^.-^^^ .^'% ^. o • * * ^G " o ^ o -^ <^' ^. A-. ';| ■r "-0 » « o a"?* ^ ^^'% r--^. '^^. ^'fe^-. #°« Answers to History Series OF Examination Questions FOR THE Eighth Grade SISTERS OF ST. FRANCIS GLEN RIDDLE, PA. NOTE. N answering these History Questions we have consulted the works of Lawler, SadHer, McCarthy, Hart, Barnes, McMaster, Thomas, Thorpe, Fitch, Thalheimer, Andrews, Peterman, Schwinn and Stevenson, Eggleston, and Mowry. SISTERS OF ST. FRANCIS. MAY 12 1915 CfA398789 ANSWERS TO HISTORY SERIES Set 1. 1. (a) Coast of SoutJi Ajiierica. Columbus, Ves- pucci. (b) Xorth Atlantic Coast. The Cabots, Verra- zani, Hudson, Gosnold. (c) Gulf Coast. De Soto, Cortez, Ponce de Leon, De Ayllon, Narvaez. 2. John Cabot, an Italian by birth, living in Eng- land at the time of the discovery of Columbus, was commissioned by King Henry VII of Eng- land to seek a northern route for the spice trade. In ^lay, 1497, Cabot sailed from Bristol with his son Sebastian, and a number of persons, and discovered the continent of America, probably on the coast of Labrador, June 24th. Believ- ing he had discovered Asia, he landed and erected a large cross bearing aloft the flag of England. He claimed the entire country in behalf of the king of England. A year later, April, 1498, he returned and explored the coast as far south as North Carolina. Sebas- tian continued his father's discoveries, cruising from Newfoundland to Chesapeake Bay. Lik'v' all his predecessors, he failed to find the route to Asia, but his achievements gave to England a title to a vast portion of the New World. Between 1500 and 1502, two Portuguese naviga- tors named Cortereal went over mucli the same ground as the Cabots. About thirty years after the discovery by the Cabots, the two French explorers, Verrazani and Cartier, coasted over the same shores. 3. The character of the colonists was poorly adapted to endure the hardships incident to a life in a new country, being mostly gentlemen by birth, unused to labor. They had no families, and came out in search of wealth or adventure. The climate was unhealthy, and, before the first autumn, half of their number had per- ished. 4. England had commercial interests in forming col- nies. Many of her philanthropic citizens sought to establish places of refuge for the op- pressed and the poor that lived in the over- crowded cities of England. Holland planted colonies in America for trading purposes. Spain, prompted by the love of adventure, a chiv- alrous contempt of danger, combined with the desire to spread the faith, labored to plant colonies in America-. 5. (a) Causes: — (1) The conflicting claims to territory. (2) Tlie enmity between England and France. (n) The settlement of the Ohio Valley. fb) TJie resvlfs were: — ■ (1) Through it France lost practically all her possessions in the New World. (2) It taught the colonists to unite for a common purpose. (:^) It proved that the Provincial troops were as fearless and as eapal)le as the British regulars. (4) It trained a body of colonial officers in the art of war. (5) It left only England to be conquered in the war of independence. (6) It created an enormous debt, which caused the levying of new taxes. 6. (a) The leading English generals in the Revolu- tionary War were Generals Gage, Bur- goyne, Cornwallis, and Howe. (b) The three American generals (besides Wash- ington) were Generals Schuyler, Gates, and Greene. 7. (a) The Articles of Confederation gave too little power to the general government to enable it to pay debts incurred during the war. (b) Congress could not levy taxes, it could only call upon the States to raise money. 8. (a) The Mutimj Act.— The Mutiny Ad was a \av^ made by England ordering the colonists to provide the British soldiers with quarters and necessary supplies. (b) Navigation ^c^.— According to these acts colonial trade could be carried on only in ships owned in England or in the colonies ; certain exports — tobacco, sugar, furs, cop- per, and indigo— could be sent only to English ports; no goods miglit be carried from a port in Europe to America until they had been landed at some port in Eng- land ; colonists were forbidden to manu- facture the wool raised in America, it being exj)orted to England, where it was woven into cloth and returned to the colony. It was forbidden to manufacture iron, except in its crude forms, in the col- onies, and grain exported to England was heavily taxed. (c) Minute Men. — The Minute Men were volun- teers pledged to be ready for service at a minute's notice. !). Lafayette. — Lafayette was a French general. In 1777 he left France for America; entered the Revolutionary A¥ar as a volunteer; served at Brandywine, Monmouth and Yorktown; was sent on a mission to France in 1779 ; and in 1781 was present at the surrender of Corn- wallis. Jolui Hancock. — John Hancock was a noted American statesman. He was president of the Provincial Congress, 1774-75; president of Congress, 1775-77; the first signer of tlie Declaration of Independence; and Governor of Massachusetts, 1780-85 and 1787-93. Eli Whitney. — Eli Whitney was an American in- ventor and manufacturer. He graduated at Yale in 1792, and in the same year went to to Georgia and there invented the cotton gin. His workshop was broken into and his machine stolen and otliers made before he could secure a patent. He subsequently made a fortune in the manufacture of firearms at Whitneyville, near New Haven. 10. The most important events of Jefferson's admin- istration were the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, from Napoleon, for $15,000,000, and the Embargo Act passed by Congress. The Em- bargo Act forbade American vessels to leave port. This was so injurious to British com- merce, but much more to our commerce, that after a space of fourteen months the act was repealed, but all intercourse with England or France was forbidden. 11. The three departments of government provided in the Constitution are the Legislative, Execu- tive, and Judicial Departments. 12. The qualifications for the presidency of the United States require that the person (a) has attained to the age of thirty-five years, (b) be a natural-born citizen, (c) has been fourteen years resident within the United States. Set 2. 1. (a) The Declaration of Independence was the official declaration of the colonies that they were forever independent of Great Britain. On the 4th of July, 1776, it was adopted by the Congress. (b) The Second Continental Congress offered the Articles of Confederation. This plan was adopted by the Continental Congress in 1777, and ratified by the sep- arate colonies within the next four years. The government formed under this compact, which went into effect March 1, 1781, ex- pired 'by limitation under the provisions of the present Constitution on ]\larch 4, 1789. 2. (a) General Burgoyne set out with a large army from Canada, intending to capture Alban}" and join the British forces in New York. Forts Crown Point, Ticonderoga, and Ed- .ward, and the supplies at Whitehall, suc- cessively fell into his hands. General Schuyler, in command of the American forces, made his journey a difficult one. Burgoyne, hearing that the Americans had collected large military stores at Benning- ton, dispatched one thousand men under Colonel Baum to seize them. The brave New Hampshire militia and Green Moun- tain Boys, under Colonel Stark, were wait- ing for them. On the 16th of August the Americans met the British. The patriots were successful, and this victory enabled the patriots to get in the rear of Bur- goyne and cut off his supplies from Can- ada. Burgoyne was in pressing need of supplies, and his situation became critical. He at- tacked the Americans at Bemis Heights, and after a hard battle was defeated. On October 7tli, Burgoyne again attacked the Americans at Stillwater, but was badly de- feated by Arnold. Giving up all hope of assistance from Howe, hemmed in on all sides, Burgoyne surrendered October 17, 1777, at Saratoga; The purpose of the invasion was to open a route from Canada to the Hudson, to com- pletely cut off New England from the other colonies, and to join General Howe, who was to seize Philadelphia, the capital of the "rebel government," and thereafter move northward. The effect of its failure was that it com- pletely destroyed the plan of the war, pre- vented the English control of the Hudson and New York State, secured the aid of France, and induced the English to seek reconciliation. (b) Benjamin Franklin. (c) The French dispatched a fleet to our assist- ance. The most important engagement in which the French troops took part was the siege of Yorktown. 3. (a) Philadelphia was the capital of the United States from 1790 until 1800. (b) Washington was inaugurated President in New York City. (c) From Philadelphia the capital was moved to the present city of Washington. 4. (a) By the term ''internal improvements" is meant the improving of the navigation of rivers, the building of railroads, the dredg- insr of harbors, etc. 10 (b) The Erie Canal was opened during Jolm Quincy Adams' administration. The pur- pose of this canal was to open a less costly method of trans|)()rtation between the East ajid AVest. 5. See Map No. 1. Set 3. 1. (a) They were dissatisfied with the ceremonies of the Church of England, and not being able to obtain the religious liberty they desired in England, many of them came to America. (b) On the 21st of December, 1620, they landed at Plymouth and there made a settlement. (c) Hoping that they might be able to worship God without molestation, they fled to Hol- land in 1608. In 1620 they resolved to emigrate to America, for if they remained, they feared their children would acquire the speech, habits and manners of the Dutch. They knew of the success of the Jamestown colony, and decided that the New World was an excellent i)lace to es- tablish homes for themselves. On September 6, 1620, the Mayflower sailed from Plymouth, England, carrying the second English colony to the New World. There were 102 emigrants, less than 90 of whom could be called Pilgrims. 2. John Smith saved the Virginia colony from ruin. He persuaded the settlers to erect a fort, and to l)iiild huts for the winter. He made long ]] voyages, carefully exploring Chesapeake Bay, securing the friendship of the Indians, and l)ringing hack boat loads of supplies. In the <'()iii'so of tlie exploration of the South Sea, Smith was captured by the Indians, and taken to their chief, Powhatan. Here he was ordered to be killed, but was saved by Pocahontas, the chief's daughter. Later on Smith was, un- fortunateljT", disabled by a severe wound and compelled to return to England. In the year 1793 a great event occurred in the South. Eli Whitney, of Massachusetts, then living in Georgia, invented the cotton gin. Till then, a negro slave could not clean two pounds of cotton in a day. With the gin the same slave in the same time could remove the seeds from a hundred pounds. Whitney 's great invention did four things: 1. It stimulated the produc- tion of cotton and made it one of the leading industries of the country. 2. It increased our exports enormously. 3. It caused the building of great numbers of cotton mills at the North. 4. It made a large class, both North and South, interested in maintaining slave labor. In spite of the panic of 1837, and the slighter financial depression that occurred in 1857, the period of Expansion and Slavery was one of wonderful industrial advancement for the nation as a whole. Foreign immigrations, im- provements in machinery of nearly all kinds, and the great improvement in means of trans- portation and communication, together with the opening up of the country this caused, were 12 all factors in this great industrial advance. All these things resulted in the building up of great manufacturing and commercial interests, in the building of cities, and in the develop- ment of new industries. The South did not have her share in this general advance. White labor was unable to compete with slave labor, a fact that not only caused foreign immigrants to go into the North and Northwest, but also caused many of the white laborers to leave their old homes in the South and go into the North, where free labor prevailed. The only important changes in the industrial conditions of the South during this period were the con- tinued growth of the cotton industry and the firmer establishment of the slavery system. The Northern free States in 1860 outnumbered the Southern slave States in white population by more than two to one. Many cities sprang up in the. North, but very few in the South. The most important change in social conditions was the breaking down of class distinctions in the North and the continuance of sharp class distinction in the South. During this period the division of the Southern people into classes remained almost as sharp and distinct as dur- ing colonial times. The large slave holders continued to be the absolute leaders in politics and society. They dominated and controlled almost ever}^ phase of Southern life. In the North there were no longer any well-defined classes among the x)eo2)le. 13 (a) The Regicides in Xciv Haven. — In 1661 Wlial- ley and Goffe, two of the judges then known as '^ regicides," because, during the English Civil War (1649) they had voted to put the tyrannical Charles I. to death, fled to New Haven. King Charles II. sent orders to arrest them. Davenport con- concealed the judges, and preached to his congregation from a passage of the Bible containing the words, ' ' Hide the outcasts ; betray not him that wandereth. ' ' The ser- mon had the effect intended, and the dis- appointed officers went back without cap- turing the regicides. According to tradition, Goffe saved the town of Hadley, .Mass. (where he was living concealed in 1675), in an Indian attack during King Philip's War. The savages were on the point of gaining the day when a venerable man, mth a long white beard, suddenly appeared, rallied the inhabitants, and drove off the assailants. He then dis- appeared. Some thought they owed their victory to an angel. (b) The Pequot War. — The colonists had no sooner become settled in their new home than the Pequot Indians endeavored to per- suade the Narragansetts to join them in a general attack upon the whites. Roger Williams hearing of this, on a stormy night set out in his canoe for the Indian village. Though the Pequot messengers were present, he prevailed upon the old M Narragansett chief to remain at home. So the Pequots lost their ally and were forced to fight alone. They commenced by mur- dering thirty colonists. Captain Mason, therefore, resolved to attack their strong- hold on the Mystic River. His party ap- l)roached the fort at daybreak (June 5, 1637). Aroused by the barking of a dog, the sleepy sentinel shouted ' ' Owanux ! Owanux! (the Englishmen!)" but it was too late. The troops were already within the palisades. The Indians, rallying, made a fierce resistance, when Captain Mason, seizing a firebrand, hurled it among the wigwams. The flames quickly swept through the encampment. The English themselves barely escaped. The few In- dians who fled to the swamps were hunted down. The tribe perished in a day. (c) About eleven years after the Pilgrims landed, Lord Say-and-Seal, Lord Brooke, and others, obtained from the Earl of War- wick a transfer of the grant of the Con- necticut Valley, which he had secured from the Council for New England. The Dutch claimed the territory, and, before the English could take possession, built a fort at Hartford, and commenced traffic with the Indians. Some traders from Plymouth sailing up the river Avere stopped "by the Dutch, who threatened to fire upon them. But they kept on and established a post at Windsor. Many peo- Jo pie from Boston, allured by the rich meadow lands, settled near. In the autnmn of 1635, John Steele, one of the proprietors of Cambridge, led a pioneer company ''out west," as it was then called, and laid the foundations of Hartford. Rohert de La Salle. — Robert de la Salle explored the Great Lakes and the Upper Mississippi. Not satisfied he sailed down the Illinois. Enter- ing the Mississippi, he passed the mouths of the Missouri and the Red River and then reached the mouth of the Mississippi. Claim- ing all the land drained by the river for the king of France, he named this vast region Louisiana in honor of his sovereign, Louis XIV. Illinois, the 21st State, was first settled by La Salle. Alexander Hamilton. — Alexander Hamilton was the secretary of the treasury during Washing- ton's Administration. On account of the ex- traordinary expenses of the war, vast sums had been expended by the Continental Congress, and also by the various States. Hamilton pro- posed that the L^nited States should pay off all indebtedness. It Avas maintained by many that the States should pay off their own debts, Congress having no authority' to do so. The measure, however, became a law finally through the efforts of Hamilton. Hamilton also pro- posed the establishment of a national banl^: to act as financial agent of the government, which after considerable opposition was founded at 36 Philadelphia. Hamilton also succeeded in having a mint established in Philadelphia. Roger Williams. — Roger Williams founded Prov- idence, Rhode Island, saved Massachusetts from an Indian War, established entire religious liberty in Rhode Island and secured for it a liberal charter. His principle of freedom of worship now forms a part of the Constitution of the United States. Lord Baltimore. — Lord Baltimore, an English Catholic, came to America to escape persecution. He obtained from King Charles a grant of land lying north of the Potomac River, and his brother made a settlement in 1634 near the mouth of the river. The name of the new settlement was St. Mary's. The charter gave to freemen a voice in making the laws. In 1649 the ''Toleration Act" was passed, which allowed all to worship God as they thought best. This liberality caused Maryland to become an asylum for per- secuted persons. 7. (a) The French and Indian War lasted from 1754 to 1763. (b) The cause was to settle the dispute between the French and English as to which nation owned the region west of the Allegheny Mountains along the Ohio River. (c) In the treaty of peace made in Paris in 1763, France gave to England the whole of Canada, except two small islands, with a share in the fisheries, all her possessions 17 east of the Mississippi except New Orleans and an adjacent strip of territory. She gave all the territory west of the Missis- sippi with New Orleans to Spain; Spain gave np Florida to England in exchange for Havana, w^hich the English had cap- tured during the war. 8. In 1783 the United States consisted of the thirteen original States, the Northwest and the South- west Territory. It extended from the Atlantic to the Mississippi and from Canada to Florida. 9. The Louisiana Territory was purchased from France for $15,000,000 during Jefferson's ad- ministration, in 1803. Florida was purchased from Spain for $5,000,000 during Monroe's administration, in 1819. Texas, ha^ang gained her independence from Mex- ico, applied for admission into the Union. The United States annexed Texas in Tyler's admin- istration, in 1845. 10. A constitution is the fundamental or organic law of a country. It was framed by the Constitutional Convention which met in Philadelphia, May 25, 1787, and adjourned September 17, 1787. It was drawn up to provide for a true central government with power to enforce its laws and regulations independently of the States. 11. (a) Mason and Dixon 's Line . — Mason and Dixon 's Line separates Maryland from Delaware and Pennsylvania, 39 degrees, 43 minutes North Latitude. (b) NortJiwest Territovy. — This land included all the public land north of the Ohio. It em- braced the present States of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota. (c) Gadsden Purchase. — The Gadsden Purchase included about 44,000 square miles of the territories of Arizona and New Mexico, be- tween the Gila River and our present boundary. (d) Porto Rico. — Porto Rico is an island of the West Indies, east of the island of Haiti. 12. (a) The United States in January, 1898, had sent Captain Sigsbee, in command of the battle- ship Maine, to pay a friendly visit to Havana. On the night of February 15, 1898, the Maine, while lying in the harbor of that port, was destroyed by an explo- sion. Two officers and 264 of her crew were killed. The United States appointed a Naval Court of Inquiry to make an in- vestigation. After a careful examination, the Court reported that the Maine was destroyed by the explosion of a submarine mine. It has not yet been proved, but it was generally believed that the destruc- tion of the vessel was caused by the Span- iards. At any rate, it served to arouse the American people and hastened the war for the independence of Cuba. (b) The Monitor was an ironclad steam battery, consisting of an iron hull covered by a projecting deck, and surmounted by a re- 39 volving turret protectiug the guns, de- signed by John Ericsson. On March 9, 1862, occurred the battle between the ^Monitor and the Merrimac which resulted in a draw that was equivalent to the vic- tory for the Monitor. This short conflict brought about a revolution in naval war- fare the world over. (c) Mason and Slidell, two Confederate commis- sioners, bound for England and France, sailed from Havana for Europe on the British ship Trent, in November, 1861. They were sent to secure the aid of Eng- land and France for the Confederacy. Captain Wilkes of a United States sloop of war stopped and boarded the Trent, and took off Mason and Slidell. Great indignation was expressed throughout England at the act, and war was im- minent. President Lincoln disavowed the act, however, and the commissioners were placed upon another English ship and sent to England. (d) The Monroe Doctrine, in American Politics, is the doctrine of the non-intervention of European powers in matters relating to the American continents. It received its name from statements contained in Presi- dent Monroe's annual message to Congress in December, 1823. 13. I mean June 14th, the day on which we honor the National Flag. It commemorates the anni- versary of the adoption of the Flag. 20 Set 4. The members of the United States Senate are now elected by the people, not by the State legisla- tnres. The members of the House of Repre- sentatives are elected by the people of the States, each State having as many congressional districts as the apportionment made by Con- gress since the last census was taken. The thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth amend- ments resulted from the Civil War. The first abolished slavery; the second declared the blacks citizens; the third gave them the right to vote. Frcdcrickshurg. — The Battle of Fredericksburg, although a failure for the North, is noted for the heroic valor displayed by the Union troops in trying to take the stone wall of the Confed- erates by assault. This fruitless massacre occurred on December 13, 1862. SJiiloh. — The Battle of Shiloh Avas a sudden attack made by the Confederates under Jolinston, on the Union army under Grant moving toward Memphis and Charleston Railroad. It was a Union success, April 6, 1862. Murfreeshoro. — The Confederates under Bragg made a raid into Eastern Tennessee. The Unionists under Rosecrans left Nashville and met Bragg at ^Murfreeshoro. Both generals had planned the same mode of attack but it ended in a Tmion success and Bragg 's attitude became defensive. This occurred December 31, 1862, and January 2, 1863. 21 Antietam. — The Battle of Antietam was the result of a raid into Maryland of the Confed- erates under Lee. They were met by McClellan and although the battle was undecisive, its effect was a Union victory. Lee retired across the Potomac, and thus the North was saved from invasion, and Washington from danger of attack, September 17, 1862. This deter- mined Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Pro- clamation. Bull Run.—GeneTal Winfield Scott was in com- mand of the Union army. He ordered General McDowell mth thirty thousand men to attack the Confederates, under Beauregard, stationed at Bull Run or Manassas Junction, about thirty miles south of Washington. The battle was fought Sunday, July 21, 1861. At the outset the Union forces drove back the Confederates, but the latter were rallied by General T. J. (Stonewall) Jackson. At the critical moment, fresh troops under General Johnston arrived for the Confederates and struck the Union forces on the flank. The latter broke and fled, demoralized and panic-stricken, to the defenses of Washington. The defeat caused dismay throughout the North. The Second Battle of Bull Eun was fought between Lee who threatened Washington and Pope who defended it. The Union army was defeated and the way to W^ashington opened to the Confederates, August 26, 1862. Lee decided to attempt for the second time the invasion of the North. General Meade was given command of the Union Army. On July 1, 1863, the Union army and Confederates met at Gettysburg in Pennsylvania. The battle raged for three days and resulted in the defeat of the Confederate arm^^ It was the greatest battle of the Civil War, and among the greatest of the world's battles. The fighting on both sides was heroic. The killed, wounded, and captured in this terrific battle amounted to 48,000. A severe rain storm set in, during which Lee retreated across the Potomac. Gettysburg marked the turning point of the war, and put an end to Northern invasion. 5. See Map, No. 2. 6. The Ku Klux Klan was a secret organization in the South to frighten the superstitious colored people and to prevent the negroes Ironi voting. The Ku Klux Klan was active chiefly in North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, and Ar- kansas. 7. When the office of President becomes vacant the order of succession is as follows: Vice Presi- dent, Secretary of State, Secretary of Treasury, Secretary of War, the Attorney-General, Post- master-General, Secretary of the Navy, and Secretary of the Interior. 8. Length of President's term is four years. Length of Senator's term is six years. Length of Representative's term is two years. 9. The doctrine of States' Rights refers exclusively to the right claimed by a State before the Civil War to withdraw from the Union or to declare 23 a law of Congress unconstitutional or to nul- lify a national law within its borders. 10. Gettysburg. — The Battle of Gettysburg marks the end of Northern invasion by the Confed- erates. It occurred in 1863. Appo7)iattox. — The surrender of Lee's army took place at Appomattox in 1865. Antietam. — ^^General Lee had invaded the North and the Battle of Antietam was the result. Lincoln made a solemn vow before God, that if General Lee was driven back from Maryland, he would crown the result by the declaration of freedom to the slaves. 1862. Hampton Roads. — Hampton Roads is noted for the battle between the Monitor and the Mer- rimac. It was the first contest between iron vessels and gave a death blow to wooden war- ships. It occurred in 1862. Jolni Brown. — The bitterness of feeling between the slavery and antislavery men was intensified by the John Brown raid. With 19 followers he seized the United States arsenal at Harper's Ferzw, October 16, 1859. His enterprise was a failure. This created a bitter feeling in the South where it was believed to be the beginning of a general movement for the libe- ration of the slaves. Set 5. 1. Secretary of State, Secretary of Treasury, Sec- retary of War, Attorney-General, Postmaster- General, Secretary of Na\y, Secretary of In- 24 terior, Secretary of Agriculture, Secretary of Commerce, and Secretary of Labor. 2. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amend- ments to this Constitution, or, on the applica- tion of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for pro- posing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legis- latures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress. 3. (a) General McDowell fought the First Battle of Bull Run. (b) General McClellan fought the Battle of An- tietam. (c) General Burnside fought the Battle of Fredericksburg. (d) General Hooker fought the Battle of Chan- cellorsville. (e) General Meade fought the Battle of Gettys- burg. (f) General Grant fought the Battle of the "Wildernessi. 4. See Map, No. 3. 5. See Map, No. 3. 6. It is a line made by Mason and Dixon, two sur- veyors, to separate Maryland from Pennsyl- vania and Delaware. It is also famous as the division between the Slave and Free States. 25 7. The Battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg. The first put an end to the Northern Invasion and is generally regarded as the turning point of the war. The latter secured for the Union army control of the Mississippi from its mouth to its source and cut the Confederacy in twain. 8. See Set 3, No. 12 (c). 9. (a) 12 April 1861.— The Confederates fired the first gun at Fort Sumter. (b) 22 September 1862. — Lincoln issued a pro- clamation announcing that if the seceded States did not return to the Union before January 1, 1863, ''all persons held as slaves within any State . . . the people whereof shall be in rebellion then against the United States shall be then, thence- forward and forever, free." (c) 3 July 1863. — Battle of Gettysburg. (d) 9 April 1865. — Surrender of Lee at the Ap- pomattox Court House. (e) 14 April 1865. — Assassination of President Lincoln on the night of April 14, 1865. 10. The Alabama was one of the most noted of the British cruisers. She was purposely built for war against the United States by British sub- jects in a British port. An English captain took her to the Azores where other English vessels brought her arms, ammunition, and the Confederate Captain Semmes with additional men. Putting out to sea, he read his commission and announced his purpose. After capturing over 26 600 vessels, he sailed to Cherbourg, France. "While there, he sent out a challenge to the national ship-of-war Kearsage. This was ac- cepted and a battle took place off that harbor. Captain Winslow of the Kearsage, so maneu- vered that the Alabama was compelled to move in a circular track, while he trained his guns upon her with fearful effect. On the seventh rotation, the Confederate vessel ran up the white flag and soon after sank. Captain Wins- low rescued a part of the sinking crew, and others were picked up by an English yacht. Set 6. 1. See Map, No. 4. 2. Men are social, reasonable, and moral beings and for each of these reasons they are fitted for society and law. Law is a rule of action laid down by the supreme power. But law cannot exist without government. Hence the necessity of government. The highest object of government is to secure the rights of the people, and perpetuate its own existence. '1 386 =: the number A received. 150 -f 75, or 235 = the number B and C re- ceived. 161 = A 's majority. 386 — 150, or 236 = A's plurality. A's majority means the number he has more than all the other candidates, that is, the number 27 by which his vote exceeds the combined votes of all the other candidates for the same office. A's plurality is the number of votes that he has in excess of his next highest competitor. Union. 4. Legislative. — Congress composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Senate presided over by the Vice-President of the United States. The House presided over by the Speaker chosen by the House itself. Executive. — President of the United States. Judicial. — The United States Supreme Court of which the Chief Justice is the Head. State Government. Legislative. — Senate and House of Representa- tives. Executive. — Governor of the State. Judicial. — State Supreme Court. County Government. Legislative. — ^Board of Supervisors or County Commissioners. Executive. — Board of Supervisors or County Com- missioners and Sheriff, District Attorney, County Clerk, County Treasurer, School Com- missioners, Coroner. Judicial. — County Court presided over by a County Judge. r). One of the powers of Congress is to provide for the general welfare of the United States. An- other power is to cede to States unoccupied 28 lands b'ii^o within their boundaries, for school purposes. This gave rise to State universities, agricultural colleges, and a common-school system, each State controlling education within its own limits. The United States government maintains an academy at West Point for the education of army officers; an academy at Annapolis for the education of naval officers; a school for deaf mutes at "Washington, D. C. ; a school in connection with the Signal Service at Fort Whipple, Ya. ; and schools for the education of Indians. Congress in 1867, established a Bureau of Education at Washington, which col- lects educational information, and publishes it for the benefit of education in all parts of the country. A bill may become a law through any one of the three following processes: — First Process. (a) The bill shall pass both houses of Congress. (b) It shall then be presented to the President. (c) If he approve, he shall sign it. Second Process. (a) The bill shall pass both houses of Congress. (b) It shall then be presented to the President. (e) If he disapprove it, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it originated. (d) That house shall enter objections at large on its journal. 29 (e) They shall proceed to reconsider it; and if, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of the house shall agree to pass it, (f) It shall be sent, with objections, to the other house. (g) The other house shall reconsider the bill. (li) If approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. (i) The votes of both houses shall be determined by the yeas and nays in all such cases. (j) The names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. ■ Third Process. (a) The bill shall pass both houses of Congress. (b) It shall then be sent to the President. (c) He neglects to approve and sign it. (d) He also neglects to return it to the house in which it originated. (e) It becomes a law at the end of ten days (Sun- days excepted), unless Congress, by ad- journment within that time, prevents its return. Note. — If he receives the bill less than ten days be- fore Congress adjourns, and refuses either to sign or to veto it, the bill fails to become a law. This is called '^a pocket veto." The Supreme Court is that in which the judicial power of the United States is vested. It is the highest court in the land, and was established by the Constitution itself. If consists of nine judges. The first judge is the Chief Justice of the United States, Edward White, and the 30 other judges are the eight associate justices, Joseph McKenna, Oliver W. Hohnes, Win. Day, Horace Lurton, Chas. Hughes, W. Van Devanter, Joseph Lamar, Mahlon Pitney. (Answers will vary. The above was true in 1913.) 8. The secession of the States was the immediate cause. The question of slavery was the remote cause. y. On March 3, 1864, General Grant was made Commander-in-chief of all the forces of the Ihiion Army. 10. Lee surrendered the army of Northern Virginia to Grant at Appomattox Court House, seventy- five miles west of Richmond, April 9, 1865. The surrender of Lee marked the end of the Civil War and led to the unification of the nation, and of sectional feeling. Set 7. 1. ''Carpet-Bagger'' is a nickname given by South- erners to Northern adventurers who went South after the w-ar (with no baggage or property except a carpet-bag) for the purpose of secur- ing control of political affairs, the}^ set up governments that were a disgrace to Republican institutions. Enormous debts were contracted and money was spent lavishly and corruptly. 2. ''No Surrender Grant."— In February 1862, General Halleck authorized General U. S. Grant and Flag Officer Foote to make a joint expedition against Fort Henry on the Ten- 31 nessee. But Foote arrived first and captured the fort, whereupon Grant marched to Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland, and after three days of sharp fighting was asked by General Buckner what terms he would offer. Grant promptly answered: ''No terms except uncon- ditional and immediate surrender can be ac- cepted. I propose to move immediately upon your W'Orks. " Buckner at once surrendered, and Grant won the first great Union victory of the war. From that time on, the people called General II. S. Grant — "Unconditional Surrender Grant," or "No Surrender Grant." The Battle of Lool^out Mountain. — Bragg, confi- dent of victory, besieged Rosecrans in Chat- tanooga, taking his position on ^Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain, cutting off the Union source of supplies. The Federal army w^as in a most dangerous position, and Rose- crans Avas superseded by Thomas. Sherman's forces were brought from Vicksburg. Hooker arrived with 23,000 fresh troops from Virginia and Grant assumed command. In this battle for the only time in the Civil War, Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, and Thomas were present together. "The Battle of Lookout Mountain" was the grandest ever fought west of the Alleghanies. It covered an extent of thirteen miles; Grant having over 65,000 men, the Con- federates about 45,000. The Union troops charged (November 2-i) the heights of Lookout Mountain, where Bragg 's 32 forces were posted. The clouds had settled over the mountain, and hence the engagement is called the "Battle above the Clouds." Bragg was totally defeated and retreated. The Confederate forces were also attacked (November 25), the Federal soldiers sweeping up the heights and carrying all before them. Early in the spring of 1862, Captain Farragut with a fleet of over forty vessels, carrying a land force under General Butler, attempted the capture of New Orleans. Farragut boldly resolved to carry the fleet past the defenses of New Orleans. A chain supported on hulks and stretched across the river closed the channel. An opening having been cut through this obstruction, at about three o'clock in the morning (April 24) they advanced, and poured grape and canister into the forts, receiving in return heavy volleys from the forts on shore. They next encountered the Confederate fleet of twelve armed steamers. In the desperate struggle nearly all the Confederate flotilla were destroyed. The fleet then steamed up to New Orleans, which lay helpless under the Union guns. The forts, being now threatened in the rear, soon surrendered. Vickshurg Campaign. — Grant moved down the west side of the river, while his gunboats ran the batteries. These extended for miles along the bank. Reaching a safe point' below the city, the Union army was taken across in boats. Moving with his usual vigor, Grant attacked and defeated Pemberton at Port Gibson, as he was 33 advaiK'ino^ to the relief of Vieksburg. Hear- ing that Johnston Avas marching to Peniber- ton's aid, Grant threw his army between the two. By this he shut up Pemberton in Vieks- burg beyond reach of help, and drove. back Johnston by defeating him at Jackson. Two determined assaults having been made upon Vicksburg without success, Grant laid regular siege to it. The Confederates held out until the starvation point was reached and all hope was gone. Then, on the 4th of July, 1863, General Pemberton surrendered his garrison. 6. The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery. The Fourteenth Amendment made the negroes emancipated during the Civil War, citizens of the United States. The Fifteenth Amendment gave the negroes the right to vote. 7. It is an unalterable provision of the Constitution which says, "No State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate." The composition of the Senate is the result of a compromise between the larger and smaller States represented in the Consti- tutional Convention. 8. It was the intention of the authors of the Consti- tution that the Senate should be a far more grave and dignified body than the House. All were in favor of a term sufficiently long to insure the office dignity, stability, and inde- pendence. ;54 9-10. Ulysses Simpson Grant was born in Ohio, April 27, 1822. He was graduated from AVest Point in 1843, and served in the Mexican War nnder both Taylor and Scott. He resigned from the army in 1854, and entered mercantile life ; but at the breaking out of the Civil War, he volun- teered and was soon made a brigadier-general; his capture of Fort Donelson brought him prominently before the country. He was created lieutenant-general in 1864, and general in 1866. He was elected President in 1868 and re-elected in 1872. He died at Mt. Mc- Gregor, New York, July 23, 1885. Set 8. 1. (a) See Set 5, No. 9 (b). (b) The battle of Gettysburg began July 1, 1863. (c) See Set 5, No. 9 (d). (d) See Set 5, No. 9 (e). (e) See Set 5, No. 9 (a). 2. See Set 5, Question 1. 3. Battles of Gettysburg, Chattanooga, and Vicks- burg. 4. Johnson recognized the State governments that, during the war, had been formed in Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana, under the protection of the Union army. In the other States, he appointed provisional Governors, and authorized the calling of conventions to form loyal governments. These conventions accord- ingly met, repealed the ordinances of secession, repudiated the Confederate war debt, and rat- 35 ified the amendment which Congress had of- fered abolishing slavery. On these conditions, Johnson claimed that the States, having never been legally out of the Union, should be re- stored to their rights in the Union. He also issued a proclamation of pardon to those who had engaged in secession, except certain classes, on the condition of taking the oath of allegiance to the United States. See Map Xo. 4. The frigate IMerrimac, which had been taken by the Confederates, was converted into an iron- clad ship fitted with a beak to run into an enemy's vessel. The Merrimac, being ready for trial, sailed out of Norfolk harbor, March 8, 1862. In Hampton Roads, near by, were four or five of the best ships of war in the United States navy. The new sea monster attacked these ships, and though they rained shot and shell on her, they could make no impression upon her iron sides. She ran into the Cum- berland and sunk her. The others would have met a similar fate had not night come on, when the Merrimac returned to Norfolk. This news spread dismay in the North. About two hours after the IMerrimac had left Hampton Roads for the night, a strange little craft, named the ^lonitor, arrived from New York. She seemed altogether unable to cope with so formidable an antagonist as the Mer- rimac; but the next day when the Merrimac came out from Norfolk, the Monitor was ready 36 to meet her. After a fight of four hours, the Merrimac retired to Norfolk, and did no more damage. This short conflict brought about a revolution in naval warfare the Avorld over. The People. — Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, ecjual to the whole num- ber of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress ; but no Senator or Representative, or person hold- ing an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. The electors are chosen by a plurality of "the popu- lar vote of each State. The Electors. — The electors shall meet in their re- spective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballot the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President ; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons vot(^d for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. Congress. — The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Rep- resentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; the person having 37 the greatest number of votes for President, shall be President, if such a number be a ma- joT-ity of the whole number of electors ap- l)()iii1e(l; aiul if no one have sucli majority, tlien from the persons having the highest num- bers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Represen- tatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representa- tion from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of R/epresentatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of jMarch next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional dis- ability of the President. 8. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 9. See Set 6. No. 6. 10. See Set 3, No. 12 (c). Set 9. 1. (i'ofessor of modern hinguagcs at Jiowdoin and afterwards at Harvard Col- lege. Three of his principal poems are ''Evangeline/'* "The Song of Hiawatha," and "Tales of a Wayside Inn." 4. (a) 1. That California should come in as a free State. 2. That the territories of Utah and New Mexico should be formed v/itbout any provision concerning slavery. 3. That Texas should be paid $10,000,000 to give up its chum on tlie territory of New Mexico. 4. That the slave trade, but not slavery, should be prohibited in the District of Columbia. 5. That a Fugitive Slave Law should be enacted providing for the return to their owners of shives escaping to a free State, (b) By Compromise is meant a settlement by arbitration or by mutual consent readied by concession, on both sides. 5. See Set 4, No. 4. 6. (a) A Tariff. — A tariff is a schedule or list of duties, imposed b}" the government upon goods imported. (b) A Tariff for B.evenue Only. — A tariff for reveiuie onl}^ is a light tax imposed merely 41 to obtain mone}^ or revenue for the govern- ment. (e) A Protective Tariff .— -A jn'otective tariff is a lieavy tax imposed on iiii})orte(l goods for the purpose of protecting home manufac- tures against foreign competition. 7. (a) The Missouri Compromise provided that Missouri should be admitted as a slave State, but that slavery should be prohibited in all other territories west of the Missis- sippi and north of parallel 36 degrees 30 minutes, the southern boundary of Mis- souri. (b) See Set 3, No. 12 (d). 8. (a) See Set 2, No. 4 (b). (b) In 1846 Hoe perfected a rotary printing press which received the name of Hoe's light- ning press, and subsequently invented the Hoe web-machine or perfecting press. Before this time the printing press at a great expense of labor would print on one side about 250 sheets per hour. Hoe's in- ventions led to the perfection of a new steam perfecting press Avhich will in the same time turn out 96,000 four-page news- papers printed on both sides, folded ready for delivery. 9. (a-b) See Map, No. 5. 10. (a) Charles Sumner. — Charles Sumner, of Mas- sachusetts, was a leader of the antislavery forces in the Senate, and in an address on Kansas affairs he made not only an 42 attack on South Carolina, but also bitter personal allusion to Senator Butler, of that State. A kinsman of Butler, Kepre- sentative Brooks, determined to avenge the insult. Walking up to the desk at whicli Sumner was at work, he repeatedly struck the senator on the head with a cane. Sum- ner fell to the floor seriously wounded, and for almost four years could not resume his seat in the Senate. He was a prominent leader in the Free Soil party and one of the founders of the Republican party. (b) JoJin Green-leaf Whiftier. — John Greenleaf Whittier was born in Massachusetts in 1807 and died in New Hampshire in 1892. He was a distinguished American poet and author; a member of the Society of Friends. He was a leading opponent of slavery, and while in Philadelphia edited the "Pennsylvania Freeman." Some of his best known works are ''Snowbound" and ''Maud Muller." Set 10. Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servi- tude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the person shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 43 2. On November 17, 1880 (Hayes' administration), two treaties were made at Peking, China, be- tween the Chinese government and a commis- sion from the United States, 1, providing that this countr}^ might place restrictions upon the entrance of laborers from China; 2, establish- ing commercial intercourse and judicial pro- cedure. 3. "Bon't give up the ship." — Captain James Lawrence in the battle between the Chesapeake and the Shannon, after being mortally wounded, was carried off the deck. As he left the deck he exclaimed, ''Don't give up the ship." ^'1 li'ould rather he right than be President of the United States." — Henry Clay after making the ''Compromise Bill" was iraportuned not to take the course he did, and assured that it w^ould lessen his chances for the presidency, he nobly replied, "I would rather be right than be President of the United States." '^Liberty and union, noiv and forever, one and in- separable." — Daniel Webster, in his memorable debate on the doctrine of State rights with Hayne, used these words, "Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable. ' ' ''We have met the enemy and they are ours." — Captain Perry was given command of the flo- tilla on Lake Erie in 1813. His flagship engaged two of the heaviest vessels of the English and fought them till but eight of iiis men were left. He helped tliese to fire the 44 last gun, and leaping into a boat bore his flag to the Niagara. Breaking through the enemy 's line, and firing right and left, Avithin fifteen niiiHites after lie mounted tlie deck of the Niagara, the victory was won. Perry at once wrote to General Harrison, ^'We have met the enemy and they are ours." This laconic dis- patch produced intense excitement throughout the country. ^'I cannot tell a lie.'' — When Washington was a little child he was given a small hatchet as a gift. With it he cut down his father's favorite cherry tree. When questioned by his father, he said, "Father, I cannot tell a lie. I did it with Tin' little hatchet." William Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Abraham Lincoln, James Garfield, William McKinley died while Presidents. Thomas A. Hendricks, Garrett A. Ilobart, James S. Sherman died while holding the office of Vice-President. Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Jackson, Lincoln, Grant, Cleveland and McKinley. (Roosevelt served out McKinley 's second term and was elected another term.) In this country the people are everywhere under two governments, the State and the National government. The United States is a republic, and so, also, is each State. Each State has given up to the nation those powers and duties which naturally belong to a nation in its rela- tion with foreign ])()wers, as the right to make 45 war or treaties, and also has given up the power to make laws on subjects in which all the people in the country are interested together, as com- merce, the coining of money, and patents. But the State retains all the powers it has not given up, and both State and National governments are independent of each other, each in its own sphere. 6. The ''Dred Scott Decision" was a celebrated deci- sion of the Supreme Court of the United States, which derived its importance from its bearing on the constitutionality of the Missouri Com- promise of 1820. Dred Scott, a Missouri slave, who had been taken to the territory covered by the Missouri Compromise, and had, therefore, sued for his freedom, was sold to a citizen of another State. He then transferred his suit from the State to the Federal Courts, under the power given to the latter to try suits between citizens of different Sta,tes, and the case came by appeal to the Supreme Court. The decision of the Supreme Court, w^hich was published in 1857, put Scott out of court on the ground that a slave, or the descendant of a slave, could not be a citizen of the United States or have any standing in the Federal Courts. The opinion of the chief justice also attacked the validity of the Missouri Compromise, on the ground that one of the Constitutional functions of Congress was the protection of property; that slaves were recognized by the Constitution as prop- erty ; and that Congress was, therefore, bound to protect slavery in the Territories. 4G 7. (a) John Brown. — The raid on the United States arsenal at Harper's Ferry. (b) General Sherman. — Sherman's March through Georgia to the Sea. (c) John Ericsson. — John Ericsson invented the Monitor. (d) General Meade. — General Meade won the great battle of Gettysburg. (e) Alexander Stephens. — Alexander Stephens was Vice-President of the Confederacy. 8. See Set 3, No. 12 (c). 9. The war settled at least two questions: 1, that slavery was forever abolished ; 2, that no State could leave the Union. 10. Congress shall have power: (a) To regulate commerce with foreign na- tions, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes. (b) To establish post-offices and post-roads. (c) To declare war, grant letters of marcjue and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water. (d) To raise and support armies. (e) To provide and maintain a navy. Set 11. 1. See Set 8, No. 4. 2. (a) In 1619, the captain of a Dutch trading vessel brought to the colony the first cargo of negro slaves, (b) It was of much profit to the South after the invention of Whitney's cotton gin, as cot- 47 ton tliLTi became one of the leading in- dustries of the countiy, and the negro seemed particularly fitted for that work. (c) In 1820 there Avere in the Union eleven slave States and eleven free States, giving to each the same power in the Senate. In the House of Representatives, the free States, because of their rapidly increasing population, were obtaining mastery. The slave States resolved to hold their power in Senate by refusing to admit a free State unless a slave State was admitted. After admitting Missouri as a slave State and Maine as a free State, the question was settled by what is known as the Missouri Compromise. 3. According to the provision of the Fugitive Slave Law, United States officers on the oath of an owner or his agent couk\ seize a colored person anywhere and turn him or her over to the claimant. Even years of residence in a free State gave the negro no rights whatever. The slave could give no testimony and could not demand trial by jury, while heav.y penalties could be inflicted on any one assisting a slave to escape. Dred Scott Decision. — See Set 10, No. 6. 4. See Set 4, No. 1. 5. General Robert E. Lee was born in Virginia, January 19, 1807. He was a son of General Henry Lee, the ''Light Horse Harry" Lee, of Revolutionary fame. He was graduated from 48 West Point in 1829. He served in the Mexican War, was superintendent of West Point, 1852- 1855, and commanded the forces which cap- tured John Brown at Harper's Ferry. He resigned his commission in the United States Army when it was clear that Virginia woukl secede from the Union. He was given the command of the army of northern A^irginia, June, 1862. By his remarkable military skill, l)articularly in defence, he did more than any other man to strengthen the Confederacy. He opposed Grant, and surrendered to him at Appomattox, April 9, 1865. After the war he became president of Washington and Lee Uni- versity^, Lexington, Virginia, which office he held until his death, October 12, 1870. In 1775, General Braddock led an expedition against Fort Duquesne. He was a British officer, brave, but harsh and conceited. He sneered at Washington when the young Vir- ginian warned him that the Indians did not fight like regular soldiers. He thought it very presumptuous in this young man to give hitn advice. When within less than ten miles of the fort, Braddock 's army was suddenly assailed by hundreds of Indians and French in ambush. The Virginians sprang behind trees and rocks and began fighting after the manner of tlie Indians. This enraged Braddock, who ordered them to come out and fight like Englishmen. He struck several with his sword, and for three 49 hours kept his soldiers firing b.y platoons when their enemies were nowhere in sight. No man could have shown greater bravery than Braddock. He had four horses killed under him, and was on his fifth when he fell dead from the saddle. Every officer on Braddock 's staff was killed or wounded, except Washing- ton. He exposed himself with the same fear- lessness as his commander. Two horses were killed under him, and his clothing was pierced repeatedly by musket-balls. Finally, the British regulars broke into a wild panic and fled. Washington covered the retreat and saved the remnant of the army. The winter of 1777-78 was unusually severe and was the gloomiest period of the war. Washing- ton's army shivered and starved in their rags at Valley Forge, while Howe and his army held high revel in Philadelphia, twenty miles away. The Continential currency in which the patriots were paid was almost worthless. Few of the soldiers had au}^ bedding, and many could not obtain even straw. Their food was flour mixed with water. When they moved they left their bloody footprints in the snow. Soldiers, who were enfeebled by hunger and benumbed by cold, slept on the bare earth. Sickness followed. With no change of cloth- ing, no suitable food, and no medicines, death was the only relief. Amid this terrible suffer- ing, the fires of patriotism burned brightly. Washington felt that his cause was just, and inspired all around liini ^Yitll his sublime faith. Agents of the British were constantly trying to bribe the soldiers to leave the patriotic army and return to the king. A conspiracy was formed against Washington to displace him from his command. It failed in its purpose and Washington rose higher than ever in the esteem of his countrymen. 8. (a) Navigation Acts. — Navigation Acts were laws proliibiting the importation of com- modities into England in any ships except those belonging to England, and that their sugar, tobacco, and indigo were to be shipped to no other country than England. Finally, it was enacted in 1663 tliat European products should not be received into the colonies from foreign vessels. A strict enforcement of these laws was made in 1761. (b) "No taxation ivitJioiit representation.'' — In 1765 the delegates from nine of the col- onies met in New York and v^-rote a decla- ration of rights and grievances which was sent to the king and to both of the Houses of Parliament in England. The declaration said, among other things, tliat only the rei^resentative colonial assemblies could impose taxation, hence the cry "no taxation without representation. ' ' (c) Tlie Stamp Act. — The Stamp Act was a law ordering that stamps bought of the British government slioukl be put on all legal 51 dociiments, newspapers, pamphlets, etc. The object was to secure a revenue to the English government at the expense of the colonies. 9. Hcnnj Clay. — Henry Clay was born in A'irginia, April 12, 1777. He had only a limited school education, studied law, and when about twenty removed to Kentucky, where he rose rapidly in his profession. He was a member of the State Legislature; twice sent to the United States Senate to fill vacancies, and in 1811 entered the House of Representatives, of which he was immediately chosen Speaker, an honor which has never been bestowed on a new^ mem- ber since. He was an active supporter of the war with Great Britain, and it Avas largely due to his influence that Congress passed the declaration of war. He w^as one of the Peace Commissioners in 1814, was Secretary of State under J. Q. Adams and again Senator. He is know^n as the "Great Compromiser" from his skill in arranging compromise measures, also as the ' ' Great Pacificator. ' ' He was one of the most popular political leaders that the country has known. He died in 1852. Henry Longfelloiv. — See Set 9, No. 3. Invention. Inventor. Eesult. Facilitates sending of 1837-EIectnc Telegraph S. F. B. Morse important messages. Wlieat cultivation be- 1833 — Harvestinop Machine Cyrus McCormick n. i -, ^ -^ came more profitable. Lightened the labor of 1846 — Sewing Machine Elias Howe *= sewing. 52 Set 12. 1. After the second battle of Bull Run, Lee deter- mined to invade the North, and crossing the Potomac entered Maryland. McClellan hastened to head oft' Lee, and the forces met at Antietam Creek. A bloody battle was fought, each side losing about 12,000 men, killed and wounded. McClellan won the vic- tory, as he stopped the advance of Lee, who now retired across the Potomac. After the victory of Chancellorsville, Lee, con- fident of victory, hurried past Hooker, entered Maryland, and crossed the line into Pennsyl- vania. Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washing- ton were threatened, and the people of the North Avere thoroughly alarmed. Hooker was removed from his command, and Meade took charge of the army. The forces met at Gettys- burg. For three days the fighting was in- tense. On the third day Lee decided to strike, if possible, a decisive blow. About midday he opened on the Federal lines a terrific cannon- ade from 130 cannon and after an hour ordered a charge of Pickett's brigade, 17,000 strong, upon the center of the Union line. Onward across the plain swept the grays, while against them cannon and musket poured their deadly fire. Lee, seeing the hopelessness of trying to break the Union lines, now fell back and retreated across the Potomac. 2. See Set 10, No. 9. 3. See Set 10, No. 10. 53 4. See Set 5, No. 1. 5. See Set 8, No. 3. 6. See Set 8, No. 6. 7. The Draft. — By the summer of 1863, the novelty of the war had worn off, and enlistments for the army were decreasing rapidly: so it was deemed necessary to resort to conscription or a draft. There was much objection to this, especially in New York, where, on the loth of July, 1863, there was a serious riot, and the mob practically had control ■ for several days. During this time about fifty build- ings were burned, over $2,000,000 worth of property destroyed, and a number of lives sacrificed. In the South, conscription had been first resorted to in April, 1862. All men be- tween the ages of 18 and 45 years, except those physically or mentally unfit for service, were subject to military service. By the second law, passed February, 1864, all white men between 17 and 50 Avere enrolled. 8. December 2, 1859, John Brown was executed by the Commonwealth of Virginia for the seizure of the United States arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, with a view of arming the negroes and inciting a servile insurrection. 9. The Nullification Acts were resolutions passed by a number of the Southern legislatures de- nouncing the new tariff of 1828. They stated that a State had the right to nullify—that is, declare null and void— a law of Congress, if it believed that the Constitution did not give 54 Congress the right to pass that law. They considered the Constitution a mere compact or contract between the different States, in 1832 South Carolina passed a Nullification ordinance declaring the tariff law ''null anu void," and that the State would secede from the Union if force should be employed to col- lect any revenue at Charleston. President Jackson acted with his accustomed prompt- ness. He issued a proclamation to South Carolina, announcing his determination to exe- cute the laws, and ordered troops to Charles- ton. 10. By General P. G. Beauregard, who had command of the Confederate troops at Charleston, April 14, 1861. Set 13. 1. See Set 8, No. 7. 2. See Set 1, No. 12. 3. Battle of Bull Run, 1861. Battle of Antietam, 1862. Battle of Gettysburg, 1863. Battle of Nashville, 1864. Battle of Five Forks, 1865. 4. The battle of the Monitor and Merrimac brought about a revolution in naval warfare the world over, for it was seen that wooden vessels were helpless against ironclads, and every maritime nation began to build ironclads. 5. See Set 10, No. 7 (a), (b), (c), (d), (e). Set 14. 1. See Set 8, No. 7. 2. (a) TheA^ both open with words telling- who are ordaining and establishing the Constitu- tion. (b) The preamble of the constitution of Penn- sylvania expresses the gratitude to God and invokes His guidance; that of the United States expresses the reasons for w^hich the constitution was ordained and does not mention God. Preamble of the Constitution of the United States : ''We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America." Preamble of the Constitution of Penns\dvania : ''We, the people of the Commonwealth of Pennsjdvania, grateful to Almighty God for the blessings of civil and religious liberty, and humbly invoking His guidance, do ordain and establish this Constitution." 3. Terms of Senators and Bepresentatives. Sec. 3. "Senators shall be elected for the term of four years and Representatives for the term of two years. ' ' 56 Qualifications of Senators and Representatives. — Kesidence. Sec. 5. ''Senators shall be at least twenty-five years of age and Eepresentatives twenty- one years of age. The}^ shall have been citizens and inhabitants of the State four years, and inhabitants of their respective districts one year next before their elec- tion (unless absent on the public business of the United States or of this State), and shall reside in their respective districts during their terms of service." (a) See Set 10, No. 1. (b) See Set 8, No. 8. (a) A Bankrupt. — A bankrupt is one Avho owes more that he can pay, especially when the question of his inability to pay his debts has been judiciall}^ ascertained. (b) Naturalization. — Naturalization is that legal process by which an alien or foreigner be- comes a citizen of the United States. (c) A Veto. — A veto is a document or message communicating the reasons of the execu- tive for not officially approving a proposed law, Andrew Jackson's leading political principle was the spoils system which made public office a reward for part}^ services. The antislavery principle was strongly advocated by Sumner. On May 15, 1776, Congress decided to suppress every kind of authority under the crown, and 57 the colonies were asked to make for themselves new State governments. On June 7, Richard Henry Lee offered in Congress this resolution : ''Resolved that these United States are, and of a right ought to be free and independent States." The motion was seconded by John Adams, and a committee of five, with Jefferson as chairman, was appointed to draw up the declaration. On July 4th the Declaration of Independence was adopted by Congress. It is the official declaration of the colonies that they were forever independent of Great Britain. Set 15. J. Five, since Oregon has two Senators and three Representatives. 2. On the first Monday of June, 1916. ^i. He must have attained the age of 25 years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States and must when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in w^hich he shall be chosen. The length of his term of office is two years and his salary $7,500 per annum and a mileage of twenty cents per mile each way to and from the seat of government. 4. Congress is composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. The members of the Senate shall be chosen from each State by the people thereof. The members of the House of Representatives shall be chosen by the people of the several States. 58 5. The President shall have power to fill up all vacan- cies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. He shall have power to grant reprieves and par- dons for offenses against the United States, ex- cept in cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two- thirds of the Senators present concur. 6. See Set 5, No. 2. 7. The legislative, executive and judicial. 8. All legislative power shall be vested in a Congress, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Eepresentatives. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States. The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Con- gress may from time to time ordain and establish. 9. By ''referendum" is meant referring of legis- lation to the people for final rejection or acceptance. Set 16. 1. Oregon is entitled to two Senators and three Representatives. 2. Majority means more than half of all the votes cast. Plurality means more than the next highest candidate received. 59 3. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right : — (a) To a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously as- certained by law. (b) To be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation. (c) To have compulsory process for o])taining' witnesses in his favor. (d) To have assistance of counsel for his defense. 4. See Set 1, No. 12. 5. See Set 14, No. 5 (c). 6. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. 7. See Set 15, No. 7. 8. It is the right to vote. 9. Patent Right. — A patent right is the sole right granted to the patentee, his heirs or assigns, for the term of seventeen years, to make, use, sell a new invention or discovery throughout the United States and the territories. Copyright. — A copyright is the sole right to print and sell a book, map, etc., for the space of twenty-eight years ; at the expiration of which he may secure a renewal for a further term of twenty-eight years. 10. Railroad Rate Law, June 29, 1906, gave Inter- state Commerce Commission authority to make investigations and prevent rebates and unfair charges. 60 Set 17. 1. John Cabot discovered the continent of North America. Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean. Ponce de Leon discovered Florida. De Soto discovered the Mississippi River. Lafayette was a French general who fought for the American cause in the Revoluntary War. Hamilton was the first secretary of the United States treasury. Clay proposed the Compromise of 1850, or the Omnibus Bill. Webster delivered the grand oration at the lay- ing of the corner stone of Bunker Hill moun- ment. Bourne was the English founder of the Primitive Methodists. He visited the United States in 1844. Fulton invented the first steamboat. 2. Alien Law. — The Alien Law was the power given to the President for two years to expel from the country any foreigner Avliom he deemed injurious to the United States. Compromise of 1850. — The Compromise of 1850 was a bill which proposed: See Set 9, No. 4 (a). Emancipation Froclamatio n. — The Emancipation Proclamation was a statement declaring free- dom to all the slaves in the seceded States. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty. — The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty was a treaty between the United States and Great Britain to facilitate the construction 61 of a ship Canal to connect the Atlantic and Pacific. (December 16, 1901.) 3. The Canal Treaty with England November 18, 1901, by wliich the United Stated was per- • mitted to construct the Panama Canal, but must open it to the use of all nations. The Canal Treaty with Panama, November 18, 1903, by which the United States secured con- trol of the zone through which the canal was to be built. Child-labor laws in the States and for the District of Columbia. 4. A colossal figure formed of plates of bronze on an iron framework, supported on a high granite pedestal, on Bedloe's Island in New York Bay, The figure represents a robust!}^ formed woman, fully draped in Greek tunic and mantle, and diademed, holding a torch in her uplifted right hand, The height of the statue is 151 feet; of the pedestal, 155 feet. It is by the sculptor Bartholdi, and is a gift made to the United States by popular sub- scription of the people of France. The pedes- tal was designed by Eichard M. Hunt, and paid for by popular subscription in the United States. The statue was unveiled in 1886. 5. William Harrison succeeded by John Tyler. Zachary Taylor succeeded by ^Millard Fillmore. 6. Is the protective tariff the cause of the high cost of living? 7. 1607. — First permanent English settlement in America, founded in 1607. 62 1619. — First cargo of negro slaves brought to America. 1812. — United States declares Avar against Great Britain. 1820. — Missouri Compromise was issued. 1898. — The Maine was destroyed in Havana har- bor, February 15, 1898. 8. The Battle of Antietam. — Fought at Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg, Maryland. The commanders were McClellan for the Union Army and Lee for the Confederate Army. Up to this time the war had been fought mainly because of the secession of the Southern States. It now became clear that the success of the Union armies meant the abolition of slavery in America, and steps were accordingly taken to weaken the Confederacy. The battle was indecisive, but the effect was that of a Union victory, for Lee retired across the Potomac, and the North was saved from in- vasions, and Washington from any danger of attack. Lincoln issued his proclamation as a result of this victory. Set 18. 1. (a) Liglding. — A^arious methods of artificial lighting have been very simple. At first men burned the pitch from the pine, and it produced a flame ; then they burned olive oil through a wick ; the tallow in the candle ; whale oil in the lamp ; later. 63 kerosene was burned by means of a wick and this gave a stronger light. Progress. — As civilization progresses, we are all enjoying more blessings and con- veniences. The electric light, almost uni- versally used, differs widel}^ from all modes of artificial light previously used. It is the latest method that man has discovered for the production of light. Previous to the year 1800 a match was never seen, one would almost think it something super- natural to see us turn a stopcock and light the gas, press a button and flood the room with light. Today our food is prepared b}^ means of these inventions, and even our conveyances and machinery are thus op- erated. (b) CIoth-maMng. — The sheep supplied wool, hemp and flax were cultivated, and cotton was brought from the Barbadoes. Nearly every home had a spinning wheel, and many of them had looms. The boys and girls were taught to spin and weave. The first cloth made was ver}^ coarse — mere tow cloth. Outer garments were made of linsey-woolsey. After a time England tried to stop cloth- making in America. But sheep were raised for their wool. A single town in Con- necticut kept a stock of two thousand of the animals and paid all the town's ex- penses from the proceeds. 64 The Germans who settled in Pennsylvania, about 1690, introduced the spinning and weaving of very fine linen, and later the Scotch-Irish settlers in all the colonies had great skill in spinning fine linen thread on small wheels run by a foot treadle. Progress. — In this century of ours, the looms in the mills supplant the spinning- wheels of long ago. Very little handwork is done, but the machinery takes the first rank everywhere. Men, women and chil- dren are employed in the different pro- cesses of the work. Our own manufac- tured woolen and cotton goods are equal to any importations. Money Difficulties. — On account of the extraordi- nary expenses of war, vast sums had been ex- pended by the Continental Congress and by the various States. The home debt was about $40,000,000, while the States had contracted obligations to the amount of nearly $22,000,000. There was no objection to the payment of the foreign and domestic debts, but great oppo- sition to the payment of the State debts by the federal government. By the advice of Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, Congress agreed to assume the debts contracted by the States during the Kev- olution, and to pay the national debt in full, excepting the Continental money. To provide funds, taxes were leaded on imported goods and the distillation of spirits. A mint and a national bank were established at Philadelphia. By these measures the credit of the United States was put upon a firm basis. Great opposition was made to the taxes levied by Congress. In western Pennsylvania the set- tlers agreed that they would pay no tax on whiskey. The rioters were so numerous that 15,000 of the militia w^ere ordered out to sub- due them. Finding the government in earnest, the malcontents laid down their arms. Trouble In and Between the States. — There was great opposition in the States, because the States coined their own money, and therefore it did not have the same value in all the States. The jealous Spaniards of New Orleans hindered the passage of American ships. The people west of the AUeghenies looked to the great Mis- sissippi as the natural outlet of their com- merce, and the duty devolved on the govern- ment of protecting these people in their rights and making good their expectations of the future. Indian AA^ar. — The rapid settlement of the Northwestern Territory was not amicably viewed by the Indians. Their hostile disposi- tion was encouraged by British agents and traders from the military posts still held by the British in the lake region. The Indians burned the settlers' villages, and were deter- mined to force them to abandon these lands. General Anthony Wayne, after a desperate fight, made a treaty with the Indians (Miami 66 tribe) by which Ihcy gave up all their claims to what is now lmo^^^l as Ohio. 3. (a) Patrick Hcnnj. — In 1763 there was a trial in Virginia known as the "parsons" cause. Patrick Henry appeared in behalf of the people. In arguing this case, he pleaded so eloquently for the rights of the Amer- ican people that the court was moved, and the jury gave the parsons only one-half penny as damages. Soon afterward Pat- rick Henry was chosen to fill a vacancy in the Virginia House of Burgesses. When the subject of the Stamp Act was taken up, he came forward with six bold and striking resolutions. They declared that the Virginian people had a right to govern themselves, and could not lawfully be taxed except under laws made by their own Legislature. In the course of this speech, it was that Henry uttered the famous words: "Caesar had his Brutus, etc." He served as Governor of Virginia for eight years, and declined the chief justiceship of the United States. He died in 1799. (b) Benjamin Franldin. — Benjamin Franklin went to London several times for his own and other colonies, he promoted the re- peal of the Stamp Act. He was one of the committee appointed to draft the Declara- tion of Independence and a signer of that document. He went to France as ambas- 67 sador; lie skillfully negotiated the treaty of alliance with that country, without which the Revolution could hardly have succeeded. He assisted in making a treaty of peace with England in 1782, and took part in framing the Constitution of the United States in 1787. He died in Phila- delphia, 1790. 4. (a) Southern Xidlifi cation. —The tariff acts of 1824 and 1828 aroused the South. A con- vention was held in South Carolina by which it was declared that the tariff as it stood was null and void, and that the duties imposed by it should not be charged on goods imported into the State after February 1, 1833. This was nullification. It was an attempt on the part of a State to say that a national law should not be enforced within the State. (b) Alabama Claims. — The Alabama Claims were claims of the United States Government against that of Great Britain, growing out of the depredations of the cruiser Alabama and other similar c raisers. Our government did not forget the part that Great Britain had taken against us in allowing the Alabama and other vessels to be built in her ports for the purpose of destroying our shipping. In 1863 we pre- sented our claims, but England refused to consider them. 6S At the request of England, a eoniniission met at A¥ashington and concluded a treaty (May 8, 1871). It was agreed that the Alabama Claims should be referred to a commission at Geneva. This commission decided that Great Britain should pay to the United States $15,500,000. (c) Blockade. — A blockade is effected by a suf- ficient number of vessels placed in a har- bor, along the coast, or at the mouth of a river to prevent others except our own ships from entering. It cuts off commerce and navigation in general. Vessels cap- tured because of attempts to break the blockade or to carry contraband goods or property of the enemy, are seized and usually considered war prizes. 5. (a) Xational P ruled ion. — The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the Legislature, or of the executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. Congress should determine what States are to make up the government over which it is to have charge. Congress shall see that there is entire freedom of commerce be- tween the States. 69 ''Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judi- cial proceeding's of every other State." "And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. ' ' "The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States." ' ' A person charged in anj^ State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive author- ity of the State from which he fled, be de- livered up to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime." (b) Federal Convention. — This convention as- sembled at the Philadelphia State House on May 14, 1787. It was merely to revise the Articles of Confederation. It soon be- came apparent, however, to the convention that, in the judgment of the majority of the members present, the old form of gov- ernment was so weak and defective, that the only w^ise and proper thing to be done was to form an entirely new Constitution. For four months, from May to September, continuing their work vigorously through all the summer months, this convention proceeded, until, on the 17th of Septem- ber, the Constitution of the United States, 70 which, with its several amendments, since adopted, is now the supreme law of this country, was adopted and signed by the members of the convention. There were great difficulties in the way of forming a new Constitution. These dif- ficulties arose from the jealousies existing among the States, the difference in their extent, their wealth, population, habits, religion, education, and political views. Nothing but a wise and patriotic spirit of mutual concession and moderation could have overcome such obstacles. 6. (a) Senator. — Up till 1913, by the legislature of the several States, for a term of six years. By the Seventeenth Amendment passed in 1913, they are now elected by the people. Seventeenth Amendment. — The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numer- ous branch of the State legislatures. AVlien vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies : Provided, That the legislature of any State may em- power the executive authority thereof to make temporary appointments until the peoijie fiii the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Sena- tor chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution. Represeniaiive. — They are elected every even year by the voters of the several States, the voters of each Congressional District electing one member. Their term of office is two years, and begins on the 4th of March following the election, (b) Elective Powers. Senate. The Senate shall choose their officers, and also a president 2^**0 tempore, in the ab- sence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. The officers of the Senate are: 1. The Secretary. 2. Chief Clerk. 3. Executive Clerk. 4. Sergeant-at-Arms. 5. Doorkeeper. 6. Chaplain. If in the election for Vice-President, no per- son have a majority of the electoral votes, then from the tvo highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-Presi- dent. House of Representatives. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers. The Speaker is the presiding officer of the House. The Speaker is chosen from the members of the House and can vote on every question like any other member. If in the election for President, no person have a majority of the electoral votes, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. Set 19. 1. The Marjdand colony welcomed settlers without regard to their religions. Here the Catholics persecuted in England or the colonies, the Puritans expelled from Virginia, and the Quaker or the Baptist exiled from Massachu- setts, found an asylum and a home. Bancroft says, "The happiness of the colony was en- viable. Emigrants arrived from every clime, and the colonial legislature extended its sym- pathies to many nations, as well as to many sects; the children of misfortune sought pro- tection under the tolerant sceptre of the Roman Catholic." The Toleration Act was passed in 1649. Though William Penn granted religious toleration throughout his colony, still in maintaining it towards Catholics, he was bitterly opposed by his own people. 73 When John Archdale became Governor of the two Carolinas, he set the example of Christian tol- eration in religious matters. The first legislative assembly of New York called together by Governor Dongan, proclaimed lib- erty of conscience, saying that no person pro- fessing faith in God, through Jesus Christ, should at any time be in any way molested or disquieted for any difference of opinion. Roger Williams is given credit for having granted religious toleration in the Rhode Island colony, but the privilege was not extended to Catholics. Wherever religious toleration was fully and faith- fulty practiced, peace and harmony prevailed. Some important battles of the Revolutionary War are Trenton, Saratoga, King's Mountain, and Cow^pens. Trenton. Location. — Western part of New Jersey on the Delaware River. Date. — December 26, 1776. Commander. — Washington of Americans; Col- onel Rahl of Hessians. Result. — It was an American victory, and raised the drooping spirits of the American people. Saratoga. First and Second Battle. Location. — Eastern part of New York, near the Hudson. Date. — September 19th, October 9th; surren- der of Burgoyne, October 17, 1777. Comuianders. — Burgoyne of British; Gates of Americans. Result. — An American victory, it caused a re- action in public sentiment in England in favor of the Americans ; it brought hope and courage to the Americans. King 's 31 o u ntain. Location. — Partly within the southern boun- daries of North Carolina. Date.— October 7, 1780. Commanders. — Ferguson of British; Colonel James Williams of Americans. Result. — A complete American victory. Battle of Coivpens. Location. — Northern part of South Carolina. Date. — January 11, 1781. Commanders. — General Morgan of Americans; Tarleton of British. Result. — Complete American victory. In point of tactics one of the most brilliant battles of the war. Events leading to the Mexican War were : (a) Texas won her independence from Mexico. (b) She applied for admission to the Union, and though the petition was at first re- jected by Congress, it was so endorsed by the people in. the fall elections, that it was accepted before the close of Ty- ler's administration. (c) Annexation of Texas. (d) Mexico had not acknowledged the inde- pendence of Texas and would not ac- cept the boundary line Texas claimed. (e) Ujiited States, in admitting Texas, pledged lierself to uphold the claims of Texas against Mexico. (f) Occupation of country between the Nueces and the Rio Grande by Zachary Taylor and a large force of Americans. (g) Taylor moved to mouth of Rio Grande and refused General Santa Anna's re- quest to retire to the Nueces. (h) Mexican force crossed the Rio Grande and attacked detachment of American army. (i) Declaration of war. Taylor fought and won the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, and Buena Vista. Scott fought and won the battles of Cerra Gordo Pass, the fortresses of Chapultepec, and City of Mexico. 4. (a) New States are added to the Union by the division of States already organized or out of communities occupying territory be- longing to the United States, (b) No new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as Avell as of the Con- gress. 76 (c) When a Territory applies for admission, Con- gress passes an "enabling act." This act authorizes the holding of a convention of delegates elected by the citizens of the Territory for the purpose of drafting and adopting a State Constitution. (d) "When the Territory has adopted a State Con- stitution and elected State officers, the re- sults are submitted to Congress, and if it and the President approve the Constitu- tion, the Territory becomes a State. (e) A new star is added to the flag on the follow- ing Fourth of July. Internal revenue is income that accrues to the country from tax on the manufacture or sale of malt liquors, tobacco, trades, professions, and occupations. Three sources of this revenue are the (a) spirits and malt liquors; (b) manufactured tobacco; (c) trades, professions, and occupations. (a) A preliminary proclamation issued by Lin- coln, September 22, 1862, declared that unless the inhabitants of the revolted States returned to their allegiance by Jan- uary 1st, the slaves would be declared free. This had no effect. The Emancipation Proclamation was, therefore, issued by Lincoln on January 1, 1863. It declared the freedom of slaves in all the States which had seceded except forty-eight coun- ties of West Virginia, seven counties in Virginia, including" tlie cities of Norfollv and Portsmouth, and thirteen parishes of Louisiana, including New Orleans. These districts were practically under the con- trol of the Union army. (b) Leaders of the antislavery movement were William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phil- lips, John G. Whittier, Edmund Quincy, Samuel J. May, William Ja}^ Cassius M. Clay, of Kentucky. 7. (a) See Set 18, No. 4 (a). (b) See Set 18, No. 4 (b). (c) See Set 3, No. 12 (d). (d) A blockade is the shutting up of a place by ships, with the purpose of preventing en- trance or departure, or the reception of supplies. Li a blockade, the investing power (authority blockading) must be able to apply its force to every point of practicable access, so as to render it dan- gerous to attempt to enter; and there is no blockade of that port where its force can not be brought to bear. 8. Congress shall have power : — (a) To declare war. (b) To grant letters of marque and reprisal. (c) To make rules concerning captures on land and water. (d) To raise and support armies. (e) To provide and maintain a navy. (f) To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces. 78 (g) To i)rovide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions. 9. In 1872, a long-pending controversy over the San Juan group of islands in Puget Sound was set- tled hy arbitration between Great Britain and the United States. In 1872, the Alabama Claims, as they were called, were sent to a board of five arbitrators who met at Geneva and awarded the United States $15,500,000 to be distributed among our citi- zens whose ships and property had been de- stroyed by the cruisers. To a board of Fish Commissioners Avas referred the claims of Canada that the citizens of the United States derived more benefit from the fishing in Canadian waters than did the Canadians from using the coast waters of the United States. The award made to Great Britain was $5,500,000 (1877). 10. Philadelphia. — Philadelphia, the chief city of Pennsylvania, lies in the southeastern part of the State, on the west bank of the Delaware River, about one hundred miles from the ocean. It was founded by "William Penn in 1683, and his "City of Brotherly Love" is now spoken of as the "City of Homes," because most of its inhabitants live in houses of their own. Many important historical events have taken place in Philadelphia. In Carpenter's Hall, located in the rear of the south side of Chest- nut Street, near Third, the First Continental 79 Congress met, and here was tlie first Bank of the United States. In the State Honse, now called Independence Hall, the Second Conti- nental Congress met and passed the Declara- tion of Independence ; here also the convention framed the great Constitution by which we are governed. On May 15, 1733, Father Joseph Greaton, S. J., purchased the ground on which St. Joseph's Chapel was built. St. Joseph's Church is to- day a spot dear to every Catholic in Philadel- phia. The Forty Hours' Devotion was observed for the first time in the Diocese of Philadelphia, at St. Philip's Church. The Feast of Corpus Christi in the year 1853 fell on the Feast of St. Philip Neri. This observance of the Forty Hours' Devotion is, if not the first, at least among the earliest in the United States, and is due to the energy and devotion of the saintly Bishop Neumann. On February 8, 1808, the Philadelphia Diocese was established; but the Archdiocese was not established till February 12, 1875. On the 17th of June of this same year, Most Rev. James Frederick Wood was created first Archbishop of Philadelphia. As we look over this great Archdiocese we are struck by the great number of charitable and educational institutions found within its limits, and proving to posterity the loyalty and gen- erosity of the Catholics of Philadelphia. 80 Three well-equipped Catholic hospitals — St. Jo- seph's, St. Agnes', and St. Mary's — care for the sick and suffering of the city. Homes for the Aged under the care of the Little Sisters of the Poor give shelter to those who can no longer aid themselves. The Industrial Home at Eddington, St. John's Orphan Asylum, prove that the orphans of the city are not forgotten. The Cahill High School for Boys, La Salle Col- lege, and St. Joseph's College attend to the higher education of the boys, while the new High School for Catholic Girls, with the acad- emies conducted by the different Sisterhoods, see to the education of the girls. One institution of which Philadelphia is justly proud is the Ecclesiastical Seminary at Over- brook. Here are trained the priests of the Archdiocese upon whose piety and zeal this great city and its surroundings wdll depend for the uplifting of her youth, the future of the Catholic Church in Philadelphia. Set 20. Thirteen Original Colonies: INIaryland, Virginia, Massachusetts, New^ Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl- vania, Delaware, North Carolina, South Caro- lina, Georgia. There are forty-eight States now in the Union. Philadelpliia. — (a) During the earlier part of the Revolution, it was the virtual capital of the colonies. 81 (b) Here the First Continental Congress con- vened September 1, 1774. (c) Declaration of Independence was adopted July 4, 1776. (d) Articles of Confederation were signed July 9, 1778. (e) The Constitution of the United States prepared in 1787. (f) National capital from 1790 to 1800. (g) First American Bank established, 1781. (h) First United States Mint established, 1792. (i) Centennial celebration of independence of colonies held here, 1876. (j) Bi-centennial of landing of William Penn was observed here, 1882. ISToTE, — During the Eevolutionaiy War, Howe, the British general, entered Philadelphia September 26, 1777. Fort McHenry. — This fort guarded Baltimore during the War of 1812. It was fiercely bom- barded by the British fleet for a day and night, but it held out to the last, and the British fleet withdrew to the Chesapeake Bay. It was during this bombardment that our patriotic song, ''The Star Spangled Banner" was written by Francis Scott Key. He had been sent to the fleet to secure the release of some prisoners, and the British detained him there till the bombardment was ended. As he sat there a temporary prisoner, on board an enemy's vessel, watching the bombardment, he wrote the stirring song. 82 Monterey. — This was the scene of a six day's battle and siege during the Mexican War, September 20-25, 1846. Taylor allowed the Mexican leader Ampudia to evacuate, carrying one field battery and his small arms. This battle ended the campaign on the Rio Grande. Antietam. — This was a battle of the Civil War. McClellan, who had command of the Union Sirmy in Maryland, set out in pursuit of Lee, who had crossed the Potomac and entered IMaryland. McClellan met and defeated him in the great Battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862. Lee retreated across the Potomac ; but McClellan made no pursuit. Santiago de Cuba. — This was a battle of the Spanish-American War. A little army under General William R. Shafter landed near San- tiago on June 23, 1898, and advancing toward Santiago, some of the troops under General Joseph Wheeler and General Young met the Spaniards on the 24th, at Las Guasimas and defeated them. El Caney and San Juan Hill guarded Santiago. These were captured on July 1st. Cervera's fleet tried to escape from the harbor of Santiago on July 3d, and was promptly destroyed by the squadron under Sampson and Schley. Santiago with about 22,000 Spanish troops surrendered to Shafter, July 17th. 3. The cause of the war with England in 1812 was the impressment of American seamen. 83 The Purchase of Louisiana. — In the year 1800 Spain agreed with Napoleon to cede Louisiana back again to France. The agreement was kept secret for a time, Napoleon not being ready to take possession. The Spanish officer who was in control of New Orleans during this waiting time issued an order in 1802 forbid- ding Americans to ship their produce to New Orleans, as they had a right to do under the treaty made seven years before. The people who lived in the valley of the Mississippi were greatly excited over this order, which deprived them of a market for their goods. Not wishing to go to war in order to keep the French out of Louisiana, Jefferson got leave from Congress to buy New Orleans and the region round about, together with West Florida. James Monroe was sent over to help the American minister at Paris in making the purchase. Napoleon at that time was on the eve of another war with England, and in view of that he offered to sell not only New Orleans, but the whole vast region then called Louisi- ana. This offer was so good that the American commissioners accepted it without waiting for orders, and within less than three weeks the whole matter was completed. The L^nited States paid fifteen million dollars for the ter- ritory thus gained. It was larger in area than the whole of the United States had been be- fore. It included nearly all the region between the ^Mississippi River and the Rocky IMountains. This region was soon divided into the two Ter- 8-i ritories of Orleans and Louisiana. From this territory have since been formed the States of Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Okla- homa, a large part of the States of Minnesota and Colorado, and parts of Wyoming and Montana. Bioll Run. — July 21, 1861. Unionists, General McDowell; Confederates, General Beauregard. Vickshurg. — July 4, 1863. Unionists, General Grant; Confederates, General Pemberton. Nashville. — December 15-16, 1864. Unionists, General Thomas; Confederates, General Hood. Chattanooga. — November 24-25, 1863. Unionists, General Grant ; Confederates, General Bragg. Presidents, William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley. Their successors were John Tyler, Millard Fill-* more, Andrew Johnson, Chester A. Arthur, Theodore Roosevelt. President Andrew Johnson defied the Senate by removing Edwin Stanton, Secretary of War, from office. The House of Representatives then impeached the President before the Senate for high crimes and misdemeanors. Chief Justice Chase presided over the trial, and a two-thirds vote w^as necessary for conviction. The vote was thirty-five to nineteen. The Pre- sident was saved by one vote and was ac- quitted. (Two-thirds of fifty-four equals thirty-six.) 85 Impeachment is bringing an accusation against high officials of the government on account of improper administration of the duties of office. The sole power of impeachment is in the House of Representatives. The power to try all im- peachments is vested in the Senate. 8. See Set 9, No. 6 (a). Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, imposts, and excises ; to pay the dehts and pro- vide for the conunon defence and general wel- fare of the United States; but all duties, im- posts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States. 9. Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston in 1706. He was one of the founders of the United States; his name is signed to both the Decla- ration of Independence and the Constitution. Having been sent as ambassador to France, he gained that treaty for us which probably saved our country. He organized our postal system, founded the American Philosophical Society nncl the University of Pennsylvania. He was jiresident of the State of Pennsylvania. Frank- lin gave Philadelphia a police, a fire, and a street-cleaning department, and invented lightning rods and the Franklin stove. He wrote "Poor Eichard's Almanac," an Auto- biography, and many papers on political, scientific and moral questions. He died April 17, 1790, and was buried in the yard of Christ Church, Philadelphia. Set 21. 1. See Set 10, No. 9. 2. See Set 5, No. 1. 3. See Set 10, No. 10. 4. See Set 8, No. 3. 5. See Set 8, No. 4. 6-7-8. See Map No. 4. 9-10. See Set 8, No. 6. Set 22. 1. Champlain, Samuel de (1567-1635), French navi- gator. In 1599 he sailed in the ''St. Julien" for the West Indies, and returned by way of the Isthmus of Panama, across which he con- ceived the plan of a ship-canal. In 1603-04, he in two voyages explored the St. LawTence River. In 1604-06, he explored and mapped the coast as far as Cape Cod. On his next voyage he founded Quebec, in 1608. In 1609 he joined the Montagnais against the Iroquois. They ascended the Sorel River and entered the Lake to which he gave his own name. Coronado, Francisco Yasquez de (1510-1542), a Spanish explorer, sent out expeditions in 1539 and 1540, which explored the regions of the Gila, the Little Colorado and the Rio Grande. Cortez, Hernando, Spanish navigator. In 1519 he led an ex])odition fi'om Culia and conquered Mexico. Drake, iSir Francis (1546-1596), an Elizabethan navigator, made an expedition to Mexico in 1567, and to South America in 1572. He ex- 87 ^ plored the Pacific coast from 1577 to 1579, landed on the coast of California and returned to England by the Pacific and Indian Oceans, making a successful circumnavigation of the globe. La Salle, Robert (1643-1687), a distinguished French explorer, was born at Rouen. In 1669 he emigrated to Canada, and began the series of his remarkable journeys in the West. He visited Lake Michigan and the Illinois River. In 1673 he received a grant of the station at Fort Frontenac (now Kingston). He ascended the chain of lakes to Mackinac, up Lake Michigan and down the Illinois River to Peoria. He made canoe voyages on the Illinois to the mouth of the Mississippi which he reached April, 1682, and claimed the entire region for Louis XIV. After a few other ex- peditions, he was murdered by his followers ^nthin the limits of Texas. MageUan, Ferdinand. In 1519 Magellan, a Por- tuguese, in command of five Spanish ships, sailed from Spain with the hope of finding a route to Asia by way of the southwest. He discovered the strait which bears his name. He crossed the vast ocean and accomplished what Cohimbus had set out to do, reaching Asia by sailing west. He was killed by savages in the Philippine Islands, but one of his ships sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and reached Spain in 1522. This was the first circumnavi- gation of the globe. Place Name Hayti Isabella Florida St. Augustine Quebec Quebec Virginia Jamestown Verrazano, a native of Florence, Italy, was the first navigator sent by the French king to find the new wslj to the Indies. Sailing w^estward from Madeira (1524), he reached land near the present harbor of Wilmington, N. C. He coasted along the shores of Carolina and New Jersey, entered the harbors of New York and Newport, and returned with a glowing de- scription of the lands he had found. He named the country New France. 2. Settlements. Permanent settlements. Nation Leader Time Spain Columbus 1493 Spain Menendez 1565 France Champlain 1608 England Smith 1607 3. (a) Pennsylvania. — King Charles II. owed Ad- miral Penn £16,000; and Penn, seeing no chance of its ever being paid, proposed to the King, in 1680, that the debt be paid wdth a tract of land in America. The King gladly agreed, and in 1681 Penn received a grant west of the Delaware. Against Penn's wdsh, the King called it Pennsylvania or ''Penn's Woods". It w^as given almost precisely the bounds of the present State. Penn proposed to found a colony for the benefit of the Quakers. To encourage emigration, Penn offered a popular government, with tolera- tion of all religious beliefs. The Dutch and Swedes already had settlements within 89 his grant, but rne}- were incorporated in the new colony. In 1682, Philadelphia was founded from plans draAvn in England. In 1683, Penn made his famous treaty with the Indians. (b) Rhode Island. — Roger Williams settled Prov- idence Plantation in 1636. He stamped upon the colonies his favorite idea of religious toleration, i. e., that the civil power has no right to interfere with the religious opinions of men. The colonies wished to join the New England Union, but were refused on the plea that they had no charter. Williams obtained a charter from England uniting the two plantations. (c) Georgia. — Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe in 1733 as a refuge for debtors. It must not be supposed, however, that all the colonists were poor debtors. In time, Italians from Piedmont, Moravians and Lutherans from Germany, and Scotch- men from the Highlands, all made settle- ments in Georgia. Twenty-two persons under Oglethorpe's leadership formed an association and secured a charter from King George II., hence its name Georgia. The settlers of Jamestown were warned by a friendly Indian of an intended attack by the Indians, and the lives of the colonists were saved. 90 The Narragansetts warned Roger Williams of an intended attack by the Pequot tribe ; and thus the New England colonies were prepared for the attack. (a) Every colony of the New World depended on safety from the Indians in erecting a blockhouse. This was built of logs large enough to accommodate the colonists. Arranged around the sides of this house of logs were small holes large enough for the guns of the settlers to be pointed at the Indians. (b)" A spinning wheel consisted of a spindle which received rapid rotation by means of a band connecting it with a tly wheel driven by a treadle or crank. (c) The old means of heating the colonial kitchen was a great fireplace bricked in, large enough to hold great logs and with places for hanging a great pot in which the family dinner was cooked. It was often large enough for seats for reading and sew- ing. The fireplace with its long shelf above for the pewter plates standing in a row formed the central attraction of the colonial kitchen. Here the women had their spinning wheel, and in the long winter evenings the family pared and strung the apples for drying, knit the family stockings, etc. (d) A snow-shoe is a network of sinew or raw- hide in a wooden frame to be fastened on the l)ottom ol the foot. 91 6. Three events that may be regarded as causes of the Revolution are the passage of the Naviga- tion Acts, Stamp Act, and Quartering Act. Others are the Boston ^Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Boston Port Bill. The Boston Massacre. — The presence of British troops in Boston for the purpose of enforcing obnoxious laws increased public excitement, and on the fifth of March a serious difficulty oc- curred. An altercation had taken place between some citizens and soldiers. A mob gathered near the troops and assaulted a sentinel. The soldiers fired, killing three and wounding five. This is known as the Boston Massacre. 7. (a) Capture of Ticonderoga. — A force under Ethan Allen arrived on the shore of Lake Champlain in the early morning of May 10, 1775. There were not enough boats to carry over all his forces, and so with only eighty-three men he descended upon the little garrison, who surrendered without a blow. Thus the colonists gained the key to the route to and from Canada, and captured a number of cannon and a considerable quantity of powder and balls which they much needed. (])) Hair was arrested, summarily tried, and ex- ecuted as a spy by the British on Septem- ber 22, 1776. He was not permitted to write to his mother; and the contrast be- tween the brutal treatment which he re- 92 ceived and the courtesies afterwards ex- tended to Andre, under similar conditions, only endeared his memory to the American people. He died ''regretting that he had but one life to give to his country. ' ' (c) The Burning of Kingston. — It was burned in 1777 by Sir Henry Clinton. At Bennington in the southwest corner of Ver- mont, the Americans had gathered a supply of stores. These Burgoyne needed badly and he sent Colonel Baum with a force of one thousand men to capture them. This force was defeated by the ' ' Green Mountain Boys ' ' under General Stark. Only about seventy returned to Burgoyne. The others were killed or cap- tured. This loss was critical to Burgoyne. The Indians were so discouraged by their loss at Oriskany that when the half-witted Tory hired by Arnold told the troops of St. Leger's Camp that a great force of Americans were close at hand, the Indians hastily took to flight. The British followed them in such panic that they left their tents and artillery behind them. This loss was most critical to Burgoyne. He was in a trap from which he could not escape. There- fore the battles of Bennington and Oriskany prepared the way for Burgojaie's surrender. His Indians Avere leaving him. He could get no supplies, no aid, could neither retreat nor advance. The two battles of Saratoga soon followed; and deserted by Indians and Tories, wdth his provisions gone, he surrendered the 93 remnant of his army to General Gates, Octo- ber 17th, 1777. 9. There were two houses in Congress instead of one as in the Confederation. The Constitution broke up the old concentrated power of Con- gress and created three equal and co-ordinate departments : Congress, the President and his subordinates, and the Federal Courts. Two houses, Senate and House of Representatives, were necessary that one might be a check on the legislation of the other. The Executive Department was found necessary so that there might be some one to see that the acts of Con- gress were duly enforced or executed; as under the Articles of Confederation need of this had been felt. The Judiciary Department was needed that we might have a body to test the constitutions of a law, and that the Federal authority might have the machinery of the courts to enforce its own decrees. The Supreme Court is the most original of all American institutions and is peculiarly American. 10. Jefferson. — War tuith Tripoli. — This was proved of value to> the United States, not only in free- ing her from humiliation, but in raising her in the opinion of European nations, and in provid- ing her with a stronger and better navy. • Louisiana Purchase. — The United States gained control of the Mississippi. Monroe. — Missouri Compromise. — This postponed the settlement of the slavery question and for 94 thirty years no further trouble arose directly over the admission of slave or free States. John Quincy Adams.— The Tariff of 1828.— It was unsatisfactory even to those who voted for it, and received the name ''Tariff of Abomina- tions", It was especially offensive to the South. 11. (a) Steamhoat. — Robert Fulton, though not the inventor of the steamboat, is the one who first brought steamboats into practical use. (b) Sewing Machine. — Elias Howe invented the seiving machine in 1846. (c) Telegraph. — Samuel Morse succeeded, after years of struggle, in introducing the Amer- ican system of telegraph. (d) Atlantic Cable. — Cyrus W. Field, after sev- eral failures, made ocean telegraphy a fact. He laid a new cable in 1866, and the great problem of uniting the Continents by tele- graph under the sea was solved. (e) Telephone. — This was invented by Alexander Graham Bell, and was first exhibited at the Centennial Exhibition, in 1876. 12. (a) Purpose. — The Confederates had only two large forces in the field, one under Lee in Virginia, the other under Johnston in Georgia. While Grant attacked Lee, Sherman was to attack Johnston, thereby preventing the two Confederate forces from uniting at any time to help each other. 95 (b) Route. — From Chattanooga to Dalton, Res- aca, Dallas, Kenesaw IMouiitain, Atlanta. In November, he started his march to the sea, sweeping- southeasterly through the country from Atlanta to Savannah, which fell into his hands (December 21). (c) Results: — (1) Everything of use to the Confederacy was seized, and their country de- vastated, the railroads destroyed. (2) It gave the Unionists control of the southeastern part of the Confederacy. (3) The already sundered Confederacy was cut in twain and Southern power destroyed. 13. The real cause of the Spanish War Avas the Spanish oppression in Cuba. The immediate cause was the blowing up the Maine. 14. De Witt Clinton (1769-1828) was a nephew of George Clinton, and after graduating at Co- lumbia, he acted as secretary to his uncle. He Avas a Republican member of the New York Legislature, and entered the United States Senate in 1802, but left that body soon to be- come mayor of New York City. In this office he served until 1807, and again in 1809-10 and 1811-15. He was also State Senator, Lieutenant-Governor, and a member of the council of appointment. In 1812, he was the candidate of the Federalists and of the New York Democrats for President, receiving 96 eighty-nine electoral votes. Clinton was ar- dently devoted to the policy of internal im- provements and especially to the development of the Erie and Champlain Canals. Vlysses S. Grant (1822-1885), a great Federal general in the Civil War, was born at Point Pleasant, Ohio, and was graduated from West Point in 1843. He was commissioned a lieutenant, fought in the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, and was brevetted Captain in 1847, for conduct at Chapultepec. In 1854 he resigned his commission and engaged in business until 1861. Soon after the outbreak of the war he was given command of the forces at Cairo, 111., and in 1861 seized Paducah. His administration as President was not wholly successful, some of his advisers proving most unworthy. He possessed an unassuming man- ner, yet was self-reliant and prompt in his decisions, calm and patient in all circumstances and won the admiration of all by his moral and ph.ysieal courage. During his administra- tion occurred the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment, the funding of the national debt, civil service reform was inaugurated, the Treaty of Washington was negotiated with Great Britain, and specie payment was resumed in 1875. He published "Personal Memoirs". William McKinley, Congressman and Governor of Ohio, was born at Nilcs, Ohio, in 1844, and served as a volunteer in the Civil War. He Avas a member of the House of Representatives from 1877 to 1891, aud as Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means had the chief hand in framing the Tariff Act of October 1, 1890, conmionly called the McKinley Act. From January 1892 to January 1896 he was Governor of Ohio. Elected President of the United States of America, November 3, 1896, inaugurated March 4, 1897. 15. (a) See Set 14, No. 5 (c). (b) See Set 6, No. 6. Set 23. 1. In 1842, the people of Rhode Island had been liv- ing under a Constitution granted as far back as the time of Charles II, which allowed only landowners and their eldest sons to vote. The representation in the Legislature was abso- lutely unjust. Having tried in vain to secure a change in the constitution, the people rebelled, formed a convention, and elected Thomas W. Dorr as Governor. As most of those who voted for Dorr were not legally voters, the existing State governments refused to recognize him. Both sides took up arms, but little bloodshed ensued. Dorr was arrested, convicted, and sentenced to imprisonment for life, but he was soon pardoned. The result of this rebellion was that a new con- constitution containing most of the reforms that Dorr demanded was adopted (1843). 2. Our first political parties were Federalists and Anti-Federalists. 98 The Federalists, or Strong Government Men, ad- vocated a supreme central government and a loose construction of the Constitution. The Anti-Federalists, known at first as Particular- ists, advocated the supremacy of the State gov- ernments and a strict construction of the Con- stitution. Washington had in his cabinet the strongest men of both parties. The Presidential Succession Law was passed in 1886. It provides that should the presidency and vice-presidency both become vacant, the presidency passes to the members of the cabi- net in the order of the establishment of their departments, beginning with the Secretary of State. Should he die or be impeached or re- moved, or become disabled, it would go to the Secretary of the Treasury, and then, if neces- sary, to the Secretary of AVar, etc. See Set 4, Xo. 7. The new department recently (1913) represented in the President's cabinet is the Department of Labor. The work of this department will in- clude the collection of statistics to show rates of wages, hours of employment, etc. It will deal with strikes, arbitration, conciliation, em- ployment. Method of Incorporating Rhode Island Towns as Cities. — There is no prescribed method in Rhode Island of changing a town into a city. Usually, however, it is done by the citizens of the town voting at a meeting to ask the Gen- 99 eral Assembly to pass an enabling act, under which the citizens of the town are permitted to vote either to accept or reject some specified form of charter, or act of incorporation, before the latter becomes a law. A majorit}^ of the Town Council may vote to ask the General Assembly to incorporate a town, or to pass an act submitting to the electors of a town, • the question whether the town shall change its form of government. The members of the General Assembly from the town may take similar action, and in fact any group of citizens may petition the General Assembly to pass an act of incorporation for a tow^n, and if able to bring to bear sufficient influence or pressure upon the General Assembly, may se- cure the passage of such an act. Sometimes, as was the case in Cranston, a to^^Ti in Rhode Island, about five years ago, the Gen- eral Assembly, at the instance of the members from a town, may introduce an act changing the form of government from a toAvn to a city and pass the act of incorporation without even giving the electors of the town an opportunity to vote for or against the proposition. The will of the General Assembly is supreme in such matters, and the objections of the towns- people, even if unanimously opposed to the Assembly's action, would avail nothing. The next presidential election takes place in 1916. The President is chosen by the Electoral Col- lege, which is composed of Presidential electors 100 elected iii the several States. Each State has as many electors as it has members of Congress (Senators and Representatives). These electors are chosen by the people of each State on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November in the year of the Presidential election, which occurs once in every fourth even year. On the second Monday in January these Presidential electors meet in their re- spective States, usually at the capital of the State, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President. Each elector has one vote. When the vote has been counted, they make three lists of all the persons voted for as President and Vice-President, and the number of votes each received. These three lists are certified to and signed by all the electors, and sealed. One list is deposited with the United States dis- trict court judge of the district in which the electors meet. The other two lists are sent to the president of the Senate at Washington, one by mail and the other by a special messenger. The sealed vote of the Electoral College is called "the return." On the second Wednesday in February the sealed votes received by the president of the Senate are opened by him in the presence of the two houses of Congress, and the votes are counted. The person who has a majority of all the votes cast for President is declared to be duly elected President of the United States, and the person who has a majority of all the votes cast for 101 Vice-President is declared duly elected Vice- President of the United States. 7. The Town Organization is a democracy, the City Government is representative. The executive power of the mayor and aldermen in the city corresponds to that of the select- men in the town. The legislative power in the city is found in the City Council instead of in the whole body of voters, as in the town. The City Council elects inferior officers, while in the town the people do this. In the city, voters meet in the districts or wards for the election of officers, while in the town all the voters usually meet in one bod3\ (In some in- stances, however, large towns have been divided into voting precincts.) 8. Assessors of Taxes. — It is their duty to make annually a list of the names of all taxable in- habitants, to estimate the value of all property, real and personal, and to assess a tax upon the same. In addition to this property tax a poll tax is laid in many States. In such places, the assessors must make a list of the names of all persons against whom a poll tax is levied. School Committee. — The School Committee elected by the town usually consists of three or more l^ersons, generally an odd number, who in ac- cordance with the laws of the State, have the entire management and control of the public schools of that town. In most States they ex- amine the teachers, grant them certificates, fix the rate of wages, approve the bills for pay- 102 ment, build, repair, and keep in order the schoolhouses, arrange courses of study, examine the schools, determine rules and regulations for them, etc. Town Clerk. — The town clerk's duties are: (a) To act as clerk of the town meetings. (b) To keep the records of all business done in the town meetings during the year for which he is elected. (c) To keep records of births, marriages, and deaths in the town. (d) To file such papers as properly belong to his office. (e) To keep in his custody such books and papers as belong to the town. (f) To perform the general clerical duties for the town. Town Sergeant. — His duties are: (a) To serve summonses issued by the justices. (b) To arrest and bring prisoners before a justice and to have the custody of them. (c) To collect money upon executions, and if necessary to sell property to satisfy the same. (d) To see that order is preserved in the com- munity. (e) To attend the higher courts in their offi- cial capacity when directed by the sheriff. 9. The number of Senators to Congress is deter- mined by multiplying two by the number of States, each State being allowed two Senators. 103 A census of the people is made every ten years, and npon this as a basis Congress fixes the number of Representatives for the entire coun- try, and the number to which each State shall be entitled for the next ten years thereaft(M', 10. The qualifications for President are as follows : (a) He must be a native-born citizen. (b) He must have attained to the age of thirty-five years. (c) He must have been for fourteen years a resident within the United States. 11. Military Academii at West Point. — The students are termed cadets, and number between three and four hundred. They are appointed as follows: One from each congressional district, one from each of the organized territories, one from the District of Columbia, and ten from the United States at large. These are all ap- pointed by the President, but each member of the national House of Representatives nomin- ates the candidate for his district. The Presi- dent appoints the ten candidates at large. Candidates for appointment must not be less than seventeen nor more than twenty-two years of age, and they are expected to serve in the army eight j^ears, unless sooner discharged. The examination for admission to West Point is careful and accurate upon the elements of a good education. In arithmetic, geography, English grammar, reading, writing, spelling, and the history of the United States, thorough- ness and accuracy are required. 104 It has become eustomaiy of late for congressmen to hold competitive examinations, and to nominate for vacant positions at West Point those who have passed the best examinations in respect to mental (inalifications and scholar- ship, with good physical health, strength, and development. The superintendent and principal members of the faculty are regular officers in the arm}^ Each cadet receives an allowance during his term of study sufficient to pay his necessary ex- penses for clothing, board, etc. The entire ex- pense of the academy is met by the United States government. Congress makes annually for this purpose an approi^riation of three hun- dred thousand dollars or more. Naval Academy at Annapolis. — Under the charge of the Department of the Navy is maintained, at Annapolis, Md., a naval academy similar to the military academy at West Point. To enter this academy as cadet midshipman, the student must not be less than fifteen, nor more than twenty years of age. The same number is al- lowed as at West Point, and by the same method of appointment. The course of study embraces six years, and the student on grad- uating becomes midshipman, subject to pro- motion as vacancies occur. This academy re- quires an annual appropriation from the gov- ernment of two hundred thousand dollars or more. 12. No alien may be naturalized if his country be at war with the Ignited States. A foreigner is naturalized by appearing in court, declaring his intention to become a citizen of the United States and his purpose to renounce all allegiance to the government of which he is or has been subject. After two years more, he must appear in open court, renounce upon oath or affirmative all foreign allegiance, and swear to support the Constitution of the United States. If he bears any title of nobility, he must renounce it. Before he can receive his naturalization papers, he must have resided in the United States for at least five vears continuouslv. Set 24. Commodore Barry was born in Ireland; he was an active commander in the Revolutionary nav}^ In the Lexington he captured the Edward, the first British war vessel cap- tured by a commissioned officer of the United States Navy. In 1781, in the Alliance, he captured the Atlanta and the Trespassy. On the revival of the navy in 1784 he was named senior officer, with the rank of com- modore. He is the father of the American navy, and throughout his whole life was a de- vout practical Catholic. Lord Llow^e once of- fered him 15,000 guineas and a commission in the English navy, if he would join the royal standard. Barry indignantly rejected the bribe, adding: ''Xot the value, nor the com- 106 mand of the whole British fleet, could tempt me from the American cause." Marquis de Lafayette (1757-1834), a celebrated French nobleman, statesman, and patriot, and a distinguished general in the American Revo- lution. In 1777, having heard the Declaration of Independence, he favored its principles, and notwithstanding the opposition of friends, he fitted out a frigate at his owai expense, and sailed for this country. He fought as a volun- teer at the battles of Brandywine and Mon- mouth, and commanded "Washington's van- guard at the surrender of Cornwallis. Benjamin Franklin helped to draft the Declara- tion of Independence, and w^as one of its signers. He was ambassador to France, and became to the American cause in the Old World what Washington was in the New. He was president of Pennsylvania for three successive years, and a member of the Constitutional Convention. Alexander Hamilton. — At the age of nineteen he was appointed to the command of a company of artillery. His conduct at the battles of Long Island, White Plains, Trenton, etc., gained Washington 's notice, and he was chosen aid-de-camp. Henceforth he was that great commander's most intimate friend and adviser. With Madison and Jay, he wrote "The Fed- eralist," a series of essays which powerfully contributed to the ratification of the Constitu- tion by the people. His financial policy, when 107 Secretary of the Treasurj^ established the credit of the rising nation. Thomas Jefferson, the 'SSage of Monticello," drafted the Declaration of Independence. He was an ardent supporter of the doctrine of State rights, and led the opposition to the Fed- eralists. He was our third President. 2. See Set 3, No. 12 (d). 3. (a) The naval battle between the Merrimac and the Monitor, March 9, 1862, saved the Union shipping from destruction, helped to decide the fate of the Avar in favor of the North, revolutionized naval warfare, and gave the death blow to wooden war ships. (b) The naval battle between the Alabama and the Kearsarge took place off Cherbourg, France, June, 1864. The Alabama was sunk, her officers escaping on an English yacht. Thus we were rid of a vessel that had done enormous damage to Northern shipping. 4. See Map No. 6. 5. The Southern soldiers made long and rapid marches, their endurance of hardships w^as wonderful. They had the advantage of fight- ing on the defensive. Their armies moved upon shorter inside lines, and fought mostly in regions where the people were on their side, and in a country Avith which they were thor- oughly familiar. They showed great military daring and dash, and tried to defeat and dis- lOS hearten their foe in this way. The}^ held out often against the greatest odds, their food was very poor, and the commissary department poorly managed. They were enthusiastieally united, becattse they felt they were fighting for their homes and against invasion. The Southerners Avere accustomed to outdoor life, to the use of firearms, and to the management of horses, and had able commanders trained in the national military schools of West Point and in the wars of the Union. The great gen- erals, Lee, Jackson, and Johnston, laid out their plans well, and fought with great bravery, skillful maneuvering, and extraordinary rapid- ity of movement. 6. (a) Free Trade means that one should be allowed to buy his goods where he can get them cheapest. (b) Tcrriff for Revenue means that tariff should be levied only to raise money to carry on the government, and should not have for its principal object the protection of any in- dustry. (e) A Protective Tariff means that the tariff should be placed so high that foreign goods could not compete with domestic manu- facture. 7. W(t>i]iiugto)t Jrviiig is the father of American lit- erature. He is a prose writer, a model of good English st^de, a specialist in the writing of sketches. Worl's : — ' ' Knickerbocker 's History of New York," ''The Sketch-book," ''The 109 Alhaiiibra,'' "Life of Columbus," "Life of A¥ashington, ' ' etc. Henry W. Longfellow is our most widely loved poet. His poetry expresses a universal senti- ment in the simplest and most melodious man- ner. There is hardly any style of poetry that is not used by him. TForA:s:—" Evangeline," "Hiawatha," "Tales of a Wayside Inn," "Translation of Dante's Divina Commedia," "Outre-Mer." Daniel Webster was a great orator. His orations are not all on political subjects. Works: — Oration at the laying of the corner-stone of Bunker Hill ^Monument and at the completion of the monument ; eulogies on Adams and Jef- ferson. Father Ryan was poet laureate of the Confeder- acy. His works were all sad, and are cherished for their sentiment by his fellow Southerners. Viorks: — "Conquered Banner," "Sword of Lee," "Their Story Runneth Thus." Christian Reid. — Frances Christine Fisher Tier- nan, known as "Christian Reid," is a prolific writer of stories. An exuberant fancy marks her style; Catholicism is a dominant note. Works:— ''A Child of Mary," "Weighed in the Balance," "The Heart of Steel," "Ros- lyn's Fortune." Three Departments: — Legislative, Executive, Ju- dicial. Legislative (law-making), makes the laws; is vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives. 110 ExecidivG (law-enforcing), sees that the laws are carried into effect or executed ; is vested in the President of the United States. Judicial (law-explaining), interprets the laws, and attends to the administration of justice; is vested in a Supreme Court and in inferior courts that Congress has established. 9. Bills for raising revenue must originate in the House of Representatives. (a) The presiding officer of the Senate is the Vice-President of the United States. (b) The presiding officer of the House of Rep- resentatives is the Speaker. 10. Qualifications for President. — See Set 23, No. 10. Term of Office. — Four j^ears. Military Poiver. — He is commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States when engaged in the national service. He does not command in person, but places the forces under officers of his choice. Duties. — All the duties are summed up in these words: He shall take care that the laws are . faithfully executed. Powers. — ''He shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offence against the United States, except in eases of impeachment." He makes treaties with foreign nations, with the advice and consent of the Senate. He appoints "ambassadors, foreign ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose ap- Ill pointmeuts arc not herein provided for, and which shall be established by law." He has power to make temporary appointments of officers of the United States when vacancies happen during the recess of the Senate. Set 25. 1. Spanish. — St. Augustine, Isabella (Hayti), Santa Maria (Darien). French. — Quebec, Port Royal (Acadia). English . — Jamestown, Ph^mouth, Philadelphia. Dutch. — New Amsterdam. Swedes. — Wilmington (Del.) . 2. Causes. — Remote. (a) The character of the colonists. (b) The arbitrary government of England. (1) Taxation of the colonists without their consent. (2) Laws passed by Parliament interfering with colonial trade and industries. (3) The character of the royal governors. (c) The presence of anti-monarchial institutions. (1) Free schools, free press, town meet- ings, anks for many weeks, surrendered. The Mississippi was now open to the Gulf, and the Confederacy w^as cut in twain. One great object of the North was accomplished. 9. (a) See Set 25, No. 7. (b) West Virginia, the thirty-fifth State, was ad- mitted to the Union June 19, 1863. This western part of the old State of Virginia (forty-eight counties) refused to secede when Virginia seceded. They formed a constitution and asked for admittance into the Union as the State of Kanawha. A State made out of part of another State cannot be admitted into the Ihiion with- out consent of that State be first obtained. But as Congress and the people of West Virginia considered that Virginia consisted of that part of the Old Dominion which remained loyal to the Union, the people practically asked their own consent. They were finally admitted in 1863 as the State of West A^irginia. Set 29. 1. See Set 5, No. 3. 2. (a) South Carolina. 141 (b) Immediate cause: — Lincoln's presidential election. 3. See Set 6, No. 6. 4. Article XIII. Section 1. — Neither slavery nor in- voluntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdic- tion. Section 2. — Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Article XIV, Section 1. — All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or im- munities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its juris- diction the e(iual protection of the laws. Section 2. — Eepresentatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their re- spective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any elec- tion for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, rep- resentatives in Congress, the executive or judi- cial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislative thereof, is denied to any of the male 142 inhabitants of sucli State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participa- tion in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. Section 3. — Xo person shall be a senator or rep- resentative in Congress, or elector of President or Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who having previousl}^ taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial offi- cer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in in- surrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. Section 4. — The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrec- tion or rebellion, shall not be (juestioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the Taiited States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, 143 obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. Section 5. — Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Article XV. Section 1. — The rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, an account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Section 2. — Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Any of these may be given as answers. 5. See Set 5, Xo. 2. 6. See Set 3, No. 12 (c). 7. The Senators are chosen by the people of each State, for a term of six years. Representatives are chosen by the people of each State for a term of two years. 8. See Map No. 2. 9. See Set 13, No. 4. 10. See Set 12, No. 7. Set 30. 1. The English claim (^"irginia) stretched on the Atlantic from Florida to Labrador and ex- tended westward to the Pacific. They had no conception of the location of the Pacific. It was based upon the discoveries of the Cabots. This entire territory came into their possession at the close of the French and Indian War by the Treaty of Paris, in 1763. Some of the pro- visions of the Treatv were : — 144 France surrendered to England. Canada, except three small islands near NeAvfoundland, and her possessions east of the ]\Iississippi River ex- cept New Orleans. France ceded to Spain her possessions west of the Mississippi River and New Orleans. Spain ceded Florida to England in return for Havana. By Purchase. . (a) Gadsden Purchase, 1853. (b) Alaska Purchase, 1867. (c) Panama Canal Zone, 1904. The Gadsden Purchase was ceded by Mexico for $10,000,000. Owing to errors in the maps used when the Treaty of 1848 was made with Mexico^ a dispute arose as to the proper boundaries between New Mexico and the Mexican province of Chihuahua. The United States Government purchased the disputed territory. Alaska was purchased from Russia for $7,200,00. The reasons for this purchase were mainly com- mercial, of which the fisheries were the prin- cipal. The Panama Canal Zone, four hundred and thirty-six square miles, was obtained by treaty with Panama, February 26, 1904, and pay- ment of $10,000,000, with an annuity of $250,000, from 1903 on. By Annexation. (a) Texas, 1845. (b) Oregon Territory, 1846. (c) Hawaiian Islands, 1898. 145 After Texas revolted from Mexico and declared her independence, she desired to be admitted to the Union. She was annexed to the United States and became a State December 29, 1845, Avith the provision that with her consent four other States might be formed from her ter- ritory. Texas Avas the last slave State admitted to the Union. In 1846 the boundary of Oregon was adjusted. By a compromise betAveen the United States and Great Britain, the forty-ninth parallel Avas taken as the northern boundary of Oregon, and Oregon made a territory Avith the prohibition of slavery. The reasons for the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands Avere political, and Avere justified on naval grounds. They are A^aluable as a coaling station, and for the sugar plantations. See Set 25, Xo. 11. By Conquest. (a) Mexican Cession, 1848. (b) Porto Rico, 1898. (c) Philippines and Guam, 1898. The United States also possesses about fifty minor islands, mostly uninhabited. Mexican Cession. — By the Treaty of Peace after the Mexican AVar in 1848, ]\Iexico ceded Ncav Mexico and California to the United States. In return Ave paid Mexico $15,000,000, and assumed the claims of our citizens against Mexico, amounting to $3,250,000. The acquisitions after the Spanish-American War Avere the Philippines, Porto Rico and Guam. 146 The treaty of Paris which transferred these possessions was signed December 10, 1898. The Compromise of 1850, or the Omnibus Bill, made the following- provisions : — (a) The admission of California as a free State. (b) Territorial governments for New Mexico and Utah without reference to slavery. (c) The payment to Texas of $10,000,000 for her claims to part of New Mexico. (d) The prohibition of the slave trade, but not of slavery, in the District of Columbia. (e) A stringent fugitive slave law. The Slavery Question gave rise to bitter sectional controversies. When California applied for admission as a free State, an angry debate arose in Congress, Avhich for a time threatened the disruption of the Union. Henry Clay, the ^' Great Pacificator," came forward at this crisis, and, with his wonderful eloquence, urged the necessity of mutual compromise and for- bearance. Daniel Webster warmly seconded this effort at conciliation. The ''Omnibus Bill," Clay's measure, was thereupon adopted as the best solution of the problem. The admission of California was of permanent value to the country. The Peninsula?' Campaign, the Viclshurg Cam- paign, and Sheridan's Campaign in the Shen- andoah Vallev. 147 The Peninsular Campaign. Purpose. — The capture of Richmond. Movements. — (a) The troops started for Fortress Monroe, April 1, 1862. (b) The evacuation of Yorktown, May 3d. (c) The battle of Williamsburg, May 5th. (d) The battle of Hanover Court House, May 27th. (e) The battle of Fair Oaks, May 31st and June 1st. (f) Jackson's raid in the Shenan- doah Valley (g) Stuart's raid around McClel- lan's army. (h) The Seven Days' Battles, June 26th to July 1st. 1. The battle of Mechanicsville. 2. The battle of Gaines' Farm. 3. The battle of Savage Station. 4. The battle of Frazier's Farm. 5. The battle of Malvern Hill. (i) McClellan retreated to Harri- son's Landing. Result. — The result was a triumph for the Con- federates. The discouragement in the North was as great as after the battle of Bull Run. 148 The A^icksburg Campaign. Furpost. — The opening of the Mississippi. Movements. — In 1862, the war in Kentucky and in Tennessee. (a) The engagement at Logan's Cross Roads, or Mill Springs. (b) The evacuation of Fort Henry. (c) The battle at Fort Donelson, February 14th to 16th. (d) The evacuation of Bowling Green. (e) Nashville was occupied by Buell. (f ) The battle of Shiloh, April 6th and 7th. (g) The Union army was before Corinth, May 30th. (h) The evacuation of Columbus. (i) The surrender of Island Number Ten, April 7th. (j) The capture of New Orleans, April 25th. (k) The engagement at Fort Pillow, May 10th. (1) The capture of Memphis, June 6th. (m) The battle of Chickasaw Bluffs, De- cember 28th. 1863. The seige of Yicksburg. (a) The attack on the North. (b) The failure to open a canal. (c) The forces were moved below the city. (d) The engagements between Grant and Johnston. (e) The city was assaulted. May 22d. (f ) Pemberton surrendered, July 4th. (g) The surrender of Port Hudson, July 9th. 149 Results. — The Mississippi ^vas now open to the Gulf, and the Confederacy was cut in twain. One great object of the North was accom- plished. StiERiDAx ^s Campaign. Purpose. — To prevent further raids upon Wash- ington. Movements. — (a) Sigel and Hunter were driven down the valley. (b) Washington was threatened. (c) Early was driven up the valley by Sheridan. (d) The battle of Cedar Creek, Oc- tober 19th. (e) The Unionists devastated the valley. Results. — This campaign of only a month was one of the most brilliant of the Avar. Sheridan lost seventeen thousand men, but he virtually de- stro.yed Early's army and there was no fur- ther attempt to threaten Washington. If another campaign favorable to the North is desired, mention Sherman's Campaign. Literary Productions. Until the year 1820, no stories were at hand except those imported from England. But in 1820, the second writer who was to show the world that we were to have a literature of our own, published his first novel. He was James Feni- more Cooper. In the first half of this century there have appeared in American literature the 150 names of men, such as AVashington Irving, who is styled the * ' Father of American Literature, ' ' our two geniuses, Poe, the poet, and Haw- thorne, the famous novelist. The poem ' ' Than- atopsis" marks the beginning of America's true poetry. It Avas written in 1817 by Bryant, our first great poet. Longfellow was our best- known poet. There were many other minor writers before 1850, but their works seem to have died with them. There was not much lasting literature produced during the war, but some songs of that period are still living. The publication of "Uncle Tom's Cabin," in 1851, exerted a most power- ful political influence. The latter j)art of the nineteenth century is a prose age rather than a poetical one, no one having risen to take the place of Whittier or Longfellow. Very noticeable is it that this is the magazine era, for our magazines excel those of any other country. They discover the most able new writers, and in their pages appear the works of the best living authors. Much of our literary culture and taste is due to the high quality of the matter published in the magazines. Within the last twenty-five years of this period nothing was heard from the far West until Harte and Miller appeared. Readers and writers of novels have increased more than any other class of readers and writers. This quar- ter of the nineteenth century has been called 151 the "children's age." Men like Father Finn, Morris Egan, Hawthorne, Lanier, Mark Twain and women like Helen Jackson, Anna Dorsey, Amy Taggart and Mrs. Burnett, have turned aside to write for the young folks. For information, entertainment, and amusements we need go no farther than our own American literature. In its hundred years it has grown to vast proportions. Social. — After Independence, social changes went on rapidh^ The title "Master" came to be confined to holders of slaves, while ''Mr.," once a sure sign of rank, was applied to every male in the land, and to omit it, when speaking of great men, became a mark of distinction. So rapidly did the new ideas spread, that when Lafayette visited America in 1824, he asked Avith astonishment, "Where are the common people ? " He saw only crowds of well-dressed citizens, but no yeomen, mechanics, merchants, and servants, the four ranks below that of gentlemen that were to be distinctly observed when he first saw the country, in Revolutionary times. Imprisonment for debt was common for many years after the Revolution as well as before it. The poor man just recovering from a long sickness was liable to be arrested for the non- payment of the little bills incurred during his illness, and thrust into prison among the vilest offenders. As late as 1830, it is estimated, there were more than fifty thousand people im- 152 prisoned for debt in the United States, many of tliem for sums as small as one dollar. But about that time the various States began, one by one, to make laws abolishing' the imprison- ment of debtors. Improvements were also gradually made in the condition of prisons and in the care of the insane. The laborer of post-Revolutionary days, though he had se- cured social and political privileges, could obtain far fewer comforts than he can today. The growth of manufactures in the period 1825-1860 caused many improvements in the condition of laborers. In the latter half of this century, every man, woman and child in our country has an equal privilege before the law. Everyone is free to do w^hatever he likes, but with due respect to the rights of others. Neither laws nor customs deny to the ignorant child or man, the chance to do the best that is in him : nor do they tie the hands of the ciuick and able. There is a most wonderful spirit of orderly union. Ameri- cans have the freedom to form societies for any legal purpose. The American principle now is that a man is free to make his own contracts with his employer, except that laws may wisely limit-4he hours of labor, regulate child labor, and compel the em- ployer to look out for the safety of his workmen. America has set for the world an example of toleration of both religious and political opin- 153 ions. A man may speak his mind on any pub- lic question ; he may call his neighbors together in a public meeting; he may publish his doc- trines in a ne\Yspaper ; he is not subject to I)unishment for any opinion, unless he urges his friends to break the laws. The United States has enjoyed the same freedom in re- ligion; for the first time in the history of the world men have been free to preach and prac- tice any form of religion which does not in- terfere with the morals or welfare of the com- munity. Americans have also had the freest opportunity of education. The community provided public schools where all children might be educated at the expense of the State ; though if any one preferred to pay for a private tutor or private school, secular or denominational, he might do so. Thus every child has had a chance to make the most of himself; and the State has found the advantage of bringing up people wiio know something, who can express their ideas, and who can reason. No other country in the world has made such a provision of en- dowed and public high schools, colleges, uni- versities, and professional schools of science, law. medicine, and other subjects. No other country has had so many libraries or such widespread habits of reading. Most of these advantages can be enjoyed by women on the same terms as men, and the T'nited States is the country which has em]doyed the largest number of women teachers. 154 Industrial. — During the Revolution, while our commerce was destro3"ed and our agricultural interests greatly injured, some manufactures received an impetus from the fact that the war stopped nearly all imports. The people were forced to make for themselves many things which had previously been obtained from abroad. After peace was made, however, great quantities of manufactured goods were shipped in from abroad, crowding the markets here, lowering^ the prices, and discouraging our manufactur- ers. But with continued peace, and especially after the adoption of our Constitution, all our industries revived. The period from about 1820 to 1860 Avas marked by a marvelous ad- vance in all branches of industry. This was due largely to the invention of labor-saving machines and to the growth of population. Among the American inventions of this period besides the steamboat and the telegraph, were the sewing machine, mower, reaper, horse rake, steam fire engine, and the vulcanizing of rub- ber. The vast extent of cheap and fertile land in this country, together with the better wages paid here for labor, led thousands of emi- grants from Europe to come to this country every year. In the South the greatest change was the increase in the grow^th of cotton, until this became the staple product of the section, and our most valuable export. The middle West became a J 55 highly prosperous agricultural region. The increasing demand for lumber during this period caused a steady growth in the industry of lumbering. From very small beginniugs the mining industry grew to great proportions. During the first half of the century gold was sparingly mined in the foothills of the southern Appalachians, but these mines were entirely eclipsed by the far richer ones of California, which led to the rapid settlement and admis- sion of that State. Soon after this the silver mines of Nevada attracted much attention. The manufactures of the country in the year 1860 amounted to nearly $2,000,000,000 worth — ten times the value of the output in 1810. The great feature in the development of manu- facturing was the introduction of the factory system ; that is, the plan of making articles by the help of machines in factories instead of at the homes of the workmen. As the machine- made factory products became cheaper and cheaper, the household manufactures were abandoned. The new system stimulated the growth of cities ; in 1790 there were very few towns, and nearly all the people lived in the country, but in 1860 there were one hundred and forty cities and large towns, in which lived one-sixth of our total population. During the Civil War, a vast amount of property was destroyed, and the supreme energies of the nation Avere for four years directed in military channels. Hence there was a great disturb- 15(5 ance, a great cheek in many kinds of industry. But Avithin a short time after the war the country regained its former prosperity, and it then continued to progress so rapidly that by the end of the century it stood first among the countries of the world in wealth and in the amomit and value of its industrial products. Between 1860 and 1900 the population of the country more than doubled. The number of immigrants who came each year varied from less than one hundred thousand to nearly eight hundred thousand. Cities grew in population much more rapidly than country districts; in 1900 a third of all the people lived in cities or large towns. Also, the j^roductive capacity of nearly every workingman was increased by many inventions of labor-saving machines and new, economical methods of work. Among the notable American inventions made or perfected since 1860 are vestibule and sleep- ing cars, automatic car couplers, the type- writer, typesetting machines, the telephone, and electric lights. Near the end of the cen- tury, machines were introduced even for re- cording votes in elections, a method that is quicker and more accurate than voting by ballot. This period of our industrial history is charac- terized by the multiplication and growth of large corporations. IMany kinds of manufac- tures have come under the control of the trusts, each with a capital stock of millions of dollars. 157 Since ISGU many new agricultural implements anci machines have been invented : the rotation of crops and the use of fertilizers have been reduced to an exact science; and the culti- vated area has been more than doubled. This period is also marked by the great develop- ment of truck farming; by the production of great quantities of vegetables and fruits pre- served in canning factories; and by the be- ginnings of beet cultivation on a large scale for the supply of sugar factories. During this period the making of cheese, and later of but- ter, which was for a long time solely a house- hold manufacture, has in a large part become the work of factories ; the * ' condensing ' ' of milk has become an important industry; and there has been developed an elaborate system for carrying fresh milk into large cities every day by railroads. In this period the main regions of iron mining came to be the southern and western shores of Lake Superior and the southern Appalachian Mountains. The sinking of wells for petro- leum, begun just before the Civil War, grew rapidly to a vast industry in western Pennsyl- vania and the neighboring States, and about the end of the century in California and Texas also. Our manufactures steadily increased, so that in 1900 they amounted to .$13,000,000,000, about seven times the output of 1860. Not only did they meet a larger share of the increasing home demand, but the amount of manufactures J 58 exported grew year by year until it formed nearly a third of the total exports. Many new articles were manufactured, and great improve- ments in methods and processes w^ere made in every branch of manufacture, improvements which in many eases lowered the price to the consumer besides increasing the manufacturer's profits and the laborers' wages. 6. The three departments of government are : Legis- lative, Executive, and Judicial. The Legislative department is that branch of the government which has the power to make laws. The Executive department enforces the laws. The Judicial department interprets the laws. The necessity of government is easily seen. Men do not live alone, but in communities. If there were no government, every one would do as he pleased and no one would be secure in his rights and possessions. Government is the or- ganized means employed by a State or Nation to preserve its own existence and to protect the rights of its people. It must make laws, hence the need of the Legislative. There must be a department to see that these laws are car- ried into effect, hence the need of the Execu- tive. There must be a body of men who see that the laws are interpreted, hence the need of the Judicial. Set 31. 1. See Map No. 1. 2. (a) Virgima: — Character. — The settlers were idle, dissolute and lazy. Among them were gentlemen 139 and pardoned criminals who came seeking gold. They were wholly unsnited for the foundation of the settlement, and refused to work. The colony grew very slowly. Purpose of settlement. — Financial profit. Pennsylvania : — Character.— The Quakers were peaceful peo- ple who sought to establish peace, and free- dom of conscience. Purpose of settlement.— Freedom of worship, (b) yirginia.—The second oldest college in the colonies — William and Mary 's — was founded in 1692, at Jamestown. Educa- tion at first received but little attention, and the English governors bitterly opposed the progress of education. Pennsijlvania.— The first school in Pennsyl- vania was started the year Philadelphia was founded, 1683. 3. (a) The United States P>ank was founded in 1791, in Philadelphia, during Washington's ad- ministration. (b) The government established a national bank bank to act as a financial agent of the government. (c) Jackson believed the United States Bank to be unsafe and badly managed, and resolved to overthrow it. When the friends of the bank introduced and passed a bill (1832) to renew the charter for another twenty years, from 1836, Jackson promptly vetoed it. The following vear the Secretary of 160 the Treasury was ordered to remove the governiuent deposits from the bank and to distribute them among the State banks; thus the Bank of the United States ceased to be a governmental bank. (d) The Subtreasury plan provided for the estab- lishment of the Independent Treasury of the United States, in the Treasury Build- ing in Washington, with branches at the mints of Philadeli)liia and New Orleans. Subtreasuries were to 1)e provided for at Boston, New York. Charleston, St. Louis, Chicago, Cincinnati, and Baltimore. This did not meet with favor until 1840, when it became a law. Although it was repealed in the following year, it was again enacted in 1846, and has since been an important part of the government's financial system. 4. (a) The Erie Canal opened up intercourse be- tween the agricultural sections of the far West, giving a market for the produce raised. This built up the shipping ports along the Great Lakes, reduced the price of transportation, and made New York City the first city in the country. It led also to the building of railroads in other sections of the United States, (b) The reaping machine greatly reduced the price of bread, and rendered profitable cultivation of the western wheat fields. 5. The adoption of the Declaration of Independence had launched the colonies into a war with Eng- 161 land. To wage this war successfully, it was necessary that the colonies should act in har- mony. To the second Continental Congress had been delegated the work of carrying on the war and looking after the interests of the new Na- tion; but its power was so restricted that it could not force obedience to its orders. The thirteen colonies, instead of being united, seemed to drift further apart, and a stronger and firmer government was needed. On the same day that the committee was appointed to draft the Declaration of Independence, a reso- lution w^as passed b}^ Congress which called for the appointment of a committee to draft the Articles of Confederation. This committee made its reports to Congress, which finally, on November 17, 1777, passed a series of thirteen Articles. The Constitution and the new gov- ernment were termed ''The Articles of Con- federation and Perpetual Union between all the States of America.'' These articles could not become the supreme law of the land till all the States had ratified them; thus they became operative only in 1781. The United States was governed by them from 1781 to 1789, and though time proved that they were very defec- tive, they had done much good by holding the Union together in its infancy. 6. See Set 19, No. 8. Set 32. 1. The Santa Maria, the Pinta, and the Nina. They landed at "Watling Island, one of the Bahamas, on October 12, 1492. 162 Americus Vespucius was sent by the King of Portugal to explore the new land discovered by Cabral. He explored the coast of South America as far southward as the mouth of the La Plata. After his second voyage he pub- lished an account of what he had seen in the New World. This description fell into the hands of a German, Martin Waldseemueller, a teacher of geography in a little college at St. Die, France. In 1507, the paper of Ves- pucius was printed on the college press and contained the suggestion that the new-found land should be named America in honor of Americus Vespucius, as Waldseemueller sup- posed had discovered it. The name was placed on the maps of that time; at first only on Brazil, later, on South America, and still later, was given to the whole Western hemisphere. Thus Columbus was deprived of the great honor of having his name given to the new w^orld he had discovered. 2. (a) The English claimed America as a result of the discoveries of the Cabots. Though the English claimed the northern part of the continent by right of the discovery of the Cabots, yet for two generations they paid little attention to it. In Queen Elizabeth's time, however, maritime enterprise was awakened, and English sailors cruised on every sea. Gilbert, Raleigh and Gosnold attempted to make settlements, but failed. 3G3 The first permanent settlement made was at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. (b) See Set 9, No. 2 (a). 3. (a) In 1643 tlie First Intercolonial Union was formed in America. The confederation was called "The United Colonies of New England." It included Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, New Haven, and Con- necticut Colonies. It was formed for mu- tual defense and protection against the In- dians and Dutch who claimed the Connec- ticut Yalley and so threatened the English Colonies, (b) By the war with Mexico the United States gained a vast territory, including the pres- ent States of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of Wy- oming and Colorado. California soon be- came the treasure house of the world for gold, and other sections of it have yielded large sums in silver. 4. The American Revolution was begun because of the repeated attempt of the British Parliament to levy taxes on the Colonists without their consent. See Set 25, No. 2. 5. American Victories. — The Surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga, on October 17, 1777. The Sur- render of Cornwallis at Yorktown, October 19, 1781. British Victories. — The Taking of Savannah, Oc- tober, 1779. The Battle of Long Island, August 27, 1776. 6. See Set 20, No. 2, Philadelphia. 164 7. Northern Viciories. — Rich Moiiutain, Ya., July 11, 1861; Fort Henry, Tenn., February 6, 1862; Fort Douelson, Tenn., February 16, 1862 ; Pea Ridge, Mo., March 6, 1S62 ; Merri- mac and IMonitor, Ya., March 9, 1862; New Orleans, La., April 28, 1862; Murf reesboro ', Temi., December 31, 1862; Yicksburg, Miss., July 4, 1863; Gettysburg, Pa., July 1-3, 1863 ; Alabama and Kearsarge, naval battle, June 15, 1861; Lost Mountain, Ga., Septem- ber 2, 1861; second battle Cedar Creek, Ya., October 19, 1864; Nashville, Tenn., December 15-16, 1864; Petersburg and Richmond, Ya., April 2, 1865. Southern Victories. — Bull Run, Ya., July 21, 1861; Cedar Mountain, Ya., August 9, 1862; Second Bull Run, A^a., August 29, 1862; Har- per's Ferry, Ya., September 15, 1862; Fred- ericksburg Ya., December 13, 1862; Chancel- lorsville, Ya., May 2-3, 1863; Chickamauga, Ga., September 19-20, 1863 ; Cold Harbor, Ya., June 3, 1864. Indecisive. — Shiloh, Tenn., April 5, 1862 ; Fair Oaks, Ya., May 31, 1862; Savage Station, Ya., June 29, 1862; Frazier's Farm, Ya., June 30, 1862; Antietam. Md., September 17, 1862; Perryville, Ky., October 8, 1862; Wilderness, Ya., May 5-6, 1864; Spottsylvania, Ya., IMay 8-12, 1864. 8. During the earlier part of the regular year for the election of a President, at a time when it is convenient to nominate State officers, usually in August or September, each of the political ]6o parties meets in the several States in State con- ventions and nominates or appoints the Elec- tors for the President and Vice-President. 9. These electors are elected on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November in the year of the Presidential election, which occurs once in every fourth even year. 10. See Set 20, No. 7. Set 33. 2. See Set 12, No. 1. 2. The Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands were annexed to the United States on July 7, 1898. By the treaty of peace (December 10, 1898), after the Spanish- American AYar, Porto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands were added to the United States (1899). 3. See Set 24, No. 8. 4. Bishops of Philadelphia Diocese. Rt. Rev. Michael Egan, D. D., 0. S. F. Rt. Rev. Henry Conwell. Rt. Rev. Francis P. Kendrick, D. D. Yen. John Nepomucene Neumann, D. D., C. SS. R. Rt. Rev. James F. Wood, D. D. Rt. Rev. Edmund F. Prendergast, D. D. Rt. Rev. John J. McCort. Archbishops of Philadelphia Diocese. Most Rev. James F. Wood, D. D. Most Rev. Patrick J. Ryan, D. D., LL. D. Most Rev. Edmund F. Prendergast, D. D. The diocese was established in 1808. The arch- diocese, February 12. 1875. 5. See Map No. 7. ]e,6 Set 34. 1. In 1614, four Kecollects, a branch of the Fran- ciscans, arrived in New France to assist Cham- plain in his noble efforts to civilize the savage tribes. They were the first priests to settle in Canada. They established missions along the St. Lawrence River, and preached to the Algonquins and Hurons in the language of those tribes. In 1625 they invited the Jesuits to share with them the glorious work of teach- ing. The Jesuits accepted the invitation and were soon carrying the Gospel far and wide in the wilderness and along the lakes and rivers. They penetrated the Indian towns, lived with the savages, bore unparalleled hardships, minis- tered to the wretched, instilled the teachings of Christianity into the minds of any who would give them a hearing, and thought no danger or sacrifice great enough to deter them from carrying on their work. The Indian world was their parish. Wherever they went, they made keen observations of all they saw, and reported all to their superior in France in a remarkable series of letters called the Jesuit Relations. They carefully mapped the scenes of their labors ; they journeyed all over the valleys of the St. Lawrence and Mississippi; they discovered all the important lakes and tributary streams of the great valley. Although the fathers served so faithfully, most of them met violent deaths at the hands of the savages whom they had come to help. 167 In 1629, the English captured Quebec, and the Recollects and Jesuits were transported to England. The Jesuits resumed missionary labors in Canada in 1632. When Montreal was founded in 1644, the Sulpicians established themselves and soon founded schools and semi- naries in and near Montreal, but the Jesuits had practically entire charge of the great tracts of land to the north and west. Under the zeal- ous Fathers Breboeuf, Lallemand, and Daniel, all three destined to suffer martyrdom under the most horrible tortures, the Hurons were visited and missions established along the Great Lakes. In 1667, Father Claude Allouez (Al-lway'), su- perior of the western missions, carried the Gospel through the present State of Wisconsin and the upper part of Michigan. He estab- lished a mission at Green Bay and built up that of Sault Ste. Marie. In every direction the tireless, faithful Jesuit penetrated the forest, preaching the Gospel, instructing the children, and teaching the Indians the ways of civilization. In 1633, the Capuchin Fathers, aided by Cardinal Richelieu of France, estab- lished missions and schools for the Indians along the coast from the mouth of the St. Lawrence to the Kennebec. 2. Massacliusetts. — To obtain greater religious and civil freedom. Maryland. — To give place of refuge to persecuted Catholics. Rhode Island. — Religious freedom and liberty. ]G8 Pennsylvania. — To establish a place of refuge for the Quakers. Georgia. — The establishment of a home for poor debtors of England. 3. The second Avar with England is the War of 1812. Results.— (a) The Treaty of Ghent. 1. Conquests were restored. 2. England and America agreed upon a combined effort to suppress the importation of slaves from Africa. (b) Evil. 1. The national debt was in- creased to $127,000,000. 2. Commerce was ruined, and there was depression in other business. (c) Good. 1. Manufactories were built. 2. The United States was ren- dered more self-reliant. 3. The prestige of the United States was increased among the nations. 4. England virtually yielded the Right of Search. 5. The superiority of the Ameri- can navy was established. 4. The Civil War began April 12, 1861. After the Confederates under General Beauregard had fired the first shot at Fort Sumter, South Caro- lina, at half -past four o'clock, Friday morn- ing, the fearful Civil War had begun. 169 April 9, 1865, Lee's surrender practically marks the close of the war, because Johnston's surrender soon followed and the great Civil War was at an end. (a) The Constitution of the United States was adopted September 17, 1787, by the Con- stitutional Convention which met at Phila- delphia. (b) The departments of government for which it provides are the Legislative, the Executive, and the Judicial. (c) After the Civil AVar the Constitution was amended by the passage of the Thirteenth, the Fourteenth and the Fifteenth Amend- ments. By the Thirteenth Amendment, the negro was made a freeman; by the Fourteenth, he was made a citizen, and by the Fifteenth, he was allowed to vote. The European nations which colonized the United States Avere the Spanish, the English, and the Dutch. The Spanish were the first to make settlements in the United States. They settled mainly the southern part ; the first permanent settlement was St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565. The English settled the middle portion along the coast. The first permanent settlement w^as at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Other colonies were planted in Massachusetts, New^ Hamp- shire, Connecticut, Maryland, Rhode Island, North Carolina, New Jersey, South Carolina, and Pennsylvania before the close of the seven- teenth centurv. 170 The Dutch manifested, no interest in the New World until the beginning of the seventeenth century. They settled in New York, founding the first colony at Ncav Amsterdam, in 1623. 7. The surface of New England is rugged and hilly. These states are traversed from northeast to southwest by mountains which extend from Canada nearly to Long Island Sound. They are a part of the Appalachian system. The coast line of these States, especially that of Maine, has a very jagged appearance, and a number of rocky islets fringe the shores, sure signs that there is no lack of good harbors, and deep water. Owing to mountainous regions, the waters of the rivers flow^ very rapidly, and are useful for running numerous machines for mills and fac- tories. 8. In a coastwise voyage from ]\Iaine to Texas the following States are passed : Maine, New- Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con- necticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Missis- sippi, Louisiana, Texas. 9. The five largest cities of the United States (1914) are: New York City, New York; Chicago, Illinois; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; St. Louis, Missouri; Boston, Massachusetts. 10. See Map No. 8. 171 Set 35. L. (a) The surface of the United States is divided into four sections: Coast, Plain, Appala- chian Highlands, Central Plain, and the Western Highlands. Coast Plain. — Atlantic and Gulf sections. Appalachian Highlands.— {sl) Eastern belt called ^'Piedmont Belt." (b) Middle belt. (c) Allegheny plateau. Central Plain.— {ei) Prairie region. (b) Lake region. (c) Great Plains. Western Highlands.— (a) Rocky Mountains. (b) Great Basin. (c) Pacific Slope. (b) The greatest length of the United States is twenty-eight hundred miles, and its breadth is nearly seventeen hundred miles. (c) It has forty-eight States, two Territories (Alaska and Hawaii), and island possess- ions including the Philippines, Porto Rico, Guam, Wake Island, and Tutuila and Manua of the Samoan group. 2. (a) The rivers on the United States boundary line are : 1. The St. Lawrence River, outlet of the Great Lakes, between Canada and New York. 172 2. The Rio Grande in the southwestern part of the United States, between Texas and Mexico. 3. The St. Croix River between Maine and New Brunswick. 4. The St. John River between Maine and New Brunswick. 5. The Niagara River between New York and the province of Ontario. 6. The St. Clair River between Michigan and Ontario. 7. The St. Mary River between INIichi- gan and Ontario. 8. The Detroit River between Michigan and Ontario. 9. The Pigeon River between Minnesota and Ontario. (b) The States bordering on the Great Lakes are : New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minne- sota. 3. (a) Cotton, Texas; (b) sugar, Louisiana; (c) tobacco, Kentucky; (d) rice, Louisiana; (e) gold, Colorado; (f) silver, Colorado; (g) coal, Pennsylvania; (h) iron, Minne- sota; (i) copper, Montana; (j) zinc, Missouri. Bays. 4. (a) 1. Penobscot Bay, south coast of Maine. 2. Massachusetts Bay, east coast of Massachu- setts. 3. Cape Cod Bay, southeast coast of Massa- chusetts. 173 4. Narragansett Bay, southeast coast of Ehode Island. 5. New York Bay, southeast coast of New York. 6. Delaware Bay, east coast of Delaware. 7. Chesapeake Bay, south coast of Maryland. Capes. 1. Cape Cod, eastern extremity of Massachu- setts. 2. Cape May, southern extremity of New Jersey. 3. Cape Charles, eastern extremity of Vir- ginia. 4. Cape Henry, eastern extremity of Vir- ginia. 5. Cape Hatteras, eastern extremity of North Carolina. 6. Cape Fear, southeastern extremity of North Carolina. 7. Cape Sable, southern extremity of Florida, (b) The Yellowstone Park in Wyoming is a tract of land larger than Connecticut, which tract the government has set aside as a national park. Objects of interest here are boiling springs, geysers, deep canyons, and waterfalls. The geysers throw up columns of water to a height of from fifty to two hundred feet, and the temperature, in some eases, reaches two hundred degrees Fahrenheit. The Grand Canyon of the Colorado River in Arizona is like a trough cut out of the 174 rocks by the river in its course. As one looks over the canyon, one sees nothing but towers, pinnacles, and many colored layers of rock. The Yosemite Valley, on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in Cali- fornia, is drained by the Yosemite River, which is noted for the Yosemite Falls, re- markable for their beauty. The most celebrated cataract in the world is the Niagara Falls, in the Niagara River, between the State of New York and Canada. The Natural Bridge is a natural arch, span- ning a stream in Virginia. The Mammouth Cave, in Kentucky, is so called from its great size. The Pictured Rocks are on the southern shore of Lake Superior. These rocks are so called because they are of various bright colors, looking like a beautiful picture. The Palisades are huge perpendicular rocks on the right bank of the lower Hudson, in New York. They stand upright like pali- sades or stakes, whence their name. The Big Trees are huge evergreen trees in California and Oregon. 5. Surface. — In general, the surface is hilly, the Berkshire Hills traversing the western part. CUmate. — The prevailing winds blow from the west. Every few days, however, the direction of the wind changes to the east or south, and the air then comes from the ocean, often bring- 175 ing rain. The winds that blow from the east and northeast are cool in summer and very chilly in winter, since they are cooled by the Labrador current. They often cause heavy snows in winter, and rain and fog in summer. Productions. — Woolen and cotton goods, hides, leather, rubber, boots and shoes, refined sugar, clothing, machinery and books. Industnes. — Manufacture and commerce are the leading industries. 6. San Salvador, Holy Saviour, named by Columbus. Island of Trinidad, Holy Trinity. San Francisco, St. Francis. St. Louis, Mo. ; St. Joseph, Mo. ; Sacramento, Cal. ; St. Augustine, Fla. ; Los Angeles, Cal. 7. Massachusetts. — Settled by Pilgrims from Hol- land, 1620 ; Puritans from England, 1628. Purpose. — They came to obtain greater religious and civil freedom. 3fari/Za»cZ.— Settled by English Catholics under Cecil Calvert (Lord Baltimore), in 1634. Purpose. — To found an asylum for the persecuted Catholics of England. Pennsylvania.— ^eWl^^ by William Penn, an English Quaker, in 1681. Purpose. — To establish a commonwealth where the people might enjoy perfect freedom, at the same time rendering strict obedience to civil authority, (^eor^m.— Settled by James Oglethorpe, an Enorlish officer, in 1733. 170 Purpose. — To found a refuge for debtors im- prisoned under the. severe laws passed in England at that time. The Boston Massacre. — Boston being considered the hotbed of the rebellion, General Gage was sent thither with two regiments of troops. They entered on a Sunday morning and marched as through a conquered city, with drums beating and flags flying. Quarters hav- ing been refused, they took possession of the State House. Cannons were planted, sentries posted and citizens challenged. Frequent quarrels now took place between the people and the soldiers. On March 5, 1770, the city guard was insulted, and a fight ensued in which two citizens were wounded and three killed. The Boston Tea Party. — On December 16, 1773, the British government, alarmed by the turn events had taken, repealed the other taxes, but to maintain the principle, left that on tea, mak- ing an arrangement, so that including the tax, tea was cheaper in America than in England. This exasperated the patriots. At a crowded meeting held in Faneuil Hall, it was decided that the tea should never be brought ashore. A party of men disguised as Indians, boarded the vessels, and emptied three hundred and forty-two chests of tea into Boston Harbor. The Boston Port Bill. — This closed the port of Boston until the tea which had been destroyed by the colonists should be paid for by them. The custom house was thereupon removed to 177 Marbleliead, and the seat of government to Salem. 9. Elias Howe, 1846, inventor of the sewing machine. Eli Whitneif, 1793, inventor of the cotton-gin. Samuel F. B. Morse, 1837, inventor of the electric telegraph. Robert Fulton, 1807, inventor of the steamboat and torpedo boat, and designer of steam ferry- boats. Cyrus W. Field, 1858, prime mover in laj^ng the Atlantic Telegraph Cable, but none was suc- cessfully laid until June, 1886. Alexander Graham Bell, 1877, built the first tele- phone line between Boston and Salem, a dis- tance of sixteen miles. 10. In 1619, a Dutch ship landed the first African slaves in the English colonies of Xorth America at Jamestown, Virginia. Later investigations have proven almost conclusively that these so- called slaves, brought by the Dutch to Virginia were not slaves, technicalh^ speaking, but ser- vants reduced to terms of limited servitude, and further that a legalized status of Indian, white, and negro servants preceded slavery in almost all, if not all, of the English mainland colonies. By 1700 slavery had become an economic institu- tion in the colonial life. The difference in the industries of different States made it more desirable in some States than in others, and very early the natural boundary lines of the slave territory began to develop. Georgia and South Carolina especially were clamoring for 178 slave labor to work on the tobacco, cotton and rice plantations. In the North it was found to be an unsatisfactory system, and there was early developed a sentiment against slave labor, a negro population, and the institution in gene- ral. This was due partly to the economical dis- advantages of slave labor on the Northern States, partly to moral feelings on the subject stimulated by the activities going on in England to abolish the traffic. An ordinance passed by Congress prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory and pre- pared the way for new free States. This ordi- nance provided for the organization of the Northwest Territory, and strange as it may seem, both North and South were united in this prohibitory act, while they disagreed in the Constitutional Convention on the subject of slavery. Pennsylvania formed a society for the ameliora- tion of the conditions of slaves, with Franklin as president. Other States followed the ex- ample of Pennsylvania, and the movement was begun which accomplished the suppression of the slave trade after 1808. In 1793, the cotton-gin was invented by Whitney. This stimulated greatly the production of cot- ton and the demand for slave labor. A Fugitive Slave Law was passed by Congress to secure the owners of slaves in their property. This law gave the owner or supposed owner of an alleged fugitive slave the right to take him before a Federal judge, and, upon satis- 179 fyiiig the magistrate of his ownership, to secure a warrant for removing the slave to the State of the ow^ner's home. In 1804, New Jersey, the last of the Northern States to abolish slavery, passed an act for general abolition. This marked the end of slavery in the Northern States. In 1807, the slave trade was abolished by act of Congress. No more slaves were to be im- ported into the United States after January 1, 1808. This year, 1807, marked the end of the period of twenty years set in the Constitution for the continuation of the slave trade. This prompt legislation showed the state of public opinion on the subject. Previously, during the period from 1802 to 1817, four States, two free and two slave, had been admitted — Ohio and Indiana against Louisiana and Mississippi. Thus was established the theory of the balance of poiver. With the ap- plication of Missouri for admission to the Union the question approached a crisis, but was adjusted temporarily by the Missouri Com- promise. This was passed in 1820 and pro- hibited slavery north of the parallel 36° 30' with the exception of Missouri, which was admitted as a slave State. Maine was admitted as a free State to balance the admission of Missouri. After this political anti-slavery sentiment became more prominent and the dis^ satisfaction in the North with the Missouri Compromise laid the foundation of aboli- tionism. 180 The slavery aspect of the annexation of Texas caused the Senate to give the bill much atten- tion. Both the North and South realized the importance of the addition of so vast an area to the slavery section. The bill was publicly eulogized by General James Hamilton, of South Carolina, as calculated 'Ho give a Gib- raltar to the South," and on that ground the measure had the ardent support of the South. Several Northern members addressed a resolu- tion to the people of the free States of the Union, in which they affirmed that the annexa- tion of Texas had as its particular object ''the perpetuity of slaver}^ and the continued ascend- ency of the slave power." In 1850, a more radical Fugitive Slave Bill and practically all of Henry Clay's famous com- promise bills were passed. This general scheme of adjustment provided that California (that had an Anti-Slavery Constitution) should be admitted without restriction as to slavery ; that trading in the District of Columbia in slaves brought there for the purpose of sale should be forbidden; that there should be a more stringent fugitive slave law, and that Texas should release all claim on Mexico in return for the assumption by the National government of the old Texan debt. By these acts the slavery question seemed to be pretty well provided for. But the whole thing was again brought under hot dispute four years later. The publication of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" in 1852, by Mrs. H. B. Stowe, was the culmina- 181 tion of the paper war that had raged since 1830. It was directed against the Fugitive Slave Law of the Compromise of 1850. This law Avas openly and flagrantly violated in the North. Perhaps no other book had so wide a circulation or did so much to mould public opinion. In 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Bill proposed by Douglas, was passed by Congress. It stated specifically that the slavery restrictions of the Missouri Compromise, being inconsistent with the principle of non-intervention by Congress in the States and Territories as recognized by the Legislature of 1850, be declared inopera- tive and void. It further provided to leave the people thereof perfectly free to form and regu- late their own domestic institutions in their own way, subject only to the Constitution of the United States. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill is chiefly significant be- cause it renewed the contest between the North and the South, which had been thought settled by the Compromise of 1850. It stirred up the passions of the people in both sections, led to a renewed struggle in Congress, and undoubt- edly hastened the resort to arms. It made the Fugitive Slave law a dead letter in the North and was the downfall of the Democratic party. It roused Lincoln and gave direction to his great political ambition. The doctrine put forth by Douglas to leave the people to regulate their own domestic institu- tions gave rise to what was known as '' Squatter 182 iSovereig)itij.-^ It led to an influx of temporary inhabitants, "squatters" from both North and South, in an eftort to gain preponderance in a vote on the slavery question. The feeling on both sides was bitter and a border warfare was waged for some time. Lincoln, by the Emancipation Proclamation, in 1863, a war measure, freed all the slaves in the rebelling States. The Thirteenth Amendment, passed in 1865, legally destroyed the institution of slavery. Events Avhich tended to enforce or retain slavery as an institution : — Introduction, 1619. The invention of the cotton-gin, 1793. The Fugitive Slave Law, 1850. Dred Scott Decision, 1857. Events Avhich intended to abolish slavery: — The Ordinance of 1787. The Non-Importation Act, 1808. The Liberia, 1821. The Liberator, 1831. Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852. Anti-slavery Societies, 1830-1840. Lincoln's Election, 1861. Emancipation Proclamation, 1863. Thirteenth Amendment, 1865; Fourteenth Amendment, 1868 ; Fifteenth Amendment, 1869. Events partly for and partly against slavery: — Missouri Compromise, 1820. Wilmot Proviso, 1846. Omnibus Bill, 1850. ]8:i Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854. John Brown's Raid, 1859. For further notes see Set 27, No. 6. Set 36. 1. Giovanni de Verrazano (1470-1527), a Florentine navigator, in the service of Francis I, King of France, is said to have visited the northern coast of North America in 1508. He engaged in plundering Spanish and Portuguese com- merce, and became famous as a corsair. In 1524, he explored the coast of North America from 30° to 50°, and took possession for the King of France. 2. Jacques Cartier (1494-1555) was a French navi- gator, born at St. Malo. Between the years 1535 and 1542, he made three voyages to the St. Lawrence. Like most of the early captains, Cartier was a man of profound piety. This he envinced in all his proceedings. Before starting on a voyage, he always received the Blessed Sacrament ; and during the voyage, he caused religious services to be regularly held, on the ships under his command. Towards the close of his life, he retired to the suburbs of St. Malo, where an estate still bears his name. 3. In 1641, the Jesuits received an invitation to visit the Chippewas at Sault Ste. Marie. For this expedition. Fathers Raymbault and Jogues were selected. Father Raymbault was well versed in the Algonquin customs and language, 184 and Father Jogues Avas an adept in the Huron tongue. After a voyage of seventeen days, they reached the Falls, where they addressed an assembly of two thousand souls. The Chippe- was earnestly j^ressed the missionaries to re- main with them ; but owing to the scarcity of priests, the establishment of a permanent mis- sion at that time was impracticable. The present State of New York was then occupied by the Iroquois, the bravest, handsomest, most powerful and most blood-thirsty of the Indian clans of North America. One year after his return from Michigan (1642), Father Jogues was taken captive by a band of roving Mohawks, and carried by them to their castles in New York. AVith him were also captured his companion, the gentle Rene Goupil, and about forty Christian Hurons. Father Jogues was now subjected to all the horrors of Indian cruelt}^ He was wounded, bruised, and burned. His nails were torn out, his hands and feet dis- located and mutilated, his left thumb hacked off ; but, as if by a miracle, his life was spared. During his long capativity of fifteen months he was enabled to effect man}^ baptisms and hear many confessions, chieflj^ among the pris- oners of the Indians, sometimes even among the flames which surrounded them. Alluding to the captivity of Father Jogues, Bancroft writes, '^Eoaming through the stately forests of the Mohawk Valley, he wrote the name of Jesus on the bark of the trees, graved the cross and entered into possession of these countries 185 ill the name of God, often lifting his voice in a solitary chant. Thus did France bring its banner and its Faith to the confines of Albany. ' ■ At length, in the summer of 1643, he was humanely ransomed by the Dutch governor at Albany and sent by him to New York, then New Amsterdam. Here he was treated with the utmost kindness b}' Governor Kieft, who pro- vided him with suitable clothing, and soon after, secured his passage to France. After a series of trials and disasters, he reached a col- lege of his order at Rennes. As soon as it was known that he came from Canada, the fathers pressed around him to ask if he brought any tidings of Father Jogues. When he disclosed his name and showed the marks of his suffer- ings, great was the joy and gratitude through- out the community. His heart, however, was with the Indians, and in the spring of 1645, he returned to Canada. Having projected a mission among the dreaded Iroquois, he once more entered the State of New York, and near Caughnawaga, the scene of his former suffer- ings, he gained what he had long coveted, a martyr's crown, on October 18, 1646. A shrine at Auriesville, New York, marks the spot of his martyrdom. 4. Iroquois occupied originally the States of New York, Pennsylvania, and the northeastern part of Ohio, besides isolated tracts in North Caro- lina and Tennessee. 186 5. In 1683, Thomas Dongan, a native of Ireland and .a Catholic, was appointed governor, and under his direction the first legislative assembly held in New York met in October. This assembly granted the celebrated ' ' Charter of Liberties. ' ' Dongan settled the boundary dispute with Connecticut, made a peace treaty with the Indians, and did all in his power to prevent the southAvard march of the French. He died in London. 6. The Toleration Act was a law passed by the Mary- land Assembly in 1649, which gave equal rights in religion to all Christians, This was the earliest legislative enactment in America assert- ing the principle of religious toleration. 7. The four intercolonial wars were: — King William's War (1689-1697). Queen Anne's War (1702-1713). King George's War (1744-1748). The French and Indian War (1754-1763). Battle. State. Antietam Maryland. Shiloh Tennessee. Chattanooga Tennessee. Murfreesboro Tennessee. Malvern Hill Virginia. 9. Generals of the Civil War. Robert E. Lee, Joseph E. Johnston, George B. McClellan, George H. Thomas, Ulysses S. Grant, Winfield Scott, Wil- liam T. Sherman, Philip H. Sheridan, P. Gus- tave T. Beauregard, Irvin McDowell, Thomas l.<7 J. Jackson, Henry W. Halleck, Braxton Bragg, Joseph Hooker, George G. Meade, Ambrose E. Burnside, Albert S. Johnston. 10. George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jeffer- son, James Madison, James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, William H. Harrison, John Tyler, James K. Polk, Zachary Taylor, Millard Fill- more, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Abra- ham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S, Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James A, Gar- field, Chester A. Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, Grover Cleveland, William JMcKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, William H. Taft, Woodrow Wilson. Set 37. 1. Spanish Failure. — The main object of the colo- nists had been to get gold, of which it was be- lieved there was an abundance in the New World. Few men went out fully intending to be permanent settlers. The expeditions con- sisted mostly of those who could not get on at home, and thought they could escape hard work by going to the country where they be- lieved everything was to be had by merely picking it up. Then, again, the parties were few in number, unable to protect themselves against the hostile Indians. They were cut off from help or supplies from home; and were, moreover, totally ignorant of the country itself and its requirements in regard to clothing, crops, and climate. ]88 D lit ell Failure. — The Dutch settlements were re- garded by them in the light of trading posts, rather than colonies, and they did not seem to have realized, in the slightest degree, the pos- sibilities that were before them in the possession of the Hudson River and New York Bay. The settlements were few and grew slowly. Mean- while, the English colonies to the north and south, increasing rapidly in wealth and popu- lation, were divided by the Dutch possessions as b}' a wedge. This was both unpleasant and dangerous, and, as a consecpience, there were man}^ disputes between the Dutch and the English settlers. English Success. — The English had gained pos- session of the choicest parts of the New World ; advantages of situation, climate, fertilit}^ of soil, abundance of navigable streams and safe harbors were theirs ; in short, everything which might help the development of a hardy, indus- trious, and energetic race. More than any other of the colonizing nations, the English came to seek homes in the New AVorld, and in consequence, turned their attention to improv- ing their surroundings and bettering their con- dition in every way that seemed possible to them. It was due to no one thing that they increased faster than others in numbers, in power, and in wealth, but to a combination of many things. Notwithstanding all their ad- vantages, it was long before they occupied more than a narrow strip of land along the Atlantic coast, for the settlers w^ere verv few in num- 189 ber, they were poor, and many of tlieni igno- rant ; the settlements were widely separated from each other. The three forms of government before the Revo- lution were : Royal, or Provincial, Proprietary, and Charter. The Royal or Provincial governments were those wholly under the control of Great Britain. The colony was controlled by a man appointed by the king. The Proprietary governments were those gov- erned by a proprietor or proprietors to whom the territory had been sold or granted b}^ the king. The proprietors derived not only the title to the soil, but also the power of govern- ment from the sovereign. The Charter governments, sometimes called Re- publican because Proprietary colonies also had charters, were those under the control of the sovereign, but having important political rights secured to them by a charter, and under its restrictions they governed themselves. When the king reserved the right to send over a governor, it was called a modified charter. Likenesses. — In all three forms there was a rep- resentative assembly which alone could impose taxes. All the thirteen colonies alike had a legislative assembly elected by the people. The basis of representation might be different in different colonies, as we have seen that in Massachusetts the delegates represented town- ships, whereas in Virginia they represented counties; but in all alike the assembly was a 190 truly representative body, and in all alike it was the body that controlled the expenditure of public money. Differences. — The differences related to the char- acter and method of filling the governor's of- fice. In the Republican or Charter colon.y, the governor naturally represented the interests of the people ; in the Proprietary colony, he was the agent of the Penns or the Calverts ; in the Royal colony, he was the agent of the king. Of the three forms of colonial government, the king had the most power under the Royal form and the least under the Charter. Under the Charter form the people were by far the hap- piest; under the Royal form continual dis- putes arose between the king and the colonists. Royal. — Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia. Proprietarij. — Marj^land, Pennsylvania, Delaware. Charter. — Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachu- setts for a time. Professor Alexander Johnston places Massachu- setts in a class by herself as a Semi-Royal col- ony. IMassachusetts was originally a Republic, and among the Royal colonies still had a char- ter in which her rights were so defined as to place her in a somewhat different position from the other Royal colonies. Events. House of Burgesses in Virginia, in July, 1619. Bacon's Rebellion, in 1676. in Virginia. 191 The taking of the charter m the Connecticut colony, in 1687. The Virginia Assembly, in May, 1765. The Stamp Act Congress, in New York, 1765. The First Continental Congress, in Philadel- phia, 1774. The Second Continental Congress, in Philadel- phia, 1775. 3. Vircfinia.—The people of Virginia differed widely from those in Massachusetts in habits and style of living. In place of thickly settled towns and villages, they had large plantations, and each family was surrounded by a numer- ous household of servants. They were aristo- cratic, very sociable and hospitable, and were not so constrained in their manners as the New England colonists, and depended upon their slaves for all labor done on the planta- tions. Education was abhorred, and amuse- ment was often sought in horse-racing, fox- hunting, and other outdoor sports. Occupations.— Agriauhure was the principal oc- cupation, tobacco forming the leading product. ^lassachuseits.— The New England people were strict in morals. Their life was guided by rigid rules, regarding attendance at church, ob'servance of Sunday, etc. Their conduct was shaped by a literal interpretation of the Scrip- tures. They were an earnest, hard-working class, but they were also narrow-minded, ex- clusive, and bigoted towards all creeds except their own. Education was fostered very much. 192 Occupations. — The people were engaged iu fishing, shipbuilding, commerce, and farming. 4. At the time of the first settlements, in 1665, the colonists received the ' ' Concessions, ' ' a kind of local constitution. In 1674 the region was divided into the separate colonies of East New Jersey: and AVest New Jersey, each Avith a pro- prietary charter. In 1702, the proprietors sur- rendered their rights, and New Jersej^ became one voynl province and remained so until the Revolution. 5. The thirteen States represented by the stripes on our flag are : Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jerse}^ PenUvSylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia. There are now forty-eight States in the Union. 6. See Set 36, No. 7. They were called intercohmial wars because they were fought between the colonies. 7. Instead of driving the Indians away and taking possession of their lands, the French made friends with them and tried to convert them. They built their homes among the Indian vil- lages, and on feast-days it was no uncommon thing to see the red man a participator in the white man's sports. No pains were spared to win them to the cause of France. From this mingling of races the French thought that the Indian would be won over to civilization and Christianitv. Where the trader and the sol- 193 dier went, the priest followed, and soon mis- sion houses and forts Avere established at all the chief passes and places suited to control the Indian trade. See Set 39, No. 10, Results of French and Indian War. Among the laws enacted in England against which the colonists emphatically protested were the Navigation Laws. They first prohibited the importation of commodities into England in any ships except those belonging to Eng- land, the English colonies, or the country which produced the commodities. Later certain ar- ticles — sugar, tobacco, and indigo among them — were to be shipped to no country but Eng- land. Finally, it was enacted in 1663 that European products should not be received in the colonies from foreign vessels, thus giving a complete monopoly of the colonial commerce to English merchants, who, protected from competition, could charge high prices on goods to the colonists and pay low prices on goods from the colonies. 1631, tobacco must be exported solely to England. 1651, all commerce between England and her colonies, and between England or the colonies and other parts of the world, must be carried on in ships owned and manned by Englishmen, excepting that other nations may bring their products in their own ships. 1660, colonial exports must be sent to England. 1663. colonial imports must come from England. 194 Results. — A war with Holland which decided the naval supremacy of England. The hostility of the colonies to the mother country. Eng- land was greatly enriched by the colonial trade. 9. For causes of the Revolution, see Set 25, No. 2. Defensive Measures. — The colonists refused to buy or sell the articles taxed. The refusal of en- trance into the harbors of ships bearing tea that was taxed. Destruction of much of the tea. "Boston Tea Party." The union of the colonies to fight for their rights and inde- pendence. The resolutions of Patrick Henry, 1765. The organization of the Sons of Liberty and the Daughters of Liberty, 1765. The first Colonial Congress in 1765. The second Colo- nial or the first Continental Congress in 1774. The Minute Men were organized, 1774. Bos- ton Neck was fortified, 1774. The colonial stores were removed to Concord, 1774. The loyalists, or tories, were so numerous, because most of the settlers were descendants of Eng- lish emigrants, or were themselves from Eng- land. Their relatives were in England, and there was still a strong attachment to the king and the mother country. It has been proved that the tories were such through a spirit of loyalty and patriotism to the mother country. 10. (a) 1. Their unity of purpose to fight for free- dom. 2. The short distances to be traversed in as- sembling troops. 3. The fact that they were accustomed to work and hardships. 195 (b) 1. Knowledge of the lav of the country. 2. Strength of the harbors; course of the rivers. (c) Advantages of England. 1. Her wealth. 2. Her well-disciplined troops. 3. Her naval forces. Set 38. 1. See Set 29, No. -i. 2. See Set 5, No. 10. 3. See Set 12, No. 8. 4. Under the provisions of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, passed May 30, 1854, by Congress, Kansas and Nebraska were separated and organized into territories. It provided for the rights of set- tlers to decide for themselves whether this ter- ritory should be slave or free. This w^as called "popular or squatter sovereignty." The im- portance of this bill lay in the fact that it practically repealed the Missouri Compromise. D. See Set 4, No. 4. 6. See Map No. 3. 7. See Map No. 9. 8. Northern Generals. — George B. McClellan, Ulys- ses S. Grant, Joseph Hooker, Philip H. Sheri- dan, George H. Thomas, Ambrose E. Burnside, William^ T. Sherman, Winfield Scott, Irvin Mc- Dowell, Henry W. Halleck, George G. Meade. Southern Generals. — Robert E. Lee, Thomas J. Jackson (Stonewall Jackson), Joseph E. John- ston, Albert S. Johnston. Braxton Bragg, P. Gustave T. Beaureaard. 196 Set 39. 1. (a) There is no clue as to what year is meant here ; either of the following answers might be given. At the opening of the Spanish-American War, the United States Asiatic Squadron, under Commodore George Dewey, "was in the harbor of Hongkong. At once a mes- sage was sent to him to capture or destroy the Spanish fleet in the Philippines. Dewey sailed immediately; and Sunday morning, May 1, before daybreak, he passed the entrance to Manila Bay and slowly drew near the city. When the sun arose the Spanish fleet was seen off Cavite, a peninsula which is eight miles from Manila, across the bay. Dewey had four cruisers, tw^o gunboats, and a dispatch boat, a fleet superior to the naval force of Spain. The battle began at daybreak, and the American squadron, passing and re- passing five times before the Spanish boats, aimed its guns with deadly eff.ect. Every Spanish vessel was destroyed with large loss of life. The Americans lost neither a vessel nor a man. Congress gave Dewey a vote of thanks and a sword, and the President appointed him rear admiral. He was later given the highest rank in the navy, that of admiral. 197 The World-Circling United States Fleet left Hampton Eoads, December 16, 1907, and returned February 22, 1909. The trip lasted one year, two months, six days, or 433 days. The commanders-in-chief were Eear Admiral Evans from Hampton Roads to San Francisco, and Rear Admiral Sperry from San Francisco to Hampton Roads. From Hampton Roads the fleet sailed southward to Port of Spain (Trini- dad Island), then to Rio de Janeiro, to Punta Arenas, to Callao, to Magdalena Bay, to San Diego, to Santa Barbara, to Monterey, to San Francisco, to Puget Sound; then returned to San Francisco, crossed the Pacific to Hawaii, passing New York Island and Samoa, then to Auckland (New Zealand), then to Sydney, Mel- bourne, Albany (Australia), then to the Philippines, to Yokohama (Japan), to Amoy (China), to Manila, to Colombo (Ceylon), through the Red Sea, Suez Canal, Mediterranean Sea, Strait of Gib- raltar, crossing the Atlantic to Hampton Roads. The total cost of the tour was $13,460,512. (b) Magellan proved that the New World Avas a separate continent. He skirted the coast of South America, entered the strait which has since borne his name, reached the Pacific, crossed it, and one of his ves- sels rounded the Cape of Good Hope, thus 198 proving that North and South America were not a part of India as had been sup- posed. 2. English. — Jamestown, Virginia, 1607. French. — Quebec, Quebec, 1608. Spanish. — St. Augustine, Florida, 1565. Dutch. — New Amsterdam, New York, 1623. 3. The thirteen original colonies: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela- ware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia. In 1584, Virginia was first settled by colonists under Raleigh on Roanoke Island. This was not a permanent settlement. The first perma- nent settlement was made at Jamestown, in 1607. The last colony settled was Georgia, in 1733, at Savannah. 4. Christopher Columhus (1435-1506) was a native of Genoa, in Italy. His father was a w^ool- comber, also the owner of a small cloth factory. At the age of ten Columbus was sent to the University of Pa via, where he laid the founda- tion of that scientific knowledge in which he afterwards excelled. Two years later he was withdrawn by his father, probably from inabil- ity to meet the attendant expenses. During the time Columbus had, however, become well well versed in Latin, geography, astronomy, mathematics, and drawing. At the age of four- teen he commenced his seafaring life, which he 199 continued almost uninterruptedly till his death. He himself said, "Wherever ship has sailed, there have I voyaged." About 1473 he reached Lisbon, in Portugal, at that time the chief center of the spirit of dis- covery and adventure in Europe. While in Lisbon, Columbus earned a living by making maps and charts. In 1474, he wrote to a great Florentine geographer, Dr. Paolo Toscanelli, for a map which he had made, showing the route to Asia and Japan. Toscanelli sent the desired map to him with letters of explanation. This map would have been singularly correct had not the continent of America been directly in the way. Columbus used this map on his journey. Columbus believed the earth to be round. He was a man of deeply religious nature; determined and shrewd. He believed himself to be called to "carry the true faith to the uttermost parts of the earth." Being too poor to provide the necessary ships and provisions for his journey, he first applied to the king of Portugal for aid. His plans were referred to a learned council of the king's court, but they were re- jected. Disheartened, Columbus betook him- self to Spain to seek the aid of Ferdinand and Isabella. Spain was, at that time, preparing for the battles against the Moors, and the preparations for the war, and the excitement of the times delayed his reception by the king and queen. Finally he was invited to appear before them and to unfold his Avondrous plans 200 for the new route to Asia. The Spanish sov- ereigns called a council of learned men at the University of Salamanca to examine the charts and plans. They rejected the scheme as vis- ionary. At length in 1491, five years after his arrival, Columbus resolved to leave Spain and seek the aid of France. With his son, he started heart- broken on his dreary journey. But after many hardships and much disappointment, through the influence of Father Juan Perez, Queen Isabella at last agreed to the terms of Colum- bus, offering, if necessary, to sell her crown jewels to secure sufficient money for the voy- age. Columbus had succeeded at last after eighteen years of waiting. Though he was armed with the king's authority, Columbus obtained vessels and sailors with the greatest difficulty. The boldest seamen shrank from such a desperate undertaking. At last three small vessels were fitted out with a crew of ninety men. Penn allowed the settlers, (1) freedom of relig- ious worship; (2) almost complete power of self-government. The right to vote was given to every man who paid his taxes, and Christians of any denomi- nation might hold office. People of other na- tions were allowed the same privileges that were given to Englishmen, and no law could be made without the consent of the people. 201 1492 — Discovery of America by Columbus. 1565 — Founding of St. Augustine, Florida. 1607 — Settlement of Jamestown, Virginia. 1619 — Introduction of slavery into America. 1620 — Pilgrims landed at Plymouth from the Mayflower. 6. The French gained possession of the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi. They built forts along the St. Lawrence from Quebec to the Great Lakes, up the Ottawa to its headwaters, over the portage to Lake Nipissing, down to Geor- gian Bay. The French settled at the mouth of the Missis- sippi, founding New Orleans (1725), thus con- trolling navigation and shutting out the Span- ish. A chain of about sixty forts was estab- lished from Mobile Bay north to the Illinois River. Detroit was founded. Niagara was built in 1726. The skill with which the posi- tion of these posts was selected is shown by the fact that many of them have since become cities or to^^Tis, as Fort Wayne, Detroit, Toledo, Natchez, and New Orleans. Thus the two great rivers were in the hands of the French. Advantages. — Easy access to the ocean for com- merce; holding claim to the lands drained by the rivers. Disadvantages. — Forts had to be built to keep out intruders on their lands. Men were needed to defend these forts. The trading posts were built through a country almost as wild as when , the continent was discovered by the Cabots. 202 In order to hold possession of the rivers by building many forts, the colony was weakened. 7. Virginia. — John Smith. Motive. — Financial profit. Pennsylvania. — William Penn. Motive. — To es- tablish a free commonwealth for the Quakers. Maryland. — George Calvert. Motive. — To give a place of refuge to persecuted Catholics. Massachusetts. — John Endicott. Motive. — Sepa- ration from the Church of England, and to ob- tain greater civil and religious freedom. Georgia. — General James Oglethorpe. Motive. — The establishment of a home for debtors im- prisoned under the severe laws of England at that time. 8. (a) The English, the French, the Spanish, and the Dutch made settlements in America, (b) England had commercial interests. Many of her philanthropic citizens sought to estab- lish places of refuge for the oppressed and the poor that lived in the overcrowded cities of England. Holland planted colonies in America for trad- ing purposes. Spain, prompted by the love of adventure, a chivalrous contempt of danger, combined wuth the desire to spread the faith, labored to plant colonies in America. France was impelled by motives both com- mercial and missionary. Wherever the fur trader went, and often preceding him and the soldier, there went also the Roman 203 Catholic priest, trying to convert the na- tive to Christianity. No difficulties, no dangers were too great to deter him from his pious mission, (c) Settlements: English. — Jamestown, Virginia, 1607. French. — Quebec, Quebec, 1608. Spanish. — St. Augustine, Florida, 1565. Dutch. — New Amsterdam, New York, 1623. 9. (a) North America was discovered by John Cabot in 1497; he reached Labrador, June 24. (b) See Set 32, No. 1. 10. The French and Indian War. Cause. — Remote. (a) The conflicting claims to territory. (b) The enmity between England and France. Immediate. — The settlement of the Ohio Valley. Result: — 1. The Treaty of Paris. (a) France surrendered to England, Canada, ex- cept three small islands near Newfound- land, and her possessions east of the Missis- sippi River except New Orleans. (b) France ceded to Spain her possessions west of the Mississippi River and New Orleans. (c) Spain ceded Florida to England in return for Havana. 2. It cost the colonists thirty thousand men and eleven million dollars. 3. It engendered strife between the colonies and England. 204 4. It created a bond of iinion among the colonies. 5. It skilled the colonists in the art of war. 6. It gave England a vast extent of territory in the New World, which, added to what she already possessed, proved too great for her control. 7. During the war, England allowed the colonies freedom in trade. When she again attempted to enforce her obnoxious laws, the colonists re- sisted more persistently than before. Important Battle. — The expedition against Quebec. Coynmanders.^ — British, Wolfe. French, Montcalm. Result. — Quebec fell and the long struggle ended in the defeat of the French. The capture of Quebec was the turning point in American colonial history. 11. Fort Du Quesne was erected where the present city of Pittsburg is now situated, in the western part of Pennsylvania, at the junction of the IMonongahela and the Allegheny Rivers. It was important as it was built at the junction of two rivers. It was the key to the West, and was an easy starting place to go north, south, east, or west. Its location near navigable rivers made it an easy way to get supplies. It was the strongest and most important point held by the French in the Ohio Valley, and attacking parties could cross over into the English colonies. Major-General Edward Braddock led an expedi- tion against it. 205 Result. — Braddoek scorned Washington's advice and his army was surprised when within a few miles of Fort Du Quesne. A small French and Indian force routed his army with great loss of life, Braddoek himself being among the slain. The remnant of the army was saved only by the courage and coolness of Washing- ton. Besides the losses from the expedition, much of the w^estern part of Virginia and Pennsylvania was ravaged by the French and Indians. It showed the colonial troops what they could do alone, and gave confidence in Washington. Set 40. 1. (a) Chatham and Franklin pleaded with the King of England for the repeal of the Stamp Act, and for the security of the colonial charters ; to abandon the claims to taxation and recall the troops. If England had accepted this plea, there would have been no Revolutionary AVar, and we would have been under English rule. (b) By the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776, the colonists declared their freedom. This freedom was only really acquired by the War of Independence, which lasted six years, 1775-1781. 2. (a) General Nathaniel Greene fought at Prince- ton, Trenton, and Germantow^n, and saved the American army at Brandywdne. When General Gates retired from the forces in the South, General Greene was his sue- 206 cessor. He was considered one of the most brilliant generals in the Revolution, second only to Washington. Congress voted the highest honors to General Greene, who, by his prudence, wisdom, and valor, had with such insignificant forces and miserable equipment, achieved so much for the cause of liberty. He never gained a decided victory, and his very retreats strengthened the confidence of his men and weakened that of the enemy. (b) John Paul Jones accomplished many daring feats during the Revolution, the principal one being the destruction of an English fleet in English ports. For this victory he received great praise in his own country, and many valuable gifts from foreign governments. For his victory over the Scrap is, he received a gold medal with the thanks of Congress and a gold sword from the King of France. He was a man of remarkable courage and daring. He died in Paris in 1792. (c) Marquis de Lafayette w^as a noted French nobleman who came to this country to help the colonists gain their freedom from Great Britain. He secretly fitted out, at his own expense, a ship and came to America to join the forces of Washington without pay. His historic words were, "When first I heard of American independence my heart was enlisted!" Congress appointed him major-general. 207 3. Burgoyne was obliged to surrender. (a) Because he did not receive help from Howe. (b) Lack of men, a great number of his Indian allies having deserted him. (c) He was hemmed in on all sides, and was de- feated in a series of engagements, and finally surrendered to General Gates at Saratoga, October 17, 1777. This surrender was of great importance. (1) Because it saved New York State. (2) It completely destroyed the plan of the war. ( 3 ) It induced the king to offer us peace with representation in Parliament, or any- thing else we desired except indepen- dence. It also secured for us the aid of France. 4. The Revolutionary War was ended October 19, 1781, by the surrender of Cornwallis at York- town. The United States Constitution was adopted Sep- tember 17, 1787. From 1781 to 1787 the country was governed by the Articles of Confederation. Among the weak points of the Articles were the following: — (a) Any State was permitted to be higher than the alliance. (b) Congress consisted of only one body, (e) No definite number of Representatives was specified, and but one vote was allowed to each State. 208 { 4. There was difficulty in amending the Articles. Under them all States, large and small, had the same power. No national system of courts was established; the executive and legislative pow- ers were not separated, and the power of the government was limited. A long time was not required to show that the Articles were de- fective. After 1781 the government appeared to be no stronger than before. The chief cause was the lack of power given to Congress ta enforce its laws. The various public questions which arose from 1781 to 1787 were so poorly- met as to convince the people that they were mistaken in the form of government they had established. They saw it was necessary to have some better form of government which would not cause so much friction. The American Association. — On October 20, 1774, Congress drew up the American Association to enforce the colonists' claim of rights against the British government. It was formed to denounce slave trade, and ap- pointed committees to detect and publish the names of the violators of these laws, and after September, 1775, no American goods were to be exported to Great Britain, Ireland or the British West Indies. It was the real beginning of the American Union, because the Americans refused to be subject to English government, and this eventually brought on the Re voluntary War. 5. The chief executive officer of New Jersey is the Governor. 209 The chief executive officer of Trenton is the Mayor. The City Council makes the laws for Trenton. Set 41. 1. (a) The reasons for the AYar of 1812 may be sum- marized as follows : — (1) The Orders in Council (revoked just be- fore the war, but too late to affect the course of events). (2) The impressment of American seamen. (3) The alleged British intrigues with the Indians, especially Teeumseh. (4) The blockade of American ports and seizure of American vessels in con- nection with the enforcement of the Orders in Council and the right of impressment. (5) The generally unfriendly attitude of British statesmen. (b) The battle between the Constitution and the Guerriere, 1812. The battle between the Chesapeake and the Shannon, 1813. The battle of Lake Erie, 1813. The battle of Lake Champlain, 1814. (c) See Set 34, No. 3. 2. Causes. — Real, the annexation of Texas. Immediate, the boundary line between Texas and Mexico. Results.— \. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. (a) The Rio Grande River was made the boundarv between Texas and Mexico. 210 (b) California and New Mexico were ceded to the United States. (c) The United States paid Mexico $15,000,- 000 and assumed $3,500,000 due Texas citizens. 2. It revived the slavery question in American politics. An important result of the war was the education of many officers who were later to figure prom- inently in the Civil War. ( Grant, Lee, Thomas, Sherman, McClellan, Beauregard, Shields and Jackson. ) 3. (a) The adjustment of the Oregon question, pro- hibiting slavery in that territory, 1848. (b) The "Wilmot Proviso, to prevent the reintro- duction of the slave system into the area that IMexico might cede to us, 1846. (c) The organization of a Free-Soil Party in 1848. (d) The Compromise of 1850, or the Omnibus Bill, which multiplied the opponents of slavery. (e) The publication of ''Uncle Tom's Cabin" stirred up the anti-slavery feeling and in- creased the ranks of those opposed to the extension of slavery, 1850. (f) John Brown's Raid was believed to be the beginning of a general movement for the liberation of the slaves, 1859. 4. Sherman^ s Capture of Atlanta and liis March to the Sea. 211 In May 4, 1864, Sherman, with 98,000 men, marched against Johnston, drove him out of Dalton, and step by step through the moun- tains, fighting at Resaea, Dallas and Kenesaw Mountain. Johnston was removed and Hood took command, abandoning Atlanta and going northward, in the hope of drawing Sherman into Tennessee. Sherman sent Thomas to Nash- ville, and after following just long enough to be sure that Hood would not return, he again reached Atlanta, tearing up the railroads as he went. Then gathering his troops at Atlanta, he burned the town, and in November started for the "Sea." The troops went in four columns, covering a belt of sixty miles in width, burning bridges, tear- ing up railroads, living on the country as the}^ marched. Early in December the army drew near to Savannah, and a few weeks later stormed and took Fort McAllister, and with it, the city. The North knew nothing about Sher- man's doings, until a telegram reached Presi- dent Lincoln presenting him with the city of Savannah as a Christmas gift. The effect of this march can hardly be overestimated. A fertile region sixty miles wide and three hun- dred miles long was desolated; three hundred miles of railroad were destroyed; the eastern portion of the already sundered Confederacy was cut in twain; immense supplies of pro- visions Avere captured, and the hardships of war were brought home to many who had hitherto been exempt from its actual contact. 212 5. Tariff. — A schedule of taxes. A law speeifyiug the amount of import tax to be levied upon each article brought into the country. Fi^ee Trade. — Free trade is the interchanging of products between nations w^ithout paying any- thing. Reciprocity. — Reciprocity is an agreement between two countries conferring equal privileges as re- gards the admission of imports. 6. (a) The electric telegraph in 1837 by Samuel F. B. Morse. (b) The reaper, 1833, and the sewing machine in in 1846. (c) The vulcanization of rubber by means of Goodyear 's discovery, 1844. (d) Hoe's printing press, 1845. (e) Ericsson's screw propeller. (e) The use of ether, 1846. (f) The Bell Telephone, 1877. (g) The Edison inventions: The phonograph, 1877, and the incandescent electric light, 1879. Set 42. 1. (a) De Soto, Drake, Verazzani, Cartier, Cham- plain, Narv^aez. (b) De Soto, in the service of Spain, explored the southern part of the United States, and discovered the Mississippi River, 1539- 1542. Drake, in the service of England, explored the Pacific Coast to Oregon, 1579. 213 Verazzani, in the service of France, explored the coast of the United States north of Cape Fear, 1524. Cartier, in the service of France, discovered and explored the St Lawrence River, 1535. Champlain, in the service of France, discov- ered and explored as far as Luke Huron, 1603-1635. Narvaez, in the service of Spain, explored Florida, 1528. 2. (a) In England the House of Lords lost much of its power. It can no longer defeat the people's will. The ancient despotism of China has fallen and this prepared the way for China to become a republic. The year 1911 opened with a republic newly established in Portugal. Canada rejected our offer of reciprocity or partial free trade. Congress voted to admit New Mexico and Arizona as States. The creation of three American Cardinals: Cardinal Farley of New York, Cardinal O'Connell of Boston, Cardinal Falconio. (b) The presidential election was the greatest national event of 1912. Governor Wood- row Wilson of New Jersey, and Governor Thomas Riley Marshall of Indiana, were elected in November, 1912. Wilson re- ceived an immense majority of votes in the Electoral College (435 electoral votes) ; 21-i but he is a "minority president," because he received less than half of the popular vote. 3. In what a strange world Washington would find himself if he could come back and walk along the streets of the great city w^hich now stands on the banks of the Potomac and bears his name! He never in his life saw a flagstone sidewalk, nor an asphalted street, nor a pane of glass six feet square. He never heard a factory whistle; he never saw^ a building ten stories high, nor an elevator, nor a gas jet, nor an electric light; he never saw a hot-air fur- nace, nor entered a room warmed by steam. In the windows of shop after shop would be scores of articles familiar enough to us, but so un- known to him that he could not even name them. He never saw a sewing machine, nor a revolver, nor a rubber coat, nor a rubber shoe, nor a steel pen, nor a piece of blotting paper, nor an envelope, nor a postage stamp, nor a typewriter. He never struck a match, nor sent a telegram, nor spoke through a telephone, nor sent a message by wireless, nor touched an electric bell. He never saw a railroad, though he had seen a rude form of steamboat. He never saw a horse car, nor an omnibus, nor a trolley car, nor a ferry boat. Fancy him board- ing a street car to take a ride. He would prob- ably pay his fare with a "nickel." But the ''nickel" is a coin he never saw. Fancy him trying to understand the advertisements that Avould meet his eye as he took his seat ! Fancy 215 him staring from the window at a fence bright with theatrical posters, or at a man rushing by on a bicycle ! A boy enters the car with half a dozen daily news- papers, all printed in the same city. In Washington's day there w^ere but four daily papers in the United States. The ambulance, the steam fire engine, the hose cart, the hook and ladder company, the police patrol, the police officer on the street corner, the letter carrier gathering the mail, the district messen- ger boy, the express company, the delivery wagon of the stores, the automobile, have all come in since Washington died. Washington sees a great wagon or a white trolley car marked United States Mail, and on inquiry is told that the money now spent by the government each year for the support of the post offices would have more than paid the national debt w^hen he was President. He hears with amazement that there are now 75,000 post offices, and recalls that in 1790 there were but seventy-five. He picks up from the sidewalk a piece of paper with a little pink something on the corner. He is told that the portrait on it is his own, that it is a postage stamp, that it costs two cents, and will carry a letter to San Francisco, a city he never heard of, and, if the person to wdiom it is addressed cannot be found, will bring the letter back to the sender, a distance of over 5,000 miles. In his day a letter was a single sheet of paper, no matter how^ large or small, and the postage on 216 it was determined not by weight, but by dis- tance, and might be anything from six to twenty-five cents. Washington was a farmer, 3^et he never in his life beheld a tomato, nor a cauliflower, nor an egg- plant, nor a horserake, nor a drill, nor a reaper and binder, nor a threshing machine, nor a barbed wire fence. Should Washington come to life today, there would indeed be many things new and strange to him. 4. Robert Morns was a statesman and financier. During the Revolution, he repeatedly saved the army from ruin, and when funds were wanted to outfit the expedition against Yorktown, he supplied the amount, $1,400,000, by his own notes. Benjamin FranMin was a statesman and philoso- pher. He became to the American cause in the Old World what Washington was to it in the New. His influence at the French court was unbounded, and while in England he defended the cause of liberty with great zeal and ability. He helped to draft the Declaration of Inde- pendence, and was one of its signers. John Paul Jones made his name forever illustri- ous in naval battles. He is the great naval hero of the Revolution, and accomplished many dar- ing feats, the principal one being the destruc- tion of an English fleet in English ports. For his victory over the Serapis, he received a gold medal with the thanks of Congress and a gold sword from the Kinsr of France. 217 Lafayette, a young nobleman of France, secretly fitted out at his own expense a ship and came to America to join the forces of Washington without pay. George WashingtoJi was commander-in-chief of the continental army, and took part in many of the decisive battles of the Revolution. He is called the "Father of His Country," owing to his faithfulness to duty and countr3\ Pat lick Henry was a young lawj^er of Virginia w^ho delivered his address in the Virginia As- sembly in protestation against the "Stamp Act." Samuel Adams displayed unflinching zeal for popular rights on all occasions. He was one of ' the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Paul Revere rode furiously during the night of April 18 to April 19, 1775, in order to warn the Americans at Lexington of the coming of the British. William Pitt, Earl of Chatham (1708-1778), an English orator and statesman. His rare disin- terestedness, his contempt of all that was mean or low, and his wonderful talents made him the favorite of the people. He opposed the min- isters who advocated schemes of colonial taxa- tion, and remained the staunch friend of America during the Revolutionary struggle. Thomas Jefferson drew up the Declaration of In- dependence, and was the author of our decimal system of coinage. He abolished the law of primogeniture (the exclusive right of inherit- 218 ance belonging to the eldest son), and pur- chased Louisiana from France; this purchase more than doubled our domain. 5. (a) There were spinning bees, quilting and husk- ing parties in the New England colonial homes, and this gave the colonists an op- portunity to help one another and at the same time gave a little social pleasure. As they worked they indulged in gossip and related stories. As newspapers were few, the news of the day was usually heard at these evening gatherings. The refresh- ments consisted of apples and chestnuts roasted at the open fireplace. Nuts and cider did not fail. Before the evening came to a close a game of blind man's buff was enjoyed. (b) In the Middle and Southern colonies, the peo- ple were fond of cockfighting and other rude sports brought from England. Court days were eagerly welcomed by the people. Then the deserted county seat became a scene of bustle and confusion. Rich and poor met on equal footing. Jokes were cracked, athletic sports engaged in, horses "swapped," and the speed of a favorite nag bet on. In fine weather, barbecues were common, when whole oxen and pigs were roasted, and contests in fiddling, wrestling, and dancing were held. The people were also fond of horse races. The fox hunt also had its da v. 219 In New England the people made a holiday of their militia muster, fighting sham bat- tles, and playing rough games. Wrestling and shooting matches were common at hol- idays and blind man's buff at parties. In all the colonies there was much hunting and fishing. Coasting on the snow, skating and sleighing were first introduced by the Dutch settlers of New York. Set 43. 1. The New England colonies prized education next to their religion. The Southern colonies found great difficulty in establishing schools. New England Colonies. — 1636 marked the building of the seminary at Cambridge, afterwards Harvard College. 1647, required every town to have a free school; if one hundred families resided in the town, a grammar school was required. Each family helped to support for a time the seminary of Cambridge by giving a peck of corn, or a shill- ing in cash for its support. 1700 marked the founding of Yale College, first at Saybrook, then later at New Haven. Southern Colonies. — 1692 marked the establish- ment of the second oldest college in the colo- nies, "William and Mary." 1696, free schools were established in Maryland. 1712, free schools were established in Charleston. The English Governors bitterly opposed the prog- ress of education in the Southern colonies. 220 2. (a) By means of indirect taxes ; duty on imported goods; excise, or tax on the manufacture and sale of commodities, especially alco- holic liquors and tobacco; postal revenue; seigniorage, a profit in making silver and minor coins ; income tax since the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment in February, 1913. (b) Since Philadelphia has a custom house, a post office, and a mint, the above are also the means by which the Federal Govern- ment raises money in that city. (c) Coining of money, mail service, post offices, roads, courts and court officials, revenue offices and service, pensions, arsenal and armory, are some of the purposes for which the United States Government spends money in Philadelphia. 3. (a) Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mis- sissippi, Texas, Arkansas, and Tennessee. (b) See Set 27, No. 7 (b). (c) See Set 18, No. 4(b). 4. (a) Charter. — A contract between two persons, designating the transferring of some ob- ject, such as real estate, etc., from the old proprietor to the new. (b) Impeachment. — Bringing an accusation against high officials of the government on account of improper administration of the duties of office. 221 (c) Arhilration. — The settlement of cases of dis- pute by disinterested parties. Somtimes there is only one arbitrator, as in the Northwest boundary dispute, when Em- peror William decided the question in dis- pute ; sometimes there are more, as in the case of the Alabama Claims there were five. (d) Copyright. — A copyright is the sole right to print and sell a book or map. It is ob- tained by the author from the Government at Washington, by sending to the Libra- rian of Congress two copies of the book or m^p as soon as it is printed. Such a right is good for twenty-eight years, and can be renewed for a further term of twenty-eight years. (e) Reciprocity. — An agreement between two countries conferring equal privileges as regards the admission of imports. 5. See Set 19, No. 4. 6. See Set 6, No. 6, second and third processes. Set 44. 1. The State that first attempted to withdraw from the Union was South Carolina. It was on De- cember 20, 1860. 2. McClellan was appointed major-general, and en- trusted with the command in West Virginia, at the beginning of the Civil War. He broke up Garnett's army, and was summoned to Washington after the Bull Run catastrophe. 222 In August, 1861, Congress voted to enlist five hundred thousand men, and General Mc- Clellan, hero of the brilliant campaign in west- ern Virginia, was appointed to the command of the Army of the Potomac, and soon after, upon General Scott's retirement in November, he became general-in-chief of all the Federal armies. McClellan's services in organizing the army were invaluable. 3. See Set 24, No. 5. 4. On September 22, 1862, Lincoln issued a proclam- ation announcing that if the seceded States did not return to the Union before January 1, 1863, "all persons held as slaves within any State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, hence- forth, and forever free." It declared all slaves in all territory held by the Confederates to be free, but did not go into effect until January 1, 1863. 5. On August 5, 1861, Farragut, with his fleet of four monitors and twenty-one wooden ships, at- tacked the Confederate forts and war ships in Mobile Bay. He compelled the forts to sur- render and destroyed the war ships. This closed the last Southern seaport. 6. See Set 5. No. 10. 7. See Set 4, No. 4. 8. See Set 3, No. 12 (c). 223 Set 45. 1. (a) During the Mexican War, David Wilmot, a Democrat from Pennsylvania, proposed a plan, called the Wilmot Proviso. Its end was to exclude slavery from all the terri- tory to be acquired from Mexico. As Mexico had abolished slavery in 1827, Wil- mot wished to prevent the re-introduction of slavery into the area that Mexico might cede to us. The plan led to bitter debates on the slavery question. The North favored the plan, but the South strongly opposed it. (b) See Set 44, No. 4. (c) See Set 19, No. 6 (b). 2. Vicksburg and Port Hudson alone prevented Fed- eral control of the Mississippi. Between these points the Red River entered the Mississippi, and through it the great States of Louisiana, Texas and Arkansas poured supplies into the Confederacy. Grant had determined to open the IMississippi, but Vicksburg was heavily fortified on a bluff two hundred and fifty feet above the river and was deemed impregnable. General Pemberton commanded the forces in defense of the town. Grant dropped down on the west side of the river and recrossed below Vicksburg. At Port Gibson he defeated the Southern forces (May 1st), and then hastened to head off Johnston, who was marching to the aid of Vicksburg. The armies met at Jackson, Mississippi, and Johnston was defeated (May 14th). Pemberton 's forces were now besieged 224 in Vieksburg. For seven weeks the besiegers shelled the doomed city. Cut off from food and ammunition, Pemberton at last surrendered, July 4th. No less than thirty-seven thousand men and one hundred and seventy-two cannon Avere delivered up. Port Hudson was now hopeless and surrendered four days later. The Union forces now controlled the entire Mis- sissippi River; and Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas were virtually cut off from the Con- federacy. 3. (a) Till Brush invented his arc light and dynamo (a means by w^iich water power or steam power is transformed into electricity and then, after being carried to a distance by wire or stored up in storage batteries, it is changed back into motive power with very little loss. In this way, for instance, part of the vast power of Niagara Falls is used in Buffalo and other cities), the sole practical use made of electricity was in the field of telegraphy. Then came, in rapid succession, the many forms of elec- tric lights and electric motors ; the elec- tric railway; the searchlight; photog- raphy by electric light ; the welding of metals by electricity; the phonograph; the telephone, and the passenger elevator, (b) Electric railway, because it is a means of transportation, hence a help to commerce. Electric telegraph, because it has so nearly overcome the element of time in carrying messages. 225 4. Cause. (a) Real. Spanish oppression in Cuba. (b) Immediate. The blowing up of the Maine. Result. (a) The Treaty of Paris. 1. Spain gave np all title to Cuba. 2. Spain ceded Porto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to the United States. 3. The United States gave Spain $20.- 000,000. (b) The direct cost of the war to the United States was about $130,000,000. (c) Soldiers killed, four hundred and thirty. A large number died of disease. (d) The United States has become the guardian of Cuba. (e) An increase in our navy and standing army. (f) The war in the Philippines. (g) The question of territorial expansion in our politics. 5. (a) Louisiana, 1803. Florida, 1819. The Gadsden Purchase, 1853. Alaska, 1867. The Panama Canal Zone, 1904. (b) The Mexican Cession, 1848. Porto Rico, Guam and the Philippines, after the Spanish-American War, 1898. 6. (a) John Greenleaf Whittier w^as born December 17, 1807, near Haverhill, Massachusetts. His father was a farmer in humble cir- 226 cumstanceSj and the youthful Whittier had small advantages in the matter of educa- tion. He studied in the public schools and spent two years in attendance at an academy in Haverhill. He was educated, as he himself wrote, by the hills and streams, the woods and vales of the beau- tiful country. For a while he tried school teaching, but gave it up as he discovered his literary calling. He contributed a few poems to several local newspapers, and they were so well received that he came to be regarded as a young author of brilliant promise. A critic wrote of him: ''The climax of "Whittier 's fame will be a proud period in the histor}^ of our literature." For many years he took an active part in the antislaver}^ movement, which Avas then paving the way for the Civil War. As a conseciuence, many of his poems received their inspirations from this source. His verse is poetry with a purpose. It was intended not merely to please as a work of art, but to reform, to uplift, to purify. He battled against sin and wrong-doing, whether they took the form of slavery or tyrann}^ To those engaged in such war- fare, his verse brought renewed courage and strength. All loved the good Quaker poet. He died in 1892. (b) ''The Barefoot Boy. 227 (c) From ''The Barefoot Boy." "I was rich in flowers and trees, Humming birds and honey bees ; For my sport the squirrel played, Plied the snouted mole his spade. ' ' Set 46. 1. The Shawnee chief, Tecumseh, had united in a strong confederacy many of the tribes and had ravaged the frontiers. British agents were be- lieved to have stirred up the red men and to have helped them. Harrison was sent against them. The Indians attempted to overwhelm him by a night attack, but he defeated them, November 7, 1811, with great slaughter, at Tippecanoe, in western Indiana. Tecumseh fled to the English army. General Harrison, in charge of the western di- vision of the army, move^i northward towards Detroit. Soon after, meeting the combined Indian and British forces, under Tecumseh and Proctor, on the Raisin River, January, 1813, a part of his forces under Winchester was de- feated. The British general. Proctor, did not adequately protect the American prisoners from the Indians, and some thirty of them were massacred. , The Creek Indians in the South now went on the warpath. They had been aroused by Tecum- seh and supplied with arms by British agents. Fort ]\Iimms, forty miles from Mobile, was at- tacked and all its occupants, five hundred men, 228 women and children, massacred. With troops from Georgia, Mississippi and Tennessee, Gen- eral Andrew Jackson marched against them. He attacked (March 27, 1814) the Indians at Horseshoe Bend, or Tohopeka, on a branch of the Alabama River. The Indians were com- pletely defeated and their power broken. Many fled into Spanish territory, and the United States took possession of their lands. General Harrison took advantage of Perry's vic- tory to invade Canada. On the banks of the Thames (October 5, 1813) he routed the Eng- lish forces under Proctor and Tecumseh. The latter was killed, and Proctor escaped by flight. By these victories of Perry and Harrison we controlled Lake Erie, Michigan, and upper Canada. Ohio was freed from the danger of invasion, and the Indian confederacy was de- stroyed. 2. Township Trustee. — The legislative power of the township is vested in the trustees. Their term of office varies in different States, from one to three years. They are the legal guardians of the public interests of the township, and make laws and ordinances, expressly pertaining to the local wants of the community, and to a limited extent may levy taxes. In some States, especially those of the East, the principal duties of the trustees are executive. They divide the township into road districts; open roads on petition ; select jurors ; build and repair bridges and to^\Ti halls, where the expenditure is small; act as judges of elec- 229 lions ; purchase and care for cemeteries ; have charge of the poor not in the count}^ charge; and act for the township in its corporate ca- pacity. The County Commissioners have charge of the county property, such as the court house, jail, and the county infirmary; build bridges, levy taxes for county purposes, equalize assessments, etc. Their term of office varies in different parts of the Union, being usually two, three, or four years. General Assemhhj. — The chief duty of the General Assembly, or, as it is popularly called, the Legislature, is to make laws for the State. The term of office varies. The legislative power of Pennsylvania is vested in a General Assembly which consists of a Senate and a House of Rep- resentatives. The Senators are elected for a term of four j^ears, and the Representatives for a term of two years. Duties. — Bills for raising revenue originate in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose amendments as on other bills. It is very much restricted in its passage of local or special laws. It may make appropriations of money to institutions wherein the widows of soldiers are supported, or the orphans of sol- diers are maintained and educated. The General Assembly shall prescribe by law the number, duties and compensation of the of- ficers and employees of each House. When it is convened in special session, it may not legislate upon any subjects other than those 230 designated in the proclamation of the Governor calling such session. Note. — This has reference to Pennsylvania. In New York the lower House is called the Assembly; in New Jersey, the General Assembly. 3. Louisiana was purchased in 1803, for $15,000,000, from France. Texas was annexed to the United States in 1845. In 1846, the Oregon territory was acquired by treaty with Great Britain. The Mexican Cession, California and New Mexico was ceded to the United States in 1848, after the Mexican War. In 1853 the southern portions of Arizona and New Mexico were purchased from Mexico, as the Gadsden Purchase, for $10,000,000. In 1867 Alaska was purchased from Russia, for $7,200,000. These acquisitions have caused emigration west- ward, thus peopling the whole country from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The vast mineral resources of the West have been brought to the East. There has been an increase in com- merce by the interchange of commodities be- tween the East and the West. It has opened up an easy means of communication with Asia and the countries of the Eastern Hemisphere, and thus commerce between those countries and our OAvn has been increased. 4. The Battle of Long Island was fought August 27, 1776. The Americans w^re defeated with heavy loss, General Sullivan being taken pris- oner. The British endeavored to hem in the 231 Americans by laud aud sea, but a heavy fog having fallen during the night afforded Wash- ington the opportunity to remove his troops. White Plains and Fort Washington.— Washington had taken position at Harlem Heights, where Howe attacked him, September 16, 1776, but was repulsed. Howe then moved into Winches- ter, and again attacked the Americans at White Plains, gaining a slight victory, October 28, 1776. Washington advised the abandonment of Fort Washington, but General Greene, then in com- mand, believed he could hold it successfully. On November 16, 1776, the British attacked and took it, after a heroic resistance on the part of the patriots. 5. See Set 19, No. 4. New Mexico, the forty-seventh State, was admitted January 6, 1912. Arizona, the forty-eighth State, was admitted February 19, 1912. 6. The years preceding 1837 had been years of ex- traordinary speculation, carried on with a most unsound banking system. Jackson gave the final impetus to the panic by his "specie cir- cular," which struck a great blow at credit, and forced many banks to suspend specie pay- ments. As everybody wanted money, it fol- lowed that houses, lands, property of every sort, was offered for sale at ridiculously low prices. But there were no buyers. In New York the distress was so great that bread riots occurred. The merchants, unable to pay their 232 debts, began to fail, and to make matters worse the banks all over the country suspended specie payment; that is, refused to give gold and silver in exchange for their paper bills. As a consequence of this state of affairs, a wide- spread crisis ensued; banks suspended ever}^- where; mills and factories were closed, and tens of thousands of workingmen were thrown out of employment. 7. The Treaty of Versailles, signed at Paris, Septem- ber 3, 1783. By this treaty the United States embraced the country between the Atlantic and the Mississippi. An important treaty was made in 1795 with Spain. The Mississippi was thereby opened to trade, and we were allowed to use New Orleans as a port of deposit for three years. The thirty- first parallel of latitude was also accepted as the southern boundary line of our country. The same year another treaty was signed with Algiers. To release the American seamen held as captives by these pirates, $80,000 was paid and an annual tribute of $23,000 was promised to Algiers for the protection of American ship- ping. This opened the Mediterranean com- merce to American vessels. The Treaty of Yersaille, or Paris, had the most far-reaching effect, because by it the absolute independence of the United States was recog- nized. 8. Marcus Whitman. — Marcus Whitman was sent to Oregon as a missionary physician, and reported ^33 to the United States Government the value of the then disputed territory. His colonization efforts did much to secure that region for the United States. Commodore Decatur. — Commodore Decatur began service in the United State navy in 1798, and in 1803 commanded the Argus, and later the Enterprise. He distinguished himself by de- stroying the Philadelphia, which had fallen into the possession of Tripoli. In 1812 he cap- tured the British ship Macedonian. In 1815, with ten vessels, he humbled the Barbary powers, and concluded a treaty by which tribute was abolished and prisoners and property were restored. He was one of the navy commis- sioners from 1816 to 1820. James Russell Lowell. — Lowell is noted as a great prose artist, as essayist and critic. Aside from his Avork as editor of the ''Atlantic" and of the "North American Review," his political activity is to be noted. His "Biglow Papers" helped powerfully the antislavery cause. Low- ell won general esteem as United States Minis- ter to Spain and to England. Captain John Mason. — In 1637, a company of ninety men from Connecticut under Captain John Mason, and twenty from Massachusetts, with seventy friendly Mohicans, marched to the fort of the Pequots and surrounded it be- fore daybreak. The fort was burned, and of the four hundred Pequots, only five escaped. This defeat destroyed the power of the Pequots forever. 234 In 1622, Sir Ferdiuando Gorges and Captain John Mason obtained from the Grand Council of Plymouth a grant of land between the Merri- mac and the Kennebec, and extending from the Atlantic to the great river of Canada. Roger B. Taney. — Having graduated at Dickin- son College, Eoger B. Taney became a member of the Maryland Legislature. As a lawyer and politician, he became Attorney-General in 1831, and Secretary of the Treasury in 1833. In 1835 he Avas nominated as Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. In his long service, until death, various important ques- tions were decided, the chief one being the Dred Scott decision. He w^as distinguished by his accurate knowledge of law, clearness of thought, and absolute purity of life. Set 47. 1. Washington's cabinet consisted of Thomas Jef- ferson, Secretary of State; Alexander Hamil- ton, Secretary of the Treasury; Henry Knox, Secretary of War, and Edmund Randolph, Attorney-General. There are ten members in President Taft's cab- inet, (a) Secretary of State, who has charge of the State Department, which deals with for- eign matters. It instructs the ambassa- dors, ministers, and consuls. All commis- sions for office are issued by this depart- ment. It preserves all bills which have 235 become laws. It grants passports, insuring safety, to citizens who desire to travel abroad. (b) Secretary of Treasury, w^ho has charge of the Treasury Department, which takes care of all moneys. It receives money from taxes, and pays out money in accordance with the appropriations made by Congress. It conducts the collection of duties and cus- toms by means of agents throughout the country. The mints are under the control of this department, as are also the fol- lowing : 1. Life Saving Service. 2. Lighthouses. 3. Coast Survey. (c) Secretary of War, who has charge of the De- partment of War, which has general charge of the arming and organizing of the army and the appointment of officers, and of the Military Academy at West Point. It has charge and care of the national cemeteries. (d) Attorney-General^ who gives advice to the government on legal questions. He de- fends the United States when any question involving it is concerned. (e) Secretary of Navy, who has charge of the Navy Department, which has general charge of the na\T. The Naval Academy at Annapolis is under its care. It has general charge of navy yards, arsenals, and forts, and under its supervision warships 236 are constructed. It also issues maps and charts relating to navigation. (f) Postmaster-General, who has charge of the Post office Department, which has charge of establishing postoffices, superintends the working of the department, and makes contracts for carrj^ing the mail. (g) Secretary of Interior, who has charge of the Department of the Interior, which has charge of the public lands, Territories, Indian affairs, pensions, patents, copy- rights, and the taking of the census. (h) Secretary of Agriculture, who has charge of the Department of Agriculture, which en- deavors to improve the agricultural inter- ests of the country. It also purchases and distributes seeds of various kinds. It also publishes new and improved methods of agriculture. Experimental stations are located in various States. Here experi- ments with plants are made, with the ob- ject of obtaining better products. Any improved methods being discovered, the re- sults are printed and sent free of charge to farmers. (i) Secretary of Commerce, who has charge of the Department of Commerce, which fos- ters, promotes and develops the foreign and domestic commerce, the mining, man- ufacturing, shipping, and fishing indus- tries, and the transportation facilities of the United States. 237 (j) Sccretarij of Labor. — In 191 o a new depart- ment was created (Department of Labor), distinct from the Department of Com- merce. The work of this Department of Labor includes the collection of statistics to show the rates of wages, the hours of employment, etc. It deals with strikes, arbitration, conciliation, employment, and all labor interests. Three great enterprises of John Quincy Adams' administration which aided trade and travel between the East and the West were the con- struction of the Erie Canal, the building of the first passenger raihvay in America, and the subjection of Tecumseh and the Creek Indians, thus opening up a vast tract of land for set- tlement. When the Jay Treaty was made with England, France was so indignant that she recalled her Minister from the United States and sent home the United States Minister at the French court. President Adams, thinking this country was too weak to engage in w^ar, sent three peace envoys to France, John Marshall, Charles Pinckney, and Elbridge Gerry, to settle the difficulty. When France declared that the only means of settling matters w^as the pay- ment of a large sum to the Directors and the loan of large amounts to France, Pinckney re- plied, indignantly, "Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute." The chief cause of the Avar of 1812 was the im- pressment of our seamen and the violation of 238 our rights of coiiunerce as neutrals by Great Britain. The results were: (a) The assurance of freedom of commerce to the United States. (b) Recognition of the United States by European po^zers as a leading nation. (c) The abandomneut by England of search and impressment. (d) The development of manufactures. (e) The United States was rendered more self-reliant. 1789 — Washington 's inauguration. The beginning of our government under the Constitution. The formation of the Cabinet. The passage of the first ten amendments (Bill of Rights). 1803 — The purchase of Louisiana. 1809 — The Non-Intercourse Act. 1825 — The opening of the Erie Canal. 1837 — Great business crisis. 1845 — Annexation of Texas. Discovery of Ether. 1848 — Peace treaty with Mexico signed (Feb- ruary 2d). Discovery of gold in California. By a blockade is meant a fleet of war vessels guarding the port of an enemy to prevent pas- sage of vessels. The effect of the blockade produced on the South during the Civil War was that it prevented the export of cotton, and thereby reduced the revenues of the South ; it rendered difficult the 239 purchase of arms and munitions of war — a vital blow, as the South had few gun factories or machine shops. 7. Battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861. Battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac, March 9, 1862. Battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862. Battle of Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863. Battle of Chattanooga, November 24-25, 1863. Battles of the Wilderness, May 5-9, 1864. Three Union military leaders were Generals Grant, Meade, and Sheridan. Two Confederate leaders were Generals Lee and Johnston. 8. Three causes of the Civil War were the questions of States' rights and of tariff, the slavery question, and the right of secession. Two important questions settled by this war were that slavery was forever abolished, and that no State can now leave the Union. 9. Squatter Sovereignty was the term applied to the plan which was formed to allow the settlers to decide for themselves whether or not their territory would be free or slave. Lewis Cass, of Michigan, was the author of this idea. Missoun Compromise. — In 1820, through the in- fluence of Henry Clay, an act known as the Missouri Compromise was passed. This ad- mitted Missouri as a slave State and declared the territory within the Louisiana Purchase north of 36° 30' to be forever free. Monroe Doctrine. — The Monroe Doctrine was pro- mulgated to prevent European countries from acquiring new territory on the American Con- 240 tiueut. It was proclaimed when Spain was trying to secure the assistance of the Holy Al- liance (Prussia, Russia and Austria) to regain her lost American States. Fugitive Slave Law. — In the famous Omnibus biU, or the Compromise of 1850, a clause was in- serted in regard to the fugitive slave question. This clause refused to allow a runaway slave to appear in his own defense in court, and re- quired people of the North to assist the United States Marshal, if called upon, in hunting runaway slaves. The people of the North re- belled against such injustice to the negro, and many States passed measures granting trial by jury to these negroes. These measures were called Personal Liberty bills. 10. Powers of Congress. (a) To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excise shall be uni- form throughout the United States. (b) To borrow money on the credit of the United States. (c) To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and to fix the stand- ard of weights and measures. (d) To provide for the punishment of counter- feiting of securities and current coin of the United States. (e) To establish postoffiees and post-roads. 2-11 Powers of the President. — He shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Sen- ators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other pub- lie Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law. The President shall have power to fill up all va- cancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. Powers of the Senate. — The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of Presi- dent of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. If no candidate for the Vice-Presidency receives a majority of votes, then from the tw^o highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice-President. Powers of the House of Representatives. — The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. All bills for rais- 242 ing revenue shall originate in the House of Eepresentatives. If no candidate for the Pl^esidency receives a ma- jority of votes, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Eepresentatives shall choose imme- diately, by ballot, the President. Set 48. 1. (a) The Mound Builders were a race of people, apparently Indians, who inhabited North America, previous to the Indians Colum- bus met when he discovered America. The}^ were called IMound Builders, because they built extensive mounds of earth con- taining their treasures, such as earthen- ware, religious structures, skeletons, etc. Many mounds were of regular outline, as- suming the form of various geometrical figures; others, in the form of men and animals. They are found in Ohio, ]\Iis- souri, Wisconsin, Iowa, and West Vir- ginia. The Indians were the people that inhabited North and South America when Colmnbus discovered that continent. He, thinking he had found India, called the inhabitants Indians, (b) Food. — Fish and game; maize or Indian corn, herbs and roots, beans, squashes, pumpkins, tobacco. 243 Clothing. — In suninier, scanty. In winter, clothing was made from skins of fur-bear- ing animals, and the hides of buffalo and deer. Moccasins for their feet. Shelter. — Wigwams rudely constructed by driving poles into the ground in circular form, drawing their tops near together, and then covering them with bark or skins. These wigwams had an upper opening by which the smoke might escape. Many families lived in one wigwam. The Indians who once lived in New York and in the valley of the St. LaAvrence, lived in long houses, but the Missouri Indians had round houses built of the same materials. In the round houses the fireplace was in the middle, and families lived in rooms shaped like cuts of a pie. Many of these round houses were built close together, and then surrounded by a palisade made of tree trunks. These were driven into the ground so close together that they formed a very strong fence. The long houses were generally very long and rather narrow, with a door at either end, and a. passageway running through the center. On either side of this hall there were little rooms, each occupied by a fam- ily. At intervals along the passage the ground was hollowed out, and a clay or earthen fireplace was built, where four families cooked their meals. Above the fireplace there was a. hole in the roof to 244 serve as chimney. The rooms near the doors were generally used as storerooms for food and fuel. When several of these long houses were built together, they were often surrounded by a Avooden wall, or palisade, to keep out the wild beasts and to serve as protection in time of war. Crops. — Beans, squashes, pumpkins, tobacco, maize. Occupation. — War, chief occupation; next, hunting and fishing. The women did all the work in the fields. Characteristics. — Copper-colored skin; high cheek bones; small black eyes and long, straight hair, jet black; faces, beardless. Swift of foot, quick-witted, keen-sighted, most patient of hunger, fatigue, and cold. He had no idea of providing for the future. In time of plenty he gorged himself; in time of famine he starved. While he was capable of the greatest endurance, he was by nature indolent and shiftless. They were very skillful hunters; they knew the habits of every animal and bird in the forest, of every fish in the river ; they could follow a trail with amazing skill ; they bore physical pain with marvelous bravery ; their self-control was wonderful ; under the most horrible torture no cry es- caped from the lips of the Indian ; on the contrary, he generally sneered at his tor- turers. 2. See Set 42, No. 1 (a and b). 245 3. See Set 39, No.. 8 (b),-also Set 62, No. 12. 4. In 1617, the Dutch built a trading post at Bergen, New Jersey, on the west bank of the Hudson. In 1664, a company from Long Island and New England settled in Elizabethtown. This was the first permanent English settlement in the State. 5. See Set 39, No. 10 (cause). Place. — It was fought in North America. Several battles were fought around the Great Lakes, New York, Pennsylvania, Montreal, Quebec, Charleston, S. C, and the New England States. Results.— ^ee Set 39, No. 10. 6. Food. — Vegetables, meats and breadstuffs. Clothing. — Women, plain gray dress, gray bonnet, w^iite apron, white kerchief over the shoulders. Men, knee breeches, silk stockings, buckle shoes, long-tailed coat, large rimmed hats with high crown. Shelter. — Homes like ordinarj^ Americans. Houses built of wood, birch and stone. Crops. — Corn, beans, sweet potatoes, etc. Occupations. — Tilling the soil, and spreading plenty around them. Characteristics. — Peaceable and thrifty ; excellent citizens. They had an aversion to war, and were constantly trying to establish peace and reform. They took part in the abolition move- ment. They believed in God, but had no form of worship. They had meeting places for wor- ship ; yet they waited the time when the spirit moved them. 246 7. It Avas necessary for -the people to establish the United States of America to form themselves into a united body against the mother country, that their interests might be in common, that they might decide as a nation what was best to be done during the war, and that they might be recognized as a nation by foreign powers. 8. Independence was obtained by the Revolution'ary War between the American colonies and Eng- land. It was obtained by the American colonies from Great Britain. Independence was de- clared July 4, 1776, but the treaty of Paris, by Avhich the independence of the United States was acknowledged, was not signed till Septem- ber 3, 1783. 9. See Set 3, No. 12 (d). 10. Area. — In 1790 the area was 318,752 square miles. In 1913, it was 3,805,000 square miles. Products. — 1790: Vegetables, hay, corn, grain, hemp, flax, wheat, tobacco, rice, indigo. 1913 : Wheat, grain, gold, lumber, cattle, cot- ton, oil, coal, iron, silver, tobacco, semi-tropical fruits, etc., in abundance, so as to provide for exports. Manufactures. — 1790: Glass, home-spun cotton goods and linen, shipbuilding, carpet weaving, broom making, flour. 1913: Iron and steel goods, machinery and engines, preserved meats, lumber products, tex- tile goods, clothing, flour and meal, paper, books and newspapers, leather and leather goods, cars and wagons, automobiles. 24< Means and Method of Transportation.— 1190: Stage coach and horseback, for traveling and conveying goods. Sailboats on ocean, small boats for fishing along the shores. 1913: Railroad travel, freight by rail and canals and rivers, street cars, automobiles, bicycles, airships, etc. Ocean and river steam- ers of great capacity. All manner of means and methods of transportation. 11. Descent of People.— 1190: The English race pre- dominated in all of the States ; there were per- haps two hundred thousand Scotch-Irish, chiefly along the frontier; a small but per- sistent Dutch element in New York ; some Ger- mans in Pennsylvania and the West; a small Huguenot element in South Carolina ; Indians ; free negroes and slaves. 1913: Native-born Americans (whites), Eng- lish, Germans, Hungarians, Polish, Russians, Italians, Swedes, French, Slavonians, Dutch, Irish, Greeks, Scotch, Negroes, Indians. Occupations.— 1190 : Agriculture, shipbuilding, fishing and commerce, carpet weaving and broom making, and a little manufacturing. 1913 : Manufacture, commerce, mining, spec- ulating, agriculture, lumbering, teaching, or- ganizing, settling, etc. 3Iode of Living.— 1190: Mostly farm life; men went to the fields ; women performed household duties. Men provided for the homes; women spun and made all the clothes. Poor, perhaps, but peaceful and homelike and happy. Chil- 248 dren employed around their own homes. Boys often apprenticed to learn a trade. 1913 : Men engaged in various kinds of labor, agriculture, building, stone quarrying, manu- facture of any kind, mining, etc., providing thus for their homes. Women, mothers govern the homes. Youths and maidens engaged in labor in factories, stores, mills, etc. Children attend schools. It is an age of hurry and a continual seeking for novelties. Set 49. 1. The first permanent settlement made in America by the Spanish Avas in 1565, at St. Augustine, Florida. By the French, at Quebec, Quebec, in 1608. By the Dutch, at New Amsterdam, now New York City, in 1623. By the Swedes, at Christiana, on the Delaware, near the present site of Wilmington, in 1638. By the English, at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. 2. (a) See Set 37, No. 2. (b) See Set 37, No. 2. 3. (a) Burgoyne's surrender insured American In- dependence. (b) This victory was won at Saratoga, New York, October 17, 1777. Gates was the Ameri- can commander, and Burgoyne, the British. This battle is classed among the decisive battles of the world. 4. (a) In the matter of population, the South was at a great disadvantage. There were in the free States, 19,000,000 of people, in all 249 the slave States, 12,000,000. As the slave States of Maryland, Kentucky and Mis- souri, with 3,000,000 of people, remained in the Union, the North had 22,000,000, while the seceding States, had only 9,000,- 000 of inhabitants, and 3,000,000 of these were slaves. The North had a large popu- lation of free men, thus allowing it to con- tinue uninterrupted its manufactures, and to recruit constantly the armies in the field. In the South the negro slaves tilled the soil, while every white man went to the front. There was practically no re- serve force, and the losses in battle told heavily, as the places of men, killed and wounded, could never be filled. (b) The South suffered great disadvantages be- cause of its industrial condition. It had few manufactories or machine shops, few nsivy yards, and no seafaring population to draw from in manning any vessels that might be built. The coal and iron mines had been undeveloped, and almost every article of food or clothing was imported in exchange for cotton. Accustomed to the use of firearms, the inhabitants of the South were skilled marksmen. The North had numberless machine shops, foun- deries, gun factories, and shipyards, with a large supply of skilled machinists. Its merchant marine and fisheries had raised up a race of hardy sailors. It had numer- 250 ous railroads to move the troops easily from point to point. (c) The people of the South were enthusiasticalh united, because they felt they were fight- ing for their homes and against invasion. The North was waging a w^ar for the in- tegrity of its national life, although free- dom and slavery were the real causes be- hind the struggle. Each section under- estimated the patriotism, the endurance, the bravery, and the intelligence of the other. 5. (a) The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862. It was to go into effect on January 1, 1863. (b) It included the slaves in the States that seceded from the Union. (c) Lincoln freed the slaves by virtue of his power as commander-in-chief of the army of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure. (d) The Fourteenth Amendment made the negro a citizen and the Fifteenth Amendment made him a voter. Note. — There are three things in connection -with the Emancipation Proclamation Avhich must be understood and remembered: 1. Lincoln did not abolish slavery. He emancipated or set free the slaves of certain persons engaged in waging war a^tainst the Liiited States sjovernment. 251 2. The Einanoipatiou Proclamation did not apply to any of the loj^al slave States (Delaware, Maryland, AVest Virginia, Kentucky, and Missouri), nor to such territory as the Union army had re- conquered (Tennessee, thirteen par- ishes in Louisiana, and seven counties in Virginia). In none of these places did it free the slaves. 3. Lincoln freed the slaves by virtue of his power as commander-in-chief of the army of the U'nited States, ^'and as a fit and necessary war measure. ' ' 6. (a) The United States consists of forty-eight States, Alaska Territory and the Hawaiian Territory, and the following islands: Porto Rico, the Philippines, Guam, Tu- tuila, ]\Ianua and various small Islands in the mid-Pacific (Christmas, Baker, Mid- way, Wake and Howland). (b) State Government. — The government of each State is provided for in its Constitution, which is formed by delegates chosen by the people of the State. All State Constitu- tions provide for three departments: the Legislative, the Executive, and the Judi- cial. The chief executive officer is the governor. The organization of the State Legislature, the manner of passing laws, etc., are similar to the methods pursued in Congress. Eastern Possessions. — On July 4, 1901, the ^Military Government in the Philippmes 252 was succeeded by a Civil Government in the pacified districts and by Act of Con- gress approved July 1, 1902, Civil rule was established throughout the Islands. The government was composed of a Civil Governor and seven Commissioners. By Act of Congress, approved May 11, 1908, the Commission was increased by the num- ber appointed by the President, making a Commission of nine, including the Gover- nor. There are thirty-nine provinces, each of which has a Governor, a Supreme Court and fourteen judicial districts. The new territorial government for Hawaii was inaugurated at Honolulu, June 14, 1900. The Territory has a delegate elected biennially by the people to represent them in Congress. 7 . (a) Counties of Massach usetts. — Barnstable, Berk- shire, Bristol, Dukes, Essex, Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire, Middlesex, Nan- tucket, Norfolk, Plymouth, Suffolk, Wor- cester, (b) Fall River and Lowell are noted for the manufacture of cotton and woolen goods. Lynn is noted for boots and shoes. Hol- yoke for paper and textiles. Waltham for watches. 8. (a) From Duluth, Minn, eastward across Lake Superior, through the ship canal, on Lake Huron, St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, Detroit River, eastward across Lake Erie, eastward on the Erie Canal through New 253 York to the Hudson River, down the Hud- son, through the New York Bay, on At- lantic Ocean to Massachusetts Bay. (Could also go from Xcav York Bay to East River, Long Island Sound, Atlantic Ocean, Mas- sachusetts Bay.) (b) The water route from Philadelphia to San Francisco may be shortened by the open- ing of the Panama Canal. (a and b) See Map No. 10. Set 50. The Colonial Governments may properly be divided into three classes: Provincial, Pro- prietary, and Charter. New York had a Provincial Government ; Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Charter Governments; Pennsylvania, Proprietary Government; Vir- ginia, Provincial Government. No. The people of Massachusetts Bay, while in England, were Puritans, but not Separatists. Having come to America to establish a Puritan Church, they were imwilling to receive persons holding opinions differing from their own, lest their purpose should be defeated. They ac- cordingly sent back to England those who per- sisted in using the forms of the Established Church, and allow^ed only members of their own church to vote in civil affairs. They banished Roger Williams and Anne Hutchin- son for differing from them in their religious 254 belief and executed four Quakers for their peculiar religious views. Maryland can claim the honor. In 1649 the Assembly of Maryland passed the celebrated Toleration Act, which secured to all Christians liberty to worship God according to the dictates of their own conscience. 3. The Colonists w^ere benefited, (a) It united the Colonists and inspired them with new strength ; (b) it trained thousands of resolute men in the use of arms, taught them to face an enemy, and thus prepared them for the War of Indepen- dence not many years distant; (c) it removed all danger of attack by the French and made the Colonists feel less need of British protec- tion. France lost Canada and in fact all her possessions in America, except the two little barren islands, Miquelon and St. Pierre, off the coast of south- ern Newfoundland which England permitted her to keep to dry fish on. To Spain, the ally of France, France secretly transferred New Orleans with the Louisiana Territory west of the Mississippi. England obtained Canada from France, and Florida from Spain who had fought on the side of France against England. 4. Five of the oppressive acts were : Taxation with- out representation, Navigation Acts, Writs of Assistance, Stamp Act, Mutiny Act. 5. Warren was a patriot leader in Massachusetts and was killed at the battle of Bunker Hill. 255 Stark won the victory of Bennington, August 16, 1777. Barry was an American naval commander, dis- tinguished in the Revolutionary War. He con- veyed Lafayette to France in 1781. Sullivan was an American general who served at Brandywine and Germantown. Lafayette was a celebrated French general who entered the Revolutionary army as a volunteer, with the rank of major-general. Marion was an American Revolutionary general, distinguished as a partisan leader in South Carolina. He served at Eutaw Springs in 1781. Allen was colonel of the ''Green Mountain Boys.'' He captured Fort Ticonderoga from the British in 1775. Paul Jones was a Scottish-American naval adven- turer who won the great naval battle between the Serapis and his vessel, the Bonhomme Richard. Robert Morris was an American financier and es- tablished the Bank of North America in 1781. Charles Carroll of "Carrollton" w^as an American patriot, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. The final battle of the Revolution was fought in 1781, at Yorktown. The treaty of peace was signed September 3, 1783. By the treaty of 1783 the boundaries of the United States were declared to be about what is the present northern boundary from the mouth of the St. Croix River in Maine to the Lake of the Woods, and then due west to the Mississippi 256 (which was, of course, an impossible line, for that river does not rise in Canada) ; then down the Mississippi to 31 degrees north latitude; then eastward along that parallel of latitude to the Apalachicola River, and then by what is the present north boundary of Florida to the Atlantic. 7. In his reply to the Address of the Roman Catholics after the Revolution, Washington expressed himself as follows : ''I hope ever to see America among the foremost nations in examples of justice and liberality; and I presume that your fellow-citizens will not forget the patriotic part which you took in the accomplishment of their Revolution, and the establishment of their government, or the im- portant assistance they received from a nation, in which the Roman Catholic Faith is pro- fessed." . . . ''May the members of your Society in America, animated alone by the pure spirit of Christianity, and still conducting themselves as the faithful subjects of our free Government, enjoy every temporal and spir- itual felicity." — George Washington. 8. See above No. 6. In 1803 the French Cession, Louisiana, was added. In 1819 the Spanish Cessation, Florida, was added. In 1845 Texas was annexed. In 1848 the Mexican Cession was added. In 1853 the Gadsden Purchase was added. 251 9. In 1793 the cotton-gin was invented by Eli Whitney. In 1807 the steamboat was invented by Fulton. In 1833 a reaping machine was invented by McCormick. In 1837 the electric telegraph was invented by Professor Morse. The cotton plant has pods which when ripe split open and show a white woolly substance at- tached to seeds. Before the cotton could be used, these seeds must be picked out, and as the labor of cleaning was very great, only a small quantity could be sent to market. It happened that a young man from Massachu- setts, named Eli Whitney, was then living in Georgia, and he, seeing the need of a machine to clean cotton, invented the cotton-gin. Till then, a negro slave could not clean two pounds of cotton in a day. With the gin the same slave in the same time could remove the seeds from a hundred pounds. This gave to the United States another staple even greater in value than tobacco. In 1792 one hundred and ninety-two thousand pounds of cotton were ex- ported to Europe; in 1795, after the gin was invented, six million pounds were sent out of the country. Of all the marvelous inventions of our country, this produced the greatest con- sequences. It made cotton planting profitable ; it brought immense wealth to the people of the South every year ; it covered New England with cotton mills, and by making slave labor 258 profitable it did more than aiwthing else to fasten slavery on the United States for seventy years, and finally to bring on the Civil War, the most terrible struggle of modern times. 10. Congress of the United States consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. Seventeenth Amendment. — The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Sena- tors from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legis- latures. When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legis- lature of any State may empower the executive authority thereof to make temporary appoint- ments until the people fill the vacancies by elec- tion as the legislature may direct. This amendment shall not be construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution. 259 Set 51. 1. (a) The First Continental Congress met to unite in vindication of their common interests when England gave evidence of a deter- mination to oppress the Colonies. (b) It was composed of representatives from all the colonies except Georgia. (c) This Congress published to the world a long and emphatic Bill of Rights, which may be regarded as the first decided step towards independence. 2. (a) The defects of the Articles of Confederation were that Congress had no power to en- force its laws; it could not levy taxes for any purpose ; it could not regulate foreign commerce; it could borrow money, but could not pay a dollar; it could coin money, but could not purchase an ounce of bullion; it could declare war, but could not raise an army; it could make and conclude treaties, but could only recommend the observance of them; it could declare everything, but do nothing. (b) Under the Articles of Confederation there was one House of Congress, but no Presi- dent and no developed system of federal courts. The great weakness of the Na- tional government lay in the fact that it could not enforce its decrees. The new Constitution provided for three depart- ments: 1. The Legislative, to consist of a Congress made up of a Senate and a 260 House of Representatives; 2. The Ex- ecutive, to consist of a President and officers to carry out these laws; 3. The Judicial, to consist of the federal or na- tional courts to interpret the laws. While the legislature of each State could still enact laws for its State, the Constitution became the supreme law of the land, to be obeyed by the National and State governments and by the people. The new Constitution thus brought into existence a strong central government. By estab- lishing the presidency and the Supreme Court, by compelling freedom of trade among the States, and granting to Con- gress power to levy taxes, the Constitution laid broad and deep the foundations of our national life. 3. See Set 8, No. 7. 4. (a) Three historical events that have occurred in Philadelphia are Penn's treaty of peace with the Delaware Indians in 1682; the signing of the Declaration of Inde- pendence, July 4, 1776 ; the occupation of Philadelphia by the English troops imcler Howe in 1777. (b) On May 15, 1776, Congress decided to sup- press every kind of authorit}^ under the crown, and the colonies were asked to make for themselves new State govern- ments. On June 7th Richard Henry Lee offered in Conprress this resolution: "Re- 261 solved that these United States are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States." The motion was seconded b}^ John Adams, and a committee of five, with Thomas Jefferson as chairman, was appointed for drawing up the declaration. Action was postponed for three weeks, to learn the opinion of the colonies. At first Pennsylvania, Maryland, and South Caro- lina did not favor it, and New York was doubtful. On July 2d, however, it was carried unanimously, twelve States voting in its favor. On July 4th the Declara- tion of Independence, written by Jeft'er- son, was adopted by Congress. The colonies, now the United States of Amer- ica, were declared to be absolved from all allegiance to the British crown. The joy of the people at the news of the adop- tion of the Declaration of Independence was unbounded. It was read to Wash- ington's army and in all the cities and towns throughout the colonies. Bells were rung and bonfires lighted ; in Philadelphia the royal arms in the room where Con- gress was sitting were cast out and the great bell rang forth joyfully; in New York the leaden statue of George III. was pulled down and melted into bullets. 5. (a) The purpose of opening the Mississippi River was to cut the confederacy in two, and by controlling the river prevent the 262 confederates from obtaining western sup- plies. It was effected by the land forces breaking the three lines of defense made by the Con- federates and by the Union gunboats fight- ing their way do^^^l the river to meet Parragut who captured New Orleans and was moving up the river, (b) The purpose of Sherman's March to the Sea was to devastate Georgia which was con- sidered the storehouse of the Confederacy, and then to move northward to join Grant in his attack on Richmond. Set 52. In 1617, the Dutch, crossing over from Manhattan Island, built a small fort at Bergen, on the west bank of the Hudson. Later they built a second fort nearly opposite to where Phila- delphia now stands. The whole country be- tween these forts they claimed as part of New Netherland, though the English maintained that as the Cabots had discovered the coast, it belonged by right to them. In 1664, after the English had conquered the Dutch colony of New Netherland, the Duke of York gave the whole territory between the Delaware River and the Hudson to his friends Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Sir George had been governor of the Island of Jersey in the English Channel. During the Civil War in England he gallantly defended 263 that island in behalf of Charles I., the Duke of York's father. For this reason the Duke named the country which he granted to him and to Lord Berkeley, New Jersey. An Eng- lish settlement was made that year at a place Avhich the emigrants called Elizabethtown, in honor of Lady Elizabeth Carteret, wife of Sir George. In 1674, some English Friends, or Quakers, bought Lord Berkeley 's share, or West Jersey, and later William Penn and other members of the Society of Friends bought the other half, or East Jersey, from the heirs of Sir George Carteret. Eventually trouble arose about titles to land, and the proprietors thought it best (1702) to put the two colonies directly into the hands of the English government. They were united under the jurisdiction of the governor of New York; but in 1738 New Jersey became a separate province. From this time until the Revolu- tion it was ruled by a governor of its own appointed by the king of England. It was so prosperous because the colonists were granted self-government; they levied their own taxes, made their own laws, and enjoyed religious liberty and the friendship of the Indians. The early history of New York is only an account of Indian butcheries varied by difficulties with the English on the Connecticut. Although the settlers of Pennsylvania had relig- ious freedom, they had not all the civil rights 264 they wished and constantly sought to weaken the authority of the proprietor. 2. The chief reason was that they were dissatisfied with the Church of England and wanted free- dom of religion. They were earnest^ sober-minded people, actuated in all things by deep religious principle, and never disloj^al to their convictions of duty. The colony was affected by religious disturb- ances. These colonists had come to America to establish a Puritan Church, and they were unwilling to receive persons holding opinions differing from their own, lest their purpose should be defeated. They allowed only mem- bers of their own church to vote in civil affairs. The character of the Virginia colonists was poorly adapted to endure the hardships in- cident to a life in a new country. The settlers were mostly gentlemen by birth, unused to labor. They had no families, and came out in search of wealth or adventure, expecting, when rich, to return to England. 3. George Washington. He received a fair English education, but noth- ing more. He excelled in athletic sports and horsemanship, and was fond of life in the woods. He became a skillful surveyor, and found the work highly profitable. He was naturally fearless. See Set 39, No. 10, result of French and Indian War. 265 4. (a) According to tradition Penn met the Red Men under the branches of a wide-spread- ing elm in what was the vicinity of Phila- delphia. There solemn promises of mutual friendship were made. In accordance, however, with the principles of the Quaker faith, no oaths were taken. Each trusted to the other's simple word. That treaty was "never broken," and for sixty years, or as long as the Quakers held control, the people of Pennsylvania lived at peace with the natives. The tree under which that memorable transaction took place no longer stands, but its site is marked by a monument. The Indian record of the treaty — a belt of wampum representing Penn and the chief clasping hands — is still preserved. (b) Massasoit was born probably about 1580; died 1661. A chief of the Wampanoag Indians in southeastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island, in alliance with the Plymouth colonists 1621-61. (c) Pocahontas was an Indian woman celebrated in the colonial history of Virginia. She was the daughter of the Chief Powhatan, and was about 12 years of age when John Smith was brought a captive before her father in 1607. In 1613 she was baptized by the name of Rebecca and married to John Rolfe, one of the settlers at James- town. In 1616 Rolfe and his wife, in IQQ company with a number of Indians, sailed to England. She died in England in 1 617. (d) The widespread cultivation of tobacco in the Virginia colony required many and cheap laborers. In August, 1619, a Dutch ship came up the James river with twenty negroes, who were sold as slaves to the planters. This was the beginning of negro slavery in the English colonies of America. (e) The colonists suffered so severely from the cold winter and scarcity of food that one half of them died during the winter. At one time, there were only seven well persons to take care of the sick. (f) Miles Standish was born in England about 158-4, died at Duxbury, Mass., in 1656. He was one of the early colonists of New England. He came over in the Maytiower to Plymouth in 1620, and was appointed captain by the Pilgrims; commanded various expeditions against the Indians, defeating them at Weymouth in 1623. He is the subject of a poem by Longfel- low, ''The Courtship of Miles Standish." (g) Roger Williams was born in Wales about 1600, died in Rhode Island in 1684. He was the founder of Rhode Island. He was banished from Massachusetts because he became objectionable to the authorities on account of his political and religious opinions. He founded Providence in 1636. He had great influence with the Narra- 267 gauset Indians, and used it to the ad- vantage of the colonists in the Pequot War. (h) There had been recurring witchcraft panics in Europe since the fifteenth century, and in England and Scotland there were several in the seventeenth century. In various parts of Massachusetts the delu- sion appeared, but the most violent out- break was in Salem in 1692. The children of a Puritan minister claimed to be be- witched by an old colored woman. She confessed, and with the children brought accusations against many people in the parish. Cotton Mather, one of the most conservative of the Puritan ministers, had aided by his writings and sermons in in- tensifying the belief in witchcraft, and his influence was now thrown in favor of the active prosecution of the cases. This soon produced a reign of terror through- out the colony. No one was safe, and be- fore the panic ended twenty persons had suffered death. At length a reaction set in, and those in prison were released. So keenly did the colony feel its shame that a day of fast was appointed. (i) We owe the Indians restitution for robbing them of their lands, for annihilating them by our advance of civilization, for cheat- ing them of the first object of our con- quests — Faith. 268 5. The Nullification Act was an ordinance passed by a State convention of South Carolina, No- vember 19, 1832, declaring void certain acts of the United States Congress levying duties and imposts on imports, and threatening that any attempt to enforce those acts, except through the courts in that State, would be followed by the secession of South Carolina from the Union. It was repealed by the State Convention in 1833. The Monroe Doctrine in American politics, is the doctrine of the non-intervention of European powers in matters relating to the American continents. A protective tariff is a duty on imported goods for the purpose of encouraging home manu- factures. State Sovereignty was a doctrine which declared that a State could set aside an act of Congress. 6. The Spoils System w^as a system by which the newly elected President turned his foes out of government positions and placed in his friends. It is called the "Spoils System" from a speech in the United States Senate by Marcy, in which he declared that he could ''see noth- ing wrong in the rule, that to the victor be- long the spoils of the enemy." The Civil Service Reform is a law made in 1871 securing the appointment of worthy men to office through competitive examinations rather than on the recommendation of a political leader. Since 1883 Civil Service Reform has 169 become an established policy of our govern- ment. Civil Service Reform is better since it secures more worthy men. 7. The purchase of Louisiana in 1803 (Jefferson). The Monroe Doctrine (Monroe). The opening of the Erie Canal (J. Q. Adams). The closing of the United States Bank (Jackson). 8. Some of the things that have been of greatest aid to progress in the United States are her ter- ritorial development, her internal improve- ments, her inventions, her educational system. The territorial accjuisitions have increased our national domain and increased our power. Her internal improvements have increased the value of vast fertile fields and attracted set- tlers from all sides and thus increased our commerce. Her inventions have been many and they minister to our comfort and the world's progress. Her educational system is extended to all classes of society and embraces every kind of knowl- edge, except the knowledge of God. 9. The Battle of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898. The United States Asiatic Squadron, under Com- modore George Dewey, was at this time in the harbor of Hongkong. At once a message was sent to him to capture or destroy the Spanish fleet in the Philippines. Dewey sailed im- mediately; and Sunday morning. May 1st, be- fore daybreak, he passed the entrance to Manila Bay and slowly drew near the city. 270 When the sun arose the Spanish fleet was seen off Cavite, a peninsula which is eight miles from Manila, across the bay. Dewey had four cruisers, two gunboats, and a dispatch boat, a fleet superior to the naval force of Spain. The battle began at daybreak, and the American squadron, passing and repassing five times before the Spanish boats, aimed its guns with deadly effect. Every Spanish vessel was destroyed, with large loss of life. The Americans lost neither a vessel nor a man. 10. The few settlers in Florida caused endless trouble to the neighboring States. In 1817 Andrew Jackson, who was in command of the forces of the United States, seized a number of Spanish forts and towns and in three months had the country under his control. His action threatened to cause trouble with Spain, but Spain was induced to sell Florida to the United States in 1819 for $5,000,000. Set 53. 1. On his first voj^age Columbus discovered San Salvador, Cuba, and Hayti. 2. The States bordering on the Atlantic Ocean which were included in the thirteen original colonies are New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia. 3. Father Marquette was born in France in 1637, died near Lake Michigan in 1675. He was a 271 French Jesuit missionary and explorer in America. He accompanied Joliet in his voyage down the Wisconsin and Mississippi and up the Illinois in 1673. He died while attempt- ing to establish a mission among the Illinois. He wrote a description of the expedition of 1673. 4. China has recently changed its form of govern- ment (1912). 5. The government of the United States is divided into three departments. The first has Legis- lative power; the second, Executive power; the third, Judicial power. Set 54. 1. See Map No. 11. 2. The Huguenots were French Protestants. In 1562 the Huguenots under John Ribaut made a settlement at Port Royal in South Carolina. It proved a failure. In 1564 a second expe- dition was sent out under the leadership of Laudonniere. This time they landed at the St. John's River in Florida and built a fort, but it was soon destroyed by the Spanish. About 1670 they found a welcome in South Carolina. In Charleston alone there were at one time as man}^ as 16,000 Huguenots. 3. Two motives of the English government in plant- ing colonies in America were to increase her foreign possessions and to keep in line with the conquests made by her rivals, Spain and France. 272 Two causes of emigration to America in colonial period were religious persecutions and a de- sire for wealth. 4. The trials of the colony at eJamestown were due to fever and famine. The colony was made up largely of men who were unused to work, and instead of building houses, planting seed, and preparing for the future, they looked for gold. The fever and famine that overtook them soon reduced their number by half. John Smith, a fearless, restless adventurer, took charge and procured food from the Indians, built huts, planted corn and saved the colony from ruin. The Jamestown Colony had the advantage of a milder climate and the aid of the Indians. 5. Maryland in 1649, Rhode Island in 1663, and Pennsylvania in 1681, gave religious freedom to its settlers. Under these humane laws, the colonies flourished greatly. These colonies share the honor of establishing the principle of religious freedom. 6. The Mound Builders were, according to Major Powell, of the United States Geological Survey, the Indian tribes discovered by the white man. They were supposed for a long time to have been a civilized race which had disappeared before the landing of Columbus. 7. Raleigh obtained a charter of colonization in 1584 and sent Amidas and Barlow to explore the region which he called Virginia. In 1585 he he dispatched a fleet of colonists, w^ho landed 273 on Roanoke Island, but were brought back by Drake the following year. In 1587 he des- patched another body of emigrants, which set- tled Roanoke Island, but which had disappeared when a relief expedition reached the island in 1590. In 1595 he sailed for Trinidad and ascended the Orinoco. He was imprisoned in the Tower, but in 1616 he was released to com- mand an expedition to Guiana and the Orinoco. The expedition was a failure. 8. In 1-192 Columbus discovered America. In 1607 the first permanent English settlement was made at Jamestown. In 1623 a famine occurred in the Plymouth Col- ony; also first permanent Dutch settlement at New Amsterdam. In 1541 the Mississippi River was discovered. In 1620 the Pilgrims landed in Plymouth. 9. Massasoit was chief of the Wampanoag Indians. Canonicus was chief of the Narragansett Indians. 10. In 1633 the Dutch built a fort in Connecticut where Hartford now stands. To shut off the Dutch vessels the English colonists established a fort at the mouth of the river in 1635, and called it Saybrook. In the Connecticut Valley three English settlements Avere made in 1635- 36 at Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield. In 1638 the English made a settlement at New Haven. In 1662 Charles II granted a charter to the Connecticut and New Haven colonies, and their union was soon after completed. 274 Set 55. 1. Robert Morris was an American financier and established the Bank of North America in 1781 ; he was superintendent of finance 1781-1784. Benjamin Franklin was a member of the com- mittee of five chosen by Congress in 1776 to draw np a Declaration of Independence. He was ambassador to the court of France in 1776 and in conjunction with Lee and Deane con- cluded a treaty with France in 1778, by which France recognized the independence of America. In conjunction with Jay and Adams he concluded the treaty of peace with England in 1783. James Madison was the fourth President of the United States from 1809-1817. During his ad- ministration the War of 1812 was carried on with England. Morris and Franklin were Pennsylvanians. 2. Improvement in the means of transportation and communication. Since the Civil War there have been many important inventions and dis- coveries in means of transportation and com- munication ; but none of these caused anything like the revolution along industrial and other institutional lines that was caused by the intro- duction of the railroad and telegraph. Before the railroad and telegraph came into use, animal power and wind power were the only forces used by man in transportation and com- munication, except the limited use of steam power in water navigation. The use of electric 275 power for purposes of communication, and of steam power for purposes of land transporta- tion, brought about an astounding revolution in institutional life. No other inventions or dis- coveries in means of transportation and com- munication can ever affect human progress so profoundly as these have done, because the rail- road and telegraph have too nearly overcome the element of time in carrying goods, passen- gers and messages. Other inventions and dis- coveries, however, will make transportation and communication cheaper and more convenient. Among those of this kind that have come into use since 1860 are the cable and electric rail- ways, the bicycle, the automobile and the tele- phone. The telephone and the street railways have become very important factors in the busi- ness and social life of the nation. But the most important development in means of transporta- tion and communication made during this period has been the growth of steam railroads. In 1860, there were only about thirty thousand miles of these railroads in the United States, while in 1909 there were more than two hun- dred and fifteen thousand miles, and new lines are constantly in course of construction. These vast railway systems have had a more import- ant effect on the institutional life of the nation than any other one factor. They have aided industrial growth by making it possible to develop the great natural resources of the country, and by creating an immense home market for the products of all parts of the 276 nation. They have exerted a beneficial in- fluence on the nation by bringing the people into closer touch and doing away with section- alism, thus promoting the growth of a true national life. 3. (a) The most important causes of the Civil War were the antislavery agitation and the de- velopment of the doctrines of State sover- eignty. The former had been gaining force since the Missouri Compromise, and espe- cially since the "Wilmot Proviso, the Mexi- can War, the Omnibus Bill, and the Kansas-Nebraska trouble. The latter found expression in the Kentucky resolu- tions, nullification, and especially in the teachings of Calhoun. (b) See Map No. 2. (c) The slavery question and the question of State Rights were settled. 4. (a) See Set 9, No. 6 (a). (b) Reciprocity means mutual action and reac- tion. A treaty of reciprocity is a treaty concluded between two countries, conferring equal privileges. (c) A treaty is an agreement, league, or contract between two or more nations or sovereigns, formally signed by commissioners properly authorized, and solemnly ratified by the several sovereigns, or the supreme power of each nation. (d) See Set 16, No. 9. (e) See Set 52, No. 6. 277 5. (a) The Senate consists of two members from each State, making ninety-six in all. The Representatives are apportioned in pro- portion to the total population. According to the census of 1910 there is one Represen- tative to every 212,407 inhabitants, making in all 435 Representatives in the House. (b) No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. (c) See Set 4, No. 8. (d) The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker. 6. (a) The Thirteenth Amendment made the slaves free; the Fourteenth declared them citi- zens ; the Fifteenth gave them the right to vote. (b) The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments were adopted in Johnson 's administration ; the Fifteenth in Grant's administration. (c) See Set 15, No. 6. 278 Set 56. 1. (a) See Set 9, No. 6 (a). (b) The Tariff was popular at the North, but dis- tasteful to tlie South. The North engaged in manufactures, wished to have foreign competition shut otf by heavy duties; while the South being an agricultural sec- tion, had no factories and believed that the high tariff diminished foreign trade, and consequently the market for cotton in Europe, and also compelled them to pay higher prices for the goods they bought. The North maintained that a protective tariff* established a home market where cotton Avould bring a higher price. The Tariff question strengthened the South in its adherence to the doctrine of State Rights, and led South Carolina to pass the Nullification ordinance. 2. (a) See Set 55, No. 3 (a). (b) The States that seceded from the Union were South Carolina, ^Mississippi, Florida, Ala- bama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas. They were joined by Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee. (c) See Set 55, No. 3 (c). 3. (a) See Set 4, No. 4. (b) In September (1864) there was fighting in the Shenandoah Valle}^ between Sheridan and Early, in which Sheridan gained the day. Later Early took advantage of Sher- idan's absence from his army to surprise 279 the Union force at Cedar Creek in the valley. They retreated, and the retreat soon became a panic. Sheridan was then at Winchester, about twenty miles away. He heard the cannon with their "Terrible grumble, and rumble, and roar, Telling the battle was on once more." Mounting his horse, he hurried to the scene of disaster. As he came up, a great cheer greeted him from the Union cavalry. ''We must face the other way!" shouted Sheridan to the retreating men. They did face the other way, and so effectually that they speedily drove the Confederates ' ' fly- ing" out of that part of the valley. 4. By the treaty of peace, December 10, 1898, which ended the Spanish-American War, the United States acquired the Philippine Islands, Guam, Porto Rico, and other Spanish West Indian Islands for $20,000,000. During the progress of the war with Spain the United States annexed the Hawaiian Islands, July 6, 1898. 5. (a) Three electrical devices which have proved of great value to the world are the elec- tric lamp, wireless telegraphy, the tele- phone, (b) The electric light ministers to our comfort and the world's progress. Wireless telegraphy affords instantaneous connnunication through great distances both on land and sea, and has proved most beneficial in rescuing lives on shipboard. 280 The telephone transmits the sound of the hu- man voice through great distances and has become an essential part of our busi- ness and social life. Set 57. 1. The nations that took an active part in the ex- plorations of North America were the Spanish, the French, the English, and the Dutch. Ponce de Leon was a Spanish explorer. Cartier was a French explorer, Fl-obisher was an English explorer. Hudson was an English navigator in the Dutch service. 2. (a) The aboriginal inhabitants of North America were named Indians on the supposition that the lands discovered by the early navigators were parts of India, (b) The Indians were savages; but seldom de- graded savages. They lived by hunting, fishing, and agriculture. Their farming, however, was of the rudest kind. For weapons they had bows and arrows, hatch- ets made of flint, and heavy clubs. The Indian believed in a strict division of duties. He did the hunting, the fighting, the scalping; his wife did the work. She built the wigwam, or hut of bark. She planted and hoed the corn and tobacco. She made deerskin clothes for the family. When they moved, she carried the furni- ture on her back. Her housekeeping was 281 simple. She kindled a fire on the ground by rubbing two dry sticks rapidly to- gether; then she roasted the meat on the coals, or boiled it in an earthen pot. There was always plenty of smoke and dirt ; but no one complained. House-cleaning was unlvnown. (c) The Indian usually believed in a Great Spirit all-powerful, wise, and good; but he also believed in many inferior spirits, some good, and some evil. Often he worshipped the evil spirits most. He reasoned in this way : The Great Spirit will not hurt me, even if I do not pray to him, for he is good; but if I neglect the evil spirits, they may do me mischief. Beyond this life the Indian looked for an- other. There the brave warrior who had taken many scalps would enter the happy hunting-grounds; there demons would flog the coward to never-ending tasks. 3. Lord Baltimore died before the Maryland Char- ter was signed, and his son, Cecil Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore, carried out his father's plans. With two vessels, in charge of Leonard Calvert, brother of the proprietor, the colo- nists, two hundred and twenty in number, with Father White and two other Jesuits, entered Chesapeake Bay and sailed up the Potomac. At St. Clements Island they landed and took possession. Father White consecrated the soil, and the first Mass in English America was celebrated March 25, 1634. A settlement which 282 they named St. Mary's was founded. Land was purchased from the Indians, and this gained their good will at the outset. In 1638, friends of Anne Hutchinson bought from the Narragansetts the Island of Aquid- neck, afterwards called Rhode Island. Dis- sensions, however, arose, and some of the colo- nists moved to the southern end of the island and founded a colony which was named New- port. The old settlement was called Portsmouth. These different colonies were united afterwards by a charter which Roger Williams secured in England, and were called "The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations." William Penn had inherited from his father, Ad- miral Penn, a claim of sixteen thousand pounds against the English government, and he asked King Charles II for a grant of land west of the Delaware in payment of his claim. In 1681, Charles II gave a charter to Penn, mak- ing him absolute proprietor of the province of Pennsylvania. Though by this charter Penn possessed almost royal powers, he prepared a form of government very liberal in its charac- ter. In 1682, Penn arrived at Upland, now called Chester, and formall.y took possession of his province. In the autumn of 1682 he located his capital town, named Philadelphia, laying it out in squares with the streets at right angles. Beneath a spreading elm tree, in a suburb of his capital, he made a famous treaty with the Indians. From its foundation Philadelphia was a prosperous tov.na, and in 283 fourteen years gained about twenty thousand inhabitants. In 1606, King James I gave charters to two Eng- lish companies ''for planting and ruling New England in America." One of these com- panies, the London Company sent out three ship-loads of people, to choose and settle lands in Virginia. In the spring of 1607 the three vessels entered Chesapeake Bay. They an- chored at Point Comfort. Fifty miles up the river they chose the site of their first settle- ment, which bore the name Jamestown. In the following yeai^s other colonists were added. Jamestown proved to be a permanent settle- ment. 4. Every farmhouse was a little factory, and every farmer a jack-of -all-trades. He and his sons made their own shoes, beat out nails and spikes, hinges, and every sort of ironmongery, and constructed much of the household furniture. The wife and her daughters manufactured the clothing, from dressing the flax and carding the wool to cutting the cloth ; knit the mittens and socks; and during the wdnter made straw bonnets to sell in the towns in the spring. Even in such towns as were large enough to sup- port a few artisans, each made, with the help of an apprentice, and perhaps a journeyman, all the articles he sold. All conduct was shaped by a literal interpreta- tion of the Scriptures, and articles of dress Avere limited or regulated by law. 284 5. In 1492, Columbus discovered America. In 1565, Menendez laid the foundation of St. Augustine, the oldest town in the United States. In 1609, Henry Hudson, an English navigator in the Dutch service, hoping to reach the Pacific Ocean, ascended the noble river which bears his name. In 1614, the Republic of the United Netherlands or Holland, took possession of the country on the Hudson River, and gave it the name of New Netherland. That very year Captain John Smith, formerly of Jamestown, Virginia, explored the Atlantic coast east and northeast of the Hudson. He made a map of it, calling the country New England. In 1620, the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. 6. (a) The chief industries of the New England colonists Vv'Cre ship building, fishing, some farming, and manufacturing on a limited scale, (b) The chief industries of the Southern colonists w^ere tobacco and rice raising. 7. The Patroons. As Holland was anxious to estab- lish a sufficient population in the province to hold it against all intruders, it granted a char- ter intended to favor emigration. That char- ter gave to any member of the Dutch West India Company w^ho should take or send out fifty settlers within four years, the right to a large amount of land on any navigable river or bay in New Netherland. Such a proprietor was to receive the honorarv title of ' ' Patroon. ' ' 28.^ If he located his estate on one bank only of a river, he was to have sixteen miles of water- front; if on both banks, he was to have eight miles on each. Inland, he might extend his settlement as far as he could occupy the soil to advantage. In all cases he was to purchase the land of the Indians. The patroon who began a settlement agreed to do three things: 1. To pay the expenses of the emigrant's passage from Holland. 2. To stock a farm for him on his estate with horses, cat- tle, and all necessary agricultural implements, at a small rent, and free from taxes. 3. To provide a schoolmaster and a minister of the Gospel. In return, the emigrant bound himself in many ways, of which the three following were the principal ones: He agreed , 1. To cultivate the patroon 's land for ten years, and not to leave it without permission. 2. To give the patroon the first opportunity to buy any grain or other produce he might have to sell. 3. To bring all disputes about property and rights to the patroon 's court, of which the patroon himself was judge. The New England Confederacy. In 1643 Massa- chusetts Bay united with Plymouth and with the two western colonies of Connecticut and Xew Haven in a league for mutual defence. The league was maintained for over forty years. Rhode Island and Maine wished to join it, but were refused, because the first had es- 286 tablished freedom of worship, and the second stood by the king and the Church of England. The object of the confederacy was twofold: First, the Colonies sought to protect themselves against hostile Indians and against the Dutch, who were anxious to get possession of the ter- ritory between the Hudson and the Connecti- cut Elvers. Secondly, they wished to express their sj^mpathy with the Puritan Party in England, which was then engaged in a strug- gle with the tyrannical King Charles I, and which soon after changed England for a time into a republic. Pernios Treaty. According to tradition Penn met the Red ]Men under the branches of a wide- spreading elm in what was then the vicinity of Philadelphia. There solemn promises of mutual friendship were made. In accordance, however, wath the principles of the Quaker faith, no oaths were taken. Each trusted to the other's simple word. That treaty was ''never broken," and for sixty years, or as long as the Quakers held control, the people of Pennsylvania lived at peace with the na- tives. The tree under w^hich that memorable transaction took place no longer stands, but its site is marked by a monument. The Indian record of the treaty, a belt of wampum repre- senting Penn and the Chief clasping hands, is still preserved. 8. The Indians hid in the forest and fired from be- hind trees, while the European soldiers fought 287 by rule aud attacked the eneiu}- openly face to face. Braddock's defeat near Fort Duquesne. 9. (a) See Set 39, No. 10, cause. (b) Quebec, See Set 39, No. 10. (c) See Set 39, No. 10, results. 10. John Cabot discovered the continent of North America. Roger Williams founded Providence in Rhode Island. Magellan discovered the Strait of Magellan and the Philippine Islands where he lost his life. One of his captains continued the journey, rounded the Cape of Good Hope and thus made the first voyage around the world. Cecil Calvert was the first proprietor of Maryland. Cartier discovered the St. Lawrence River in 1535. 11. The chief executive of this countrj^ is Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States (1911). The chief executive in Pennsylvania is Governor John K. Tener. The chief executive of Philadelphia is Mayor Ru- dolf Blankenburg. 12. In the colonial times people seldom traveled. When the}^ did, they generally preferred go- ing by water, if possible, in order to avoid the bad roads. But as such traveling was wholly in sailing-vessels, the time when a man reached his destination depended on the wind, and the wind made no promises. Knowing this fact, some chose to go by land. To accommodate these venturesome people a lumbering covered wagon ran once a week between New York and Philadelphia, traveling at the rate of about three miles an hour. Later (1766), an enter- prising individual put on a wagon which ac- tually made the trip of ninety miles in two days. On account of its speed it was adver- tised as the "Flying Machine;" the cheaper conveyances, which did not ''fly," took a day longer to make the journey. In the wet season of the year the passengers often worked their passage as well as paid for it, for they were frequently called on to get out and pry the wagon out of the mud with fence rails. At present, by means of the railways and steam engine travel has been reduced to a mile a minute. In colonial times the expense of carrying the mails made postage so high that but few letters were written. These were rarely prepaid; and as a charge of twenty-five cents on a single letter was not very uncommon, most persons pre- ferred that their friends should think of them often but write to them seldom. At present, because of the telegraph and tele- phone, communication even from a distance is almost instantaneous. The United States pos- tal service offers a quick, safe, and cheap com- munication. Set 58. See Set 2. Set 59. 1. Spain at one time claimed Florida, Louisiana Cession, Texas, the Mexican Cession, Gadsden 289 Purchase, Oregon, Porto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam. Spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819 for $5,000,000, and by the same treaty also relinquished all her authoritj^ over the region west of the Rock}^ ^Mountains and north of forty- two degrees north latitude. Just before the close of the great war between England and France in 1763, France ceded Louisiana with New Orleans to her ally, Spain, In 1800 Napoleon Bonaparte induced or forced Spain to cede it back to France. Texas, which had been part of the Spanish colony, founded in 1535 and called New Spain, Spain lost when she lost her colony through rebellion and the inhabitants deposed her viceroy in 1821. Spain lost what is known as the Mexican Cession and the Gadsden Purchase by the revolution under Iturbide in 1821. At the close of the Spanish War in 1898, a treaty was made hy which the United States obtained Porto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam. 2. Quaker Settlement. — Pennsylvania. Leader — William Penn. Land obtained in patjmient of debt due his father. Freedom from Indian wars — made treaty of peace which was kept by both sides. See Set 57, No. 3, for fuller answers. 3. From the beginning of the Revolution, the pa- triots had hoped to obtain aid from France, nor were they disappointed. Early in 1776, Silas Deane was sent to Paris to urge an alii- 290 ance. After the Declaration of Independence, he was joined by Benjamin Franklin and Arthur Lee. Though France sympathized with the Americans, she could give them no open aid without incurring the hostility of Great Britain. Secretly, however, she furnished them with money, arms, provisions and cloth- ing. Louis XYI permitted French officers to leave their country to aid the American cause, and encouraged commerce with the Colonies, by exempting from duty all vessels bearing supplies to the United States. Among the most distinguished French officers who gave themselves to our cause, was the young Marquis de La Fayette. Contrary to the en- treaties of his friends, when American affairs looked gloomiest, he fitted out a vessel at his own expense, and with eleven officers, among whom was the German veteran, Baron de Kalb, sailed for the New World, 1777. The sensa- tion produced by his appearance in this coun- try, was, of course, much greater than that produced in Europe b}^ his departure. It still stands forth as one of the most prominent and important circumstances in our revolutionary contest; and, as has often been said by one who bore no small part in its trials and suc- cess, none but those who were then alive can believe what an impulse it gave to the hopes of a population almost disheartened by a long series of disasters. Franklin, meanwhile, had gained considerable in- fluence at the French court ; Marie Antoinette 291 was our hearty friend; and when the news of Burgoyne's surrender reached Europe, Louis XVI was induced to acknowledge the inde- pendence of the United States, and to make a treaty of alliance with the young Republic, February 6, 1778. France now openly took part in the war; and in April, 1778, a French lieet under D'Estaing sailed for America. The effect of this was electric. Great was the re- joicing of the Americans over this event, and to Washington it brought renewed hope and courage. 4. See Set 9, No. 2 (a). France owned the province of Louisiana, includ- ing New Orleans. Napoleon Bonaparte, who was then about to engage in a tremendous con- test with England, was afraid that when war broke out the English would send over a fleet and take Louisiana out of his hands. For that reason he was willing to sell it to the United States, especially as the money would help him to fit out his armies against Great Britain. In 1803, President Jefferson bought the whole ter- ritory of Louisiana for fifteen millions of dol- lars. By so doing he got the very heart of the American continent, reaching from the Missis- sippi back to the Rocky Mountains. He thus, at one stroke, more than doubled the area of the United States, getting upwards of a million of square miles, or over six hundred millions of acres, for two cents and a half an acre. See Set 9, No. 2 (b). 292 The possession of Louisiana secured to us four important points: — (a) It prevented any disputes with France about the territory. (b) It prevented England from getting con- trol of it. (e) It gave us the Great West, that is, the West beyond the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains. (d) It made us masters of the entire Mis- sissippi River, with the City of New Orleans. The President was criticized for overstepping his authority, some saying that he had no right to make the purchase. He himself confessed that he stretched his power 'Hill it cracked," in order to complete the bargain. There is nothing in the Constitution that gives the President the right to make such a purchase. The event was commemorated by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. It was the hundredth anniversary of the crowning event of Jeffer- son's administration. Twelve hundred acres were covered with massive and beautiful build- ings, erected by the States and Territories of the Union and by the nations of the earth. The exposition was the greatest the world has ever seen. 5. A tax on foreign goods is called a duty. All the taxes on imported goods taken together form what is called the tariff of a countr3^ Its main purpose is to obtain money for the use of the Government, in paying the debts of the 293 United States, in providing for common de- fense, and the general welfare of the nation. It also protects home manufacture, hence is a protective tariff. It compels the consumer to buy home manufactured goods, or else pay a high price for the same article manufactured in a foreign land. The effect of the Embargo and the Non-Inter- course Acts was to encourage home manufac- ture and many of the manufactories of the country had their beginning at this time, 1807 and 1809. By the year 1816, we were manu- facturing goods quite largely, and many peo- ple came to believe that we ought to impose a protective tariff which would levy a heavy tax on foreign goods, similar to those we were making, and thus encourage buyers to pur- chase those made here rather than pay a much higher price for the imported articles. Such a protective tariff' was imposed in 1816, and again in 1824, 1828, 1832, and 1842. Francis C. Lowell, in 1814, introduced the Eng- lish power loom into America and established at Waltham, Massachusetts , a cotton mill. Other large factories were built at Lowell, Lawrence, and Fall River. To protect these industries from English competition at the close of the war, a duty of twenty-five per cent, was laid on cotton and woolen goods imported from abroad, and the protective system was thereby established. During the w^ar the necessity for better communi- cation bv means of S'ood roads and canals be- 294 tween the sections of the eoiiutry v/as plainly seen. This need led to a renewed demand for "internal improvements," with money to be raised from increased tariff rates, and further developed the growing protective system. 6. In 1863 General Hooker, in command of the Army of the Potomac was defeated by General Lee at Chancellorsville. Andrew Jackson was President of th e United States, and inaugurated the "spoils system" in Federal politics by dismissing about six hundred and ninety office-holders during the first year of his administration, as against seventy-four removals by all the preceding Presidents. Henry Clay was an American statesman and ora- tor and was the chief designer of the ]\Iissouri Compromise of 1820, and of the Compromise of 1850. Daniel Webster was an American statesman and orator and became famous for his speeches in opposition to Calhoun in 1833. He supported Clay's compromise measure in 1850. Stephen Douglas was an American Democratic politician. He advanced the doctrine of popu- lar or "squatter" sovereignty in relation to slaveiy in the Territories, and reported the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in 1854. 7. See Set 9, No. 4 (a). The provision: All runaway slaves found at the North shall be arrested, and, without trial by jury, they shall be returned to their masters. Because many people declared : Above the Con- 295 stitution aud all Acts of Congress there is a "Higher Law" — a divine law of justice and of freedom which compels us through conscience not to obey such an order of the Government, and not to return the fugitive to his master. 8. See Set 56, No. 2 (b). See Set 55, No. 3 (c). The Civil War left mam- questions to be settled in this epoch. AVhat was the political status of the late seceded States, and how should they resume their places in the Union ? What rights should be given to the emancipated negro? What Avas to be done with the greenbacks, which for a long time formed the chief money in circulation ? Other questions were: Should the duties be kept high to increase the products of the producer, or shoulci they be lowered to lessen the cost of goods to the consumer? Should the dollar of commerce mean, ultimately, a certain amount of gold, or the debtor's choice between that amount of gold and a certain amount of silver, or merely a paper greenback? Conflicts be- tween organized labor and organized capital became widespread and disastrous : how should such injury be avoided? 9. (a) Alaska was purchased in 1867. It has proved of value to us because it has extended our povrer on the Pacific Coast. It is a profitable possession because of its furs, forests, and fish; its rich deposits of gold; and its trade in sealskins. (b) See Set 56, Xo. 4. 296 The Hawaiian Islands were annexed during the Spanish War, July 6, 1898. The Island of Tutuila was given to the United States by a treaty made with Great Britain and Germany in 1899. The Island of Wake was taken possession of by the United States in 1899. 10. The Venezuelan Boundary. In 1895 a boundary dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana seemed likely to lead to war. Cleveland follow- ing the Monroe Doctrine, protested to Great Britain against any seizure of Venezuelan ter- ritory. A commission was appointed to as- certain the true boundary; but before it could report, Great Britain and Venezuela signed a treaty of arbitration, and the dispute was amicably adjusted. 11. Bills ma}^ originate in either the House of Re- presentatives or the Senate, except bills for raising revenue which shall originate in the House of Eepresentatives. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to recon- sider it. If after such reconsideration, two- thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objec- tions, to the other house, bv which it shall 297 likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sunday excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment pre- vent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 12. The three hundredth anniversary of the discovery of the Hudson River by Henry Hudson was celebrated late in September, 1909. At the same time was celebrated the one hundredth anniversary (though 1907 was the exact year) of the beginning of steam navigation by Robert Fulton. The Dutch nation presented a replica of the Half Moon, and manned it with Dutch officers and crew. A replica of the Clermont was prepared, and these two tiny vessels were the chief objects of attention in the great pro- cession of all sorts of vessels which was nearly forty miles long. The celebration consisting also of military parades, historical pageants, and other sights lasted for several days. On the evening of the last day beacon lights were burned along the Hudson River from New York to Albany, a distance of one hundred and twentv-five miles. 298 The Hudson-Fultoii celebration took place in New York in 1909. 13. Florida was discovered by Ponce de Leon on Easter Sunday, a day which Spaniards call Pascua Florida, or Flowery Easter. In com- memoration of the day when he first saw the coast, he named the country Florida. Baltimore was named after Lord Baltimore, who obtained a charter from Charles I for the terri- tory north of the Potomac which was given the name of Maryland. New York was so named in honor of James, Duke of York, the brother of King Charles II. Virginia w^as so called in honor of the maiden life of Queen Elizabeth. Plymouth was so called after the Plymouth Com- pany, which took its name from the city in England where it was organized and which had control of Northern Virginia, between the east- ern end of Long Island and the northern limit of the mainland of Nova Scotia. Charles II, of England, named Pemi's grant, Pennsylvania or Penn's Woods. Providence was so called by Roger Williams out of gratitude to ''God's merciful Providence to him in his distress." The word Connecticut is an Indian name (Quo- nektacat) meaning long river. Georgia was so named out of compliment to King George II. 299 Set 60. 1. (a) 1. Financial profit. 2. To obtain greater religious and civil free- dom. 3. To fonnd an asylum for persecuted Catho- lics. 4. To establish a home for the poor debtors of England. (b) 1. Jamestown, Virginia, 1607. 2. Plymouth, Massachusetts, 1620. 3. St. Mary's, Maryland, 1631. 4. Savannah, Georgia, 1733. 2. See Set 51, No. 2 (a). 3. The United States has acquired territory by con- quest, treaty, purchase, and by annexation. The United States grew from about 400,000 square miles in 1776 to 3,747,000 square miles in 1900 by the following additions of territory to the original thirteen States : — (a) The Northwest Territory, in part con- quered by General George Rogers Clark in 1778, in part ceded by the treaty of 1783. (b) The country south of the Ohio River, in part previously occupied by the Kentuckians and Tennesseeans, but chiefly gained by clever diplomacy in 1782. (c) Louisiana, purchased from France in 1803. 300 (d) Oregon, discovered in 1792, explored in 1805, occupied as wild territory in 1811. (e) West Florida, conquered in 1810-1814. (f ) East Florida, purchased in 1819. (g) Texas, annexed as a State in 1845. (li) New Mexico and California, conquered in 1846 and ceded by Mexico in 1848. (i) The Gadsden Purchase, bought from Mexico in 1853. (j) Alaska, bought in 1867. (k) The Hawaiian Islands, annexed by con- sent in 1898. (1) Christmas, Wake, Baker, Howland, Mid- way, and other islands, earlier dis- covered, but added as wild territory in 1898. (m) Porto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, conquered in 1898. (n) Tutuila and some other small Samoan Islands, wild territory confirmed as our sole possession in 1899. 4. (a) The Ordinance of 1787 forbade slavery in the Northwest Territory, except in punishment of crime. (b) The Missouri Compromise prohibited slavery north of the parallel 36 degrees 30 minutes with the exception of Missouri. It settled the question of slavery for nearly twenty- five years. After this political antislavery sentiment became more prominent and the dissatisfaction in the North with the 301 Missouri Compromise laid the foundation of abolitionism. (c) The Compromise of 1850. Two of its clauses favored slavery. By these acts of this bill, the slavery question seemed to be pretty well provided for. But the whole thing was again brought under hot dispute four years later in the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. (d) The Fugitive Slave Law strengthened the slavery question. It aroused the deepest excitement in the North, for the slave could give no testimony. By the Fugitive Slave Law, passed in 1850, United States Com- missioners had power to turn over a colored man or woman to anybody who claimed the negro as an escaped slave. Anyone w^ho harbored a fugitive slave or prevented his recapture, Avas fined and im- prisoned. On several occasions during 1851, the free negroes and the people of the North rose and rescued the slave from his captors. (e) The Kansas-Nebraska Bill proclaimed the Missouri Compromise null and void and opened anew the whole slavery question. This bill is chiefly significant because it renew^ed the contest between the North and the South, which had been thought settled by the Compromise of 1850. 5. About 1800 the value of slave labor was small, but by 1830 cotton made it profitable. The prices of slaves rose, and border States like Maryland, Virginia, and Kentucky found 302 ready sale for their surplus slaves in the cotton States. Hence, from the earlier idea that slavery was an evil to be got rid of, the southern people came to believe that it was an evil which could not be shaken off; then, that it was a good thing which ought to be extended : and gradually a line of justification of slavery was worked out, which may be analyzed as follows : — (a) That the negro was physically and men- tally inferior to the white man, so that the theory of equality of mankind did not apply ; and that the only way to keep southern society together was to hold the negro a slave under such incitements as seemed necessary to keep him at work. (b) That the slave was happiest and best off when somebody else fed him, clothed him, and cared for him in old age. (c) That the good of the whites required slavery, for it would be impossible to clear the land without forced labor; and slavery gave to the white race a sense of responsibility and mastery. (d) That slavery was necessary for Demo- cratic government, because it set the master free to attend to his political duties. As Calhoun put it, ''Slavery forms the most solid and durable foun- dation on which to erect free institu- 303 6. As free States. Because Kansas and Nebraska both lay in that part of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36° 30' which was to be free soil. 7. (a) Because some States having seceded from the Union, it was necessary after the war to decide what was to be done with these States, or just how they were to re-enter the Union. Hence, we might say, that one of the first duties after the war was to re- construct the Union. The main question at issue was "Did the eleven former se- ceded States still have all the dignity, equality, and rights of the States unim- paired?" (b) Andrew Johnson (1865-1869). 8. (a) The blockade during the Civil War pre- vented the South from having any inter- course with other nations, and obtaining supplies from them. No cotton could be exported, and thus the revenues of the South were greatly reduced. It rendered difficult the purchase of arms and muni- tions of war, a vital blow, as the South had few gun factories or machine shops. This raised the prices of all imported goods in the Confederate States. Flour brought, in Confederate currency, $40 a barrel; calico, $30 a yard; coffee, $50 a pound. Dried sage, raspberry, and other leaves were substituted for the costly tea. "Woolen clothing was scarce, and the army de- pended largely on captures of the ample Federal stores. Pins were so scarce that 304 they were eagerly picked up in the streets. Paper was so expensive that matches could no longer be put up in boxes. Sugar, butter, and white bread became luxuries even for the wealthy. Salt, being a neces- sity, was economized to the last degree, old pork and fish barrels being soaked and the water evaporated so that not a grain of salt might be wasted. Women wore gar- ments that were made of cloth carded, spun, woven, and dyed by their own hands. Large thorns were fitted with wax heads and made to serve as hairpins. Shoes were manufactured A\dth wooden soles, to which the uppers were attached by means of small tacks. It was the blockade rather than the ravages of the army that sapped the industrial strength of the Confederacy. (b) The battle fought between the Monitor and the Merrimac caused a revolution in naval warfare. This was the greatest naval battle of modern times. When it ended, neither ship was disabled; but they were the masters of the seas, for it was now proved that no wooden ships anywhere afloat could harm them. The days of wooden naval vessels were over, and all the nations of the world were forced to build their navies anew. 9. Presidential Duties. — The duties of the presiden- tial office, so various and so burdensome, are summed up in the provision of the Constitu- 305 tion ''He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed. ' ' Section 3. — ''He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient. He may, on extraordinary occa- sions, convene both Houses, or either of them ; and in case of disagreement between them mth respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper. He shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed; and shall commission all the officers of the United States." Duties of Congress. — "The Congress shall as- semble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in De- cember, unless they shall by law appoint a different day." *'Each House shall keep a journal of its proceed- ings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal." "Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. ' ' 306 Duties of the United States Supreme Court. — The peculiar province of the Supreme Court is to interpret the Constitution, and in all conflicts between a State and the Nation, the final deci- sion rests with the Supreme Court of the United States. 10. (a) The country was mainly agricultural and manufactured goods were received from abroad. England had passed laws before the Revolution prohibiting the manufac- ture of certain articles. The raw materials were sent to England and the manufac- tured products received in exchange. The slight protective tariff of 1789 increased manufactures, and the War of 1812 still more so. (b) Our manufactures are now protected by a ^'Protective Tariff." 11. (a) In October, 1913, General Huerta abolished Congress and made himself Dictator of Mexico. The presidential election held in Mexico, October 26, 1913, was a mere mockery. General Huerta decided not to be a candidate for President. He did not need to be, for the Constitution continues a provisional president in office, when there is no choice by the voters. Huerta was able to see that there was no choice, and re- mained provisional president. The Con- stitutionalists (so-called rebels) under General Carranza made every effort to overthrow Huerta 's government. The Constitutionalists held all the States in J07 northern Mexico. Huerta had control in the State of Mexico, four States nearby, and six small States in the South. The United States protested against the con- duct of General Huerta. For months Mexico was the scene of fierce battles between General Carranza's I'ehel Constitutionalists and the Huerta Federal- ists. All nations were very much con- cerned about the safety of their subjects who were residents in Mexico. During all this time war with the United States was often imminent. President Wilson and Secretary Bryan were loathe to throw the United States into war (1914). (b) Conditions in Mexico^ September, 1914. — Mexico is now being governed by the Con- stitutionalists. General Carranza and his army entered Mexico City, August 16th. Thus, after a struggle of a year and a half, Huerta has been driven from power and Carranza and Villa control the govern- ment. Unable any longer to keep his place, Huerta resigned in favor of Car- bajal, who in turn fled before the Consti- tutionalists. The change of government brought only slight disorder, and peace is being rapidly restored throughout the country. Carranza will remain in authority until a general election can be held. United States troops will hold Vera Cruz until the new president is installed. It 308 seems probable that Carraiiza will be the man. Thus, President Wilson's purpose to restore orderly government in Mexico has suc- ceeded, and succeeded without a war ; for the taking of a single seaport with only a few minutes' fighting can hardly be re- garded as a war, 12. (a) The Supreme Law of the Land. — The supreme law^ of the land consists of three separate bodies of laws, namely : — 1. The Constitution and its amendments. 2. All laws made by Congress from 1789 till the present time. 3. All treaties made from 1789 till the present time, (b) The Supreme Court of the United States. 13. Problems of our country, as stated in President Wilson's Message, 1913: — (a) Our duty toward Mexico. (b) Reformation of the currency and bank- ing laws. (c) Self-government for Porto Rico, Hawaii and the Philippines. (d) Alaska to have full territorial form of government. (e) Government to build railways in Alaska. (f ) Laws for the better protection of minors, railway employees and life at sea. 1914. — 1. Repeal of Panama Canal tolls. 2. The use of our warships in time of peace to build up trade with South America through the Canal. 309 3. The carrying out of the Owen-Glass Currency Bill. (The selection of twelve cities for new reserve banks.) 4. Woman suffrage. 5. The change of the law against trusts, to give the government greater powers. 6. The building of 1000 miles of railway to connect Alaska's coal fields with the coast was decided upon by the Alaska Railroad Bill, March, 1914. Work to be begun in the summer of 1915, limit of cost to be $35,000,000. A railroad built by the government and owned by the government is a novelty for the United States. The deciding upon the route and the mak- ing of the plans is quite an important problem. 7. The carrying out of the new tariff law with its sweeping reductions; of the law requiring a tax on the incomes of the rich; the turning of the navy into a great institution for the edu- cation of the enlisted men; are really the solution of important problems. 14. Miles Standish.—^ee Set 52, No. 4 (f). Steuben was the disciplinarian of the American Revolutionary Army. Alexander Hamilton made a public speech on the patriotic side in July, 1774; he was only 17 years of age and the Revolutionary fever was at its height. 310 Henry Clay was the author of the Missouri Com- promise and the Omnibus Bill. Stephen Douglas introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in December, 1853. Daniel Webster was a distinguished American orator and statesman. John Hay is widely known for his dialect sketches and poems. William Taft was President of the United States from 1909 to 1913. He was president of the commission appointed by President Roosevelt to visit the Philippines and report upon their condition. Champ Clark is Speaker of the House of Repre- sentatives (1913). In the debate regarding the repeal of the Panama Canal Toll, Speaker Clark, with Chairman Underwood, went against President Wilson, w^ho desired the re- peal, but the majority of the House refused to follow him. Woodrow Wilson is now President of the United States (1913). He was professor at Princeton College, and became prominent for his writings upon political science. He wrote "Congres- sional Government," "A Study in American Politics, and ''The State," also a historical book, "Division and Reunion, 1830-1880." 15. (a) Lawler says Elizabeth, first permanent settle- ment in New Jersey, w^as founded in 1664. A few authorities say 1665. Meeting of the House of Burgesses, July 30, 1619. Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. 311 Adoption of the Constitution, September 17, 1787. Emancipation Proclamation issued September 22, 1862, to go into effect January 1, 1863. (b) 1607 — The founding of Jamestown, Virginia, first permanent English settlement. 1803 — Purchase of Louisiana. 1812— The beginning of the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain. 1848— The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at the close of the Mexican War, 1848 — Gold was discovered in California. 1861— The attack on Fort Sumter, April 12th, when the first shot of the great Civil War was fired. 16. (a) Nullification is the act of annulling a law, or declaring it of no effect. It is the formal suspension by a State government of the operation of a law of the United States within the territory under the jurisdiction of that State, (b) No; for on December 11, 1832, President Jackson issued the "Nullification Procla- mation," declaring nullification to be in- compatible with the existence of the Union, • and contrary to the Constitution. Set 61, 1. See Set 10, No. 5. 2. See Set 10, No. 6. 3. See Set 10, No. 7. 312 4. See Set 3, No. 12 (e). 5. See Set 8, No. 1. Set 62. 1. Columhus attempted to find a western route to India because of the molestations of the Turks, who commanded the gateway to the Black Sea, as also the levy of excessive transit dues in Egypt. Besides Columbus' idea was to find a shorter, hence a less expensive trading route to India, since the trade with India was a source of great wealth to Southern Europe. 2, 3. John Cahot. — An Italian, John Cabot, was com- missioned by Henry VII to seek a northern route for the spice trade. He sailed from Bristol, May, 1497, in a single vessel and dis- covered America, along the coast of Labrador, June 24th. Believing he had discovered Asia, he landed and claimed the land for the king of England. Eeturning a year later, he ex- plored the coast as far south as Cape Hatteras. These voyages gave England a claim to the Atlantic seaboard and the right to colonize North America. Cartier, a French master-pilot, sailed to the west and discovered the land since called New- foundland. Passing through the straits of Belle Isle, he sailed into a gulf which he called the Gulf of St. Lawrence, because it was the feast day of that saint, August 10, 1535. Car- tier, in search of a northwest passage, ascended the St. Lawrence to Lachine Rapids, and Mon- treal. 313 Balboa. — While governor of Darien, Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and discovered the Pacific Ocean in 1513, of which he took possession with its coast and islands, for Spain. This discovery made it clear that the new land was a new continent and not Asia. Henry Hudson. — This explorer made several voyages in search of a northwest passage. In the first expedition in 1607, he explored the coast of Greenland. In 1609, he commanded an expedition for the Dutch East India Com- pany. After coasting along Labrador, he sailed southward, touching at Newfoundland, Penob- scot Bay, Cape Cod and the Chesapeake. He sailed up the Hudson as far as the present site of Albany. On his last voyage in 1610, he entered the strait and bay which bears his name. His crew became mutinous because of severe hardships and set Hudson with eight companions adrift in a small boat. The un- fortunate explorer was never again seen nor heard from. Sir Francis Brake. — In 1579, Sir Francis Drake, another English sea captain, reached the Pacific Ocean by way of Magellan Strait. He explored the coast of California, spent a few weeks at San Francisco and afterwards re- turned to England by way of Good Hope, thus completing the second circumnavigation of the globe. On his arrival in England, Queen Elizabeth partook of a splendid banquet given by him. At the close of the banquet, the queen conferred upon Drake the honor of knighthood. 314 Magellan. — Magellan was the first to circumnavi- gate the globe. In 1520, he sailed along the coast of the new continent, passing through the strait which since bears his name, and across the Pacific to India. One of the ships of his fleet returned to the port of Spain, from which they started, having doubled the Cape of Good Hope and sailed around the world. He himself was killed by the natives of the Philip- pine Islands. De Soto. — In 1539, De Soto, governor of Cuba, sailed on an expedition to conquer Florida and explore the interior. They were accompanied by a number of missionaries to convert and instruct the conquered nations; for none doubted success. Having landed at Tampa Bay, De Soto pressed onward for more than two years, encountering many hardships. At length, he reached the banks of the Mississippi in 1541. He died a year later, beneath the shadov/ of the cross he had planted along this great river. Over his remains was chanted the first requiem ever heard in those wild regions. His body was sunk in the stream. Ponce De Leon. — The first Spanish expedition into North America was led by Ponce de Leon, who had accompanied Columbus on his second voyage, and had been later a governor of one of the West Indies. Hearing from the Indians of a country possessing gold and a wonderful spring that would restore youth to the aged, he sailed from Porto Rico, in March, 1513. On Easter Sunday, he came in view of the coast 315 near the site of the present city of St. Augustine and called the land Florida from Pascua Florida, the Spanish name for Easter. He attempted to found a settlement on this coast, but failed. Being mortally wounded by the Indians, he returned to Cuba. La Salle. — La Salle, one of the most illustrious explorers of our country, was born at Rouen, France. In early youth he entered the Society of Jesus; but after some years of study, he left the order, and started for Canada to build up his fortune, his own patrimony having been forfeited by the unjust provisions of the French law. In 1666, he sailed for Canada, and obtained from the Sulpitians a large tract of land near Montreal, which he named La Chine. In the winter of 1670, he started on an expedition towards the southwest, discovered the Ohio River, and sailed down as far as the site of Louisville. Having been appointed governor of Fort Frontenac, he was encouraged by Colbert to pursue the discoveries and ex- plorations which his ovm genius suggested. He built a vessel on Lake Erie, began his voyage in August, 1679, and passed through Lakes Huron and Michigan. At Peoria, having heard that his vessel, The Griffin, had been wrecked, he built a fort and returned by land to Kings- ton (1680). In 1682, with a large party, he renewed his enterprise, and descended the Mississippi in canoes from the Illinois River to the Gulf of Mexico (April, 1682). The next year he went to France, and having obtained 316 a commission to plant a colony in Louisiana, lie undertook a voyage to that region; but failing to find the mouth of the Mississippi, he landed in Texas. Here he encountered great hardships, and was at length murdered by some of his own followers. Coriez. — Ferdinand Cortez was a native of Spain and the conqueror of Mexico. At the age of fourteen, he was sent to the University of Salamanca to study law. Here he remained two years. In 1504, he sailed for the New World and w^as received with great favor by the governor of Hispaniola. (The island of Hayti, so named by Columbus.) Having been appointed commander of an expedition to Mexico, he, in 1518, set out for that country. Having reached the coast, he laid the founda- tion of Vera Cruz, and destroyed his ships to make retreat impossible. After a severe struggle, he overthrew the Mexican, or Aztec empire, and reduced it to the dominion of Spain. His victories caused him to be dreaded by some, and envied by others. At length, dis- gusted with the treacherous conduct of many around him, he returned to Spain. Here he was coldly received by the emperor, Charles V, and after a time, he fell so low in the royal favor that he could not obtain an audience. He finally withdrew from court, and died in soli- tude in the sixty-third year of his age. 4, 5. (a) People emigrated from Europe to America on account of their greed of gold, and a desire for freedom of worship, as also 337 the thought of establishing a govern- ment after their own ideas. (b) These people came mostly from England, France, Spain and Holland. 6, 7. New York, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Maryland, Virginia. New York was so named in honor of James, Duke of York, the brother of the king, Charles II. Peter Minuit. Pennsylvania, Penn's Woods, was the name given by Charles II of England to Penn's grant. William Penn. Georgia was so named out of compliment to King George II. James Oglethorpe. Maryland was so named at the request of Charles I, King of England, in honor of his Queen, Henrietta Maria. Lord Baltimore. Virginia was so called in honor of the maiden life of Queen Elizabeth. John Smith. 8, 9. The Introduction of Negro Slavery into America : — (a) On an August day, 1619, a Dutch ship entered the James River, and before it sailed away, sold twenty negroes into slavery. The slaves increased in num- bers (there w^ere 2000 in Virginia in 1671), and slavery spread to the other colonies as they were started, till, in time, it existed in every one of them. In 1775, there wxre half a million slaves in the colonies. (b) Tobacco and cotton raising were greatly helped by the importation of slaves. 318 Tobacco was mainly responsible for the introduction of negro slavery. 10. Effects. — (a) Enriched European nations. (b) Made them more adventurous. (c) Introduced new industries. (d) New lands were added to their possessions. 11. (a) Men with spirit and men with will and men physically strong were needed to plant colonies in the New World, for they were going into a wilderness in which not a house was standing; besides they had to fight against all hardships and struggle against famine, sickness, etc. (b) The Virginia settlers were aristocratic gen- tlemen, unwilling to work and instead of building houses, planting seed and pre- paring for the future, they looked for gold. (c) The Massachusetts colonists were sturdy men of culture, who came to found homes where freedom of religious worship could be enjoyed. 12. 13. English. — In the northern part and along the Atlantic coast. French. — Central parts of America, along the St. Lawrence and Mississippi Rivers. Dutch. — New Amsterdam (New York). Spanish. — Southern parts of Mexico and Florida. Swedes. — Delaware. 14, 15. (a) 1. To carry on trade and commerce. 2. For the sake of the fisheries. 319 3. To hold the land drained by the rivers, (b) Clothing, — Skins of animals, etc. Food. — Game ; corn and tobacco ; fish and oysters. Set 63. 1. South Carolina, IMississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee belonged to the Confederacy. Richmond, Virginia, was its capital. Jefferson Davis was its president, and Alexander Stephens, its vice-president. 2. The invention of the reaper, the mower, the thrashing machine and the horse rake greatly aided the farmers. The value of McCormick's reaper was not recognized at first, and not till McCormick had gone on horseback among the farmers of the West and secured written orders for his machine, did he persuade a firm in Cincinnati to make them. The great feature in the development of manu- facturing was the introduction of the factory system, i. e., the plan of making articles by the help of machines in factories instead of at the homes of workmen. In 1790, Samuel Slater began the operation of the first good cotton- spinning machinery in this country. About a quarter of a century later, Francis C. Lowell started the first factory which carried on all the processes of making cotton goods — from raw fiber to cloth — by improved machinery, in- cluding the power loom. To furnish power for cotton, woolen, and paper mills, dams were 520 built on the falls of the rivers in the Eastern, Middle and Southern States. The effect of new mechanical appliances on the movement of population was amazing. The day when emigrants settled along the banks of streams, pushed their boats up the rivers by means of poles, carried their goods on the backs of pack horses, and floated their produce in Kentucky broadhorns down the Ohio and Mississippi to New Orleans, was fast disappear- ing. The steamboat, the canal, the railroad, had opened new possibilities. Land once value- less as too far from market suddenly became valuable. Men grew loath to live in a wilder- ness; the rush of emigrants across the Missis- sippi was checked. The region between the Alleghanies and the great river began to fill up rapidly. During the twenty years, 1821 to 1841, but two States, Arkansas and Michigan, were admitted to the Union, and but three new Territories, Florida, Wisconsin and Iowa, were established. So few people went west from the Atlantic sea- board States that in each one of them except Maine and Georgia population increased more rapidly than it had ever done for forty years. From the Mississippi Valley States, however, numbers of people went to Wisconsin and Iowa. Difficulties in traveling westward, and the pov- erty of the frontier communities, suggested that the Federal Government build highways. The first act on the subject (in 1802) was that for the admission of Ohio, which provided that 321 live per cent, of the proceeds of the i^ublic lands sold in that State should be applied to roads to reach those lands. This idea took definite form in an act of 1806 for the survey of a road from Cumberland, Maryland, to the Ohio River. Construction of this National Road, or Cumber- land Road, began speedily; in 1820 it was opened to Wheeling, and was then continued westward to Columbus, thence to Indianapolis, and southwestward toward St. Louis. As soon as it was opened it became the great artery of western travel, for it was direct, had easy grades, and was macadamized. Congress in the course of thirty years spent upon it $6,800,000; but it was at last superseded by railroads, and about 1850 Congress transferred it to the States in which it lies. The most obvious line of western transit by water was from the Hudson up to the Mohawk, and across to Lake Ontario. The first statesman to take up the building of a canal on this route was De Witt Clinton, of New York, who saw the many advantages to the State and city of New York from a waterway which would make New York harbor the commercial mouth of the Great Lakes, thus diverting traffic from New Orleans. The War of 1812 gave impetus to this idea, because it showed how hard it was to transport men and supplies from the coast and the interior to the Lakes. The effects of the Erie Canal were marvelous. Lands all along the line at once trebled in value, 322 and the freight rate from tidewater to Lake Erie dropped from $120 a ton to $19. New York City increased from one hundred and twenty-four thousand people in 1820 to two hundred and three thousand in 1830, and has ever since remained the most populous city in the Union. After 1825, a large part of the overland emigration passed through the Erie Canal. 3. Winfield Scott Schley, a rear admiral in the United States Navy, died October 2, 1911. He had witnessed the introduction of the new 14- inch gun for the battleships, and the new 5-inch gun for torpedo defense ; high explosive burst- ing charges, or projectiles; the submarine with its torpedoes. The use of wireless teleg- raphy and the aeroplane in naval warfare were being experimented on. The wooden men-of- war have been replaced by ironclad frigates. The battle between the Monitor and the Mer- rimac proved the value of ironclads. 4. In 1769, William Bean crossed the mountains from North Carolina, and, building a cabin on the banks of Watauga Creek, began the set- tlement of Tennessee. James Robertson and a host of others followed in 1770, and soon the valleys of the Clinch and the Holston were dotted with cabins. In 1769 Daniel Boone, one of the grandest figures in frontier history, began his exploits in what is now Kentucky, and before 1777, Boonesboro, Harrodsburg, Lexington were founded. Sparse as was the population in 1789, the rage for emigration 323 had already seized the people, and long before 1790 the emigrants were pouring over the mountains in three great streams. One, com- posed of New England men, was pushing along the borders of Lake Champlain and up the Mohawk Valley. A second, chiefly from Penn- sylvania and Virginia, was spreading itself over the rich valleys of what are now West Virginia and Kentucky. Further south, a third stream of emigrants, mostly from Vir- ginia and North Carolina, had gone over the Blue Eidge jNIountains, and was creeping down the valley of the Tennessee River. The object of the earliest emigrants was to found homes for themselves, and settle the vast tracts of fertile land lying west of the Alleghenies. During the hard times that accompanied and fol- lowed the War of 1812-15, a great emigration from the more easterly States had poured into the Mississippi Valley, rapidly filling up the fertile regions west of the Appalachian Moun- tains. The discovery of gold in California changed the purpose of some emigrants in 1848 and 1849. The South was, on the whole, sparsely populated, the white settlers owning large plantations on which all labor was done by their slaves. The white inhabitants of the South were mainly aristocratic gentlemen, unaccustomed to hard labor. The North was more densely populated ; the people lived in cities or towns, and were not holders of much property. They were a 324 hard-workiug class, and were brave to dare any danger in the search for gold. 5. Population. — See Set 49, No. 4 (a). Wealth. — In the South, slaves were almost the only form of great wealth. The wealth in the North was greater than that in the South. Natural Resources. — The resources of the South were boundless, but no free man would go in to develop them. The soil was fertile, but no free laborer could live on it and compete with slave labor, on which all agriculture, all indus- try, all prosperity in the South depended. The natural advantages were as great in the South as in the North. The Southerners had great seaports, rivers, forests, and mines; yet in most of the marks of civilization, the South Avas far behind the North. It had fewer and poorer cities, factories, railroads, schools, etc. For this disparity, which told heavily against the South during the Civil War, the main cause would seem to be slavery. Equipment for War. — Immediately after the or- ganization of the seceding States, preparations were begun for war. The South was gather- ing military stores and manning forts. When Lincoln was made President, the North had done nothing towards preparing for war. Even after Fort Sumter was seized by the Confederates, the Northern troops had to be raised and prepared for war. Advantages of the South. — The people of the South were more military in their habits than those of the North, and more accustomed to 325 outdoor life and to the use of firearms. The South had also the advantage of fighting on the defensive. Her armies moved upon shorter inside lines, and fought mostly in regions where the people were on their side. 6. Because it shows that sanitation is neglected; or that there is carelessness in regard to the rules of sanitation, particularly cleanliness. Yellow and malarial fevers were very common during the rainy period in Havana, and hun- dreds of people died of these fevers every j^ear. By insisting on attention to cleanliness and en- forcement of the laws of sanitation as to dis- infection and sewerage, the death rate has been greatly reduced. During the French control in Panama, in one year alone twenty thousand died. The death rate was enormous. When the United States took possession, they first attended to sanita- tion. They eliminated the yellow-striped stock- ing species of mosquito, and this reduced the malaria. Now, the mortality in the Panama Canal Zone is less than that in our own city of Philadelphia. Set 64. 1. (a) 1801 — War declared against Tripoli. 1812— War of 1812. This has been called the Second War for Independence. 1815 — Naval war conducted against Algiers. 1846 — ^War with Mexico was declared May 12th. 326 1861-1865— Civil War. 1898— War with Spain. (b) Cause. — 1801, war against Tripoli, one of the North African pirate states, was caused by piracy against American vessels. Result. — Pirates were punished and con- quered. 1812 — Cause. — Tlie impressment of American seamen. Result. — Freedom of commerce to the United States ; recognition of the United States by European powers as a leading nation, and the abandonment by England of the right of search and impressment. 1815 — Cause. — Capture of American vessels by Algiers, one of the Barbary States. Result. — Liberation of American prisoners, indemnities for past captures, release of claim on the United States for tribute. This ended all trouble with the Barbary States. 1846 — Cause. — The annexation of Texas; the disputed boundary line between Texas and Mexico. Result. — The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The boundary line between the two coun- tries was settled, the Rio Grande being made the boundary between Mexico and Texas ; California and New Mexico were ceded to the United States; the United States paid Mexico the sum of $15,000,000. 327 1861 — Cause. — Secession of the States; the slavery question. Result.— (!) The war cost nearly one million able-bodied men. (2) The national debt was increased to .$2,750,000,000. (3) An incalculable amount of prop- erty was destroyed. (4) The freedom of slaves was se- cured. (5) The Union was preserved. IS98— Real Ca/^se.— Spanish oppression in Cuba. Immediate Cause.— The blowing up of the Maine. Result.— SpRin gave up all title to Cuba, and ceded Porto Rico, Guam and the Philip- pines to the United States. The United States gave Spain $20,000,000. (c) Administ rations. 1801— Jefferson. 1812— Madison. 1815— Madison. 1846— Polk. 1861— Lincoln. 1898— McKinley. See Map No. 6. Louisiana Territory was pur- chased from France. Florida was purchased from Spain. Texas was annexed and admitted as a State. Oregon Territory was acquired by treaty with Great Britain. New Mexico 328 and California were ceded by Mexico. Gads- den Purchase was acquired from Mexico. 3. Telegraph— Samuel F. B. Morse. TelepJione — Alexander Graham Bell. Use of Ether — Drs. Morton and Jackson. Cotton 6^*?i— Eli Whitney. Reaper — Cyrus H. McCormick. Steamboat — Robert Fulton. Sewing Machine — Elias Howe. Incandescent Electric Light — Thomas A. Edison. Phonograph — Thomas A. Edison. Lightning Rod — Benjamin Franklin. Vulcanizing of India Ruhher — Charles Goodyear. Galvanized Iron — Dr. John Revere, of New York. Laying of the Atlantic Cable — Cyrus W. Field, prime mover. Revolver — Samuel Colt. Printing Press — Richard M. Hoe. 4. (a) See Set 4, No. 4. (b) This battle put an end to Lee's efforts to in- vade the North and was the turning point of the Civil War. 5. Henry Clay. — In 1832 a State convention in South Carolina declared the tariff acts of Congress to be null and void, prohibited the payment of the duties, and threatened to leave the Union if force were used to collect these duties. Henry Clay, desirous of maintaining peace, sug- gested a compromise. He proposed a gradual lowering of the tariff of 1832 for ten years, until the duty would be as low as it had been in the tariff of 1816 {20% of the value of all 329 goods imported). This compromise became a law in 1833, and South Carolina repealed its ordinance of nullification. Henry Clay was the chief advocate of the Mis- souri Compromise. This compromise admitted Missouri with its slaves, but prohibited the ex^ tension of slavery into any territory of the United States north of 36 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude. Later on, he again appeared as peacemaker by presenting a bill known as the Omnibus Bill, or the Compromise of 1850 ; the bill became a law, and California was admitted to the Un- ion as a free State. Stephen A. Douglas. — In 1854, Stephen A. Doug- las, of Illinois, introduced the Nebraska Bill to organize a new territory in the region north of the Compromise line and west of Missouri (Compromise of 1820). He later amended his bill to provide for two territories, Kansas and Nebraska. It became a law May 30, 1854. Daniel Webster. —The tariff acts of 1824 and 1828 aroused the South and brought to the front, through Jolin C. Calhoun and other South Carolinians, the idea of nullification, or the right of a State to declare any act of the Fed- eral Congress which was believed to be uncon- stitutional, null and void. In 1830, Senator Hayne, of South Carolina, proclaimed this doctrine in the United States Senate. He was answered by Daniel Webster, who, in a mas- terly oration, upheld the Constitution and the 330 Union, and denied the right of nullifieatiou and secession. In Webster's famous speech on this occasion are found these memorable words : ' ' Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable." After concluding the Webster- Ashburton Treaty in 1842, Webster resigned from the cabinet. Charles Sumner. — Charles Sumner, of Massachu- setts, was a leader of the antislavery forces in the Senate. Set 65. 1. (a) See Set 11, No. 8 (b). (b) The Stamp Act was a direct tax on the colo- nists requiring them to use stamped paper for newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, ad- vertisements and all legal documents. It was repealed March 18, 1766, because the colonists agreed not to buy, sell, or use the articles that had been stamped and to cease using English goods. This meant dire dis- aster to the London merchants and they joined with the colonists for the repeal of the law. 2. See Set 11, No. 7. 3. (a) The first census of the United States was taken in 1790, and showed a population of 3,929,827. (Lawler.) (b) The census is the counting of the inhabitants of a country. (c) The census is compulsory on the Congress, and is taken every ten years. 4. (a) See Map No. 1. 331 (b) This territory Avas purchased from France during Jefferson's administration in 1803. 5. In the spring of 1807 the Clermont, a paddle- wheel steamer of twenty tons, designed by Robert Fulton, was launched on the Hudson at New York. It was one hundred and thirty- three feet long and eighteen feet wide. It made a successful trip to Albany — one hundred and fifty miles — in thirty-two hours, the first long voyage ever made by a steamboat. This won- derful feat opened the way for steam naviga- tion on our lakes and rivers. Steamboats mul- tiplied rapidly from this time, and by their means our commerce was developed with enormous rapidity. There were no railroads in the country at the time; our carrying agents were wagon trains, flat boats (rude rafts), pulled or rowed up and down rivers, and sailboats on the lakes and coasts. Steam- boats were put on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, and were instrumental in hastening greatly the development of the western country. With the groA\i:h of railroads later, steamboats became less and less useful in domestic com- merce, and are gradually disappearing from our rivers. 6. (a) During the Eevolutionary War our country was governed by the Second Continental Congress. This Congress acted as a mili- tary council, declared independence, drew up the Articles of Confederation, and pro- vided for the organization of State govern- ments. 332 (b) The Constitution of the United States was adopted September 17, 1787, at Philadel- phia. Set 66. 1. See Set 6, Xo. 6. 2, 3, 4. (a) In 1792, France was declared a Repub- lic. In 1793, its king, Louis XVI., was executed and ten days later the French Republic declared war against Great Brit- ain and Spain. The national sympathy of America went out to France as a friend, ally, and sister republic struggling against tyranny. By the treaty of 1778, the United States was bound to defend the French West Indies in case of "defensive war." The French expected that the United States, who were not yet on good terms with England, would directly, or by connivance, join in the war against Great Britain and Spain ; and they sent over a new ambassador, Genet, to carry out that policy. When the news of the outbreak of war was received in America, Congress was not in session, and President Washington decided quickly that the country was in no condi- tion for war. He accordingly, on April 22, 1793, issued what is usually called the Proclamation of Neutralit}^, a declaration that the United States would "pursue a conduct friendly and impartial towards the belligerent powers." 333 Though Genet attempted to stir up the popu- lar feeling in favor of war, still through the firmness and decision of Washington, the people were calmed, Genet recalled, and neutrality preserved. This has a bearing on the Monroe Doctrine and leads up to it insomuch as it shows that from the first our government did not believe in mixing in troubles between foreign powers. (b) In Jefferson's first inaugural address he states his opinion of the essential principles of our government and consequently of his administration in these words : ' ' Peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliance with none." This shows that in Jefferson's time, the de- sire of our government w^as to observe neutrality. (e) The Whigs, in the campaign of ISiO, expected to revive, if possible, a protective tariff; home manufactures were increasing, and therefore they needed to be protected. America should try to make America and its needs and advancement their main work. The campaign was a boisterous one, full of great mass meetings. Somebody said that Harrison was fit only to sit in his log cabin and drink hard cider; the Whigs took up the slur, and log cabins on wheels, provided with barrels of hard cider Avere used as a popular argument to voters. Harrison was chosen by 234 electoral votes to 60 for Van Buren. The "log cabin and 334 hard cider" charged by his opponent had become a tower of strength to him; a "campaign ball" that was set rolling across the country. This campaign was without a precedent or a successor. It showed that the feeling of the people was in favor of one who represented their country, and its protection against any- thing that would aid foreign nations to the detriment of our own. (d) The gaining of our liberty emboldened the people of Europe and South America to strive for liberty. The French people declared France a repub- lic in 1792. Napoleon was overthrown in 1815, and after this the Holy Alliance put the Bourbons back on the throne of the Spanish empire. While Spain was occupied by the French, the American Spanish colonies became vir- tually independent, but all except La Plata (Argentine) accepted the restored Bourbon king in 1815. From La Plata in 1817, the flame of revolution swept to Chile, thence to Peru and Colombia, and in 1821 it reached New Mexico. Except a few fortified seaports and the islands of Cuba and Porto Rico, all the vast posses- sions of Spain in the New World were turned into a group of Spanish- American republics. Monroe recognized the independence of six Spanish-American powers — La Plata, 335 ChilCj Peru, Colombia, Mexico, and a Cen- tral American group — for this change in the condition of South and Central Amer- ica was ver}' welcome to the United States, because we had sympathy with all people striving to be free, and also because now for the first time American ship owners and merchants were allowed to trade freely with South American ports. In 1823, the king of Spain invoked the aid of the other i)owers in suppressing the re- volt of his South American colonies. Naturally, Monroe's ideas would not fit in with this, and he felt it necessary to set forth his ideas in his message to Congress. (e) In 1815, the absolute sovereigns of the conti- nent of Europe, at the instance of Czar Alexander I, concluded an alliance, or agreement, called the ''Holy Alliance." Its object was the government of Europe by mutual concert based on the profession of Christian brotherhood. It ultimately tended toward the repression of all liberal and revolutionary opposition to the exist- ing political order. In 1828, the king of Spain invoked the aid of the other powers in suppressing the revolt of his South American colonies. President Monroe's enunciation of the ''Monroe Doctrine" in his message of December, 1823, was a reply to this threatened movement. (f) We have seen that Spain invoked the Eu- ropean powers to help her recover the 336 Spanish colonies in America. In 1821, the Russian government laid claim to the exclusive trade and occupation of the northwest coast, including part of Oregon. Both these acts of interference in America aroused the United States. Just at this time, George Canning, British Foreign Minister, made the friendly sug- gestion to our Minister in England to join him in a declaration against a trans- fer of a Latin-American (Spanish or Portuguese) state to another European power. Monroe was inclined to accept Canning's invitation, but John Quincy Adams, his secretary, was determined that the United States should make a separate and independent announcement. Monroe yielded, and allowed Adams to draft that part of the message of December 2, 1823, Avhich has been commonly called the ' ' Mon- roe Doctrine." (g) President Monroe's message to Congress, 1823, later known as the Monroe Doctrine, advanced the following: — 1. That the United States will take no part in European wars, 2. That the United States will not in- terfere with any European colony already established. 3. That the United States will regard as an unfriendly act by any European nation, the interference with any independent American government. 83; 4. North and South America are no longer open to colonization by Eu- ropean powers. Washington and Jefferson had both declared that the country should pursue a friendly course Avith all nations, not mixing in with their affairs. Monroe declared in substance the same, but also that "we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their s^^stem to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety." See above for all points of doctrine. The United States should extend its protec- tion over Mexico and South and Central America, because ' 4t is impossible that the allied powers should extend their political system to any portion of either continent without endangering our peace and happi- ness. ' ' (h) The doctrine has been maintained by the United States on many subsequent occa- sions, notably in matters relating to the Isthmus of Panama, and in the case of French intervention in Mexico under Maximilian. 5, fi. Many people of the United States were greatly satisfied with the purchase of Louisiana, but some of the Federalists criticised it on the ground that it was unconstitutional, and others, because they thought the country was too large already. There is nothing in the 338 Constitution that gives the President author- it}^ to make such a purchase. Since there was nothing in the Constitution on the question of annexing territory, Jeffer- son asked for a constitutional amendment ; but his friends found authority in the old Federalist doctrine of implied powers. Jef- ferson himself admitted that he "stretched his power till it cracked." Since that day no one has questioned the right of the na- tion to acquire territory by purchase. The area of the United States was doubled in extent b}^ the Louisiana Purchase. The country was given the opportunity to expand without fear of foreign enemies. It gave the United States full control of the Missis- sippi River. Spain o^nled Florida, but it could hardly be said she governed it. There were but few settlements or forts, and the country was really held by various tribes of Indians, the chief of whom were known as the Seminoles. Eunaway slaves from Georgia and Alabama found it a safe place of refuge, and adven- turers saw in it an attractive field for their lawless operations. During the War of 1812 there was continual trouble, which lasted after peace had been made ; Spain was either indifferent to complaints or helpless to keep order. In fact, there was regular border warfare. In 1817, General Andrew Jackson was sent to take command of the United 339 States forces. In his instructions he was allowed to pursue a flying enemy across the boundary, but he was not to attempt to take any Spanish post without direct orders from Washington. In the conduct of the cam- paign, however, he acted without regard to instructions. He accused the Spanish com- manders of aiding the Indians, — probably a true charge in some instances, — and took several of the towns and forts, among them Pensacola. He captured two British sub- jects, had them tried by court-martial, and prompth^ hanged them, though the evidence against them was of a very doubtful char- acter. Thus in a very short time he had violated the rules of international law, and brought the countrj^ to the verge of war Anth two nations. Pensacola w^as soon restored to Spain; but as it was evident that the Floridas would continue to be a troublesome possession, Spain became more willing to enter into negotiations for their cession to the United States, and, in 1819, a treaty for the purchase was signed at Washington. This was not ratified by both countries until 1821. In consideration of the United States renouncing all claims upon Spain for spoli- ations, and agreeing to pay to American claimants $5,000,000, Spain ceded all the Floridas to the United States. 7. The Erie Canal aided in the development of the West, for after 1825 a large part of the over- 340 land emigration passed through the Canal. It made life in the West easier and more com- fortable, by lessening the cost of transporta- tion. In the East, it made New York City the metropo- lis, the population increasing from 124,000 in 1820 to 203,000 in 1830. The freight rate was reduced from .^^88 to $22.50 per ton, and finally to $6.50 per ton. It also gave a great impetus to our manufactures. The Eastern merchant could greatly extend his business. How far west he could send his goods depended on the expense of carrying them. When the cost was high, they could go but a little way without becoming so expensive that only a few people could buy them. After 1825, when the Erie Canal made transportation cheap, goods from New York City could be sold in Michigan and Missouri at a much lower price than they had before been sold in Pittsburg or Buffalo. The Erie Canal stimulated in a wonderful man- ner the growth of the whole state through which it passed. People naturally desire to live near an avenue of trade, hence many wished to purchase property or to settle along the line of the Canal. The people from other states came in and settled in towns and vil- lages along the route, bought farms, and so improved the country that the value of prop- erty along the Canal increased. 8. The climate and soil of the South was adapted to the cultivation of the cotton plant. Cotton be- 341 came the main staple of the South. It was soon thought that slavery was necessary in the South, for it was believed impossible to clear the land and develop the cotton plantations without forced labor. As negro slaves were the best laborers in the cotton fields, slavery came to be a valuable labor system. Another reason was that more work could be obtained from a slave than from a freeman. The ne- groes did not suit the North, and its colder climate did not suit them; therefore, the slaves were mostly in the South. After the invention of the cotton gin, and cotton became king in the South, there was a great influx of slaves ; while slavery began to disap- pear in the North because there was so little use to which a slave could be put. Some argued that considering the personal char- acteristics of the negro, he was happiest and best off, when somebody else fed him, clothed him, and cared for him in old age. The Abolitionists were those who wanted to de- stroy slavery where it already existed. They had a very effective method of agitation. Local societies were federated in a state society, which held an annual meeting. Meetings and local conventions were held from time to time to arouse public sentiment. The societies pre- pared petitions to the state legislatures, and to Congress, and did everything they could to interest people and to make them Abolitionists. Newspapers were founded, books and almanacs 342 were prepared and freely illustrated with pic- tures of the horrors of slavery. Meetings, societies and publications all caused an astonishing uproar. In the South, practically nobody was allowed to advocate abolition. Since the agitators were all north of the Mason and Dixon line, and the thing to be reformed was all south of it, the Southerners looked on abolition as a wicked method of making them trouble. The action of the Abolitionists caused great excitement throughout the South. They had Hooded the South with newspapers, pam- phlets, and pictures, intending to arouse a sen- timent for instant abolition; but the South declared that these were insurrectionary, and likely to incite the slaves to revolt. The South, therefore, called on the North to sup- press abolition societies and stop the spread of abolition papers. To do such a thing by legal means was impossible ; so an attempt was made to do it by illegal means. In some places in the South, the postmasters seized antislavery pamphlets going through the mails, and the people burned them. From the legislatures of five Southern States came resolutions calling on the people of the North to suppress the Abolitionists. Nobody was more hated and de- spised than the Abolitionists. 10. Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli are in the northern part of Africa, bordering on the Mediterranean Sea. 343 In 1801, the Dey of Tripoli, incensed at the re- jection of his demand for increased tribute, declared war against the United States. This war dragged on until 1804, Avhen the govern- ment sent a larger naval force to the Mediter- ranean and compelled Tripoli to make a treaty of peace, the most satisfactory ever w^rung from a Barbary State up to that time. It was not, however, until 1815 that these pirates were finall}^ suppressed. Set 67. 1. (a) William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, was a celebrated English Quaker. He be- came a Quaker Avhile in college at Oxford. Refusing to wear the customary student's gown, he with others violently assaulted some fellow-students and took their robes from them. For this he was expelled. His father Avould not allow him to return home, but afterwards relented and sent him to Paris, Cork, and other cities, to soften his Quaker peculiarities. After several unhappy quarrels, his father pro- posed to overlook all else if he would only consent to doff his hat to the king, the Duke of York, and himself. Penn still re- fusing, he was again turned out of doors. He was several times imprisoned for his religious extremes. On the death of his father, to whom he had once more been reconciled, he inherited a fortune. 344 (b) Penn inherited from Charles II a grant of land west of the Delaware (1681), in pay- ment of a debt of £16,000 due his father from the crown. This tract Penn named Sylvania, but the king insisted upon call- ing it Pennsylvania (Penn's Woods), in honor of William Penn's father. The Duke of York added to this grant the present State of Delaware, which for many years was called "the three lower counties on the Delaware." (c) Penn wished to form a refuge for his Quaker brethren, who were bitterly persecuted in England. He at once sent over large num- bers, as many as two thousand in a single year. In 1682 he came himself, and was received by the settlers with the greatest cordiality and respect. 2. See Set 37. No. 2. 3. The Iroquois Indians of central New York were the bravest, handsomest, most powerful, and most bloodthirsty of the Indian clans of the Atlantic coast. They were divided into five nations: the Senecas, Cayugas (ki'-oo-gas), Onondagas (On-on-dah'-gas), Oneidas (0-ni'- das), and Mohawks. Of these, the Mohawks were the most cruel. They occupied the terri- tory from the Delaware and the Hudson to and beyond the St. LaAvrence and Lakes Ontario and Erie, besides isolated tracts in North Caro- lina and Tennessee. ;{45 4. Quebec. — Champlain. Boston. — John Winthrop. St. Augustine. — Menendez. Georgia. — James Oglethorpe. Rhode Island. — Roger Williams. New York. — Peter IMinuit. 5. See Set 52, No. 4 (h). Set 68. 1. (a) The original colonies are New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Car- olina, South Carolina, and Georgia. (b) The colonists took up arms in order to de- mand their rights from the mother coun- try. They did not intend at first to free themselves from England ; but, as the war progressed, they saw that independence was a necessary step to be taken. (c) Up to 1776, the war had been fought merely to secure a redress of grievances ; but from 1776 on. it was a war for the life of a new and independent country. The desire for independence, entertained at first by only a very few, spread steadily after the out- break of hostilities. 2. Marquis de Lafayette — French. Count D 'Estaing — French. Rochambeau — French. Count de Grasse — French. Baron John De Kalb — German. 346 Baron Steuben — Prussian. Count Casimir Pulaski — Polish. Count Thaddeus Kosciuszko — Polish. 3. The settlers of Pennsylvania spent their frugal life in tilling their farms and spreading plenty around them. Grain, the most important crop of the colony, was sown by hand by the farmer. It was reaped with sickles, and thrashed with flails, or trodden out by the horses and cattle. The grain fields were not so large as the rice plantations, and were near the farmers' houses. The rice plantations were often of such extent as to be at quite a distance from the planters' homes. The rice fields of the Carolinas were much larger than the wheat fields of Pennsylvania. In the North, the farmer did his own work, with sometimes hired help. The planters of the South did not work, but used slaves to do the work. The Northern farmer found a market for his grain in nearby cities, while the Southern planter had to ship his rice to the other colonies along the coast, or to Europe. 4. Princeton, in the west central part of New Jer- sey; Monmouth, in the eastern part of New Jersey; New Brunswick, in the east central part of New Jersey; Morristown, in the north central part of New Jersey; Hackensack, in the northeastern part of New Jersey; Wash- ington Monument, on Warren Street, opposite the Reading depot in Trenton; Washington's Crossing, a little creek on the outskirts of 347 Trenton; the ''Swamp Angel," at the corner of Perry Street and Clinton Avenue. The ''Swamp Angel" is a gun used during the Civil War. It was located about five miles from Charleston, into which city it threw shells. 5. (a) The founding of a settlement named Provi- dence. This was the beginning of Rhode Island. (b) Religious toleration is the allowance of relig- ious opinions and modes of worship in a State when contrary to those of the estab- lished Church or belief, or different from them. Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Georgia granted religious toleration. 6. (a) Trenton has commission form of government. (b) In the old form of government the city was layed out in fourteen wards and each ward had two representatives, known as councilmen, who were elected by the votes of the people in their respective wards and worked without pay. They held monthly meetings for the purpose of making the laws, not conflicting with laws of the State and nation. Then there was a mayor, who had the power to veto or sanction any laws that might have passed the Council. If he vetoed them the Council still had the power to pass them "over his veto." Under this svstem each councilman was looking after 348 his own ward with less regard for the city at large. Under the commission form of government, the city of Trenton is governed by five commissioners, elected by the voters of the city at large. The government of the city is divided into five parts or departments, and each one of the commissioners is the director of a department for his special attention and recommendations, bnt all the commissioners vote finally on all propo- sitions. One of these commissioners is known as mayor, bnt he is without the power to veto. 7. (a) The French treated the Indians kindly and entered into an alliance with the Ilurons and Algonqnins. French merchants en- gaged in fur trade with the Indians, and French priests endeavored to convert them to Christianity. The only Indian tribe that was hostile to the French was the Irocjuois, because the French, under Champlain. had taken sides with the Hurons and Algonqnins, their enemies. The English, on the other hand, were cruel to the Indians. They drove them from their lands, took possession of these, and often went to war against them. This embit- tered the Indians, and they, time after time, made attacks on the English settle- ments and destroved them. 349 (b) The French granted religious toleration. In some colonies the English granted relig- ious freedom ; in others, freedom of wor- ship was not tolerated. (c) The English settlements consisted of colonies of men and women who made homes for themselves, tilled the soil, carried on trade, had their schools and churches, formed towns, and took an active part in the gov- ernment. The French set up trading posts, forts, and mission stations. These were widely separated, and about them were gathered only a few families. There was scarcely a sign of self-government, the governor being an officer of the French king. (a) Lord Berkeley, who held half of New Jersey under English title, sold his interest in 1674, and two years later, 1676, it passed into the hands of William Penn and two other Quakers, or Friends, giving to these Friends, West Jersey, and to Sir George Carteret, East Jersey. (b) In 1682, East Jersey passed into the hands of William Penn and eleven other Quakers. The sale and division of shares in East and West Jersey went on, and the proprie- tors were soon too numerous to manage their government. Disorders arose which they could not suppress, and in 1702 they asked Queen Anne to take charge of the province. So East and West Jersey were 350 again united into a single colony with New York under one governor, but with a separate assembly. Thirty-six years later, 1738, at the earnest request of the people, New Jersey was set apart as a distinct royal province. 9. About 1750, many English people would have been found in Virginia, Pennsylvania, Massa- chusetts and New Jersey. Many Germans would have been found in Penn- sylvania, some in Virginia, in the Carolinas, and some in Maryland. There was no colony to which the Scotch-IrisJi did not go, but more went to Pennsylvania than to any other. Many Dutch settled in New York, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Maryland and New Jersey. 10. (a) The part played in the Revolution by New Jersey has been frequently told. Events passed rapidly after the affairs of Trenton and Princeton; Monmouth and Red Bank will never be forgotten, while the raids at Salem, Springfield, Elizabeth, in the valley of the Hackensack, and the w^inter at Mor- ristown are a part of national history. Occupying a position between New" York and Philadelphia, its soil was a theatre where the drama of war was always finding its expression in open hostility, or in the barbaric cruelties of the "Pine Robbers" of Monmouth, Burlington, Gloucester and Salem Counties. 351 (b) Battle of Trenton. — Washington now deter- mined to strike a decisive blow. Three regiments of Hessians under Colonel Rahl were stationed at Trenton. On ChristmavS^ night, while the Hessians were celebrating the holiday, Washington crossed the Dela- ware through the floating ice. It was bit- terly cold, and a blinding snowstorm was raging. After innumerable difficulties he reached the east bank, marched nine miles to Trenton, where he fell upon the Hes- sians and completely routed them. One thousand men and thirty -two officers were taken prisoners. Colonel Rahl was mor- tally wounded. The Americans lost only four men. With his prisoners and military stores, Washington now recrossed the Dela- ware. Battle of Princeton. — Cornwallis, hearing of the disaster at Trenton, rushed on with eight thousand men to attack Washington, who had again crossed the Delaware. The Americans had taken a position near Tren- ton, on the south bank of a small stream — the Assunpink — that flowed into the Delaware. Cornw^allis arrived late in the day and postponed his attack until the next morning. With the Delaware full of floating ice, Washington 's retreat was cut off and his position was extremely danger- ous. Cornwallis. viewing the situation, exclaimed with joy, ^'At last we have run 352 down the old fox and we will bag him in the morning." But Washington did not intend to be caught. While his men were apparently throwing up intrenchments, and the camp fires were burning brightly, Washington slipped up the little creek, passed behind Cornwallis, and fell on his rear guard at Princeton. The roar of can- non in his rear awoke Cornwallis to his danger. The British were defeated. Washington took a strong position at Mor- ristown Heights; and as this threatened his line of supplies, Cornwallis ordered a general retreat of the British to New York. Battle of Monmouth. — The British govern- ment, alarmed by the sending of the French fleet, ordered Clinton, the successor of General Howe, to evacuate Philadelphia and concentrate his forces at New York. Washington rapidly followed the British across New Jersey, and overtook them at Monmouth. General Lee, who conducted the attack, ordered a retreat. The men, entangled in a swamp, were becoming de- moralized as they retired from the field, when Washington, riding up, bitterly re- buked Lee, rallied the men, and sent them back against the enemy. The fight lasted all that long, sultry day. In the night Clinton stole away with his men to New York. 353 11. The first settlers traveled about ou foot, on horseback, or by means of the stagecoach. It was not until roads were made that wagons were used as a means of convey- ance. The stagecoach was a little better than a huge covered box mounted on springs. It had neither glass windows, nor door, nor steps, nor closed sides. The roof was up- held by ten posts which rose from the body of the vehicle, and the body was commonly breast high. From the top were hung cur- tains of leather, to be rolled up when the day was fine, and let down when it was rainy and cold. Within were four seats. The passengers clambered to their seats through the front of the stage and sat down with their faces tow^ard the driver's seat. Now we have the automobile, the motorcycle, the electric car, and the railroad as a means of travel. Our railroad coaches are well equip- ped, heated by steam, lighted by electricity, and provided with comfortable seats. On land, Indian trails were at first the only roads. When roads were cut through the country, wagons came into use. Even on the best roads the ruts were deep, the descents precipitous, and the passengers were often forced to get out and help the driver pull the wheels out of the mud. Breakdowns and upsets were of everyday occurrence. Yet bad as the roads were, the travel was so considerable that very 354 often the inns and taverns even in the large cities eoiild not lodge all who applied. In our day, roads are constructed everywhere, making travel much less cumbersome than in Colonial times. The States build roads and keep them in repair. Great numbers of peo- ple travel every day, some for business, and some for pleasure. As the means of travel were poor in the early days, and the time consumed in going even fifty miles was great, the country was thought to be immense in extent. The people at that time did not travel long distances as they do now. The towns and cities were further apart than they are now; the means of travel were poor and few; the time required was much longer than at present, and travel was accom- panied with many dangers. It re(iuired two days to travel from Trenton to Philadelphia; now the trip can easily be made in an hour. In Colonial times it took six days to travel from Boston to New York. Now we can travel across the continent from Philadelphia to San Francisco in less time. 12. (a) A patroon was the proprietor or founder of a settlement of fifty persons over fifteen years of age. He was at once owner, ruler and judge, (b) Under the patroon system vast estates came into the hands of a few families. The holders of land in the old Dutch patroon- ates in New York paid to the descendants 355 of the patroons an annual ground rent, or "quitrent," of from $7 to $18 a year for each hundred acres. Many of the tenants on these vast farms, believing the War of the Revolution had destroyed the title of the patroons to this property, failed for years to pay them rent, and when it was finally demanded, rose in arms. They held "Anti-Rent"' meetings, paraded the coun- try in masks and disguises, and attacked sheriffs and drove out the rent collectors. For about ten years discontent and dis- order prevailed throughout these dis- tricts. Finally after the courts had rec- ognized the titles of the patroons, a compromise was eff'ected by which the proprietors sold the lands to the tenants at a reasonable price. Description of a Patroon Estate.— The pa- troon estate was a tract of land with six- teen miles frontage on one side of the river, or eight miles along each bank, and ran back into the country as far ' ' as the situa- tion of the occupiers would admit." The settler, on his part, could not leave the es- tate to become the tenant of another. Be- sides paying the rent, the tenant was com- pelled to have his corn ground at the patroon 's mill, giving the patroon one- tenth for grinding, to plant orchards, clear the forest lands, build barns, pay all the taxes, use only cloth made in Holland, 356 neither fish nor hnnt on the patroon's property, and if he died without a will, the patroon was to get all his property. He was also required to contribute to the sup- port of the minister of the manor church. He could not keep a tavern or carry on a trade on the farm, and if he sold his lease he was required to pay to the landlord one-third of the amount received. Set 69. 1. The Cahots, John and his son Sebastian, were Italian sailors who sailed to find a northern route to the Spice Islands. They were in the service of Henry VII of England, and discov- ered the continent of America, probably on the coast of Labrador. Ponce de Leon, a Spaniard, led the first Spanish expedition. He discovered (1513) Florida, and attempted to found a colony on its coast, but failed. He died in Cuba. Cortcz, another Spaniard, set out from Cuba to conquer Mexico. He landed on the site of the present city of A^era Cruz, 1519, with four hun- dred fifty men. Making an alliance with the enemies of the Aztecs, he succeeded in breaking their power, and Spain took posses- sion of the countr3\ 2. Pennsylvania was settled by the Quakers under William Penn in 1681. It had a proprietary o"overnment. 3. See Set 39, Xo. 10. 4. England had in Europe well-disciplined troops and generals, also a good navy. All these she could call upon to assist her in subduing the colonies. She had money at her command, she had here in America quite a strong Tory party which would support her authority and give her information regarding the movement of the Colonial troops. She had years of experience ahead of her. America had the advantage of fighting on her own soil, of knowing the country over which her troops had to travel, her money resources were few, but she had the loyal adherence of hundreds of faithful colonists. Her young of- ficers and troops, trained in the French and Indian AVar, were crude but brave. Above all, her cause was a just one, she was fighting for liberty, for her homes, and this inspired her men to brave deeds. 5. The cotton gin was a machine invented by Eli Whitney, by means of which cotton could be cleaned. The Southern States began the cul- tivation of cotton in 1787. The experiment suc- ceeded, but a serious difficulty arose. The cot- ton plant has pods which, when ripe, split open and show a white woolly substance attached to seeds. Before the cotton could be used these seeds had to be picked out. The labor was very great, and only a small quantity could be sent to market. A negro slave could not clean two pounds of it in a day. With the gin, the same 358 slave in the same time, could clean a hundred pounds. The invention of the cotton gin made cotton planting very profitable ; it brought im- mense wealth to the South ; it covered New England with cotton mills ; and by making slave labor profitable, it did more than any- thing else to fasten slavery on the United States for seventy years, and brought about the great Civil War. 6. All the land between the Oregon country and Mexico and the Mississippi River, and between the Dominion of Canada and the Gulf of Mex- ico ; over 1,000,000 square miles. The purchase was made in 1803, during Jefferson's adminis- tration. 7. Lafayette visited the United States in 1824-1825 as "the nation's guest." He visited each of the twenty-four States, and was everywhere welcomed with delight. The people looked upon him as the representative of the Eevolu- tion, and so, in rendering honor to him, there was a gratification of national pride. 8. See Set 41, No. 2. 9. Answers will differ according to time. 10. Results of the Civil 1U«/'. (a) The war cost nearly one million able-bodied men. (b) The national debt was increased to $2,- 750,000,000. (c) An incalculable amount of property was destroved. 359 (d) The freedom of the slaves was secured. (e) The Union was preserved. Set 70. 1. Circumstances That Led to the French and Indian War. Remote — (a) The conflicting claims of terri- tory. (b) The enmity between England and France. Immediate — The settlement of the Ohio Valley. 2. Causes That Led to the Louisiana Purchase. (a) The closing of New Orleans to the com- merce of the United States. (b) The extremity of Napoleon. It extended from the Dominion of Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, and from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. 3. On the night of August 24, 1814, Francis Scott Key was detained on one of the British ships whither he had gone to secure the release of some prisoners. By the flash of the guns while watching eagerly the flag still flying over Fort McHenry, which at that time was being bom- barded, he wrote our national hymn, "The Star Spangled Banner." 4. (a) In 1844, the first telegraph line was erected betw^een Baltimore and Washington. (b) By this invention, cities in all parts of the world can be brought into almost instant communication. Trade and commerce have 360 been much increased. Business men can keep themselves acquainted with the quo- tations of the world's great markets every hour of the day. They can transact more business in five or six hours now than could have been transacted in as many months a hundred years ago. 5. See Set 9, Xo. 1 (a). 6. (a) At the election of James Monroe, Spain owned Florida. There were very few set- tlements, and the Indians, runaway slaves, and outlaws, who roamed through the land, caused endless trouble for the neighboring States. In 1817. Andrew Jackson took command of the forces of the United States. Acting with his usual vigor, he seized a number of Spanish forts and towns, hanged two British traders who were accused of furnishing arms to the In- dians, and in three months had the coun- try virtually under his control. His actions threatened to cause us trouble with Spain and England. Fortunately Spain was induced to sell Florida for the amount offered — $5,000,000. Sixty thousand square miles were added to our domain by this cession, (b) See Map Xo. 1. Set 71. 1. (a) Desire to find a home where they could prac- tice religious freedom, and a desire for 361 wealth were motives that led early colo- nists to the New World. (b) The settlers came to an unknown country, had no homes, were unaccustomed to the climate and hardships accompanying such a life, had poor food, and suffered from sickness and frequent attacks of the In- dians. 2. See Map No. 1. 3. (a) Causes of Dispute Between the French and English Colonists. (1) The French claimed Louisiana from the Rocky Mountains and the Rio Grande on the west, to the Alle- ghany Mountains on the east ; and from the Gulf of Mexico on the south, to New France on the north. This confined the English colonies to a narrow strip between the Alle- ghany Mountains and the Atlantic. As the colonies were growing in population, and as the charters of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Vir- ginia, and Carolina gave them great stretches of territory in the Missis- sippi Valley, a bitter contest for possession of the country took place between the French and the English in America. (2) The New England fishermen, too, en- croached on the French fisheries Se- near Acadia. This furnished an- other subject for dispute. (3) The settlement of the Ohio Valley was another cause of dispute between the French and English. (b) At the end of the intercolonial wars the Eng- lish colonists had been taught the neces- sity of uniting for a common purpose. These wars proved that the provincial troops were as fearless and capable as the British regulars. A body of Colonial offi- cers were trained in the art of war, and this served them in good stead at the out- break of the Eevolution. The colonists were taught self-reliance, and saw that they would have to rely upon themselves in future troubles. The germ of independ- ence was implanted in the colonists. 4. (a) A Xew England Home Before the Revolution. — ]\Iost of the colonists lived in easily con- structed log houses, or in a frame structure, clapboarded or shingled. The better class of people, in some cases, had statelier houses constructed of brick made near the spot. Among the poorer families, the rude furniture was hardly more than floor, seats, and tables, all made of ' 'punch- eons," — i. e., of split halves of small tree trunks, — with a few pewter dishes, a fire- place and its utensils. The better houses had substantial oaken chests, chairs and tal)les, and handsome clocks. 363 The Dutch mansion was built usually of brick. Its gable end, receding in regular steps from the base of the roof to the sum- mit, faced the street. The front door was decorated with a huge brass knocker, bur- nished daily. (b) The Home of a Southern Planter Before the Civil ^yar. — There were no thickly settled towns and villages in the. South, but large plantations, and each family was sur- rounded by a numerous household of ser- vants. The negro (juarters formed a ham- let apart, with its gardens and poultry yards. An estate in those days was a lit- tle empire. The planter had among his slaves men of every trade, and they made upon the plantation most of the articles needed for common use. There were large sheds for curing tobacco, and mills for grinding corn and wheat. The tobacco was put up and consigned directly to Eng- land. The heads of these great Southern families lived like lords, keeping their packs of choice hunting dogs and their stables of blooded horses. Their spacious mansions were sometimes built of imported brick. Within, the grand staircases, the mantels, and the wainscot, reaching from floor to ceiling, were of solid mahogany, elaborately carved and paneled. The sideboards shone with gold 364 and silver plate, and the tables were loaded with the luxuries of the Old World. All labor was done by slaves. Even the super- intendence of the plantation and slaves was often committed to overseers, Avhile the master dispensed generous hospitality and occupied himself with social and polit- ical life. 5. Alexander HamUfon was Secretary of the Treas- ur}', and his financial policy established the credit of the rising nation. Benjeimin Franklin helped to draft the Declara- tion of Independence and was one of its signers. Having been appointed Ambassador to France, he first invested all his ready money, $15,000, in the continental loan, a practical proof of his patriotism, since its repayment was extremely improbable. Rohert Morris repeatedly saved the army from ruin by providing the necessary funds by his own notes. W. T. Slierman won the victory for the Federals at Shiloh, by "his individual efforts." In the campaign against Yicksburg, at the battle of Chattanooga, in the advance upon Atlanta, and in the famous March to the Sea, his ex- ploits are matters of history. JJ. 8. Grant rendered invaluable service during the Civil War. He succeeded in taking Yicks- burg, gained bi'illiant victories about Chatta- nooga, and eompelUd the entire army of the 365 Confederates to surrender at Appomattox Court House, thereby ending the war. 6. See Set 64, No. 1 (a and b). 7. Slavery is the condition of a human being held as the property of another to be sold if desired. (a) The people of the North opposed slavery be- cause they were mainly a manufacturing people and had no need of slaves, as the slaves w^ere unfitted for their line of work. Slaves were an economic disadvantage to the North. The cold climate of the North did not suit the slaves; hence, most of them W'Cre to be found in the South. (b) The people of the South favored it, because the slaves were the best laborers in the cot- ton fields. As cotton Avas their main staple, slavery became a valuable labor system in the South. 8. (a) Writer and Work. Henry W. Longfellow — Evangeline. Washington Irving — The Sketch-book. AVilliam Cullen Bryant — Thanatopsis. Edgar Allan Poe — The Raven. Nathaniel Hawthorne — House of the Seven Gables. John Greenleaf Whittier — Snowbound. Oliver Wendell Holmes — The Chambered Nautilus. James Russell Lowell — The Vision of Sir Launfal. (b) See Set 64, No. 3. 366 9. (a) See Set 10,, No. 6. (b) The secession of the Southern States was the withdrawal of these States from the Union. (c) See Set 27, No. 7 (b). 10. See Set 25, No. 8. 11. The House of Representatives and the House of Senate. Two houses are better than one in order to prevent hasty legislation. 12. The President's cabinet is the officers or secre- taries of the various executive departments, who act as an advisory body for the President. The members of the cabinet are selected by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Sec- retary of State, Secretary of Treasury, Secre- tary^ of War, etc. Set 72. 1. Rhode Island — Freedom of worship. Virginia — Financial profit. Maryland — To establish a home for persecuted Catholics. Georgia — To found a home for poor debtors. Massachusetts — To obtain greater religious and civil freedom. Pennsylvania — To establish a home for the Qua- kers. New York — To hold the land for Holland; to make homes in a land free from religious per- secution. 2. (a) Maryland, Pennsylvania. (b) Massachusetts, Virginia. 367 3. (a) (b) and (c) See Set 54, No. 2. 4. (a) October 12, 1492. (b) 1565, St. Augustine, Fla. (c) 1649, Free schools in Massachusetts. (d) 1607, Jamestown, Ya. (e) 1619, Landing of Pilgrims. (f) 1609, Discovery of Hudson River. (g) 1683, Penn's treaty. 5. (a) John Smith saved the colony from ruin. First as a member of the Council, and af- terwards as president, he rendered in- valuable service. He persuaded the set- tlers to build log huts for the winter. He made long voyages, carefully exploring Chesapeake Bay, securing the friendship of the Indians, and bringing back boat- loads of supplies. He trained the tender l^entlemen till they learned how to swing the axe in the forest. He declared that "he who would not work might not eat." He taught them that industry and self- reliance are the surest guarantees to for- tune. (b) After Smith returned to England, the set- tlers became a prey to disease and famine. Some were killed by the Indians. Some in their despair, seized a boat and became pirates. In six months the colonists were reduced from four hundred and ninety to sixty. 6. (a) The Pilgrims left England because they were persecuted there on account of their re- 368 ligion. They refused to join the estab- lished Church of England and settled in Holland, where they were allowed religious freedom. (b) They did not wish their children to acquire the Dutch habits and customs, and speak the Dutch language, so they left Holland. (c) They were still Englishmen and wanted to live on land owned by England, therefore they sailed for America. They hoped to obtain greater civil and religious freedom in America than in Europe. (d) They reached America in 1620. (e) They made their first settlement at Ply mouthy ^Massachusetts. Xew England farm and village life presented a strange contrast to that with which we are familiar. The first house of the settler was built of logs, the chinks daubed with clay, and the roof thatched with long grass. In the later and better class of dwellings, the logs Avere hewn square so as to need no chinking; or a frame was made of heavy oak timbers, well mortised and braced together, the sides were covered with split oak clapboards, and the roof with split cedar shingles, fastened with large wrought-iron nails. The windows consisted of two small lead frames, set with a few tiny diamond-shaped panes of glass (or sometimes oiled paper), and hinged so as to open out- ward against the house. As the building stood exactly facing the south, the sun "shone square 369 in" at nooii, and gave warning of the dinner hour. The doors were of oak plank, and were securely fastened at night by heavy wooden crossbars. In the center of the hovise, or externally in the poorer dwellings, rose a stone or brick chimney, about twelve feet square at the base, affording a fireplace large enough for seats to be placed at the side, where the children could sit in the winter evening and look up at the stars. In the better houses a brick oven was built beside the chimney. This was heated by a fire of fine "kindlings," then swept clean, and the bread or beans set in to bake. The bricks retained the high temperature for a long time, and the famous "rye and Indian" bread was left in the oven all night. To "lay the fire" was no small matter; for the back, a huge "back log," perhaps four feet long, was rolled in; then on the andirons was placed a "front log ; " between these were piled enormous quan- tities of smaller wood. Friction matches had not been invented, and* the fire was carefully kept over night in the ashes. If it unfortunately "went out," it was re- lighted by sparks from the flint-and-steel, or by live coals brought from a neighbor's hearth. The kitchen and the "best room" were the chief apartments. In the kitchen the center of at- traction was the great fireplace, with its swing- ing crane and pothooks to hold the iron pots for cooking. The room was rarely seven feet 370 high, and from the bare joists overhead hung bunches of herbs, seed corn, and long strings of drying apjDles. The furniture was plain : a tall wooden clock; a high-backed wooden set- tle ; a dresser set out with the cherished pewter dishes brought over from England ; a spinning wheel; and, perhaps, a loom for weaving. The "best room" was used only on state occa- sions. Ordinarily it was carefully closed and locked to keep out intruders. Not only the best room, but also the front door and the front yard were considered too good for everyday use. The front yard was carefully fenced off from the portion of the premises to which or- dinary people had access. The path through it to the front door was bordered by narrow beds of "posies," including holljdiocks, sunflowers, lilacs, pinks, sweet williams, peonies, etc. ; but our great-grandmothers had no geraniums or verbenas. The andirons were of brass that shone like gold. On the mantelshelf stood the high brass can- dlesticks and the accompanying tray and snuffers. There were no rugs or carpets, but the floor was sanded and marked off by the housewife in many a quaint design. Against the walls hung the family paintings, fondly cherished as mementos not only of the de- parted, but also of the life beyond the seas. Here, too, was the library containing a few Avell read books — for books were scarce and 371 costly, and reading was a serious matter, taken up for improvement and not for pastime. The tiny windows gave little light by day, and by night, the home-made tallow candles, or the pine knot on the hearth, shed but a faint or flickering illumination. Set 73. 1. The leading events in connection Avith the Revo- lutionary War that took place in Pennsylvania during 1776-78 were: — The signing of the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. The capture of Philadelphia in September, 1777, by General Howe. The battle of Brandywine, September 11, 1777. The battle of Germantown, October 4, 1777. The terrible winter, 1777-78, spent at Valle}^ Forge by the American army. 2. See Map No. 7. 3. The Ordinance of 1787. — This ordinance provided for the government of the Northwest Territory. It ordained that the propert}^ of a man who died there without a will should be divided equally among his children instead of giving all of it, or a double portion of it, to the eld- est son, as was generally done under Colonial laws. It gave freedom of worship to all, pro- vided for the establishment of schools, and forever forbade slavery in that region. It also provided that the territory, when it should be- 372 come populous enough, should be divided into States, which should be admitted into the Union on equal terms with the thirteen orig- inal colonies. On this plan the five great States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin have come into the Union, and new States have been formed on the same plan out of territories that have since been added to our national domain. This ordinance has also been the model for the organization of all the subsequent territories, though some of its pro- visions have been left out, notably that respect- ing slavery. 4. (a) See Set 1, Xo. 8 (b). (b) See Set 3, Xo. 12 (d). 5. William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips were opposed to slavery. John C. Calhoun was the champion of the States Rights men. 6. For many years the Barbar}^ States on the north coast of Africa — Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli — had made a trade of piracy. Prac- tically all the nations of Europe paid them im- mense sums of money to leave their vessels alone. These pirates had given us a great deal of trouble by capturing our shipping and im- prisoning our sailors. We had paid them a million dollars in tribute to allow our vessels to sail the Mediterranean, but they constantly demanded more, mitil in 1801 the ruler of Tripoli declared war against us. The British Government aided the pirates, and a British subject, named Lisle, was admiral of the Tripo- 373 litaii fleet when war was declared against us. In 1803 a fleet was sent against these pirates. On October 31, 1803, while the frigate Phila- delphia of our squadron was chasing a pirate in the harbor of Tripoli, she ran aground and was captured with three hundred and fifteen men, including Commander Bainbridge. Not long afterwards Stephen Decatur, in a small boat, stole into the harbor, boarded the Phila- delphia, set her on fire, and escaped without the loss of a man. Lord Nelson said of this feat, "It was the most bold and daring act of the age." So vigorously did our brave sailors Avage war that the ruler of Tripoli was glad to make peace with us in 1805. Set 74. 1. See Set 4, No. 6. 2. See Set 4, No. 7. 3. See Set 4, No. 8. 4. See Set 4, No. 9. 5. See Set 4, No. 10. 6. See Map No. 4. Set 75. 1. By the treaty of Versailles, or Paris, made Avith Great Britain. See Set 27, No. 1, for boun- daries. 2. In 1800, by the treaty of San Ildefonso, Napoleon received back "the colony, or province, of Louisiana, with the same extent that it now has in the hands of Spain, and that it had when France possessed it." The greatest mil- itary power in the world thus became the pos- sessor of both banks of the lower Mississippi and a near neighbor to the United States. The natural uneasiness of the Americans, when in 1802 they heard of this change, was height- ened when the Spanish governor withdrew the privilege of sending goods through New Or- leans free of duty, which had been secured by the treaty of 1795. Plainly, he meant to turn over the province to France with the river blockaded to American trade. Hence it was that Jefferson wrote to Robert R. Livingston: "There is on the globe one single spot, the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy. It is New Orleans." Jefferson in- structed Livingston to attempt the purchase of the Island of Orleans and the strip to the east- ward between the southern boundary of the LTnited States and the Gulf of Mexico. In January, 1803, Madison was sent as a special envoy to aid Livingston. Fortunately for America, Napoleon was tired of his own plan, for war with Great Britain was about to break out again, and it would be impossible for him to protect the sea route to Louisiana. Having failed to recover control of the French colony of Santo Domingo, he lost interest in this colonial project, and while Livingston was try- ing to buy West Florida and New Orleans, suddenly the French Foreign Office asked him what he would give for the whole of Louisiana. 375 The next day, upon Monroe's arrival, the two ministers accepted the offer, and the treaty was completed April 30, 1803 ; the United States was to pay $11,250,000 in cash and $3,750,000 to American claimants against the French Government, a total of $15,000,000. The ac- quisition of Louisiana added an area of 900,000 square miles to the United States. 3. Florida was purchased from Spain for $5,000,000. 4. In 1821, Mexico granted a tract of land in Texas to a native of Connecticut, on condition that he would found a settlement. In 1835, Mexico was changed by President Santa Ana from a federal to a centralized republic, by which the States lost their State rights. Difficulties arose with Texas out of this change, and the Texans rebelled and formed a new constitution, per- mitting slavery. The Mexican Government at- tacked the Texans, but was finally badly de- feated at the decisive battle of San Jacinto (1836). Texas thereupon became a republic. At once she applied for admission to the Union as a slave State. She was unsuccessful. In 1844, President Tyler negotiated a treaty with Texas providing for annexation. It was re- jected by the Senate, thirty-five to sixteen. The South desired the annexation of Texas that she might increase slave territory; the North opposed it, believing from this vast tract suf- ficient slave States would be formed to give the slave power the control of the republic. The result of the election President Tyler in- 376 terpretecl as a verdict of the people in favor of the annexation of Texas. He proposed to Congress that she be . treated as a territory applying for admission to the Union, and be admitted by a joint resolution. This was done, and Texas, having accepted this method, be- came a State February 19, 1846, with the pro- vision that with her consent four other States might be formed from her territor}^ 5. By a treaty made between Great Britain and the United States in 1846. The 49th parallel di- vided the territory, but gave Great Britain the whole of Vancouver Island. 6. California was purchased from Mexico in 1848 after the war with that country. The tract of land included California, Nevada, Utah, and a part of Colorado. 7. William H. Seward, Secretary of State, accom- plished the purchase of Alaska. His purchase was called "Seward's Folly," because many believed it unprofitable to the United States to purchase Alaska. 8. The first written Constitution of modern times seems to have been the Union of Utrecht, or Constitution of the United Netherlands, framed in 1579. The first suggestion of a written Con- stitution for England was made in the "Agree- ment of the People," drawn up in 1647. Dur- ing the Commonwealth, England had two Avritten Constitutions, the Instrument of Gov- ernment, 1658, and the Humble Petition and Advice, 1657. The first written Constitution which any American community framed for itself was the Fundamental Orders of Con- necticut, 1639. At the time of the Revolution, the desire to have governments of limited powers made it inevitable that the Constitu- tions should be set down in writing. 9. The State Constitutions without exception have been the work of constitutional conventions. As the whole people cannot assemble in one place to frame and adopt a Constitution, they elect delegates to a constitutional convention. The convention usually meets at the capital, deliberates, frames articles for a proposed constitution, and in nearly all cases submits them to the people. The people make known their will in a general election, and if a major- ity vote in favor of adopting the proposed con- stitution, it becomes the Constitution of the State. If the proposed constitution is rejected, another convention must be called to propose other articles to be voted upon by the people. 10. By becoming naturalized, i. e., by becoming a citizen of the United States. To become a cit- izen an alien must declare, upon oath, before a United States court or a State court having common law jurisdiction, at least two years before his naturalization, that he intends to become a citizen and to renounce his allegiance to his own country, and to any title of nobility, should he have one. If he has complied witli this rec|uirement, and has been a resident within 378 the United States for at least live years, and one year within the State or Territory in which he applies for citizenship, he receives his natural- ization papers, provided he has been a person of good moral character while in this country and loyal to the Constitution. A minor who has resided in the United States three years immediatel}^ before becoming of age may, after arriving at his majority and after having been a resident five A^ears, including the three years of his minority, become a citizen, if he makes oath that it has been his intention for two years to become a citizen. The children of persons who have been duly naturalized, being under the age of twenty-one years at the time of the naturalization of their parents, shall, if dwell- ing in the United States, be considered as cit- izens thereof. The children of persons who are or have been citizens of the United States, are, though born out of the limits and juris- diction of the United States, considered as citizens thereof. Honorably discharged sol- diers and seamen, being foreigners and having served under the United States flag, may be- come citizens without complying with all the conditions imposed upon other foreigners. 11. Criminals, idiots, lunatics, and paupers are denied the right of suffrage. 12. The fifteenth amendment was the amendment that prohibited the States from discriminating against anyone ''on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." The fif- 379 teeiitli amendment did not confer the right to vote on anyone; that power belongs to the States. But in those States which had the words ''white man" as a qualification for vot- ing in their Constitutions when the amendment went into effect, the fifteenth amendment did, indirectly, give the negro the right to vote. Set 76. 1. The first revolutionary measure passed by the Second Continental Congress was the appoint- ment, by unanimous vote, of George Washing- ton as commander-in-chief of the Continental army. It voted also to raise an army of twenty thousand men. 2. The patriots of Mecklenburg County, in North Carolina, were the first to make a public move- ment in favor of independence. In May, 1775, they met at Charlotte, and renounced their allegiance to king and parliament. The ^'Mecklenburg Resolutions" were the prelude to the ''Declaration of Independence." 3. Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Inde- pendence. 4. Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation on November 15, 1777. 5. Maryland, the last State, ratified the Articles of Confederation on March 1, 1781, nearly five years after their adoption by Congress. 6. After the Declaration of Independence, to the Second Continental Congress, which was really 380 a revolutionary body, because its delegates were chosen, as a rule, without legal authority, had been delegated the work of carrying on the war and looking after the interests of the new nation. This body soon found its poAver so restricted that it could not enforce obedience to its mandates, and a stronger and firmer gov- ernment was seen to be needed. On the same day that the committee was appointed to draft the Declaration of Independence, a reso- lution was passed by Congress which called for the appointment of a committee to draft Articles of Confederation. A series of thir- teen Articles was finally passed by Congress, November Jo, 1777, and became operative in March, 1781. The Congress of the Confederation, like the Con- tinental Congress, consisted of but one liouse, whose president Avas simply the presiding of- ficer. The members — not less than two, nor more than seven from each State — were elected by the Legislatures for a year, but could be re- called at any time to give place to others; and no member could serve more than three years in any term of six years. The voting was by States. Measures of great importance re- (piired tlie consent of all the States — those of less importance, of seven States. Amendments, after passing the Congress, had to be ratified by the Legislatures of all the States. Congress had power to declare war, make peace, issue bills of credit, borrow monev, maintain 381 an army and a navy, make treaties, coin money, and fix the standard of weights and measures. But it could not lay and collect taxes, raise troops, or carry out a single act that it might pass. It had no executive power to enforce its laws or judiciary to interpret them. It had but two judicial powers— to settle territorial dis- putes between States (exercised on one occa- sion between Pennsylvania and Connecticut), and to hear appeals in prize cases. The Con- gress acted on States and not on individuals. The laws of the confederacy were not com- mands, but recommendations. Lacking the power to support and defend itself, the government was not regarded at home or abroad as sovereign. The States acted as in- dependent nations. Being themselves on the verge of financial ruin, they laid duties on im- ports from other States and from foreign countries; but a lack of uniformity gave a monopoly of commerce to the States having the lowest duties. The gold and silver having all been sent abroad to pay interest and import duties, the States issued immense amounts of paper money, and Congress could not restrain them. The paper money depreciated. Debts could not be collected. Sheriffs' sales were daily occurrences. Lawlessness followed, and in some places, notably in Massachusetts, open rebellion against the State authorities broke out. Knowledge of these difficulties could not be kept from foreign nations— especially Eng- 382 land. They expected the Confederation to go to pieces. They refused to make commercial treaties or to send diplomatic agents to repre- sent them in the United States. To restore confidence abroad, Congress asked the States three times to amend the Articles so as to give the Confederation power to regulate trade and commerce. Each time the amendment was de- feated by a vote of twelve States to one. ■ 8. Congress could not alter the Articles of Confed- eration without the consent of all the States. Three times Congress had asked the States to amend the Articles, and each time the amend- ment was defeated by a vote of twelve to one. 9. The Articles of Confederation accustomed the States to associated action, and led toward "a more perfect union." They held the Union together in its infancy. They served as an ex- ample of weakness and defects, and by means of these faults the framers of the Constitution learned to draft that great document. 10. The Constitutional Convention met from May 14 to September 17, 1787, at Philadelphia, in In- dependence Hall. The reason for calling this convention was the failure of the Articles of Confederation to control the public questions arising from time to time. The convention's first work was to consider the defects of the Articles and attempt to amend them. It was soon found, however, that it was impossible to amend the Articles, and that it would be much better to make a new Constitution. 383 11. The new Constitution was adopted by the conven- tion, September 17, 1787. 12. The new government nominally went into effect June 21, 1788, when the ninth State ratified the Constitution, but its actual operation did not begin until April 30, 1789. Set 77. 1. (a) An enacting clause is the clause that declares the design or motive of the law. The en- acting clause is mandatory. (b) A meeting composed of the members of a legislative body who are of the same party and assembled for party purposes, is called a caucus. "Ward conventions in cities are sometimes called by the same name. (c) A Preamhle is a clause or clauses which go before a constitution or charter, giving the reason for its adoption. It is not a part of the constitution or charter. 2. The county clerk issues writs, preserves papers, and records judgments. In many States he issues licenses, preserves election returns, and records wills, deeds, mortgages, satisfaction papers, and other important papers. He draws the grand and petit juries, and makes a return for the same. He administers the oath to jurors and witnesses. He keeps a record of the proceedings of the county court, and acts as the clerk of the State Supreme Court when sit- ting within his county. 384 3. (a) When public seDtiment is against a law, the leaders of the opponents may cause riots or insurrections, but the executive author- ity can call forth the militia, if necessary, to compel the enforcement of the law. (b) The Whiskey Insurrection in western Penn- sylvania is an illustration. 4. (a) Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judi- cial proceedings of every other State. (b) The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. (c) A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall tiee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be deliv- ered up to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 5. The Supreme Court decides whether a law of the United States or of any State is in violation of the Constitution. If a law of any State or of the United States is decided by the Supreme Court to be in violation of the Constitution, it instantly becomes void and of no effect. 6. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution nor prohibited by it to the States are reserved to the States respectively or to the people. 7. Free trade is the interchanging of products be- tween nations without paying anything. 385 8. The Vice-President of the United States, the Sec- retary of State. 9. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. 10. A law which was never made by a legislature is termed "common law." It is a law derived from usage or custom. That a President shall have but two terms is a common law. Statute laiu consists of the acts passed by legisla- tive assemblies. The words are used to denote the opposite of common law. The enactment of a statute by a State Legislature repeals the common law previously in force upon the same subject. Set 78. 1. Experience has shown that two bodies of men dis- pose of questions more wisely than one, as more time is taken to discuss them and more care used in passing judgment upon them. This system is probably retained chiefly through a spirit of conservatism, because it is what we are used to. But it no doubt has real advan- tages in checking hasty legislation. 2. Directly by the people. 3. Apportionment is the work of dividing a State into districts and assigning members to the different portions. 386 4. It is necessary to take a census. (a) To fix the number of Representatives of each State in Congress. (b) To form a basis for the laying of direct taxes. (c) As a matter of history to compare the growth of one country with that of an- other. 5. Annually or bi-ennially. 6. No member can be kept from the meetings of the Legislature, except for crimes or misdemeanors. 7. In most States a majorit}'- of all elected, but some require a two-thirds or three-fifths vote. 8. Except when the good of the public demands secrec^^ Each house publishes a journal of its proceedings. 9. Each Legislature establishes certain customs of making laws from which it seldom departs. 10. A bill. Set 79. 1. (a) A republican government makes the people themselves, and not one or a few, respon- sible for the security of their rights, as in a monarchy or an aristocracy. As a rule, all our interests in life are never so well guarded as when we guard them ourselves. (b) A monarchial form of government is more easily perverted and overturned. History is full of examples where monarchs became tyrants. As to republican government, it is still on trial. 387 2. (a) The town. (b) The country. 3. (a) A blanket ballot is a ballot so arranged as to group candidates by parties, or by the of- fices for which they are nominated. (b) A paster ballot is a ballot mucilaged upon the back, and containing the names of party candidates and the office for which he is a candidate. 4. According to the Constitution, Congress has the power to declare war. To carry on a war, an army and a navy are necessary, so we find the power to raise and maintain these also dele- gated to Congress by the Constitution, that there might be no question of authority in times of necessity for an army. The experi- ence of the whole country during the Revolu- tionary War proved to the satisfaction of every statesman the necessitj^ of this power being bestowed upon Congress. 5. (a) A tax is a sum of money demanded by the government for its support. A tax is money raised b}'' levy upon the person or property of an individual for public pur- poses. (b) 1. The government must have money to pay its expenses, and by means of taxes each person bears his part in the cost of maintaining the social compact. 2. Taxes are imposed by the government in order to raise a revenue for the purpose 388 of providing for the common defense and general Avelfare, of keeping roads in repair, of supporting schools, etc. 6. Duties of a Surrogate. (a) He takes proof of wills of real or personal property. (b) He grants letters testamentary or admin- istrative. (c) He attends generally to the settlement of the estates of deceased. (d) He holds Surrogate's court, as required. 7. (a) Deeds of real estate and mortgages on the same must be recorded in order to make them valid in law. Also that they may be matters of publicity and to prevent fraud, (b) They are recorded by the County Recorder, or Register, in the office of the Court Clerk, in books kept for that purpose. 8. (a) The Secretary of State. (b) The Secretary of the Interior. 9. This uniformity is secured by giving to Congress the exclusive control of the matter. If the power to frame naturalization laws were left to the States, one State might confer the rights of citizenship after a residence of one year, another after two years, and another after ten years. 10. Toivn Officers. Town Clerk. — He keeps a record of births, deaths, and marriages; also a record of elections held in the town, including names 389 of candidates with the number of votes cast for each. He keeps the records of the town. Town Treasurer. — He receives and keeps the income of the town; he is required to keep a careful record of all receipts and disburse- ments. When he expends any of the money belonging to the town, he keeps the order or warrant upon which he made the payment. Set 80. 1. Ponce de Leon reached Florida on Easter Sunday, 1513. Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean in 1513, and called it the South Sea. Cartier, in 1534, discovered the Gulf of St. Law- rence. Dc Soto, in 1539, attempted to conquer Florida. He discovered the Mississippi, but his expe- dition was a failure. Gosnold, in 1602, explored the north Atlantic coast. 2. (a) See Set 25, No. 2. (b) As early as May, 1776. France had sent two hundred thousand dollars to aid the Amer- ican cause, and in July of the same year, merchandise to the value of almost six hundred thousand dollars. At the same time she allowed American privateers to fit out in her ports. Louis XVI permitted French officers to leave their country to aid the American cause, and encouraged 390 commerce with the colonies by exempting from duty all vessels bearing supplies to the United States. Early in 1778, France signed a treaty of alliance and agreed to send a fleet to the aid of America and an army of four thousand men as well. Spain soon joined France, and about a year later Holland acknowledged the inde- pendence of the United States. About the time that France sent her first offering of money, Spain gave a similar amount, two hundred thousand dollars. She subse- quently sent cargoes of supplies to us, and from Madrid she forwarded blankets for ten regiments and a gift of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Early in 1775, Washington asked for and obtained aid from the Catholic Indians of Maine. Deputies of all the tribes from Gaspe to the Penobscot met at Watertown and agreed to stand by the colonists. Orono, the noble and virtuous chief of the Penobscots, bore a commission in our army, and his clansmen fought by his side. With the Revolution dawned a new era for Cath- olicity in the colonies. "Men began to be ashamed of bigotrj^ when George III person- ated it." The necessity for a perfect union among all the colonies became evident, and the convention of 1774 entreated all classes "to put away religious disputes and animosities which could only withhold them from uniting 391 in the defense of their common rights and lib- erties. " The French alliance also was not without its effect in this regard. With a Cath- olic ally, the government could not well de- nounce Catholicity. The conduct of Catholics during the war also made a deep impression. 4. General Lee made two attempts to invade the North. Lee crossed the Potomac and entered Maryland. McClellan hastened to head him off', and the forces met at Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg. A bloody battle was fought, Sep- tember 17, 1862, and McClellan won the vic- tory, as he stopped the advance of Lee, Avho now retired across the Potomac. The second attempt to invade the North was made in 1863. Lee entered Maryland, and crossed the line into Pennsylvania. Meade was in command of the Union army, and the forces met at Gettysburg. The fighting lasted three days, and on the third day, July 3, 1863, Lee saw the hopelessness of trying to break the Union lines, fell back, and retreated across the Potomac. 5. The thirteenth amendment is the amendment that granted freedom to the slaves. The fourteenth amendment is the one that made the freed negroes citizens of the United States and gave them the right to sue in Federal courts. The fifteenth amendment is the one that granted the negroes the right to vote. It was necessary to add the thirteenth amendment, because Lincoln, by the Emancipation Proc- 392 lamation, had freed only the slaves in the seceded States. To free the slaves in the loyal slave States was the object of the thirteenth amendment. Congress passed the Civil Rights Bill, giving to the negro the rights of a citizen of the United States, and the power to sue in the Federal courts. This did not make him a citizen of any State, neither did it give him the right to vote. Some of the Southern States had passed labor laws, which Congress believed would place the negro in slavery again; hence. Con- gress deemed it necessary to pass the Civil Rights Bill, and, moreover, to make its pro- visions permanent in the National Constitu- tion. Therefore, in June, 1866, the fourteenth amendment was passed. When the Constitution was adopted, the conven- tion which framed it left the matter of voting entirely to the respective States. The right to vote was regarded as one which each State could confer or withhold at pleasure. The adoption of the fifteenth amendment was the first attempt to restrain the States in the mat- ter of granting the franchise. After March 30, 1870, every Commonwealth was free to refuse its citizens the right to vote for lack of prop- erty, for lack of education, etc., but they could not withhold the suffrage because of ''race, color, or previous condition of servitude." It is sometimes said that this amendment gave the negro the right to vote. That is not strictly 393 correct. It merely assured him that he would not be discriminated against because of his race or color. For some years after the Civil War, it is true, it so operated ; but great num- bers of colored men are now disfranchised be- cause they lack education, property, and other qualifications. At present there seems to be a tendency to leave the question of voting where the framers of the Constitution left it, that is, with the respective States. 6. (a) The United States has acquired territory by conquest, treaty, purchase, and by annex- ation. (b) By Conquest — New Mexico and California, or the Mexican Cession, in 1848. Porto Rico, Guam and the Philippines in 1898. By Treaty— Oregon in 1846. Part of the Northwest Territory in 1783. By Purchase — Louisiana in 1803. Florida in 1819. The Gadsden Purchase in 1853. Alaska in 1867. By Annexation — Texas in 1845. Hawaii in 1898. 7. (a) Surface. — The surface of the New England States is rugged and hilly. These States are traversed from northeast to southwest by mountains which extend from Canada nearly to Long Island Sound. They are a part of the Appalachian System. The principal ranges are the White ^lountains in New Hampshire, the Green ^Mountains in Vermont, and the Berkshire Hills in 394 Massachusetts. The eastern section is an upland, broken by a succession of hills, with an occasional solitary mountain rising above the plateau. This is a Piedmont section. (Piedmont means foot of the mountain.) The mountains were once higher than they are now, and the Pied- mont hills were once mountains, but they were gradually worn away. Along the southeastern part of Massachusetts is a belt of lowlands, the only coastal plain in New England. The surface of the Southern States resembles that of the Middle Atlantic States. Bor- dei'ing the sea is the coastal plain, which in the Southern States attains its greatest breadth, being from one hundred to three hundred miles wide. Next we have the Piedmont Plateau, and finally a mountain region embracing portions of the Appa- lachian System. West of the Appalachian Mountains is the Cumberland Plateau, and beyond this lies the Mississippi Valley and the famous Mississippi River bottom or flood-plain, which, south of Memphis, is one hundred nules wide. It is perfectly level and is liable to overflow. (b) Climate. — The winters of New England, by reason of the latitude, are long and cold; the summers are short and hot. The near- ness of these States to the sea has little effect upon their climate, because the pre- 395 vailing winds are from the land. A cold current from the Arctic Ocean flows near the coast, so that the east winds are always raw and chilly. The climate of the northern portion of the Southern iStatcs is mild and well adapted to the cultivation of grain, tobacco, fruits, and vegetables. That of the southern part is semi-tropical. This section is well watered, and is suited to the growth of sugar cane, cotton, rice, and tropical fruits. The copious supply of moisture enjoyed by this portion of the country contributes to make it the very first among the cotton- groiring rer/ions of the world. The winds from the Gulf bring the frequent summer rains. (c) Industries. — The inhabitants of New England are chiefly engaged in manufacturing, commerce, lumbering, shipbuilding, stone quarrying, and fishing. The majority of the people in the Southern States are engaged in agriculture. Cotton raising is the great industry of these States. Manufacturing, mining, and com- merce are other important industries. 8. (a) The leading industries in the United States are agriculture (the most important), manufacturing, mining, lumbering, graz- ing, stock raising, fishing, quarrying, and commerce. 396 (b) Agriculture is the most important industry in the Central States. Farming is carried on in the Southern States. Manufaciuring is the most important industry in the New England States. In the Western States, mining is the chief occupation. Lnmher- ing is an important industry in the New England States and in some of the West- ern States. Grazing is carried on in the Western States, and especially in Avestern Texas. Stock raising is carried on in the Central States. Fishing is carried on in the New England States. Quarrying is mainly carried on in the New England States. In all the States commerce is car- ried on, in some to a greater extent than in others. 9. The largest State is Texas. Its capital is Austin, on the Colorado River. The smallest State is Rhode Island. Its capital is Providence, on Narragansett Bay. The most easterly State is Maine. Its capital is Augusta, on the Kenne- bec River. The most westerly State is Cali- fornia. Its capital is Sacramento, on the Sacramento River. The most populous State is New York. Its capital is Albany, on the Hudson River. 10. (a) See Map No. 12. (b) The principal industry of Boston is manu- facturing; of Lowell, Fall River and New Bedford, cotton and woolen manufactur- ins': of Worccsier, the manufacture of 397 wire rope, woolens, and textile machinery ; of Lynn, the manufacture of boots and shoes. Set 81. 1. The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the whole land. It is a written instrument, and is often called the fundamen- tal law. It is the basis of our system of gov- ernment, the model upon which all State Con- stitutions are framed, and the foundation of our greatness as a people. Purposes of the Constitution as set forth in the Pre- amble: — (a) ''To form a more perfect union;" (b) ''To establish justice;'' (c) "To insure domestic tranquility ;'' (d) "To provide for the common defense;'' (e) "To promote the general ivelfare;" (f) "To secure the blessings of liherty to our- selves and our posterity." 2. A direct tax is levied directly at a given rate upon property" or polls. Taxes levied by vil- lages, toAvns, townships, cities, counties, and States are, for the most part, direct taxes. An indirect tax is assessed upon the property of one person, but is indirectly paid by another. The owner of the property at the time of as- sessment pays the tax to the government, but a part or all of the tax is ultimately paid by the consumer of the goods. All taxes now 398 levied by the national government are indi- rect. The indirect taxes levied by the national government are customs, or duties, and internal revenue. 3. Qualifications of Eligihility to the Office of (a) President. 1. He must be a natural born citizen. 2. He must be thirty-five years of age. 3. He must have been a resident of the United States fourteen years. (b) Uiiited States Represeniative. 1. He must be at least twenty-five years of age. 2. He must have been seven years a cit- izen of the United States. 3. He must, when elected, be an inhab- itant of that State in which he shall be chosen. (c) United States Senator. 1. He must be at least thirty years of age. 2. He must have been nine years a cit- izen of the United States. 3. He must, when elected, be an inliab- itant of the State in which he shall be chosen. 4. Original jurisdiction is the authority given to a court to begin and finally to decide a case. Appellate jurisdiction is the authorit}^ of the Su- preme Court to grant another, hearing to a case that has already been heard and decided bv a lower court. 399 Original jurisdiction of the United States Su- preme Court extends to: — (a) Ambassadors, public ministers, and con- suls. (b) Those cases in which a State shall be a party. 1. Between two or more States. 2. Between a State and citizens of another State. 3. Between a State or its citizens and foreign States or citizens. 5. Congress shall have power to borrow money on the credit of the United States; to establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies through- out the United States ; to coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures; to es- tablish post-offices and post-roads ; to consti- tute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; to declare war, grant letters of marque and re- prisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; to raise and support armies ; to provide and maintain a navy; to make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, to suppress insurrections and repel invasions. 6. See Set 6, No. 6. 7. (a) Treason is "levying war against the United States or adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort." 400 (b) Writ of habeas corpus is a writ issued by a judge to bring a prisoner before him. This is to find out whether the prisoner has cominitted such a serious crime that he should be deprived of his liberty. This can be granted only before a regular trial. (c) A hill of attainder is an act of a Legislature condemning a person to death without a trial. Attaint means to stain or disgrace. (d) An ex post facto law is one which changes a law that already exists, making: 1. An act a crime which was not a crime W'hen committed, or 2. Increasing the punishment attached to a crime. (e) Extradition is the exchange of fugitives from justice between tw^o countries. 8. (a) The Department of State. (b) The Department of the Interior. (c) The Department of Agriculture. (d) The Department of the Treasury. (e) The Department of Justice, or the Attorney- General. (f) The Department of the Navy. (g) The Department of Labor. (h) The Post- Office Department. (i) The War Department. 9. A census of the people is taken ever}^ ten years, and upon this as a basis Congress fixes the number of Representatives for the entire coun- try and the number to which each State shall be entitled for the next ten vears thereafter. 401 Each Legislature divides the State into as many Congressional districts as the State is entitled to Representatives, and each district elects a Representative by direct vote of the people. After each census a new ratio is made. At the present time (1913) each State sends one Representative for every 211,431 persons. After a new census is taken, it often happens that a State is entitled to elect additional Represen- tatives before the State Legislature has divided the State into new Congressional districts, to correspond to the new number of Representa- tives. Until the Legislature redivides the State, the additional Representatives are elected by the votes of the whole State, and are called Congressmen-at-large. The Senate is composed of two Senators from each State, elected now by the people of the several States; therefore each State has an equal rep- resentation, without regard to its area, or the number of its inhabitants. Impeachment is an accusation against a public officer for bad conduct, or for some crime com- mitted v/hile he holds office. Any civil officer of the United States is liable to impeachment. Precisely who are civil officers in the meaning of the Constitution is nowhere stated, but the officers impeached have been judges of Federal Courts, a President, and a cabinet officer. Punishment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and 402 disqualification to hold or enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judg- ment, and punishment according to law. Set 82. 1. The Spanish, the English, the French, and the Dutch explored the United States. The Span- ish explored the southern portion and around the Gulf of Mexico: the English, the eastern part, the Atlantic seaboard: the French, the Mississippi and Lake regions; the Dutch, along the Hudson River, in New York. 2. 1497 — The Cabots discovered the mainland of North America. 1565 — The Spaniards settled St. Augustine, the oldest city in the United States. 1676 — Bacon's rebellion in Virginia. ]776 — Declaration of Independence, July 4th. 1649 — The passage of the Religious Toleration Act in Maryand. 1660— The English Restoration. 1777 — Surrender of Burgoyne, October 17th. 1781 — Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, Oc- tober 19th. 1783 — Treaty of peace with Great Britain, Sep- tember 3d. 1789 — The beginning of our government under the Constitution. 403 3. See Set 39, Xo. 10, for cause of French and Indian War. The Five Objective Points of the ^Ya^: — (a) Fort Duquesne was the key to the region Avest of the Appalachians, and so long* as the French held it, Virginia and Penn- sylvania were exposed to Indian attacks. (b) The French possession of Loidshurg and part of Acadia threatened New England, and gave control over the Newfoundland fisheries. Privateers harbored there, to prey on English ships. (e) Crown Point and Ticonderoga controlled the route to and from Canada by the way of Lakes George and Champlain. (d) Fort Niagara lay on the portage between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, and thus protected the great fur trade of the up- per Lakes and the West. (e) Quebec, the strongest fortification in Can- ada, gave control of the St. Lawrence, and largely decided the possession of that province. We thus see why these points were so persistently attacked by the British, and so obstinately defended by the French. 4. (a) 1. The battle of Princeton, resulting in a victory for Washington, was a decisive battle of the Kevolution. The entire movement of the American army from the first crossing of the Delaware to the end of the campaign was one of the most 404 brilliant of the Revolution. The British were forced to draw in their scattered detachments and mass them where they could be supported from New York, thus leaving Washington in control of nearly all New Jersey. 2. The battle of Saratoga was an important victory for the Americans. This battle has sometimes been reckoned as among the fifteen decisive battles that, within twenty centuries, have had a permanent bearing upon the world's history. The defeat of Burgoyne and his army had an important influence upon the public sentiment of both England and America. It was the turning point of the Revolu- tionary War, and gave the patriot cause new life. 3. The battle of Yorktown ended the war, and was an important victory for the Amer- icans. The surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown and the sympathy of a large number of English people with the col- onist cause, forced England to grant in- dependence to the colonists. (b) Treaty of peace with Great Britain, Septem- ber 3, 1783. Annapolis Convention, 1786. The Constitution adopted by the Federal Convention, 1787. Ordinance of the Northwest Territory, 1787. 405 The begiiiniug of our government under the Constitution, 1789. Washington inaugurated, April 30^ 1789. By Purchase. Louisiana in 1803. Florida in 1819. Gadsden Purchase in 1853. Alaska in 1867. By Conquest. New Mexico and California, ol" the Mexican Cession, in 1848. Porto Rico, Guam and the Philippines in 1898. By Annexation. Texas in 1845. Hawaii in 1898. Kansas-Xebraska Bill. — In 1854, Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, introduced the Nebraska Bill to organize a new territory in the region north of the Compromise line and west of Mis- souri. Douglas' bill provided for the right of the settlers to decide for themselves whether this territory should be slave or free. This was Cass's doctrine of popular or squatter sov- ereignty, which had been applied to New Mexico and Utah in the Compromise of 1850. This Compromise of 1850, Douglas declared, had rendered null and void the Missouri Com- promise of 1820, which excluded slavery for- ever from this territory. He later amended his bill to provide for two ter- ritories. Kansas was to extend from 37 de- grees to 40 degrees, north latitude, and Ne- 406 braska from 40 degrees to -19 degrees. It was thought Kansas, as it lay west of Missouri, would become a slave State, while Nebraska, adjoining Iowa, would become a free State. This bill is therefore called the Kansas- Kebraska Bill. The act also declared that the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was repealed. In spite of the most earnest opposition, the bill became a law^ on May 30, 1854. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 had been the law of the land for thirty-four years, and every one had felt that the area north of the line had been dedicated to freedom for all time. The pas- sage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act upset these ideas, and the whole slavery question was open again for discussion. Compromise of 1820. — When the admission of Missouri as a State was proposed, a violent dis- cussion arose whether it should be free or slave. Upon the decision of this question prac- tically depended the fate of slavery and free- dom in the entire Louisiana Purchase. Most of Missouri lay north of the lower Ohio River, which was the boundary between the slave and free States. As the prohibition of slavery in Missouri w^ould give the free States a majority in the Senate, and would be a discrimination against the right to hold slaves, the South vig- orously opposed any such restriction. At this critical point a compromise was proposed. It was suggested that Missouri should be admit- ted as a slave State and Maine as a free State, thus maintaining the equality of power in the 407 Senate ; also that slaveiy should be prohibited in all the rest of Louisiana north of 36 degrees, 30 minutes. This plan, known as the "Mis- souri Compromise," was finally accepted (1820), and the question of slavery was set- tled for nearly twenty-five years. Compromise of 1850. — Scarcely had Taylor been inaugurated when there arose the question of the admission of California. As this State ex- tended both north and south of the parallel of 36 degrees 30 minutes, it was proposed that the question be settled by extending the Mis- souri Compromise line to the Pacific. At this time the balance was evenly maintained be- tween the free and the slave States, each hav- ing fifteen. The admission of California as a free State would upset that balance and give the free States con- trol of the Senate. They already controlled the House of Representatives. The South, therefore, opposed the admission of all of Cal- ifornia as a free State, and urged delay or, at least, the extension of the Missouri Compromise line. There were many other difficult problems to be solved. In the territory ceded by Mexico, be- sides California, some form of government had to be established, and the question of slavery there had to be settled in some way. Again, Texas claimed that part of New^ Mexico which lies east of the Rio Grande, a claim the New Mexicans contested. The North, too, objected to slavery in the District of Columbia, while 408 the South demanded a better law to regain slaves that had run away to the North. At length Henry Clay once more appeared as peacemaker and proposed a scheme to settle the difficulties. His bill, known as the Com- promise of 1850, or the Omnibus Bill, made the following provisions : — (a) The admission of California as a free State. (b) Territorial governments for New Mexico and Utah without reference to slavery. (c) The payment to Texas of ten millions of dollars for her claims to part of New Mexico. (d) The prohibition of the slave trade, but not of slavery, in the District of Co- lumbia. (e) A stringent fugitive slave law. This compromise led to an earnest debate, in which Calhoun, Clay, Webster and Seward took leading parts; the three former favored, while the latter denounced the bill, wdiich finally (September, 1850) became a law. Cal- ifornia, under the Compromise, was admitted to the Union, September 9, 1850. Cause of the War of 1812-14, see Set 41, No. 1 (a). Cause of Mexican War, see Set 41, No. 2. Causes of Civil War. (a) Real, but remote. 1. Different constructions of the Consti- tution. 409 2. Different systems of labor in the North and the South. 3. Lack of intercourse between the North and the South. 4. The increase of territory. (b) Immediate. 1. The secession of the States. See also Set 55, No. 3 (a). 8. Congress called on Hamilton for a report on the further support of public credit, and when it met in the session of 1790-91, received a plan for a great national bank, with a capital of ten million dollars. The United States was to raise two million dollars : the rest was to be subscribed for by the people. The bank was to keep the public revenues, was to aid the govern- ment in making payments all over the country. To do this, power was given to the parent bank (which must be at Philadelphia) to establish branches in the chief cities and towns, and to issue bank bills which should be received all over the United States for public lands, taxes, duties, postage, and in payment of any debt due the government. Great opposition was made ; but the charter was granted for twenty years, and in 1791 the Bank of the United States began business. After the charter of the national bank had ex- pired, numbers of State banks had arisen to take its place. These banks had suspended specie payment, and the government w^as forced to charter a new national bank. This was done in 1816, and the bank was modeled 410 after the old one. Again the parent bank was at Philadelphia; but the capital was now thirty-five million dollars. Again the public money might be deposited in the bank and its branches, which could be established wherever the directors thought proper. Again the bank could issue paper money to be received by the government in payment of taxes, land, and all debts. The Republicans had always denied the right of Congress to charter a bank. But the question was never tested until 1819, when Maryland attempted to collect a tax laid on the branch at Baltimore. The case reached the Supreme Court of the United States, Avhich decided that a State could not tax a corporation chartered by Congress; and that Congress had power to charter anything, even a bank. The charter given to this bank was to run till 1836. Among the rights given it was that of having branches in as many cities in the coun- try as it pleased, and, exercising this right, it speedily established branches in the chief cities of the South and West. The South and West were already full of State banks, and, knowing that the business of these would be injured if the branches of the United States Bank were allowed to come among them, the people of that region resented the re-establishment of a national bank. Jackson, as a Western man, shared in this hatred, and when he became President was easily persuaded by his friends (who wished to force the bank to take sides in 411 politics) to attack it. The charter had still nearly eight years to run; nevertheless, in his first message to Congress (December, 1829), he denounced the bank as unconstitutional, un- necessary, and as having failed to give the country a sound currency, and suggested that it should not be rechartered. Congress paid little attention to him. But he kept on, year after year, till, in 1832, the friends of the bank made his attack a political issue. They ap- plied to Congress for a new charter and found little difficulty in getting it. But when the bill went to Jackson for his signature, he vetoed it, and, as its friends had not enough votes to pass the bill over the veto, the bank was not rechartered. The only hope left was to defeat Jackson at the polls. But this, too, was a failure, for he was re-elected by greater majorities than he had received in 1828. This signal triumph was un- derstood by Jackson to mean that the people approved of his treatment of the bank. So he continued to hurt it all he could, and in 1833 ordered his Secretary of the Treasury to re- move the money of the United States from the bank and its branches. This the Secretary, William J. Duane, refused to do; whereupon Jackson removed him and put another (Roger B. Taney) who would, in his place. After 1833, therefore, the collectors of United States revenue ceased to deposit it in the Bank of the United States, and put it in State banks (''pet banks") named by the Secretary of the Treas- 412 ury. The money already on deposit was grad- ually drawn out, till none remained. Then (1833) the same thing happened that had occurred in 1811. The Legislature of every State was beset wdth applications for bank charters, and granted them. In 1832 there were but two hundred and eighty-eight State banks in the countr}^ In 1826 there were five hundred and eighty-three. Some were estab- lished in order to get deposits of the govern- ment money. Others were started for the pur- pose of issuing paper money with w^hich the bank officials might speculate. Others, of course, were founded with an honest purpose. But they all issued paper money, which the people borrowed on very poor security and used in speculation. At the very outset of Y-dii Buren's administra- tion a widespread crisis ensued. The experi- ence the government had thus twice passed through (1814 and 1837) led the people to be- lieve it ought not to keep its money in State banks. But just where the money should be kept was a disputed party question. The Whigs insisted on a third national bank like the old one Jackson had destroyed. Van Buren wanted w^hat was called an ''Independent Treasury," and after four attempts the act establishing it was passed in 1840. The law created four "receivers general" (one each at Boston, New^ York, Charleston, and St. Louis), to whom all money collected by the United States officials should be turned over. 413 and directed that '4'ooms, vaults, and safes" should be provided for the safe keeping of the money. Although the law was repealed in 1841, it was again enacted in 1846, and has since been an important part of the government's financial system, 9. The Alabama Claims. — While important home problems were to be solved, our government did not for an instant forget the part which Great Britain had taken against us in allowing the Alabama and other vessels to be built in her ports for the purpose of destroying our shipping. When the claims were first brought to the attention of the government of England in 1863, it positively refused even to consider them. Two events, however, now occurred which caused England to change her mind. W^ar broke out between Germany and France, and England, fearing she might be drawn into the conflict, desired the friendship of the United States. The second event was a mes- sage Avhich President Grant sent to Congress, asking for an appropriation to pay the claims of private individuals for losses from the Ala- bama and other cruisers. England at once saw that she would soon have to deal with a debt due to the United States Government instead of to private citizens, and that President Grant was in earnest in the matter. England therefore asked for a commission to set- tle the differences between the countries. This 414 commission met at Washington and concluded a treaty (May 8, 1871). It was agreed:— (a) That the Alabama claims should be re- ferred to a commission at Geneva. This commission, composed of five members, named by the President of the United States, the queen of Eng- land, the king of Italy, the president of the Swiss Confederation, and the emperor of Brazil, met at Geneva and decided (September 14, 1872) that Great Britain should pay to the Ignited States fifteen million five hun- dred thousand dollars in gold. (b) That the fisheries dispute should be re- ferred to a commission. This commis- sion met at Halifax and decided (No- vember 27, 1877) that the United States should pay five million five hun- dred thousand dollars for the privilege of fishing on Canadian shores for twelve years. (c) That the question of our northwest boundary should be referred to the emperor of Germany. He decided in favor of the United States, giving it ''the important archipelago of islands lying between the continent and Van- couver Island" (October 28, 1872). The settlement of this question left us for the first time in the history of the T'nitcMl States as a nation without a 415 question of disputed boundary be- tween us and the possessions of Great Britain on this continent. The truly great result of this Alabama question, however, was the adoption of arbitration in- stead of war for the settlement of differences between nations. Set 83. 1. Henry Clay was called the Great Pacificator. 2. Battle. War. Palo Alto. Mexican. Antietam. Civil. Saratoga. Revolutionary. Manila. Spanish- American. 3. Introduction of slavery, 1619. Abolition of slavery, January 1, 1863, by the Emancipation Proclamation. 4. The boundaries of Pennsylvania were for many years a subject of dispute. In 1763, Mason and Dixon, English surveyors and mathematicians, surveyed the southern boundary as far as the western limit of Maryland, marking it with stones one mile apart, every fifth stone having the Penn arms on the north side and the Bal- timore arms on the south side. This was the origin of the Mason and Dixon's line (39 de- grees, 43 minutes), in later years the conven- tional boundary between the free and the slave States. 416 5. Theodore Roosevelt. 6. It has been said that we owe as much to the monetary skill of Robert Morris as to the di- plomacy of Franklin, or to the valor of Wash- ington. He repeatedly saved the army from ruin ; and when funds were wanted to outfit the expedition against Yorktown, he supplied the amount ($1,400,000) by his own notes. 7. The President of the United States has the power of veto; also the Governor of each State has the power to veto bills passed by the Legis- lature of that State. 8. (a) Purchase of Louisiana, 1803. (b) War of 1812. (c) Emancipation Proclamation, September 22, 1862. (d) Destruction of the Maine, February 15, 1898. (e) Annexation of Hawaii, July 7, 1898. 9. Magellan discovered the Philippine Islands, the large group acquired by the United States by the war with Spain. 10. "And, for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Prov- idence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor." Set 84. 1. Fathers Breboeuf and Lalemant, Father Mar- quette, Father Jogues, Father Pedro Martinez, Father White, Christopher Columbus, George Calvert, James Cartier. 417 2. The Mississippi was considered as the western boundary of the English colonies. 3. John Paul Jones, Scotch; John Barry, Irish. 4. The battle of Saratoga was the turning point of the Revolution. It secured the aid of France. France sent two hundred thousand dollars to aid the American cause, and in July, 1776, merchandise to the value of almost six hundred thousand dollars. At the same time she allowed American privateers to fit out in her ports. 5. The Seneca tribe and a regiment of Tories led by Colonel John Butler invaded the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania. Fighting against over- whelming numbers, the brave American patriots were surrounded July 3, 1778, and defeated. The Indians put their captives to death with the most horrible tortures. The Tories rivaled in ferocity their savage allies. The beautiful valley was left a smoldering desert, and the women and children driven to the woods per- ished miserably. 6. In 1783, the king of England acknowledged the independence of the United States. 7. The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 extended our western boundary to the Rocky Mountains. 8. Andrew Jackson. 9. John Adams and John Quincy Adams. William Henry Harrison was grandfather of Benjamin Harrison. 418 10. James Monroe's administration was called the "Era of Good Feeling," because it was a calm between two storms: the old political disputes of Federalists and Anti-Federalists and the coming "irresistible conflict" over the exten- sion of slavery. Set 85. 1. As earl}^ as 1622, the Dutch had a trading post at Bergen, New Jersey. All the territory included in New York and New Jersey was at that time called New Amsterdam. In 1664 an English fleet appeared before New Amsterdam and de- manded the surrender of the fort and town. New Jersey thus fell into the hands of the Eng- lish. Charles II gave the Dutch territory to his brother, the Duke of York, and the name of this region was changed in liis honor to that of New York. James, Duke of York, sold the portion now called New Jersey to Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkelej^ It was then named New^ Jersey, in honor of Sir George Carteret, who had been governor of the Isle of Jerse}^, in the English Channel. In 1665 it was settled by English emigrants from Long Island under Philip Carteret, the first governor. In 1674, Berkeley sold his share to some Quakers, and the territory was divided into East and West Jersey; Carteret taking East Jersey, which he sold in 1682 to William Penn and others. 419 In 1702, the proprietors gave up their rights to the crown, and Queen Anne united New York and New Jersey under one governor. In 1738 the two territories were again separated, and New Jersey was placed under a royal governor. In 1787, New Jersey received the Constitution, and became one of the ^'Original Thirteen" States. The sixteenth century was a great age in Europe. The art of printing from movable types, then newly invented, so vastly increased the num- ber of books that it became worth while for the people to learn to read. Thus, as knowl- edge became widespread, many began to think more about the world they lived in, and to in- vent easier and better ways to move about. Improvements in the mariner's compass made it safe for sailors to venture ou.t on the open ocean. A spirit of enlargement, the spirit of interest in the past, and curiosity about the world, called the Renaissance, had spread over Europe. During this time the conditions in Europe were especially favorable for discovery and commer- cial adventure. Europe was ready for new fields of activity, and each of the four nations on the western sea front— England, France, Spain, and Portugal— had a consolidated royal power, capable of directing new enterprises. Each had also an eager, seafaring people, ac- quainted with the new arts of navigation. The closing of the overland route to Asia by the Turks aroused the people to the necessity of 420 a route by sea, and a belief that the world is round suggested a western voyage to India. The announcement that Columbus had reached Asia aroused new national rivalries, and it was followed by many western voyages. About twenty years after Columbus' first voyage a fearful change w^as begun in Europe through the Protestant Reformation. In the end, the peoples of northwestern Europe became mostly Protestant, while those of the south remained Catholic. The monopoly of American trade and colonization by Spain aroused the spirit of the English. Thus each nation was eager to en- gage in explorations and discoveries. 3. The settlers of Virginia were classed as gentlemen, tradesmen, and mechanics. As for farmers in search of work, we do not hear of any in the first expedition ; neither do we find any women among them. The settlers of Massachusetts were the Pilgrims, and unlike the Virginia ad- venturers, they took their wives and children with them, and came to live and die in America. The home life in Virginia v> as quite different from that of Massachusetts. The settlers were more intent upon finding gold than upon making new homes in the wilderness; for as soon as they became rich they intended to return to England. They lived in hovels and in tents, and some of them even in holes dug in the ground. The Pilgrims, on the other hand, lived in cabins rudely made of hewn planks. The settlers in Virginia had everything in com- mon. Each man had from the common stock 421 such food and clothing as it afforded, and all work was done for the company. An indus- trious man had no advantages over a man who spent his time in idleness. So no one cared to work much, and the colony was always near the point of starvation. As soon as each man worked for his own interests, the colony pros- pered. In Massachusetts, for a time, the settlers had everything in common. As the plan of working in common failed here as at Jamestown, land was assigned to each settler. Then abundance ensued. In the Virginia colony there was constant danger of attack by the Indians. The Indians lay in ambush near the settlement and killed every colonist that ventured out. At one time the colonists could buy no more corn of the unwill- ing savages. A terrible Indian massacre oc- curred in the spring of 1622. This led to a war with the Indians, who were finally subdued, and gave the settlers no more trouble for over twenty years. The settlers of Massachusetts made a treaty of peace with the Indians, which was not broken for more than half a century. Ill Virginia there was no system of public in- struction. The wealthy planters secured tutors for their sons or sent them to England to be educated. The common school system of New England came into existence shortly after the settlement of 422 the colony. The schools, however, were not, as a rule, fully maintained by taxation. 4. Spain, France and England claimed North America just before the French and Indian War. The English claimed the best part so far as climate, soil and productions were con- cerned. They held the Atlantic seaboard. France was driven out of America. England re- ceived Canada, and all the land east of the Mississippi River except New Orleans. At the same time Spain ceded Florida to England for Cuba and the Philippines, which had been taken in 1762. Spain, on account of the help she had given to France, received all the land west of the Mississippi River as well as New Orleans. 5. The Stamp Act was a law providing that all deeds, notes, bills, or other legal documents, should be written on stamped paper. There was great opposition to this act in the colo- nies. Prior to this taxes were levied by the colonists, and the principle was that those who paid taxes should have a voice in levying them. Under the "Stamp Act" a new principle was brought out, "taxation without representa- tion." The colonists insisted that they could be rightfully taxed only by their own assem- blies. They maintained that Parliament had no right to tax them, because they were not represented in Parliament. Famous speeches were made by Patrick Henry in Virginia and James Otis in Massachusetts against this prin- ciple. 423 The houses of British officials were mobbed. Prominent Loyalists were hanged in effigy. In South Carolina the people seized Fort John- son, where the stamped paper was stored, and sent the whole of it back to England. Not a single stamp was sold in all America. During the excitement over the Stamp Act, a congress to consider measures of resistance to it was called to meet in Xcav York, October 7, 1765. It was composed of delegates from nine colo- nies, among whom were some of the most emi- nent men in America. The congress adopted a declaration of rights and grievances. It firmly asserted the rights of the colonists to make all laws taxing themselves. As it vras obvious that the Stamp Act could not be enforced, it was repealed in 1766. The Stamp Act had caused great indignation in the colonies, and was one of the causes of the Rev- olutionary War. In 1781, it took two days to travel from Philadel- phia to New York. The stagecoach, then in use, was little better than a huge covered box mounted on springs. It had neither glass win- dow's, nor door, nor steps, nor closed sides. The roof was upheld by ten posts which rose from the body of the vehicle, and the body w^as commonly breast high. From the top were hung curtains of leather, to be rolled up when the day was fine, and let down and buttoned when it was rainy and cold. Within were four seats; without was the baggage. Fourteen 424 pounds of luggage Avere allowed to be carried free by each passenger. When the baggage had all been weighed, and strapped on the coach, when the horses had been attached, and the waybill, containing the names of the passen- gers made out, the passengers would clamber to their seats through the front of the stage and sit down with their faces toward the driver's seat. One pair of horses usually dragged the coach eighteen miles, when a fresh pair Avould be attached, and if all went well, you would be put down about ten at night at some wayside inn or tavern after a journey of forty miles. Cramped and weary, you would eat a frugal supper and hurry off to bed, with a notice from the landlord to be ready to start at three the next morning. Then, no matter if it rained or snowed, j^ou would be forced to make ready by the dim light of a horn lantern, for another ride of eighteen hours. When the Hudson River was reached a serious delay was almost certain to occur, for even in the best of weather it was no easy matter to cross the Hudson from New Jersey. When the wind was high and the water rough, or the river full of ice, the boldest did not dare to risk a cross- ing. Once over the river, you w^ould continue by coach till New York was reached, the entire trip taking two days. City and Event. Boston— Battle of Bunker Hill. New York— Occupied by the British, 1776. 425 Philadelphia— Howe entered Philadelphia, 1777. Trenton — Battle of Trenton. Saratoga — Burgoyne 's surrender. (a) The king had issued a proclamation declar- ing the Americans to be rebels. (b) He had closed their ports and warned foreign nations not to trade with them. (c) He had hired seventeen thousand Hessians with whom to subdue them. These things made further obedience to the king impossible, and on May 15, 1776, Congress re- solved that it was ''necessary to suppress every kind of authority under the crown," and asked the colonies to form governments of their own and so become States. The Declaration of In- dependence was the necessary conclusion of the acts of the Congress in allowing the colonies to form their own governments, authorizing British war vessels to be captured, opening the ports of the colonies to all nations, forbidding the slave trade, and appointing Franklin, Jay, and others to maintain intercourse with the ''friends of the colonies in Great Britain and elsewhere. ' ' The Declaration of Independence is a written doc- ument in which the colonists formally declared themselves free and independent and absolved from all allegiance to the British crowTi. It contains a statement of grievances and of the resolves of the colonies. 426 It was adopted by the Congress, at Philadelphia, on July 4, 1776, and was signed on that day by John Hancock, president of Congress, and a little later, about August 2d, by the delegates of all the colonies. 9. (a) ''He has kept among us in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our legislatures. ' ' (b) "He has imposed taxes on us without our consent. ' ' Facts that prove charges. (a) The Quartering Act, making it legal to quarter troops on the people. (b) The tax on tea and other articles. 10. (a) The chief executive of New Jersey is Gover- nor James F. Fielder. (b) The chief executive of Trenton is ]Mayor Fred. Donnelly. (c) Answers will differ. (d) The City Council attends to building streets and roads and all public buildings within and owned l\v the city. Laying water mains and controlling all utilities that might be owned by the city. ]\Iaking up a budget for the purpose of levying taxes to meet the expense of the city government. Passing all ordinances necessary to run the government and to regulate the sala- ries of the officials. (e) The State Legislature attends to appro- priating moneys necessary to pay the ex- pense of State officials and State institu- 427 tious. Regulating all public utility com- panies within the State. Making all ejection laws. Passing resolutions. Sub- mitting State constitutional amendments to the voters of the State for ratification, for instance, giving women the right to vote ; prohibiting the manufacture or sale of alcoholic liquors, etc. 11. (a) To seek religious liberty — Maryland, Penn- sylvania, Massachusetts. (b) To establish homes for the debtors of Eng-- land — Georgia. (c) To gain v\'ealth — Virginia. 12. The British had well-trained, well-disciplined forces, commanded by able generals. They had ample means and ships at their command, and had the aid of Canada and the secret aid of Tories. The Americans were fighting for their own inde- pendence and common interests, and were fighting on home soil. Some soldiers and com- manders had fought in the French and Indian War and thus received their training. The war was mainl}'- defensive on their part. 18. Answers will vary according to year. 1-1. The battles of Trenton and Princeton were the events in Xew Jerse}^ in the latter part of De- cember, 1776, and early in January, 1777. See Set 68, No. 10 (b) for accounts. The fires of patriotism were kindled afresh by these brilliant feats. Xew recruits were re- 428 ceived, and the troops whose term of enlist- ment was expiring were persuaded to remain a few weeks more. Nearly all of New Jersey was soon regained by the patriot forces. 15. The Hessians come from Germany. They were sold to England by the Prince of Hesse-Cassel and other insignificant German rulers. They were not to blame for coming, for they were sold by their princes at a little less than thirty- five dollars per head. During the war about thirty thousand of these hired soldiers came over to fight the Americans. They were dis- liked by the Americans, and the name Hessian has since been looked upon with contempt. 16. Yes, for it has given you all the privileges of a citizen of a free and independent republic. Yes ; they might now be in the same condition as the United States is today ; i. e., a free and in- dependent rej^ublic. 17. The flags used by the Continental troops between 1775 and 1777 were of at least a dozen differ- ent patterns. In 1776, in January, Washing- ton used one at Cambridge which seems to have been suggested by the ensign of the East India Company. That of this company was a com- bination of thirteen horizontal red and white stripes (seven red and six white) and the red cross of St. George. That of "Washington was the same, Avith the British Union Jack substi- tuted for the cross of St. George. After the Declaration of Independence, the British I'nion Jack was out of place on our flag; and 429 in June, 1777, Congress adopted a union of thirteen white stars in a circle on a blue ground in place of the British Jack. After Kentucky and Vermont were admitted, in 1791 and 1792, the stars and stripes were each increased to fifteen. In 1818, the original number of stripes was restored, and since that time each new State, when admitted, is repre- sented by a star and not by a stripe. The flag now has forty-eight stars. The national flag gives protection to vessels at sea. By means of this flag w^e are knoAvn as people of the United States. It insures us the respect of other nations, and the protection of our own government, for the United States is responsible for those under her flag. The flag floats over nearty all school houses to teach the children patriotism, and to insure protection in time of danger. It is also a sign of loj^alty. 19. Patrick Henry (1736-1799).— Patrick Henry was an orator and patriot w^hose memory is insep- arably linked with the early triumphs of lib- erty. He w^as a native of Virginia. Though a young man at the beginning of the struggle, his impassioned eloquence gave him a tremen- dous influence. Among the greatest triumphs of his eloquence was a speech in the Virginia convention (March, 1775). He insisted on the necessity of fighting for independence, and closed with the words, ' ' Give me liberty, or give me death." 430 Samuel Adams. — Samuel Adams, a second cousin of John Adams, was born in Boston in 1722. and was educated at Harvard College. When he took the Master of Arts degree he defended in his oration the right of the people to resist the Supreme Magistrate '4f the Common- monwealth cannot otherwise be preserved." He played a leading part in the resistance to England, and was one of the first to advocate political separation. He proposed the Con- gress of 1774, and was a signer of the Declara- tion of Independence. He was a man of pure and incorruptible life ; he was always poor, and the king of England failed to buy him from the path of virtue. He died in 1803. Set 86. 1-2 The language of the preamble (We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, etc.), seems carefully to exclude the notion that the States were about to form a temporary league. One of the objects of the Constitution was to form a more perfect un- ion. But the Constitution of the existing union was entitled "Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union." In other words, the delegates recommended a more perfect union than a perpetual one. It is difficult to per- ceive how language could more clearly describe the irrevocable nature of the compact about to be formed by the States. To enter the new confederation no coercion was employed. 431 Once the Commonwealths had entered, how- ever, there was no method provided by the Constitution for retracing their steps. In this view secession was a remed}^ outside the Con- stitution. Whether there was sufficient justi- fication for resorting to such a remedy is a subject that more nearly concerns the political than the constitutional history of the United States. To emphasize the issue of preserving the Union, and to make it clear that the war was not in- augurated to free the slaves, the National House of Representatives, with only two nega- tive votes, voted, July 22, 1861, ^^That this war is not waged upon our part in any spirit of • oppression, or for any purpose of conquest or subjection, or purpose of overthrowing or in- terfering with the rights or established insti- tutions of those States, but to defend and maintain the supremacy of the Constitution and to preserve the Union with all the dignity, equality, and rights of the several States unim- paired." NuUificaiion. — In John Quincy Adams's admin- istration a high tariff was laid, called the "American System." Its object was to keep foreign goods out of this country by placing a high tax upon them and thus protect the home manufacturers. The North had all the fac- tories. It thus received all the benefit of the tariff, while the South, being agricultural in its pursuits, did not receive any benefit, and since it bought most of its goods from Eng- 432 land, it really had to pay the increased taxes. The South, therefore, opposed this method of taxation. In 1833, South Carolina refused to pay the tax upon imported goods, saying that the law which imposed such a tax was ''null and void." This action of the State of South Carolina in declaring a law passed by Con- gress null and void has been termed ''nullifi- cation." Nullification means the refusal of a State to obey a law of Congress. President Jackson sent an armed force to Charles- ton to see that the taxes upon imported goods were paid. The people of South Carolina paid the taxes reluctantly. The opposition, however, caused a change in the tariff. Henry Clay had a compromise tariff passed by Con- gress, which provided for the gradual re- duction of the obnoxious tariff until a certain point was reached, where it was to remain. Secession was defended by Southern conventions and public men substantially on the follovN'ing grounds : — (a) That the North was bent on making money for itself, and was no longer interested in the general welfare of the Union. The charge was later made that the tariff discriminated against the South; but in the dis- cussions of 1860 the South made no complaint of the existing tariff of 1857. (b) That the North misinterpreted the Con- stitution, and would not admit the 433 doctrine of State rights and secession ; that the Republicans were even op- posed to the Dred Scott decision, and meant to overturn it ; and that by the personal liberty laws the Northern States defied their constitutional obli- gations. (c) That the North hated slavery, insisted on discussing it, and allowed abolition meetings and newspapers publicly to speak abusively of the slaveholders; and that the Northern people ap- proved of John Brown's attempt to cause a slave insurrection, (d) That the growth of slavery was checked, because the North was determined not to admit any more slave States, nor to annex any more slaveholding terri- tory, and was trying to draw a ''cor- don of free States" around the South, and thus slowly to strangle slavery. (e) That the election of Lincoln was an act of hostility, a sectional victory, which meant an attack on slavery in the States. A "Peace Congress" was called by the border States at Washington, February 4, 1861, at the suggestion of Virginia, and twenty-one States were represented. This body sat for a month with closed doors, and made a report which was substantially the Crittenden Compromise; but nothing was accomplished, as neither the 434 Senate nor the House of Representatives would recommend its adoption. 3. The war for the Union began on April 12, 1861. The Confederates under General Beauregard fired the first shot at Fort Sumter. Advantages of the No7ih. — The North had the ad- vantage of a larger population, greater wealth, more abundant food supplies, and a govern- ment with all its machinery in perfect opera- tion. It had machine shops, also, and multi- tudes of skilled mechanics capable of producing whatever might be needed in that direction. It had great factories in which clothing, shoes, wagons, arms, ammunition and everything else necessary to war could be made abundantly, while the South had none of these. The North had ships, also, and shipyards in which to build more. The government at Washington was able to shut up all the Southern ports with a blockading squadron almost from the begin- ning. This prevented the South from selling her cotton abroad, and.it prevented her from buying in other countries the arms, ammuni- tions, clothing, medicines, and machinery which she needed for war. The Northern base of sup- plies would be safe from attack, as the South was acting on the defensive, and it would be so looked upon by other nations. Advantages of the South. — On the other hand, the people of the Southern States were more mili- tary in their habits than those of the North, and more accustomed to outdoor life and to the 485 use of firearms and the management of liorses. The long and rapid marches which the South- ern soldiers sometimes made, and their endur- ance of hardship, were wonderful. The South had also the advantage of fighting on the de- fensive. Her armies moved upon shorter inside lines and fought mostly in regions where the people were on their side. The South had commanders trained in the national military school of West Point and in the wars of the Union. Since the negroes did the hard work at home, nearly all the able-bodied white men could be enlisted. From the first, the South was commanded by three of the ablest generals, Lee, Johnston, and Jackson, while the North Avas constantly changing its commanding gen- erals. Because the South was acting on the defensive it had the advantage of fighting on its own ground, and so was familiar with the lay of the land and could protect its weak points; but the North could strike at any point, and the South must be ready to gather forces quickly and protect any unexpected point of attack. Much to the disappointment of the United States, at the very outset of the war, even before a battle had been fought. Great Britain acknowl- edged (May 13, 1861) the belligerent rights of the Confederacy. This proclamation forbade Englishmen from taking part in the war on either side. It did not acknowledge the inde- pendence of the Confederacy, but declared that war existed between the sections. France and 436 other European governments soon followed with similar proclamations. The people of Europe stood for the freedom of slaves and sided with the North, but the Eng- lish government sided with the South. The stoppage of trade caused a cotton famine in England. The South hoped this w^ould induce England to come to her aid. In the beginning England had a large supply of cotton on hand, and by the time it was exhausted it looked as though the North would win, so the manufac- turers of the central and northwest of Eng- land suffered rather than buy Southern cotton. In 1861, earl}^ in the war, the English govern- ment had declared belligerency, because the North had blockaded the South. This meant war. England sent over privateers to prey upon our vessels, but in the treaty made at Washington, England paid fifteen and one-half million dollars, claims for damages done by the Alabama, a privateer. 4. New Orleans, with its commanding position at the mouth of the Mississippi, was invaluable to the South. The capture of this city gave the North control of the Mississippi River from its mouth to Port Hudson. The battle of Gettysburg checked Lee's second in- vasion of the North; turned the tide of the war in favor of the Union ; from that time the Confederacy waned; and it was the turning point of the war. 5. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by Lincoln as a fit and necessary war measure. 437 He issued it by virtue of the power vested in him as "Commander-in-chief of the Army and Navy of the United States." He believed it to be an act of justice, warranted by the Con- stitution upon military necessity. He made up his mind that the best way to save the Union was to free the slaves. So far the war had been one for the preservation of the Union. By making it a war for union and freedom, the North would become more earn- est than ever. If the North engaged in a war for the abolition of slavery, the people of Eng- land would not allow the independence of the Confederacy to be acknowledged b}^ their rulers. The Emancipation Proclamation was a declara- tion issued b}^ President Lincoln freeing the slaves in the seceded States. The most important immediate result of the proclamation was the employment of negroes and fugitive slaves in the armies of the Union. The good effects of the proclamation were at once seen abroad, where the friends of the Union in England in 1863 prevented a last effort to have Great Britain and France ''mediate" in the struggle. 6. Summary of the Results of the Civil War. (a) In the Union armies, over three hundred thousand men were killed in battle or died of wounds or disease, and two hun- dred thousand more were crippled for life. If the Confederate armies suf- 438 fered as heavily, the country thus lost one million able-bodied men. Some idea of the maiming effects of war may be obtained from the fact that the United States provided more than seven thou- sand artificial limbs for disabled sol- diers. (b) As for property, no free territory was in- vaded except Pennsylvania and Ohio, for a few days; and the destruction of Northern merchant vessels amounted to only twenty million dollars. The loyal border States, as well as the South, how- ever, were invaded at many different points and devastated by marching armies, both Union and Confederate. Thousands of homes were burned, the business of cities was for months sus- pended, the cotton crop was nearly a dead loss. The whole South was com- mercially ruined, while the North, in spite of its immense expenses, had more men, more capital, and more money at the end of the war than at the begin- ning. The South felt also that it had lost four million slaves valued in 1860 at two billion dollars. The slaveholding families did lose the opportunity of turning their human property into cash ; but most of the negroes were still on the ground and ready to work the land; and the community was no poorer for the change. 439 (c) The national debt rose to nearly three bil- lions of dollars, to which must be added the debts incurred by States and muni- cipalities. When to this is added the amount paid for pensions, and the loss of property and wages, the total cost is simply beyond calculation. (d) Reconstruction. Views of Congress and President Lin- coln. 1. Congress said that the Southern States had destroyed themselves and were no longer States, but Territories, and as such again must be admitted to the Union. 2. Lincoln differed from Congress. He said that a Southern State by secession had not destroyed itself, and therefore could come back into the Union at its own desire. President Johnson's Vieivs. Johnson declared that the seceded States could be admited again by 1. Declaring the ordinance of se- cession null and void. 2. By repudiating their war debt. 3. By accepting the Thirteenth Amendment. Congress did not think this sufficient and passed the Fourteenth Amendment, which must also be ratified. 440 Military governments were appointed in all States that had seceded except Ten- nessee. Eight States were again read- mitted, but three refused to accept these conditions. After the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment it was required that the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments should be adop- ted by the remaining States. This they did, and were readmitted in 1870. (e) After the Civil War the Thirteenth Amendment was passed to free the slaves everywhere in the Union. It was adopted December 18, 1865. The Four- teenth Amendment was adopted July 28, 1868. The Fifteenth Amendment was adopted March 30, 1870. (f) The New South began in 1875. Cities were rapidl.y built up, towns and vil- lages increased. Specie payments were resumed in 1879. 7-8. Slavery. — Slavery was introduced into the James- town colony in 1610 by the Dutch. A Dutch vessel sailed up the James River vrith twenty negroes, who were sold as slaves to the planters. This was the beginning of slavery in Virginia, and it increased until at last there were slaves in every colony in America. The growth of slavery was more rapid in the South than in the North on account of indus- trial conditions. The raising of tobacco, and the cultivation of rice and indigo in the South- 441 ern colonies, caused negro slaves to be in great demand. There were never a great many of them in New England, and such as there were were kept mostly as house servants. There were many negroes in New York and Phil- adelphia, but not many in the country regions round about, where wheat was the principal crop. Wheat did not require much hard labor. Rice, tobacco and indigo were the crops for which the negroes were needed. After the Revolution, slavery was gradually given up in the North, where slave labor was not profitable. Thus, by degrees, slavery was abolished in the North, thereby forming a solid block of ter- ritory from the Atlantic to the ^Mississippi north of Mason and Dixon's line and north of the Ohio River, in which slavery was dead or dying. In the Constitutional Convention, slavery was in question in the Second Compromise, when a decision was to be given whether or not slaves were to be counted as population. It was agreed that three-fifths of all slaves should be counted as population for the purpose of ap- portioning representation. In the Third Com- promise, slave trade was discussed, and it was agreed that Congress was not to prohibit the slave trade for twenty years, or before 1808. Before the invention of the cotton gin it had not been profitable to raise cotton, because of the difficulty of removing the seeds. Whitney's gin greatly lessened this labor, and cotton be- came the great staple crop of all the far South- 442 ern States. Negro slaves were the best laborers in the cotton fields, and so slavery came to be a valuable labor system in the South. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 prohibited slavery in the Louisiana territory north of the parallel 36 degrees 30 minutes, with the ex- ception of Missouri, which was admitted as a slave State. This adjusted the slavery ques- tion for a time, but the dissatisfaction in the North with the Missouri Compromise laid the foundation of abolitionism. In 1850, the slavery question necessitated another compro- mise known as the Compromise of 1850, or the Omnibus Bill. By this bill, the slavery ques- tion seemed to be pretty well provided for. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill of 1854 renewed the contest between the North and the South which had been thought settled by the Compromise of 1850. It declared the Missouri Compromise of 1820 null and void, and helped to increase slavery b}^ giving the settlers of Kansas and Nebraska the right to decide for themselves whether or not they wished slavery. By the Emancipation Proclamation, issued for the first time on September 22, 1862, Lincoln freed the slaves in the seceded States. To free the slaves in the loyal slave States, the Fifteenth Amendment was passed. The Fourteenth Amendment made the freed negro a citizen of the United States and gave him the right to sue in the Federal courts. The Fifteenth Amendment secured for him the right to vote, declarinsj that he would not be denied the 443 right of suffrage on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The leaders in the South now feel that it is bet- ter for the South to be without slaves. In the hearts of many of the real Southerners there is still a feeling that the negro is far beneath the white. They cannot forget that he was once their slave. One proof of this is the dis- tinction made when traveling, the negro and white do not occupy the same coach. Some of the old Southern families have not yet recov- ered from the reverses of the war. The South is better off without slavery, because the whites have learned to work, it has broken down society castes. In a manufacturing and commercial sense, the South has greatly im- proved since the abolishment of slavery. 9. (a) The invention of spinning and weaving ma- chines and power looms, driven by steam power or electricity, have taken the spin- ning wheel and loom out of the home and lightened women's work in the home. These inventions have greatly lessened the cost of textiles to the consumer, and at the same time increased the manufacturer's profits and the laborers ' wages. They also increased the supply of textiles; machine- made factory products requiring less time than household manufactures. This stimulated the growth of cities. In 1790 there were very few towns, nearly all the people lived in the country; but in 1860 444 there were one hundred and forty cities and large towns, in which lived one-sixth of the total population. (b) The invention of machines for planting the seed, the reaper, the mower, threshing machines, and self-binder have lightened men's work in the field. They have rendered profitable the cultiva- tion of the Western wheat fields, thus opening the Avestern section of the United States for immigration. 10. (a) McClellan, as major-general, at the begin- ning of the Civil War, was entrusted with command in West Virginia, where he broke up Garnett's army. In August, 1861, he became commander of the Army of the Potomac, and in November he suc- ceeded General Scott as commander-in- chief. McClellan 's services in organizing the army were invaluable. He commanded through the Peninsula campaign, executing his famous '^ change of base." He was relieved of the command, reappointed Sep- tember 7, 1862, after Pope's disasters, and commanded in the Antietam campaign. On November 7th he was removed from command. (b) Georgia, on account of Sherman's March to the Sea. Virginia, because most of the battles were fought there. Louisiana, on account of the blockade and the destruc- tion of cotton at New Orleans. Missis- sippi, on account of the siege of Vieksburg. 445 (a) Tlie Xon-Importation Act. — In April, 1806, Congress passed an act forbidding the im- portation from England to America of certain articles which could be made in this country. The object of this was to teach England the importance of the American market for her goods, and thus compel better treatment for our merchant ships. The measure failed to accomplish its purpose and was soon repealed. The Emhargo Acf.— This act of 1807 forbade American vessels to set sail to any foreign port and foreign vessels to load in Amer- ican ports. This completely destroyed our commerce, and the trade of the world was carried on in English vessels. The Non-Intcreourse Acts. — These acts were passed in 1809 after the repeal of the Em- bargo Act. By these acts, American ves- sels could trade with all nations except England and France. (b) Non-importation agreements had accom- plished the purpose for which they were intended after the War of 1812. Their purpose was to teach England the im- portance of the American market for her goods, and thus compel better treatment of our ships. After the war, England re- spected our rights as a nation. (c) These acts increased home manufactures and led to many internal improvements. When the people found they could not obtain the goods needed from England, they be- 446 gan to manufacture them at home. In- crease in manufacture led to improvements in means and ways of transportation. 12. Louisiana was purchased from Napoleon in 1803 for the sum of fifteen million dollars. By a treaty (1819) Spain ceded Florida to the United States, and the United States agreed to pay five million dollars worth of claims held by Americans against Spain. Texas applied (1844) for admission to the Union and was accepted the day before the close of Tyler 's administration. Oregon was discovered in 1792, and confirmed by British treaty in 1846. By the treaty at the close of the Mexican War (1848), the United States acquired California. 13. (a) No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained the age of thirty years and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. (b) Xo person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. (c) Two. James E. Martine, 1917; William Hughes, 1919. (d) There are twelve Representatives from New Jersev. After the census is taken, Con- 44; gress fixes the ratio of representation. The population of the State is divided by this ratio to determine the number of Kepresentatives to Congress. (Ratio in 1914, 211,431.) Trenton and Mercer County are in the Fourth Congressional District. Its Representative in United States Congress is Allan B. Walsh (1914). (a) Aerial navigation has progressed so that dur- ing the year 1913, aeroplane voyages were made across the Pyrenees from Pan to Madrid ; across the Alps from Switzerland to Italy ; across the English Channel from Paris to London; from Key West to Havana ; from Paris to Warsaw ; around the Mediterranean Sea, by way of Turkey, from France to Cairo, Egypt, Many aero- plane records were broken, and many dar- ing feats performed, such as "looping the loop" as many as six times in succession, and flying head downward. A Zeppelin airship exploded high in air, killing twenty-five persons. The loss of life in aviation in 1913 was two hundred and nine. This brings the total to four hundred and ninety-seven. A one-day flight across the Atlantic Ocean is to be attempted. The course is to be from Newfoundland to Ireland. Mr. Rod- man Wanamaker is contributing the large amount of money needed. Glenn H. Cur- tiss, the famous aviator, has designed the machine, which is now nearing completion. 448 It is to be a far more powerful machine than any aeroplane now in use. The engine will be of two hundred horse-power, while one hundred horse-power is the most that any aeroplane now has. The average speed is calculated at sixtj^-five miles an hour. Gasolene can be carried, enough to make the dash to Ireland a matter of a single flight. There will be two pilots. This machine will be made somewhat like a boat ; so that if it drops into the ocean it will float and can be propelled by its own power. But it is expected to remain at a height of about two miles. This will undoubtedly be the most sensa- tional event in aeronautics so far. (b) The answer to this will vary, as the tariff is constantly changing. 15. (a) See Set 50, No. 6, for boundaries. (b) New Hampshire, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland. Set 87. 1. (a) The desire to find a new, shorter and safer route to Asia and the East Indies led to the discovery of the New World. (b) If Columbus had lived in 1522, he w^ould have learned that he had discovered a new con- tinent, and had not, as he supposed, reached India. Magellan's circumnaviga- tion of the globe in 1522 proved Columbus' discoverv of a new continent. 449 2. (a) The first settlers came to an uninhabited re- gion, where they had no homes. They had to set about clearing forests, cutting down trees with which to build rude dwellings. They were unaccustomed to the climate and hardships accompanying such a life, and in consequence of this many became sick and died. They had poor food, and often suffered greatly from famine and at- tacks of the Indians. (b) See Set 62, No. 14 (a). The French settled along the St. Lawrence and Mississippi Rivers; the Dutch, along the Hudson River in New York; the English, along the James and Delaware Rivers. (c) See Set 62, No. U (b). 3. See Set 37, No. 2. 4. (a) See Set 85, No. 1. 5. (a) Many things were looked upon as crimes in Colonial days and were punished by law; whereas no cognizance is taken of them now. Amusements were prohibited, and gayety w^as deemed sinful. No one under twenty years of age w^as allowed to use tobacco; those over that age could smoke once a day, but only at a distance of ten miles from any dwelling. For shooting fowl on Sunday, a man was whipped. Lying, scolding, swearing, getting drunk, all were criminal, and each had its ap- pointed punishment. The swearer was us- ually made to stand in a public place with 450 his tongue in a cleft stick. Sometimes lie was fined or set in the stocks, or impris- oned, and in some instances even his tongue was bored through with a hot iron. The unhappy housewife whose temper got the better of her wisdom, was not over- looked. Scolds were gagged and obliged to stand at their doors at certain hours, that passers-by might see their disgrace. Those who remained outside of the meet- ing-house on Sundays Avere admonished by the constable, and on a second offence, they were set in the stocks. Such was the severe spirit of the laws at that time, (b) Among the penalties, for a common scold, was the ducking-stool. It was a chair fastened to a long plank, the middle of the plank resting on a cross-piece of wood. This was taken to the water 's edge ; the woman tied in the chair, and then she was dipped in the water as often as seemed necessary to inflict an adequate punish- ment. For some offences men were placed in the stocks with head and hands and feet held fast, while boys and men pelted them with eggs. This punishment was usually in- flicted on a day of public gathering, so that the culprit should be known to all the people, and perhaps be shamed into better behavior. The pillory was a wooden frame in which the head and hands of the offender were held fast, while he was ex- 451 posed to the taunts and sneers of the crowd. For profane swearing, men were punished by pinching their tongues with a split stick, and sometimes by a fine also. For worse offences, men were whipped at ''the cart's tail" from village to village, or branded in the hand with a hot iron, or had their ears cropped. Somtimes the cul- prit was made to wear on the breast a letter indicative of the crime, (c) There were more slaves in the Southern col- onies than in the Northern colonies, be- cause slavery was unprofitable in the North. Rice, tobacco, indigo, and cotton were the crops for which the negro was needed, and as these were raised in the South, negro slaves came into great de- mand there. Again, the climate in the North did not agree with the negro, whereas that in the South did. The few slaves in the Northern colonies were kept mostly as house servants. 6. Holland, because she gave her subjects religious liberty. 7. (a) Many of the church buildings were handsome and commodious. The able-bodied popu- lation Avas required to go to service. Three abreast, they marched to the church, where every man set down his musket within easy reach. Pews were carefully assigned according to the social position 452 of the attendants. The elders and deacons took their seats in front of the preacher's desk, which was somewhat elevated and to one side of the church. The pews were arranged some to the right of the preach- er's desk, some to the left, and some facing it. The old men, the young men, the young women, and the older ones had their separate places. The boys were kept in or- der by a constable. (b) There were so few schools in Virginia in 1693 because education was strongly op- posed by the governors of that colony. Besides, Virginia consisted of separate and widely distributed plantations, and could not maintain schools. (c) Education. — The Eastern Colonies. — Next to their religion, the Puritans prized educa- tion. When Boston was but six years old, money was appropriated to the seminary at Cambridge, which afterwards grew to be Harvard College (1636). For a time each family gave a peck of corn or a shill- ing in cash for its support. Common schools had already been provided, and soon (1647) every town was ordered to have a free school, and, if it contained over one hundred families, a grammar school. In Connecticut, any town that did not keep a school for three months in the year was liable to a fine. In 1700, ten ministers brought together a number of books for the founding of Yale College. 453 This was first established at Saybrook, but Avas soon removed to New Haven. The Middle Colonies had many schools scat- tered through the tow^ns. In the English period some of the schools were kept by Dutch masters, who taught English as an accomplishment. As early as 1702 an act was passed for the "Encouragement of a Grammar Free School in the City of New York." In 1795, George Clinton laid the foundation of the common school system of the State, and within three years nearly sixty thousand children were receiving in- struction. Delaware is said to have had the first girls' school in the colonies The first school in Pennsylvania was started the year Philadelphia was founded. The Southern Colonies met with great diffi- culties in their efforts to establish schools. Virginia can boast of the second oldest col- lege in the colonies — William and Mary's (1692), the only one aided by the British government — yet her English governors bitterly opposed the progress of educa- tion. Governor Berkeley, of whose haughty spirit we have already heard, said "I thank God there are no free schools nor printing presses here, and I hope we shall not have them these hundred years." Free schools were established in Maryland in 1696, and a free school in Charleston in 1712. Private schools were early es- 454 tablished by the colonists in every neigh- borhood. 8. (a) Causes of Immigration. 1. Religions dispntes in the mother coun- tries — Maryland, Pennsylvania, Mas- sachusetts, the Carolinas. 2. Desire for gold or land — Virginia. 3. Love of adventure — Virginia. 4. To escape miseries brought upon them by the wars that desolated their coun- try, also a desire to escape military service — Settlement of Germantovvn and increase of German immigration into Pennsylvania. 5. Trading purposes — New Amsterdam. (b) The Catholics in Maryland, the Quakers in Pennsylvania during the lifetime of Wil- liam Penn, did, by their spirit of religious toleration, try to keep from occurring here the evils which had forced them to leave the old country. The Puritans in Massachusetts did not. Oglethorpe tried by his laws to work for the good of the people, but the peole felt that such laws as his took away the motive for improvement of their property, and many left the colony. 9. At the age of sixteen, George Washington be- came surveyor of lands belonging to Lord Fair- fax. This gave him a knowledge of the coun- try and of outdoor life. When nineteen years of age he was appointed adjutant-general, with 455 the rank of major, to inspect and exercise the militia in one of the districts into which Vir- ginia was divided. He proved himself thor- oughly efficient in this post of duty, and this enabled him during the Kevolution to drill and organize the patriot army with great skill and prudence. In 1753 he was sent by Governor Dinwiddle on a dangerous mission to the officer commanding the French forces on the banks of the Ohio. This gave him a training in diplomacy. Soon after his return, he was appointed lieutenant- colonel. He accompanied General Braddock on his ill-fated campaign, behaving ''with the greatest courage and resolution." This gave him an insight into Indian warfare, and the presence of mind needed in a leader in the mo- ment of danger. In 1756, he was appointed to the chief command of a force of two thousand men, and was engaged in the arduous work of protecting the Virginia frontier. All these events trained him for his part in the War of the Revolution. 10. (a) England had struggled with France, Holland and Spain for control of North America. (b) France was driven out of America; Spain was driven west of the Mississippi River. In 1664, New Netherlands became an Eng- lish possession, called New York. The re- sult of all these struggles was that England owned Canada and the eastern portion of North America from the Atlantic to the Mississippi. 456 11. (a) The severe measures of the Navigation Acts cut off Colonial trade and profits in order to swell the trade and profits of England. The colonists were not allowed to trade with any country except Great Britain, where everything had to be bought of Eng- lish merchants. They refused to do this, and smuggled goods from other countries into America. (b) In order to detect smugglers, British custom officers in the colonies applied to the courts for ''writs of assistance" which authorized them to search any private buildings for suspected smuggled goods, on suspicion only. 12. (a) The Stamp Act was, considered in itself, not nearly so harmful to the colonists as the decision of the British government to en- force the laws that restricted trade, but the Stamp Act was good ground to fight on. The colonists could hardly make their fight for the right to smuggle goods, but their right to tax themselves and not to be taxed by anybody else was a doctrine that they might stand on. The Stamp Act aroused the spirit of the colonists to resist taxation by England. It was one of the principal causes of the Revolutionary War. (b) The Tories were those in the colonies who were friendly to the British king and op- posed to independence. (c) The Whigs were those in the colonies who opposed the British tyranny. 457 13. (a) The Navigation Laws compelled the colonists to sell their products only to England, and to buy there whatever they needed. Thus English merchants could charge a high price for their goods, and give but a small price for goods from the colonies. These laws destroyed the shipbuilding of the colonies. (b) See Set 81, No. 2. 14. (a) Yes, it is better to win a victory by strategy than by fighting, because of the saving of human lives. (b) Forts Crown Point and Ticonderoga were captured in this way. 15-16. The First Continental Congress met at Phila- delphia, September, 1774. It drew up the the following measures : — (a) A declaration of rights. ^' (b) A non-intercourse agreement. (c) An appeal to the people of Great Britain. (d) An address to the people of Canada. (e) A petition to the king. The Second Continental Congress met at Phil- adelphia, May, 1775. It drew up the fol- lowing measures: — (a) A petition to the king. (b) The members voted to ecpiip an army of twenty thousand men. (c) They authorized an issue of two mil- lion dollars in paper monej^ (d) George Washington was elected com- mander-in-chief. 458 17. (a) The "Declaration of Independence" is the immortal document drawn up by the mem- bers of the Continental Congress, in which they severed all allegiance to the British crown, and declared themselves free and independent. (b) It was framed to give public statement of the reasons for war and separation. The colonists regarded all efforts at reconcil- iation with England as hopeless, and de- termined to suppress all forms of royal authority. They gave expression to their feelings in the Declaration of Independ- ence, in which they set forth the reasons for their separation, and the grievances against the king of England. ^ -r 1^ KO ^o ^-n <'^, •^0^ .^^