im»3. E178 .L47 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 0D0DE737D73 KJ^ '«> • » !. % .^^r >-^. ^* ^^' ^. °'W^^ ^-^"^^^ '• ^^^^ V .^'% .^ ^e-a, ^ i^"-'^^ ^°^*-. ,^ 5^ ^ *o. ^^'^% o^ U.S. HISTORY The Facts Condensed BY A. S. LEE AUTHOR OF CONDENSED SERIES OF TEXT BOOKS FOR TEACHERS PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR Copyright 1921, by A. S. Lee Revised Edition 1921 Tar were (a) Conflicting claims to the Ohio Valley; (b) National jeal- ousy. General Braddock was sent against the French at Fort Du Quesne but was defeated. The battle of Quebec was the decisive engagement. The English under Wolfe defeated the French under Montcalm. The "Treaty of Paris" 1763 closed the war. By this treaty, French ceded Canada and all her territory east of the Mississippi to England. Spain ceded Florida to England in exchange for Cuba and the Phillipines, which had been taken by Eng- land during this war. 18 An Eventful Period (1763-1776) The problems growing out of the French and Indian War developed the American spirit and marked quite clear- ly the differences between the democratic ideals of Amer- ica and the extreme monarchial views of George III and his followers. America did not object to paying a just share of the expenses of the war but did object to sur- rendering democratic ideals as to the method of raising the funds. Right here it is well to go back to the be- ginnings of our history and to remember that America was settled by persons who considered their social and civic rights as sacred as their honor and their lives. It 4s no wonder that they openly resisted the application of autocratic principles of government, and that they believed taxation without representation was tyranny. Egypt developed civilization for the world; Greece gave it science and art; the Semitic peoples of Arabia and Palestine gave it its religions; Rome gave it its laws; the Teutons of north western Europe gave to the world its courtesy and respect for women; it appears that the mission of America is to give to the world a democratic government based on the brotherhood of man. This idea of democracy can be traced Quite clearly from the first settlement at Jamestown 1607 to the conclusion of the World War 1914-1918. The French and Indian war decided that the language, laws, customs, and institutions of the English people should be perpetuated in North America. It resulted in a closer union of the colonies and trained many soldiers and commanders, who became prominent in the Revolu- tion. The expense of this war v/as great and the new English King George III proposed to make the colonies pay most of it. In 1765 Parliament passed the "Stamp Act" which compelled the colonists to buy revenue stamps and place them on every legal document, note, contract and publication. These stamps varied in price from 1 cent to 50 dollars. The colonists refused to buy the stamps on the grounds (1) that it was unjust and (2) that it 19 was taxing the colonists without their consent which was in violation of the constitutional laws of England. Burke and Pitt, able and eloquent members of Parliament, cham- pioned the cause of the colonies and the odious law was repealed. But other laws as obnoxious as the Stamp Act, were passed— Declaratory Act, Boston Port Bill, Mu- tiny Act, Quebec Act, Transportation Act, etc. These acts met determined opposition in xA.merica and resulted in the calling of The First Continental Congress which met in Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia- September 5, 1774. This congress decided to stand with Massachusetts in her re- sistance to British oppression. It issued an address to the king, and another to the English people. The Second Con- tinental Congress met at Independence Hall, Philadelphia, 3Iay 10, 1775. This Congress exercised all the functions of government from 1775 to 1789. (1) It provided men and means to carry on the Revolution; (2) It adopted the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confeder- ation. (3) It completed the union among the states. The Revolution The causes of the Revolution were? (a) Taxation with- out representation, (b) Personal character of George III. (c) Inclination of the colonists to be free, (d) Influence of France, (e) Appointment of British Bishops to preside over American churches, (f) The passage of several acts detrimental to American liberty, examples: Boston Port Bill; Quebec Acts, Declaratory Act, Transportation Bill, and the Quartering Act. It is to be remembered that the great majority of the English people as well as many influential members of Parliament, such as Pitt, Burke, and Fox, opposed the war 20 as well as the governments policies tov/ards the Colonies. The people did not join the army to fight the Americans and it became necessary to hire German soldiers, the Hes- sians. WasMngton took command of the army at Cambridge, Mass., drove the British out of Boston, v/as defeated at Long Island, gained the battles of Trenton and Princeton, and went into winter quarters at Morristov^m, N. J., 1777, was defeated at Brandy wine and Germantown, went into winter quarters at Valley Forge- 1777-78, fought the inde- cisive battle of Monmouth, and, with the aid of the French, captured Cornwallis and his army at Yorktown (1781.) Leading Battles Battles Amer. Com. British Com. Victorious Long Island Washington Howe British Trenton Wasliington Rahl Americans Princeton Wasliington Mawhood Americans Brandywine Wasliington Howe British Germantown Washington Howe British Saratoga Gates Burgoyne Americans Monmouth Washington Clinton Indecisive Camden Gates Cornwallis British Kings Mt. Campbell Ferguson Americans Guilford C. H. Greene Cornwallis British Yorktown Washington Cornwallis Americans A Critical Period The time between the close of the Revolution and the adoption of the Constitution is known as the critical period 21 of American history. Eeasons: (1) There was jealousy and discontent among the states. (2) The government had no money, nor had it credit at home or abroad. (3) It could not preserve order nor pay its debts. (4) The country had been desolated by the war. (5) The Articles of Confederation was inadequate as a means of government. The attempt to improve conditions by revising the Articles of Confederation led to the adoption of the Na- tional Constitution in 1787. The new government so pro- vided, was put in operation by Congress 1789. It gave us confidence, order, and hope at home, and respect abroad. Other events of this period: — (1) The Annapolis Conven- tion. (2) Shay's Rebellion in Mass. (3) The adoption of the Ordinance of 1787. War of 1812 The causes of the war of 1812 were (a) the impress- ment of American seamen and (b) the seizure of American ships and cargoes, by the British. During the war of 1812, England was directing her military energies mostly against Napoleon whose ambitious designs had threatened the national life of Great Britain. The treaty of Ghent, 1814, was not the result of American victories so much as it was a war measure on the part of England to concentrate her strength against Napoleon. The battle of Waterloo, which ended the career of Na- poleon, was fought but a few months after the battle of New Orleans. It is to be remembered, too, that the safety of England has always depended upon her navy, and that in these* years in particular, she needed every available sailor she had. It must be admitted that she had a right to make a ^1 thorough search for her slackers, many of whom she found on American ships. We did not object to the capture and return of her deserters but we did emphatically object to her taking American sailors along with her slackers and impressing them into British service. Leading Battles Battles Amer. Com. British Com. Victorious Constitution and Guerrier Hull Dacres Americans Lake Erie Perry Barclay Americans Thames Harrison Proctor Americans Lundys Lane Scott Drummond Americans Bladensburg Winder Ross British New Orleans Jackson Packenham Americans Chesapeake and Shannon Lawrence Broke British Lake Champlain McDonough Prevost Americans Mexican War The cause of the Mexican War was a dispute as to boundary between Texas and Mexico. The southern states had been on the lookout for more slave territory to main- tain their balance in the United States Senate. A war with Mexico would afford the desired opportunity. General Taylor gained the battles of Palto Alto, Res- aca De La Palma, Monterey, and Buena Tista. General Scott gained the battles of Yera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Chapultepec, and Mexico City. The Mexicans never gained a battle. 23 The Civil War The causes of the Ciyil war were (a) Different con- structions placed upon the constitution of the U. S. by the people of the North and the South, (b) Slavery, (c) Se- cession of States, (d) Publication of sectional books, (e) Influence of demagogues. The four objects constantly kept in view by the IJnion generals were (a) The capture of Richmond, (b) The re- covery of the coast, (c) The opening of the Mississippi. (d) The division of the Confederacy by an expedition to the coast. Battles of the Army on the Potomac Battles Date Union Com. Confed. Com. Victorious BuU Bun Seven Days Bull Run Antietam Fredericksburg Chancelloraville Gettysburg 1861 1862 1862 1862 1862 1863 1863 McDoweU McClelland Pope McClelland Burnside Hooker Meade Beauregard Lee Lee Lee Lee Lee Lee Confederate Indecisive Confederate Union Confederate Confederate Union Battles in the West Battles Date Union Com. Confed. Com. Victorious Fort Donelson 1862 Grant Buckner Union Shiloh 1862 Grant Johnson Union Murfreesboro 1862 Bosecrans Bragg Union Vicksburg 1863 Grant Pemberton Union Chickamauga 1863 Bosecrans Bragg Confederate Chattanooga 1863 Grant Bragg Union Atlanta 1864 Sherman Hood Union Nashville 1864 Thomas Hood Union 24 Other Ba ttles Battles Date Union Com. Confed. Com. Victorious Cold Harbor Merrimac and Monitor Spottsylvania 1864 1862 1864 Grant Worden Grant Lee liuckhanan Lee Confederate Union Indecisive The naval battle between the Merrimac and Monitor, the battles of Antietam, Gettysburg' Atlanta and Vicksburg are, perhaps, the most decisive battles of the war. The defeat of the Merrimac by the Monitor, prevented (a) the destruction of the rest of the Federal fleet, (b) the breaking up of the blockade, and (c) the capture of jNew York and other coast cities of the north. The battle of Antietam checked Lee's first northern in- vasion. The battle of Gettysburg checked Lee's second northern invasion. The battle of Atlanta made possible the division of the Confederacy and Sherman's march to the Sea. The battle of Yicksburg opened up the Mississippi to Federal boats. The Civil War extinguished secession and made pos- sible the freeing of the slaves. Spanish American War Causes — The many rebellions of the Cuban people against the government of Spain injuring our commerce with Cuba, resulting in great damage to American invest- 25 ments there, and necessitating the keeping of our navy in preparation for active service, were the remote causes. The destruction of our battleship "The Maine" in the Har- bor of Havanna Feb. 15, 1898, was the immediate cause. The battle of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898, was the first engagement of the war. The squadron under George Dewey without material loss destroyed a Spanish fleet and silenced the shore batteries. Later, (August 13) the fleet acting in conjunction with a land force under General Merritt captured the city of Manila. On July 1 and 2, the army under the command of General Shafter, took and held the other defenses of San- tiago, (El Caney and San Juan Hill.) On July 17- the city was surrendered, together with the eastern end of Cuba, and over 22,000 Spanish soldiers. On July 3, Cervera's fleet sailed out of the Harbor of Santiago. The American fleet under Commodore Schley, Captain Evans and Admiral Sampson, soon sunk or strand- ed all the Spanish vessels with a loss of but one man. Besides the great number killed and wounded, nearly 1,800 Spanish sailors were taken prisoners. As a result of the war, Spain lost all her West Indian possessions, the Phillippines and other islands. The U. S. gained the Philippines, Porto Rico, Guam, and Wake Is- land. War With Germany April 6, 1917 to Jfovember 11, 1918 Causes. The ruthless destruction of American ships and the taking of American lives as a part of the naval 26 program carried out by the German government, were the immediate causes of the war. Once in the war' we began to throw into the conflict every element of strength we possessed in order that the world might have what we already possess — freedom, de- mocracy and equality. Our war aim and our peace pro- gram were the same: "The reign of law, based upon the consent of the governed and sustained by the organized opinion of mankind.'' The battles in which our army took the initiative and won decisive victories were Chateau Tliierry, St. Mihiel, Bclleau Woods, and Argonne Forrest, Kesults of the war. It broadened the sympathy of mankind. It showed that no nation can force its opin- ions and policies upon the world. It completely destroyed the autocracy and militaryism that was a threatening menace to the peace and happiness of the world. It in- sures freedom to every nation both great and small to determine its own policy and its own way of develop- ment, unhindered, unthreatened, and unafraid. It demon- strated that there is no super-man nor no super-nation. It has marked the dawn of democracy and the twilight of autocracy. The part our country took in the war. We sent 2,000'000 well equipped and well trained soldiers to France and had 2,000,000 more ready to go. Our troops were on the ground at the critical times in July 1918 when Paris was seriously threatened. At Chauteau Thierry our sol- diers started the Germans on the retreat v/hich did not cease till the Armistice was signed, November 11, 1918. We provided our associates in the war with $7,000,000,- 000 in money and with food, clothing and supplies that they could not have acquired elsewhere and at a time 27 when the success of the Allies depended wholly on the food and other necessities which we furnished. Our navy rendered substantial aid in patrolling the North Sea, in making the blockade against Germany ef- fective, and in destroying enemy submarines. Since the signing of the Armistice, our soldiers have taken a leading part in enforcing the terms of the armis- tice. We made victory sure and complete. The Treaty of Peace was made at Versailles, a suburb of Paris and is properly called "The Treaty of Paris." Our members of the peace treaty were, President Wilson, Lansing, White, Bliss, and House. The treaty provides for peace among all the belligerent nations; Reparation, and restitution by Germany and her associates for the wrongs done, and a guaranty by them that such wrongs will not be attempted again. The treaty further provides for a "League of Nations" to preserve the peace of the world and to maintain freedom and justice for all nations, great and small. The part of the treaty providing for "The League of Nations" was rejected by the United States Senate. Treaties made by the president are not binding until rati- fied by the Senate. Period of Reconstruction (1866-1877) Immediately after the Civil War three great problems confronted the Federal government: (1) the status of the Blacks; (2) The status of the Confederate Whites; (3) The status of the Confederate states. 28 I. The thirteenth amendment, ratified in 1865, freed the negro. The fourteenth amendment, ratified in 1868, made the negro a citizen. The fifteenth amendment, ratified in 1870, gave the negro the right to vote. II. In 1868' President Johnson declared a general am- nesty to all persons who had taken part in the rebellion, but Congress vested with authority granted it by the XIV Amendment, prevented the southern leaders from holding any office- state or national for several years. III. As to the status of the new states, the President and Congress differed widely, the former maintaining that they were never out of the Union, while the latter claimed they were and that they should be dealt with as territories. The view taken by Congress was adopted and Congress divided the South into military districts each presided over by a military governor until the people of the several states should establish a government accepting the Constitution of the U. S., and especially amendments XIII and XIV. Under this plan, Tennessee came back into the Union, 1865. In 1868, Alabama, Florida, Arkansas, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina, came back into the Union. Mississippi, Georgia- Texas and Virginia remained out until 1870. In 1877, President Hayes, withdrew all Federal sol- diers from the South. This restored normal conditions and was the end of reconstruction in the South. 29 Territorial Expansion of the U. S. In 1783 the western boundary of the U. S. was the Mississippi River, and the southern boundary was Florida. Since then, territory has been added as follows: (1) Louis- iana, by purchase from Franch in 1803. <2) Florida, by purchase from Spain in 1819. (3) Oregon by exploration and settlement, 1832 to 1846. (4) Texas by annexation, in 1845. (5) Mexican Cession, 1848. (6) Gadsen Purchase, from Mexico, in 1853. (7) Alaska, from Russia, by pur- chase in 1867. (8) Hawaii by annexation, in 1898. (9) Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, and Porto Rico by treaty with Spain' in 1898. (10) Tutuila, by treaty with Germany and Great Britain, 1890. Yirgin Islands in West Indies purchased from Denmark for $25,000,000 in 1917. Treaties Treaty of Eyswick in 1697, closed King William's War and provided for a mutual restoration of territory. Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 closed Queen Anne's War giving England Arcadia and the privilege of selling slaves in the Spanish Colonies. Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle closed King George's War 1748. The Treaty of Paris, in 1763 closed the French and Indian War. By this treaty France ceded Canada and all her territory east of the Mississippi to England. Spain traded Florida to England for Cuba. 30 The Treaty of Versailles in 1783 closed the Revolution. By this treaty England recognized the independence of the U. S. Treaty of Ghent in 1814 closed the war of 1812. Its leading provision was peace. Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo (1848) closed the Mexi- can War. The Mexican cession of 522,568 square miles of territory was made to the U. S. for $15,000,000. Treaty of Paris (1899) closed the Spanish-American War. Treaty of Paris 1919, closed the war with Germany. Inventions In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin. It made slave labor more popular, increased the demand for slaves, led to the building of the great cotton mills of New Eng- land, and made cotton "King of the South." In 1807 Robert Fulton invented the first practical steamboat "The Clermont." This greatly increased trans- portation facilities, made a vast change in modes of travel, and greatly aided in the rapid settlement of the West. In 1819 * The Savannah" the first ocean steamship crossed the Atlantic. In 1834 Cyras McCormick invented the harvesting ma- chine. This invention made possible the harvesting of our large crops of wheat in the West. In 1844, Morse invented the Magnetic Telegraph. This invention is one of the greatest auxiliaries of com- merce. It overcomes distance, puts the most widely sep- 31 arated parts of the world in close touch, and broadens the sympathies of mankind. In 1846' Dr. Morton, of Boston, discovered Anaesthe- sia which is the production of artificial sleep by breathing the vapors of ether. By its use the most delicate surgical operations can be performed without pain. The value of this discovery is inestimable. In 1846, Elias Howe invented the sewing machine. It is one of the greatest labor saving machines. In 1876, A. G. Bell invented the telephone. Its influ- ences are about the same as the telegraph but more practi- cal and in more general use. Thomas A. Edison invented the phonograph, and in 1879 instituted the electric light. In 1908, the Wright brothers invented the Aeroplane. Goodyear discovered the plan for making vulcanized India rubber. Hoe invented the modern printing press. Franklin invented the lightning rod and discovered the identity of electricity and lightning. Important Facts and Events Madison, Polk, Lincoln, McKinley and Wilson are called the war presidents, because a war was in progress during the administration of each. Washington, Jackson, Harrison, Taylor, Grant, and Garfield were military presidents, each being distinguished generals. 32 Tyler, Fillmore, Johnson, Arthur, and Kooseyelt, are the vice presidents that became presidents by the death of the president, Harrison, Taylor, Lincoln, Garfield, Mc- Kinley- respectively, having died in office. Debates The Webster-Hayne Debate 1830, grev/ out of a reso- lution offered by Mr. Foote, of Connecticut, in regard to the sale of public lands. The debate covered every phase of the question of States' Rights, and nullification. Mr. Webster's speech on this occasion closing v/ith the words "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and insepar- able," is the most eloquent plea ever delivered by an American, for the preservation of the Federal Union. The liincoln-Douglass Debate, occurred during the campaign for U. S. Senator in Illinois between its two distinguished citizens, Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglass. The subjects discussed were the Kansas-Ne- braska Bill and the Dred Scott Decision. They spoke from the same platform in each Congressional District, knd although Douglass won by a few votes, the tactics of Lincoln caused Douglass to make statements concerning the Dred Scott case that made him unpopular in the South and lost him the presidency. Ten Important Dates and Events 1497. In this year, John Cabot discovered North Amer- ica and took possession of the country for Henry VII, King of England. This event gave England the ground 33 for colonizing America and led to the establishment of English language, culture, customs, and laws in North America. 1607. This year marks the first permanent English settlement in America at Jamestown, Va. This settlement gave the English a foot-hold and around it grew the pros- perous and influential colony of Virginia. 1776. Adoption of the Declaration of Independence. By this act the colonies separated from the mother coun- try. After this date- the American soldiers in the Revolu- tionary war were fighting not only for their rights as Englishmen, but for independence and self government. The Declaration of Independence created a new govern- ment with which foreign nations could treat. 1787. The adoption of the Constitution of the United States. This marks the beginning of our national great- ness, completed the union among the states, and establish- ed our present form of Federal government. It made one nation out of thirteen. 1791 witnessed the establishment of Hamilton's Finan- cial Policy. yrits of Assistance — Writs authorizing British officers to search private houses for smuggled goods. 67 X. Y. Z, Papers — Papers containing the demands made by French agents on Congress but with the letters X. Y. and Z. instead of the names of the three French agents. These papers v^ere sent by president Adams to Congress. THE CONDENSED SERIES OF TEXT BOOKS FOR TEACHERS IN USE THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES These are just the books you have been looking for. They are all new, originalj brief, concise, thorough, simple and logical. They stand alone. No other books on the same plan have appeared in print. Arithmetic $1.00 Grammar 1.35 Eeading and Literature 45 United States History .45 Geography .45 Ciyil Government .45 W. 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