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The Atlas of Congressional Roll Calls
AN ANALYSIS OF YEA-AND-NAY VOTES
In 41 Volumes
33,000 pages 54,000 maps
A PROSPECTUS FROM
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS
"
A Unique Project in American History
The Atlas of Congressional Roll Calls
This is the story of what is certainly the largest and undoubt¬
edly one of the most significant and fundamental projects
in American history ever undertaken. After more than two
years of labor on the part of a large staff, there has been drafted a
series of maps showing the geographical distribution of the vote in
every one of the 54,000 roll calls taken in both Houses of Congress
from 1789 to 1932.
In final form, each roll call is represented in a uniform legend on
its own map, which in each case shows contemporary State, Terri¬
torial and Congressional district boundaries. Each map is accom¬
panied by (1) a summary which identifies the particular vote; (2)
a copy of the roll call arranged by States; and, (3) citations to the
text of the pertinent debates. The maps and roll calls for each Con¬
gress are supplemented by four additional maps showing population
distribution, party strength in each House and, where the informa¬
tion is available, the manufacturing areas of the nation.
PROPOSAL
It is now proposed that, because of their great importance to
scholars in many fields, these maps and summaries be made avail¬
able in book form. Before explaining just how the project was car¬
ried out and what the publication plan for the Atlas is, it is in order
to ask, how much is the project worth? How significant is it? The
best answers are to be found in an examination of the previous use
of such data~andTn fhe opinions of experts on this new Atlas.
The technique of graphically representing the geographical distri¬
bution of votes has been used on a limited scale before, sufficiently
to establish clearly its usefulness and significance. The late Freder¬
ick Jackson Turner in his History of the United States, 1830-1850
used seven such maps on important votes to illustrate significant
points. Turner often used such maps in his classroom, and many of
America's leading scholars took from that classroom a lasting ap¬
preciation of and interest in the values of this technique.
TURNER USED SUCH MAPS
Charles O. Paullin in his Atlas of the Historical Geography of the
United States reproduced thirty-two such maps, and regretted the
"relatively small number of maps" which could be incorporated in
that important work, pointing to the "wealth of material" that "the
many hundreds of votes taken and recorded by the U. S. House of
Representatives since it first convened in 1789 constitute." Orin G.
Libby made sensational use of this technique in his famous analysis
of the ratification of the Constitution. A. Lawrence Lowell, Charles
A. Beard, Charles Taussig, A. R. Newsome, Solon J. Buck and
others have used such maps for special subjects and limited time
periods. It is this impressive background of scholarly effort and
significant use of this device which directly inspired the present
Atlas. The basic material for innumerable similar studies in the
future is thus provided.
It is impossible to probe at all deeply into this material without
glimpsing the enormous fields of research it opens up. Men such as
Turner, Mahan, Beard, and others have introduced new hypotheses
into the interpretation of American history, and some of the great¬
est advances we have made in knowing and understanding our
country have resulted from the rewriting of our history in terms
of such hypotheses. It certainly is not too much to expect that from
the study of the materials in this Atlas will come new studies estab¬
lishing new or challenging old hypotheses, to the enrichment of
American history and political science.
"A TOOL OF GREAT IMPORTANCE"
Obviously new studies can be made of regionalism and sectionalism
as reflected in Congress; of the stresses and policy conflicts between
urban and rural area, between shipping community and manufac¬
turing community, between planter and poor white, between sea¬
board and back country, between the coasts and the mid-west. For
example, as Richard D. Weigle of Carleton College writes: "In my
own research it is exceedingly valuable to know the reactions of the
sugar-growing sections of the United States to various measures
before the Congress. I know that I shall find (the Atlas) a tool of
great importance to me." It will cast new light on the earliness of
sectional cleavage between north and south, which is, for instance,
clearly discernible on the maps in the question of establishing the
United States Bank as early as the year of charter, 1791, or in
the debate on the admission of Vermont. The Atlas will open up a"
field of study on the effect of regional, sectional, or local ties on
party regularity.
NEW STUDIES MADE POSSIBLE
Hans Staudinger of the New School for Social Research says that
"it should lead to most interesting conclusions about the conserva¬
tism and traditionalism of rural districts. The whole study will cer¬
tainly throw new light on the problem of economic and political
interrelationships." Richard B. Morris of the College of the City of
New York writes: "The work of Libby and Paullin indicated the
importance of geographic sectionalism in voting on national ques¬
tions, but a large scale project such as (this) is really necessary
to provide the historian with essential data on this problem." It will
provide important material for inquiries on such subjects as the
power of rural areas, particularly through the distribution of rep¬
resentation in the Senate, to block legislation sought by the more
populous areas; on the relative independence of the Senate, as com¬
pared with the House, from local pressure; on the fundamental
triumphs of national interest over regionalism and sectionalism,
especially in times of crisis.
Certainly important new studies of public opinion, political be¬
havior, and social psychology will be made possible. Maps of votes
on questions such as federal income taxation, federal regulation of
railroads, subsidization of the merchant marine, or farm crop con¬
trol, will show the spread and growth of those ideas as they take root
LOUISVILLE INDIANAPOLIS COLUMBUS CLEVELAND CETROIT
□ □ □ □
ALABAMA
COLORADO
FLORIDA
ILLINOIS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
PENNA
TEXAS
WASHINGTON
EASTERN MASS B> R I
BOSTON £ VICINITY PROVIDENCE
WEST VIRGINIA
H 63 2038
SUMMARY: On motion of George F. 0*Sheunes9y, (D-RI 1), March Jl, 191^» .to recommit to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, the bill (HR 1^385),
£$8 Stat.L. 3*$5» App. 6/15/ljy, amending section 5 of an act (HR 219b9)»Z37 Stat.L.5^0, App. 8/2^/12/, relating to the opening, malntalnance, protection and the
sanitation of the Canal Zone, with instructions to amend the bill by eliminating section 2, thereby restoring to the Government the power to grant preferential
toll rates to vessels of the United States and to extend this privilege to the Republic of Panama, motion rejected. Yea 176 (D 61, R 103, Prog 5, PR 7); Nay 232
(D 213, R IS, PR 1); NJ7- 10 (D 7, R 3); P-2 (R 2); Ei£- 6 (D 2, R 4-}; P^A. 7 (D 6, I 1); Vac. 2 (D 2); Total 1+35- 51 Record 60SS, 63-2 H Journal 380.
ROLL CALL
ALA
z
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Lg.
ARIZ
ARK
2
3
4
5
6
7
CAL
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
COL
2
Lg.
Lg.
CONN
2~~
3
4
5
DEL
FLA
2
3
Lg.
GA
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
IDAHO Lg
Lg "
ILL
2
3
4
6
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Taylor CD) NV
Dent C&) v
Clayton (D) N
Blackmon (D) PA
Heflin (D) N
Hobson (D) NV
Burnett (D) NV
Harris (D) NV
Underwood (D) Y
Abercrombie (D) N
Lg. Hayden (D) Y
Caraway (D) N
Oldfield (D) N
Floyd (D) N
Wingo (D) N
Jacoway (D) N
Taylor (D) N
Goodwin (D) PA
Kent (I) PA
Raker (D) Y
Curry (R) Y
Kahn (R) Y
Nolan (R) Y
Knowland CR) Y
Church (D) N
Hayes (R) Y
Bell (PR) Y
Stephens (R) Y
Kettner (D) Y
Kindel (D) Y
Seldomridge (D) N
Keating (D) N
Taylor (D) Y
Lonergan CD) Y
Mahan CD) Y
Reilly CD) N
Donovan (D) N
Kennedy (D) N
Lg. Brockson (D) Y
Sparkman (D) N
Clark (D) PF
Wilson (D) N
L'Engle (D) PF
Edwards (D) N
Park (D) N
Crisp (D) PA
Adamson (D) N
Howard (D) N
Bartlett (D) N
Lee (D) N
Tribble (D) N
Bell (D) N
Hardwick (D) N
Walker (D) N
Hughes CD) N
Lg. French (R) Y
Smith (R) Y
Maiden (R) N
Mann (R) Y
Gorman (D) Y
McDermott CD) Y
Sabath (D) N
HeAndrews (D) Y
Buchanan (D) N
Gallagher (D) N
Britten (R) Y
Thomson (PR) N
Copley (PR) Y
Hinebaugh (P) Y
McKenzie (R) N
Tavenner (D) N
Hoxworth (D) NV
Stone (D) N
17
Fitzhenry <D) IT
CTHair (D) N
2
18
3
19
Borchers (D) N
4
20
Rainey (D) 27
5
21
Graham (D) Y
6
22
Baltz (D) N
7
23
Foster (D) N
8
24
Fowler (D) N
9
25
Hill (D) N
10
Lg.
Stringer (D) IT
11
Lg.
Williams (D) N
12
IND
Lieb (D) N
13
Cullop (D) NV
14
3
Cox (D) 27
15
4
Dixon (D) N
16
5
Moss (D) N
MICH
6
Gray (D) PA
2
7
Korbly (D) 27
3
8
Adair (D) N
4
9
Morrison (D) 27
5
10
Peterson (D) N
6
11
Rauch (D) 27
7
12
Cline (D) N
8
13
Barnhart (D) N
9
IOWA
Kennedy (R) Y
10
2
Vollmer (D) N
11
3
Connolly (D) N
\2
4
Kaugen (R) Fv
Lg.
5
Good (R) Y
MINN
6
Kirpatrick (D) IT
2
7
Prouty (R) Y
3
8
Towner (R) PF
4
9
Green (R) 27
5
10
Woods (R) Y
6
11
Scott (R) Y
7
KA1TS
Anthony (R) Y
8
2
Tap-gart (D) Y
9
3
Campbell (R) Y
Lg.
4
Doolittle (D) N
MISS
5
Helvering (D) 17
2
6
Connelly (D) IT
3
7
Neeley (D) N
4
8
Murdock (R) Y
5
KY
Barkley (D) N
6
2
Stanley (D) II
7
3
Thomas (D) N
8
4
Johnson (D) N
MO
5
Sherley (D) N
2
6
Rouse (D) N
3
7
Cantrill (D) N
4
8
Helm (D) Y
5
9
Fields (D) N
6
10
Langley (R) Y
7
11
Powers (R) Y
8
LA
Estopinal (D) Y
9
2
Dupre (D) Y
10
3
Broussard (D) Y
11
4
Watkins (D) 27
12
5
Elder (D) Y
13
6
Morgan (D) Y
14
7
Lazaro (D) N
15
8
Aswell (D) N
16
MAINE
Hinds (R) Y
MONT
2
McGillicuddy (D) N
Lg.
3
Peters (R) Y
NEBR
4
Guernsey (R) Y
2
MD
Covington (D) N
3
2
Talbott (D) N
4
3
Coady CD) N
5
4
Linthicum (D) N
6
5
Smith (D) N
NEV
6
Lewis (D) N
N H
MASS
Treadway (R) Y
Gillett (R) N
Paige (R) Y
Winslow (R) Y
Rogers (R) Y
Gardner (R) if
Phelan (D) Y
Deitrick (D) Y
Roberts (R) Y
Murray (D) Y
Peters (D) N
Vacancy
Mitchell (D) Y
Gilrnore rD) N
Greene (R) Y
Thacher (D) N
DoreLius (D) Y
Beakes (D) N
Smith (R) Y
Hamilton (R) N
Mapes (R) Y
Smith (R) Y
Cramton (R) Y
Fordney (R) PF
McLaughlin (R) PF
Woodruff (Prog R) Y
Lindquist (R) Y
NecDcnald (Prog) Y
Kelley (R) Y
Anderson (R) N
Hammond (D) H
Davis (R) N
Stevens (R) N
Smith (R) Y
Lindbergh (R) N
Volstead (R) N
Miller (A) Y
Steenerson (R) 27
Manahan (R) Y
Candler (D) N
Stephens (D) N
Humphreys (D) N
Sisson (D) N
V/itherspoon (D) N
Harrison (D) Y
Quin (D) N
Collier (D) N
Lloyd (D) N
Rucker (D) N
Alexander (D) Y
Booher (D) N
Borland (D) PA
Dickinson (D) N
Hamlin (D) N
Schackleford (D) N
Clark (D) Y
Bartholdt (R) N
Igoe (D) Y
Dyer (R) Y
Hensley (D) N
Russell (D) 17
Decker (D) N
Rubey (D) N
Lg. Evans (D) N
Stout (D) N
Maguire (D) N
Lobeck (D) N
Stephens (D) N
Sloan (R) Y
Barton (R) Y
Kinkaid (R) Y
Lg. Roberts (R) NV
Reed (D) N
Stevens (D) N
17 J
Browning (R) Y
5
2
3aker (D) N
6
3
Scully (D) 27
7
4
Walsh (D) N
8
5
Tuttle (D) N
9
6
Hart (D) N
10
7
Vacancy
11
8
Kinkead (D) 17
12
9
KcCoy (D) 27
13
10
Tovmsend (D) N
14
11
Sagan (D) N
15
12
Kami11 (D) N
16
N MEX Lg. Fergusson (D) N
17
N Y
Brown (D) 27
18
2
O'Leary (D) Y
19
3
Wilson (D) NV
20
4
Dale (D) Y
21
5
Maher (D^ Y
Lg.
6
Calder fR) Y
OKLA
7
Fitzgerald (D) Y
2
8
Griffin (D) Y
3
9
O'Brien (D) N
4
10
Metz (D) Y
5
11
Riordan (D) Y
Lg.
12
Goldfogle (D) Y
Lg.
13
Loft (D) N
Lg.
14
15
Levy (D) 17
Ccnry (D) Y
OREG
2
16
Dooling (D) Y
3
17
Carew (D) Y
PA
18
Patten (D) Y
2
19
Chandler (Prog) Y
3
20
Cantor (D) 17
4
21
George (D) N
5
22
Bruckner (D) Y
6
23
Goulden (D) Y
7
24
Oglesby (D) Y
8
25
Taylor (D) 11
9
26
Piatt (R) Y
10
27
KcClellan (D) N
11
28
TenEyck (D) 17
12
29
Parker (R) Y
13
30
Wallin (R) Y
14
31
Merritt (R) PF
15
32
Kott (R) Y
16
33
Talcott (D) N
17
34
Fairchild (R) Y
18
35
Clancy (D) N
19
36
Payne (R) Y
20
37
Underbill (D) 27
21
38
Dunn (R) Y
22
39
Danforth (R) N
23
40
Gittins (D) N
24
41
Smith (D) N
25
42
Driscoll (D) Y
26
43
Hamilton (R) Y
27
IT C
Small (D) N
28
2
Kitchin (D) Y
29
3
Faison (D) N
30
4
Pou (D) N
31
5
Stedman (D) N
32
6
Godwin (D) N
Lg.
7
Page CD) N
Lg.
8
Doughton (D) N
Lg.
9
Webb (D) N
R I
10
Gudger (D) N
2
N D
Helgesen (R) N
3
2
Young (R) Y
S C
3
Norton (R) Y
2
OHIO
Bowdle (D) N
3
2
Allen CD) N
4
3
Gard (D) N
5
4
Goeke (D) N
6
2i*rv
Fess (R) Y
Post (D) N
Willis (R) Y
Sherwood (D) N
Switzer (R) Y
Claypool (D) N
Brumbaugh (D) N
Key (D) N
Sharp (D) N
White (D) N
Francis (D) N
Ashbrook (D) N
Whitacre (D) N
Bathrick (D) N
Gordon (D) N
Bulkley (D) N
Grosser CD) N
McGuire (R) Y
Morgan (P.) Y
Davenport (D) Y
Carter (D) IT
Ferrj s (D) N
Murray (D) Y
Thompson (D) Y
Weaver (D) IT
Hawley (R) Y
Sinnott (R) Y
Lafferty (Prog R) Y
Vare (R) Y
Graham (R) Y
Moore (R) Y
Edmonds (R) Y
Donohoe (D) Y
Logue (D) Y
Butler (R) Y
Difenderfer (D) Y
Griest (R) Y
Farr (R) Y
Casey (D) Y
Lee (D) Y
Rothermel (D) IT
Ainey (R) Y
Kiess (R) Y
Lesher (D) N
Dershem (D) N
Kreider (R) Y
Bailey (D) 17
Brodbeck (D) N
Patton (R) Y
Keister (R) Y
Carr (D) 27
Temple (Prog R) Y
Shreve (R) Y
Palmer (D) N
Langham (R) Y
Rulings (Prog) Y
Porter (R) Y
Kelly (R) Y
Burke (R) Y
Barchfeld (R) Y
Lewis (R) Y
Morin (R) Y
Rupley (Prog R) Y
O'Shaunessy (D) Y
Gerry (D) N
Kennedy (R) Y
Vhaley (D) !1
Byrnes (D) N
Aiken (D) Y
Johnson (D) N
Finley (D) Y
Ragsdale (D) Y
7 Lever .CD) "
S DAK Dillon .1-0 Y
2 Burke (R) Y
3 Martin (.O 177
TEI17 Sells (R) Y
2 Austin (R) Y
3 lloon (D) PA
4 Hull (D) N
5 Houston (D) N
6 Byrns (D) N
7 Padgett (D) IT
8 Sims (D) 17
9 Garrett (D) 27
10 UcKellar (D) 27
TEX Vaugnan (D) 17
2 Dies (D) 27
3 Young (D) 27
4 Rayburn (D) IT
5 3eall (D) IT
6 Hardy (D) 27
7 Gregg (D) N
8 Eagle (D) N
9 Burgess (D) N
10 Buchanan (D) IT
11 Henry (D) 17
12 Callaway (D) 17
13 Stephens (D) N
14 Slayden (D) 17
15 Garner (D) 17
16 Smith (D) 17
Lg. Garrett (D) N
Lg. Sumners (D) 17
UTAH Lg. Howell (R) Y
Lg. Johnson (R) Y
VT Greene (R) Y
2 Plumley (R) Y
VA Jones (D) Y
2 Holland (D) 17
3 Montague (D) IT
4 Jatson (D) N
5 Saunders (D) IT
6 Glass (D) 27
7 Hay (D) N
8 Carlin (D) N
9 Slemp (R) Y
10 Flood (D) 27
WASH Humphrey (R) Y
2 Johnson (R) Y
3 LaFollette (R) Y
Lg. Bryan (Prog R) Y
Lg. Falconer (Prog) Y
W VA lJeely (D) N
2 Brown (D) Y
3 Avis (R) Y
4 Moss (R) Y
5 Hughes (R) P
Lg. Sutherland (R) Y
WIS Cooper (R) F
2 Burke (D) Y
3 Nelson (R) Y
4 Cary (R) Y
5 Stafford (R) Y
6 Reilly (D) N
7 Esch (R) N
8 Browne (R) 17
9 Konop (D) N
10 Frear (R) Y
11 Lenroot (R) N
WYO Lg. Monde11 (R) 3
in our national life. John Erskine says that the study "starts one
thinking about the distribution of opinion in the country and about
the causes of the differences. . . . Anything that helps us to under¬
stand ourselves nowadays is precious." Allan Nevins of Columbia
believes the Atlas "will offer a mine of useful information to stu¬
dents of the political history of the United States, and give them
means they have never before possessed for correlating votes in
Congress with sectional and State feeling. Undoubtedly a great deal
of illumination will be thrown upon public opinion in the United
States, its development and its changes."
Others, including statesmen, will surely find here food for a sober
study of the past attitudes and ideas of their districts, States, or
regions. Any man who wishes to keep his finger on the pulse of
public opinion needs to study more than the latest poll. Here is rich,
unworked background material.
RISE AND FALL OF POLITICAL PARTIES
By means of these maps the rise, evolution, and fall of political
parties can be studied, and new analyses of the workings of the party
system made. One can actually watch the Whig Party break up,
chart the spread of Populism and Populist ideas in the west and the
south, see Insurgency grow within the ranks of the Republicans, or
watch the Farm Bloc operate. The relationship between such politi¬
cal phenomena and underlying social and economic tensions will be
clearer and can be studied with more thoroughness and accuracy.
The reaction of political parties to new and spreading ideas and
evolving public opinion will be a vital field of study for some, as the
parties gradually shift into position on a new issue, or alter their
lines, or fall because they fail to edge themselves sufficiently into
the stream of the new movement. Statistical studies of party regu¬
larity can be made and the issues and periods which subjected it to
strains can be examined. The reactions of regions, or of
individual Congressmen, to new ideas will interest others. Dora
Neill Raymond of Sweet Briar says, the Atlas "will be a necessary
reference for those who study the workings of democracy, not only
in this country as relating to our own history, but in its larger
aspect."
IN CONTEMPORARY POLITICS
The study of concealed situations will be enhanced, for these vote
maps at times will fit no particular or predetermined pattern, and
they may well set on foot investigations seeking the reasons for
variations hitherto not clearly understood. Thus will the study of
representative government be further enriched. Peter Odegard of
Amherst, author of The American Public Mind, says, "Anyone who
has worked in the field of American politics needs no elaborate proof
as to the value of such an analysis" as the Atlas. "I cannot imagine
anything more useful to students of government and of history,"
says Arthur W. Macmahon of Columbia. "Such map studies would
illuminate vast ranges of material in the field of contemporary poli¬
tics as well as in the field of historical interpretation." The maps
will, of course, make possible new studies of such parliamentary and
political phenomena as filibusters, gerrymandering, and the recur¬
rent fights over redistricting.
The opportunities for the study of American nationalism, insofar
as certain sections of the country show themselves more enthusi¬
astic than others for what might be called "nationalistic" measures,
will be greatly increased. The student of American expansion and
imperialism will find rich material in the geographical distribution
of the areas of support for the various and recurring measures of
annexation, conquest, or intervention beyond our borders. The con¬
stitutionalist will find interesting data here not only in the votes by
which some of the Constitutional Amendments were referred to the
States, but in Congressional action on measures providing for the
extension of the powers of the Federal government, in votes on
the ratification of interstate compacts, and similar measures.
POLITICAL MACHINES AND SOCIAL PLANNING
Further studies can now be made of the effect that the overturn
of a State or local political machine, whether it be upset from within
its own party or by another party, has on the Congressional votes
from that area. Investigations of instances in which a reformer or
a third party man is replaced by a relative conservative should yield
valuable case histories of the effects upon the subsequent attitude of
that district as shown in Congress.
In drafting plans for interstate and regional cooperation, such as have
been extensively launched within the last eight years, careful stud¬
ies will have to be made not only of the economic, sociological, and
geological characteristics of an area, but, if such programs are in
the long run to be soundly conceived, also of the attitudes and think¬
ing habits of a region. Community of attitude may ultimately prove
equally important in such planning with community of interest.
One good key for such studies will obviously come from the Atlas,
which will help define and mark the areas of this attitudinal basis
for regional cooperation and planning.
The sociologist will find much material of additional interest, not
only in studies of regional and local characteristics, attitudes, and
social psychology, but also in the attitudes and positions taken by
representatives of areas of, for example, predominantly Irish, or
Italian, or Swedish constituencies. Of course studies of public opin¬
ion, made possible by this Atlas, will be of primary interest to this
branch of the social sciences.
FOR AUTHORS AND TEACHERS
The biographer of anyone ever a member of Congress will find in
these maps an easy and immediate key to the legislative record of
his subject, his attitude and approach to important issues, his party
regularity, his attendance. Of course the author will want to refer
to the record of the debates, but in a majority of cases an individual
member of Congress does not participate or register his opinion in
actual debate. In such cases the roll call is the only clue to his posi¬
tion—the phenomenon of the silent vote on which John Randolph
commented acidly long ago. In any case, the maps are a convenient
key to the positions of the Congressmen. "It is a stupendous task
but is certainly needed," writes James Byrne Ranck of Hood Col¬
lege. "I am sure that my work (on Albert Gallatin Brown) would
have been vastly enriched if the Congressional vote analysis had
been completed for the 1840s and 1850s." And O. P. Chitwood of
West Virginia University reports that "such a work would have
been of very great assistance to me when I was making a study of
the career of John Tyler."
The classroom teacher will find, as Turner found, that such maps
are most useful for illustration of discussions or for class projects
along many lines. H. J. Thornton of the State University of Iowa
— 4 —
expects to find the material "very helpful, both in study and class¬
room," and A. R. Newsome of the University of North Carolina
says, "I have always been impressed by the effectiveness of maps in
the study and presentation of American history They are indis¬
pensable to an understanding of the impact of geographical and eco¬
nomic forces upon political history." Preparatory school libraries
will be interested in the testimony of Arthur B. Darling of Andover
Academy: "It will be a great addition to the materials on the his¬
tory of this country, especially for us who are endeavoring in our
teaching to bring out the fact that it is made of economic sections."
Thomas P. Abernathy of the University of Virginia writes, "Such
a mapping of votes would be of very great value to me in my own
work and to my graduate students." Sample maps have been shown
to students in the class of W. K. Woolery at Bethany College who
"found they excited quite an interest." Paul H. Buck of Harvard
expects the Atlas to be of "great utility to research historians and
classroom teachers."
Those working in the growing field of magazine research, espe¬
cially on topics involving the background for present national
events, movements, and bills, will find in the Atlas a valuable "re¬
search assistant." The growing vogue of radio scripts of historical
content points to another possible reference use. Certainly anyone
in the public relations field, interested in public attitudes toward
business as shown in legislative action, will find here a rich mine of
material for analysis and guidance.
SOME IMPORTANT COMMENTS
This picture of the ways and the fields in which the Atlas will be
of enormous significance is by no means complete. Further sugges¬
tions, as well as authoritative comments on the project, are con¬
tained in such statements as these:
Charles A. Beard: "Such a survey will furnish primary materials
for thinking about our political and social life. Doubtless when . . .
completed, unexpected results will come from studies of the social
and economic correlations established. The project executed as .. .
planned would make a genuine contribution to the understanding
of government."
Arthur M. Schlesinger, Harvard : "The results will be of great value
to historians, whether they call themselves political, economic, or
social."
Dixon Ryan Fox, Union: "I wish this sort of project had been car¬
ried through before I was working in some of this research ten or
fifteen years ago. It is an enormous labor, but no historical scholar
will ever question its practical worth."
Luther H. Evans, Library of Congress : "I am tremendously inter¬
ested ... in the presentation of the geographical distribution of
voting on the issues which have faced Congress since the beginning
of the national government... (It is) a fundamental new tool . . .
a very important research enterprise."
Harry J. Carman, Columbia: "... of great value not only to stu¬
dents of history but to all others who work in the field of the social
sciences. I can see too how the members of Congress and others con¬
nected with our government, both state and federal, would be as¬
sisted by having at their command a compendium containing these
votes."
Max Lerner, Williams: ". . . should enable us to move from the
realm of sheer speculation to the realm where speculation may be
checked by the actual recorded votes ... of immense utility."
Arthur N. Holcombe, Harvard: "I am confident that it will be of
very great value both to contemporary and to future students of
political statistics."
Thomas J. Wertenbaker, Princeton: "Many times I would have
welcomed this material had it been available "
R. K. Wyllys, Arizona State Teachers College: ". . . such a work
has been needed for a long time. I am sure that it could be of im¬
mense value to students of political science and sociology and geog¬
raphy as well."
Oswald Garrison Villard: "This is a valuable undertaking from the
point of view of the historical student and writer, and to the jour¬
nalist, political leader and sociologist."
William E. Smith, Miami University: "It would be a great aid to
us historians of American life to have such an analysis. I could use
it often yearly."
Paul W. Gates, Cornell: "I predict that it will be of material assist¬
ance to researchers desperately seeking short cuts to complete their
studies."
Samuel F. Bemis, Yale: "In my opinion, this will be an extremely
valuable publication I have often tried to make such tabulations
for particular votes . . . and students of mine have been concerned
with the same problems; but we found the labor of analysing these
votes to be so prodigious as to dismay the average student of Ameri¬
can history."
Millcdgc L. Bonham, Jr., Hamilton. "Clearly such a compilation,
when completed, will be of assistance to the historian, to the history
teacher, to the political scientist, the economist, the statistician, and
the cartographer."
How the Job Was Done
As stated above, maps and summaries of every roll call (54,000)
taken from the first Congress in 1789 to the beginning of the New
Deal have been prepared. Some of these roll calls may, at first
glance, appear unimportant but there is always a reason behind the
taking of a roll call and for different purposes and in various cir¬
cumstances each vote will have its own importance to some scholar
in some way. Hence, the editor has scrupulously avoided any sub¬
jective selection whatever.
The votes were tabulated from the Annals, Register, Globe, and
Record, and were checked for accuracy against the appropriate
House, Senate, or Executive Journal. The Journal was accepted
throughout as the official record of the vote, except in cases of
obvious typographical error. These errors, relatively common in the
early Journals, have been checked against the original vote tallies,
or, where the tallies have been destroyed, against the original manu¬
script Journals in Washington. Although the maps and roll calls
have been made on the basis of the Journal version of the vote, all
discrepancies between Journal and Record roll calls or vote totals
- 5 —
S 491233
Cfc ptBSUi, Feb.26,1851, of th* postage and coinage bill (HR 361) ,/Q Stat. L. 687, App.3/3/6^7,
reducing and modifying postage rates in tha United Stataa, establishing a baalc rata of thraa oanta for
ainmiABV* On paaaaga, July 2t>, 1886. of tha but tar and oleomargarine bill (HR 8328} ,773 Stat.L. 209,
Jpjp. 8/6/8£/| defining bultar, and la^oslng a tax regulating tha manufacture, aalaf importation, an
exportation of oleomargarine. reported by WarnAr Miller (8-1.Y.). chairman of tha Coanittae on
Agrioultur* and Foreairy, bill paaaad. ItI 38 CD 6. R 32, Ra-AdJ 1)j gay
(R 3, D 4, UR 1)| F.F. 3 (R 3)| F.A. 3(D~| Total 76. 17 Bacord 7802~
(D 23, Re-AdJ 1); I,V, 8
'9-1 6 Journal 1144.
I postage* and providing for tha coinage of a thraa cant piaea. raportad by Thorn*
(D-Ta-x), chairman of tha Committee on tha Foat Office and Post Road#, bill paaaad. Xlg 39 t'
" " ^ ,-S 1, HLK 2): Ma.y 16 (D 9, ¥ 4, SRD 1, SOT 1) > 8 (D 4, W i\SKD 1,
flrat claaa
PSD 1. V 1, PSD 1. A-S 1. BLK 2): H*y 16 (D 9
^jjtal 62. 20 Racord 710, 31-2 S Journal 821.
raportad by Thorn** j.Ruak
* " 39 (D 16, f 17,
- * FSD 1) |
ROLL UL1
"HL UfaV
ALA.
Clemens (D) N
King (D) N
IND.
Bright (D) NV
Whiteomb (D) Y
MISS
ARK.
Sebastian (D) N
Borland (D) N
IOWA
Jones Y
Dodge (D) Y
®.
CALIF.
Fremont (FSD) NV
Gwin (D) Y
KY.
Underwood CW) Y
Clay (W) Y
N.H.
COMM.
Baldwin (W) Y
Smith (W) NV
LA.
Downs (D) Y
Soule (SRD) NV
N.J.
DEL.
■alee Y
Spruance (W) Y
MAINE
Hamlin (D) Y
Bradbury (D) Y
N.Y.
FLA.
Yulee (D) N
Morton (V) N
MD.
Pratt (W) Y
Pearee (W) Y
N.C.
OA.
Berrien (W) N
Dawson (SBW) I
MASS.
Rantoul (D) Y
Davis (W) Y
0E30
ILL.
Douglas (PSD) Y
Shield* (D) Y
MICH.
Cass (D) Y
Felch (D) Y
PA.
Bavia (D) N
Foots (U) Y
Banton (D) NV
Atchiaon (W) Y
Hale (A-S) Y
Norria (D) Y
Dayton (W) Y
Millar (W) Y
Dickinson (D) v
Seward (W) Y
Mangun (V) 1
Badger (W) Y
Swing <W) Y
Chaaa (FSD) Y
Sturgeon (D) v
Coopar (W) Y
Green# (W) Y
Clark* (W) NV
Rhatt (D) NV
Butlar (SRD) N
Turnay (D) N
Ball (W) N
Ruak (D) Y
Houston ID) NV
Phelps (W) Y
Upham CM) Y
Maaon (D) N
Huntar (D) N
Dodge (D) Y
Walker (D) Y
COLO.
conn.
DSL.
fla.
oa.
ILL.
UCD.
Morgan (D) NV
Pugh (D) N
IOWA
Wilson (R) Y
Allison (R) Y
MO.
Cookrall (D) Y
Vast (D) N
R.I.
Aldrleh (R) Y
Chaca (R) Y
Barry (D) H
Jonea (D) >
KANS,
Plumb (r) y
Ingalla (r) y
KB.
van wyok (l) ft
Mandaraon (R) Y
B.C.
Butler (D) N
Hampton (D) 1
Hearst (D) N
Stanford (R)
y
KY.
Back (D) 1
Blackburn CD) Y
NCV.
Fair (D) PA
Jone. (R) ft
TUN.
Whitthorns CD) N
Harris CD) 1
Bowen (R) NV
Tellar (I) Y
U.
Gibson (D) N
Suatla (D) N
M.S.
Plk* (R) NV
Blair (R) y
tix.
Maxay (D) 1
Coka (D) f
Hawlay (R) Y
Piatt (R) Y
MAINE
Hals CR) Y
Fry* (R) Y
H.J.
Sewe 11 (R) Y
UcPheraon CD) NV
VT.
Fdmunda (R) Y
Morrill (UB) NV
Gray (D) N
Saulabury (D)
NV
MD.
Gorman CD) Y
Wilson CD) N
N.y.
Miller (R) Y
Evarta (R) Y
VA.
Mahone (Ra-adJ) Y
Riddlebarger (Bm-adJ)
Jonaa (D) NV
Call (D), N
MASS.
Daw*a (R) Y
Boar (R) Y
i.e.
Hansom (D) 1
Vane* (D) N
W.VA.
Camden (D) Y
Lenne (D) PA
Colquitt (D)
Brown (D) N
N
MICH.
Conger (R) y
Palmar (1) Y
OHIO
Sherman (R) Y
Payne (D) Y
NIB.
Sewyer (R) Y
Spooner CR) Y
Cullom (R) y
Logan (R) Y
JOHN.
McMillan (R) Y
Sab in (R) FF
ORBG.
Dolph (R) Y
Mitchell (R) Y
Harrison (R)
Voorhaes (D)
Y
V
MISS.
Gaorge (D) FA
Walthall (D) N
PA.
Mitchell (R) IV
Cameron (R) Y
S 501123
On passage, July 17, 1888, of the bill (8 406j.^.Pj/t providing for tha adjustment of accounts
irera, workmen, and mechanics employed by or for tits Government, basing their pay, after the passage
of the Sight Hour Act, /j£> Stat.L. 77, App. 6/25/68/» on an 8 hour day, and raferring for adjudication all
claims for unpaid hours In excess of 8 hours par day, to the Court of Claims, bill a pons or ad by
Qeorgs F. Hoar, (R-Mase), bill passed. lea 25 (D 4, R 21): gay 22 (D 22); H.V. 26 (D 10, R 13, Ra-adJ. 1,
OR 1); P.F. 3 (R 3)} PiA- 1 (D 1)5 Total 75. 19 Bacord 6416, 50-1 S Jourtfal, 1122.
SUMMARYt On passage, Oct. 30, 18P3. of the bill,
which repeal* ao much of an Act. Stat. L. 2B9
purehas* of allvtr bullion and the isauanea of ?r
(HP 1)^8
. 7714.
Stat. L. 4. App. 11/1/5-37, a* -
__ App. 7714.entitled "an Act directing the
purchase of silver bullion and lbs isauanea of Treasury note i there or.", as directs tha Secretary of
th# Treasury to purchase, from time to time. 4,500,OOC ounces cf silver bullion, or so mich thereof
as may be offered each month at a market price not exceeding one dcllar for 371.25 gralna of pure
silver, and providing also, that tha Govwrnner.t shall use both silver and gold as standard money,
end shall coin both Into mone; of equal ir.tri.nalc and exchangeable value, such eouality to be secured
through international agreement or by proper lagla1stion, and that th# efforts or the Government
shall be directed to tha establishment of such a safe system of bimetallism aa will maintain the
equal power of every dollar coined, which bill wea introduced by Daniel W. Voorheee (D-Ixv:), from
the Committee on Finance, bill passed. Yea 43 (D 20, R 28, UR 1); lay 32(D IS. R 10 Pop 2, II)}
5 (D 1, R 4) { F.F. 4 (D 2, R 2)} P.A- 4 (D 2, R 2)} Total 88. zSRecord 2S58, 53-1 5 Journal 89.
ROLL
CALL
ALA.
Morgan (D) NV
Pugh (D) N
IOWA
Wilson (B) Y
Allison (B) NV
MO. Vest (D) N
CockreU (D) N
R.I.
Chece (R) NV
Aldricb (R) NV
ARK.
Berry (D) N
Jones (D) H
KANS.
Plumb (B) NV
Ingalls (a) NV
NEB. Mandereon (R) PF
Paddock (R) NV
S.C.
Butler (D) N
Hampton (D) N
CALIF.
Stanford (R) NV
Hearst (D) N
KY.
Beck (D) N
Blackburn (D) PA
NEV. Jonea (R) NV
Stewart (R) Y
TENN.
Harris (D) NV
Bate (D) N
COLO.
Bowen (R) Y
Teller (R) Y
LA.
Gibson (D) N
Eustis CD) NV
N.H. Chandler (R) v
Blair (R) Y
TEX.
Coke (D) H
Reagan (D) H
CCMN.
Piatt (R) PF
Hawley (R) Y
MAINS
Frye (R) Y
Hals (R) Y
N.J. Mcpherson (D) N
Blodgett (D) N
VT.
Morrill (UR) IV
Edmunds (R) NV
DEL.
Saulsbury (D) NV
Gray ID) N
MD.
Wilson (D) NV
Gorman CD) NV
N.Y. Evarta (R) NV
Hiscock (H) NV
VA.
Riddlebarger (Re-adJ) NV
Daniel (D) NV
FLA.
Call ID) H
Pasco (D) N
MASS.
Hoar (R) Y
Dawes (R) PF
N.C. Ransom (D) NV
Vance (D) N
W.VA.
Kanna (D) Y
Faulkner (D) Y
OA.
Colquitt CD) NV
Brown (D) N
MICH.
Palmer (R) Y
Stockbridge (R)
OHIO Payne (D) NV
Y Sherman (R) NV
WIS.
Spooner (R) Y
Sawyer (R) Y
ILL.
Cullom (R) Y
Parwsll CR) Y
MINN.
Sabin (R) Y
Davis (R) Y
OREG.Dolph (R) Y
Mitchell (R) Y
DID.
Voorheee CD) Y
Turple (D) Y
MISS.
Walthall (D) N
George (D) N
PA. Cameron (R) Y
Quay (R) NV
1 Q I k i-i-ki
ALA.
ARK.
CALIF.
COLO.
CONN.
DLL.
FLA.
OA.
IDAHO
ILL.
1ND.
Morgan (D) NV
Pugh (D) N
IOWA
Wilson CR) NV
Allison (R) PF
MONT.
Power (R) V
Vacancy
R.I.
Dixon CR) Y
Aldrich (R) Y
Harry CD) N
Jones (D) N
KANS.
Marti- (D) N
Peffer (POP) 1
NEB.
Mandaraon (S) Y
Allen (POP) N
S.C.
Butlar (D) 1
Irby (D) I
Parkins (R) N
White CD) PA
KY.
Lindsay CD) Y
Blackburn (D) N
NEV.
Jones (R) 1
Stewart (R) I
S.DAK
.Pettigrew (R) N
Kyle (I) 1
Wolcott IR) N
ye Her cr) N
LA.
Cafftry (D) Y
White (D) Y
N.H.
Chandler (R) PF
Galliager (R) Y
TENN.
Harris (D) I
Bate (D) 1
Piatt (R) Y
Hawley (R) Y
MAINE
Fry* (R) Y
Hals (R) Y
V.J.
Mcpherson (0) Y
Smith (D) Y
TEX.
Coke (D) 1
Mills (D) Y
hlg^ine (R) Y
Gray (D) Y
MD.
Gibson (D) Y
Gorman (D) Y
N.Y.
Hill (D) Y
Murphy (D) Y
VT.
Morrill (UR) Y
Proctor (R) Y
call (D) N
Paeco CD) M
MASS.
Hoar (R) Y
Lodge (R) Y
N.C.
Ransom (D) Y
Vance (D) N
VA.
Hunton (D) Y
Daniel (D) I
Colquitt 10) PA
Gordan (D) PF
MICH.
McMillan (R) Y
Stockbridge (R) Y
N.DAK.
Hanshrouah (R) PA
Roach (D) H
WASH.
Squire (R) Y
Vacancy
Shoup (R) N
Dubois (R) N
MINN.
Washburn (R) Y
Davie (R) Y
OHIO
Brice (D) Y
Sherman (R) T
W.VA.
Camden (D) Y
Faulkner (D) Y
Cullom (R) Y
Palmer (D) PF
MISS.
Walthall (D) N
Georga CD) N
ORfiG,
Dolph (R) Y
Mitchell (R) PA
WIS.
Vilas (D) Y
Mitchell (D) Y
Voorheee (D) Y
Turple (D) Y
MO.
Vest (D) H
Cockrell (D) N
PA.
Cameron (R) H
Quay (R) Y
WYO.
Carey (R) Y
Vacancy
UNIFORM LEGEND FOR ALL MAPS
□
YEA
NAY
M NOT
iU VOTING
PRESENT
PAIRED
TOR
PAIRED
AGAINST
are indicated in footnotes. Where members, arriving after a roll
call, tried to register their votes but were not allowed to do so, or
where another member stated definitely and unequivocally how his
absent colleague would have voted, this information has been indi¬
cated on the map and roll call in the same category as a man paired
for or against the question.
The thorny problem of early party affiliations has been resolved
where possible from authoritative works such as the Dictionary of
American Biography, and, with reservations, the Biographical Di¬
rectory of the American Congress. Where such sources yielded in¬
adequate information biographers of particular Congressmen have
been consulted. Early district designations, both in single and
plural districts, have been made on the basis of the residence of the
Representative.
This tabulated vote, after the careful checking noted above, has
been used as the basis for preparing the maps. Here each man's
vote is indicated by a symbol, the symbols being uniform through¬
out and indicating the following: yea, nay, not voting, paired or
registered for, paired or registered against, present. (See specimen
pages on pages three and six of this prospectus.) The placing of the
symbols on the maps was most carefully checked. The tabulation
and the map in every case had to pass the minute inspection of an
editing staff, which checked each against the other and against
the Journal before final copy was prepared. This final copy was, of
course, proofread with the greatest care.
SUMMARIES OF THE VOTES
The summaries of the question at issue, which accompany each
map, identify the vote to which the map and the roll call pertain.
They have been written from abstracts, prepared largely by law¬
yers, from the debates in the Record. The original abstract was gone
over in detail by a second worker as a check on accuracy and cor¬
rectness of the interpretation. It was then checked against the Jour¬
nal, largely for the statement of the question, which sometimes,
strange'ly enough, differs from that in the Record. Bills and resolu¬
tions that became law are given a citation to the Statutes at Large.
Bills and resolutions that did not become law are marked "n.p."
(not passed) for the convenience of the user. The final summary
presents the maker of the motion involved, his State and party, the
date of the vote, the title and bill or resolution number of the bill
involved, the Statute citation (or "n.p."), the effect of the motion,
the result of the vote, and the vote totals, broken down by party.
Each summary ends with citations to all printed versions of the
roll call. In the case of the first two volumes of the Annals, citations
are given to both the Old Series and the New Series. For the re¬
printed Journals of the first fifteen Congresses, citations are given
only to the reprinted edition because the originals are not generally
available. For the years in which both the Register and the Globe
were printed, citations are given to both.
PREPARATION OF THE MAPS
The base maps, showing Congressional districts, (see sample on
page three) were worked out from the State districting acts found
in the Statutes of the various States. In working with the State
laws, no reliance was placed in the indexes for the early volumes,
but a thorough page by page search was made, as a tedious but nec¬
essary precaution. For State and Territorial borders, the Statutes
at Large, Federal Cases, the Federal Reporter, and the reports of
several boundary commissions were combed. International bound¬
ary disputes are represented on the maps by a large cross-hatch
over the area involved. Interstate disputes are represented by dot¬
ting the line finally established. Indeterminate borders, such as that
of the Louisiana Purchase, are shown by broken lines.
In the metropolitan areas, the small size of the Congressional
districts presented a difficult problem. This was solved by using a
very fine cross-hatch on the base map over the area involved, and by
using an inset map on a larger scale for that particular area. Even
on these enlarged inset maps, some districts were still too small to
be shown adequately, and such districts are represented in boxes
bearing the proper district number, placed directly under the inset
map. Metropolitan Congressional district lines were plotted on the
basis of the then existing ward or election district lines on city maps
of the period. Votes of Representatives at Large, unless the entire
State delegation be elected at large, are shown in boxes in the lower
right hand corner of the map against the name of their State.
Every one of the 54,000 maps, House or Senate, shows the United
States as it actually was organized at the moment of that particular
vote. Each map bears a vote number in the lower left hand corner.
This vote number is based on the House, the number of the Con¬
gress, the number of the session and the number of the vote within
that session. Index references (see below) are by vote number,
rather than by page number.
ARRANGEMENT OF THE ROLL CALLS
The roll calls are all broken down by State for the Senate, and by
State and district for the House. Every man's vote is recorded after
his name and his party designation. Senators whose terms first ex¬
pire, and who may therefore face the electorate before their col¬
league from the same State, are listed above their colleague in the
roll call, and their votes are mapped in the top diagonal block within
their State. (See sample on page six. In the volumes the maps would
all be in chronological order for each House, rather than scattered
as shown on this sample page.) This guarantees that the votes of a
particular Senator will appear in the same place throughout a given
Congress.
THE TWO PARTS OF THE INDEX
The index to the Atlas has been compiled under the direction of a
trained lawyer and dictionary expert, and consists of two parts: one
by subject and name, arranged topically and alphabetically; the
other by bill and resolution number, arranged by Congress and by
House. The subject and name index, which is closely patterned after
that of the recent volumes of the Congressional Record but with
the addition of more "see references," will refer the user to the
votes on the topics in which he is interested, or to the legislative
record of a particular man, insofar as that is reflected in yea-nay
votes. The bill and resolution index will make it possible to trace
the complete roll call history of any particular bill.
This description does not, of course, give a complete picture of
the vast amount of work and care that has gone into this great
project. For instance, the task involved working almost literally
— 7 —
page by page through 620 volumes of the Congressional Record and
its predecessors; through 394 volumes of House, Senate, and Execu¬
tive Journals; through all the Congressional Directories; through
the United States Statutes at Large; and through uncounted hun¬
dreds of State statute books, court decisions, municipal codes and
ordinances, and a great number of other reference works.
The Atlas grew out of a casual suggestion by Louis A. Hacker of
Columbia University. Outlines and work procedures were devised
by Clifford L. Lord, of the Department of History at Columbia,
then consultant to the Historical Records Survey, Work Projects
Administration, in New York City, and were approved as part of
the program of the Historical Records Survey by the National Di¬
rector. Work was begun in the fall of 1938 on the Columbia campus
with a small staff under the direction of Mr. Lord, assisted by
Charles E. Baker.
In November, 1939, the work was transferred to Hackensack,
N. J., and in April, 1940, to Lodi, N. J., where a large staff of
workers, at times numbering 300, has since been at work. The
project has enjoyed the sponsorship of the New Jersey State Plan¬
ning Board and Columbia University, and the personal interest and
cooperation of Robert W. Allan, WPA Administrator for the State
of New Jersey, Elizabeth C. Denny Vann, Director of Community
Service Projects, and the two State Directors of the Historical
Records Survey, John A. Millington and Carl J. Bostelmann. The
Atlas has also had the benefit of helpful interest and assistance from
a group of eight technical advisers, all members of the Depart¬
ments of History and Economics at Columbia.
UNIFORM PROCEDURE THROUGHOUT
Throughout the course of the work, procedures were designed to
insure the accuracy of the final copy. Work rules were established
from the project's inception in the form of a mimeographed manual,
to which both workers and supervisors were rigidly held. As special
cases arose in tabulating votes, or in making the maps, summaries,
or index, written memoranda were issued by the editor to cover
them, and such memoranda were immediately incorporated in the
manual. No departures from these rules were permitted. Thus, de¬
spite the turnover of personnel and the shift of the project from one
State to another, the product, based on these inflexible rules, is uni¬
form throughout.
Clifford L. Lord, the editor of The Atlas oj Congressional Roll
Calls, is now in his fifth year both as instructor in American history
at Columbia and as consultant to the Historical Records Survey of
the Work Projects Administration. He is a graduate of Amherst and
has done graduate work there and at Columbia and the New School
for Social Research as Amherst Memorial Fellow in History. He
contributed to the History oj the State oj New York and has written
for a number of scholarly journals.
Publication Plans
If sufficient support in the form of advance subscriptions is forth¬
coming The Atlas oj Congressional Roll Calls will be published by
Columbia University Press so that the great mass of important data
in it will be available to the thousands of students and scholars who
would like to have this information at hand.
It is proposed to issue the Atlas in 41 volumes, since approxi¬
mately 33,000 pages will be necessary to contain all the maps, the
roll calls, and the index. Thus each volume would contain slightly
over 800 pages, the trim page size being xol/n by 13% inches (the
same size as this prospectus). All volumes would be printed on dura¬
ble paper and well-bound in cloth.
The two specimen pages included in this prospectus indicate the
general style and appearance and the manner of presentation of the
material. The maps are being carefully drawn to be completely
legible and the summaries and roll calls are being typed with the
same care. Both will be reproduced by the offset process.
Nearly half the maps, since they show Houscvotes, will appear
with one map and one roll call on each page. A few of the early
House votes and all of the Senate votes, involving many fewer
names, will be printed four to a page.
Obviously, this is both a large and an expensive publishing proj¬
ect. If there is sufficient support, work will start with a view to is¬
suing all volumes at one time, probably in 1943. The volumes would
not be sold separately.
The Atlas has now reached a point where it is desirable to deter¬
mine how many sets will be needed. With this in mind, the following
questionnaire has been prepared. It will be very helpful if you will
be good enough to fill it out and return it at your early convenience.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS, Box D672
2960 Broadway, New York City
If The Atlas of Congressional Roll Calls, as described in your prospectus, is published, I/we will
□ definitely subscribe □ possibly subscribe
□ probably subscribe □ not subscribe
Unless you are certain now you will not be able to subscribe, please indicate below which one or more of the sug¬
gested list prices you would be able and willing to pay:
□ $45° □ $400 □ $3So
Comments (If there is not room here, please use an additional sheet. All comments, whether pro or con, will be appreciated):
Name
Address