; effrontery ; impertinence. impugned', pp. -pund': impugn'er, n. -er, one who: im- pugnable, a. -d-bl, that may be impugned or opposed. impulse, n. im'-puls (L. impiUsum, to push or drive against a thing— from im, on or against, and pe.Uo, I drive : It. impulse-, impulse), force suddenly communi- cated ; influence acting on the mind ; the effect of some sudden motion : impulsion, n. -pul'-shun, the sudden action of a moving body on another body ; influence on the mind: impul'sive, a. -slv, having the power of driving or impelling ; moved to action by present feel- ings : unpul'sively, ad. -Il : impulsiveness, n. -nSs. impunity, n. im-pu'-ni-tl (L. impunitas, freedom or safety from punishment— from im, not, and poena, punishment: It. impunita: F. impunite), exemption or freedom from punishment, penalty, or injury. impure, a. im-piir' (L. impurus, impure, unclean— from im, not, and purus, pure: It. impuro .- F. impur), not pure; foul ; unclean ; unchaste; unholy: impure'ly, ad. -li: impure'ness, n., also impu'rity, n. -pu'-rl-tl, foulness ; any foul matter ; want of purity ; want of holiness. impurple, v. im-per'-pl (im, into, and purple), to colour or tinge with purple : impur'pling, imp. : im- pur pled, pp. -pld. impute, v. im-put' (L. imputare, to bring or enter into the account— from im, into, and puto, I reckon : It. imputare : F. imputer), to charge ; to attribute ; to reckon as belonging to one when due to another: impu'ting, imp.: impu'ted, pp.: impu'ter, n. -ter, one who: imputable, a. -td-bl, ascribable; that may be imputed to: impu'tably, ad. -Mi: impu'tableness, n.: impu'tative, a. -td-tiv, that maybe imputed: impu'- tatively, ad. -li, by imputation : imputation, n. im'-pu- td'-shiln, charge of evil ; censure ; reproach ; charging to the account of one what properly belongs to another. in, prep, in (AS., Ger., and Dan. in, in: Icel. inni, within, also, a house), placed before an object, in is used to indicate a variety of relations ; within ; inside of; not outside of; during, as in the year; by or through; on account of; out of, as nine in ten: ad. within some place; not out ; denoting entrance ; close- ly ; often used for into, as he will come in, that is, into the house; used without the object being expressed, as our party is in, and our opponents are out, that is, in office, and out of office: in blank, signed with the name only, and without other significant writing : in that, because ; for the reason that : ins and outs, nooks and corners : in the name of, in behalf of ; on the part of; a common phrase in invoking, swearing, or praying. in, in (L. in, in, within— akin to Sans, an; Gr. en; AS. in, in, into), in, as a prefix, with its forms il, im, ir, signifies in, into, on, in verbs and nouns, as in- clude, to shut in, incur, to run into; followed by I, in becomes il, as in ifluminate, to throw light on ; follow- ed by b, p, or > < <> > immure, to put ivithin walls, imbibe, to drink in, import, to carry in ; followed by r, in becomes ir, as in irrigate, to let water flow on. , „ „ „ in, in (L. in, not— akin to Sans, and Gr. an; Goth, and Ger. un, not), in, as a prefix, with its forms ig, il, im, ir, signifies not in adjectives, as incorrect, not correct ; followed by gn, in becomes a, which, how- ever, is suppressed, and in really becomes i, as in ig- noble, not noble, ignorant, not knowing ; followed by I, in becomes il, as in iflicit, not permitted; followed by p or m, in becomes im, as in i?nmature, not ripe, imprudent, not prudent; followed by r, in becomes ir, as in irregular, not according to rule. inability, n. in'-d-bil-i-ti (L. in, not, and ability), want of power or strength ; want of adequate means ; incapacity. inaccessible, a. in'-dk-sSs'-l-bl (L. in, not, and acces- sible), not to be reached ; not to be obtained or ap- proached: in'acces'sibly, ad. -Ml: in'acces'sibil'ity, n. ■Ml'-l-tl, also in'acces'sibleness, n. -bines, the quality or state of being inaccessible. inaccurate, a. in-dk'ku-rdt(L. in, not, and accurate), not exact or correct ; not according to truth : inaccu- rately, ad. -II: inae'euracy, n. -rd-sl, defect; want of exactness. inaction, n. in-dk'-shun (L. in, not, and action), for- bearance from labour; idleness; rest: inac'tive, a. -tlv, not active ; dull ; slothful ; idle : inac'tively, ad. ■H: inactivity, n. -i-tl, habitual idleness; want of action or exertion. inadequate, a. in-dd-e-kwdt (L. in, not, and ade- quate), not equal to the real state or condition of a thing ; incomplete ; defective : inad'equately, ad. -li : inad'equateness, n., also inadequacy, n. -kwd-si, quality of being unequal to the purpose ; incomplete- ness ; defectiveness. inadmissible, a. in'dd-mis'sl-bl (L. in, not, and ad- missible), not proper to be allowed or received: in'ad- mis'sibil'ity, n. -bil'-l-tl, the quality of being inadmis- sible. inadvertent, a. in'-dd-ver'-tent (L. in, not, and adver- tens, directing or turning towards : F. inadvertence : Sp. inadvertencia, carelessness, heedlessness), heed- less ; not turning the mind to ; inconsiderate ; care- less : in'adver'tently, ad. -II -. in'adver tence, n. -tens, also in'adver'tency, n. -ten-sl, inattention; any mis- take or fault from want of forethought ; heedlessness. inalienable, a. in-dl'-i-en-d-bl (L. in, not, and alien- able), that cannot be legally or justly transferred to another: inalienably, ad. -d-bll: inal'ienableness, n. -bl-nis. inamorato, n. in-dm'-o-r&'-to (It. innamorato, a lover— from L. amor, love), a lover; one in love : in- am'ora'ta, n. fem. -rd'-td, a woman in love. inane, a. ln-dn' (L. inanis, empty: It. inane), emp- ty; void; useless ; senseless : inanely, ad. -li: in- anity, n. In-dn'i-tl, emptiness ; vanity : inanition, n. in'-d-nish'-un (¥.), emptiness; want of fulness ; starva- tion. inanimate, a. in-dn'i-mdt (L. inanimatus, lifeless— from in, not, and animatus, living: It. inanimato), des- titute of life; dead; lifeless; dull; inactive; not sprightly: inan'imated, a. deprived of animation; inanimate: inan'ima'tion, n. -rud'-shun, lifelessness. inappetence, n. in-dp'-pc-tens, also inap'petency, n. -ten-sl (in, not, and appetence), want of desire to imbibe nourishment ; want of inclination. inapplicable, a. in-dp'-pli-ka-bl (L. in, not, and ap- pliruhle), not suited or suitable to the purpose ; un- adapted: inapplication, n. in-dp'pli-kd'-shun, want of attention; unfitness; negligence; neglect of study or industry; inapplicability, n. -bU'-l-ti, quality of being inapplicable. inapposite, a. in-dp'-po-zit (in, not, and apposite), not fit or suitable ; not pertinent. inappreciable, a. in'-ap-pre'-shi-d-bl (in, not, and ap- preciable), that cannot be duly valued; not to be esti- mated. inapprehensible, a. in-dp'pre-hSn-si-bl (in, not, and apprehensible), not intelligible: inap'prehen'sive, a. -siv, slow in apprehending ; regardless. inapproachable, a. In'-ap-proch'-d-bl (i?i, not, and ap- ■■■■■" : ' ' : c 'clied ; inaccessible. inappropriate, a. in'-dp-pro'-pri dt (in, not, and ap- propriate), unsuited ; not proper : in'appro'priately, ad. -li: in'appro'priateness, n. inapt, a. in-apt (L. in, not, and aptv.s, fit), not apt: inaptly, ad. -li: inap'titude, n. -tl-tud, also inapt- ' " l <■■•': ■ "" - i 'I inarch, v. in-arch' (L. in, into, and arcuo, I bend like a bow), to graft by uniting a growing plant or branch to a neighbouring stock without separating it from the earth or from the parent tree : inarch'ing, imp. : n. a mode of grafting by bending tw r o growing plants towards each other, and causing a branch of the one to unite to a branch of the other : inarched', pp. -drcht'. inarticulate, a. in'-ar-tlk-u-ldt (L. in, not, and artic* mate, mat, far, UCtu; mete, met, her; pine, pin; note, nOt, mOie; INAE 277 INCI ulus, a joint, as of the body), not uttered with a dis- tinct spoken sound; in bat., without joints or inter- ruption to continuity: inarticulately, ad. -li: in- articulateness, n., also ln'artic'ula'tion, n. -Id'-shun, indistinctness of spoken sounds. inartificial, a. in-dr'-ti-fish'dl (in, not, and arti- ficial), not done bv art; simple; natural; artless: inar'tifici'ally, ad. -K. inasmuch, ad. or conj. in'-dz-much (in, as, and much), seeing that ; this being the fact. inattentive, a. in'dt-ten'tiv {in, not, and attentive), careless ; negligent ; not fixing the mind on : in 'atten- tively, ad. -li: inattention, n. -shiin, the want of fixing the mind steadily on ; neglect. inaudible, a. inaw'dl-bl (L. in, not, and audible), that cannot be heard: inau'dibly, ad. -bll: inau'di- bil'ity, n. -bll'-l-tl, also inau'dibleness, n. -bl-nes, state or quality of not being heard. inaugural, a. In-aTc'-gii-rdl (L. augur, a soothsayer: in, into, and auouro, I 'presage or divine, as the success of any enterprise), made or done at the introduction to an office, or at the beginning or an enterprise, as an in- augural address : inaii gurate, v. -gu-rat, to invest with an office in a formal manner ; to commence with suit- able ceremonies: inaugurating, imp.: inau'gura'ted, pp. : inau'gura'tor, n. -tCr, one who : inauguration, n. -rd'shun, the act of investing with an office with suitable solemnity ; the solemn or formal beginning of any movement or course of action ; the opening in a formal manner of a public building : inau'gura'tory, n. -tirl. pert, to inauguration. inauspicious, a, in'-aXv-spish'-ds {in, not, and au- spicious), unlucky; unfavourable; ill-omened; unfor- tunate: in auspiciously, ad. -li: in auspici'ousness, n. inboard, a. or ad. in'bOrd (in, into, and board), ap- plied to any tiling w i iii in the hold of a ship. inborn, a. In'bawrn, (in, into, and born), implanted by nature ; innate. inbreathe, v. in-brith' (in, into, and breathe), to in- fuse by breathing ; to inspire : inbreath'ing, imp. : inbreathed', pp. -brethd'. inbreed, v. in-bred', (in, into, and breed), to breed or generate within: inured, a. -brid, natural; bred within. Inca, n. in'-ka, the king or prince of Peru before its conquest by the Spaniards. incage, v. in-kdj' (in. and cage), to confine, as in a cage; to coop up : inca'ging, imp.: incaged', pp. -kdjd'. incalculable, a. In-kdi-ku-ld-hl (i„, not, and calcu- lable), not to be computed or reckoned : incalculably, ad. -ld-bll. incandescent, a. In'kdn-des'-sent (L. incandescent, becoming warm, glowing— from in, into, candesco,! become of a bright glittering white: It. incandes- cente), white or glowing with heat : incandes'cence, D. -sins, the glowing or luminous appearance which bodies assume when intensely heated. incantation, n. in'-kdntd'shun (L. incantare, to chant a magic formula against some one— from in, into, and canto, I sing), the act of enchanting by songs or words of sorcery : incan'tatory, a. -ter-i, dealing by enchantment. incapable, a. in-kd'-pd-bl (in, not, and capable), un- able ; unequal to ; disqualified by disposition or law : inca pably, ad. -bit: inca'pabil'ity, n. -bil'-l-ti, natural inability; legal disqualification. incapacious, a. In'-kd-pd'shiis (in, not, and capaci- ous: L. in, not, and capacitas, largeness), not large or spacious; of small size: in'capa'ciousness, n. -nis: in'capac itate, v. -pus'l-tdt, to render incapable, un- able or unfit; to disqualify: incapacitating, imp.: in'capac'itated, pp. : incapacity, n. -l-tl, want of natural power to receive, contain, or understand— applied to the mind ; defect of understanding ; ina- bility; disqualification. incarcerate, v. In-kdr'-s-r-at lit. in car cerate; F. in- carcerer, to imprison— from L. in, into, and career, a prison), to imprison ; to confine in a jail : incar'cera'- ting, imp.: incar'cera'ted, pp.: incarceration, 11. -a- shun, imprisonment. incarnate, a. in-kdr'ndt (It. incarnato, made flesh : F. incarnat, of a flesh colour— from L. in, in or on, and caro, flesh— gen. carnis), clothed with flesh ; em- bodied in flesh: v. to clothe with flesh; to assume the human form and nature : incar'nating, imp. : in- car'nated, pp.: in'carna'tion, n. -vd'shun, the act of assuming a human body, and taking the nature of man; the union of the Godhead with manhood in Christ. incase, v. Xn-kds' (in, into, and case), to enclose; to cover or surround with something solid: inca'sing, imp.: incased', pp. -kclst'. incautious, a, in-kaTv'-shiis (in, not, and cautious), unwary; heedless; not attentive to probable effects and consequences : incautiously, ad. -II : incau'tious- ness, n. -ne~s, want of caution ; want of foresight ; -- incendiary, n. iiisBn'dl-A-ri (L. incendiarius, set- ting on fire— from incendo, I set fire to : It. incendiare ; F. incendier, to set fire to), one who wilfully and maliciously sets fire to the houses, buildings, or pro- perty of another, or to his own ; one who so inflames the public mind as to unduly promote discontent and faction: adj. relating to the wilful burning of a building ; inflammatory ; seditious : incendiarism, n. ■cl-rizm, the act or practice of an incendiary. incense, n. in'sgns (L. incensum, to set fire to, to burn: It. incenso; F. encens, incense), the odours arising from certain spices, gums, &c, when thrown on fire, used in religious rites ; the materials so burned ; the worship of prayer and praise : v. to per- fume with incense : incense, v. in-sens', to inflame with anger; to provoke; to exasperate: incen'sing, imp. : incensed', pp. -sdnsf: incen'sive, a. -sin'slv, tending to incense or provoke. incentive, a. In-sSn'-tlv (It. incentive; mid. L. in- centivum, an incentive, a stimulus— from L. incendo, I set fire to), inciting; encouraging: n. that which kindles or excites ; that which prompts to good or evil ; a stimulus : incen'tively, ad. -li. inceptive, a. in-sSp'-tiv (L. inception, a beginning— from in, into, captum, to take : It. incepto, begun) be- ginning; noting beginning; applied to a verb which expresses the beginning of an action, or of a course of action: incep tively, ad. -li: incep'tor, n. -ter (L. a beginner), a beginner ; one on the point of taking the degree of A.M. incertitude, n. In-ser'-tl-tiid (F. incertitude, uncer- tainty: L. incertus, uncertain— from in, not, and cer- tus, sure), uncertainty ; doubtfulness. incessant, a. in-ses'-sd?it (It. incessante ; Sp. inces- ante, incessant, continual— from L. in, not, and ces- sans, ceasing or giving over), continual ; without in- terruption: incessantly, ad.-ZI. incest, n. In'-sist (L. meatus, unclean, unchaste— from in, not, and castus, pure, chaste : It. incesto ; F. inceste, incest), sexual intercourse within the pro- hibited degrees: incestuous, a. i7i-se~s'-tu-us, guilty of incest: inces tuously, ad. -li: inces'tuousness, n. inch, n. tush (AS. ince, an inch : L. xmcia, the twelfth part of a pound), a measure ; the twelfth part of a foot ; a small quantity or degree, as to die by inches : adj. measuring an inch, as a two-inch board: inched, a. Insht, containing inches : inchmeal, n. a piece an inch long: ad. by -mall d gives; by piecemeal. inch, n. insh (Irish, inis; Gael, insh, an island- akin to L. insula, an island), in Scot., a small island. inchoate, a. in'-kodt (L. inchoatum, to lay the foun- dation of, to begin), begun ; entered upon ; incipient : v. to begin ; to commence : in choa'ting, imp. : in'- choa'ted, pp.: in'choately, ad. -li: in'choa'tion, n. -a 'shun, beginning: in'choa tive, a, -tlv, expressing or indicating beginning. incidence, n. in'st-dSns (L. incidens, a falling in or on— from in, in, and cachns, falling: F. incidence), the direction in which any elastic body, or light or heat, falls on or strikes another : angle of incidence, the angle formed by a ray, as of light or heat, striking or impinging on a surface, and which angle is equal to the angle of reflection : incident, n. -dent, a circum- stance ; an occurrence ; an adventure ; something which happens beside the main design : adj. falling into or upon ; casual : in'ciden'tal, a. -din'-tdl, coming without design; casual; occasional; not intended: incidentally, ad. -li. incinerate, v. in-sin'-er-dt (mid. L. incineratum ; It. incenerare, to reduce to ashes— from L. in, into, and cinis, ashes— gen. cineris), to burn to ashes : incin'- era'ting, imp. : incinerated, pp. : incin'era'tion, n. ■d'-shun, the act of burning or reducing to ashes— cal- cination is the process of reducing to a calx or friable state by heat. incipient, a. in-stp'l-ent (L. incipiens, beginning: It. incipiente, incipient), beginning; commencing: inciplently, ad. -II: inciplency, n. -en-si, commence- ment. incise, v. in-slz' (L. incisum, to cut into— from in, and cozdere, to cut : F. inciser, to cut), to cut in or COlO, I \!,fvct; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. INCI 278 INCO into ; to carve ; to engrave : inci'sing, imp.: incised', pp. -slzd'.- adj. cut down deeply; cut in: inci'sor, n. -sl'-zer, one of the cutting or fore teeth; a cutter: in- cision, n. in-slzh'-un, the act of cutting into a sub- stance ; a cut ; a gash : incisive, a. in-sl'-ziv, also in- ci'sory, a. -zer-i, having the quality of cutting : incis- ure, n. in-sizh'-oor (L. incisura, a cutting into), a cut; an incision. incite, v. In-sW (L. incitare, to urge on—from in, into, and citare, to put into quick motion : It. inci- tare : F. inciter), to rouse or move the mind to action ; to spur on ; to encourage or instigate : inci'ting, imp.: incited, pp. : inciter, n. one who : incitation, n. - • h i'm, that which excites to action ; motive ; incentive : incite'ment, n. -ment, that which moves to action ; impulse : inci'tingly, ad. -II. incivility, n. In'-sl-vil'-i-tl (L. in, not, and civilitas, courtesy, humanity : F inci vility), want of courtesy ; rudeness of manners ; any act of ill-breed- ing. inclavated, a. in'-kld-vd'-tSd (L. in, into, and clavus, a nail or spike), locked in ; fast fixed : inclave, a. in'klav, dove-tailed ; resembling a dove-tailed joint. inclement, a. In-kl6m'-6nt (L. inclemens, unmerci- ful, severe— from in, not, and Clemens, mild, gentle : It. inclemente: F. inclement), harsh; unpitying; void of tenderness or mercy ; rough ; stormy : in- clem'ently, ad. -II .- inclemency, n. -6n-sl, roughness ; storminess ; harshness ; severity. incline, v. ln-klln' (L. inclinare, to bend or bow in any direction : in, into, and L. clino ; Gr. klino, I bend or lean : F. incliner), to bend ; to lean from an erect or parallel line ; to slope ; to be disposed ; to turn the desire towards : n. a slope ; a gradient, as of a railway : inclining, imp. : adj. leaning ; sloping : inclined', pp. -klind' : adj. deviating or leaning from the perpendicular; sloping; disposed: incli'ner, n. -ner, one who or that which inclines : inclinable, a. -nd-bl, leaning; tending; favourably disposed: in- cli'nableness, n. : inclination, n. in'-kll-na'-shun, a bending or sloping either downwards or upwards ; the direction of one body with respect to another . when measured by the angle formed at the point of meeting ; tendency or leaning towards ; bias of mind or will ; propensity ; desire ; love : inclined plane, a sloping surface ; one of the five mechanical powers : in'clinom'eter, n. -nom'-e'-ter (Gr. metron, a measure), an instr. for measuringthe vertical elements of the magnetic force. inclose, v. In-kloz', also enclose (in, into, and close: F. enclos, an enclosure : L. inclusus ; It. incluso, in- closed, shut up), to shut in ; to confine on all sides ; to cover with a wrapper or envelope : inclo'sing, imp.: inclosed', pp. -klozd' : adj. surrounded ; confined on all sides ; covered, as with a case or envelope : inclo'- sure, n. -klo'-zhdbr, a space shut in ; that which is con- tained in a wrapper or envelope : inclo'ser, n. one who or that which incloses. include, v. ln-kldd' (L. include-, I shut up or in : It. includere, to inclose), to contain; to comprise ; to com- prehend : inclu'ding, imp. : inclu'ded, pp. : adj. in hot., applied to the stamens when inclosed within the corolla, and not pushed out beyond its tube : inclu- sion, n. fm-kl&zhun (L inclusio, a shutting up), the act of including: inclu'sive, a. -ziv, comprehended in the number or sum : inclu'sively, ad. -II. incoagulable, a. In'ko-dg'u-ld-bl (L. in, not, and coagulable), that cannot be coagulated. incog, ad. ln-kdg' (L.ii iown— from in, not, and cognitus, known : It. incognito, unknown), the contracted form of incognito, ad. in-kdg'-nl-to ; in disguise ; privately ; in concealment. incognisable, a. In-kog'-ni-zd-bl or in-kdn'-l-zd-bl (in, not, and cognisable), that cannot be known or distin- guished. incoherent, a. in'-ko-he'-rent (L. in, not, and coherent: F. incoherent), loose ; unconnected ; having no de- pendence of one part on another, as the speech of a madman : in'cohe'rence, n. -rens, also in'cohe'rency, n. -si, want of connection : in'cohe'rently, ad. -ll. incombustible, a. in-kom-bus'-tl-bl (L. in, not, and combustible), that cannot be burnt or consumed by fire: in'combus'tibly, ad. -ti-bll: in'combus'tibleness, n. -bl-nSs, also in'combus'tibil'ity, n. -bil'-l-tl, the qua- lity of not being able to be burnt. income, n. In'-kum (in, into, and come), gain, pro- fit, or interest, as from labour, business, or property ; a stipend ; revenue : in'coming, a. coming in : in- comings, n. piu. -ingz, receipts; gains: incoming mate, m&t, far, law; mete, met, tenant, one who succeeds another, as in a house or a farm. incommensurable, a. Wkom-mSn-su-rd-U (in, and commensurable), having no common measure or standard of comparison, as the side of a square and its diagonal : in'commensurables, n. plu. -rd-blz, ap- plied to quantities: in'commen'surably, ad. -bli: in'commen'surabirity, n. -bll'-l-ti, quality or state of being incommensurable : in'commen'surate, a. -su- rdt, not admitting of a common measure ; not ade- quate : in'commen surately, ad. -11. incommiscible, a. in'-kom-mls'-sl-bl (L. in, not, con, together, and misceo, I mix), that cannot be mixed together. incommode, v. In'-kom-mOd' (L. incommodum, trouble, disadvantage: It. incommodo; F. incom- mode, inconvenient, troublesome), to give trouble to ; to disturb or disquiet without any great injury : in- commo'ding, imp. : in'commo'ded, pp. : in'commo'- dious, a. -di-iis, inconvenient ; giving trouble without much injury: in commo'diously, ad. -li: in'commo- diousness, n. incommunicable, a. ln'-kdm-mu'nl-kd-bl (in, not, and communicable), that cannot be imparted or revealed toothers: in'commu'nicably, ad. -kd-bll: in'commu'- nicableness, n. -kd-bl-n6s, also in'commu'nicabirity, n. -bil'-i-H: in'commu'nicating, imp. having no in- tercourse with each other: in'commu'nicated, pp. -kd-Ud, not imparted: incommunicative, a. -tiv, not free or apt to impart to others in conversation. incommutable, a. ln'-kdm-mu'-td-bl (in, not, and commutable), not to be exchanged or commuted with another : in'commu'tably, ad. -bll : in'commu'tabil'- ity, n. -bll'-l-ti, also in'commu'tableness, n. -U-n6s, unchangeableness. incomparable, a. in-kom'-pd-rd-bl (in, not, and com- parable), that admits of no comparison with others ; without peer or equal : incom'parably, ad. -rd-bli : incom'parableness, n. -bl-nSs, excellence beyond com- parison. incompatible, a. In'-k5m-pdt'-l-bl (in, not, and com- patible), that cannot subsist with something else : incompatibly, ad. -bli : in'compat'ibleness, n. -blnis, also incompatibility, n. -bil'-t-ti, irreconcilable dis- agreement : in'compat'ibles, n. plu. -l-blz, in chem., salts or compounds which decompose each other when brought in contact In solution. incompetent, a. in-kom'pe-tSnt (in, not, and com- petent), wanting adequate powers of mind, or suitable faculties ; wanting the legal ability : incompetently, ad. -li : incompetence, n. 46ns, or incom'petency, n. -ten-si, want of sufficient powers ; inability. incomplete, a. in'-kom-plet' (in, not, and complete), not finished; imperfect; defective :• incompletely, ad. -li : in'complete'ness, n. imperfection ; unfinished state. incomplex, a. tn-kom'-pleks (in, not, and complex), uncompounded ; simple. incompliable, a. in'-kom-pll'-abl (in, not, and com- pilable), not compliable : in'compli'ant, a. -pli'dnt (in, not, and compliant), not disposed to comply or yield to solicitation : in'compli'ance, n. -pli'-dns, want of compliance. incomprehensible, a. in-kom'-pre-hen'-sl-bl (in, not, and comprehensible), that cannot be understood ; beyond the reach of human intellect : incom'prehen- sibly, ad. -bll: incom'prehen'sibleness, n. -bl-nes, also incom'prehen'sibillty, n. -bll'-i-tl, the quality of being beyond the reach of human intellect : incom'- prehen'sion, n. -shun, want of comprehension or un- derstanding : incom'prehen'sive, a. -slv, not capable of including or understanding ; not extensive. incompressible, a. In'-kom-pres'-sl-bl (in, not, and compressible), not capable of being reduced by force to a smaller compass : in'compres'sibillty, n. -bll'-l-ti. incomputable, a. in'-kom-pu'-td-bl (in, not, and com- putable), that cannot be reckoned. inconceivable, a. in'-kon-se'-va-bl (in, not, and con- ceivable), that cannot be imagined; incomprehen- sible : in'concei'vably, ad. -bll : in'concei'vableness, n. -bl-nes, incomprehensibility. inconclusive, a. in'-kon-klo-zlv (L. in, not, and con- clusive), not closing or settling a point in debate or a doubtful question: in'conclu'sively, ad. -II: in'con- clu'siveness, n. want of such evidence as would satisfy the mind. inconcussible, a. tn'-kon-kus'-sl-bl (L. in, not, and con- cussible), that cannot be shaken. incondensable, a. in'-kon-din'-sd-bl (L. in, not, and Mr; pine, pin; note, not, mCve; INCO 279 INCH condensable), that cannot be reduced to a less com- pass, or converted from a gas or vapour to a liquid or solid: in'conden sably, ad. -bll: in condensability, n. -bil'-l-tl. incongealable, a. in'kon-je'ld-bl (L. in, not, andcow- gealable), not capable of being frozen : in'congea- lableness, n. -bl-nes. incongrnent, a. In-kdng'gro-Snt (L. incongruus, inconsistent, unsuitable : It. incongruo and incongru- ente, incongruous : F. incongru), unsuitable : in'con- gru'ity, n. -gro'-l-tl, unsuitableness ; absurdity; in- consistency ; disagreement of parts : incon gruous, a. ■kon j'-ord-ui, unsuitable; not fitting; improper: in- congruously, ad. -li. inconsequent, a. In-kon'sS-kvjent (L. inconsequens, not logically consequent : It. inconsequente: F. incon- sequent), not following from the premises: incon- sequence, n. -JcwSns, want of logical sequence or just inference: inconsequential, a. -kwSn'shOi, not regu- larly following from the premises ; of little moment : incon'sequen tially, ad. -li. inconsiderable, a. ln'-kdn-sld'-er-d-bl (in, not, and considerable), not worthy; unimportant; small; tri- vial: in'consid erably, ad. -bll: in'consid'erablenes3, n. -bl-nes. inconsiderate, a. In'kdn-sld'-er-dt (L. inconsidera- tus, unconsidered, thoughtless— from in, not, and con- sidero, I look at closely), hasty; rash; thoughtless; not attending to circumstances: in'consid'erately, ad. -ll : in'consid erateness, n„ also in'consid'era'tion, n. -d'-shun, thoughtlessness; negligence; inattention. inconsistent, a. in'-kon-sW-tent (in, not, and consist- ent), being contraryat different times ; not suitable ; contradictory: in'consis'tently, ad. -II: inconsis- tence, n. -tens, also in'consis tency, n. -ten-si, self-con- tradiction ; want of uniformity ; want of attention to circumstances or consequences. inconsolable, a. in'-kon-so'-ld-bl (in, not, and conso- lable), not to be consoled; grieved beyond measure: in'conso'lably, ad. -bll. inconsonant, a. in-kon'-so-ndnt (in, not, and conso- nant), not agreeing; discordant: incon'sonantly, ad. ■li: incon'sonance, n. -nans, also incon'sonancy, n. -ndn-sl, disagreement. inconspicuous, a. in-kon-sjrfk'-ii-us (in, not, and con- spicuous), hardly discernible ; not to be perceived by the sight : in conspicuously, ad. -li. inconstant, a. Ui-kon'-stdnt (in, not, and constant), fickle; subject to sudden changes in opinions or pur- poses : incon'stancy, n. -stdn-sl, fickleness, as of tem- per or affection; unsteadiness: inconstantly, ad. -II. inconsumable, a. in'-kon-su'-md-bl (in, not, and con- sumable), that cannot be wasted or consumed: in'- consu mably, ad. -bll. incontestable, a. in'-kdn-tSs'td-bl (in, not, and con- testable: F. incontestable), too clear to be questioned; not admitting of dispute ; undeniable : in'contes ta- bly, ad. -bll. incontinent, a. In-kon'tl-nSnt (L. incontinent, not retaining, immoderate: It. incontinente: F. inconti- nent : in, not, and continent— which see), not restrain- ing the passions ; unchaste ; unable to restrain natu- ral discharges: incontinence, n. -nens, also incon- tinency, n. -n8n-si, want of restraint of the passions — especially of the sexual appetite; inability to re- strain discharges : incon tinently, ad. -II. incontrovertible, a. in-kon'-tro-ver'-ti-bl (L. in, not, and controvertible), too clear or certain to admit of dispute: incon'trover'tibly, ad. -bli: incon trover- tibil'ity, n. -bil'-i-ti. inconvenience, n. in'-kon-ve-ni-gns, also in'conve'ni- ency, n. -en-si (in, and convenience), that which troubles or incommodes ; anything that disturbs or impedes : in'conve nience, v. to trouble ; to cause uneasiness to : in'conve'niencing, imp.: in'conve nienced, pp. -6nst: inconvenient, a. -ent, incommodious; unsuitable; giving trouble or uneasiness to ; unfit : in'conve'- niently, ad. -li, inconvertible, a. in'-kon-vir'-ti-U (in, not, and con- vertible), that cannot be changed into something else: in'conver'tibly, ad. -bli: inconvertibility, n. -bil'- i-ti, the quality of not being changeable into some- thing else. inconvincible, a. in'-kdn-vin'-si-bl (in, and convinci- ble), that cannot be convinced ; not capable of convic- tion : in'convin'cibly, ad. -bli. incorporate, v. in-kor'-po-rdt (in, into, and corpo- rate: L. in, into, and corporare, to furnish with a body: F. incorporer; It. incorporare, to incorporate), to unite ; to blend ; to work one mass or body into an- other ; to form into one body ; to unite so as to make part of another body: adj. mixed together; associat- ed: incorporating, imp.: incorporated, pp.: adj. h^A . un ited in a legal body : incor pora'tion, n. n of different ingredients into one mass ; an constituted by Act of Parliament, or former- ly by grant of the crown : incorporeal, a. -po'-re-dl (in, not, and corporeal), not consisting of matter; imma- terial; spiritual: in corporeally, ad. -li: in'corpo'- realism, n. -izm, state of spiritual existence : incor- pore'ity, n. -re'-i-tl, the qualitv of beine not material. incorrect, a. in'-kOr-rekt [in, not, and con-ect), not exact ; not according to a copy or model ; not accord- ing to truth : incorrectly, ad. -li : incorrectness, n. igible), bad beyond correction or reform : in- corrigibly, ad. -bli: incor'rigibleness, n. -bl-nes, also incorrigibility, n. -bil'-i-ti, the quality of being de- praved or bad beyond correction ; hopeless depravity ' l persons. incorrodible, a. in'-kor-ro'-di-bl (in, not, and corro- dible), that cannot be eaten away or impaired : in'cor- ro'dibly, ad. -bli. incorrupt, a. in'-kdr-nipf, also in'corrup'ted, a. . n, not, and corrupt), not impaired or spoiled ; un- tainted; pure; sound: incorruptible, a. -ti-bl, not corruptible; that cannot decay; incapable of being bribed : in'corrup'tibly, ad. -bli i in'corrup'tibleness, n. -bl-nes, also in corrup'tibillty.n. -bd'-l-tl, the quality of being incapable of corruption or decay: in'corrup'- tion, n. -rup'-shun, exemption from corruption or de- cay: in'corrup tive, a. -tiv, free from corruption or decay : incorrupt ness, n. the quality of being exempt from decay ; purity of mind or manners. incrassate, v. ln-krds'-sdt (L. in, into, and crassus, thick, dense: F. incrasser, to thicken), to thicken; to become thick or thicker : incras'sating, imp. : incras'- sated, pp.: in'crassa tion, n. -sd'shun, the act of thickening : incras'sative, a. -sa-tiv, having the quality of thickening. increase, n. in'kres (L. increscere, to grow or in- crease in anything, to swell— from in, into, and cresco, I grow), growth ; enlargement ; addition to the origi- nal stock; produce: v. Inkrcs', to make more or greater; to advance or exalt; to extend ; to spread; to make worse; to augment; to grow: increas'ing, imp.: increased', pp. -kresf: adj. multiplied; made more or greater, as in number, bulk, value, &c: in- not be believed— from in, not, and credo, I believe : It. incredibile), that cannot be believed ; too impro- bable to admit of belief : incredibly, ad. -bll : incred- ibility, n. -bll'-l-tl, also incredlbleness, n. -bl-nes, the being too extraordinary to admit of belief : incred- ulous, a. in-krdd'-ii-liis (L. incredulus, unbelieving), not believing; indisposed to receive as true: incred- ulousness, n. -nis, also incredulity, n. In-krS-du'-ll-tl, a refusal of belief ; indisposition to believe. increment, n. in-kre-ment (L. incrementum, an in- crease, growth— from in, into, and cresco, I grow), the act of becoming greater ; increase ; that which is added ; in math., the quantity which increases a vari- able quantity: increscent, a. in-kres'&nt, growing; augmenting; swelling. incriminate, v. ln-krlm'-l-ndt (L in, in, and crimi- natus, accused of crime), to charge with a crime or fault ; to accuse : incrim'inating, imp. : incrimina- ted, pp. incrust, v. in-kriist' (L. incrustare, to cover as with a crust— from in, in or on, and crusto, I plaster : It. incrustare : F. incruster), to cover with a hard coat or crust ; to form a crust on the surface of : incrust- ing, imp. : incrust'ed, pp. : adj. covered as with a crust : in'crusta'tion, n. -t&'shun, the crust or rough coat formed on the surface of a body; also incrust- ment, n. -kriist'-ment. incubate, v. In'-ku-bdt (L. incubatum, to lie or rest upon— from in, in or on, and cubo, I lie down), to sit upon, as upon eggs for hatching: intubating, imp. : in'cubated, pp. : in'cuba'tion, n. -bd-shun, the act of sitting on eggs for the hatching of young ; in wed., the period during which a contagious latent before showing itself: in'cuba'tive, a. -tiv, formed by or having the nature of incubation: in'- cuba'tor, n. -ter. a machine for hatching eggs by ar- tificial heat: incubus, n. In'ku-bus (L. incubus; It. edit;, boy, foot; pure, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. INCU 280 INDE incubo ; F. incube, nightmare), the nightmare ; that which sits upon, a3 some hideous monster; any oppressive or stupefying influence. inculcate, v. In-kul'lw,: (L, iru ■annum, to drive in or run down— from in, into, and calcare, to tread : It. inculcare), to impress or enforce by frequent admoni- tions ; to teach by frequent repetitions : inculcating, imp. : incul'cated, pp. : incul'cator, n. -ka-ter, one who : in'culca'tion, n. -ka-shun, the act of impressing on the mind by frequent repetitions. inculpable, a. ln-kul'pd-bl (L. in, not, and culpable), without fault ; that cannot be blamed or accused ; incul'pably, ad. -Ml: incul'pableness, n. inculpate, v. In-kul'-pdt (L. in, into, and culpatum, to reproach, to impute a fault to— from culpa, a fault), to bring into blame ; to censure ; opposed to i incul'pating, imp. : incul'pated, pp. : in'culpa tion, n. -pa'shun, blame; censure: incul'patory, a. -p&- ter-l, imputing blame ; criminatory. incumbent, a. In-kum-bSnt (L. incumbens, leaning or lying upon— from in, and cubo or cumbo, I lie down), lying or resting on, as a duty or obligation ; indispensable ; in bot, applied to cotyledons with the radicle on their back : n. the person who is in the pos- session of an office, as of an ecclesiastical benefice : incum'bently, ad. -II: incum'bency, n. -bSn-sl, the holding or being in possession of an ecclesiastical office. incumbrance, incumber, &c— see encumber. incunabula, n. plu. in'-M rid bii l& (L. incunabula, swathing-bands, a birthplace— from in, into, and cunabula, a cradle), books printed in the early period of the art, generally before A.D. 1500. incur, v. ln-lcer' (L. incurro, I run or rush into— from in, into, and curro, I run), to become liable or subject to ; to contract, as a debt : incur'ring, imp. : incurred', pp. -lcerd'. incurable, a. tn-ku'rd-bl (in, not, and curable: It. incurabile; F. incurable, incurable), that cannot be cured ; incapable of remedy or cure ; irremediable : n. one beyond the reach of cure: incu'rably, ad. -bit: incu'rableness, n. -bine's, also incu'rabil'ity, n. -bit'- l-tl, a state not admitting of any cure; impossibility of cure. incurious, a. in-kil'-rl-us (L. in, not, and curiosus, inquisitive), not curious or inquisitive ; inattentive : incu'riously, ad. -It: incu'riousness, n. -nSs, also in- cu'rios'ity, n. -os'l-ti, want of curiosity ; inattentive- ness. incursion, n. ln-ker'- slum (L. incursio, a running against, an onset— from in, into, and cursus, a run- ning: It. incur sione: F. incursion), a sudden inroad or invasion for plunder or attack : incur'sive, a. -siv, pert, to an incursion ; hostile. incurvate, v. ln-ker'-vdt (L. incurvatum, to bend or curve— from in, in'co, and curvus, bent, crooked), to bend ; to crook : adj. curved inwards or upwards : incur'vating, imp. : incur vated, pp. : adj. gradually bending from without inwards: in'curva'tion, n. ■va-shun, state of being bent ; act of bowing or bend- ing : incurve, v. in-kerv', to curve ; to curve in or in- wardly; to become bent: incur'ving, imp. : incurved', pp. -kervd": incur'vity, n. -ker'-vl-tl, crookedness. indebted, a. In-det'-Sd (It. indebitare, to run into debt— from L. in, into, and debitum, to owe), being in debt; obliged by something received: indebted- ness, n. -nSs, state of being indebted. indecency, n. in-de'sSn-sl (in, not, and decent: L. indecens, unseemly, indecent: It. indecento: F. in- decent), that which is unbecoming in language or manners; an offence against delicacy: inde'eent, a. -sSnt, unfit to be seen 01 heard ; offensive to modesty : inde'eently, ad. -li. indecision, n. In-dS-sizh'-un (in, not, and decision), want of settled purpose or of firmness ; a wavering of mind : in'deci'sive, a. -si'-siv, unsettled ; wavering ; not bringing to a final close or issue : in'deci'sively, ad. -li: in'deci'siveness, n. -nSs, state of being unde- cided. indeclinable, a. in'-dS-kll-nd-bl (in, not, and declin- able), that cannot be varied by terminations : in'de- cli'nably, ad. -Mi. indecomposable, a. in-d6'-kdm-p0'zd-bl (in, not, and decomposable), that cannot be decomposed or resolved into its constituent parts. indecorous, a. in-dS-ko'rus (in, not, and decorous), unbecoming; violating good manners:^ in'deco'- or behaviour which violates the rules of good-breed- ing or civility. indeed, ad. in-ded' (in, in or on, and deed), in real- y ; in fact ; in truth : int. is it possible. indefatigable, a. in'dS-fdt'-t-cjd-bl (L. indefatigabi- lis, that cannot be wearied out— from in, not, and defatigo, I weary), unwearied; not yielding to fa- that cannot be made voii i not fcobi feated: in'de- feas'ibly, ad. -Mi: in'defeas'ibil'ity, n. -bU'-i-ti, the quality or state of not being subject to be made void. indefensible, a. in'dS-fSn'sl-bl (L. in, not, and defen- sible), that cannot be defended; not to be vin>h .Ihi-'Ii -m. i"! :.,i!m ,.'■ indeliberate, a. In'-de-llb'er-dt (in, not, and deliber- ate), done or performed without consideration ; sud- den : in'delib'erately, ad. -li. indelible, a. in-ddl-l-bl (L. indelebilis, imperishable —from in, not, and deleo, I blot out : F. indelebile : It. indelebile), that cannot be blotted out; that can- not be effaced, cancelled, or removed: indelibly, ad. -Ml: indel'ibil'ity, n. -Ul'-l-tt, quality of being indelible. indelicate, a. in-d&l'-i-Mt (in, not, and delicate), of- fensive to good manners or to purity of mind ; coarse ; indecent : indelicacy, n. In-del'-l-kd-si, that which is offensive to refined taste or purity of mind ; a certain coarseness of manners or language : indelicately, ad. ■kat-ll. indemnify, v. In-dSm'-ni-fi (L. in, against, damnum, loss, and facio, I make), to secure against loss, dam- age, or punishment ; to make troo