ßat. POPULAR EDITION. THE BUSINESS GUIDE; . . OR . . SAFE METHODS OF BUSINESS BT J. L. NICHOLS, A. M. WITH AN INTRODUCTION BT PRESIDENT A. A. SMITH. A. M. PIPTY-SEVENTH EDITION. BBVISED UP TO DATS BT h. h. GOODRICH. A. M., Attomey-at-Law and Master In Chaocecy. OVER 1,000.000 OOPIE8 8OL0. PUBUSHED BY J. L. NICHOLS & CO. ahanta, ca. NAPERVILLE, ill. toronto, ont. flOENTS WnNTED. 1897 f Seest thou a man diligent in his business? He shall stand before kings. Frov. 22:29. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. Copyright USI, By J. L, Nicbols a Co. Copyright ISM, By J. L. Nicbois A Co. Bstarcd «coording to Aet of Coogreia. in tho year lam. By J. L. Nicbols, In the cfDee of the Ubrarian of Congreea, at Washington, D. C. Sntand aeooiding to Act of Congraaa, in the year 1896, By J. L. Nicbols, In the ofllee of the Librarian of Congreea, atWashington, D. 0. PRIiSlDENT A. A. SMITH, WHO, FOB ovca FIFTY VKARS, WAS ONE OF THE MOST PROHINlOlV ) AND INFLUEN l'IAL EDUCATORS OF AMERICA. INTRODUCTION. This little book, " The Business Gu^oe," will recommend itself to all who desire, in a cheap form, full information as to methods of doing business. It contains all that is practica? and valuable in Hill's Manual, Gaskell's Compendium, and other books of like character. It is a complete hand-book ot business law and business forms. Besides, it contains a Business Dictionary, many useful tables, abbreviations and information, important to all, upon various other topics. 4 introduction. For lack of that information which this book contains» business men lose thousands of dollars everyday. Millions are lost in litigation, owing to careless habits, or to ignorance of the proper methods of doing business, to say nothing of the losses, for the same reason, by the trickery of confidence- men and sharpers in general. Such a guide is a necessity to young men and young women to prepare them, by the adoption of correct and safe methods of business, for thoroughness and success. It is simple and comprehensive, adapted to the wants of every one, whatever bis occupation may be. Its principles can be easily understood, and readily applied in practice. It ought to be in the hands of every teacher, and of every scholar of sufficient age to understand business transactknM. It deserves, indeed, a place in every household. A. A. Smith. Maperville, IIL TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART I. amiBinj Puadamentals. pagb. Business .Energy 5 Your Reputation 6 How to Succeed 7 The Young Man's Chance 8 James Gordon Bennett 9 Riches and Charity 11 Poor Boys and Great Eminence 13 Where to Get Rich 15 Astor Buying Furs iS Practical Maxims 19 How to Ruin Your Credit 20 Behind Time 2t To Young Men 23 Washington on Swearing 25 Money Making and Money Getting 27 Hints to Young Fortune Hunters 29 Business Qualifications 31 Refifiement in Business 32 Practical Rules for Success 33 Honesty 34 Good Manners i 35 Business Manners 37 Your Personal Appearance 38 Telling the Truth 39 Business 40 How to Do Business 40 Garfield's Maxims 4t Business Maxims 43 Good Advice by Great Men 45 Good Advice on Conduct by Great Authors.... 47 PART II. How to Write 4S Business Writing 51 Business Capitals and Signatures 52 Ornamental Writing '• S6 Marking Alphabet 72 German Alphabet 73 Pen Printing 74 Deaf and Dumb Alphabet 75 Shorthand 76 Table of Contents. E55entials in Writing. r*» Rules in Spelling Use of Capitals; To Punctuation 79 Correspondence. How to Write a Postal Card 79 How to Improve Your Penmanship » How to Write a Business Letter 8i How to Begin a Letter ^ Models for Beginning Letters 8s How to Close a Letter 87 How to Address an Envelope 88 Forms of Superscription ® Commercial Correspondence 89 Forms of Letters 92 How to Apply for a Situation 100 Ladies' Letter Writer loi' Letter of Recommendation 106 Notes of Invitation 110 Business and Visiting Cards 113 How to Write Resolutions iiS Commercial Forms. Proposal to Erect a Public Building ilS Safe Principles to Practice 117 How to Write, Collect and Transfer Notes.... IIQ How to Discount a Note at the Bank 122 How to Discount Bills and Invoice 122 All the Different Forms of Notes 123 Indorsements of Notes, with Forms 128 How to Write and Indorse a Check 131 Forms of Checks 132 How to Write all Kinds of Receipts 133 Forms of Receipts 134 How to Write all Kinds of Orders 135 How to Write all Kinds of Due Bills 136 Hints and Helps for Writing, Accepting and Transferring all Kinds of Drafts 137 Forms of Drafts 138 Banks and Banking. How to do Business with a Bank 139 How Banking is Done 140 How to Fill Out a Check 142 Bill of Exchange 145 How to Indorse a Check at the Bank 148 How to Fill Out Checks, Notes, and Keep the Stubs ■ 14g Table of Contents. PART III. Law on Légal Papera. page. Presumptions of Law Pertaining to Business Papers 150 Receipt for a Lost Note 152 Law Governing Lost Notes.... 153 How to Transfer all Kinds of Papers 154 Demand of Payment 157 Law Governing Forged Papers 158 Pointa of Law and Legal Forma. How to Write a Contract 159 Law Governing Contracts 160 Contracts That are Not Lawful 161 Vital Part of a Contract 163 Contract for Renting a Farm 164 Contract for Hiring a Farm Hand 165 Land Contract 166 Agreement for Hiring a Clerk 167 Engagement to Marry; or Marriage Contracts.. 168 Law on Lost Property 170 Law on Opening Letters 170 Employer and Employee 171 Legal Relation of Parent and Child 173 Agreement to Build a House 174 Contract for the Sale of Horses, Cattle, etc 175 Law Governing Mortgages, with Forms 181 Certificate of Acknowledgment 182 Assignment of Mortgages 182a Mortgage Release 182b How to Wrife a Chattel Mortgage 184 Form of Chattel Mortgage 185 How to Write a Lease 186 Forms of Leases 187 Agreement to Cultivate Land on Shares 188 How to Write a Deed 189 Law Governing Deeds and Forms of Deeds.... igo Law of Wills and Forms of Wills 193 How to do Business with an Agent 195 Power of Attorney ; i9Sb Quitclaim Deed I97 How to Write all Kinds of Guarantees i99 How to Form a Partnership 201 How to Secure a Mechanic's Lien on Property.. 203 Forms of Mechanic's Lien 204 How to .Settle Difficulties by Arbitration 205 Arbitration Best for Farmers 206 Terms and Facts of Criminal Law 207 Toile of Contents. PAOS. How to Sign Your Name in Full 209 How a Married Woman Should Sign Her Name, 209 How to Secure the Signature of a Person That Cannot Write 210 Divorce Laws of all the States 211 Legal Holidays in the United States 214 Working on Holidays 215 Law Governing Public Schools 216 Boards of Trade and Stock Exchange 221 How to Detect Counterfeit Money 223 The Clearing-House System 225 Teaching Wives and EÍaughters the Ways of Business. 227 Teaching Business to Children 228 Giving Away Property in Old Age 229 Corporation and Stock Investments 231 Certificate of Stock 232 PART IV. Book-keeping. Book-keeping, How to Learn 233 How to Detect Errors in>a Trial Balance 236 Set of Books Written Up 237 How to Keep Farm Accounts... 246 Legal Points op Book-keeping.... 247 Points for Practical Men. . How Merchants Mark Goods 250 How to Collect Debts 252 Exemption Laws 254 How to Obtain Wealth 256 Homestead Laws 256a Outlawed Debts 257 Law^ of the Public Road 258 Pétition for Laying out a Road 259 Rights of Way 260 Estray Notice 263 PART V. Swindling Schemes. Gambling and Betting 265 Swindling Note 268 Cheap Jewelry Swindle 269 Counterfeit Money Swindle 270 Barb Wire Swindle 271 Patent Fence Swindle 272 Lightning Rod Swindle 274 Farm Machinery Swindle 275 Card Swindler's Tricks i 276 Envelope Swindle 277 Table of Contente. Land. fabb. How Land is Surveyed 27g How to Measure Town Lots 283 How to Lay off Small Lots of Land 284 PART VI. Interest. Legal Hints and Help Concerning Interest 286 Lightning Metliod 287 Banker's Method of Interest 288 Interest Tables 28g Time at Which Money Doubles at Interest.... 2g6 Interest Laws of the United States 2gS Compound Interest 2gg How Money Grows at Interest 301 Law on Newspaper Subscrii^ions 302 How to Send Money by Mail 303 Foreign Postage 307 TaMes and Useful Statistics. Weights and Measures 308 Miscellaneous Tables 30g Business Failures and Immigration 310 How to Find the Day of the Week 311 Wages Tables 312 Ready Reckoner 317 Carrying Capacity of Tile 323 Colleges in the United States 324 Public Schools 324 Armies of Different Nations 324 Religious Statistics and Creeds 324 Illiteracy of Nations 324 Salaries of Rulers and United States Officers... 324 Computations. Rapid Method of Business Calculations 325 How to Estimate the Contents of a Pile of Grain, 326 Grain Tables 327 Legal Weights 329 How to Measure Ear Corn 331 How to Measure Hay in the Mow or Stack 332 Advantage in Changing an Evener 333 Stone Work and Plastering 334 Finding Weight of Cattle 335 Amount of Paper Required to Paper a Room.. 336 How to Find Contents of a Wagon Box 336 How to Find the Number of Bushels of Grain in Box or Bin 33° How to Find the Contents of a Barrel and Cask, 337 Table of Contents. tAam. Brick and Brick Work 34* How to Measure a Day s Work in the Cómbela, 342 How to Find the Number of Yards of Carpet to Cover a Floor 343 Price of Wood, per Cord 344 Measuring Lumber 34S Cords in a Pile of Wood 346 Shingles Required for a Roof 346 Laths Required for a Room 346 Lumber Tables 347 Complete Set of Carpenter's Rules 35® Pickets Over a Hill 353 Length of Rafters and Height of a Tree, etc .... 354 Cancellation 35® Short Rules in Arithmetic 359 Short Methods of Multiplication 361 Lightning Method of Addition 363 Civil Service Method 364 Rapid Field Measuring 3K Short Cuts in Mensuration 366 Distances and Railroad Fares from Chicago 370 Population of Principal Cities in the U. S 373 PART VII. Important Miscellaneous items. Inter-State Commerce Law 3^2 Parliamentary Rules 3^3 How to Mix Paints, and Painting Rules 385 How to Write Your Name on Iron Tools and Glass 387 Liabilities of Railways 3^ Rights of Married Women 391 How to Secure a Patent 393 Civil Service Appointments 39S Cost of Smoking, Prisoners in U. S., etc 397 Hog and Cattle Table 398 Ice, Bran and Mill Feed Table 401 Responsibility of Runaways 402 Fence Laws 403 Trespassing Animals ....' 404 Responsibility of Owning a Dog 40S Difference in Time Between Washington and Other Principal Cities in the World. 406 Mines and Mining 407 How to Locate a Mine 410 Abbreviations 41a Business Dictionary 413 IT MAEnS THE SP ABES FLY. BUSIIfESS ENEB6T. " Blest work, it ever thoa wert a curse ot God, what must His bles» ÊÊtaber—iT. S. Selkirk "Our greatest glory is not in neper falling ; but in rising every time we bB."—Omtfueiv. We love our upright, energetic business men. Pull them Úiis way and then that way and the other, they only bend, but never break. Trip them down, and in a trice they are on their feeL Bury them in the mud, and in an hour they will be out and bright They are not ever yawning away existence, or walking about the world as if they had come into it tnth only half their soul; you can not keep them down; you can not destroy them. But for these the world would soon degenerate. They are the salt of the earth. Who but they start any noble project? They build our cities and rear our manufactories. They whiten the ocean with their sails, and blacken the heavens with the smoke of Ibeir steam-vessels and furnace-fires. They draw treasures fatm the mines. They plow the earth. Blessings on them. KBPDTATION. YOUNG LlNCOLt« CUTTING WOOD FOR HIS MOTHER. TOÜE REPUTATION, leam lo be a man of your word. One of the most dishearten¬ ing of all things Is to he compelled to do business with a person whose promise is not to he depended upon. There are plenty of people In this wide world whose promise is as slender a tie as a spider's web. Let your given word he as a hempen cord, a chain of wrought steel that will hear the heaviest strain. It will go tar m making a man of you, and a real man is the noblest work of God. The man who does not honorably meet his promises is not only dishonest hut is also a coward; the man who dares not meet his obligations in good faith can frame no other excuse than that of cowardice. CHARACTER,—HOW TO SUCCEED. 7 Toung man, have a character of your own. Do not be b lump of moiat putty molded and .ahaped by the influence and im¬ pressions of those-whom you last met. Your reputation is made up by your conduct. Cultivate force, energy, self-reli ance and be a positive quantity that can be calculated upon at all times and at all places. Be a man whose word is worth a hundred cents on a dollar and your reputation will be as good as gold. HOW TO SUCCEED. There is nothing so false in life as the idea that the fates choose victims to which shall be given only failure. Each man chooses for himself. Luck is an unknown quantity in life's vast problem, while Pluck solves all. The fates are only given to the habit of paying each man as he values himself. Place two boys at school together, of equal advantages as to birth, breeding, educational surroundings. The one will rise •s high as humanity can rise, socially and financially, and die lauded of all men ; the other will go down into his grave " un¬ wept, unhonored, and unsung "—a beggar. Why? Because the one believed the world owed him a living, and would be proud of the chance of elevating him; while the other believed that the world owed him nothing, and would only give him what he wrestled from its hands by sheer force of will and determination. Nine tenths of the successful men in this country to-day have made their money by continuous strokes. They started out on life's Journey knowing nothing of life, but everytbing of their own power, and determined to work on to the end. This is the true way to succeed. s THE TOUNG MAN'S CHANCE. THE TOUNG MAN'S CHANCE. 1. The Opportunity.—In the vast eternal commerce that ebbs and flows over the surface of this continent, the ave¬ nues of efforts are largely crowded. A great host of young men are looking anxiously to the future. _ Many of them seek to carve Out a career of their own, and instead of being employees all their days, and subject to the beck and call of a master, likely in the shape of a combination or a far away official, it is natural they should^ seek life molded by themselves. With this in view, why is it not well to turn the thoughts of the young man to the desirability of revers¬ ing the order of things, and instead of seeking the crowded city with its temptations, seek the country with it3_ free¬ dom? Hence, consider the advisability of becoming a thrifty farmer! 2. The Farmer.—The only really independent member of the community is the farmer. He is secure of food at any rate; nature is so generous that a very little effort will get him enough to eat and drink. The growth of the cities and the creation of local markets makes certain the absorption of what the earth produces. Hence, the boys and girls who have hitherto looked forward to the city for living, should now turn towards the country as their hope and oppor¬ tunity. True, the life of the farmer hitherto has been sup¬ posed to be one of great labor, of comparative poverty and narrowness of enjoyment, with small results possible. But, it need not be so; for the intelligent farmer, with a com¬ petent knowledge of chemistry, with the employment of the most recent inventions in machinery, with the variety of products which can be cultivated in grains, fruit, vegetables and animals, ought to find his calling a profitable one. 3. City Life.—The cities are full of the unemployed, and all sorts of vice, temptation and wickedness abound. A young man must inherit a strong character and possess a strong heart, who can stand the evil influence and avoid the snares of a great city. And if it is the lot of a young man to seek employment, let him remember that honesty, virtue and industry are the only stepping stones of success. 4. The Fanner Boys.—"There is scarcely a prominent man in America, and scarcely a man of wealth, wno was not bom and raised upon the farm. It is the form that has given health and brain to the great men of the nation. And the intellect to-day that is inoving and shaping the destiny of the nation had its beginning and foundation laid in tlM quiet, restful home of the farm. 10 xhe young man's chance. 5. Surest Success.—A noble and full consecration of all your talents to the welfare of others is the surest course to your personal success, whether on the farm or in the city. There is a selfishness which is noble. It looks far ahead and becomes glorious as the sun by continually giviiig out. Or, like the ocean, receiving back in Mississippis and Amazons the drops of its bénéficient dews which it has generously sent out to fatten the mountains and bless the valleys. The honest single purpose to make the world bet¬ ter is the beginner's great need. Let money, property, farms, fame, all stand aside when the great king of motives comes in. They are but satellites which are compelled by a positive law to revolve about the man who is great help¬ fulness. If humanity owned you, as in a measure it does, how would it invest your life so as to get the largest income from it? Where would wise and good men put yon to ob¬ tain from your gifts the greatest possible good to their kind? Find out that and then put yourself there. 6. Opportunities.—Opportunities are the offers of God. Heaven gives us opportunity. _ Great opportunities are generally the results of the wise improvement of small ones. Wise men make more opportunities than they find. If you think your opportunities are not good enough, you had beb ter improve them or make better ones. Remember you ara responsible for the talents, for the time, and for the oppor¬ tunities you now have; improve them as one that mufet give account. Make hay while the sun shines. Gather roses while they bloom. Start in business for yourself at the earliest opportunity. r 7. Town Life.—If you have some means, start a small store in some thrifty little town; but be sure and get a little practical experience before investing all your capital. Go and_ work for some merchant a few months for nothing if you can't get employment without, but work to learn tite busi- ness, and when understood embark for yourself. RICHES AND CHARITY. 11 BICHES AND CHABITF. thou art rich, thou art poor ; For, like aa an aas, whose back with ingots bow^ Thon bear'st thy heary riches but a Journey, And death nnliMids ih9b."^8hok*pwn, U Thriftr in Order to be Generons.—Man must u« thrifty in oraer to be generous. Thrift does not end with kself, but extends its benefits to others. It founds hospitals« endows charities, establishes colleges, and extends educa¬ tional influences. Benevolence springs from the best qual« ities of mind and heart. Its (fivine spirits elevates the benefactors of the world. RICHES AND CHARITY. а. Doing Good,—The same feelingpervades ourcommon humanity. The poorest man, the daily worker, the obscur- est individual, shares the gift and the blessing of doing good—a blessing that imparts no less delight to him who gives than to him who receives. If God blesses you with riches, remember your fellow man in need of bread. 3. Power of Elches.—The truth is, that we very much exaggerate the power of riches. Immense subscriptions are got up for the purpose of reforming men from their sinful courses, and turning them from evu to good. And yet sub¬ scriptions will not do it. It takes character to do the work : money never can. Great changes in society can never be effected through riches. To turn men from in¬ temperance, improvidence, and irreligion, and to induce them to seek'their happiness in the pursuit of proper and noble objects, requires earnest purpose, honest self^levotion. and hard work. 4. Eager to be Richer.—Men go on toiling and moiling, eager to be richer ; desperately struggling, as if against poverty, at the same time that they are surrounded with abundance. They scrape and scrape, add shilling to sail- ling, and sometimes do shabby things iu order to make a litue more profit ; though they may have accumulated far more than they actually enjoy. And still they go on, worry¬ ing themselves incessantly in the endeav r to grasp an ad¬ ditional increase of superfluity. 5. Excess of Economy.—Rich men are m^re punished for their excess of economy than poor men are for their want of it. They become miserly, think themselves daily growing poorer, and die the deaths of beggars. We have known several instances. They have nothii^ to think of but money, and of what will make money. They have no faith but m riches. б. Bich Hen's Sons.—Look over the histoiy of this coun¬ try and see what prominent men in business, in politics, or in the professions, are owing their present prosperity, iitflu- ence and position to rich parents. They are not to be found. The rich men of to-day were the poor boys of forty Ïears ago. They have labored their way to the front ; they new no such word as fail. Poverty is the great school of mankind. Out of the poor come our great reformers, and our wealthy, prominent and most influential citizens. 7. It Is Ño Disgrace to Be Poor.—The praise of the honest poverty has often been sung. When a man will not stoop to do wrong, when he will not sell himself for money, when he will not do a dishonest act. then his poverty is most POOR BOYS AND GREAT EMINENCE. 13 honorable. But the man is not poor who can pay his way and save something besides. He who pays cash for all that he pvrehases is not poor, but well oS. He is in a happier csAdition than the idle gentleman who runs into debt, and is clothed, shod and fed at the expense of his tailor, shoe¬ maker and butcher. POOR BOYS AND GREAT EMINENCE. 1. TOe Harch of Fortune.—Many men have been ob* a ture in their origin and birth, but great and glorious in life and death. _ They have been born and nurtured in villages, b ut have reigned and triumphed in cities. They were first Liid in the mangers of poverty and obscurity,but afterwards .became possessors of thrones and palaces. Their fame is like the pinnacle which ascends higher and higher, until at last it becomes a most conspicuous and towering object of attraction. 2. Noted Examples.—Franklin was the son of a tallow, chandler and soap boiler. Daniel Defoe, hostler and son of a butcher. Whitfield the son of an inn-keeper. Shak. speare was the son of a wood stapler. Milton was the son of a money scrivener. Robert Burns was a plowman in Ayr¬ shire. Mohammed, called the prophet, a driver of asses. Madame^Bemadotte was a washer-woman of Paris. Napo¬ leon was of an obscure family of Corsica. John Jacob Astor once sold apples on the streets of New York. Catherine, Empress of Russia, was acamp-grisette. Elihu Burrittwas a blacksmith. Abraham Lincoln was a rail splitter. Gen. Grant was a tanner. 3. George Peabody.—A long time ago, a little boy twelve years old, on his road to Vermont, stopped at a country tavern, and paid for his lodging and breakfast by sawing wood, instead of asking for it as a gift. Fifty years later, Jie same boy passed that same little inn as George Peabody, the banker, whose name is the synonym of magnificent charities—the honored of two hemispheres. He was bom poor in Danvers, Massachusetts, and by beginning right and pursuing a course of strict honesty, integrity, industry, ac¬ tivity and Christian benevolence, he was able to amass great wealth, 4. Cornelius Tanderbilt.—When Cornelius Vanderbilt was a young man, his mother gave him fitty dollars of her savings toouy a small sail boat, and he engaged in the 14 POOR BOYo AND GREAT EMINENCE. business of transporting market-gardening from Staten Island to New York City. When the wind was not favor¬ able he would work his way over the shoals by pushing the boat along by poles, putting his own shoulder to the pole, and was very sure to get his freight in market m season. This energy gave him always a command of full freights, and he accumulated over $20,000,000. 5. Stephen Girard.—Stephen Girard left his native country at the age of ten or twelve years, as a cabin boy on a vessel. He came to New York in that capacity. His de¬ portment was distinguished by such fidelity, industry and temperance, that he won the attachment and confidence of his master, who generally bestowed on him ihe appellation of "My Stephen. When his master gave up business he promoted Girard to the command of a small vesseL Girard was a self-taught man, and the world was his'school. It was a favorite theme with him, when he afterwards grew rich, to relate that he commenced life with a sixpence, and to insist that a man's best capital was his industry. 6. Barefooted Bojs.—The barefooted boy of fift^ years ago has been thinking and thinking aright, and thinking with no ordinary mind. He has placed the impression suits, will make life a success. 4. Shun lawsuits, and nevei* take money risks that yott can avoid. 5. Remember that the rich are generally plain, while rogues dress well and talk smoothly. 6. Avoid the tricks of trade ; be honest, and never mi» represent an article that you desire to sell. 7. Don't cultivate a sense of over-smartness. 8. True intelligence is always modest. 9. Remember that trickery, cheating and indolencè ara never found as attributes of a thrifty and a progressive maiu la Endeavor to be perfect m the calling in which you are engaged. 11. A man of honor respects his word as he does his note. 12. Always live within your income ; never spend more tihan you earn, but always save a little, and in time you will be found independent. 13. The only safe rule is, never to allow a single year to pass by without laying up something for the future. 14. Keep your eyes on small expenses. Small leaks sink a great ship. 1$. Do not be ashamed of hard work. Work for the best ■alary or w^es you can get, but work for anything rather than to be idle, ifi. Aneat many are looking for good salary and little work, 'niose iobs are rather scarce and only an idle man win look for them They are never found. 20 RUIN OF CREDIT. HOW TO EUIN TOUB CREDIT. 1. Payiag Bills Promptly.—If your credit and business standing are good and it is your aim to keep them so, then do not allow little bills to run until you are dunned for them. If you are sometimes short and you borrow a small sum of money, pay it promptly at the first opportunity. If you run little credit bills do not let them run until your attention is called to them. Pay them within a proper time, and your credit and reputation will not suffer. 2. Signing Notes for Others.—If you desire to be secure and keep what you have, do not sign notes and bonds with every Tom, Dick and Harry that comes along. Of course, circumstances may arise where you may be justified in ac¬ commodating a friend. Caution and good judgment how¬ ever are necessary. If it is understood that you are signing bonds and notes and obligations as security for others, your credit will soon become impaired. People do not care to trust a man who is lending his credit to others. Many men all over this country are to-day suffering for the neces¬ saries of life on account of signing notes for their friends. When you sign a note for another, see that you are made secure by some good collateral security. 3. Allowing Obligations to Mature.—It you have given a note, do not allow it to mature ; either pay it or secure an extension that will be satisfactory to the creditor. By meet- ' ing your business obligations promptly you will always have a sufficient credit to meet all your demands. But if you get into debt and are not able to meet your payments, your credit is gone and people will lose confidence in you at once. It costs less to do business on business principles than tobe negligent and indifferent. The man who pays his bills promptly is the man who always succeeds best in business. He has a great advantage over his fellow competitor who is known as "slow pay," because he is always able to take ad¬ vantage of a special bargain when offered. _ 4- Speculation.—Avoid hazardous speculation. Ten times to one you lose what you have. Do not be too eager to get rich all at once. Adopt the slower but surer method, and you will gain by it in the end. 5* Honestjr and Square Dealing.—Honesty and square dealings will always pay a handsome profit. The rule may not succeed every time, but a day of reward will surely come. The man who does business upon the Wndation of honesty and square dealing, in the long run enjoys the best and most profitable prosperity. Honesty is the best interest beating investment that man can make. BEHIND TIME. 21 BEHIND TIME t. A Railroad Train was rushing along at almost light« ning speed. A curve was just ahead, beyond which was a station at which the cars usually passecf each other. The conductor was late, so late that the period during which the down train was to wait had nearly elapsed, but he hoped yet to pass the curve safely. Suddenly a locomotive dashed into sight right ahead. In an instant there was a collision. A shriek, a shock, and ñfty souls were hurled into eternity ; and all because a conductor had been behind time.' 2. Bankruptcy«—A leading firm in commercial circles had long struggled against bankruptcy. As it had enor¬ mous assets in California, it expected remittaiices by a cer¬ tain day, and if the sums promised arrived, its credit, its honor and its future prosperity would be preserved. But week after week elapsed without bringing the gold. At last came the fatal day on which the firm had bills matur¬ ing to enormous amounts. .The steamer was telegraphed at daybreak ; but it was found, on inqui^, that she had brought no funds, and the house failed. The next arrival brou^t nearly half a million to the insolvents, but it was too late ; they were ruined because their agent, iii remitting, had been behind time. 3. Minnies Are Often Worth Tears.—It is continually «0 in life. The best laid plans, the most important affairs, 8 Young Jackson Taking His First Lessons In Famlngi T0 YOUNG MEN. 2S Ite luituaes of individuals, the weal of nations, honor, hap- hniess, life itself, are daily sacrificed, because somebody is *bdund time."_ There are others who put off reformatiOB y«ar by year, till death seizes them, and they perish unre- portant, Decause forever "behind time." Five minutes in a oisis is worth years. It is but a little period, yet it has of¬ ten saved a fortune or redeemed a people. If there is one viitue that should be cultivated more than another by him who would succeed in life, it is punctuality ; if there is one enror that should be avoided, it is being behind time. TO YOUNG MEN. 1. Ton Are Wanted.—Young men, you are wanted!' From the street corners, from the saloons and playhousesr from the loafers' rendezvous, from the idlers' promenade, tnia your steps into the highway pi noble aim and earnest WB^ There are prizes enough for every successful worker, 'Xtowns enough for every honorable head that goes through the smoke of conflict to victory. 2. Fall to Distinguish Themselves.—But why do so few yoong men of early promise, whose hopes, purposes and re¬ solves were as radiant as the colors of the rainbow, fail to tfsliiKuish themselves ? The answer is obvious : they are not wuling to devote themselves to that toilsome culture vdilch is the price of great success. Whatever aptitude for- ■ozticiilar pursuits nature may donate to her favorite chiL oren, she conducts none but the laborious and the studiouf- to distinction. 3. Oreat Men.—Great men have ever been men o! well as men of action. As the magnificent river, lôlUng in the pride of its mighty waters, owes its greatness Im fee hidden spring of the mountain nook, so does the wide-sweepiim influence of distinguished men date its origin Irani hours ot privacy, resolutely employed in efforts after jdMevelopment. The invisible spring of self-culture is fifeaonrcéof every great achievement. Dig After Knowledge.—Away, then, youn|^ man, with reams of superiority, unless you are determined to dig after knowledge, as men search for concealed gold ! Re- wrinliri.lli il n rij man has in himself the seminal principle of oeatescellence, and he may develop it by cultivation it he will try. Perhaps you are what the world calls poor 24 TO YOUNG HEN. What of that ? Most of the men whose names are as hous^ hold words were also the children of poverty. 5. Self-CnltiTation.—Up, then, young man, and gird, yourself for the work of self-cultivation 1 Set a high price on your leisure moments. They are sands of precious gold. Properly expended, they will procure for you a stock of f^reat thoughts—thoughts that will fill, stir and invigorate, and expand the soul. Seize also pn the unparalleled aids {umished by steam and type in this unequalled age. 6. Enter by Conquest.—Man is born to dominion, but he must enter it by conquest, and continue to do battle for every inch of ground added to his sway. His first exertions àre put forth for the acquisition of the control and the estab¬ lishment of the authority of his own will. With his first ef¬ forts to reduce his own physical powers to subjection, he must simultaneously begin to subject his mental faculties to control. Through the combined exertion of his mental and physical powers, he labors to spread his dominion over the widest possible extent of the world without. 7. Self-Control.—Thus self-control and control over out¬ ward circumstances are alike the duty and the birthright of man. But self-control is the highest and noblest form of dominion. "He that ruleth his own spirit is greaterthanhe that taketh a city." 8. i. Congcientinns Yonng Man.—There is no moral ob¬ ject so beautiful to' me as a conscientious young man. I watch him as I do a star in the heavens ; clouds may be be¬ fore him, but we know that his light is behind them and will beam again ; the blaze of others' popularity may outshine him, but we know that, though unseen, he illuminates his own true sphere.. He resists temptation, not without a struggle, for that is not virtue, but he does resist and con¬ quer ; he bears the sarcasm of the profligate, and it stings him, tor that is a trait of virtue, but heals the wound with his own pure touch. 9. Onward.—OnWard, then, conscientious youth—raise thy standard and nerve thyself for goodness. If God has given thee intellectual power, awaken in that cause ; never let it be said of thee, he helped to swell the tide of sin by pouring his influence into its channels. If thou art feeble ■n mental strength, throw not that drop into a polluted current. Awake, arise, young man ! assume that beautiful garb of virtue ! It is difficult to be pure and holy. Put on thy strength, then. Let truth be the lady of thy love— defend her. WASHINGTON ON SWEARING« 25 V WASHINGTOM^ BOYHOOD. / ^WWwwwwwwwwwwewwwwwwi» ri 1 • • I WASHINGTON ON SWHABING. On the 2Qth of July, 1779, General Washington issued a special order, at West Point, in reference to the practice of profanity : "Many and pointed orders have been issued against that nnmeamng and abominable custom of swearing, notwitji- standing which, with much regret, the General observes^ that it prevails, if possible, more than ever ; his feelings are continually wounded by the oaths and imprecations of the soldiers whenever he is in hearing of them. YME TRAMP'S RETURN TO THE OLO HOME8TEAIX WASHINGTON ON SWEARING.—MONEY-MAKING. 27 "The name of that being from whose bountiful goodness we are permitted to exist and enjoy the comforts of life, is in¬ cessantly imprecated and profaned in a manner as wanton as it is shocking. For .the sake, therefore, of religion, de¬ cency and order, the General hopes and trusts that officers of every rank will use their influence and authority to check a vice which is as unprofitable as wicked and shameful. "If officers would make it an unavoidable rule to repri¬ mand and, if that does not do, punish soldiers for offences of this kind, it could not fail of having the-desired effect." MONEY-MAElNß AND MONEY-GETTING. 1. Many Books Have Been Written.—Many popular books have been written for the purpose of communicating to the public the grand secret of making money. But there is no secret whatever about it, as the proverbs of every na¬ tion abundantly testify. 2. Popular FroVerbs.—"Take care of the pennies and the dollars will take care of themselves." "A penny saved is a penny gained." "Diligence is the mother of good luck." "No pains no gains." "No sweat no sweet." "Sloth, the key of poverty." "Work, and thou shalt have." "He who will not work, neither shall he eat." "The world is his who has patience and industry." "It is too late to spare when all is spent." "Better go to bed supperless than rise in debt." "The morning hour has gold in its mouth." "Credit keeps the crown of the cause way." 3. Stood the Test of Time.—Such are specimens of the proverbial philosophy, embodying the hoarded experience of many generations, as to the best means of thriving in the worli They were current in people's mouths long be¬ fore books were invented; and, like other popular proverbs, they were the first codes of popular morals. Moreover, they have stood the test of time, and the experience of everyday stiU bears witness to their accuracy, force and soundness. 28 MONEY-MAKING AND MONEY-GETTING. 4. The Proverbs of Solomon.—The Proverbs of Solomon are full of wisdom, as to the force of industry, and the use and abuse of money : "He that is slothful in work isbrother to him that is a great waster." "Go to the ant, thou slug¬ gard ; consider her ways and be wise." Poverty, he says, shall come upon the idler, "as one that traveleth, and want as an armed man ; " but of the industrious and upright, "The hand of the diligent maketh rich." "He who will not plou|[h by reason of the cold, shall beg in harvest, and have nothing. "The drunkard and the glutton shall come to poverty ; and drowsiness shall clothe a man with rags." "The slothful man says there is a lion in the streets." "Seest thou a man diligent in his business ? he shall stand be¬ fore kings." But above all, "It is better to get wisdom than gold ; for wisdom is better than rubies, and all the things Qiat may be desired are not to be compared to it." 5. Simple Industry.—Simple industry and thrift will go far towards making any person of ordinary working fac¬ ulty comparatively independent in his means. Even a working man may be so, provided he will carefully husband his resources and watch the little outlets of useless expend¬ iture. 6. Love of Money.—The saving of money for the mere sake of it, is but a mean thing, even though earned by hon¬ est work : but where earned by dice-throwing, or'specula¬ tion, and without labor, it is still worse. To provide for others, and for our own comfort and independence in old age, is honorable, and greatly to be commended ; but to hoard for mere wealth's sake is the characteristic of the narrow-souled and the miserly. 7. Riches no Proof of Worth.—Worldly success, meas¬ ured by the accumulation of money, is no doubt a very dazzling thing ; and all men are naturally more or less the admirers of worldly success. But though men of persever¬ ing, sharp, dexterous and unscrupulous habits, ever on the watch to push opportunities, may and do "get on" in the world ; yet it is quite possible that they may not possess the slightest elevation of character, nor a particle of real greatness. 8. Mind and Heart.—But neltner a man's means nor his worth are measurable by his money. If he has a fat purse and a lean heart, a broad estate and narrow understanding, what will his "means" do for him—what will his "wortff' fain him ? Let a man be what he will, it is the mind and e'art that make a man poor or rich, miserable or happy ; for these are always stronger than fortune. HINTS TO YOUNG FORTUNE HUNTERS. 29 Youne Peabody Sawing Wood for a Night's Lodging. No became one of the first Millionaires and PSitlanthroplstt of America. HINTS TO YOUNG FORTUNE HUNTERS. 1. Do Not Mortgage Tour Future.—Do not mortgage your future, it may be useful to you hereafter.^ The surest way to mortgage ybUr. future is to incur in¬ debtedness. The only excuse for debt is the immediate prospect of proht Incur no debt, except for that on'which you can readily realize, in order to pay what you owe. 2. The Generous and Judicious Use of Credit.—^Three- fourths of all the progress in this new world has been achieved by the generous and judicious use of credit. The three-fourths of all the anxiety that prevades society has come from the abuse of credit. Like every other blessing, "the greater the good the nearer the evil. Always take a week to decide i^ether you should go into debt or not. A week's delay may save years of sorrow. 30 HINTS TO YOUNG FORTUNE HUNTERS. 3 Get Land.—If you cannot j^et land, get a section of a "comer," because trusts, combinations and consolidations have come to stay. They are the economic features of the hour. Shares in a well managed trust or cornbination, at a reasonable price, are, generally speaking, a big investment. The poor are robbed to make richer the rich. 4. Increase of Popniation.—Land near greats cities of rapid growth is likely to be exceeding^ valuable. Good farm land is surt to grow in favor. There are boys now living who will witness an increase of population until this nation reaches 130,000,000 of souls. Think of it! These have all to be fed, and only from the farmer and fisherman can food be derived. Hence, good farm lands are likely to advance in value. 5. Ifo Blood Stained Fields.—Business, in every age of the world, has been the chief pioneer in the march of man's civilization. Blessings everywhere "follow its advancing footsteps. It travels over no blood stained fields to secure its noble end, but everywhere brings man into friendly and harmonious intercourse. It removes local prejudices, breaks down personal antipathies, and binds the whole family of man together by strong ties of association and of mutual and independent interests. It brings men together, and towns and cities are built; it makes men venture upon the sea in ships, and traverse continents on iron pathways, and where- ever we go, whether abroad or at home, it is business that controls the great interests of the world, and makes the efforts of men mighty. 6. How To Do Bn^iness.—One cannot do successfully what he does not perfectly understand. He may have com¬ petent employes or trusted attorneys to do his business, but they may do his work imperfectly, or seek their own ease or profit at his expense and ne not being able to detect their malpractices must suffer the loss or perh^s fall. Or he may attempt to manage everything himself, commit fatal errors, as he will be almost sure to do,'and thereby sustain a still greater loss. "First understand every detail of your business and then go ahead." A wealthy farmer said, when asked how he made his money : " Sir, I understand my business and attend to it." In that reply isf his needs should be the mder of his work." 42 GARFIELD'S MAXIMS. To a Tonng Han.—"To a young man who has in himself the magnificent possibilities of life, it is not fitting that he should be commanded ; he should be a commander. You must niJt continue to be the employed, you must be the em¬ ployer 1 You must be promoted from the ranks to a com¬ mand. There is something, young man,_which you can command—go and find it—and command it. Do not, I be¬ seech xpu, be content to enter upon any business which does not require and compel constant intellectual growth." The Priyilege of Being a Yonng Han.—"The privilege of being a young man is a great privilege, and the piivilege of growing up to be an independent man in middle life is a greater." Poverty.—"Let not poverty stand as an obstacle in your way. Poverty is uncomfortable, as I can testify, but nine times out of ten the best thing that can happen to a young manjs to be tossed overboard, and be compelled to sink or swim for himself. In all my acquaintance I never knew one to be drowned who was worth the having." A Pound of Pluck.—"A pound of pluck is worth a ton of luck. Luck is an ignis fatuus. You may follow it to ruin, but never to success. Success in Life.—"In order to have any success in life or any worthy success, you must resolve to cai^ into your work a fulness of knowledge, not merely a sufiiciency, but more than a sufficiency Be fit for more than the thing you are doing. If you are not too large for the place, you are too small for it.' Standing by Their Own Convictions.—"The men who succeed best in public life are those who take the risk of standing by their own conviction. "Victory is worth nothing, except for the fruits that are under it, in it, or above it." "I would rather be beaten in right than succeed in wrong." A Brave Han.—"If there be one thing upon this earth that-mankind love and admire better than anoffier, it is braVe men—it is a man who dares to look the devil in the face and tell him he is a devil." BUSINESS MAXIMS, BUSINESS MAXIMS. 1. Toar first ambition should be the acquisition of knowi- edge, pertaining to your business. 2. Above aii things acquire a good, correct epistolai-y style, tor you are judged by the business world according to the character, expression, and style of your letters. 3. During business hours attend to nothing but business, but be prompt in responding to aii communications, and never suffer a letter to remain without an answer. 4. Never fail to meet a business engagement, however irk¬ some it may be at that moment. 5. Dndertake no business without mature reflection, an non- fine your capital closely to the business you have established. 6. Lead a regular life, avoid display, and choose your associ¬ ates discreetly, and prefer the society of men of your own type. 7. Avoid litigation as much as possible, study for yourself tbe theory of commercial law, and be your own lawyer. 8. Never run down a neighbor's property or goods and praise up your own. It is a mark of low breeding, and will gain you nothing. 44 BUSINESS MAXIMS. g. Never misrepresent, falsify, or deceive, have one rule of moral life, never swerve from it, whatever may be the acts or opinions of other men. 10. Watch the course of politics in national affairs, read the papers, but decline acceptance of political positions if you desire to succeed in a certain line of business. Never be an,office-seeker. 11. Êe affable, polite and obliging to everybody. Avoid discussions, anger, and pettishness, interfere with no dis¬ putes the creation of others. 12. Never form the habit of talking about your neigh¬ bors, or repeating things that you hear others say. You will avoid much unpleasantness, and sometimes serious difficulties. 13. Endeavor to be perfect in the calling in which you are engaged. 14. Make no investments without a full acquaintance with their nature and condition; and select such invest¬ ments as have intrinsic value. 15. Never sign a paper for a stranger. Think nothing insignificant which has a bearing upon your success. 16. There is more in the use of advantages than in the measure of them. 17. Of two investments, choose that which will best promote your regular business. 18. Never refuse a choice when you can get it. 19. Goods well bought are half sold. 20. Goods in store are better than bad debts. 21. By prosecuting a useful business energetically, hu¬ manity is benefited. 22. Keep accurate accounts, and know the exact condi¬ tion of your affairs. 23. Be economical: a gain usually requires expense; what is saved is clear. 24. Reality makes no allowance for wishes or bad plans. 23 u'rite a good, plain, legible hand. 26 Never gamble or take chances on the Board of Trade. 27- Never take any chances on another man's game. 28. Never sign a paper without first reading it carefully. 29. Keep your word as good as a bank. 30. Remember that an honest man is the noblest work of God. GOOD ADVICB BY GREAT MEN. 45 READING HISTORY. GOOa ADVICE BY GREAT MEN. What struggling, and scratching, and shifting, and lying, and cheating is practised every day by mammon worshipers, in their eagei-ness to make money. What a comparispp between, the successful and the unsuccessful of the millions, who have entered upon the active duties of life's eventful Journey. " Honesty is the best policy," and he who weds himself to that principle, though poor, makes life a success. Anomsmom. It is a mistake that capital alone is necessary to success. If a man has, head and hands suited to his business, it will soon procure him capital. - John J^eedley. Time is goid, throw not one minute away, but place each one to account. Do unto all men as you would be done by. Never give out that which does not first come in. from McDonogh'g tomb, New Orleans. There is no boy in America, however humble his birth, who, in whatever capacity his lot may be cast, if he have a strong arm, a clear head, brave heart, and honest purpose, may not, by the light of our pubiic schools and the freedom of our laws, rise until he stands foremost in the honor and confidence of the country. Congressman Pagson, Pontiac, JUs. 46 GOOD ADVICE BY GREAT MEN Punctuality is the mother of confidence. Be on time. Be frank. Say what yoif mean. Do wli^t you say. So shall your friends know and take it f rr granted, that you mean to do what is just and right. John Brigg». Be honest, be temperate and never gamble. John Jacob Astor. Cut short your losses, and let your profits go on. Becardo't Bule». He that has never known adversity, is but half acquainted with others, or withJiimself, for constant success shows us hut one side of the world. Cotton. What though you have found no treasure, nor has any rich relation left you a legacy. Diligence is the mother of good luck, and God gives all things to industry. Then plough'deep while the sluggard sleeps, and yon shall have corn to sell and to keep. Work while it is called to-day, for one to-day is worth two to-mon'ows. Branklin. Make a bargain at once. Be an off-hand man. Be cautious and bold. Bothchüd'» EBusiness Bule. Until men have learned industry, economy and self-control, they cannot be safely intnisted with wealth. John Origgt. When 1 caution you against becoming a miser, I do not there¬ fore advise you to become a prodigal or a spendthrift. Horaee. The way to gain a good reputation, is to endeavor to be what you desire to appear. Soeraiet. You may depend upon it, that he is a good man, whose intk mate friends are ali good. Laeaier. Actions, looks, words, steps, form the alphabet by which you may spell "character." Lamrier. The best rules to form a young man are, to talk little, to hear much, to reflect alone what has passed in company, to distrust one's own opinions, and value others that desei-ve it. Sir William Temjile. Deliberate with caution, but act with decision, and yield with graciousness, or oppose with firmness. Cotton. This above all—to thine own self be true. And it must folldw, as the day, the night, Tliou canst not then be false to any man. Shaketpert. GOOD ADVICE ON CONDUCT. 47 «00D ADVICE ON CONDUCT BT OBEAT AUTHORS. "Manners are the ornaments of action."—Smiles. It is always easy to say a rude thing, but never wise,— Stacy. Guard the manners it you would protect the morals — Davidson. Good temper is the essence of good maimers.—Anony- ■snous. He that has no character is not a man: he is only a thing. —Cham/ort. Sow good services; sweet remembrances will grow from them.—Mme. De Staël. Good manners arc the shadows of virtue, if not virtues ■ÙiS.VDsà.\c%.—Anonymmts. In all professions and occupations, good manners are necessary to success.—Mrs. Ward. Good maimers is the art of making easy the persons v-''b ■whom we are brought in contact.—Anonymous. If you speak the sense of an angel in bad words, and with a disagreeable utterance, nobody will hear you twice who can help it.—Chesterfield. It is a great misfortune not to have enough wit to speak well, or not enough judgment to keep silent.—La Bruyere. One of the most effectual ways of pleasing and of making «ne's self loved is to be cheerful; Joy softens more hearts than tears.—Mme. De Sartory. To live with our enemies as if they may some time become our friends, and to live with our friends as if they may sometime become our enemies, is not a moral but a political masim.—A nonymous. Men's evil manners live in brass; their virtues we write in water.—Shakespere. To be more dear, congenial to my heart. One native Charm, than all the gloss.of así,—Goldsmith. Honor and shame from no condition rise; Act well your part, there all the honor lies.—Pope. loveliness needs not the foreign aid of ornament. But is, when unadorned, adorned the most.—Thompson. HOW TO WRITE. Correct Position at the Desk. HOW TO WRITE. A Complete Set of Rules tor Position and Practice. 1. Sit in an upright and easy position. It will add to the ease and beauty of your writing. Keep loth feet on the floor. 2. Hold the pen firmly, but not so tightly as to cramp the fingers. 3. Place the hand on the paper so the top of the holder will always point over the right shoulder. This will cause the points oí the pen to press equally on the paper. HOW TO WRITE. 49 4. Keep the wrist from touching the paper or desk, and keep the thumb from bending while writing. Avoid the finger movement. It is not practical. 5- Let every downward stroke of the pen be drawn to¬ wards the center of the body, and the writing will have the correct slant. 6. Never practice carelessly. Always practice with a free and quick stroke. Let the movement be bold, free, offhand, resting the pen so lightly that the arm, hand and fingers can move freely together. 7. In making the shades, press on the pen with a gentle, springing movement. It will avoid heavy and irregular strokes. 8. Heavy shading, or shading every downward stroke, never adds beauty or grace to the writing. g. The thoughtful student in penmanship as in other studies, will win. Think and write. Practice with per¬ severance and your success will be certain. 10. To make the greatest improvement in the shortest time practice upon the letters separately until you can make them all correctly. 11. Flourishes, too heavy shading, too large or too small letters, should be carefully avoided. 12. Practice writing by copying business letters, notes, drafts, receipts, etc., and you will improve your knowledge of business as well as your penmanship. CORRECT POSITION Op THE PEN. BDSINXSS WBITINO. 51 52 FLACTICAL BÜ5INBB8 CAPITALS. PHACTICAlt fiUSIlïESS CAPITRltS AflO CO^nBIflEO SIGflATUt^ES. SCRIPT ALPHABET. 53 Business Alphabet. ^ / •//- -û- / i, d € ïd- 'Z' ^ Ite improvement in penmanship. 16 8B0RTHAKD ALPHABET. SHORTHAND ALPHABET. BY D. P. LINDSLEY. THE MOST SIMPLE AND RAPID SYSTEM IN USE« IfBTTBBB. KEY TO THE ABOVE. KEY WOBOS. Lkttbbe. KEY WoBDSi i' E®* pay. hfbo. PV. Mb, pip. S De, Te. ' Add, at, did, dead. 4> ua,Ka. Say, acbe, gag, gig, cake, kick. 4 Ja Cha, Age, each, jig, chik. A Te^ Et Eve, Tiew, fee, ftre. fife. A.Zhe^Ish, Azure.FQage,Bhe»show,shoe. %Ze £k. Ooee^cwes, see, say. A The. Ith. The, fhey. oath, thaw, thy. A En, iM. Hay, an, thing; ■" ^ He,«lm,Uy,lee.eeL Bi^, air, are, oar, dare, way, woe, why, whey. 11. Ray, Ar. 12. Wa,Wha. lA Ha, Ya. Hay, h^ yea, yon 14. A. AL Ape, aid, air, nde, füft 15. At, Ah. At, are, Dack, far. 16. E, Et, XL Eat, It, ilL 17. Oo» ooL Fo)stal cards can be sent to Canada and Mexico. How to Improve Your Penmanship In Letter Writing. 1. Never be satisfied with mere legibility; for neatness, elegance and correctness are equally important. 2. Kemember, carelessness and too much haste not only fail to improve your penmanship, but actually ruin what progi'ess already attained. 3. Many persons write letters so huniedly as to slur over the words, half forming and deforming many of the letters, or making sort of a wavy line to represent a word; this is not only an injury to the writer, but vexatious, unsatisfactory and disrespectful to the reader. 4. Write plainly and neatly as possible, rapidly if you can, slowly if you must. A neat and well worded letter of one page once a month, is better than a slovenly scrawl of four pages once a week. 3. When persons contemplate having a photograph taken, they often bestow much care upon their personal appearance, in order to heighten the effect of the artist in the presentation of their physical likeness. These same persons, however, will often sit down and write hurriedly an important letter, that from undue haste abounds in blots, illegible writing, erasures, bad spelling, and the wrong use of capital letters ; without once thinking they are transmitting to their correspondent a kind of mental photograph of themselves, drawn by their own hand, and one, too, which better indicates their fitness loi business or for society than the others. BUSINESS LETTERS. 81 How to Write a Business Letter. 1. In business letters use as few words as possible. 2. Business letters should be promptly answered. 3. Never use flourishes in a business letter or a business paper. 4. Never discuss or refer to social matters in a business letter. If necessary write two letters. 5. Always use black ink. 6. Give town, county, State and date, tor it is frequently ol great importance. 7. Bead your letter carefully when written, and see that yon have made no omissions and no mistakes. Also examine carefully your envelope when addressed. 8. Copy important business letters and preserve them. 9. In writing to others for information, a stamp should always be enclosed. 10. When it becomes necessary to request payment, it should be done in the most gentlemanly terms. There is more loss than gain in rash and ins'ilting language. 11. In writing to a stranger, he is addressed as "Sir," or "Dear Sir." "My Dear Sir " implies very friendly relation. A married lady is addressed as "Madam," or "Dear Madam," an unmarried lady as " Miss," or " Dear Miss," usually with her last name affixed. Kev. Sir," for clergymen : " Esteemed Sir," for formal friends; Judges and legislative officers should be addressed by the title of " Honorable." In writing to a firm, company or a number of persons, the address is " Gentle¬ men," or "Sirs," or " Dear Sirs." B2 EC8I1IESS LETTEBB. 12. In sending money, the amount should always oe men¬ tioned. When sent hy draft, check, etc., it may be written in figures. 13. Postscripts are indicative of thoughtlessness, and should be avoided, except when absoiutely necessary. 14. Numbers except dates and sums of money should be spelled in full, unless exceeding three words in length. 15. Never use the character except in the title of firms, as Jones & Smith. 16. A letter of introduction or recommendation should never be sealed, as the bearer, to whom it is given, should know the contents. 17. in reply, acknowledge first the receipt of the letter, mentioning its date. 18 Avoid erasures or blots, even if compelled to rewrite the whole letter. 19. Avoid writing a letter with a lead pencil, and never write others than a business letter on a half sheet of paper. 20. Properly punctuate the letter, and be especially exact in, placing the proper punctuation marks on the address of the envelope. 21. The repetition of the same words, should be carefully guarded against. 22. Use contractions and abbreviations very sparingly. 23. Letters of application should be very carefully written in the applicant's own hand writing, modest but self-respectful. 24. Never address a party in a letter or on an envelope bj using both Mr. and Esq., only one is admissible. 25. Never write a letter on foolscap paper. 26. Uentlemen should always use white paper, ladies may use delicately tinted and perfumed paper. 27. Both paper and envelopes should be of fine quality. Envelopes should match the paper. 28. Letters as well as other compositions should be divided into paragraphs, and a blank margin should always be left on the left-hand side of the page, and not on the right. 29. Always leave a mnrgin of a half inch or more at the left of the page. The margin should correspond to the size of the paper. BUSINBBS liETTERB. 83 30. Letters or papers prepared for the press should he written only on one side. 31. The closing words of respect, friendship, etc., should be, Youis truly, Tours respectfully, Tours very sincerely, Kespect- fully yours. Tours ever. Tour affectionate brother,- Tour loving daughter. Tour obedient servant, etc., etc. A great variety is used. 32. Do not use big words or high sounding terms. Be simple In style, for simplicity is the one thing that cannot he ridi¬ culous. 33. When testimonials are required, and you desire to pre¬ serve the original, a copy should be enclosed, and marhed " copy " at the top of the page; 34. It is almost useless for a poor writer to apply for a situa¬ tion in a business house, for merchants do not wish either the discredit or the inconvenience of bad writing. 35. Fold the letter neatly, and fit to the size of the envelope, tor a carelessly written and clumsiiy f oided letter denotes either ignorance or a want of proper respect to the person addressed. 36. Business letters often partake of the nature of contracts, and mistakes, omissions, or ambiguous language often results In serious loss. 37. A Letter of Congratulation — Is a letter written to a friend who has met with some special good fortune or great joy. It should be written in a style suited to the occasion, lively, cheerful and from all envy or preiiidice. 38. A Letter of Condolence —Is a letter written to some friend who has suffered some grievous loss or bereavement. It should be consoling, comforting and full of sympathy. Avoid calling up the harrowing details of the sad event, and do not attempt to argue the sufferer out of bis (or her) sorrow. 8« how to beqih Á. letter. HOW TO BEGIN A LETTER. The Heading consists of place and date. In a city the number and street, city and state should be given. If tlie city Is very large, such as Chicago, New York, Philadelphia, etc., the state need not he given. Anyone writing from a large school, a college, a hotel, or any well known institution, genera'ly writes the name of the institution with the place and date following. (See Form 5.) Arrangement.—The first line on ruled paper is generally about an inch and a half below the top of the page. A letter should never begin much higher than that ; but if the letter should be very short, it may begin still lower, so that the spaces above and below the letter would he about equal. Punctuation.—Always punctuate the parts of the heading as shown in the models. The Address consists of the name, title and residence (Post Office) of the persons written to. Salutation is that term of politeness and respect with which we begin a letter; such as Sir, Dear Sir, Dear Fiieud, etc. In writing to a firm Sirs or Gentlemen should be used. Never use the abbreviations of "Gents" for Gentiemen or "Dr." for Dear or "Sr." for Sir. Always state the most prominent part of your ietter first. HÖDELS FOR BEQIEKING LETTERS. 85 IWodels for Begintiing lietters. _ /J/ /SÇO. £2^a^2i: Qfe^, «tu- ZiÇ -e^e/i/. 72, Yéço. e/c. 86 UODBLB FOR BEGIKIUNO LETTERS. '^ee/eU ¡cS^wa, /e^ae ^-^^€€4^ -iecec^t/, t/e. Form 5. (Social Form.) eé/ei.^ X M. -ef<^. zo, /(^A. f-t'l a44^v*t^ 4!í—e¿ei^, «/e. OTHER FORMS OF INTRODUCTION. Rev. J. A. Meyers, Upper Sandusky, Ohio. My Dear Sir; To the Editor of the Tribune, New York. Sin- To the Secretary of the Board of Education, Madison, Wis. Dear Sir; F. Bickle, Esq., Fairmount. Minn. Respected Friend; ITotb.—The address is sometimes written at the close of a tetteae BOW TO CLOSE A LETTER. HOW TO CLOSE A LETTER. 1. Never write a letter without signing it, and write your name in full if the letter contains important matter. 2. Write your name plainly. Bad signatures often cause great inconvenience, and many times result in very serious mistakes. 3. If a lady is writing to a stranger, she should sign her name with her proper title. Miss or Mrs. 4. The complimentary close is written on the next line below the closing sentence, and the signature is written on the next line below the complimentary close. MODELS FOR CLOSINS. COMMON FORMS. Yours truly, M. M. Matter. Yours very truly. Miss Kate Rourke. I remain. Yours respectfully, y. C. Zehnder. Sincerely yours, Mrs. A. S. Barnard. FORMS WITH ADDRESS. Please address, B. F. Simon, West Salem, Ohio. lam. Yours truly, B. M. Worthington. To 0.11. OoUh. BerUa, Out. We remain, dear Sir, Your obedient servant, C. W. Field, PUtue tUreet to v. W. B. OetUQê. Waiiorottt^ Ju*B BVdÜKÍCBS LBTTBBfle HOW TO ADDRESS AN ENVELOPE. L In wñtingthesuperscription, commence the name a little to the left of the center of the envelope. The toten on the line beneath, and should estend a little to the right of the name. The State next below, should stand by itself, still further to the right. The county may be on üie same line with the State, towards the leftside of the envelope. 2. The county may be omitted where the town is a large metropolis. 3. Great care should be exercised in addresmng letters. Give the full name and title of the person addressed. From the neglect of this precaution, thousands of letters are sent every month to the dead-letter office. FORMS OF SUPERSCRIPTIONS. Henry Lee^ ^yoodhwyt N. T, Oloueeeter Co. J, R. iVtee, Esq.^ PhUade^hia^ lOi Chettnnt St. Po. Pinter Thompson, Esq., Pres. of the Board qf EducoUiom, HaperviUe, Bis. COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE. 89 COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE. Many business houses in writin? to their customers always send return envelopes, and in order to assist the mail clerk on the cars, and thus facilitate rapid transit of their mail, both out-going and return, divide the address as shown in the following forms: Stamp- Stamp. Toronto» Onton'o» Can. J. L* Nichols & Co.« 33 Richmond 8i.^ W, It will readily be seen that an address naturally divides itself into two distinct parts concerning two postmasters remote from each other. For example: we mail a letter to G. W. Lascell; the hustling clerks on the mail cars do not care'to see anything but Lynn, Mass., and the postal clerks there do not care wnere the letter was mailed, they are only concerned about its delivery. Theabove are valuable only for business houses who have their envelopes printed and properly ruled; we would not recommend them for private correspondence. Forms of Superscription in Private Correspondence. Stamp. To the Governort Executive Department^ Springfield, nis. Stamp. To the President^ Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C. Stamp. Miss Ida Best, 99 Ashland Boul., Chicago, Care John Smith, Esq, nu. 'TT -«J? *' r^'/i «¡^ t'»»'*p •n*'0**pß^ ^gp*a> **'t>^^**'9^fjg^ ^9**9p ^ ^ /T z''^" 'w»»«^ y**'^ •/^i»/ V Z» NOIlOnOOUlNI JO UJllil V 31IUM 01 MOH '3^NaqN0J?3^iI0^ H^I^33UU0^ 16 "aasaaüojsaaaoa iviaaanHOi) Q2 COMMERCIAL CORRESFONDSNCE. Recommendation to a Young Man. TO WHOM IT MAY œNCERN. „ „ „ , ^ ^ ^ This is to certify that the bearer» Mr. S. G. Auer» has lODg bees knowB to me and that he is a young man of good family, steady habits» and honest and conscientious in the performance of every duty. He sustains an excellent reputation among bis associates and neighbors. He is highly respected by all, and is possessed of a good education. Wo take pleasure in recommending him to any who may desire the services oi an active, competent, and trustworthy young man. J* A* Wxllo. A TenanTc Complaint. Hr. G. J. STECHER, Marseilles, Ky., March 12,1891. Upper Sandusky, Ohio. ^ ... Dear Sir:—Some time ago i called your attention to the condition ox the bouse, for which we are paying a liberal rent. Tbedrain^e i® a hw <»n- dition, one of the chimneys is very defective, a large portion of the plasty* log from the celling in the north room has fallen down, and we are sufle^ ing continual annoyance owing to the bad condition of the bonse^d premises. 1 trust it will not be necessary to notify you wmn that tneM things demand immediate attention. They must be remedied, or we shall he compelled to look elsewhere for another house. Yours very truly, _ ANNA HOLVEBSOM. A ParenFs Excuse to a Teacher. tMB. S. T. SMITH, Will you please excuse my daughter Grace for non-attendance at school yesterday ? She was detained on account of sickness. Very respectfully, MRS. P. J. DA Via A Resignation. TO THE DIRECTORS OP THE JOLIET LOAN ASSOCIATION. Gentlemen: ~I herewith tender my resignation as secretary of yont association» for reasons not altogether unknown to you. Same to t-ake effect on the lôth day of April next. Respectfully yours, March 10,1891. J. L. STROHM. Apologizing for Failure to Pay Money Promptly. Mr. J. K. WEST, Memphis, Jan. 14th. 1891. Aurora, 111. Dear Sir:—I must really beg of you to defer the settlement of youx account till after the middle of next month, when I shall be in a condition to meet your demand. Regretting that circumstances prevent my being more prompt in attending to your wishes, I remain. Sir, Yours very truly, A. M. WINTERS. Requesting Payment. Messrs. DOUGLAS & HEARTH, Naperville, His., Oct. 31,1891. St. Louis, Mo. Dear Sirs:—We are obliged again to ask you for the balance of youf account, now four months past dne. We are much inconvenienceâ by your delay, and have waited longer than we think ought to be expected. The account must be speedily settled, and, if we do not hear from you by the 15th insl., will draw on you, at five days' sight. If the draft is not protected at maturity, we shall be compelled to adopt some other mode 0Í ■ettlement. Yours truly, ANDREW JAY. COMMERCIAL C0RKESP02tD£NCE. M Notice of Non-Payment To Mesan. WILLIAMS A FETTERS» Chico, Cal. Gentlemen :^You will please to take notice that a note for 9200, signed by John H. Wagner, dated May 29, 1885, due February 6th, 1886, and indorsed by you, was duly presented by me, the holder, to the maker for payment and was not paid, and that I shall look to you for payment theréoí. Respectfully, R. W. DEWITZ. Application lor a Situation as Book-keeper. liessTB. K. K. LANCnfON A CO., San Jose, Gal., Feb. 20,1891. Cincinnati, Ohio. Gentlemen:—Having learned from Prof. George Sindlinger that yon desire the servicee of a t>ook-keeper, I respectfully offer myself as an applicant for the situation. 1 have been engaged for two years in the wholesale honse of Geo. Beuss & Co., as clerk and assistant book-keeper, and have a good knowledge of accounts. My business acqoaintance is extensive in the western ^rt of Kentucky, and I could therefore in¬ fluence considerable trade. X enclose copy of testimonial from my late employers, and would also respectfully refer you, as to my chai^ toter and ability, to Messrs. 6. A. Welty, Banker. Cr^eston. la. W. Scott & Co., Merchants, Kaperville, 111. Any communication which you may be pleased to make, addressed as above, will receive prompt attention. Very respectfully yours. F. T. GEIST. Recommendation enclosed In the above copy. San Jose, June 10,1891. The bearer, F. T. Geist, has been in our employ as assistant book-keeper for over two years, and we hare always found him to be honest, steady, and correct in his habits and deportment, and well qualified for any pou- lion of trust in a counting-house. We cheerfully reccommend him as a competent book-keeper and one who will earnestly apply himself to pro¬ mote the interests ox his employers. Respectfully, L. F. WEKTZEL A Ca Ä Student at School. Vorth-Westem College, Oct. 2,1891. My dear Parents It will doubtless give you much pleasure to learn that owing to the kind attention of my teachers I have made so satisfactory a progress, that I have not only been promoted one class higher in the echool, but have carried off the first prize in penmanship. I sincerely hope that I may keep up to all the ez¡)ectationB you have formed of nie, and which you have spared no usins or expense to realize. With feelings of regret at leaving my kind teachers and school-mates, and delight at the prospect of my return home, I remain, my dearest parents, with kindest love to all at home, Your affectionate child, ELMER WICKS, Application for t Catalogue. Dover, Del., Aug. S, 1891. President THOMAS BOWMAN, Kaperville, 111. Sir Fleaae send me a copy of your last catalogne and circular. I design attending school next winter, ana wish to obtain information concerning your terms, course of study, etc. By complying with the above request yon wiU oblige, Youra, very reiq»ectliaiy, M. H. SIGNOB. COMMERCIAL CORRESFONDERCS. Advertisement Wanted — A yonng man of ability to fill the position of entry-clerk In n dry goods bouse. One wbo bas bad some experience in dry goods biuineaa Address with referencei X. L. M., Box 1024, P. O. Replies. Mr. X. L. M. St Louis, Aug. 9, 1891. Sir: CoDsider me an applicant for the position adrertised m to-day's Tribune. Am twenty-two years of age, have not bandied dry goods, but am thoroughly conversant with the technical terms, abbroTin- tions, and calculations pertaining to the business, having completed * commercial course at North-Western Business College, Napemllo, Illa.» the professors of which I am at liberty to use as partíes oí refwence. Respectfully, E. B. BALDWIN. Another Answer to an Advertisement A. M. BAKER & CO., Schuylkill, Pa,, Oct. 7,189L Leraont, N. V. Gentlemen:—In answer to your advertisement in the "Times" of to¬ day, for au assistant in your counting-house, I respectfully offer my servicea to your firm. I am without experience in business, but have a dealre to enter mercantile life, am willing to work, and have just graduated from cm cl^ High School. if you will give me a trial, I will devote myself to your interests ana endeavor to acquit myself to your entire satis^tion. For reference aa to my character or ability, I would offer the names of Mr. GEORGE H. BANER, Fargo, Dak. Mr. GEORGE F. DIEOEL, Qeveland, O, Should a personal interview be desired, please address as above. Very respectfuUy, J. W. WILLIAMS. Letter of Recommendation. Warren, Oct. 7,1891. To whomitmayconcern>-The bearer of this, Mr. J. M. Horton, hoe been in onr employ for three years past as salesman and book-keeper; mnd we have ever found him diligent and faithfnl in the discharge of his duties, and one who endeavored to make his employers' interest bia own. He is correct and reliable in his accounts, and is well quali¬ fied to act as book-keeper or correspondent. We cheerfully recommend him to any who may require the serviceo of a tynstwortl^ and competent person as accountant. Very respectfully, MARSHALL FIELD A GO. From a young man commencing business, to a Wholesale House» with Order. Racine, Wis., Aug. 15,1891. Messrs. WILLIARD, HATCH & CO., 10Ô State Street, Chicago. Dear Sirs:—Having recently commenced business for myself, with fair prospects of success, I shall be pleased to open an account with youi bouse, and trust it will be to our mutual advantage. Should you think favoT^ly of the matter, you will please fill the accompanying order with the least possible delay and on your best terms. For testimonials, I refer you to J. R. Cramer A Co., of your city, by whom I have been, until lately, employed ; but as this is my first trans¬ action with your house, upon forwarding roe an invoice of goods and deducting your usual discount for cash, I will remit a sight draft on the First National Bank of your city, for the amount, by return mail. ExpeeU ing prompt attention, I am, Yours respectiaUy, J. A. REUSS. COMMERCIAL CORREBPONDBRCB. 96 From a Boy applying for a Clerkship. Chicago, Ills., Kot. 18,1891. MeeEr& A. 8. EBIEBEL, 187 Madiaon Street. 116 Madison Street, Chicago. Dear Sir I notice in this moming^s " Clarion " your adyertisement of a boy wanted in a grain commission house; for which position 1 take the first opportunity to apply. I am fourteen years old, haye been at school the most of the time, winters, for the past seyen years, and understand book¬ keeping and conducting correspondence pretty well, haying aasisted my fether much of the Urne while be was in the coal trade, which was about three years. I am p^ecUy willing and ready to take my coat off and go right to work •t handling grain or anything else in your line. I refer you to Mr. George Bmdon, Coal Dealer, at 65 State Street, Chicago, Vho baa always known me. 1 will board at home, and will try to earn for you Fiye Dollars a week. Very res^tfully, yours, GEORGE ARNOLD. Sending a Suhscrlpilon to a Newspaper. Warren, Warren Co., Pa., May 4,1891. To the Publiaheie of " COLLEGE CHRONICLE," NaperTilIe, Ills. Gentlemen Ton will find enclosed money order for One Dollar (81.00), lor wûch you will please send to my address a copy of '^The College Chronicle " for one year, beginning with the first number of the present wolome. Yours respectfully, F.D.VINCENT. Advising Receipt of Invoice. Louisyille, Ey., May 21,1891. Mr. JAMES L. EING. Boston. Dear Sir:—Tour fayor of March 29th, with Inyoice, was received in due time. The goods are Ail that we desired ; and for your promptness and care in filling our order, accept our thanks. Enclosed find in payment Walker à Bros., Draft on First National Bank ai Boston, at sight, for $1950.25. Please acknowledge receipt per return mail, and oblige Yours respectfully, ^ J. L. JONES A CO. Sending Draft Naperville, His., March 11,1691. Messrs. 8. A. MAXWELL A CO., 134-136 Wabash Ave., Chicago, His. Gentlemen ¡—Inclosed please find draft on Willard Scott à Co., Bankers, Mo. 12945, for S89.77, in payment of Bill for Stationery, dated March 5,1891. Please acknowledge re^pt, and oblige, zours respectfully, J. LERCH. SendlngRecelpt. Naperville, Ills., Dec. 1,1891, Mr. ISRAEL GROSS. Marion, Marion Co., Eans. Dear Sir Yonr favor of Nov. 29,1891, lust received. Inclosed please receipt With thanks for your prompt remittance, I am very respectfuily yours. J. LERCH. gg COMUEBCIAIi C0EBB8P0NDKNCS. Encloiing Note for DIuount. Annapolis, Jan. J j, 1891, rTTAi4 W WARD. Esq., Caahler. . .v Dear Sir*'—Weoffwiordiscount, enclosed, L. Browns note, Dec. 20tn, at nioetr days, for »4,250.76. By discounting the same you will greatly »Wigs.' Yours respectfully, E. SELBY 4 CO. Ordering Books. NapeiTille, iUs.. Oct. 3,1891. Messrs. DOMBY A SON, 45 State Street, Ohxc&ao. Gentlemen:—Please send me, by American Express, as soon ai con. reniei^ the following books : v, ^ Ctok's Commercial Law, ,•••-- »i.w Longfellow's Poems, -••••• ¿.w Westlake's Practice Words, - • * " * ei! Xyhite's jlritbroetic * * w » * * .ou When forwarded please notify me by letter the disconnt that I am entitled to, on the above books. Very respectfully y^«gi,LPH MEYER. Requesting Settioment of Account. Nashville, Tenn., Nor. 10,1891. EUGENE BURNS, Esq., Memphis, Tenn. Bir I enclose your account. I shaU feel obliged by your settlement at an early date, as I have several heavy payments to make. Trusting that ▼ou will excuse my troubling you, I am, respectfully, ' fe.» « > WILLIAM GREEN. Orderfora Book. Trenton, N. J., Nov. 6,1891. Messrs. JAY & MORRISON, Poughkepsie, N. Y. Gentlemen Enclosed find Two Dollars ($2.00), for which please send me two copies of ** Ben Hor," and oblige.« Yours truly, J. G. WOLF. Acknowledging Remittance. New York, Oct. 12,1891. Received from Messrs. W. D. Wolf dCo., Five Hundrra and Fifty pollars on account. 550.1^1, H. D, SCHMUTZ A CO. Asking a Loan. Reading, Pa., May 23,1891. Dear Sir :—1 write to ask you a rather disf^eeableiavor. A disappoint« ment in the recei^ of some money due has exposed me to a temporary embarrassment. Would you under these annoying circumstances accom¬ modate me with a loan oi Twenty Dollars until payday, when I shall be able to return It without fail. It vexes me much to ask a friend such a thing, but you will, I hope, excuse it on the part of Yours, moat truly, F. D. VINCENT. To Mr. William Williamson, Mendoto, His. COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDEN CK. 97 RsqaadfeVPajment MX. M. R POSTER. Buffia.. July 20.1891. Yankton. Dear Sir:—If conventent. please let us have the amount of your bill, March 15th, for $225.50. We desire to close aU our accounts by the 30th inst., and have need of all the funds due us. Please remit without delay, and much oblige, Yours respectfully, MILLER, JOHNSON à CO. Requesting the Payment of a sum of Money. H. M. SCHREPFER. E^.. »• '«»• Howell, Mich. Dear Sir :— Although the balance of the account between ns hae been of long standing in my favor, yet I would not have applied to yon at preeent. had not a very unexpected demand been made upon me for a con¬ siderable sum. which without your assistance, it will not be in my power to answer. When I have an opportunity of seeing you, I shall then inform you of the natujra of this demand, and the necessity of my discharging it. 1 hope you will excuse me this freedom« which nothing but a regard to my credit and family could oblige me to take. If it does not suit you to remit the whole, part will be thankfully received by Your obedient servant, D. E. HOOVER. Urging Payment of Rent Peoria, IHs., Oct. 16,1891. Mr. D. P. COYL,^ ^ Dear Sir—/¿ave waited patiently for your convenience in the payment of the rent for the house you are at present çccupying. As, however, yon have now been my tenant for four months without meeting any of the par- menU, which were to be made monthly, I feel obUged to remind you of the factthat there are now $80 due me. ........ t Trusting that you will give the subject your immediate attention, I am, Yours truly, JAMES FOX. Application for a School. San Jose, Cal., Oct. 16, IfKll. JAMES MILLER, Esq.. _ ^ Secretary of School'Board, Cincinnati. , . , *v i Sir Having learned that there is a vacancy in your school, I beg leave to offer myself as a candidate for the position. I gradoated at the North Western College in 1889, and have since devoted Bvself to the work of teaching. . _ ^ . Enclosed yon will find testimonials from J. e. BaesweUer, Em., County eoperintencíent, and Frerident Smith, former pxMidentol the ajmre n^ed fnetltntion; and I am also permltt^ to refer toBev. T. Woodsldcand Hon. 'shóiüdT^moíri Interview be desired, I shall be glad to present mjseU at such time and place as may be most convenient to yourself. Imm.Slr.witS.mnch«sg^^^^^^^^^ WM. BEEIKE. 98 forms of lbttebs. Order to a Store lor Goode. At Home, Feb. 10,1891 Mr. Counter : , „ Please deliver to the bearer, for me: 22 lbs. Dried Apples, 5 lbs. Best Bice, 81 00 worth of A Coffee Sugar, 1 bar Kising Sun Stove Polish. Charge the same to my account, and greatly oblige, ^ Mrs. J. fcr. Farmer. Ordering a Bill of Goods. Adrian, Mich., Jan. 25,1891. Messrs. L. E. Fiant & Co., 414 State Street, Chicago. Gentlemen:—Please ship me at your earliest convenience, by Freight, per & Q. B. B., the following ; 34 brls. Mess Pork, 20 brls. Coffee Sugar, 7 chests Japan Tea, 10 hags Bio Coffee, 3 mats Cinnamon. Hoping to receive tlie .above order of goods in good condition and without uunecessaiy delay, I am, Vours truly, F. J. Tabgart. Recommendation lor a Farm Laborer. Sycamore, HI., Nov. 1,1890. To whom it may concern:— This certifies that the hearer, Jno. Jones, has worked for me during the last season upon my farm, and that 1 have found him steady, reliable, strong and a good workman. I recommend him to any one who wishes help that understands farming, as one who is able and willing to earn good wages, Lee Schaeffeb. Letter of Introduction. Short Form. Dear Friend:-1 have the pleasure of introducing to your acquaintance Mr. W. N Tarnntzer, whom I commend to your kind attention. Very respectfully yours, S. Bees. To Bev. J. Miller, Nax>ervillo, 111. forms op letters. w Letter of Congratulation. Kaperville, 111, Jan. 27,1891. ily Dear Friend James : Allow me to congratulate you on your marriage, ot which I have just heard. With all my heart 1 wish you a long, happy and prosperous life with your helpmeet. May you share with each other manjf joys and tew sorrows. As ever your friend. To J. A iichneider, Emil von Beroen. Batavia, ill. Letter ot Condolence. Reese, Mich., Jan. 7, 1891. Dear Friend Clayton: With feelings of deepest sorrow I have learned of your recent heavy loss. You have my sincere sympathy in this your affliction. With hope that you may speedily retrieve your ioss, I am, as ever, Your friend. To S. H. Wolf, R. R. Barnard. Naperville, 111. Letter of Credit Naperville, III., Feb. 4,1891. Messrs. Steiner & Leffier, New York. Dear Sirs:—Please allow Mr. J. A. West a credit for such goods as he may select to an amount not exceeding Eight Hundred Dollars ($800.00), for four months. I will become responsible for the payment of the same should Mr. West fail to meet the obligation promptly. Please inform me of the amount for which you give credit, and in default of payment notify me promptly. Very truly yours, ^M>. West'a y I' J- HoüPTPtJEHRBIl. Notk.—Letter» of credit are of CTeat benefit to persons traveling in foreign lands. It enables them to draw money from banks and broken^ and therabv avoid the risk of carrying large amounts of money about their person, ana the annoyance of making frequent exchanges. iOO HOW TO APPLY FOR A SITUATION. HOW TO APPLY FOR A SITUATION. 1. Fit yourself by securing a fair knowledge of Arith¬ metic, Geography, Grammar, United States History, Book¬ keeping, and master Penmanship sufficiently so as to write neatly and rapidly. Obtain a good commercial education in some reliable institution if you possibly can. 2. Secure a few letters of recommendation from your friends and prominent business men if possible. 3. Make up your mind what business you desire to follow and get a list of the best houses in this line, and then make preparation to apply. 4. Then put on your best clothes, see that they are neatly brushed, that your linen is faultless, your boots blacked, your bands and face clean, and your finger-nails properly trimmed. 6. Go to tbe best houses first. Walk directly to the office and ask for the proprietor. If he is not in or, is busy and cannot see you, say that you may call again and politely leave. Make a note of your call and then go to the next place on your list. HOW TO APPLY POR A BiTÜATION. 101 6. It you succeed in seeing the proprietor and are permitted to state your case, come to the point at once. Say that you are truni Illinois (or whatever State you are from), and that you have been in -the city for so many days, or weeks, as the case may be, trying to learn some things that may enable you to be helpful in a business house, and that you desire to try, wages no object; yon are willing to demonstrate your fitness at whatever work they may have, no matter what it is. 7. If you are fortunate enough to gain the proprietor's con¬ fidence, so tliat he is wiiiing to try you, be glad and ask him to give you any work he may have. If he has no work he will say so, and you bid him good-day and politely retire. 8. Before you go to the next place stop for a moment and con¬ sider first, that you made no failure in not securing a position, for the reason that it did not exist, and study carefully and see if you have not made any mistakes in your method of application. 9. Enter the next house with as much courage and confidence as you would if you were sure of a favorable reply. Adopt the same course as before, and if unsuccessful, remember that you and God hold the secret, and keep on in the same way. If in a large city, visit forty or fifty houses each day. Piuck and perseverance will win you a position, for many of our most prominent business men of to-day began by working long and hard in securing their first situation in the same way. 10. Bemember that most of the prominent business men of to-day worked their own way up from the bottom, and they will have considerable sympathy for a young man who is start¬ ing out in life with notUng but an honest heart and willing hands. 1(02 FAMILIAB ^uTEb. If the parties are very, intimate friends, the forma] and eeremonious style may be dropped, and that of a familiar letter adopted, as in the following :— <*.»*« <2^ <\-t'l>t- /* d^, a- À**yáH-t. Vegret. CPä^i. ait*/ G^td. 4*^**/ /iêa/, /d eit^a^ente-n/d, aid €taa^^ />■ ace^/ (G^id. <^ei^ d Ât^e/ ¿n-v*- /a/ddt ^&i. <^^itide/a^ dve*u.'it^, i/te Sû/^ 'pe-»%ue. C^ccddt/ay-, (^^aidÁ HOW TO WRITE BUSINESS AND TISITINO CARDS. 113 HOW TO WRITE BUSINESS AND VISITING CARDS. TJbbb.^I. To serve as credentials, or certificates of authority when an indorsement or an introduction is written upon it. 2.^To make known one's name to a stranger. 3.~To announce a visitor's name when making a call. 4.—Business cards are used by business men to show their kind and place of business. TiTLas.—Social titles are Mr.^ Mrt. and Mit». A man and his wife some- tiines use a joint card, written Mr. and Mrs. A. ß. Barnard, A married woman liTing with her husband generally uses her husband's name instead of her own, as Mrs. Rev. J. C. Myers. Mother and daughter when yisiting cogether often use the same card (the daughter's name is placed below her mother's name). When two or more daughters are in society, the card of the eldest is written Miss Barnard, those of the others Miss Libble Barnard« Miss Bose Barnard, etc. Clergymen, physicians and dentists use their professional titles instead of Mr. Business Cards should contain in as few words as possible, the leading features of the business which you desire to advertise. 114 BOW TO WRITE RESOLCTIONI. ÍÍ9 ** In the midst of life there is death.** HOW TO WRITE RESOLUTIONS Ol the De^th of Members of Societies or Prominent Citizens. I. Beeolutioiia of societies, clubs, or any organization on the death 9 member should always be deliberate, concise and consistent. ' S. Great care should be taken that they are not too brief nor too long, and be careful to avoid excessive exaggerations. ' S. Besolutions In form are always prefaced with a preamble which Aould specify the occasion of what shall follow. The preamble should begin with ** whereas,*' and each resolution should b^n with ** resolved " or ** be it resolved." 4 When resolutions have been iramed by a committee, all their sfgno' tnes should be annexed to the resolutions. FORM OF RESOLUTIONS. Wbbbxas, The great and. supreme Ruler of the universe has In his Infinité wisdom removed from among us, one of our worthy and esteemed fellow-laborers Henry A* Harlow ; and whereas, the long and Intimate idation held with him in the faithful discharge of his duties in this society stakes It eminently befitting that we record our appreciation of him; therefore, Sapived, That the wisdom and ability which he has exercised In the dd of our organisation by service, contributions, and counsel, will be held In grateful remembrance ; Bescèoed, That the sudden removal of such a life from among our midst leaves a vacancy and a shadow that will be deeply realized by all the members and frlenda of this organization, and will prove a serious loss to the community and the public. Betohed, That with deep sympathy with the bereaved relatives of the deceased we exprese our hope Tthat even so great a loss to na all may be avermled for good by Him who doeth all things well ; JSeso/fNd, That a copy of these resolutions be spread upon the records tilia organization, a copy printed in the local paper and a copy forwardec to the bereaved family. 116 proposal to erect public building. PROPOSAL TO ERECT PUBLIC BÜILDINO. To the Directors of School District No. 7, Township of Milton, Du Page County, Illinois: We propose to erect, complete and finish, on the lots owned by you in your district, a schoolhouse according to plans, specifications and details this day furnished to us, and from which these estimates are prepared, and upon which they are based. We propose to furnish all materials of eve^ kind and character required to be used in the construction and the completion of said building, and we agree that the work, when completed, and all materials, shall fully and strictly comply with the plans and specifications hereinbefore men¬ tioned, and that said building shall be completed and ready for occupancy on or before six months from the date hereof. We pröpöse to construct said building and complete it in accordance with the foregoing proposition for the sum of ten thousand ($10,000.00) dollars, payable as follows: $5,000.00 when the walls are up and roof is on; $2,000.00 when the plastering is completed, and the balance on completion of the building. We hope this proposition may be accepted by your honorable board. Dated this 13th day of May, 1896. James Harris & Co. HOW TO MAKE CHANGE QUICKLY. 1. Consider the amount of the purchase as money already counted out; for example, if the purchase amounts to 46 cents, and you are handed a $2 bill in payment, count out 4 cents to make it 50 cents, then count out the other $1.50. 2. Should the purchase amount to $2.54, and you are handed $10, count out 46 cents to make it $3, then count out even dollars to make the $10, and your change is cor¬ rect. 3. Always count your change after receiving, and see that it is correct. SAFE PRINCIPLES TO PRACTICE. IIT SAFE PRINCIPLES TO PRACTICE. 1. Baying Past Due Notes.—Don't make a practice of buying past due notes, especially those not secured by mort¬ gage. There are exceptions, however, where it is right and proper. But the shrewd business man seldom touches a past due note. 2. Selling Notes irithont Beconrse.—If you sell a note drawn payable to your order, it will be necessary for you to write your name upon the back, in order that it may be legally transferred. With the name thus upon the back, you must consider yourself responsible for the payment of the note, in case the maker fails to pay. But if you sell the note with the distinct understanding that you are to be re¬ lieved of further responsibility, then you should write on the back, over your signature, these words: "Without recourse." See Form 3, page 129. 3. Keeping Cancelled Notes.—If parties are holding notes against you that are secured by mortgage, it would be well to cancel them, or mark them paid as soon as they are mken up, but not to destroy them, or mutilate them by tear¬ ing of signatures, or otherwise. Keep every note until the last one has been paid and the mortgage discharged. This is quite important. 4. Inquiring for Notes at Bank.—When calling at a bank for your note, always mention the exact day oh which It falls due ; if the paper belongs to another party, and is held by the bank for collection, then mention also the name of the person to whom it was originally given ; if you have received a written notice concerning the note, take this no¬ tice with you, for it will tell the whole story. Banks keep their own notes in one place, and those of their customers in another ; they also keep each date by itself and can. therefore, find notes more readily, if owner s names and date of maturity are given. 5. Getting Consent of Surety.—If you hold a note signed by two persons, one of whom is a surety, be very careful when the note becomes due not to consent to extension of time until the person who signed as surety gives his con¬ sent to such extension in writing. In the state of Illinois verbal consent on the part of the surety is sufficient, but in some states it is necessary, in order to bind the surety, that his consent be in writing to be absolutely safe; therefore, you should always secure the consent of the surety to an extension of time on a note in writing, or better still, make a new note and have it executed by all the parties. 9 118 SAFE PRINCIPLES TO PRACTICE.—HONESTY. 6. Cantion as to Endorsements.^—When making a pay¬ ment of interest or principal upon your note, see that it is properly endorsed yourself, and examine the note and see that it is your note. It is not unusual that an endorsement is made upon the wrong paper. 7. Receipts for Payment of Interest or Principal on Notes.—The practice of taking interest or part payment of principal without having them endorsed upon notes is a very poor one, although it often happens that it is necessary. Honest men sometimes receive money in that way but neg¬ lect to make endorsement, and should the note pass in the hands of an innocent person who knows nothing about these payments, he can insist upon the payment of the face of note and interest. All payments of principal and interest must appear as endorsements upon the back of the note. 8. Payment of Notes at a Distance.—In the payment of notes where parties live at a distance, request them to send it to the nearest bank for collection. Then you can go there and make payment and receive the note. This is the only safe and business-like way to pay a note where party hold¬ ing it lives at a distance. ■OW TO WBITB» COLLECT, AND TRANSTEB VOTSB. 119 OBOROB WASHINCTOR. WMhlncton •tadied and mastered without help the Intricate forms d boalneaa He copied bills of exchange, notes, drafts, bills of sale, receipt^ andall the varieties of business forms with a precision and elegance that were remarkable.—Irving. HOW TO WRITE, COLLECT, AND TRANSFER NOTES. 1. Notes are very common, and of great ntility in business. At the present time a large proportion of all the business is transacted on credit, that is, a tradesman instead of paying {or his stock vrben he buys it, promises to pay at some future time; that promise, whether oral or written, is itself property, and may be transferred from one to another. Hence notes which are a written and unconditional admission and evidence of a debt, facilitate the use of credit, which is and has been a great factor in the extension of commerce and trade. 2. A note is a simple written promise to pay a certain sum at a certain time, or on demand, or at sight to a person therein «amed. The person who promises is called tiie ma/air, and the one tt whom he promises is called the pc^v,. i20 FACTS WOBTH KNOWIKO AEOTTT NOTES. 3. Notes are made payable to bearer or to order. 4. A note payable at a future time is not dne nntil three days after the specified day of payment. 5. Paper payable to bearer is transferred by delirery, pay« able to order by indorsement. 6. A note made by an intoxicated person, or minor, is void, •7. A note negotiable must contain five things: (l; that the date of payment be certain to come; (2) that it have one of the two words order or bearer; (3) that the amount be specified and certain; (4) that it be payable in money only; (5) that it be an Unconditional promise. 8. A signature written with a lead pencil is valid. 9. If no time is spécified, the note is payable on demand. 10. All the parties who have written their names- on a note are liable for the amount due; but only one satisfaction can be recovered. 11. An indorser can avoid liability by -writing "without recourse" on the back of the note with his signature. 12. A promissory note does not hear interest until after maturity, unless so specified. 13. In order to hold the endorser of a note it is neces¬ sary in Illinois and some other states to sue the note at maturity, secure judgment, have execution issued and re¬ turned " unsatisfied " or show maker to be insolvent or a nonresident. In others payment must be demanded on date of maturity and note protested by a notary public. 14. A note by one who cannot write should be witnessed. 15. A note destroyed by fire can be collected by proof. 16. Fraudulently making or altering a note is fo^ery. 17. A forged instrument is not commercial paper, and one whose name is forged cannot be made responsible. 18. A note obtained through fraud, in the hands of an inno¬ cent party who has acquired it in good faith, may be collected. 19. Notes are not transferable after they are due. 20. Always write the name of the place and State. It is just as important as the date. * 7 and 33. Thia is the English common law. In Illinois and some other states the words " order or bMrer " are not necessary to make a note negotiable. 81. Negotiable paper, payable to bearer, or indoi-sed in blank, which has been stolen or lost, cannot be collected by the thiel er finder, hut a holder who receives it in good faith before maturity for value, can hold it against the owner's claims. 23, Money paid under mistake must be refunded. 23. A note made in one State, payable in another, must be governed by tbe laws of that State in which it is to be paid. 24. Demand for payment of a note must be made upon the last day-of grace; if that day is a Sabbath or a holiday, demand must he made on the day previous. 25. One who receives a note knowing it to have defects, gets no better right to collect it, than the one from whom he received it had. 26. If a person at the time of taking a note, has notice that. it is void through fraud, or upon any legal grounds, he cannot collect it. 27. A note as a gift is void for want of a consideration. I 28. Upon presentment for payment and refusal by the maker at maturity, in order to hold the endorser suit should be immediately instituted upon the note against the maker, and notice of default should be given to the endorser, and in some states the notice should be protested by a notary public. 29. An extension of the time of a note by holder, releases Bureties and indorsers. 30. The signature on a note or bill need not be proven, unless it is first denied under oath. 31. When several persons unite in a note and say: "weprom^ iie," or "we joirUlg promise," it is a joint liability only, and ail must be sued ; but if they say we or either of m promise, or "wo foinOf/ and severally promise," the liability is both joint and several, and either or all may be sued. 32. When a note says "I promise," but is signed by two or more, each signer is bound for the whole amount, and each or all may be sued. •33. If the words order or bearer are omitted, the note is not transferable. 34. A note given by one who is not of age cannot be collected by law. If the minor ratifies after becoming of age, it becomes valid. 35. The words "value received" are not required by law, and can be safely omitted. Tbe law always presumes value was received until evidence is shown to the contrary. 36. Days of grace have been abolished in recent years in a number of states. For information, see page 298. 122 BOW TO DISC0ÜI7T NOTES AND BILLS. How to Discount a Note at the Bank. 1. Discount is a certain percentage deducted from a note or debt fw the payment oí same belore it is due. 2. Bank Discount is simple interest on the principal, taken in adTance, and is usually reckoned for three days more than the specified time. 8. In discounting a note which is drawing interest, the discount must be reckoned on the amount or value of the note when due. (The interest for the full time must be first added to the face of the note before computinf the discount.) Example.-'Uohert F. May, on May 2d, ottered the following note, pr(^ erly indorsed, for discount:^ $525. Philadelphia, March 29, 1893. Sixty days after date, we promise to pay to Robert F. May, or order, at the Union National Bank, Five Hundred and Twenty-Five Dollars, without defalcation. Value received. B. J. Birnbt A Co. How much will he receive as the net proceeds of the above note ? *8ixty days from March 29th is May 28th, which, with the three days of grace added, gives May 81st. From May 2d to May Slat, including the day of discount, is 80 days. Interest on $525 for 30 days — 2.63 discount. 525 «2.63 « 522.37 net proceeds. How to Discount Bills and Invoices. First deduct the trade or general discount from the amount of the bffl, and from this remainder subtract the discount for cash. Example : What must be paid for a bill of goods amounting to $200, .with a discount of 25^ and 10^ off? Solution : $200 X 25^ « $50.00 trade discount. $200 — $503 $160. $150 X ]o<( — $15.00 discount for caalk $150 — $15 = $l35.«An8. * Days of grace are now abolished In Pennsylvania. u ALL THB DIFFERENT FORMS OF NOTElr The Safe Way to Write All the Different Forms of Notes. 0^. 7, 7S9^. xaáx-^«. JétAtmit^ **af^***^' Jt Payable at Bank, (140.00. Naperville, Ills., Oct. 10,1891. Two years after date, for value received, I promise to pay N. A. Lundy, or order. Four Hundred and Forty Dollars at Second îtational Bank. Interest at eight per cent, per ■nnnm. t> n /> ■ F. D. Crimmins. ALL THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF NOTES. I2& A Note b) Ona who Cannot Writa. Vi^SIK Clerelsnd, Ohio, Mar. 20,1892. One year after date, I promise to pay D. A. Ffitzingei^ or order, I^rty-nine *ViosI>ollaT3, with inteiest at eight per cent Value received. Ml Jobn+Ronrhe^ Uichael Curtis, Witness. """ K. B.—A note made by a person who cannot write ahonld always bo witnessed by a disinteiested person. On Demand. •25.67. Toronto, Out., Oct. 12,1891. On demand I promise to pay to the order of J. D. Jones, Twenty-five *Vieo Dollars. Value received, with interest at J.P.Reynolds. KoTR.'*>This note answers the same parpóse as a note written one daj after date. My Own Order. •800.00. Ottawa, Ont., July 20,1892. For value received, I promise to pay, sixty days after date, to my own order. Two Hundred Dollars, with Interest at éight per cent. A. S. Barnard. Kotb.^A note may be drawn to the maker's own order, with his indorse* Bent in iavot of the creditor. This note then can he transferred without Indorsement. loint Note. •200. Lisle, Ills., Jan. 1,1891. One year from date, we promise to pay P. D. Crlmmina, or order, Two Hundred Dollars. Value received. Interest at dx per cent. Ed ward Strohm. Ohas. Schwartz. Principal and Surety Note. 1600. Montreal, Sept. 21, 1892. For valne received, on or before July 1893, 1 promise to pay to the order of Grover Cleveland, Six Hundred Dollars. Interest at lüne per cent. Peter Thompson, Pfinàpat. Jasper Dille, Suavty. ItOTE'^Tlie general form of a Principal and Surety la lor the prlncipel to properly sign the note, and tha surety to Indorse it. IM ALL THB AIFFEBBIIT F0BH8 OF NOm. Collateral Nota. $5M. Hendota, Texas, Sept. 25, IBM. Sixty days after date I promise to pay to the order of Elmer Wicks, Five Hundred Dollars, without defalcation, for value received. Interest at eight per cent. Having deposited United States' Bonde of the nominal valne of Six Hundred Dollars, which I authorize the holder of this Hote, npon the non* performance of this promise at matnrlty, to sell, either at the Brokera* Board or at pnbllc or private sale, wlthone demanding payment of this Note or the debt due thereon, and without further notice, and apply pioceeda^ 00 as much thereof as may be necessary to the payment of this Note, and all necessary expenses and charges, holding myself responsible for any deficiency. Philo Barber. AccommodaUon Noie. fSOO.OO. Mariden, Vt., March 13,1892. Sixty days after date I promise to pay to the order of Frank Bryant, Five Hundred Doliars, at the Earlvllle Kational Bank, without defalcation. Value received. Henry Lnndy. Credit the drawer, ) Frank Bryant. ) Note..—An accommodation note is where a person gives his noie fo another person, who Is by agreement permitted to take it to the bank_and have it discounted. In the hands of the original holder it cannot be col> lected. A Nolo b; a Married Woman. $200.00. San Francisco, Cal., Jnne U, 1892. Two years after date, 1 promise to pay Fred. Lueben, at order. Two Hundred Dollars, with Interest at eight per cent., payable annually. Value received. Mrs. Mary Chandler. N. B.—A married woman could formerly Incur no liability, bnt now the statutes of the various States give her more or less freedom to enter Into contracts, and consequently her note can be enforced agmnst her. But in most States she cannot be bound by a note given to her husband, nor can be give a note to her. If she lends money to him and takes his note, n court of equity will oblige the husband to pay her. but the court of law will not. Idni and Several Noie. 12,000.00- Ottawa, Out., Nov. 25,1892. Ten months after date, we, or either of us, promise to pay Maggie Patterson Two Thousand Dollars, value received. Interest at five per cent, E. C. Wicks. John Undsley. AUl THE DIPEEBEMT FOBMS OF EOTEBi 127 Chattel Note. VmiL Earlvllle, Ills., Aug. IT, 1892. Thirty days from date, for value received, 1 promise to pay A. B. Uody, or order, Seven Hundred Dollars In Warren. Tille Flour, at the then market rate, the same to be delivered at the opUon of the owner within the limits of the town of EarlvUle. B. B. Boecker. Producá Note. (87.00. Memphis, Tenn., Nov. 20,1892. For value received, I promise to pay to Geo. Finkbiner, on demand. Thirty-seven Dollars, in goods at our store. J. L. Strohm. Ordinary Form used in the West. S200.00. Sacramento, Cal., June IS, 1896. One year after date I promise to pay J. G-. Snyder, or order. Two Hundred DoUare, in U. S. gold coin, with interest at one per cent, per month in like gold coin until paid. W. F. Teei. * iron Clad Form. »00.00. Salt Lake City, Utah, May 19,1896. Two years after date, for value received, we promise to pay to the order of L.B.Lawson, Three Hundred Dollars, negotiable and payable at the Commercial National Bank of Salt Lake City, Utah, with, out defalcation or discount, with eight per cent, interest per annum from date until paid, both before and after judgment, payable in U. S gold coin ; and if suit be instituted for the collection of this note we agree to pay Twenty Dollars attorney's fee. If the interest be not paid ae herein stipulated, the legal holder of this note may declare the prin¬ cipal due, and proceed by law to recover both principal and interest. T. C. Hallett. 3. T. Hallett. g Corporation Note. (200.00. Augusta, Me., Mar. 18. 1892. Nine monfbs after date, the Granite Stone Company promises to pay J. D. Hullng, or order, Two Hundred Dollars, with interest tA seven per cent. Value received. Granite Stone Company Attest: I. E. Devitt, Secretary, T. P. Phillips, President. N. B.—If corporation notes are drawn and signed In the above mann« flieoflteeaan not personally liable. * This form is used by bankers and brokers in the Bocky Motmtain and Pacific States i it is really a form of Judgment Note, 128 IND0BSBMENT8. How the Different Notes and Bills are Indorsed. I.—Blank Indorsement. A blank indorsement is writing the name of the holder on ihebaehù to his order, and signs his name below, it is called a full imdorsbment. Jitomh 2 {page\2^) is indorsed in full, and made payable to .he order of J, A, West. INDORBEMBNTB. 129 8.—Oualffled Indorsement, or How to Avoid Liability, ftkit ii çeneraUy done by ineerttng the word* "without bbcouksb" m the ^ndortemeni. 2t relieves the iTtdorser from all liability to pay, while at the eame time it träniere the title per/eeily to the one to whom it is sold. 4.—Restrictive indorsement. A restrictive indorsement is intended to conpne the payment to some partiew tar person or purpose. J^orm 2 (paffel24} is restriciively indorsed as follows: O S ■ O N. B.—This note cannot be transferred. The mere omission of the words "order" or "bearer" in an indorsement on the back of a note or draft does not haTO the same effect as .the omissions of the same words in the face of the note or draft. If omitted on the face, it restricts negotiability. 6.—Conditional indorsement. Neither the original character of the note nor its negotiability is affected by a eonditional indorsement. It ordy affects the title of the one to whom it is trans» ferred. 130 FOBMS OF mDOBBEMENTS. FORMS OF INDORSEMENTS. i. Xodoraement In Blank. John S. Barton. n. IndOTsement In Poll. Pay to yas. Jones, or order, John S. Barton. 8. Qualified Indorsement. Without recourse. John S. Barton. 4. Bestrictive Indorsements. Pay Robert Hunter, for my use. John S.Barton. Pay to Chas. Harrison only. John S. Barton. 1. The word mdormment signifies a writing on the back of a bill or written instrument. 2. The indorsement may be on any part of the note, or on a paper annexed to it, in ink or in pencil. 3. When note or bill Is drawn payable to a person or his order, it is transferable only by his indorsement. Nothing else in law will hold the parties to a note directly liable to the holder. 4. When money is received on a bill or note, tbe amonnt and date of receiving should be plainly written on the back of the paper. THE FORM OF A MONEY INDORSEMENT. 6, Conditional Indorsememt. Pay George Gray, or order, the within, unless before dut he. receives the amount front my agent. John S.Barton, 6. Indorsement by an Agent. Howard Chester, By John S. Barton his agent. 7. A Guaranty on a Note. For value received in cash, I hereby ptarantee the pay¬ ment of the within note. ~ ' S.Barton t I t I I "î? 5 N J, i "i>2 w ^ a ^ 's 5» ^ is I CHEOKa. 131 HOW TO WRITE, PRESENT, AND INDORSE A CHECK. 1. A cbeck is a simple order on a bank for the immediate payment of a certain sum of money. 2. A bank can stamp a check good, or certify it, and thna become responsible to the holder for the amount. 3. In sending a check away from your own town or locality it should always be certified, as in the above. 4. A check is not due until presented. It is negotiable. It has no days of ghace. 5. Giving a check is no payment of an indebtedness, unless the check is paid. 6. The death of the maker of the check before presentment to the bank, renders the check null and void. 7. A forged check paid by the bank is the bank's loss, and not the depositor's. 8. Payment of a check may be stopped by subsequent order to bank by maker before presentment of cheek. 9. The amount of the check should always be written out in words. 10. Every holder of a check is liable to a subsequent holder only for the time for which he would be held, if originally liable. 11. It is the safest rule always to act with diligence in pre¬ senting checks for payment. 12. Certificates of Deposit are used when money is deposited for a short time, and no regvlar bank account is kept. They can be used the same as a certified check. 13. In presenting a check to the bank for payment, always Write your name on the back before presenting it. 14. If you have money in a bank and you wish to draw out s certain sum, write "Pay to myself," instead of writing your name in the body of the cbeck, and then sign it. 15. A safe bank ought to be patronized, for it is dangerous to keep in possession or carry large sums of money. 132 CHECKS. All the Different Forms of Checks. STAMP. 1)0.245. ji Chicago, April 6,i8gi. Sank, g, (D-t€A^, J //OOO. I 1. PAYABLE TO YOURSELF. tioojoo. Lexington, Mo., Mar. zo, i8gr. Lexington National Bank, Pay to myself One Hune ired Dollars. IV. D. Atkinson, 2. PAYABLE TO BEARER. t/jo.oo. Naperville, Ills., fan. /, i8gi. First National Bank, Pay to f. L. Nichols, or bearer. One Hundred Fifty Dollars. Willard Scott ô» Co. 3. PAYABLE TO ORDER. $24045. Earlville, Me., June 6, l8gi. Earl Exchange Bank, Pay to F. B. Smith, or order. Two Hundred Forty *^lm Dollars. O. M. Powers. «. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT. $225.00. Philadelphia, Nov. 13, l8go. Keystone National Bank. Thomas Hendricks has deposited in this Bank Two Hundred Twenty-Five Dollars, payable to the order of John A. Logan, on the return of this certificate properly indorsed^ C. E. Cramer, Cashier, receipts. 183 HOW TO WRITE ALL KINDS OF RECEIPTS. A Kbceipt is an acknowledgment in writing that a certain sum of money or thing has been received by the party giving and signing the same. A complete receipt requires the following statements : That a payment has been received; the date of the payment; the amount or article received; from whom received, and if for another, on whose behalf payment is made; to what debt or purpose it is to be applied; by whom received, and if for an¬ other, on whose behalf it was received. 2. If the giving and receiving of receipts was more strictly held to in the transactions of the various kinds of business, less trouble, fewer law-suits, and the saving of thousands of dollars would be the result. 3. If payment is made upon anoutú, upon a special debt, or ta full, it should be so stated in the receipt. 4. When an agent signs a receipt, he should sign his prin¬ cipal's name and then write his name underneath as agent. 5. It is not necessary to take a receipt on paying a note, draft, or other instrument indoised by the payee, because the instrument itself becomes a receipt. 6. If a receipt Is obtained through fraud, or given under error or mistake, it is void. Receipt for the Purchase of a horse. 1200.00. Omaha, Neb., March 20, 1891. Eeceived of J. Lerch, Two Hundred Dollars, for a black mare, warranted only six years, sound, free from vice, and |uiet to ride and drive. Charles M. Smith. 131 BECEIFTB. ALL THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF RECEIPTS. Receipt for Payment on Account ^ZSO.OO. '-^ee«¿^tee/ ^ 3^. Ci^teÂcA, 2, Receipt for Settlement of an Account. Joliet, Ills., March 20, 1891. Received from Thomas Rourke, Two Hundred and Twenty "/>«» Dollars, in settlement of account to date. C. S. Selby. 3, Receipt In Full of all Demanda Meriden, Conn., Jan. 14,1891. Received of E. R. Wicks, One Thousand Dollars, in full of all demands to date. J. F. Hielscher, 4, Receipt for a Particular Rill. Brooklyn, N. T., Aug. 1,1891. Received of Morris Cliggitt, Four Hundred Dollars, in Payment for a bill of Merchandise. 6. G. Barrett. 6. Receipt for Rent. Snyder, Tex., Mar. 20, 1891. Received of L. Heininger, Forty Dollars, in full for one month's rent, to April 20th, for residence at 41 Olive Street J. G. Litt 6. Receipt for a Note. Rec'd, Buffalo, March 6,1891, from Messrs. Taylor & Co., their note of this date, at three mouths, our favor, for Twelve Hundred and Twenty Dollars ; which, when paid, will he in fuil of account rendered to 1st instant. 31220.00. Wiiliam Barber. 7. Receipt for Service. Lemont, 111., July 23, 1891. Received from Samuei Lynu, Forty-Four Dollars, in full for service to date. 344.00. Daniel Furbush. RECKIPTB.—0IIDER8. 136 8. Indonement of a Partial Payment of a Nute. Bec'd, March 4, 1885, on acconnt of within note, Three Eundred Dollars ($300.00). 9. Receipt lor Borrowed Money. $35.00. Naperville, Ills., Jnly 20, 1891. Borrowed and received from D. B. Givler, Thirty-Five Dollars, which I promise to pay on demand, with interest. Henry Baymer. 10. Receipt tor Property. Bochester, N. Y., April 14,1891. Beceived of Louis Beininger, the following enumerated articles, to be held in trust for him, and returned on his de¬ mand : One Gold Watch, two Promissory Notes, each dated March 4,1886, and signed by Henry Taylor,—one for Three Hundred Dollars, and one for Seven Hundred, each due one year from date. William Place. 11. Receipt for Payment by the hand of a Third Party. $450.00. Joliet, Ky., June 4, 1891. Beceived from Carl Cook by the hand of Frank Furbush Four Hundred and Fifty Dollars, in full for proceeds of sale •f stock, sold May 28,1891. John Bourke. HOW TO WRITE ALL KINDS OF ORDERS. 136 ORDERS.—DUE-BILLS. 2. In Full of Account. 123.00. St. Louis, April 13,189L C. A. Mather, Esq.: Please pay John Bickert, oi bearer, Twenty-Five Dollars in goods, and this shall be youi receipt in full of my account. P. D. Crimminsi 3. For Goods. New Orleans, March A, 1891. Mr. W. W. Walsworth ; Please send me per bearer ten barrels of Geneseo Flour, and oblige, Tours truly, Minnie Howard. Orders are negotiable, but the person on whom they are drawn is not ander obligation to pay them, unless they have been accepted, for an order partakes of the nature of a draft. HOW TO WRITE ALL KINDS OF DUE-BILLS. On Demand. (250.00. Naperville, 111., July 1,1891. Due J. O. Everett, on demand. Two Hundred Fifty Dok lars in goods from my store, for value received. A. T. Hanson. In Merchandise. (1000.00. Lincoln, Xeb., Nov. 1891. Due B. Williams, or order. One Thousand Dollars, pay¬ able in wheat at market price,-on the first day of January next. Charles Lamb. A Due-Bill ia not generally payable to order, nor is it assignable by mere indorsement. It is simply the acknowledgment of a debt ; yet it may ba transferred. Due-bills do not draw interest, unless so specified. SBAFI3. (37 HINTS AND HELPS FOR WRITING, ACCEPTING, AND TRANSFERRING ALL KINDS OF DRAFTS. 1. A draft is a written order by one person on another for the payment of a specified sum of money. 2. The one who writes the draft is called the "drawer," the one on whom it is written the "drawee," and the one to whom it is to be paid the "payee." 3. Drafts may be made payable at sight, on demand, or at a certain time after date, or after sight. 4. The person drawn upon is under no obligation to the bolder of the draft unless he accepts it. 5. The usual method of writing an acceptance is, to write across the face of the draft, with red ink, the word "Aeeepled," foliowing with-date and signature. 6. When acceptance or payment is refused the draft is pro¬ tested. 7. A protest is a formal declaration made by a notary public, under his hand and seal, at the request of the holder, for non- acceptance or non-payment, and the parties liable are formally notified. 8. Drafts are negotiable both before and after acceptance. 9. Drafts drawn at sight or on demand are not presented for acceptance, but for payment only. 10. Drafts may be drawn to one's own order, and then indorsed in favor of the party to whom they are to be sent. 11. In buying a draft at the bank, it is always best to have it made payable to yourself, and then indorse it in favor of the party to whom you intend to transfer it. This gives you a good receipt for the money. 12. A promise to accept a draft will be equivalent to an acceptance if it has given credit to the bill. 13. Drafts on foreign countries are usually drawn in sets of three, each one referring to the other two, in order to prevent loss in transmission. I'hey are sent by different routes, and the payment of one of them cancels the three. 14. Should the person upon whom the draft is drawn die before it was accepted, it should be presented for acceptance to bis legal representatives. 13c. fobms of dbaftb. FORMS OF DRAFTS. Accepted Orail, _ . ~ sí t. Sight Draft. fSOO. Kaperville, Tenu., July 10,1891. At sight pay to the order ol Frank Keeler, Five Hun« dred Dollars, and charge to the account of To D. Bowers, E. Miller. Meriden, Ills. 2. Time Draft. (100. Troy Grove, Ills., Aug. 1,1891. At ten days' sight pay to the order of Bernie Bogers at the Mendota First National Bank, One Hundred Dollars. Value received. Dowling. To Chas. Strong, Mendota, Ills. 3. Time Draft, Second Form. (150.30. Ottawa, Fla., July 5,1891. Ten days from date pay to J. L. Nichols, or order. Four Hundred Fifty "/»« Dollars. Value received. To Fred. J. Davis, William Curtis. Ottawa, Fla. 4. Drafts to My Dwn Drder. (500. Wheaton, Ala., May 1,1891. Ten days after sight, pay to my own order Five Hun- dred Dollars, and charge to To Beed Avery, Bnfus Parks. Earlville, Dis. HOW TO DO BUSINESS WITH A BANK. 139 HOW TO DO BUSINESS WITH A BANK. 1. National Banks are required by the United States to deposit interest bearing bonds with the Treasurer at Washing¬ ton in proportion to the capital stock paid in. 2. Banks of "circulation and deposit" have the use under certain restrictions of capital paid in by tlie stockholders, the money beionging to the depositors, and the notes of their own circulation. 3. Make your deposits in the bank as early in the day as possible, and never without your bank-book. 4 Always use the deposit tickets funiished by the bank. When checks are deposited, the banks require them to be in¬ dorsed, whether drawn to his order or not. 5. Keep yonr check-book under a lock and key. 6. Draw as few checks as possible; when several bills are to be paid, draw the money in one check. 7. Do not allow your bank-book to run too long without balancing. Compare it witii the account of the bank. 8. in filling up checks, do not leave space in which the •mount may be raised. 9. Write your signature with the usual freedom, and never vary tlie style of it. 10. Every check is paid by the bank at its own risk. If forged the bank must lose the amount. 11. if a raised check is paid by the bank, it can only charge Ihe depositor the amount for which he drew, 12. Always keep the stub of your check-book, and in issuing • check always fill the stub out first. 140 HJW BANKING IS DONE. HOW BANKING IS DONE. I. Custodian of Money.—A banker is the custodian of the money of other persons. Such is his business, viewed in its simplest aspect. A banker, if he hoarded the money deposited with him, would be simply a cash-keeper to the public; his bank would be literally a bank of deposit. Even were the business of banking limited to the keeping of deposits, it would be of no small advantage to society : the depositors would be relieved from the care of their money, and in many cases from the trouble of handing it to those to whom they required to make a payment. If the person to whom the depositor wishes to pay money intends also to deposit it, a transfer in the books of the banker from the one to the other, made on the order or check of the deposi¬ tor, would effect the payment. The money itself would lie undisturbed HOW BANKING IS DONE. 141 3. Lending It Ont.—But the business of receiving money has almost always been, and is now universally, combined with that of lending it out. A banker does not hoard all the money deposited with him—he gives the greatest por¬ tion out in loans. The lending of money is as much a part of his business as the receiving of deposits. 3. Interest.—For the money he lends he receives interest from the borrowers; and in this interest he is paid for his trouble in taking charge of the deposits, and for his risk of bad debts. The services that a banker performs as the cash-keeper of his depositors are great. In the case of persons not themselves in business it is quite usual for a banker to make all their money payments, beyond their small daily expenditure, and to receive the money payable to them. 4. Disconnts.—Banks make their loans chiefly in the form of discounts ; that is, upon bills of exchange. Com¬ modities in the wholesale market are generally sold on credit. The buyer promises to pay the amount on a certain date to the seller, and his promise is contained in a bill of exchange. The seller transfers it to a bank, which, on the faith of it, advances the amount in loan to him, less discount, that is, interest of the money till the bill be due. This is called discounting. 5. Bank-Notes.—The chief object in the manufacture' of bank-notes is to render forgery impossible, or at least easy of detection. This is sought to be effected by peculiarity of paper, design, and printing, or a combination of these means. The main reliance has been on mechanical design —the writing, the emblems, and the ornaments being so combined as to render forgery difficult. 6. The Ink.—The ink, too, is peculiar, being the blackest and most indelible of inks. As a further security against forgery, a self-registering machine was contrived by Mr. Ol&am. Copperplate printing was the only printing in use for bank notes till 1837, when a grbat improvement was made by Messrs. Perkins and Heath. This was the production of designs by the mill and die by mechanical pressure. . , , , 7. Steel Plate.—The pattern is engraved on a soft steel plate, wUch is ¿en hardened, to transfer the pattern by pressure to a soft steel roller, on which, of course, the pat¬ tern is produced in relief ; the roller or mill is then hardened, to reproduce the pattern in the plate from which the printing is to be done ; and thus almost any number of Slates for all common purposes can easily be produced. fo Bank of England notes are issued twice. HOW TO FILL OUT A CHEOK« . ' ]. Od the fiiBt blank line at the top write the number of doltos in figures, and then the date in the blank line following the name of the |0wn end Btate. S. After the words ** Fay to ** write the name of the party in whose favor the check is drawn, and on the next line below write out the Rhoont to be paid in full. 8. On the last line at Che left, write the number of the check (if you desire to number it) and then sign your name on the last blank line H the right. Ct^icago, Ills.. Blairs! National Bank Pay ^0. or order. i^DoWars. COMMON FORM OF BANK CHECK. A RECEIPI FOR INTEREST DUE ON A MORTGAGE UOiNT NOTC NCOOpABLC ) MoTv\,rea\, ,at\-ev date. irom\se to pav .or order. j!l_t)o\\arB, tor Ma\ue recewied. MINT NOTE THAT CAN BE TRANIFERREa BOW TO ENDOBSE A CHECK. HOW TO ENDORSE A CHECK AT THE BANK. 1. The Check is the most common commercial paper in nse, ind it is astonishing to see bow many intelligent and educated people lack the necessary information on this subject. 2. Write across the back (not lengthwise) near the left end. 3. Simply writing your name on the back is a blank endorse¬ ment, and signifies that it has passed through your hands, and is payable to bearer. 4. It you wish to make the check pi^ahle to some particular person, write : Fay to the order of (Person's name), and then sign your name below. 5. Always endorse a check just as it appears on the face. If a check is payable to F. Block, it cannot be endorsed Frank Block. If the spelling of the name on the face of the check is wrong, endorse first as the name appears on the face, and below this first endorsement write your name correctly. 6. If the name on the face of the check is written Rev. F.W. Heidner, it must be so written in the endorsement. 7. If you wish to deposit a check, write : "For Deposit," «nd below this your name. Form of an Endorsement When Transferred. When Presented for PaymenL 3 HOW TO FILL OUT BLANK CHECKS, NOTES, ETC., AND KEEP THE STUBS. ^ No. /. 1 Fei. ad, 1887. P Rational Es^ehange fiank, Wm. F. Barker, Ii» Pay to or Bearer, ' for Merchandise. 0 ' Dollars» ' 100 $300. 300 1 , j^SOO, $Z4dS. To C. C. Mumm. For Merchandise. Date March 3,1887, Time One year. Due March 6,1888. No./, 3, -/dSy. , ..after date, .¿f. .promise to pay to the order of ^ ^ ~ ^^OIIQiTS J at. .d^Välue received. Mo. I. Due • djCf! 160 LAW PERTAINING TO BUSINESS PAPERS, PEESÜMPTIONS OF lAW PEETADÍUTG TO BUSI¬ NESS PAPERS. 1, Law Takes Things for Granted.—The law takes cer¬ tain things for granted in connection with negotiable paper, and these things are accepted as true, unless proper evi¬ dence proves them to be false. 2. A Yalnable Consideration.—Paper is always consid- erer as having been given for a valuable consideration, un¬ ies» the contrary can be shown. I The Holder ol the Paper is Considered the Owner.— Tff holder of paper is regarded as the owner so long as no su^icious facts are shown in connection with his owner¬ ship. 4. Received before Maturity.—It is presumed that the holder received the pap'er before maturity until it is proved ti> have been transferred after it was due. $. Possession in the Coarse of Business.—The holder is regarded as having come into possession of the paper in the course of his busine and for value, unless good evidence disproves these presumptions. LAW PERTAINING TO BUSINESS PAPERS. 161 6. Indorsements Before Maturity.—'Indorsements are supposed to have been made before maturity, unless it clearly appears otherwise. 7. Maker and Indorser's Liability.—The maker of a note is considered as the first debtor, and the indorsers are looked upon as conditionally liable. 8. Acceptor of a Draft the First Debtor.—The acceptor •f a draft is presumed to be the first debtor, and the drawer and indorsers to be only liable in the event of his failure to meet the obligation. Q. Negotiable Paper Means Just What It Says.—The law presumes that negotiable paper means just what it says, and evidence is not permitted to prove that it does not. 10. Mistake in Amount.—If a mistake is made in stat¬ ing the amount of a note, or the time when the same is due, or in any other material respect, such mistake may be corrected by a proper proceeding in court, but this should be done before the instrument is sued on. If the instru¬ ment is sued on before such correction is made recovery must be upon the note as written. BECEIFT FOB A X.OSV KOTE. oo /àûo. ^ -/s, -/m- ^ece^¿^í¿€^ ^O'tneS ^-^Áí-cÁ^ítz/, '■, -a- ycei^tui^ -yvo^«^ ^^■oJ^ùiii/ -w^Cc^ yíty^e^ <¿ /^ä'f, i/gá'ñ^D^f'e^, lyt ffptá^i't't/f níyt^ i-eiyey^^ í¿ ■fe^^ad^ítá^^^tytt44>^ N' B.—Better never lose a note. ^ THE LAW ON LOST NOTES OR BILLS. 163 A CHINESE COURT. THE LATT «OTEBNINO LOST NOTES OB BILLS. 1. The Old Law.—Formerly no action could be brought on a negotiable note or bill which was lost, if at the time it was lost it was transferable by delivery only, or had been. endorsed and transferred before or after maturity. 2. Bond.—If a party should refuse to pay a note or bill which has been lost, he may be sued and compelled to pay it, but the party collecting it may be required to give a bond, so that the note in question may never appear for payment. ^ ProTen.'—Of course it is necessary to estabhsh by suracient proof, that the note for a certain amount by a cer¬ tain pai^ or parties had been given and up to date not paid. The maker of the note can compel the holder of the note to give evidence of the unsatisfied debt covered by the lost note. 4. Payable to Bearer,—If payment of a lost note or bill is made without notice of loss, to the finder, the paper being due and payable to the bearer, the payment is good. And if it comes into the hands of an innocent purchaser, before due, he may collect the full amount of note, and the loses of the note cannot recover it 184 how to transfer all kinds of paper. 5. A Part of a Bill or Note.—Where part of the bill or note has been torn off and lost by accident, that fact can be shown by presenting the remaining^part as evidence of the debt and showing loss or destruction of thé balance. 6. Caution.—If a note or due-bill has been lost, it is best to take disinterested parties and interview the maker and secure his open acknowledgment of the amount of said note or bill before letting him know the bill or note has been lost or burned, for it may often be difficult to secure a suffi¬ cient amount of evidence to establish the debt. 7. Informal Notes.—Informal notes are regarded with suspicion, although they may be collectable. "I. O. U. ten dollars," "forty weeks after demand," "I promise never to pay," etc., are held to mean what the circumstances of the case'may indicate was intended. The word "never" was held to be surplusage and the note good. HOW TO TRANSFER ALL KINDS OF PAPER. {. A Legal Transfer.—A legal transfer of commercial paper is usually made before jt matures, and the law pro¬ tects the innocent holder of it in his possession. Even if he buys it from the thief who stole it, or from the party who found it or got it by fraud, it belongs to him, if he knew nothing of the illegal transactions and acted without knowl¬ edge of the theft or fraud. 2. Usual Form.—Paper is usually transferred by indorse¬ ment (the seller placing hU name on the back of the note or bill.) Thus the indorser L-.grees to pay the amount if the maker does not, and he is therefore responsible, if properly notified when the paper is due and is not paid. 3. Blank Indorsement.A blank indorsement most commonly used in business is simply writing the name on the back of the note or bill, and after the first indorsement it may be transferred by delivery the same as a government bond or bank bill. 4. Peculiar Sacredness of Commercial Paper.—The law protects the holder of negotiable paper in his possession of It, when it would not protect him in the possession of any other kind of property, for there is a peculiar sacredness attached to pwer. Thus ; If A had stolen a horse from B and sold it to C, the law would not protect C, but would al¬ low B to take the horse. Whereas in case of a note, the law would protect C in his ownership of the note and he could hold the maker for the amount, if C was innocent and HOW TO TRANSFER ALL KINDS OF PAPER. 135 knew nothing of the way in which A got possession of the note. 5. The Purchaser.—If the purchaser is aware that there are any defects about a note or bill, or if there is anything suspicious, he buys it at his own risk. 6. Transferring Fonnd or Stolen Paper.—Should A lose his note for $300 and 6 find it, the latter could not compel A to pay it,unless he could prove that he came fairly into pos¬ session of it. No thief could collect a note himself which he had stolen if the fact of his theft could be proved, but if the note had a blank indorsement 011 the back of it, he could transfer or sell the note to an innocent party who could collect the note if he can show he made the purchase in good &ith. 7. Toid Paper.—Paper void where made is everywhere void. Even in case of void paper, a party who indorses it over to an innocent holder would be bound by his indorse- 166 DEMAND or PAYMENT. ment, because he made a new contract to pay it when he endorsed it. 8. Indorgement of a Ifote before It Is Made.—When a party indorses a note before it is made, and it is afterwards made for a larger amount than was agreed, he cannot es¬ cape his liability to an innocent holder by pleading that fact. The rule is the same when a party accepts a blank draft. Q. ÁTOiding Liability,—An indorser can avoid liability by writing the words "without recourse," or, "without re¬ course to me." He can also specify what use is to be made of the funds when the paper is made, as for instance : "Fay Irving Taylor, or order, for credit of my acount." 10.' After Maturity.—Paper can be transferred after ma¬ turity and usually no difficulty will arise over it, but the maker of the note may make any defense against the assignee possible had the note not been transferred. 11. An Innocent Holder.—^An ipnocent holder of paper, having paid value for it before maturity, can hold both the maker and indorser responsible fer payment. 12. General Rnle.—In the transfer of commercial paper the indorser is held equally responsible for payment with the maker, and it is a safe rule to require the indorsement of the party who holds the paper before accepting it. An indorser who has paid a note can afterwards sell it. In the case of accommodation paper, however, when the payee has once paid it the paper is cancelled, and cannot again be transferred so as to give the holder a right of action against anyone, except the party who paid and then trans¬ ferred it. DEMAND OF PAYMENT. 1. Time and Place.—Demand should always be made at the proper time and place. If the name of a bank or any other place is mentioned in the paper, it should be made there. 2. Insolvency.—If the debtor is bankrupt, it is no reason why a demand should not be made on him. 3. In Person.—Demand must be made in person, and it cannot legally bé made by mail. 4. Possession of Paper.—The party making the demand must have possession of the paper for the debtor can insist of having it delivered to him when paid. 158 FORGED PAPER, 5. Lost Paper,—In case the paper is lost, a bond of In¬ demnity must be made and tendered to the debtor, as pro¬ tection in case it is ever found. 6. Kefnsed Payment.—If demand is legally made and it is refused, the paper must be protested and the proper parties notified. This is usually the work of a Notary Public. THE LAW GOTEBNING FORGED PAPER. 1. Forgery.—^Any material alteration made on commer, cial paper with intent to defraud is forgery. 2. A Forged Instrument.—A forged instrument is not commercial paper, for it represents neither a contract nor property, and no rights whatever are gained by its posses¬ sion or transfer. The paper is simply worthless except as evidence against the forger. 3. No Responsibility.—Th^erson whose name is forged cannot be made responsible. The act is not his, and one cer¬ tainly should not be neld responsible for another's acts which are entirely unauthorized and without notice. 4. The Purchaser of Forged Paper.—It makes no differ¬ ence how careful or honest one is who takes forged paper ; no matter what the consideration may be, the paper itself is worthless, and one who sells it to another in reality sells nothing. The one who buys forged paper however, may recover what he paid for it from the one from whom he bought it, because it was money paid under mistake. The person who took the paper from the forger must always bear the loss, unless he can recover the money from the person who committed the forgery. 5. _ Raising the Amount.—Paper is sometimes forged by erasing the amount named in the genuine paper and putting in a larger amount. The paper is then perfectly good for thé original sum, but wholly worthless as to the amount raised. Example ; If a check is drawn for $5.00 and it is raised to $50.00, the signer of the check will only be held for $5.00, and whoever takes the check for $50.00 will lose the $45.00, unless he can secure it from the forger. 6. Caution.—Never buy a paper from a stranger, unless he can show evidence of legitimate business transaction with the person or persons whose papers he desires to transfer- CONTRACTS. 16S HOW TO WRITE A CONTRACT. Bule 1. The partie» to a (Jontraet are taken in the order in which they are wrMen and referred to as "the party of the first part," " the party of the second part," without repeating their names.^ It matters not which name is written first. 2. After writing the date, names of the parties and their places of residence, state fully all that the first party agrees to do, and then state all that the second party agrees to do. 3. Neiel state the penalties or forfeitures in case either party does not faithfully and fully perform, or offer to perform, his part of the agreement. i. Finally, the closing dame, the signatures and seals, the signa¬ tures of witnesses are written. (A seal ts simply the mark of a pen around the word " seal," wrntten after the signature.) No particular form of legal language Is necessary. TJse your own words and state In a plain way just what you want done. Anyone who can write a letter and express his desire in an Intelligent manner can write a contract. Errors in grammar or spelling do not affect the legality of the agreement. If the language should be obscure on certain points, the " court " will always interpret the intent of the parties, when they entered into the agreement, provided the intent can be gathered from the terms of the instrument itself. When an agreement is written it must all be in writing. It cannot be partly written and partly oral. 160 CONTKACTS. The Law Governing ali Kinds of Contracts. 1. A contract is a mutual agreement between two competent parties for a valuable consideration to do or not to do a partic¬ ular thing. 2. It must have, 1. Parties ; 2. Subject Matter ; 3. Consider¬ ation ; 4. Assent of the parties. There cannot be a contract when any of these are wanting. 3. A consideration is the thing which induces a person to make a contract. 4. An alteration of a contract in a material part, after its execution, renders it void. 5. A contract the law forbids is void. Fraud renders all conti'acts void. 6. A contract made by a minor, a lunatic, or an idiot is not binding upon him, yet he can hold the party with whom he contracts, to all the conditions of the contract. 7. A contract not consistent with law or for immoral pur¬ poses is void. 8. A fradulent contract may be binding on the party guilty of fraud, although not laying any obligation on the part of the partj' acting in good faitii. 9. A contract for the sale or purchase of personal prop¬ erty over a certain amount—ranging from 130 to $200 in some States—must be in writing. 10. A contract which cannot be performed within a year must be in writing. 11. A guaranty must be in writing. 12. If no time of payment is stated in the contract, pay¬ ment must be made on the delivery of the goods or perform¬ ance of the contract. 13. A contract totally restraining the exercise of a man's trade or profession is void, but one restraining him in any particular place is not void. 14. An offer or proposal, which includes the essential parts of a contract, becomes a contract as soon as accepted. 15. A contract required by law to be in writing cannot be dissolved by verbal agreement. 16. A contract cannot be partly written and partly verbaL It must be wholly written or wholly verbal. CONBACTS THAT ARE NOT LAWFHL. 161 OOSTICH. CONTRACTS THAT ARE NOT LAWFUL 1. A contract to commit a breach of peace. 2. A contract in violation of a statute of the State in which it is made. « 3. An agreement to prevent competition on a sale under an execution. 4. An agreement to prohibit the carrying on of a trade throughout the State. 5. A contract with an intoxicated person, lunatic or minor. 6. All agreements in which there is. fraud. 7. An agreement made by threats or violence. 8. A contract impossible in its nature : such as crossing the ocean in one day, is void. 9. Guardians, Trustees, Executoi-s, Administrators or Attor¬ neys cannot take advantage of those for whom they act by he- coming parties to contracts in which their wards aie interested. 10. Useless things cannot become the snhject of a contract: snch as agreeing not to go out of the house for a month. 162 COHTRACTS THAT ARE NOT LAWFUL. 11 The right to vote or hold office, etc., cannot be sold by contract. 13. Contract wltoiit a consideration : such as a promise to make a glit, cannot be enforced. 13. An agreement for Immoral purposes. 14. Where consent to an agreement Is given by mistake. It cannot become a contract. 15. If a thing contracted for was not In existence at the time of making the contract, such as buying a horse and not know¬ ing that he was dead at the time, Is not good. 16. If a person agrees to serve as a laborer or clerk, he can¬ not be compelled to fulfill his agreement; damages, however, can be recovered for a failure to perform. 17. Two or more persons intentionally cannot make a con¬ tract to the Injury of a third person. 18. Wagers or bets cannot be collected by law. 19. More than legal Interest cannot be collected. 20. Contracts for concealing felony or violating public trust, for bribery and extortion are prohibited. 21. Contracts In which there Is misrepresentation or conceal¬ ment of material facts cannot be enforced. It Is fraud to con¬ ceal a fraud. 22. Money borrowed for the purpose of betting, the lender knowing It to be for that purpose, cannot be collected. 23. If any part of a contract Is Illegal, the whole is Illegal. 24. A verbal release without payment or satisfaction for the debt Is not good. Belease must be under seal. 25. If there are two parts to a contract, and one conflicts with the other, the first part holds good In preference to the last. 26. An agreement with a thief to drop a criminal prosecu¬ tion, by his bringing back the goods and paying all damages, is not good, and will be no bar to a future prosecution. THE VITAL PART OP A CONTRACT. 1ft, THE TITAL PART OF A CONTRACT. CONSIDERATION. I. Definition,—A consideration is the thing which indu" ces parties to make a contract. It is the substantial cause or reason moving parties to enter into an agreement. 2 A Sufficient Consideration.—The law does not require that the consideration should be a good or bad bargain. As long as something is done or suffered by either party, the consideration is good. The smallest consideration is suffi¬ cient to make it legal. The value of the consideration is imimportant. For instance : $10,000 worth of property can be sold for $i/x>. 3. Promise of Marriage.—If a man promises a woman any certain sum of money if she would agree to mar^ him. he can be made to fulfill his promise, and the court will hold that the promise of marriage was a sufficient consideration for the money. 164 the vitai. part op a contract. 4. k Talnable Consideration.—A valuable ronsideration is one which is equal to money or may be changed into money. C. A Good Consideration.—A good consideration is one which is based upon love, gratitude or esteem, or blood re¬ lationship. But in order to make a good consideration legal, the agreement has to be performed by one or both parties. For instance : 11 a man should promise to give a lady 6500 because he loved her, it could not be collected, but ii the money was once paid to the woman it could not be recovered. 6. _ Gratnitons Consideration.—A gratuitous considera¬ tion is a consideration where something is done or money promised on account of some affection or charity, and like a good consideration the act must be performed m order to hold the party. For instance ; If a father gives his son a note on account of his affection for him, the son cannot force the father to pay it ; so also it a person subscribes for a church or charitable society he cannot be compelled to pay it, unless the church or society can show that it de¬ pended upon that money when it entered upon some con¬ tract, or assumed some obligation on account of it. 7. Immoral Consideration.—All considerations which are immoral are consequently illegal. 8. Impossible Consideration.—If a man should promise to cross the ocean in one day. or walk from Philadelphia to New York in two hours, or any consideration of such an impossible character, is illegal and void. A CONTRACT FOR RENTING A FARM. I, John Smith, do lea^e unto y. T. Höge, the N. % of the SE. % of Section 25 in the Town of Flat Springs, County of Andrew, and State of Missouri, for a term of Two Years from the first of March next, upon the payment of Three Hundred {$300) Dollars, as follows : One Hundred and Fifty Dollars the 20th of June next, and the remaining One Hundred and Fifty Dollars the first day of the follow¬ ing December. Witness my hand, this 20th day of October, 1894. John Smith, how to write contracts. 165 CONTRACT FOR HIRING A FARM HAND. This agreement, made this first day of May, 1896, be¬ tween Fred J. Dolan, of Naperville, Illinois, party of the first part, and John P. Rickert, of the same place, party of the second part, Witnesseth: That in consideration of the sum of twenty ($20.00) dollars per month to be paid as hereinafter stated, the said Fred J. Dolan agrees to work for said Rickert as a general farm laborer on his farm, in the Township of Naperville, County of Du Page, and State of Illinois, for the period of one year from the date hereof and as such laborer to do any and all such work as the said Rickert may from time to time require of him. And the said John P. Rickert agrees to pay the said Dolan the sum of twenty (Î20.00) dollars per month at the end of each month, and during that time to furnish him with board and lodging. witness the hands of the said parties the day and year first above written. ,ci .jv Fred J. Dolan. (Signed) John P. Rickert. 166 land renting contract. LAND CONTRACT. This agreement, made this first day of June, A. D. 1896^ between John Brown, of the City of Dunkirk, in the State of New York, party of the first part, and Norman C. Stull, of the City of Buffalo, of the same State, party of the second part, Witnesseth That if the said party of the second part shall first make the payments and -perform the covenants hereinafter mentioned on his pait the said patty of the first part hereby agrees to convey and assure to the said party of the second part in fee simple, clear of all incum¬ brances whatsoever, by a good and sufficient warranty deed the following described premises to wit; (Here describe property to be conveyed), and the said party of the second part covenants and agrees to pay to the said party of the first part the sum of two thousand ($2,000.00) dollars as follows: Five hundred ($500.00) dollars cash in hand paid, the re¬ ceipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, balance on March I, 1897, with interest at the rate of 6 per cent, per annum, payable annually after the date hereof, and all taxes and assessments legally levied or imposed upon said land sub¬ sequent to the year 1805. A complete abstract of title brought down to date to be furnished by said party of the first part on or before thirty days from the date hereof, in case title, on examination should prove to be defective then the said party of the first part agrees to perfect the same within a reasonable time, and in case of failure so to do, or in case said title can not be perfected the cash paid hereon shall be refunded and this contract shall become null and void. Deed to be delivered March i, 1897, deferred pay¬ ments qo be secured by note and first mortgage by the party of the second part on the premises hereby sold. This contract shall extend to, and be obligatory upon the heirs, administrators, executors, and assigns of the respective parties. In testimony whereof the parties have hereunto set their hands and seals the day and year first above written. (Signed) John Brown. [Seal.] Norman C. Stull. [Seal.] ATitness: Richard Peck. N . •» ^ "x 's. -O-s." - Agreement for the Hiring of a Clerk. This Agreement, made this twenty-eighth day of June, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-five, between John Smith, of the Town of Naperville, in the County of Du Page, and State of liiinois, of tiie first part, and Richard Brown of the City of Chicago, in tlie County of Cook, State of liiinois, of the second part, witnesseth : That the said John Smith has agreed to enter tlie service of the said Richard Brown as cierk, and covenants and agrees to and with the said Richard Brown, that he wiil faithfuily, honestly, and diligently apply himself and perform the duties of a cierk in the store of the said Richard Brown, and faith¬ fully obey all the reasonable wishes and commands of the said Richard Brown, for and during the space of one year from the thirtieth day of May next, for the compensation of Six Hun¬ dred Dollars ($600) per annum, payable monthly. And the said Richard Brown covenants with the said John Smith, that he wiil receive him as his clerk for the term of one year aforesaid, and will pay him for his services as such cierk the sum of Six Hundred Dollars (Î600) annually, in monthly payments. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set out hands and seals, this twenty-eighth day of May, A.D. 1885. John Smith. (155) Richard Brown, tssj John H. Wagner. POPPnîO THE QUESTION. ENGAGEMENTS TO OI'» MARRIAGE CON- I. Contracts to Marry in the Fntnre.—Mutual pronuse by a man and a woman to marry at some future day, con¬ stitutes a valid contract. LAW ON MARRIAGE, 169 2. Á Marriage Contract.—A marriage is a civil contract, and is entered into by the mere consent of the parties. If the man says to a woman, "Will you marry me ?" or words to that effect, and she says "Yes, or words that imply an affirmative answer, it is by law an agreement or promise of marriage, and both parties are legally held to carry out in good faith the promises thus made, 3. Breach of Promise,—If either party refuses to carry out the contract, he or she is guilty of breach of promise, and may recover damages of the other party. It is not very often, however, that the man sues the woman, though he has the right to do so if she fails to make good her promise. 4. necessary Proof.—Generally in case of a lawsuit for breach of promise, there are no direct witnesses, as people generally become engaged without the presence of a third party, but the engagement may be implied by the conduct of the party sued. 5. Implied Evidence,—The promise of marriage is im¬ plied from circumstances, such as constant visits, presents, or (men declarations of>the parties, the reception of parents or fnends, as an engaged couple, without any objections from the party accused. There are many ways of express¬ ing serious intentions without an open declaration in words. Conduct speaks louder than words. 6. Excuses for Breaking the Promises.—A refusai may be justified on the ground of the bad character or conduct of Uie other party ; poor health of either party is sometimes a good excuse, but not generally. If the woman were a widow or divorced, and concealed this fact from the man, this justifies a refusal to marry on his part, 7. Time of Marriage.—When a man promises to marry a woman without stating any special time, the law holds him guilty of breach of promise, unless he is ready to fulfill bis engagement within a reasonable time; five years was held by law as being an unreasonable time. 8. When a Promise Is Kot Binding.—If either party is under twenty-one years of age, he or she is not bound by promise to marry, and the law will excuse tbem any time from making good the promise : but, if the man is over 21 years of age, he can be held, and must make his promises good or pay the damages, q. Sednction,—Seduction of a woman of lawful age uncler promise of marriage and subsequent refusal to marry on his part, while not a crime, subjects the person so doing 170 MARRIAGE—LOST PROPERTY—OPENING LETTERlj, to heavy damages in a civil action for a breach of promise to marry, the seduction being used in aggravation of the or¬ dinary damages allowed in actions for breach of promise to marry. 10. A Cowardly Act.—A young man who makes promises of marriage to a young lady, or gives her reason to believe that he is sincere in his visits and intentions, and then without excuse or cause devotes his attentions to another, commits a cowardly act. No honorable young man will do it. No young man has a right to demand a young lady's ex¬ clusive company, without some definite understanding, and a young lady is very injudicious, if not foolish, if she re¬ ceives me attentions of a young man, who claims her entire society, without some understanding or promise of sincerity. When the promise of marriage has once been made. It should be kept in good faith, unless both parties mutually agree to dissolve. The law always requires the promises of marriage to be met in good faith. LAW ON LOST PROPEETT. While walking along the road, A finds by the roadside a pocketbook containing a sum of money. He picks it up, examines its contents and puts it in his pocket, but it hap- gens that there is a bole in the pocket, and it falls out. He oes not discover the disappearance til! he reaches home. He then retraces his steps, and near where he found the pocketbook he sees a young man who has it in his hands. The young man had picked it up when it fell from the pocket of the first finder. Which has the best right to the bocketbook and its contents ? The young man has a right to it as against the other, A not uncommon maxim is, "The last finder is the best owner." LAW ON OPENING LETTERS. A person who opens letters belonging to another which have been in the possession of the post-office authorities, before they reach the possession of the person to whom di¬ rected, the letters being opened for the purpose of abstract¬ ing their contents, or of obtaining information concerning the affairs of another, is liable to a, fine of $500 and impris¬ onment for one year. It makes no difference as to rela¬ tionship. EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYE. 171 EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYE. I. Service.—Where one individual renders personal serv¬ ice to another by request, compensation, if not agreed upon, is implied. а. Duties of Employer.—It is the duty of the employer to furnish proper tools and machinery. He must never expose the employe to danger without informing him of the danger. Neglect of the employer in this respect makes him liable for damages in case of injury. 3. Liability of Employer.—The employer is liable for the wrongful acts of his employe producing injury to others, provided the acts are done in the course of the ordinary em¬ ployment. Thus a railroad company is liable to passengers for negligence of conductors and engineers while running trains on the road. 4. Duties of Employe.—The employe should faithfully perform the services for which he contracted for the entire term or period of service. If he leaves before expiration of time, he can claim no pay for the work done. This is the general rule and law, but some able judges have decided that even in this case the employe is entitled to pay for work done, less what the employer lost by necessity of paying higher wages, or what he lost by the employe's failing to perform his contract. 5. Wages.—If no agreement has been made before, the employe can claim the price usually paid for such service. If the employe leaves because of insufficient food, ill-treatment or disabling sickness, he is entitled to pay for the time he worked. б. Discharge.—If the employe is discharged for dishon¬ esty, incapacity, or misconduct, some courts hold that the employer is under no obligation to pay him, but in all such cases a mutual agreement and settlement are far better in every way than resorting to law. 7. Law of Kindness.—A kind and pleasant treatment on the part of the employer, even an expression of appreciation of work well done, goes far, very far, in making the employe worthy and competent. Harsh means and manners have often discouraged those who would by kind treatment have become efficient and competent in their work. 172 RELATION OF PARENT AND CHILD. THE LEGAL BELATTOK OF PARENT AND CHILD. 1. Ancient Anthority.—In past ages the father was by custom considered as absolute monarch of the home. In the briental countries of to-day, the same custom still pre¬ vails ; modern progress, and modem ideas, however, have changed old customs, and the authority of the parent in civilized countries has been considerably limited by law. 2. Bights of Parents.—The parent has control of his minor child, and has all reasonable authority to enforce obedience. As long as the parent treats his child properly, no one has a right to interfère with his authority, or take the child away and retain him against the wishes of the parent. 3. A Runaway Child.—A child has no right to leave home without permission of the parent, and should a child run away he can be brought back by force. If relatives or other parties keep him and refuse to give him up, the parent Dy legal process can obtain possession of his child, unless it can be shown that the father is brutal, or is not capable on account of drunkenness or other causes to take proper care of his child. 4. Adoption.—Any child, whether its parents are living or not, may be adopted. In that case the parent is no longer entitled to the custody, but the adopting person is. The child cannot be adopted without the consent of its parents, if they are living, but the consent having once been given cannot be revoked. If the child is over fourteen years of age, it must also consent to the adoption. Under any circumstances the court has the right to refuse to per¬ mit the adoption if it considers that the person petitioning is not a proper person to have the custody. 5. Method of Adoption.—Application must be made at the county court, and the judge will consider the applica¬ tion and will pass upon it. 6. Pnuisliinent of Children.—A parent has a right to punish his minor child, providing he is not guilty of cruelty. Brutality is a crime, punished Dy severe legaTpenalties. The parent must be reasonable in his punishment, leave no bruises or in any way injure the health of the child. 7. _ Bight to Earnings.—A parent is entitled to all the earnings of his minor child. If the child should refuse to turn over his earnings to the parent, the employer of the child may be notified, and be compelled to pay the parent only. 8. Special Bights.—The parent may, however, make free his child from all obligations to himself and allow the RELATION OF PARENT AND CHILD, 173 child to collect his own wages and do for himself. When a parent thus makes public such a declaration, he cannot thereafter collect the child's wages. Q. The Property of the Child.—A parent may control the earnings ot the child, yet he has no control of uie prop¬ erty belonging to the child, either acquired by gift, legacy or any other way. If a parent should appropriate his child's property, it would be just as criminal in the eyes of the law as stealing any one else's property. 10. Parents' Obligation to Support.—Parents are legally held for the support of their minor children. If a child has property, it does not relieve the parent from the support of bis child ; he however can apply to court and get permis¬ sion to use a part, or all of the income of the property for the child's support. 11. Illegitimate Children.—It is a parent's dutytosup- iiort even an illegitimate child. Such a child has legally no ather, but his putative father, as he is called, may be com¬ pelled by the overseers of the poor to furnish the child with reasonable support, so that it shall not become a "burden on the parish." - All children born in wedlock are legitimate, unless it is proved that the husband could not possibly be the father. The adultery of the wife cannot affect the legit¬ imacy of the child. He is conclusively presumed to be the child of the' husband. It makes no difference how soon aher the marriage the child is born. A child bom the same day as the marriage, if subsequent to the Ceremony, is legitimate, provided there is good reason for believing that the husband is the father. 12. Effect of Illegitimacy.—The only legal effect of ille¬ gitimacy of any consequence is that the child cannot inherit property from his father. At common law a bastard could not inherit from any one, but by statute in most of the states he may now inherit from his mother the same as a legitimate child. 13. Children's Obligations.—Where the parents are un¬ able to support themselves, the child is legally held for their support and care, but it must be first shown that the parent, or parents, are unable to support themselves. 14. Crimes.—The parent cannot be held for crimes com¬ mitted by his minor child. If a child commits a premedita¬ ted crime, he is personally liable. IJ. Ooardlan.—If a child has no parents living, a guard¬ ian may be appointed, or he may appoint his own guardian, who Will in a legal sense exercise the prerogative of a parent. 174 an agnebment to j:>OILD a house. AN AGBEEMEXT TO BUILD A HOUSE, This agreement made this tóth day of July 1896 between John Reid, of Lisle, Illinois, party of the first part, and C. Cooper, of Naperville, Illinois, party of the second part, Witnesseth : That the said party of the second part for and in consideration of the sum of fifteen hundred ($1,500.00) dol¬ lars, to be paid as hereinafter stated, covenants and agrees with the party of the first part that he will within the space of six months from the date hereof in a good substantial and workmanlike manner erect, build, and finish on Lot Two (2) in Block Three (3) of Park Addition to Naperville, Illinois, a dwelling house m accordance with the plans and specifi¬ cations hereunto annexed and made a part hereof. It is further agreed that the party of the first part shall at all times furnish to the said party of the second part all such stone, brick, lime, cement, lumber, and such other materials as may be required by him for the construction of said house, and such lumber and materials to be delivered upon said lot from time to time as required by said party of the second part. Said party of the first part agrees to pay the said party of the second part the sum of five hundred ($500.00) dollars when the building is enclosed and the roof IS on. Five hundred ($500.00) dollars when the house is plastered and the chimneys erected, and the balance upon the completion of the contract. In witness whereof the parties have hereunto set their hands and seals the day and year first above written. Signed- \ bignea. ^cooper. [Seal.J CONTRACTS. 176 A Contract for the Sale of Horses, Cattle, or other Personal Property. This agreement, between A. B. Johnson and C. D. Codding- ton, made this nineteenth day of October, 1891, witnesseth : That said A. B. Joiinson, for tlie consideration hereinafter mentioned, siiail sell and deliver on the first day of Novem¬ ber next to said C. D. Coddington at his residence, One Double Wagon, Two Four-Year-Old Colts and Six Yearling Heifers. That said C. D. Coddington, in consideration thereof, shali pay said A. B. Johnson Three Hundred Dollars, upon the delivery of said property. In witness whereof we have this day set our hands and seal. A. B. Johnson. C. D. Coddington. A Contract for Laying Tile or Building Fence. This agreement made this first day of July, 1896, between H. C. Nauman of the first part, and G. C. Gasser of the sec¬ ond part, Witnesseth; That the said party of the first part agrees to lay upon the farm of the said party of the second part of Naperville Township, Du Page County, Illinois, I20 rods of six inch tile at such places on said farm as the said party of the first part may designate for the sum of forty cents per rod, said tile to be so laid that there shall be suf¬ ficient fall to properly drain the land through which the same is laid. And all ditches to be properly filled by the party of the first part; and the said party of the second part agrees to pay said party of the first part one-half the con¬ sideration above expressed when he has laid 60 rods of said tiling and the balance on completion of the contract. Witness the hands of the parties hereto the day and year above written. (Signed) H. C. Nauman. G. C. Gasser. 176 BALE AND TBANBFER OT FBOFEBTT. The Law Governing the Sale and Transfer of Property. 1. A sale is the exchange of property for money, which is either paid at once or to he paid in the fnture. 2. There are many complicated things pertaining to the sale of property which every thoughtful man should understand. 3. The thing sold must either exist at the time of the sale or there must be a well-founded reason that it will be in exist¬ ence and in possession of the seller. For example : If a man sold a horse for pioo and iL transpires that the horse died be¬ fore the actual time of the sale the transaction would not be a sale, otherwise it would. 4. Grain or other produce not yet sowed or planted can be sold because the seller may reasonably expect a crop. Machinery or other manufactured goods may be sold before they are made and the seller can be held to perform his part of the contract the same as though the articles actually existed at the time of the sale. 5. The thing sold must be specified and set apart as the property of the buyer. For example: The sale of ten bushels of wheat from a certain bin would not be a sale unless the ^rain was measured and set apart. 6. The price must be fixed by mutual consent, or be under¬ stood by the terms of the saie. 7. Any defects which can be seen in property or in animals when sold does not relieve the buyer from meeting his con¬ tract though he claims that he did not see the defects. Th» law does not furnish eyes for the purchaser of property. 8. But defects in property or animals which cannot be seen, and the seller makes no statement in reference to such defects, but recommends it as good or sound, relieves the buyer from fulfilling his part of the contract. 9. When nothing is said as to the time of payment when the sale is made the law presumes that the property must be paid for before the purchaser can secure possession. If credit is agreed upon the buyer is entitled to immediate possession. 10. The purchaser, in order to make good his bargain, should always advance a smail amount, to bind the seller to the bargain. THE LAW ON TRADING. 177 THE LAW ON TBADIN6. OFFER AND ACCEWANCE. 1. Jesting.—An offer made in a jest, though accepted, Is not binding. The law presumes that an offer must be made with good intention. 2. An Unconditional Acceptance.—If an offer has been made,' the acceptance must be without any conditions at¬ tached. Any acceptance upon the terms varying in the slightest degree from things proposed, is not binding until all the conditions are accepted. 3. A Good Acceptance.—An acceptance, to be good, must be such as to conclude a contract between the parties; and to do this it must, in eve^ respect, meet and correspond with the offer, neither falling within nor going beyond the terms proposed, but exactly meeting them at all points and closing them just as they stand. 4. An Offer.—An offer may be withdrawn any time before it is accepted, but if no time is specified, then by the expira¬ tion of a reasonable length of time for acceptance the offer thereafter cannot be legally accepted, A limitation of time for which an offer is to run is an equivalent to the withdraw¬ al of the offer at the end of the time named. Where parties are so situated that it is necessary to communicate by letter or telegram, the contract is complete the moment the ac¬ ceptance is dispatched or the letter put into the post office, grovided this is done within a reasonable length of time, or efore notice of withdrawal of the offer is received. Any¬ one receiving an offer by mail or telegraph, is entitled to a reasonable time in which to accept or reject it. 5. A notice of Reward for Infonnatioii.—The offer by way of advertisement of a reward for information leading to the restoration of property or the conviction of a criminal, addressed to the public at large, becomes obligatory, if not previously revoked, as soon as an indiyidual, with a view to the reward, renders the specified service, but not before. To entitle one to the reward, he must have had notice of the offer at the time he rendered the service ; for no one can assent to that wluch he has not heard oL 178 legal gifts and bill of sale. LEGAL GIFTS. 1. »Vho Can Make Gifts ΗAny person legally competent to transact business, may give whatever he, or she owns, to any other person. A gift by a minor, a married woman, an insane person, or a person under guardianship, or under duress, would be void, or voidable, according to the circum¬ stances. 2. Delivery of Gift Tiecessary.—A gift must be consum¬ mated, that is, the thing given must be delivered before any legal right rests in the grantee. A promise to give is not binding, as it is supported by no consideration. Delivery may be actual or constructive. 3. Cannot Be Revoked by Donor.—A gift made perfect by delivery, cannot be revoked by the donor ; but if it prejudices the rights of existing creditors, it is void as to them. It is not, however, void as to future creditors, unless made under actual or expective insolvency, or with a fraud¬ ulent purpose. 4. Gifts Becanse of Expected Death Revokable.—Gifts because of expected death, are revokable by the donor ii life is continued ; even after delivery and acceptance. Such gifts are held to have been made because death was supposed to be at hand ; and if it does not ensue, the giu is defeated, as the death, which was the cause of the gih, has not taken place. BILL OF SALE.—Special Form for the West, Know All Men by These Presents, That I, James C. Smith, of Great Falls, County of Cascade, and State of Montana, in consideration of eighty dollars to me in hand paid by D. C. Robert of the same place, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, do hereby grant, sell, transfer and deliver unto the said D. C. Robert, his heirs and assigns, the following chattels, to-wit: One Black Mare, warranted only four years old, sound and gentle, branded (X) $60.00 One Red Heifer, branded (L) 20.00 And I hereby guarantee these chattels to be in every way as above described; that they are my lawful property, free from all incumbrances, and that I have a good right to sell and convey the same as aforesaid; and further that I will defend the same against all claims whatsoever. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal this iQth day of June, A. D. i8q6. (Signed) James C. Smith. In the presence of [Seal.] Frank Jones. bill of sale. 179 FORM OF BILL OF SALE. Know All Men by These Presents, That I, Jared K. Long, of Aurora, Kane County, Illinois, in consideration of twenty-three hundred ($2,300.00) dollars to me in hand paid by F. A. Lueben, of the same place, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, do hereby grant, sell, assign, transfer and deliver unto the said F. A. Lueben, his heirs and assigns the following goods and chattels, to wit: Four Oxen, at $50.00 each $200.00 20 head of Sheep, at $4.00 each 80.00 Two sets of Harness, at $20.00 each 40.00 Two Farm Wagons, at $35.00 each 70.0Û One Corn Planter, at $20.00 20.00 Three Plows, at $15.00 each 45.00 To have and to hold all of the said goods and chattels to the said F. A. Lueben, his heirs and assigns forever. And I do hereby covenant to and with the said F. A. Lueben that I am the legal owner of said goods and chattels; that they are free and clear from all other and prior sales and incum¬ brances; that I have good right to sell and convey the same as aforesaid, and that in the peaceable possession of the said F. A. Lueben I will forever warrant and defend the same against the lawful claims and demands of all persons whomsoever. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal this 2Qth day of June, A. D. i8g6. (Signed) J. K. Long. [Seal.] In the presence of Charles E. Selby. 180 HOW MORTGAGES ARE WRITTEN. A MORTGAGE SALE. TLey mortgaged their farm to start their son in business. ' Now over the hill to the DOor*hoiise." HOW MORTGAGES ARE WRITTEN. Bules -.—Mortgage» must be in writing, and mint be in one »ingle docwment, which contains the whole contract. It must be acknowledged and recorded. Whenever a mortgage is paid a proper release thereof should be made signed and acknowledged by the mortgagee and the same recorded. In some states the endorsement of satisfaction and cancellation on the face of the mortgage authorizes the recorder or register of deeds to enter satis¬ faction thereof upon the records, in others a formal release must be executed and acknowledged by the mortgagee and recorded, or a release may be entered upon the margin of the record of the mortgage in the recorder's office. The important thing, however, is to see that the record in the proper office shows the satisfaction of the mortgage. The methods of so doing differ in the various states, but the general rule is as above stated. UOBTOAQES. 181 THE LAW GOVERNING MORTGAGES. 1. Mortgages are conditional conveyances of estates or prop¬ erty by way of pledge to secure a debt, and become void upon the satisfaction of the indebtedness. 2. Ail mortgages must be in writing, and be signed and sealed. 3. There are two kinds of mortgages : a real estate mortgage, and a chattel mortgage. The former is a mortgage on real estate, the latter a mortgage on personal property. 4. A mortgagee may sell or transfer his mortgage to another party. 5. Mortgages given with the intent to defraud creditors are void, as to ali persons knowing of the fraudulent intent. 6. When the debt is paid for which the mortgage was given, the mortgage is void. 7. A foreciosure is the legal proceeding to seli the mortgaged property to satisfy the debt. 8. A chattel mortgage given on personal property which is left in possession of mortgagor, is prima facie void as to cred¬ itors of mortgagor. To render it vaiid it must contain permis¬ sion by mortgagee that mortgagor may retain possession of the chattels, and tliat mortgagor may take possession of them whenever he feels himself insecure for any reason. 9. Mortgages sbouid De recorded with promptness after their execution. Tlie first mortgage on record is the first lien on the property, notwithstanding another mortgage was given first, as to ail persons not aware of that fact. 10. A mortgage on real estate is reieased by deed of relief nnder seal, and acknowledged, or receipt of satisfaction of tbe debt entered upon the margin of the record of mortgage by mortgagee. 11. Chattels must generally be acknowledged before a Jnstice of the Peace of the Township where the mortgagor resides. 12. In mrüing mortgages alwags insert the same disaription of land and lots as ginen in the deeds of same property. MORTGAGE—Short Form. The Mobtgaoob, Samml P. Smith, and Sarah B. Smith, his seife, of the Town of Ndpervitte, in the County of Du Page and State of lUmois, MORTGAGE and WARRANT to James T. Seammtm, of tbe City of Chicago, County of Cook, State of lUinois, 13 132 MORTGAGES. to secure the payment of two certain prommory note», hearing even daie herewith, for the mms of One Thousand and Mftem hundred Dollars reepectimly, payable to the arder of the said James Y. Scammon, in three and five years from the dade thereof, respeedively, with interest at the rate of seven (7) per cent, per annum, payable annually, the following described Beal Estate : The South- ifesi quarter of Section number Twenty-one (21) in Township number Thirty-eight, (38) North, of Bange number Eleven (11) East, of the Third Principal Meridian. Also: Lots number one (\), three iZ) and fire 1.5) in Block number nineteen (19) of Schcfield's Addition to the Village of Naperville. All situated in the County of Du Page in the State of Illinois, hereby reieasing and waving ali rights under and by virtue of the Homestead Exemption Laws of this State. Dated this 1st day of January, A.D. 1896. Samuel P. Smith. (L.s.> Sarah E. Smith. (E.s.) (CERTIFICATE OF ACKNOWLEDGMENT.) STATE OF ILLINOIS ) [- ss. COUNTY OF DU PAGE ) I, John Smith, a Notary Public in and for said County in the State aforesaid do hereby certify that Samuel P Smua and Sarah E. Smith, his wife, who are personally known to me to be the same persons whose names are subscribed to the foregoing instrument, appeared before me this day in fierson and acknowledged that they signed, sealed, and de- ivered said instrument as their free and voluntary act for the uses and purposes therein set forth, including a release and waiver of all rights under and by virtue of the home¬ stead exemption laws of this State. Given under my hand and Notarial Seal this first day of January A. D. i8q6. John Smith. [Notarial Seal.] Notary Public. N.B. The endorsement and transfer of anote aecured by a mort- ?'ace transfers the security aleo, but in order to prevent the mortaaaeo rom releasing to the prejudice of the assignee of the note it is always safest to have a written assignment of the mortgage made and re¬ corded. In some states the assignment can be made upon the back of the mortgage and recorded. For stich states the following assignment is the usual form. Bee Form 1. In other states such as Illinois the assignment should be by formal separate inetrument, duly executed and acknowledged in the same manner as mortgages and the same died for record. Form 2 is the usual form for such assignments. assignment of mortgage. 182« ASSIGNMENT OF MORTGAGE.—Form 1. Know All Men by These Presents : That 1, Henry Betsold, the within named mortgagee for a consideration of Bight Hundred Hollars, (JSOO), liereby assign, transfer, and set over unto B. B. N^^'rnan, his heirs and assigns, the within named instrument of mortgage, and all the real estate, with appurtenances therein mentioned and described, to have and to hold the same forever. Subject nevertheless to the equity and right of redemption of the within named A. Meyer, his heirs and assigns therein. In witness whereof the party of the first part has hereunto set his hand and seal this third day of March, in the year of our Lord eighteen hundred and eighty-seven. Henry Beteold. (ñ¡si 6Mled and delivered in the preseoce of B. B. Hmothorn, ASSIGNMExNT OF MORTGAGE.—Form 2. Know All Men by These Presents, That I, James Y. Scammon, of Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, party of the first part, in consideration of fifteen hundred ($1,500.00) dollars, lawful money of the United States, to me in hand paid by Henry Jones, of the same place, party of the second part, do hereby sell, assign, and transfer unto the said party of the second part, his heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns, a certain indenture of mortgage bearing date the first day of January, 1896, made by Samuel P. Smith, and Sarah £. Smith, his wife, and all my right, title and interest in and to the premises therein described as fol¬ lows, to-wit: The southwest quarter of Section 21, Township No. 38 north. Range 11 east, of the 3d Prin¬ cipal Meridian; also Lots Nos. i, 3 and 5, in Block No. 19, in Scofield's Addition to the Village of Naperville, situated in the County of Du Page, and State of Illinois, which said mortgage is recorded in the Recorder's office of Du Page county, Illinois, in book 25 of mortgages; on page 100, to¬ gether with two notes therein described, and the money to come due thereon with all interest thereon. To have and to hold the same unto the party of the second part, his executors, administrators, and assigns forever, subject only to the proviso in said indenture mortgage contained. And I do for myself, and my heirs, 182Í certificate of acknowledgment. executors, and administrators, covenant with the party of the second part that there is now actually due and owing on said note and mortgage on principal and interest the sum of sixteen hundred ($1,600.00) dollars, and that I have a good right, to assign the same, and I do hereby con¬ stitute and appoint the said party of the second part my true and lawful attorney irrevocably in my name or other¬ wise, but at his own proper costs and charges to have, use, and take all lawful ways and means for the recovery of said money and interest, and in case of payment to discharge the same as fully as I might or could do if these presents were not made. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal this 13th day of May, A. D. i8g6. James Y. Scammon. [Seal.] (CERTIFICATE OF ACKNOTTEEDGHENT.) STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) COUNTY OF DU PAGE, ) I, John Smith, a Notary Public in and for said County, and in the State aforesaid, do hereby certify that James Y. Scam- mon,who is personally known to me to be the same person whose name is subscribed to the foregoing instrument, ap¬ peared before me this day in person and acknowledged that he signed, sealed and deliveredlhe said instrument as his free and voluntary act for the uses and purposes therein set forth. Given under my hand and Notarial Seal this 13th day of May, 1896. John Smith, [Notarial Seal.] Notary Public. N. B. The following form of a release of mortgage is the one commonly in use in Illinois, and is a form which will effectually release a mortgage in any state, although more formal than those required by some of the states. RELEASE. Know All Men by These Presents, That I, James Y. Scammon, of the County of Cook, and State of Illinois, for and in consideration of one dollar, to me in hand paid, and for other good and valuable considerations, the receipt whereof is hereby confessed.do hereby grant, bargain, remise^ convey, release and quit claim unto Samuel P. Smith and release. 183 Sarah E. Smith, of the County of Du Page and State of Illi¬ nois, all the right, title, interest, claim or demand whatsoever I may have acquired in, through or by a certain indenture or mortgage deed, bearing date the first day of January, A. D. i80, and recorded in the Recorder's office of Du Page County, Illinois, in book- 25 of mortgages page 100, to the premises therein described, and which said deed was made to secure two certain promissory notes, bearing even date with said deed, for the sum of twenty-five hundred dollars. Witness my hand and seal this 28th day of February, A. D. 1896. James Y. Scammon. [Seal.] STATE OF ILLINOIS, J COOK COUNTY. ) I, John Smith, a Notary Public in and for said County, in the State aforesaid, do hereby certify that James Y. Scam¬ mon, who is personally known to me as the same person whose name is subscribed to the foregoing deed, appeared before me this day, in person, and acknowledged that he signed, sealed and delivered the said instrument of writing as his free and voluntary act, for the uses and purposes therein set forth. Given under my hand and notarial seal this 28th day of February, A. D. 1896. John Smith, Notary Public. 184 CHATTBIi MOBTOAQES. HOW TO WRITE A CHATTEL MORTGAGE. Ute a legal prirUed form or write one Wee the cerpy gicm beloie, A Chattel Mortgage is a mortgage em personal property, tueh ai Ime stock, machinery, farm implements, etc. 1. A chattel mortgage must be acknowledged before a Jus¬ tice of the Peace, or before the County Judge, in which the mortgagor resides. 2. llie moi'tgage must be recorded. S. ChatteliTuortgages may not run longer than two years. 4. Chattel mortjgages are usually given to secure notes of the mortgagor in the same way in which real estate mortgages are given to secure notes of the mortgagors. Greater strictness, however, is required in the acknov ledg- ment docketing and recording of chattel mortgages tl in in the case of real estate mortgages. A recent statute jf the State of Illinois provides that notes secured by chattel mortgages must show on their face that they are secured by chattel .mortgages, or they are absolutely void. Any defense which the maker of the note secured by chattel mortgage could make against the original payee is good against the note in the hands of an endorsee even though endorsed be¬ fore maturity. Chattel mortgages on household goods must be signed by the wife of mortgagor and can only be foreclosed by a court proceeding. 5. A chattel mortgage is a conditional sale of property, if the debt for which it was given is not paid. 6. The property must be taken possession of by the mortgagee on the maturity of the mortgage, or it can be taken byKither creditors. 7. To sell property covëred by a chattel mortgage isa criminal oSense. chattel mortgages. 185 THE UAH WHO PAVS HIS MORTGASE AT THE OAT OF MATURITT. FORM OF CHATTEL MORTGAGE. Know All Men by These Presents, That I, Grace Mar¬ garet Nichols, of the town of Naperville, in the County Du Page, and State of Illinois, acknowledge myself tobe indebted to A. S. Barnard, of the town of Meudon, County of Monroe, State of NewTork, the sum of Four Hundred Dollars ($400.00) with six per cent, interest from date, and for the security of said sum I do hereby mortgage and sell and assign to the said A. S. Barnard, One Bay Mare, 4 years old. One Wagon, One Set of Double Harness and all my Household Furniture of every description in my house on Washington Street in the town of Naperville. And, I hereby anthorize and empower the said A. S. Barnard to take possession of said property and effects, he to sell the same and appropriate the proceeds to the payment of said debt and interest. Witness my hand and seal this first day of December, 1892. Qrace Margaret Nichols. (SXI) Chatter mortgages in Sonth Dakota are not acknowledged, but require two witnesses, and may run three years. Chattel mortgages in Montana may run one year and sixty days. 1»6 leases. HOW TO WRITE A LEASE. Hole.—The pa/ny granting the posseisim and preßt is called On Lessor, and the party to whom the grant is made is called the Lessee. A Lease is a contract to be peiioimed by both parties, and hence they both should sign it. It is proper and best to have two copies of the lease (both alike), so that each party may hold a copy of the original agreement. Write the lessor's name first, and his name should be signed first at the close. Payments of rent should be entered on the back of fte ¡ease. Care should be exercised in giving the time, dbscriptioS and the amount to be paid. 1. A Lease is a contract by which a party gains the possos- iiiou, use and profit of lands and tenements, in retuim for which he pays the owner thereof a recompense, called rent. 3. A lease must always give a less interest in iand than that Of the lessor. If lessor conveys his whole interest, it is an as¬ signment or deed. 3. A lease of lands and tenements may be by written or verbal contract, except that tliere cannot be a verbal lease for a longer period than one year. 4. A written lease cannot be changed by verbal agreement made at the same or another time. When parties reduce their agreements to writing they are bound by the writing as against any verbal declarations. 6. If no time is stated when the rent is to be paid, it is not due till the end of the lease. A Lease for Renting a House. Know All Men by These Presents : That 1 have, this sixth day of September, 1891, let and rented unto Andrew Jay my house and premises, number 142 on Archer Street, in the town of Livermore, and State of Iowa, witli the sole and uninterrupted use and occupation thereof tor one year, to commence the first day of May next, at the monthly rent of twenty dollars, payable in advance. Witness my hand and seal, Henry R. Rilling, [ Seal.] lease». iSJ A LEASE—FOR CASH RENT. THIS INDENTURE, made this Fifth day oí Februa/ry^ A.D. 1884, between Samuel E. Sport, of the Town of Napermlle, the County of Du Page and State of Illinois, of the one part, and Jamee B. Giddings, of tlw Town of Lisle, in the Go^mty and Stats aforesaid, of tlie other part ; WITNESSETH, That the said Samuel E. Sport, for the consider¬ ation hereinafter expressed, hath demised, granted and leased, and doth by these presents hereby demise, grant and lease un¬ to the said James R. Giddings and his assigns lots one (l) two (2) and three (3) in block seven (7) of the original Town of Ncf pervUle, as shown by the plat of said town on file in the Recorder's oßce of the said Dupage County. And also the Northwest qaar' ter (N. IF. of Section Eight (8) in Township Twenty (20), Range Nine (9), East of the Zrd Principal Meridian, and contaire- ing one hundred and sixty (1601 acres according to gomrnment survey. All aforesaid real estate being situate in the County oj Du Page and State of Illinois, together with ali the privileges and appurtenances thereunto beionging, TO HAVE AND TO HOLD the above described premises for and during the term of "ve years from tiie date liereof. And the esád James R. GuJdings dotii covenant and agree to pay the said Samuel E. Sport, or his assigns, the sum of One Thousand Dollars, as yearly rent for said premises, in 2 equal payments of Five Hundred Dollars each, at the expiration of each and every six months from date, during the continuance of this Lease. In Witness Whereoi", The said parties have to this and one other instrument of the same tenor and date interchange¬ ably set their hands and seals, the day and year first above written. For value received I hereby enter myself security for the full payment of the rent reserved in the within lease, and guarantee the payment of the rent and full performance of ail covenants contained herein by the said party of the second SlfBedf Sealed eod Delivered la PreseDceof Samuel E. Sport. (ïîr7) James R. Giddings. (HH) J. K Nichols. SECURITY FOR RENT. part. Fred. A. Lueben. 188 AGREEMENT TO CULTIVATE LAND ON SHARES. AGREEMENT TO CULTIVATE LAND ON SHARES. This agreement, made this first day of March, 1896, be» tween H. M. Schrepfer, of the town of Cohocta, m the County of Livingstone, State of Michigan, party of the first £art, and Richard Brown, of the City of La Salle, County of a Salle and State of Illinois, party of the second part, Witnesseth; That the said party of the first part has leased to the party of the second part the southwest quarter of Section 10, Township 33 north. Range 3, east, of the 3rd P M., in La Salle County, Illinois, for the term of two years from March i, 1896. Said party of the second part cove¬ nants to cultivate said land in good workmanlike manner, so as to raise the greatest amount of grain thereon which the season and the land will permit; to keep the land free from noxious weeds, haul out the manure at least once each year and keep all buildings and fences on said premises in repair, and to deliver to the party of the first part, at his residence in said City of La Salle, one-half of all hay, grain, and other crops raised on said farm, the small grain to be divided at the machine and delivered immediately after the same is threshed, the corn to be husked and cribbed on or before the first day of December in each year. Said party of the second part further agrees to pay four ($4 00) dollars per acre for all lands on said premises used as pasture, such rental to be paid to the party of the first part on or before October 1st in each year. Said party of the first part agrees to furnish all material which maybe necessary to make the repairs herein provided for,at the railroad station, in said City of La Salle, as the same shall be needed. A violation of any of the covenants herein contained will authorize the party of the first part to declare this lease forfeited and recover possession of the premises hereby demised. In witness hereof, the parties hereunto have set their hands and seals the day and year first above written. (Signed) H. M. Schrepfer. [Seal.] Richard Brown. [Seal.] N. B. It is not necessary to go to a lawyer or notary to make a valid agreement. State what you mutually agree to in plain language. Follow the above form as near as possible. how to write a deed. 18V KOW TO WRITE A DEED. Bdles :—1. It mvM he vrUten or printed on paper or pwrcTimml, 2. The name» of the parties and place of residencecire written first. 3. The property must he fully deserihed. The description should he by hounds, or hy dimsions of United States surreys, or hy suh- ikisions into hlodcs and lots, as shawm on the records. 4. It must express a conMeration, also a eorenant to " warrant and defend " and he signed and sealed hy Ote grantor or grantors. CAtmoN.—It must be completely written before delivery. Numbers should always be written in words followed by figures in parentheses. If the grantor is married, they both should Join in the grant and in execution of the deed—signing and acknowledging. Where forms are prescribed hy the ¡Statutes of a State, they must he followed. The long form, however. Is good in all the States. 190 deeds. THE LAW GOVERNING DEEDS. 1. The acknowledgment of a deed can only be made tefore tertain persons authorized to take the same, such as Justices of the Peace, Notaries, Masters in Chancery, Judges and Clerks of tiie Courts, Commissioners of Deeds, etc. 2. A deed without consideration is void. 3. Any person of legal age, competent to ti-ansact business, and owning real estate, may convey it by deed. i. The deed takes effect upon its delivery to the person au¬ thorized to receive it, and should be recorded at once. 5. After the acknowledgment of a deed the parties have no right to make the slightest alteration. 6. The person making the deed is called the gramior, the person to whom the deed is delivered is called grantee. 7. A Warbantt Deed.—The grantor warrants the title to be good, and agrees to defend the same against all persons. A Quit Claim Deed releases only what interest the grantor has in the property. 8. Never purchase real estate without a careful examination of the title, either by yourself or a trusty attorney. 9. Always procure an abstract of title before advancing money or signing contract for purchase of land or lots. WARRANTY DEED.—Long Form. THIS INDENTURE, made this Second dag of in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eightg-fice, between Andrew Samson and Polly Ann Samson, his wife, of the Village of Nnporoille, in the County of Ihi Page, and State of Jtlinois, party of the first part, and Eteneser P. Stought of the Oity of Chicago, in the County of Cook and State of Illinois, party of the second part : witnesseth, That the said party of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of Ten thovsand Bight hundred and ninety ($10,890.00) Dollars, in hand paid by the said party of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, and the said party of the second part forever released and dis¬ charged therefrom, hare granted, bargained, sold, remised. DbLUa 191 released, conveyed, aliened and confirmed, and by these pres¬ ents do—grant, bargain, sell, remise, release, convey, alien, and confirm unto tlie said party of the second part, and to AÛ heirs and assigns, forever, all the following described lot«, piece«, or parcel of land, situated in the County of Du Page, and State of Illinm, and known and described as follows, to-wit; The Jfbrthicest gvarler of Section Thiriy-six (36) í» TovBtuihip thirty-eight (38) North, of Range eleven {\\) East of the Third Prin- eipal iferidian, containing one hundred and sixty aares hy Qovem- %nent survey. Also, an equal undivided one-half interest in Lot mntber orte (1) in Block nuniber three (3) of Smith's suMmsion of Schuyler's addition to the Village of Naperville, in the Bounty and Btate aforesaid Together with All and Singular the hereditaments and appurtenances thereunto belonging, or in anywise appertain¬ ing, and the reversion and reversions, remainder and remain¬ ders, rents, issues, and profits thereof ; and all of the estate, right, title, interest, claim, or demand whatsoever, of the said paity of the first part, either in law or In equity, of, in, and to the above bargained premises, with the hereditaments and ap¬ purtenances : To Have and to Hold the said premises above bargained and described, with the appurtenances, unto the' said party of the second part, his iieirs and assigns forever And the said Andrew Samson and Polly Ann Samson, his leife, party of the first part, for themselves and their heirs, executors, and administrators, do covenant, grant, bargain, and agree to and with the said party of the second part, his heirs and as¬ signs, that at the time of the ensealing and delivery of these presents, they are well seized of the premises above conveyed, as of a good, sure, perfect, absolute and indefeasible estate of Inheritance in law, in fee simple, and have good right, full power, and lawful authority to grant, bargain, sell and con¬ vey the same in manner and form aforesaid, and that the same are free and clear from all former and other grants, bargains, sales, liens, taxes, assessments, and encumbrances, of what kind or nature soever ; and the above bargained premises, in the quiet and peaceable possession of the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, against all and every other person or persons lawfully claiming or to claim the whole or 192 DEEDS. any part thereof, the said party of the first part shall and wiB wakbant and depend. And the said party of the first part hereby expressly waive and release any and all right, benefit, privilege, advantage and exemption, under or by virtue of any and all Statutes of the State of Illinok, providing for the exemption of home¬ steads from sale on execution or otherwise. In Witness Wherbop, the said party of the first part Aoei hereunto set their hands and seals the day and year first above written. Artdrea bornean. fiSii.'! i'olty Ann bornean, faîfùl S) SoXomomäer 8. Stone. (CEETIFICATE OF ACKNOWIEDOMENT.) STATE OF ILLINOIS, ss COUNTY OF DU PAGE, I, John Smith, a Notary Public in and for said County, do hereby certify that Andrew Samson and Polly N. Sam¬ son, his wife, who are personally known to me to be the same persons whose names are subscribed to the foregoing instrument, appeared before me this day in person and acknowledged that they signed, sealed and delivered the same as their free and voluntary act for the uses and pur¬ poses therein set forth, including a release and waiver of the right of homestead. Given under my hand and Notarial Seal this second day of March, 1885. (Signed) John Smith, [Notarial Seal.) Notary Public. THE LAW OF WILLS 193 THE LAW OF WILLS. 1. All persons of sound mind ^nd memory, of lawful age, (leely exercising their own will, may dispose of their property by will. In some States a married woman cannot without consent of her Iiushand. 2. " Lawful age," is in most States 21 years, in both male and female ; in many States a female is of lawful age when 18 years old, in some States persons may dispose of personal property by will at the age of 17. 3. No exact form of words is necessary to make a will good at law. 4. The maker of a will if male, is called a tettator ; if female, testatrix. 5. A will has no force or effect until after testator's death. 6. The last will annuls all former wills. 7. A wife cannot be deprived of her dower, which is a life interest in one-third of her husband's real estate by will, but in some States taking any interest in her husband's property by virtue of his will, bars her dower. 8. Subsequent marriage by female, revokes will made while single in those States where husband's con.sent is necessary. 9. Testator's property is primarily liable for testator's debts and funeral expenses, which must be paid before any part of it can be distributed to legatees. 10. A will is good, though written with a lead pencil. 11. A person who is competent to make a will can appoint his own executor. If the person so appointed is legally com¬ petent to transact business, the Probate Court will confirm the appointment. The person so appointed is not obliged to serve. 12. It is not necessary that the witnesses should know the contents of the will. It is generally necessary that testator acknowledge to them that it is his will, sign it in their pres¬ ence, or acknowledge the signature already signed to be his, and request them to sign as witnesses : they should sign as witnesses in the presence of each other, and in bis presence. 13. Testator should write his own name in full. If unable to do so, his hand should be guided by another, and his name written, or a mark made near his name. The following is the usual form where testator signs by mark. hit John X Smith. 194 FORM OF A TFILL. 14. An addition to an executed will is called a codicil. 15. The same essentials apply to a codicil as to a will. 16. Legacies to subscribing witnesses'are generally declared void by statute. I, John Smith, of the Village of Naperville, County of Dn- Page, and State of Illinois, being of sound mind and memory, do make, publish and declare this to be my last will and testa¬ ment, to-wit: First—All my just debts and funerarexpenses shall be first fully paid. Second—I give, devise and bequeath all the rest, residue and remainder of my estate, botli real and personal, to my beloved wife Snsie E. Smith, to have to hold to her, my said wife, and to her iieirs and assigns forever. Third—1 nominate and appoint my said wife, Susie È. Smith, to be the executor of this my last will and testament, hereby revoking all former wills by me made. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal this loth day or November, A. D. 1885. Signed, sealed, published and declared as and for his last will and testament by the above named testator, in our pres¬ ence, who have, at his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each other, signed our names as witnesseg thereto. THE FORM OF A WILL. John Smith, Most States require two witnesses. Some States require three. AGENTS AND AGENCY. 19¿ MBLVILLE M. FULLER. CHIEF JUSTICE OP THE U. S. " When you deal with an agent you do business at your own risk." HOW TO DO BUSINESS WITH AN AGENT. 1. Agency.—Agency is one of the most important rela¬ tions which exists in the transaction of the ordinary busi¬ ness affairs of life. 2. Implied Agency.—Agencymay be implied from pre¬ vious dealing and transaction between the parties. If the Principal has held a person out as an agent he will be bound by his acts, even though as a matter of fact the agent had no authority to represent him. 3. Agents.—An agent is defined tobe one who is author¬ ized to represent another, who is called the principal, and when so authorized acts for and in the place and stead of the principal. A man may do through his agent whatever he may lawfully do himself. Persons not of age, married women and aliens may act as agents for others. Factors, brokers, attorney, etc., are but agents in a business sense. 196 AGENTS AND AGENCY. The acts of the agent, if exercised within the powers dele> gated, bind the principal and become the latter's acts and deeds, but the agent s authority may be revoked by the principal at any time. Authority given to two persons must be executed by both to be binding on the principal. 4. Special Agent.—A special agent is one authorized to do one or more special things in pursuance of particular instructions, or within restrictions necessarily implied from the act to be done. 5. General Agent.—A general agent is one authorized to transact all his principal's business, or all his business of some particular kind, or at some particular place. If an agency is proved without its extent being shown it will be presumed to be a general agency. The acts of a general agent will bind the principal even though he had no author¬ ity to do them, provided be acts in the general scope of the business which he was authorized to transact. 6. Authority of Agent.^If a special agent exceeds his authority, the principal is not bound, but if a general agent exceeds his authority the principal is bound, provided the agent acted within the ordinary and usual scope of the business he was authorized to transact, and the party deal¬ ing with him did not know he was exceeding his authority. 7. Authority How Given.—The authority of an agent may be constituted in three ways: By deed under seal, by writing, or by mere words. Express authority is given to an agent by what is called a power of attorney. If the authority is to execute a writing under seal and acknowl¬ edged, the power of attorney must be likewise under seal and acknowledged. An agent to sell land, or to do any important business, where he is required to make contracts, draw or sign notes, drafts or checks should be appointed by " power of attorney." 8. Agent's Acts Ratified.—The acts or contracts of an agent made beyond the scope of his authority may be rati¬ fied by the principal, and when so ratified are binding on the letter. ß. _ Agent's Responsibility.—An agent concealing his principal is himself responsible, and if acting fraqdulently or deceitfully is himself responsible to third parties. He cannot appoint a substitute or delegate his authority to another, without consent of his principal. 10. Principal's Liability.—The principal is liable to the third person for the negligence or unskillfulness of the agent, when he is acting in the fulfillment of the agency business. The principal is liable for all acts of his agent AGENTS AND AGENCY. 196« witlun the scope of his agency, but money paid by an agent can be recovered by the principal, if it has been paid by mistake. The knowledge of the agent relating to the busi¬ ness of the agency is binding upon the principal, and notice to an ^ent as to matters relating to the agency is notice to the principal. • II. Authority May VeBevoked.—The authority of an agent may be determined: First, by the express revocation t&reof by the principal. Second, by renunciation of such power oy the agent. Third, by the death of the principal, which also revokes the agency. Fourth, by the expiration of the time within which the agent was to perform the acts which were tobe done by him, or by him having completed and fully performed the commission and closed the business which he was to transact. Fifth, by the sale of the subject matter of the agency. 12. Bevocatlon Takes Effect When.—A revocation of authority takes effect, so far as the agent is concerned, when he received notice thereof. So far as third persons are concerned when they receive notice of such revocation. Personal notice or its equivalent is required, and is sufficient to those who have dealt with the agent. Adver¬ tising the fact would be sufficient as to all others. Without a sumcient notice of the revocation, a contract mhde in good faith with the agent after revocation will bind the principal the same as before. 13. Caution.—Persons dealing with agents who are strangers should be very careful to ascertain that the agent bad authority to transact the business in hand. In all trans¬ actions in regard to real estate the authority of the agent should be in writing, signed by the owner of the property, in order to be binding upon him. In all cases of doubt as to the authority of an agent or the extent of his authority, it would be wise to require of the agent a written proof of his agency and the extent of his authority. 196¿ power of attorney. POWER OF ATTORNEY. Know All Men by These Presents, That 1, Jame* L. Binton, of the Village of Ifapenille, Oounty of Xht Page and BUrie of Illinoit, have ma^e, constituted and appointed, and BY THESE PRESENTS do make, constitute and appoint Henry J. l/undg true and lawful Attorney fur me and in my name, place and stead, to lease, sell, or make any other disposition vihateeet of the foHouing deserikd premises, to-wit: Lots three (3) and four li) of Block, floe (5) in the Town of Boney Qrote, County of Beeswax arid State of Texas, and to sign, seal and deliver any agreement, assignment, assurance, eenoeyanee or lease to any persons who shall purchase, or agree to purchase, such property, or any part thereof, and in due form of law ta acknowledge any such instrumeni necessary to the proper conoey» ing or leasing said premises, or any part thereof, giving and granting unto »tysaid Attorney full power and authority todo and perform ail and evei7 act and thing whatsoever, requisite and necessary to be done in and about tiie premises, as fuily to all intents and purposes, as / might or could do if personally present, with all power of substitution and revocation, hereby ratifying and confirming all that my said Attorney or Am sub¬ stitute shall lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. In Witness Whereof, 1 have hereunto set my hand and seal the 2nd day of January, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-six. sifovd, 8Ml«lNnd D«ltv«r«d \ T / \ In Pmence of f JomeS L. iStmOn, (S**-) To be properly acknowledged before officer, the same as a deed, according to the law of the State. quit-claim oeeo, 19» QUIT-CLAIM DEED. This ikdeimnie, madu the l8th day of August, in the yeai of our Lord oue thousand eight hundred and ninety-tour, Be¬ tween Bay Scott and his wife Lizzie £. Scott, of the city of San Francisco, in the State of California, party of the first part, and Timothy H- Barnard, of the town of Chico, county of Butte, in the State of California, the party of the second part. Wit, nesseth: That the said party of the first part for and in com gideration of'the sum of nine thousand (99,000) dollars, cur¬ rency of the United States of America, to us in hand paid the said party of the second part, the receipt whereof is here¬ by acknowledged, do by these presents remise, release, and forever Quitclaim unto the said party of the second part, and to his heirs and assigns forever, ail the certain lots, pieces or parcels of land, situated in the said town of Chico, county of Butte, and State of California, and bounded and particularly described as follows, to-wit: IjOt number three (3), in block number six (6), in the town of Chico, and County of Butte, State of California. Also the northwest quarter of section thirty-seven (37), in the town of Chico, County of Butte, and State of California, containing One Hundred and Sixty acres, more or less, according to United States surveys. Tooetheb with all and singular the tenements, heredita¬ ments and appurtenances thereunto belonging, or in anywise appertaining, and the reversion and reversions, remainder and remainders, rents, issues and profits thereof. To Have and to Hold, ail and singular, the said premises, together with the appurtenances, unto the said party of the second part, and to his heirs and assigns forever. In Witness whebeof, the said party of the first part have hereunto set their hand and seal the day and year first above written. Signed, Sealed and Delivered In the presence of KATIE BURKE. B. O. HALL- BAT SCOTT, [seal.] LIZZIE SCOTT. [seal.] , I ®®- im acknowledgments—affidavits. (CERTIFICATE OF ACKNOWlEDeMENT.) STATE OF ILLINOIS, COUNTY OF DU PAGE, I, John Smith, a Notary Public in and for said County, do hereby certify that Bay Scott, and Lizzie Scott, his wife, who are personally known to me to be the same persons whose names are subscribed to the foregoing instrument, appeared before me this day in person and acknowledged that they signed, sealed, and delivered the same as their free and voluntary act for the uses and purposes therein set forth, including a release and waiver of their right of homestead. Given under my hand and Notarial Seal, this 18th day of August, A. D. 1894. (Signed) John Smith, [Notarial Seal.] Notary Public. HOW TO WRITE AFFIDAVITS. An affidavit is an oath or affirmation made in writing, sworn or affirmed to, before an officer empowered to admin- ister the same. The following is a common form, and with certain modi¬ fications can be made to apply to almost any case: COMMON FORM OF AFFIDATIT. i' STATE OF ILLINOIS COUNTY OF HENRY John Jones being duly sworn on his oath states that he is well acquainted with the hand writing of Daniel Seitz one of the subscribing witnesses to the deed hereto attached; that affiant has frequently seen him write and knows his signature: that he believes that the name of the said Daniel Seitz signed in the said deed is in the handwriting of the said Daniel Seitz, and further affiant says not. Subscribed and sworn to before me this 28th day of Febru- iqiimedl ary A. D. 1806. )■ E. M. Schwartz. i John Jones. Notary Public. J B.—The beginniDg and the conclusion can be used for any affidavit which may be re(3uired. It is impossible to give a generu form which will meet all circnmetances. SOTT TO WRITE ALL KINDS OF GDABAIITIE8. 199 How to Write all Kinds of Guaranties. 1. A Guarantee is an assurance made by a second party that a certain party will perform a certain specific act. 2. A guarantee to be binding should be for a consideration. 3. All guarantees must be in writing. 4. A mere accommodation or overture is not sufficient to hold a guarantor. 3. A guarantee must be accepted to make it a contract, and the guarantor must have notice of its acceptance within a reasonable time. 6. A guarantor, after paying the debt, has the right to sub¬ stitute himself in place of the creditor. 7. Guarantees of commission merchants binding them to warrant the solvency of the purchaser of goods they sell on credit, need not be in writing. 8. Hie terms of the contract of guaranty are to be strictly eonstrued. 9. In the sale of a horse the purchaser can only hold the guarantor for defects of the horse when sold. 10. In case of a cough the horse must have been heard to cough previous to tlie purchase. If lame, the lameness must he proved to arise from a cause that could not have occurred after the purchase. 11. A guaranty after the sale of the horse is of no effect. 200 GÜAKANTIES. How to Write a Guaranty for the Purchase of a Horse. Osage, Kansas, yune 30, iSgi. In consideration of One Hundred and Fifty Dollars, for a bay mare, I hereby guarantee her to be only six years old, sound, free from vice and quiet to ride or drive. N. B. This guaranty embraces every cause of unsoundness that can be detected aud the seller will be held for all the defects in the animal at the time of sale. This is the only safe and satisfactory way for a man to purchase a horse who is not an experienced judge of horses. Another. Dayton, Aug. 30,1891. W. Keinke, Esq. Dear Sir;—\ hereby guarantee the payment of any hill or bills of merchandise, Mr. Jno. A. Dahlem may pur¬ chase from you, the amount of this guarantee not to exceed five hundred dollars (?300), and to expire at the end of three months from date. Respectfully yours, Chas. Adams. Guarantee of a Deht Already Incurred. St. tx)uls. Mo., July 10,1891. Messrs. H. E. Bechtel & Co., West Salem. Qentlemen .-—In consideration of one dollar, paid me by yourselves, the receipt of which I hereby acknowledge, I guarantee that the debt of four hundred dollars now owing te you by Ira J. Ferry, shall be paid at maturity. Very respectfully yours, William Metz. SrLES AND LAW POR PORMINQ A Pi .»TNER8HIP. 201 How to Form a Partnership, and the Rules and Law. * 1. Paitnership is a voluntary contract between two or more persons, to place their property, labor or credit, or some or ali of them, in some lawful business, to share the gains and losses in certain proportions. 2. Where no time is specified, any partner may dissolve a partnership at will. 3. The death of any partner dissolves the whole firm. 4. Each partner has full authority to act for the firm. 5. Not only the common property, but also all the private property of each partner may be taken, to satisfy the debts of the firm. 6. Upon the dissolution the old partners are responsible to third persons for even new debts, unless such persons have had notice of the dissolution. 7. One partner may discharge himself from liability by giving express notice to any customer or other person, not to trust one or more of his co-partners. l' 8. A partner cannot make the firm responsible for his sepa¬ rate or private debt, nor bind the firm by entering into engage¬ ments unconnected with, or foreign to the partnership. p. The contract of co-partnership may be made verbally or in writing. It is a serious engagement and easier to get into than to get out of. Every person should use great care in involving his property and business interests in a co-partner¬ ship, and where those interests are extensive, articles of co¬ partnership drawn by the best qualified lawyer available are the safest expedient, and will in all cases be a good Investment. 202 co-partnership. Agreement to Dissolve a Partnership. WO; the undersigned, do nautually agree that the within mentioned partnership be, and the same is hereby dissolved, except for the purpose of final liquidation and settlement of the business thereof, and upon such settlement wholly to cease and determine. Witness our hands and seals, this twenty-ninth day of May, eighteen hundred ninety-one. signed, Sealed autl Delivered Id ^ ' Presence of f JohU H. Wc^nêT. (|E^) Uarmy 0. Chester. V r. i u- j / > „ , ™.,. 1 Beuien U. Howard, {'j^) Porter L. Fields. 1 ARTICLES OF CO-PARTNERSHIP. A»!ticles of Agreement, made December 3d, í890, between John H. Wagner and (irego'/y Ross : The said parties hereby agi ee to become co-partners, under the firm name of Wagner & Ross, and as such partners to carry on togetiier tlie business of buying and seliing all sorts of dry goods, at No. 547 Pulton street, in the city of Brooklyn. The said John H. Wagner agrees to contribute two thousand dollars ($2,00D) to the capital of said firm ; and the said Gregory Ross agrees to contribute one thousand dollars ($1,000) to the same ; the sum of $2,500 of said capital to he expended in the purchase of a stock in trade. The said Wagner shall have exclusive charge of all the buy¬ ing for the firm. All the net profits arising out of the business shall he divided in the following proportions, two-thirds to the said Wagnei and one-third to the said Ross. Each partner shall devote ail his time, attention, and efforts to the said business. Neither partner shall, without the consent of the other, sign any bond, hill or note as surety, or otherwise become obligated as security for any other person. Witness the hands and seals of the parties hereto, this Ist day of January, A. D. 1891. (^) (^) MECHANIC'S LIEN ON FKOPEliïT. 203 How to Secure a Mechanic's Lien on Property. 1. A hisn is a legal claim. It includes every case in which either real or personal property is cliarged with any debt or duty. Or in other words, it is the right to liold possession of property until some claim again.st it has been satisfied. 2. Possesion is always necessary to create a lien except in case of mortgages. The lien simply extends to the right of holding the property until the debt is satisfied. The property cannot be sold without the consent of the owner, except by order of the Court. 5. Law; The existence of a lien does not prevent the party entitled to it from collecting the debt or claim by taking it into Court. 4. Warehouse men, carpenters, tailors, dyers, millers, print¬ ers, etc., or any person who performs labor or advances money on property or goods of another has a lien on same until all charges are paid. 6. Hotel Keq>ers have a lien upon the baggage of their guests, whom they have accommodated. 6. Common Carrier» have a lien on goods carried for trans¬ portation charges. 7. Agente have a lien on goods of their principal tor money Udvauced. 8. How to Hold the Lien. Never give up possession of the property until the debt is paid. 9. Beat Property. If the debt is on a house, barn or other real property, file a Hen on the whole property, and have it recorded in the County Eccorder's olUce. The claim then partakes of the nature of a mortgage. 10. Mechanic's Lien.—N early all the states have enacted special laws to protect mechanics and material men who may furnish material and labor for the erection, construc¬ tion, repair and improvement of buildings situated thereon. The method of securing these liens and enforcing them in the different states vanes so widely that it is almost impos¬ sible to give such a statement as will cover all states. The courts have construed such laws very strictly and in order to entitle a person to such lien the provisions of the law granting the same must be strictly complied vvith. Mechanics and material men desiring to avail themselves of these statutes had better consult some good lawyer and have him prepare the necessary papers. The follow¬ ing form is the one commonly in use in the State of Illinois: 204 form of mechanic's lien. FORM OF MECHANIC'S LIEN. STATE OF- ILLINOIS, | circuit Court, Du Page DU PAGE COUNTY. ) ' County. Julius Warren, ) vs. I Claim for Lien. Martin Smith. j Julius Warren, being first duly sworn, on oath, says that he is the claimant above named, and that the attached "Exhibit A," is a just and true statement of the account due him from said Martin Smith for labor and materials furnished said Martin Smith at the times in said statement mentioned, which various amounts are due and payable to him from and after the respective dates thereof: and affiant says that the labor and materials in said statement mentioned were used m the construction and improvement of a two-story frame Jiuilding situate upon the following described premises in tbe County of Du Page and State of Illinois, to-wit: Lot two (2), in Block three (3), of the original town of Hinsdale. And affiant says that there is now due and owing to said Julius Warren from said Martin Smith, at whose request said material and labor was furnished as aforesaid, after allowing to him all just credits, deductions, and set-offs, the sum of $500, for which amount said Julius Warren claims a lien upon the above described premises. Subscribed and sworn to before me this 29th day of February, A. D- 1896. John Smith, Notary Public. Julius Warren. Nv B.—The foreaoing statement shoold be signed and sworn to before some officer authorized to administer oaths, and filed with tho Clerk of the Circuit Court of the counts' where the real estate is eitn- ated, and a suit to enforce the same must be begun within two years from the date of the completion of the contract. ARBITRATION. 20$ Think Ttuiee Betove Voa /' //_5'i Sue VouP fielghbop. ^ How to Settle Difficulties by Arbitration. Arbitration is an agreement by parties who have a contre, wersy or difference to the decision of a third party. Arbitration is one of the higliest courts for the settlement of personal differences, and if people would only learn more of its benefits and advantages, lawyers by the thousands would not thrive and fatten upon the earnings of those who could make better use of their money. When the matters in difference are simply those of fact, It is «ften more satisfactory to submit them to the decision of mntuai friends, each contending party choosing one, and the ■two arbitrators thus chosen choosing the third, and the three iparties thus chosen constituting the court. The decision of the arbitrators is called an mcard. The award should be speeific and distinct containing the ■decision of the arbitrators in as clear and concise language as possible. The following oath should be taken by th.'i persons chosen t. ■act as arbitrators or referees before entering upon the exami- aiation of the matters in dispute : We, the undersigned arbi- 4rators, appointed by and' between Henry Smith and Richard Brown, do swear fairly and faithfully to hear and examine dtie matters in controversy between said Henry Smith and 206 ARBITOATION. Bichard Brown, and to matee a just award, according to the liest of our understanding. P. D- Crimmins, J. O. Everett, O. M. Powers. Sworn to this 26th day of May, A. D. 1883, before me. D. B. Giveler, Justice of the Peace. Oath to be administered to a witness by the arbitrators : You do solemnly swear, that the evidence you shall give to the arbitrators here present in a certain controversy submitted to them by and between Henry Smith and Richard Brown, shall be the tmth, and nothing bnt the truth, so help you God. Nations by a system of arbitration are avoiding bloody and protracted wars. Arbitration Best for Farmers. Arbitration is almost invariably preferable to litigation. It is not only the easiest, quickest and cheapest way to settie dis¬ agreements, bnt saves much vexation and subseqnent dissen¬ sion. Were individuals, corporations and nations to arrange their disputes by arbitration, instead of resorting to litigation and warfare, the people would be saved millions of treasure, and the world spared mncli shedding of blood. A peaceful settlement of difliculties is usually foliowed by prosperity, while "going to law" or war usually r esults in loss and suffer¬ ing to both contestants. Indeed, litigation and warfare are twin relics of the dark ages, and so long as they continue in vogue we may look in vain for harbingers of the promised millennium. Of ali classes, farmers should, so far as possible, avoid entering into litigation ; for whether they win or lose, they are proverbially worsted, the lawyers usually taking the cream, and leaving only the skim-milk for the winning contest¬ ant. Traly, there is neither glory nor honor, profit nor pleas¬ ure in litigation, and the less people who profess to live "on the square," and, according to the Commandments, have to do therewith, the better it will be for both their present and future peace and prosperity. Even in the most aggravating case of trespass, and the like, no good citizen should resoi-t to the law, until all amicable attempts at settlement have failed. Indeed, and finally, whatever may be the provocation, don't get mad and impulsively prosecute your neighbor, but keep your temper. criminal law. 207 TERMS AND FACTS OF CRIMINAL LAW. 1. The Rdlb, "Every man's house ts his castle" only ap» plies to civil cases. Any locked door of the house may be forced open to arrest a criminal. 2. Evert Mam is compelled by law to obey the call of a sheriff for assistance in making an arrest. 3. Ehbezzlememt is a fraudulent appropriation to one's own use what is entrusted to one's care, and can only be charged against a clerk, servant, or agent. 4. The Offense of Stealimg cannot be lawfully settled by nceiving back stolen property. 208 criminal law. 5. Bigamy cannot be proven in law if one party to the marriage has been absent and not been heard fiom in five years. 6. Petit Larceny is where the value of the property stolen is less than $15.00. Grand larceny is when the value of the property stolen exceeds $25.00. 7. Arson is the burning of an inhabited building by, night. 8. Drunkenness is not a legai excuse for crime. 9. Assault and Battery is where a person has inflicted physicai violence; an assault however is only an offer or attempt at assault. 10. Mayhem applies to any injury done to a limb. It for¬ merly applied to the injury of the face, lip, tongue, eye, or ear. 11. Felony is a crime punishable by imprisonment in a State prison. 12. An Accident is not a crime, unless criminal carelessness can be proven. 13. Burglary is the entering of a house at night or at twi¬ light, or in any darkness where it is difficult to distinguish a man's face. 14. fer.turt is false swearing wilfully done. A witness should always qualify his statements as "to the best of my be¬ lief" or "as I am informed". 15. Murder in the first degree must be premeditated and malicious, or committed while the murderer is engaged in some felonious act. 16. Duels. Killing a man in a duel is murder, and any person g'ving or accepting a challenge is guilty of a misde¬ meanor. 17. A Pi lice Officer cannot arrest a person without a warrant, m less he has personal knowledge of the offense. SIONATintBB. 20f When yon sign deeds, mortgages, Trills, contracts Involving: land or other instruments of a permanent character, always write your name in full. Never use your ordinary business initials for signatures of this kind. In affixing your signature to a note or receipt, it is always better to write your first name out in full. There are sometimes several individuals ip a com¬ munity with the same initials and name, hut when the first name is written out in full the names are different and con¬ sequently in mail matters, as well as in other things, mnch confusion is avoided. Therefore, in order to avoid possible errors in public records and confusion of titles, it is always better to sign your name in full. For instance, instead of writ¬ ing H. A. Smith, write Henry A. Smith. How a Married Woman Shonld Sign Her Name. A married woman doing business for herself and handling her own individual money, had better use her own name in¬ stead of her husbandfs. For example, Mrs. Uiark should sigp Lucy A. Clark and not Mrs. Henry Clark. A married woman is always at a disadvantaged she signs at one time her own name and then at another her husband's IR 310 g[9»AT1TSISB. Barne, and it always results in more or less confnsion. If sbe prefers to use her own name, she should always write it that way and not write L. A. Clark, Lucy Clark, or Mrs. Her-y Clark, but always write it, Lucy A. Clark. A married woman in writing a letter to a stranger should Biways prefix " Mrs." to her name. Bow to Secare the Signatare of a Person That Cannot ~ Write. 1. The signature of a person who cannot write should al¬ ways be witnessed. Hare the person who witnesses the Signa¬ tare sign his name at the left. 2. Use the following form ; - his Frederick X Miller, mark Witness, Mattie Smith. . This signature will apply to all forms of business papers, sach as notes,- receipts, deeds, leases, etc. DIVORCE LAWS. 211 •TLESQEB AHD PB0I1I8E8 ABE CHEAP EEFOBE UABBIAQE." DIVORCE LAWS OF ALL THE STATES. Adultery, in all the States and Territories, excepting South Carolipa, which has no divorce laws. Impotency, in all excepting Arizona, California, Connects cut, the Dakotas, Idaho, Iowa, Louisiana, New Mexico, New York, South Carolina, Texas and Yermont. Wilful abandonment or desertion, in all except New York, North Carolina and South Carolina. Period : Six months, ia Arizona; one year, in Arkansas, California, Colorado, the Dakotas, Florida, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mis» souri, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wiscon¬ sin and Wyoming; two years, in Alabama, District of Colum¬ bia, Ulinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, Pennsylvania and Tennessee ; three years, in Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minne¬ sota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, Texas, Vermont and West Virginia ; five years, in Bhode Island, or shorter term (in discretion of court), and Virginia. 212 DnroBCX LAWS. Habitual drunkenness, in all except Maryland, New Jeney, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, Vermont, Virginia and West Virginia. In Arizona divorce is granted tor this cause to the wife only. Cruelty, inhuman treatment, etc., in all except Maryland, New .lersey. New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Vii^ ginia and West Virginia. In Alabama, Kentucky and Tennea* see divorce is granted for this cause to the wife only. Conviction of felony or infamous crime, sentence to imprison¬ ment, imprisonment, in all except the District of Columbia, Florida, Maine, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina and South Carolina. Failure or neglect of husband to provide for wife. Period : Six months, Arizona ; one year, California, Colorado, Dakota, Idaho, Nevada and Wyoming; two years, Indiana; three years, Delaware and New Hampshire; time not specified, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nebraska, New Mexico, Bhode Island, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Washington and Wisconsin (in discretion of court). Disappearance, absence without being heard from, Connec¬ ticut and Vermont, seven years ; New Hampshire, three years ; Bhode Island. Other causes are as follows: Voluntary separation, Ken¬ tucky and Wisconsin ; having former wife or husband living, Arkansas, Colorado, District of Columbia, Florida, Illinois, Kansas, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Tennessee ; joining a religious sect which believes marriage unlawful, Kentucky, Massachusetts and New Hampshire ; indicted for felony and is a fugitive from justice, Louisiana and Virginia ; hushand indicted for felony and flees the State, North Carolina ; refusal of wife to "remove with ber husband to this State," Tennessee ; indignities rendering condition intolerable or life burdensome, Arkansas, Missouri, (Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Washington and Wyoming; conduct rendering it unsafe for wife to live with husband, Tennessee ; turning wife out of doors, Tennessee ; habitually Violent and ungovernable temper, Florida ; attempt by either party upon life of other, Illinois, Louisiana and Tennessee ¡ gross neglect of duty, Kansas and Ohio ; wife " given to intoxi¬ cation," Wisconsin ; husband a vagrant under the statutes^ Missouri and Wyoming ; insanity or mental incapacity at time DTVOBCE LAWS. 213 of marTiage, District of Coiumbia, Georgia and Mississippi ; insanity, permanent and incurabie, occurring subsequent to marriage, Arkansas ; incurabie chronic mania or dementia, having existed ten years or more, Washington ; any cause rendering tbe marriage originaily void, Maryland and Rhode Island ; or voidable, Rhode Island ; marriage witliin prohib¬ ited degrees, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, New Jersey and Pennsylvania ; marriage by force, duress or fraud, Connecti¬ cut, Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Washington ; marriage solemnized while either party was un¬ der the age of consent, Delaware ; when one of the parties baa obtained a divorce in another State, Florida, Michigan and Ohio; public defamation, Louisiana ; any other cause deemed by the court sutHcient'and when tlie court shall be satisfied that the parties can no longer live together, Washington. PREVIOnS BESIDENCE REQUIRED. Five years, Massachusetts (if when married both partiea were residents, three years); three years, Connecticut, New Jersey; two years, District of Columbia, Florida, Indiana, Maryland, Michigan (when the cause for divorce occurred out of the State, otherwise one year). North Carolina, Tennessee^ Vermont; one year, Alabama (abandonment, three years), Arkansas (if cause occurred out of the State, plaintiff must have been a resident of the State at time of occurrence), Color¬ ado, (unless cause for divorce occurred within tbe State, or while one or both of the parties resided in the State) ; Illinois (same as Colorado) Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky (if cause occurred out of the State, plaintiff must have been a resident of tbe State at time of occurrence), Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi (in case of desertion, two years) ; Missouri (same as Colorado), Montana, New Hampshire, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin ; six months, Ârizona, California, Idaho, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Wyoming; ninety days, the Dakotas. 214 LTOAL HOLIDAYS IN THE UNITED STATES. LEGAL HOLIDAYS IN THE UNITED STATES. Showing at a glance the nnmher of holidays of each state, " as well as the nnmher of states observing each hoUday, id ä a o m H P i « á s 1 M u oT lA CQ u CO a ti A M a tf > a S z < OQ 6 ô O P m -H S s M ■a o 'C *C O -4 < LEGAL HOLIDAYS IN THE UNITED STATES. 215 EXPLANATIONS TO THE LEGAL HOLIDAYS IN THE DIFFERENT STATES AS GIVEN ON THE PRECEDING PAGE. a. New Year's Day, January 1st. b. Battle of New Or¬ leans, January 8tb. c. Lee's Birthday, January I9th. d, Lincoln's Birtndt^, February I2th. e. Washington's Birth¬ day, Februar, 22d. f. Texan Independence, March 2d. g. Go.od Friday (day changeable), h. Patriot's Day, April I9th. i. Aniilversary of Battle of San Jacinto (Texas), April 2Ist. }. Memorial Day, April 26th;-*North Carolina observes May 10 as Memorial Day. k. Decoration Day, May 30th. 1. Jefferson Davis' Birthday, June 3d. m. In- depradence Day, July 4th. n. Pioneer's Day, July 24tK o. Bennington Battle. Day, August I6th. p. Labor Day. The first Monday in September is Labor Day in most states. tFlorida observes September I2th; :|;California, October 5th; §Louisiana; November 25th. q. Arbor Day. It is set by the Governor, except February 22d, in most states. (I) Nebrask^a, April 22a; (2) Montana, third Tuesday in April; (3) Utah, first Saturday in April; (4) Rhode Island and (5) Idaho, first Friday in May. r. Admission Day (California), September 9th. s. Lincoln Day, October ISth. t. Admission Day (Nevada) October 3Ist. u. All Saints' Day, November 1st. v. General Election Day, first "Tues¬ day after first Monday in November, w. Thanksgiving Day, last Thursday in November, x. Christmas Day, De¬ cember 25th. N. B. There are no national holidays only as they are made such by the different States. WORKING ON HOLIDAYS. There is no law which says a farm hand or any other laborer shall not work on holidays. Generally the laborer should work on such days if required to do so, or forfeit his right to pay. In many localities it is customary not to work on some of the principal days, such as Christmas. Thanksgiving-day in the East, and the Fourth of July, and still to pay the men their regular wages. If this custom is common and well known in any place, it will probably gov¬ ern, so that pay can be collected although the work is not done. Of course, ordinary farm chores should be dons, as on Sundays, at least. 216 LAWS GOYEBNINO PUBLIC SCHOOLS. THE LAWS GOVERNING OUR COMMON AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Facts Which Every Teacher and Parent Should Enoir. 1. TEACHERS. It will be found that in all the States the authority to employ teachers is conferred upon officers known as directors, trustees, or committees. 2. The contract made by such school officers with a person to teach in a pubiic school in the district for a period extend¬ ing beyond the trustees' term of office is valid and binding on his successors in office. 3. A person under age possessing the requisite qualifications may with the consent of his parent or guardian contract to teach school. 4. At common law married women are disabled from making such contracts, but most of the States have removed this disa¬ bility and she can now contract the same as an unmarried woman. 5. CERTIFICATE. Every teacher must have a certificate of mental and moral qualifications properly signed by the ex¬ amining officer. If, however, the teacher has obtained a certificate without fraud, although the certificate was issued without any exami¬ nation having been made, still it is held that the certificate le LAWS GOVEBOTNG PUBLIO BCHOOLB. 217 good and that the teacher can hold the directore leBponsible tor his salary. 6. Should a person he employed to teach school without a proper certificate he cannot be restrained by the superintend* eut, but any citizen or resident of the district can make a com* plaint and secure the removal of such a teacher, Conditions of School Contracts. 1. It is always best to have a written contract properly signed between teacher and officers. 2. A person hired to perform the duties of a teacher cannot substitute a proxy, no matter how competent, without the con¬ sent of the trustees or directors. 3. The trustees of any school district have no right to dismiss sny teacher holding a proper certificate, without good and suf¬ ficient cause. If the teacher is not faithful, or incompetent, or cannot properly govern the school, these or any one of these deficiencies shall hh a sufficient cause for dismissal. 4. If a teacher is dismissed without sufficient cause, full compensation for the time hired can be collected. The teacher must present himself and show willingness to go on with tiie school in order to show sufficient evidence that he is ready to faithfully perform his part of the contract. If directors wantonly obstruct him in the discharge of his duties, or dispossess him of the school-house, they will be indi* vidually liable for damages. B. SWEEPING THE SCHOOL-HOUSE. A contract t» teach school does not imply that the teacher is to sweep out, build fires, or perform other Janitarial work. He is not com* pelted to do so unless it is specified in the contract or agree¬ ment. 6. A CALENDAR MONTH. The word month has various meanings. There are calendar months, solar months, and several kinds of lunar months. In law the word month means either a calendar or lunar month. The calendar months ai-e the months as adjusted in the Gregorian calendar and known as January, February, March, etc. A lunar month is the period of one s}rnodical revolution of file moon, and its length is 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes and t.87 seconds, but in common usage four weeks are called a lunar month. 218 LAWS GOVERNING PUBLIC SCHOOLS. In making a contract it Is always best to specify the kind of month to be taught. If there is no mention of the teim mouth IB the contract, then the teacher will be compelled to teach calendar months. 1. CLOSING SCHOOL. If the district officers close the ■chool on account of tlie prevalence of scarlet fever, small-pox, or on account of any other contageous disease, and the teacher continues ready to perform his contract, he is entitled to full wages during such a period. OLD TIME SCHOOL. Corporal Punishment. 1, Let It be remembered by parents that children well gov¬ erned at home rarely, if ever, have any difficulty with teachers In the school-room. The sacred duty to be performed by every parent is to teach his child to be respectful to his teacher and obedient to the rules of school. LAWS OOVERNINQ PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 319 3. There would be no success in the management of a school U the teacher were not armed with some coercive power, and the law universally recognizes the fact that the school-teacher stands in the place of the parent, in relation to the pupils committed to his charge, while they are under his care. He therefore can enforce obedience to his commands, lawfully given in his capacity as a schoolmaster, and he may enforce them by a moderate correction. 3. A good school means good order and the authority to keep it so, therefore the teacher has undoubtedly the right to chas¬ tise his pupils for any conduct which interferes with the order and discipline of the school. 4. If the teacher in punishing a child administers more thai» reasonable punishment, he becomes criminally liable. 5. A teacher must punish a child without any ill-will, vin¬ dictive feeling, hatred or malice. The punishment must be done when necessary, and in the proper spirit. 6. The teacher must exercise a reasonable degree of discre¬ tion, and must temper the punishment according to the nature of the offense, at the same time taking into consideration age, size, and apparent powers of endurance of the child and the teacher must always remember that the jury must say whether the punishment is excessive and unjust. 7. Malice on the part of the teacher may be proven or may be presumed from the circumstances under which the punish¬ ment took place. 8. A teacher in order to conduct a successful school must command obedience, and control stubbornness in order to quicken diligence and reform bad habits. In order to enable the teacher to exercise this salutary sway, he must be armed with a power to administer moderate correction when he shall believe it to be just and necessary. 9. The teacher is a substitute of the parent and he Is respon¬ sible for the successful management of the school for which he is hired to teach, rmd the law has therefore not undertaken to prescribe punishments for particular offenses, but has con¬ tented itself witj the general grant of power of moderate cor¬ rection, and has confided the gradilation of punishments to the discretion and judgment of the teacher. 220 laws oovernnra public schools. 10. Any punishment therefore which may seriously endan¬ ger life, iimbs, or heaith, or disfigure the child, or cause any permanent injury, may be pronounced immoderate, and the teacher will be liable for criminal prosecution ; but any cor¬ rection, however severe, which produces temporary pain only and no permanent ill, cannot be pronounced immoderate pun¬ ishment. The law therefore is that the teacher exceeds the limits of his authority when be causes lasting mischief, though be acts within the limits of his authority. 11. Many severe cases of discipline may better be refeiTed to the board of school directors, but teachers are often com¬ piled to act promptly in order to maintain order. 12. It is always best before expelling a pupil from school to eonsuit the board and place the facts plainly before them and allow them to act for the teacher. An incorrigible child at school can work great mischief, and where parents are in sym¬ pathy with a disobedient ciiiid tlie best thing that csm be done is to dismiss such a pupil from school. 13. How many men and women are there to-day who have made life a failure ; who owe their present condition in life to the fact that their parents always took their part in every matter of disobedience when they were attending school, and the writer personally knows of several young men who have spent; several years between the stone walls and behind iron bars of penitentiaries, and these unfortunate young men owe their condition in life to the fact that they were not properly governed at home, and were not allowed to be governed prop¬ erly at school. Parents, have the respect and obedience of your children at home, and their school life will not only be pleasant but It will prepare them for a life of usefulness and success. BOABDS OF TRADE AKD STOCK KZCHAKGEB. 231 NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANOE. BOARDS OF TRADE AND STDCK EXCHANGES. Boards of Trade and Stock Exchanpes were originally organs laed to facilitate trade in the various commercial interests of the country; but unfortunately instead of blessing and benefit¬ ing mankind they have become gigantic engines of robbery and oppression. Members are elected by ballot and the ad« mission fees vary in different organizations from nothing to 13,000.00. Dealing in Futures. This is simply a *■ bjgh-toned " form of gambling, or in other words a system of "marked guessing" in which the best guesser wins. The game, iike all other popular gambling games, is exceedingly simple. Y ou simply bet on the market If it goes up or down, you win or lose just as you have staked your money. Margins. Margins are sums of money put up as a forfeit to secure the winner. When the margin is exhausted so that further loss is not guaranteed, it is the custom to close the trade and the win¬ ner "rakes in the pot" using the gambler's way of putting it. Option Trading. "Seller's option" gives the person selling the privilege of making delivery at any time before the expiration of the con- InMd^by giving one day's notice. "Buyer's option " gives the 222 BOARDS OF TRADK AND STOCK EKCHANOEB. purchaser a claim for delivery at any time before the maturity of the contract. Corners. Thousands of bushels of grains are bought and sold for every bushel brought into the elevators. Chicago Board of Trade sells every day as much wheat as the State of Illinois harvests in a year. It can then be easily seen how " commerce " can be forced. In a Board of Trade each buyer buys upon the supposition that each seller is selling what he has not got, and the buyer is buying what he does not want. Mow it is easy (01 a set of men with an unlimited amount of money to com¬ bine and " corner" any article in the market. It simply con¬ sists of buying more than can be delivered, and then making tlie sellers deliver or foi-feit their margins. A " bull " is one who operates to raise the market—so called from the nature of the bull to toss with his horn. A "bear" is one who tries to lower the market, so called from the nature of the bear to tear down with his claws. A " lame-duck " is a member un¬ able to fulfill his contracts, and is therefore expelled. ' Bucket Shops. These are. Boards of Trade and Stock Exchanges for the boys and poor clerks, generally kept by a broken down broker who lost all his self-respect with his fortune. Here the poorest can try his luck in betting upon the markets. These shops are not reliable ; they doctor the markets with false figures and de¬ ceive and take in whoever falls into their power. They are demoralizing gambling dens and in no way can they be safely trusted. Preferred Stock. This kind of stock takes preference of the ordinary stock of a corporation, and the holders are entitled to a stated per cent, annually out of the net earning before a dividend can be de¬ clared on the common stock. Preferred stocks are generally the result of reorganization, although sometimes issued in pay¬ ment of floating or unsecured debts. watering stock.—counterfeit money. 223 How Stock Is Watored. Sometimes the charter of a corporation forbids the declaring of a dividend exceeding a certain per cent, of the par value of its stock. In this case the directors may find it desirable to ."water" the stock—that is, issue additional shares. This in¬ crease in the number of shares of course reduces the percent¬ age of dividend, although the same profit in the aggregate is secured to the stockholders. HOW XO DETECT COUNTERFEIT MONEY. 1. A Counterfeit is a fao-simile of the genuine, or male as nearly like it as possible. A spurious note is different in design from the genuine and is calculated to pass where the genuine is not much known. An altered note is one altered from a lower to a higher denomination. Piecing is done hy making ten notes or bills out of nine, by cutting a counter¬ feit note into ten pieces. 2. There are two silk threads through the bill lengthwise, one near the top and one near the bottom. By holding it up to the light yon can easily see the threads in each bill. This is one of the best tests of a genuine, bill, because no counter- 224 BOW TO DETECT COUNTERFEIT MONET. feiter can put in the silk threads and imitate the genuine biil in that respect. 3. See that the portraits are good, and notice that the pupil and the white of the eye show distinctly. Then see that the sky and water are clearly transparent. In counterfeit notes the pictures are always poor and the sl^, water, etc., looks scratchy and irregular. 4. The ink used in genuine notes is very dttBcult to imitate. It gives a clear, glossy expression, while counterfeiter's ink looks dull, smutty and muddy. 5. The paper of a counterfeit is always of an inferior quality, while the government has the best and most perfect system of manufacturing the highest grade of paper. 6. Examine the medallion rulings and circular ornaments around the figures with a microscope, and see if they are regular and in all parts mathematically exact. This is done by a machine that costs from $73,000 to $150,000, and conse¬ quently is beyond the reach of counterfeiters. Engravings by band can never imitate this work. These medallion lines, or rulings, can be traced by means of a iine through the figures, never breaking or losing itself in another line. In counter^ feits it is always broken and irregular. 8. Notes are altered by raising the denomination by taking out the genuine with acid and printing in a higher denomina-^ tion with a counterfeit die. They can be easily detected by the stain which the acid produces with which the figures are taken out. 9. Never be in a Hurrt in Taking Monet. Look at it tarefully, and never hand a bill of large denomination to a showman, especially at the tent of these traveling circuses or s.t the door of cheap theáteiB. If they have counterfeit money they will not hesitate to mix it up in the change they retura to you. THB CLEARING-HOUSE SYSTEM. 22& THE CLEÂBIN6.H0U8E SYSTEM. Almost eveiY business and professional man in the coun¬ try keeps all the money which he does not need for casual personal expenses on deposit in a bank; he pays nearly all bis bills Dy means of checks; and consequently he re¬ ceives payments for the most part in checks drawn by those who owed him; he does not, on receiving a check, go or send to the bank to procure the money,but deposits it to his credit in his own bank; and there are many banks in every large city. Now a wholesale merchant may receive each day a large number of checks, some on one bank, some on another. Of course his own bank, in which he deposits these checks, properly endorsed, desires to collect the money upon them at once, because its profits aré made by lending at interest ^ money entrusted to it by depositors. But in a ci^ where there are twenty or forty or more banks, it would be a great waste of time and labor, besides 226 THE CLEARING-HOUSE SYSTEM. being hazardous, for each one to send around a messenger to each bank to collect what is due. To avoid this the clearing-house has been devised. At a certain hour on every business da^ a messenger from each bank goes to "the clearing," carrying all the checks against any and every other bank in the city taken during the previous twenty-four hours. The checks are made up into separate packages, and each has a statement of the ag¬ gregate-amount due trom the bank. All the rest is a mere matter of addition and subtraction, which is done by the clearing-house clerks. The First Na¬ tional Bank has brought in checks against other banks to the amount of fifty thousand dollars; _ other banks have brought in checks against the First National to the amount of fifty-one thousand dollars. Then the First National is debtor to the clearing-house in the sum of one thousand dollars. Other banks are creditors. Of course the debts and cred its balance each other to a cent. The debtor banks must immediately pay. in money, whatever they each owe to the clearing-house; the whole sum is at once divided among the creditor banks, and the " clearing ' is over. Thus the claims by each bank against every other bank in the city have been adjusted at very little expense of -time and labor, and with the use of a small amount of actual money. The checks and drafts settled are called "ex¬ changes," and the money necessary to complete the settle¬ ment is the "balance." In good years the exchanges at the New York clearing¬ house reach nearly forty thousand million dollars a year, or about one hundred and twenty-five millions on every bank day. These vast accounts are settled bjr the shifting about, from day to day. of not more than ten million dollars. This shows what an immense saving in the use of money the clearing-house makes. The principle is applied to other things beside banking. At New York and also at Boston the brokers have a stock clearing-house. Certificates of stock take the place of checks. The broker who has bought five thousand shares and sold four thousand of " North¬ west " receives one thousand shares from the clearing-house and pays the money balance due on all his transactions. But although the clearing-house principle is capable of wide application, it is chiefly employed in the bankers' clearing-nouses of this country to the number of about sixty in the chief cities from Maine to Washington. TBACHINO BUSINESS TO LADIES. 22T Teaching TFíTes and Daughters the Ways of Business. Women are too frequently ridiculed because of their ignor¬ ance of business matters. Uow can they understand business and business methods, if they, have never had an opportunity to ieam and transact business? Every husband should teach his wife some of the more important ways of business. He should interest her in his financial affairs, and show her some of the business forms and business documents which form a part of his business transactions. It is a great advantage for a wife to be familiar with her husband's business, as she is liable to be called upon at any time to settle his estate. How many burdens are annually thrust u^on widows, and at what a disadvantage they are in managing the business affairs of the family 1 Then why not make the path straighter and smoother by beginning now, by teaching your wives and daughters praetical business methods? For family instruction we would suggest the following rules : /. Assist your wife or daughter in drawing up notes, and teach her not only the correct form, but give her some of the taws bearing upon the kgal relations of both debtor and creditor. 2. Make various endorsements upon the notes which have been thus written for copy. Write a note for each endorse¬ ment and explain it. This is a very easy and simple lesson andean be mastered in a very few evenings. 228 TEACHINO BÜSIITESB TO CBILDKEN. J, Teach the forms of receipts. Write receipts for rent, for money paid on account, for money to be paid a third party, etc. This will be found a very interesting exercise. 4. Checksand drafts will form the same interesting ex¬ ercise. The next step will be to secure a few blank forms of notes, checks, drafts, deeds, leases, etc., and any husband will be surprised what progress his wife will make in a few les^ sons in filling out these business documents. f. If you carry out this plan your wife or daughter will become interested in your business, and will understand the different forms of paper and will soon be able to give you eautiderable assistance as well as safe counsel. Give your sons and daughters some familiarity with the ens* toms of the business world. liOt them learn wüle young how to transact the ordinary forms of business. It is probably best to give them opportunities for earning a iittie money and try and teach them its value in disposing of same. It is best to buy them a iittie account book, and make them have an account of all the money they receive, and the dispost- How to Teach Business to Children. TEACHING BUSINESS TO CHILDREN. 229 Hon they make of it. Teacli tlieui how to make such entries, and always insist upon tlieir keeping a correct record of all the money they receive, and to give an account of the money they pay out, and always show a correct itemized account. In this way they may receive a degree of benefit which will Insure tlieir business success during life. This learned early In life will always produce an abiding and substantial benefit, and no doubt give birth to many practical ideas of business. My torif you thaU have a home vihile I live. But I cannot deed you my /arm, It ii ail I have to eupport me in my old aye. Do Not Gire Away Tour Property In Old Age. Many persons, as they advance in years, make the fatal mis¬ take of giving away their property to children and then depend upon them for suppOlb 230 TEACBIKO BUSUiESa TO CHU.DBEII. How many old persons bave gone to their graves broken* hearted and suSering for the necessaries of life, because they desired to help their children, and gave to them their property. If the weight of years become heavy and there is plenty of property, a portion may be safeiy divided among the children, but the major portion should always be held and controlled directly or indirectly by the old couple. 1. It will insure good care and plenty of the necessaries of life. 2. The devotion and love of children will never grow cold while there is something in store for them. It was the writer's experience in his boyhood to board in a family where the father in his old age had bequeathed his en¬ tire property to his children. When the same was divided be¬ tween them their aged father became a burden, and he was sent from daughter to son, as they had all obligated themselves to care in turn for their aged fatiier. But he never entered the home of a son or daughter, where he was a weidbme guest. In the family, where the writer boarded, where the aged father was then, if there was a cup of coffee short in the morning, it was the old man's cup that was not filled : if meat or other food was short, it was the old man's plate that indictated the shortage; if the pie was somewhat deficient, it was the old man's piece that was cut in two, and he was compeiled to sieep in a cold garret at night alone and deserted, and when the broken-hearted old man passed away, no doubt every child felt delight instead of sorrow in their hearts. A man may have a farm or factory, or houses, and it may be necessary owing to his age to shift the burdens and cares of business to younger shoulders ; the ownership, however, should never be changed but the running and looking after the prop¬ erty may be delegated to some child or disinterested party. A competent lawyer is always prepared to do snch business. Every man shouid make a wiil in favor of his wife, so that In her oid age she shali not become dependent. CORPORATIONS AND STOCK INVESTMENT EXPLAINED. 23] Corporations and Stock Investment Explained. 1. An incorporated company is an association authorized by law to transact business. Xt is a fictitious person that can sue or be sued. S. Stocks are divided into several parts called shares, and the owners of the shares are called stockholders. 8. Certificates of stock aro written statements specifying tbe number and value of the shares to which their holders are entitled. They are often called scrip. 4. The par value of the stock is the sum named on the face of the scrip, and is thence called its nominal value; the market value is the sum for which it sells. When shares sell for their nominal value, they are at par ; when they sell for more they are above par, or at a premium ; when they sell for less, they are below par, or at a discount. 5. The gross earnings of a company are its entire receipts ; the net earnings are the sums left after deducting all ex¬ penses. 6. Installments are portions of the capital paid by the stock¬ holders from time to time. Dividends are portions of the earnings distributed among the stockholders. They are usu¬ ally paid at stated periods ; as annually, etc. T. A corporation differs from a partnership in two par- ticnlar ways. First, it cannot exist except by authority of State or national Legislature. Second, the private property of the stockholders cannot be taken for the debts of the corporation, unless the statutes of tbe State so declared when the charter was granted. 8. In many of the States general acts of incorporation are passed under which companies may organize, without the necessity of special legislation in each case. 9. Great care and good judgment should be used j the purchase of shares of stock, for bad management, disV jnesty and contention have ruined many prosperous corporations and stock companies. To Mdse., Cash, do Note, Cx-. ; s 7S 2 Draft, 19 > SO y To Rice, S , ?o 2,S 4 Labor, ^ s Opinm, I 2S o " Goods, 10 6s' ' "^1 Leeks,. S 20 50 6 Order, 15 Í *' Soap, 1 6 By Wash¬ ing. Theft, Deceit, 1 10 7 Sunds., 2 ss? V 81 Acid, 2 4c| 8 12 5 8 Check, 7 90. |5 Pctcsh, 95I 9 89 50 8q 50- Í 1 QQ Q9I Conceit, Ba¿. due, lüSt HOW TO LEARN BOOK-KEEPING. 1. Mathematics.—Book-keeping is purely a branch of mathematics, and everyone shouldbe familiar with the rules and principles of common arithmetic. 2. Ignorance.—It is lamentably true that people do busi¬ ness all their lives, settle accounts and transact various kinds of business, and never know anything about the first principles of book-keeping. They settle all their accounts according to somebody else's book-keeping. There is no excuse for the younger generation to be ignorant of the principles of book-keeping. It is easily acquired and may be seif-taught if a young man or woman has any degree of perseverance. 3. How to Learn.—If you cannot get book-keeping in the common or public school, procure some primary work on book-keeping and devote your evenings to study, and you will be surprised at your progress. You can easily, if necessary, secure the assistance of someone that is familiar with the subject. But this will be scarcely needed, as the subject of book-keeping is simple as well as interesting. 4. Necessity for Book-Eeepiiig.—The particular neces¬ sity for book-keeping is to preserve a record of such ex¬ changes as would otherwise be trusted to memory; although its ultimate purpose embraces other important results. Book-keeping is nothing more nor less than a history of business; a reco.rd of business transactions. $. Á Saccessfal Man.—A man who is successful in busi¬ ness invariably keeps a correct record of his transactions. He does not depend upon the merchant or lumberman with whom he deals, but he has all his own records correctly kept and by that means proves every account of those with whom he deals. Keep your own accounts; do your own fig¬ uring and never trust to the accounts or figures of others. It is the only sure road to success. BULES FOR B00K-KEEPIN6. 1. The Law of Debit and Credit.—The first thing that a student must learn in book-keeping is the law of Debit and Credit. Debit and Credit are terms used to express the relation which exist between persons or commodities that enter into any business transaction. The simplest meaning of debit, is to charge, and of credit, is to trust. 2. Cash.—Cash is a title used to designate money. We include under it currency, bank checks, sight drafts, postal orders, etc. HOW TO LEARN BOOK-KEEPING. 23S 3. Merchandise.—Merchandise includes all goods and wares dealt in by the concern as a business, and which are in store or stock. 4. Bills Payable.—Bills Payable are our notes Or written obligations which others hola, for which we are to pay a certain amount when due. If you give your note it is a Bills Payable, 5. Bills Receivable.—Bills Receivable are other persons' notes or written obligations, which we hold, for which we are to receive a specified sum when due. 6. To what the Term Debit and Credit Applies.—The following list comprises all the conditions to which the terra debit and credit apply: Debits. Credits 1. Cash received. i. Cash paid. 2. Others'notes received. 2. Others'notes aisposedof. 3. Our notes paid. 3. Our notes issued. 4. What others owe us. 4. What we owe others. Capital withdrawn. 5. Capital invested. 6. Outlay or loss. 6. Returns or gaii}. 7. Debit and Credit Side.—When anything is received or bought, it is always placed on the left hand or debtor side; when money is paid or anything sold, the amount is always placed on the right hand or credit side of the account. If a man buys goods on credit, you charge him, and he then is a debtor. When he pays the amount, he then is credited in the books. 8. The Day-Book. — The Day-Book affords a regular daily history of the business.. The_Day-Book simply states what has been done and is called in law the Original Book of Kntry. The form of the Day-Book is simple and direct, first giving the name of the person to be debited or credited with the fact of " Dr." or " Cr.," ^d next, the detail of the purchase, sale or payment, with "the final extension of the amount in the proper column. g. The Ledger.—The Ledger is simply a classification of accounts. It places all the accounts together that belong under the same heading. (See Ledger.) 10. PoBting.—The student will first copy the Day-Book with much care, then post the items to the Ledger—indicat¬ ing in the margin of the Day-Book the page' or number of the account in the Ledger, as shown in the written-up set; —next construct a Day-Book and Ledger of your own from material thus selected, and you will soon master the subject of book-keeping. 236 HOW TO DETECT ERRORS IN TRIAL BALANCE. How to Detdot Errors in a Trial Balance. No rule or set of rules can be given for the certain detection of all error* in a Trial Balance, save a careful review of the entire work. If the errora are few the following rules may be of service : 1. If the error be exactly SI. SlOO, 81000, etc., the mistake is very likely to be found in the additions either in the Ledger accounts or in the Trial Balance. 2. If the error is a large amount, see that all the amounts have been entered in the Trial Balance. 3. If an amount has been omitted in posting, the Trial Balance will be iust that amount of Balance. Look for that amount in Journal or other looks. 4. The Gash Balance can never be on the credit side. The balance ci Bills Receivable should never be on the credit side, nor the balance of Bills Payable on the debit side of the account. 5. If the amount has been posted on the wrong side of the Ledger the Trial Balance will be just twice that amount out of balance. Look for half that amount through the books. 6. If the error is divisible by 9, it is very likely that the mistake was made by a transposition of figures as, 345 posted 453 makes an error of 108, which .13 divisible by 9, again 753 posted 735 makes an error of 18, also divisible by 9. Rirors of transposition are the most difficult to find. 7. If the error is in the dollar column or cents column only, the columns on the left need not be re>addcd. 8. If the above rules fail, onlv a careful review of the entire wor^ checking each entry, will determine where the mistake has been made. TRANSACTIONS. 237 This Set Is Written Up In'^the following Pages. July I.—Commenced business with the following resources : Cash $1000 ; Merchandise $500.—Total investment $1500. July 2.—Sold A. C. Knox, on%, 5 bbls. Flour @ $5.—Sold ,Frank Fisher 25 lbs. Coffee, 0 2C^; 15 lbs. Oolong Tea, © 80/. Received cash on % $10. —Paid for drayage on merchandise $5. July 3.—Bought of David Spencer, on %, 50 buSh, Apples, © 50/ ; 100 bushels • Potatoes, @ $ i.—Sold D. N. Brown, on%,-3 bbls. Flour, ©$5 ; 10 bu. Ap¬ ples, ©75/.—Sold A. C. Knox, on%, 2 bbls. Flour, ® $5 ; 25 bu. Potatoes, ©$1.25. Received cash on % jÎ30.—Paid for postage stamps, $10. July 4.—Sold G. W. -Williams, on %, 25 bushels Potatoes, © $1.25; 20 bushels Apples @ 75/. July 5.—Paid David Spencer on % $50.—Received of A. C. Knox on % $10. Xuly 6.—Bought of G. N. Hudson, ón%, 10 bbls. Mess'Pork, © $15.—Paid David Spencer on % $20. July 8.-^old A. N. Peters, on %, 5 bbls. Mess Pork, © $18.—Sold H. C. Stockbridge, on %, 10 lbs. Oolong Tea, © 80/; 10 bushels Apples, © 75/f.—Received cash of G. W. Williams in full bf ^ $—w Paid for help around the store $12. July. 9.—Sold Chas. E. Henker, 5 bbls. Mess Pork, © $17.—Received cash on same $50.—Paid David Spencer on % $20. July 10.—Sold A. N. Peters, 20 bushels Potatoes, © $1.20, on %.—Received of H. C. Stockbridge, cash on % $10. July 11.—Sold D. N. Brown on %, lobu. Apples © 70^. Sold Frank Fisher on %, 5bu.Potatoes@$i.20. July 12.—Received of A. N. Peters, cash on % $100. Received of D. N. Brown, cash on % $25. July 13.—Paid G. N. Hudson, cash in full of % ^150.—Received of D. N. Brown on <% $5.00. jfuly 15.—Inventory: Merchandise on hand, $62% 238 EXERCISES IN BOOK-KEEPING. DAY BOOK. ') (') July I. Commenced business with the following resources ; Cash $1000. Merchandise goo. $1500. 2 A. C. Knox, Dr. To J bbls. Flour, @ $5.00, Frank Fisher, Dr. To 2g lbs. Coffee, 0 20^, $5.00 " 15 " Oolong Tea, © 80^, 12.00 Cr. ^ By Cash cm % David Spencer, Cr. By go bu. Apples, % gop, .$2g.oo " 100 " Potatoes, 0 $1.00, 100.00 // - D. N. Brown, Dr. To 3 bbls. Flour, 0 $g.oo, $ig.oo " 10 bush. Apples, © 75/, 7go A. C. Knox, Dr. To 2 bbls. Flour, 0 $g.oo, $10.00 " 2g bush. Potatoes, 0 $i.2g, gi-eg Cr. By Cash on % zg 17 125 41 30 50 25 EXERCISES IN BOOK-KEEflNa DAY BOOK. 339 (^) (') ('} N (') (') W (') (') July 4. G. W. Williams, Dr. To ey bu. Potatoes, @ $1.25, $31.25 2o Apples, @ J5f, I5-O0 David Spencer, Dr. To Cask paid him on % A. C. Knox, Cr. By Cash on % G. N. Hudson, Cr. By 10 bbls. Mess Pork, 0 $15.00, David Spencer, Dr. To Cash paid on % —: S - A. N. Peters, Dr. To 5 bbls. Mess Pork, @ $18.00, H. C. Stockbridge, Dr. To 10 lbs. Oolong Tea, © Sop, $8.00 " 10 bush. Apples, © jgp, f.50 G, W. Williams, Cr. By Cash in full of % 9 — Chas. E. Henker, Dr. To 5 bbls. Mess Pork, '® $zfM>, Cr. By Cash on above 46 50 10 ^50 20 90 15 46 S5 50 25 50 25 240 EXERCISES IM BOOK-KEEPINO. DAT BOOK. i^) July Ç. David Spencer, Dr. To Cash, paid on zo (') A. N. Peters, Dr. To so bush. Potatoes, @ $i.2o. N H. C. Stockbridge, Cr. By Cash on % TO (') D. N Brown, Dr. To lo bttsh. Apples, 0 pop. 7 (') Frank Fisher, Dr. To g bush. Potatoes, 0 $i^o. 6 (') A. N. Peters, Cr. By Cash on % TOO N D. N. Brown, Cr. By Cash on <% 25 (') G. N. Hudson, Dr. To Cash in full of % Z50 D. N. Brown, Cr. By Cash on % 5 EXERCISES IN BOOK-KEEriNO. V» CASH BOOK. RECEJVBk PAID. A» I Amount on hand lOOO $9 2 Received on % from Frank Fisher 10 99 99 Paid for drayage un Mdse. 5 99 3 Received on % from A. C. Knox 30 99 99 Paid for Postage Stamps 10 99 5 Paid David Spencer on % 50 99 99 99 6 Received of A. C Knox on % Paid David Spencer on % 10 20 99 S Redd of G. W. Williams infull of % 46 25 99 99 Paid for help around the store 12 99 9 Receivedfrom Chas. E. Henker on'fQ 50 99 9 9 Paid David Spencer on % 20 99 lO Redd from H. C. Stockbridge on % 10 99 12 Received from A. N. Peters on % zoo 99 9 9 Receivedfrom D. W. Brown on % 23 99 ^3 Paid G. N. Hudson in full of % ZJO 99 9 9 Received of D. W. Brown on % 3 99 ^4 Balance on hand ZOIÇ 25 1286 23 1286 23 J 3<2 EXERCISES IN BOOK-KEEPING. LEDGER, July 2 Toy bbls. Flour ^5 July By Cash 30 99 " Mdse. 4^ 25 99 H II 10 99 15 !' Balance 26 25 66 25 66 25 } Jtdy 2 To Mdse. 17 July By Cash 10 It 11 "ybuFotatoes 6 11 15 " Balance 93 ^3 23 J. Jvly 5 To Cash 50 July 3 By Mdse, 9¡if n 6 II H 20 II 9 15 II II 20 II " Balance 35 125 125 EXERCISES IN BOOK-KEEPINO' 343 LEDGER. 3^ 4. & of: July 3 To Mdse. 22 <0 July 12 By Cash 25 ft II " zobu.j4jpleÀ 7 rt 13 « ff 5 n 15 " Balance 50 30 00 30 1 S. July 4 To Mdse. 46 25 July 8 By Cash 46 25 ^ q4^ ^ds,French (^sslmere, Hec'd payment, B. H. FBHTOV a CO. & .22 10 56 ^ .18 2 16 " .85 8 50 " .40 8 00 " 8.25 22 75 •• .75 1 60 " ZOO . 2 00 " 1.90 6 65 $57 12 BOW TO KEEP FABMBR'a ACC0ÜN1'. 249 HOW TO KEEP A FARMER'S ACCOUNT. Cornfield» Dr. Ce. 1892 April Vay (( Aug. Oct. (I Bot. To 7 days' Plowio^ @ 2.50 2 days* Furrowing @ 2.40 " 2 bush. Seed @ 2.50 " 8 days* Planting @ 1.60 " 8 days* Hoeing @ 1.25 *' 8 days'Cultivating @ 2.00. " 12 days' Hoeing @ 1.25. *' 9 days' Catting Corn @ 1.25. By 12 bush. Corn @ 75 c " 74 bush. Corn @ 42c ; Cornstalks 850 To 40 days* Husking @1.25 6 days* work with team @ 2.50,... By 20 bush. Corn @ 40 c ** 12 bush. Corn @ 40 c " Cash for 300 bush. Corn @ 75 c " Cash (or 80 bush. @ 75c.^ To Marketing 380 bu^. Com @ 4c.... " Interest Total Cain.. 15 35 189 Family Expense Account» Dr. Ian. 5 •« 15 19 16 Meh 1.5 May 29 June 20 Sept. 24 24 Mot. 8 Dec. 18 «( 18 To 2 prs. Boots @ 6.00 " 1 pr. Ladies' Boots " M. Cobo, Cutting Pants and Vest^... " 1 lb Tea " 3 ydB.Ca88Ímero@2.00;8undries4.7d " 1 pr. Boots @ 2.50; Bep'g Shoes 50c " 1 pr. Pants " 1 pr. Shoes 1.75; 1 pr. Boots 4.00. " 1 Umbrella 2.00; Sundries 2.75.... " 1 pr. Boots " M. Cohn, Catting Pants " 1 pr. Boots Total Expen8ÍM*M..........M 12 2 3 1 10 250 HARKtNO OOOSe. HOW MERCHANTS MARK GOODS. It is customary in many mercantile bouses to use a private mark, which is placed on the goods to denote their cost and selling price. A word or phrase containing ten different letters is taken, the letters of which are written instead of figures. Vor instance, the word " Bockingham " is selected ; then the letters represent the figures as follows rockingham 12345678 9 0 If it is required to mark 1.50, it is done thus, rAn; 75 would bept; 37, &c. Blacksmith, Importance, Bepuhlican, Perth Amboy, Fair ^[loken, Xow he sharp. Noisy Table, and Cash Profit are Among the words and phrases which can be used in this manner. An extra letter, called a " Bepeater," is nsed to prevent the lepetitâon of a figure, instead of writing edd for 100, which would show at once that the two right-hand figures were alike, and thus aid in giving a clue to-the key-word, some additional letter would he selected for a repeater, —y, for instance,—and then the price would he written 225 would he written Instead of letters, arbitrary characters are frequently used, ■mnetbing like the following -ieT>AXXXA □ 1234567890 Fractions may he designated by additional letters or chano» ters. Thus, / may represent w H, &e-; or Ji may be written o, }ii+,&e. bapid metbud8 for mabkirq goodb. Z61 Rapid Methods for Marking Goods. Those who buy largely can best appreciate the value of a qnick and rapid method for calculating the per cent, of profits desired. If you wish to calculate the per cent, on a single article, the following table will be an excellent method. If you desire to sell an article at any of the following per cents, say the article costs 70 cents, and you wish to make 10 per cent, divide by 10, multiply by 11=77. 20 per cent, divide by 10, multiply by 12=84. 25 per cent, multiply by 10, divide by 8=87H. 30 per cent, divide by 10, multiply by 13=91. 33!^ per cent, add ü of itself=93M. SSa per cent, divide by 3, multiply by 4=93^ 60 per cent, add M of itself=pi.05. Merchant's Retaií Rule. As many ai-ticles, such as tea, sugar, coffee, etc., aré sold at a given number of pounds per dollar, the following method will show the number of pounds that can be purchased for any number of cents. Bulb.—iñe mimber of pounds to be sold for one doUar by tie munlber of cents morlh desired. Example.—When sugar is sold at fourteen pounds for a dollar, bow many pounds can be purchased for seventy cents? Solution. 14X.70=9.80 or 9 V« 252 how to collect debts. ilia burden oi debt he bore to the grave.y HOW TO COLLECT DEBTS. 1. If no settlement can be reached by mutual agreement, an£ Bvery effort has been exhausted for reaching a settlement, the next thing to do is to carry the matter into the courts and there have it adjusted according to law. But this method is both expensive and uncertain. A settiement, though not very satisfactory is often better than the results v^ich can be reached through the courts. 2. Abhebt.—The arrest of the debtor can only he made to secure the person of the debtor (or defendant) while the suit for debt is pending, or to force him to give security for his a^ Kearauce after judgment, but in some States no arrests are tu- >wed, except in criminal cases. 3. Attachment.—This is a writ issued by the Justice of the Peace or Judge, or some other officer having jurisdiction, com» manding the sheriff or constable to attach the proper^ oi.the debtor, to satisfy the demands of the creditor. This writ may tie issued at thebeginuiug or during the suit. In some States, Alatiama, Illinois, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri and others, the creditor may retain possession of the property and give • bond as a guarantee that the property will hetield forthedetit in case he is defeated in the suit. All attachments lose their Talidlty in case the debtor (or defendant) wins the* suit. i. JcDQMENT AND Execution.—A suit is ended by the courts the credit system. 253 ^ivin^a judgment, either in favor of the debtor or the cred¬ itor. If the attachment is in favor of the plaintiff and the defendant refuses to pay the amount of the judgment, an execution is issued by the court which commands the sheriff to take sufficient property of the defendant, if it can be found, to satisfy the judgment. The sheriff may also seize the per¬ son of the defendant and imprison him until he pays judg¬ ment or the same is discharged by judicial decision of insolv¬ ency. Real estate, however, cannot be sold on execution in some States, unless a jury should find that the profits in rents, etc., will not pay the judgment within the limit of seven years, or some other time fixed by law. 5. Garnishment.—After judgment has been rendered, the money or goods due the defendant, if in the hands of a third person, may be attached to pay the plaintiff. The person in whose hands the money or goods attached are, is known in law as the garnishee or trustee. 6. Mechanics' Liens, Homestead Exemptions, Notes, Mortgages, Contracts, Etc., are explained under proper headings in other parts of the book. THE CREDIT SYSTEM—ITS.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES. 1. Thére are many good reasons why people should pay cash for everything purchased. Hopeful people will always buy more freely it tbey can get it on credit, and are never anxious about pay day to come around. 2. Remember that those who sell on credit must charge from ten to fifteen per cent, more for goods in order to cover the interest and risks. It has been found that from seven to ten per cent, of trusted out accounts become worthless. 3. It is always uncertain which of the trusted persons will fail to payhis account,and consequently all persons buying on credit have to share the extra prices, in order to meet the losses which all business men sustain that do a credit busi¬ ness. 4. Remember the man who can pay cash for goods, or whatever purchases he may make, can always secure a better bargain than the man who buys on credit. It therefore will be a great saving if every one could manage, by rigid economy if necessary, to pay cash for everything they buy. It would pay a high rate of interest on everything purchased. 5. Persons who buy real estate, or merchants who buy large quantities of goods, may often find it necessary to buy on credit. Many of our wealthiest farmers and business men made their money largely in having the benefit of credit, but, at the same time, if cash could be paid for everything purchased, whether real estate or other articles, it would be a great saving to the purchaser. 6. Keep your wordas good asa bank and you will always have credit when you desire it and friends when you need them. 2&1 EXEMPTION LAWS. <*The man who la in debt carries a world of trouble.'^-'Purl». The Amount of Property that Cannot be Taken for Debti in Mw Different States, as we find it June, 1896. 1. Exemption Laws are for tlie purpose of protecting those who are unable to pay their debts without causing distress to themselves and their families. 2. Property covered by mortgage cannot be held. 3. A safe estimate of the property of the person desiring credit should be made before credit is given. EXEMPTION LAWS. PERSONAL PBOPEBTT. VALUE OP HOME¬ STEAD Exceptions and Explanatione. States. Married. Single. Married. $1,000 1,000 500 $1,000 Doae. 200 200 $2,000 4,000 2,500 5,000 2,000 1,000 none, none. Earnings for W days prior to levy. Mnstlte designated as saiÀt in writing and recorded. Word " Homestead ** mnst be written on record ot deed. 200 District oC Colombia SOD 1,000 1,000» 60 acres of land in country* H acre in city. Georgia EXEMPTION LAWS. 25» EXEMPTION LAWS—Continued. PBBBOKAIj pbopebtt. TALÜB OP BOHB- 8TEAD. Exceptions and Explanations. States. •8 1 a tt 1 m 'S 1 a from 100 to 600 400 500 600t 5,000 1,000 2,500 Single, $1,000, (f) Horn» stead must be designated by a writing executed and recorded like a deed. 100 200 Indian Territory.... No homestead except as before stated. 40 acres in country^ Vi acre in city. No limit as to value. 160 acres in country, 1 acre in city. • 800 1,000 2,000 Homestead and personal property. Written decla* ration must be recorded. 500 none. 800 100 450 500 500 250 ^ acres in country, $1,500 in city. 80 acres in country. Vi to 1 acre in city. Written declaration most be recorded. From $1,500 to $3,000 ac¬ cording to size of city. 2,000 2,500 2,000 5,000 500 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 si» from 100 to 500 Written declaration most be recorded. Also $500 homestead for single man (f). Hew Hampshire (o ) 200 New York 250 500 1,500 160 acres in country, or % acres in city not exceed* ing $5,000 in value. 160 acres in conntry, 1 aere in city. 1,500 f 300 200 500 750 none. 1,000 800 160 acres in conntry^ aere in town, limit ^,000. 1,000 500 200 acres in conntry, $5^00i in city. 25ß EXEMPTION LAWS. EXEMPTION LAWS—Continued. PBB80NAL PBOPEBTT. YALTTE OP HOME^ STEAD. Exceptions and Explanationa. States. Married. Single. Married. $1,000 for debtor, $600 for wife, $250 all members of family. 250 500 2,000 2,000 1,000 Washington(e) 200 Varies from $500 to $2,fi00 according to profeeeson or trade. 40 acres in cotmtey, H acre in city. Wyoming 800 1,500 (a) Articles of specific property too namerons to mentícm, no ▼nine fixed, (b) Exemptions vary in different counties. (*) In either personalty, r^ty or both, (t) In personalty or realty., (c) Artielee of specific property too numerous to mention, varying in amount in different trades and professions, (d) Articles of specific prope^» ranging in value from $100 to $500. (t) Real or personal, (e^ Varying from $500 to $2,000, according to trade or profession, (f) A single man •an claim homestead only in Idaho and New Hampshire« HOW TO OBTAIN WEALTH. The way to make money U to save it. Always remember and practice the maxim, "A dollar saved, a dollar eai*ned." A small sum of money saved daily for fifty years will grow lithe following rate : One Cent $ Ten Gents 9,504 Twenty Cents. 19,006 Thirty Cents 28,515 Pwty Cents 38,0Í5 One Dollar DAILY BAYINOS. Fifty Cents........ Sixty Cents Seventy Cents 66,5SS Eighty Cents 76,081 Ninety Cents . | U. s. HOMESTEAD LAWS. 256a HOMESTEADS UNDER UNITED STATES LAND LAWS. 1 Any citizen of the United States, the head of a family of the age of twenty-one years and over, or a person who has filed his declaration of intention to become such citizen, may secure a homestead upon the unappropriated public lands belonging to the government which are sub¬ ject to pre-emption. 160 acres if such lands are subject to pre-emption at $i.2J per acre, and 80 acres of land which is subject to pre-emption at $2.50 per acre; such lands to be of legal subdivision of the public lands and can be located only after they are surveyed. 2. The person desiring to secure such homestead must make an affidavit before the register of the land office in which the land, upon which he desires to make his entry is located, that he is the head of a family, and is twenty-one years or more of age, or has performed service in the army or navy of the United States; that his application is made for his own exclusive use and benefit, ana that his entry is for the purpose of actual settlement and cultivation, and not, either directly or indirectly for the use and benefit of any other person, persons or corporation. Upon filing such affidavit with the register on payment of $5 for 80 acres and $10 for 160 acres he shall be allowed to enter the amount of land specified. 3. No certificate or patent can be issued until the ex¬ piration of five years from the date of such entry, and with¬ in two years after the expiration of said five years the party making the application must prove by two disinterested wit¬ nesses before the register of his land office that he has actually occupied and cultivated and improved said land as a homestead for the space of five years prior to the mak¬ ing of such application. Upon making such proof to the satisfaction of the register he shall be entitled to his certifi¬ cate and patent. 4. The homestead right may be changed into a pre¬ emption and the land proposed to be homesteaded paid for at the regular government rate if the homesteader so de¬ sires. 5. In case of the death of any person who would be enti¬ tled to a homestead, as hereinbefore stated, before he is able to prove up the same, his wife and children, or in case he leaves no wife, or she remarries, then bis children may prove im on the land and secure the title thereto. 6. Soldiers and officers who served in the army of the United States during the Rebellion for go days, and who 256i U. s. HOMESTEAD LAWS. were honorably discharged, are entitled to have the time of such service deducted from the time fixed by the statute upon which they must live upon the land, 7. Homestead lands are not liable for debts contracted prior to the issuing of the patent the:refor. 8. Only one quarter section can be entered as a home¬ stead. 9. Persons who have entered less than 160 acres are entitled to enter enough more to make up the full limit. 10. A widow, if unmarried, or minor children by their guardian, may enter homesteads. 11. Persons may be absent from their homestead claims not exceeding one year, if such absence is occasioned by the failure or destruction of crops. 12. The commissioner of the general land office may, for climatic reasons, in his discretion, allow the settler twelve months from the date of filing his application to com¬ mence his residence on his homestead. 13. At the end of the third year of residence thereon, if the homesteader shall have under cultivation for two years one acre of timber, the trees whereof are not more than twelve feet apart each way, and in good thrifty condi¬ tion, for each and every sixteen acres of such homestead, may, upon due proof of such facts by two credible witnesses, receive a patent for such homestead. 14. Six months' absence from the homestead claim un¬ explained, forfeits the claim. 15. Persons becoming insane before securing patents to their homesteads, can have the necessary proofs made by their legally appointed guardians or conservators. OOTLA.WED DEBTS. 257 THE TIME IN WHICH DEBTS ARE OUTLAWED IN THE DIFFERENT STATES AND BRITISH PROVINCES. Corrected np to date, June, 18INI. 1. The time to sue varies in different States and in different classes of cases from one to twenty years. 2. In accounts It generally begins from the purchase of the last item, and is renewed by every partial payment. 3. In case the debtor makes a written acknowledgment In ■ note, or papers of that character, the claim is renewed. 8Utee and Territories. Contracts in Writing. S a 1 'S O g»-' 00 1 Judgments Ú p s o » < s o. o States and Territories. Contracts in Writing. 1 Sealed 1 Instruments. S a « 1 0 *% 1 OpenAooounts. j TB& TBS. TBS. TBS. Uevadu YR8 TBS. TBS. TBS. g 10 20 Q 6 g g , »i»«»»«0C Arkaoaas..—M ..m.. B 5 10 O 8 Kew Hampshire.. 6 20 20 6 Ariaooa .^.mooowm 5 4 5 8 New Jersey.., 6 16 20 6 , ■■■ 4 4 6 2 New Mexico........ 6 6 7 4 Colorado 6 6 e 6 New York 6 20 20 6 CoDDecticot.M...*M 6 17 17 6 North CarolÍDa..M. 8 10 10 8 Delaware. e 20 20 8 North Dakota..... 6 6 10 « Diet, ol Cdumbia. 8 12 12 8 Ohio...... IB 15 IS 6 ,,,,,, , , 8 20 20 4 Oregon 6 10 10 6 Georgia 6 20 10 4 Pennsylvania...... 6 20 20 0 Idaho 1 I - - 6 6 6 a Rhode Island 6 20 20 6 Uli Doia. III- 10 10 20 5 South Carolina.^* 6 20 20 6 KodiaiUUoeeew r- 10 20 20 6 South Dakota...... 6 10 10 6 lowa ,1, Tiiiii 10 10 20 5 Tennessee 6 10 10 6 yi-anwtg„. -| 6 6 6 8 Texas 4 4 10 2 Kentacky oooooomoo. 16 15 15 5 Utah 4 4 5 2 liouisiaiia.—t-. 6 10 10 8 Vermont 6 8 8 6 MatnA 1,11,111, 6 20 20 6 Virginia...». » 5 10 20 3 Marylati^ mir 8 12 12 8 Washington 6 6 6 6 Hassachosette...... 6 20 20 0 W. VirgÍDÍa....M... 10 10 10 6 Michigao -ti.«..,... 6 10 10 8 Wisconsin 6 20 20 6 Minnesota .m».... 6 6 10 6 Wyoming S 6 a MiaalflgliipL.... 6 10 6 10 7 10 8 5 Canada ». 6 20 20 e 8 B 10 8 New BrunBwlck.M 6 20 20 6 Vebnaks 5 10 5 4 Nova Scotia .....m. 0 2 « 258 liawb of the public road. LAWS OF THE PUBLIC ROAD. 1. Public Roads are those which are laid out and supported Dy oflicers entrusted with that power. Their care and control is regulated by the statutes oí the different States, and in detail will not be referred to here, as they can be easily looked up by those who desire information so entirely local. 2. owhebshif.—The soil and the land remains in the owner, who may put the land to any use, and derive from it any profit, not inconsistent with the rights of tlie public. If the road is at any time discontinued, the land reverts back to the owner. 3. Liability.—The repair of highways is usually imposed npon towns, and they are made liable by statute for all dam¬ ages, against persons or estates, from injuries received or hap¬ pening in consequence of a neglect of duty on the part of the officers having the same in charge. 4. Law of the Road. Persons traveling with carriages or vehicles of transportation, meeting on any public way, aro required to turn their carriages or wagons to the right of the center of the road, so far as to perñiit such carriages or wagons to pass without interruption. 5. Runaways.—The owner of a runaway horse or horses, if negligent, or not exercising due care, is responsible for all damages that may occur. 6. Any unreasonable occupation of the public way, whether arising out of a refusal to turn out and allow a more rapid vehicle to pass, or from an unjustifiable occupancy of such a part of the road as to prevent others from passing, will render the party so trespassing liable for damages.to any suffering injuries tiierefrom. A loaded vehicle must turn out, and allow those to pass who may reasonably and lawfully travel faster. laws of the public boas. 259 PETITION FOR LAYING OUT A ROAD. 75» the Commissioners of the town of Lisle, County of Du Page, and State of Indiana, your petitioners of the town of Lisle would respectfully represent that tXe public convenience and wants require that, a road and highway should be laid and constructed, begin-, ning at the Northwest comer of J. D. Wild's farm, in the town of Lisle, and leading in a direct line South to the town of Bennington. Your petitioners would therefore ask that your honors would view the premises, and locate and construct said road and highway, according to the laws in such cases made and provided, as shown by the Statutes of the State. (sionatukes.) (Signatures.) Note.—The places where the road commences and ends should be particularly described, but the farms and lots through which it Is to pass need not be described. This form will apply whether to the commissioners of s town or county. PETITION FOR CHANGING A ROAD. 75» the Commissioners for the County of —:—^ The undersigned respectfully represent that the public road a?id highway from the house of W. S. Waite, in the town of Barnard, passing the house of G. H. Schaefer, to the house of fohn Young, in the town of Diegel, is indirect, incon¬ venient, and out of the way ; wherefore, your petitioners request your honorable body to view the premises, straighten or new locate such road, and discontinue such parts of the. present highway as may be useless, or make such alterations emd improvftnents as shall appear to your honors necessary. (slonatubeb.) ( signatures.) 260 ALL ABOUT RIGHTS OF WAV. AMERICA'S GREAT LAWYER. WM. M. EVARTS. .^WHO Received $250,000 For Saying YES^ ALL ABOUT BIGHTS OP WAÏ. When one person has a right to pass over the land of another, this right is called a right of way. There are three methods by which^his right can be acquired: 1st, by imrchase or land grant from the owner of the land. 2nd, by ong-continued use or prescription, 3rd, by necessity. To obtain a permanent right of way by Uie first method, there must be a complete deed of it, with all the formalities re- (juired in a deed of the land itself. It is such an interest in the land as the law requires to be by a deed. If the bar¬ gain was an oral one, or even in writing, if not in the form of a deed, it would not hold. It should be granted under seal and acknowledged in those States where the law re¬ quires a deed to be sealed and acknowledged. A right of way is acquired by prescription by an adverse use for 20 years. In some States ij years or some ither ALL ABOUT RIGHTS OF WAY, 261 period is the time needed. By adverse u^e is -neant a use under a claim of right. If used by consent of the owner of the land it will not be sufficient. If one person allows another to pass over his land as a favor, this permission will never ripen into a legal right which tíie owner of the land cannot put an end to. The way must have been used in an open, peaceable manner and continuously during all these years. Its iise must have been an uninterrupted one, but not necessarily by the same person. It is sufficient if by the owner of the estate, for which the right 's claimed, continued i rom seller lO ouyer or from ancestor to heir. When the right is once acquired it continues to belong to the estate in favor of which it exists, and is called an easement in the land of the other. A way by nece ssity arises when a landowner sells off the back part of his lot and there is no legal way by which the purchaser can get on to his purchase except by passing over the remaining land of the seller. He has then the right to pass over this remaining land to go to his own. so long as the necessity exists. If the puruiaser buys some adjoining land over which he can get out to the highway, or u a new road should be opened to the land, the right of wa/ is ended,, although the new way may not be so direct or convenient as the old one. It is said to be a poor rule which will not work both ways. So if a landowner sells the part of his land n earest to the street and there is.no means by which the seller can get out from his remaining land except over the part sold, ne has a righ to pass and repass fur that purpose over the land sold even it he has conveyed the property by a deed wa' ranting u tree from all incumbrance. Unless the extent oJ the tight IS define.■ in the deed conveying it, 't must be exercised in one place and in a reasonable manner. The owner of the right cannot go |ust where he pleases over the property ol the owner of the land. Generally the landowner can designate where the way shall be. and it need not necessarily be the shortest or the most convenient route. If the landowner does not designate, the owner of the right may select hi 'oute. but shoiUd do it in a proper place, with reasonable regard to the interest of the owner of the land When th right has been acquired by prescription, it must be continued in the particular place where the claim was used which has become the right by user. In fact, a claim to wander at will over the property of another can, not become the fou ndation of a legal right. When the per¬ son owning the ri ght has selected the place for his right, he cannot change t. but if it becomes suddenly impassa¬ ble. or >f it becomes obstructed, he may deviate from it. 262 ALL ABOUT THE RIGHTS OF WAY. passin? over adjoinin|f land, but doing as little damage as possible till the place is made passable or the obstructions removed. The owner of the land is not bound to keep the way in repair. His duty is ended when he allows the owner of the right to pass. The owner of the right may repair it him> self, and remove all obstacles to the use of the right. The owner of the land may, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, erectsuitable gates and bars at the entrance of the way, and if so erected, the persons using the way must close them after they have passed through. If they do not they are liable for all damages done by reason of cattle escaping from the land or cattle coming on the land from the outside. In the case of a right gained by prescription, if i t was ac¬ quired for some particular purpose, as for carting wood from a wood lot, it cannot be used against the permission of the landowner for other purposes, after the wood has been cut off, if it increases the travel over it, or the burden of the way. A right acquired for passage on foot does not car^ with it a right to go with a team. The use of the right is not confined to the owner of the adjoining land, but can generally be used, if not limited by any of the principles above stated, for ordinary access to or from the property. Such a right is not generally a personal right, but passes with the estate to which the right belongs, from one owner to an Ither. la&irs OF THE FtTBUC BOAD.—EBTBAT NOTICE. 263 NOTICE TO WORK ON THE ROAD. Mr. H. y. Harter, Lombard, III. You are hereby notified that your road tax of $0.48 and pell tax of $2.jo is now due, and if you desire to work out the same on the public road, you will report for duty on the tum-pike,just east of G. E. Gasser's residence. May s8th, l8gi, at y o'clock A. M. A part or the whole tax may be paid in cash, if preferred. G. F. Diegel, CommUtioner or J*ath Matter. ESTRAY NOTICE. Take Notice I— On the 3rd day of fuñe, i8gi, there strayed on to my inclosed land in the town of Van IVert, Cotmty of Du Page ; One two-year old colt, a dark bay, with small star in the forehead, and left hindfoot white ; and one dark brown calf, with black spots on each side. Anyone claiming the above described animals can obtain possession of same by furnishing sufficient proof of ownership, and ^ying alt expense and cost. f. A. Hertel. 1. The aboTé'notice may be printed In the local paper, or trritten ont, and tacked up in three or lour prominent placea in the vicinity where the stray animal was taken up. 2. No one can claim a stray without advertising the same, and ^ving the proper notice, such as the statutes of the State require. 3. If the stray is not redeemed by the owner, it may be sold at public auction to pay cost and expense. 264 swindliko bchemeb. SWINDLIWG SCHEMES. SIX PRACTICAL RULES TO REMEMBER. 1. Beware op the Swindler, He is everywhere and in •11 kinds of business. 2. Neuer »ign a paper of any kind for a stranger. Make etery taan unknovm to you, who desires to do business wdh you, prow S> you, beyond a doubt, that his business is Ugtimude and mat he acts seähin the limits of his authority. 3. Nem" try to beat a man at his own game. The sharpers at every fair and circus and other places where people in large numbers congregate, will always offer you great inducements with cards, dice, wheels of fortune, etc. They will urge you tobet on a certain card or number and show you how one dollar could have won $20.00 or a $100.00 ; but when you bet your money, you never win. 4. Never bet or gamble. In trying to get something for noth¬ ing, we too often 6nd ourselves the victims of confidence and swindling schemes. Honesty is the best policy, always has been and always will be. 6. Never try to get tlie best of a sharper by buying a box, watch-case, or anything else in which you have seen him put a 910 or a $20 bill. 6. Deal with responsible parties, or see that the article is worth the price before paying for it, and vcu will never suffer; the mortification of being'smnd/ed. GAMBLING AND BETTINa GAMBLING AND BETTING. I. Eïery Device that suddenly changes money or prop¬ erty from one person to another without leaving an equiva- 'ent, produces individual embarrassment—often extreme misery. More pernicious is that plan, if it changes property and money from the hands of the many to the few. 266 GAMBLING AND BETTING. 2. InflictB Injnry.—Gambling does this, and often in¬ flicts a still greater injury, by poisoning its victims with vice that eventually leads to crimes of the darkest hue. Usually, the money basely filched from its victims is the smallest part of the injury inflicted. It almost inevitably leads to intemperance. Every species of offense, on the black catalogue of crime, may be traced to the gambling table, as the entering wedge to its perpetration. 3. Innocent Amusement.—To the fashionable of oui country, who play cards and other games as an innocent amusement, we may trace the most aggravated injuries re¬ sulting from gambling. It is there that young men of talents, education and wealth, take the decree of entered appren¬ tice. The example of men in high life, men in public stations and responsible offices, has a powerful and corrupt, ing influence on society, and does much to increase the evil, and forward, as well as sanction the high-handed robberyof fine dressed blacklegs. The gambling hells in our cities, tolerated and patronized, are'a disgrace to a nation bearing a Christian name, and would be banished from a Pagan community. 4. Tariety of F.orms.—Gambling assumes agfeat variety of forms, from the flipping of a cent in the bar room for a glass of whiskey, up to the splendidly furnished faro bank room, where men are occasionally swindled to the tune of "ten thousand a year," and sometimes a much larger amount. In addition to these varieties, we have legalized lotteries and fancy stock brokers; and among those who manage them, professors of religion are not unfrequently found. 5. Gaming.—Gaming cowers in darkness, and often blots out all the nobler powers of the heart, paralyzes its sensibil¬ ities to human woe, severs the sacred ties that bind man to man, to woman, to family, to community, to morals, to re¬ ligion, to' social order, and to county. It transforms men to brutes, desperadoes, maniacs, misanthropists, and strips human nature of all its native dignity. The gamester for¬ feits the happiness of this life, and endures the penalties of sin in both worlds. 6. Betting on the Races.—Look for greatness and good¬ ness on the race track. Where is it to be found ? The men who have paved tWr way to the front in achieving success have never been the companions of jockies or gam¬ blers. Those who follow the races will live to seriously regret their folly. GAMBLING ANO BETTING. 267 7* Shnn the Monster.—Let me entreat all to shun the monster, under all his borrowed and deceptive forms. Re¬ member that gambling for amusement is the wicket gate into the labyrinth, and when once in, you may find it diffi¬ cult to get out. Ruin is marked in blazing capitals over the door ot the gambler ; his hell is the vestibule to that eternal hell where the worm dieth not and the fire is not quenched. 8. _ Terrible Consequences.—The youth should not forget that if he is once taken in the coils of this vice, the hope of extricating himself, or of realizing his visions of wealth and happiness, is exceedingly faint. He has no rational grounds to expect that he can escape the terrible consequences that are inseparably connected with sin. If he does not become bankrupt in property he is sure to become one in character and in moral principle ; he becomes a debauched, debased, friendless vagabond. WHAT IS THEIR FUTURE« A SWINDLING NOTE. (^e/. ZO, /SÇ/. One year after date, I promise to pay Fred. J. Davis, or hearer Ten Dollars, when I sell by order Four Hundred and Seventy-five Dollars ($475.00) worth of Patent Fanning Mills, 1. Although the above scheme of the confidence man has been exposed time and time again, yet it still continues to add yearly to its list of victims. A paper is drawn up wherein a farmer agrees to pay ten or twenty dollars when he has sold goods to a given amount. By tearing off the right-hand end of this paper, what is apparently an agreement for a small amount, becomes a promissory note for a con¬ siderable sum. This note is sold at a bank, thereby becoming the property of a third and innocent party, and the signer of the agreement is called upon to pay the note. 2. Never sign a paper without carefully reading and examining th«* «»me. It is dangerous to sign a paper for an unidentified stranger. for value received, at ten per cent, per annum, payable at Naperville, Elinois. Said ten dollars when due is Agent for Fred. J. Davis. tbe cheap jeweluy syvinols. 269 THE CHEAP JEWELRY SWINDLE. Experience bas proven again and again, that there is noth* mg gained by tryinq to beat a uan at bis own game and succeed in getting something for nothing. tbe swindle. The auctioneer starts out, after getting a crowd about bim, ty giving back to the nurchasers more money than they paid for the article, but this does not generally last long. Higher priced articles are soon put up, such as watches, etc., and the price raised from 50 cts., or a fl.OO to $10.00 or $20.00. The pur¬ chaser sees the seller stick a $20.00 bill or a $50.00 bill into tlie watch and close it up, and so sure are the spectators that they saw the money go into the watch that there is no lack of pur¬ chasers. But when the watch is purchased and opened it con¬ tains a $1.00 bill instead of a $20.00, and the purchaser is a wiser, but not a richer man. jßo cocnterfeit money bwindle. COUNTERFEIT MONEY SWINDLE. This scheme has long been practiced in different parts of tlw country, yet the victims are numerous, hundreds being added annually to the list. It is simply a shrewd system of black-mailing, and worked as follows : The swindlers or black-mailers (as tbey can more properly be called) get together, make up plausible circulars, and secure advertisements in local newspapers in the territory which they intend to work up. No work is done in their own neighborhood, all operations being planned from headquarters when the victims are selected. The "gang " has a number of schemes, but the favorite one is, to send some person, who haa answered their circulars, a genuine new bill, and to get him on pretense, to see if it is good. As the bill is genuine there is no difficulty in passing it. The dupe is then informed that he will be supplied with any amount of similar good money at a trifling cost. If the man bites tne tempting bait placed before him, he Is made to sign a document which he is told admits him to mem- bership in a secret society known as the Y. F. A. B., and the money is to come in a few days. Instead, however, a man makes his appearance who represents himself as a United States officer ; he shows up the document signed by the poor fellow, which practically proves to be a confession of circulat¬ ing counterfeit money, 'nd also calls his attention to the bill which he passed. The victim is told that he must go to Washington and be tried by a United States Court, and the penalty for making and passing counterfeit money is also read. He is cleverly told the long delay at heavy cost and the sure penalty. When the victim is sufficiently wrought up, the officer offers to compromise for all the way from Ç200 to f2,000. The money is paid or secured, thedocument torn up and the dupe released. Note.—A man who is eamghi in a swindling scheme of this hind is vMerlg helpless and at ßw merey (f his captors. Ee dare not go to offlcers and make com/plaint against the rascals without exposing him¬ self, because he newer wcndd hawe been caught in the trap had he not shown a willingness to handle and pass caunterfeit money, and con¬ sequently M as guiUy as the swindler in the eyes of the law. BEWABlfOF STBANGEBS WHO OFFEB YOU 6BEAT INDUCEMENTS. BEWABEt BEWABEll BEWABEIIi THE BARB-WIRE SWmDLE. tn i SWINDLER SECURING THE SIGNATURE OE HIS VICTIM. THE BARB-WIRE SWINDLE. The " Wire Fence Man " is a new swindier working the fanners. The scheme is a. shrewd one and is execnted as follows : A nicely dressed man, very pleasant in his manners, meets the farmer in his field or at his home, and desires the privilege of exhibiting his wire fence stretcher machine, for which privilege he will build the farmer thirty or forty rods of good fence for exhibition. Ail the agent asks is board while he is at work on the fence, with the understanding that the farmer is to go after the machine at tlie nearest depot and pay the charges not to exceed $3.00 for the fence, all set up where he wants it. In order to have everything understood, and as a warrant of the farmer's good intentions, be requires him to sign a written order on a postal card, which he mails (as he says) to his partner, which proves to be a written contract for the machine, price $200 (worth less than $23.00). After the machine comes, a new man turns up with tlie postal 372 the fateht vence swindle. order tor the machine, sud requires the payment ot the 3200 as per agreemeut uu the card. He claims to be an attorney for the company and threatens to sue in the highest conrts until be secures the payment of the order. When will people begin to study the "Safe Methods of Business " and leam that it is not sale to sign a fafeb fob a btbanoeb? THE PATENT FENCE SWINDLE. It is an old but true maxim, that "experience is an expensive teacher," but many will learn in no other way. The wire and picket fence combination is a good article for fencing gardens, etc., too expensive, however, for general use. the swindle. An agent, very nicely dressed, meets you in yonr garden or field, and shows you extensive engravings of the patent com¬ bination fence. He wan-ants the fence to be just as repre¬ sented, H pickets to the rod, well painted, fii-mly fastened by six galvanized steel wires, etc. Allot this he agrees to furnish at the low price of 20 cts. per rod. After convincing you of the cheapness of the fence, which is easily done, he offers you a special discount to take the agency for your township, for which you are to advance your credit to the amount of 3128. After securing your note he sends you a sample of the fence. But you soon find that the fence cannot be made for any such price per rod, and you are out of the amount of credit advanced. The note has been sold, and after passing into the hands of an innocent party it can be collected. 1. CAUTION. The fence is a Patent Bight Fraud. Any man who asks you to sign a note to secure an agency is a swindler, or is acting the part of a rascal for some one else. 2. If the fence was not a fraud, our hardware merchants would long ago have investigated it, and if a good thing, would have it in stock. It must be a poor concern that necessitates such an unbusiness-like introduction. 3. Whoever deals with an agent deals with him at his own risk, for an agency can be revoked at any time. 4. Most of those swindling contracts are for no specified time and consequently the agency can be tei-minated at the pleasure of the swindler. E. Never sign a paper for an agent without satisfactory knowledge of nis character, or of his business. BKAS BEFORE BIORING. 2T3 ALWAYS READ BEFORE SIGNING. Anoag the pithy sayings of a well-known German pbiloeiK pher and reader oecnts the following : " Sign no paper with- •at reading it." In these days of éducation, enlightenment and progress, snch a caution would hardly^ seem necessary to any person in the fnll possession of his'faculties ; yet it is astonishing how many people there are, including good busi¬ ness men, who attach their signatures to papers or documents whose contents may have a serious hearing upon themselves ar their affairs, with scarcely a glance at their contents. Care¬ lessness in falling to acquaint themselves with the contents of a paper before signing it has worked incalculable harm to thousands of well iutentioned people. It is a good thing, therefore, to hear in miqd coutinnously the ahove quotation, particularly with respect to such papers as express or imply anything in the nature of a contract or a legal obligation. eiGHTNlMO BOD BWIUSIÍB. THE LIGHTNING-ROD SWINDLE. CONTRACT. Naperville, July 3, iSçi, Mr. F. J. Bechtold, please erect at your earliest convenience your lightning rods on my House accord¬ ing to your rules, of which said House I am the owner, for which I agree ta pay you cents per foot and $3.00 for each point, Í4.00 each for vanes, $5.00 each for arrows, Í1.50 each for balls, and $2.00 for braces, cash, when completed, or a note due on the first day of January next, i8çs. F. Hauswirth, 1. In the blank for cents , the canvasser or agent puts in some single figure, say 7, that being understood to be the cegular price per foot, but after the contract is signed, the «gent at his leisure quietly inserts a 6 before the 7, or soma other figure, making the amount 67 cents per foot instead of T cents, as signed and agreed upon. 2.  swindling note is generally obtained, and the contract is kept in Ihe background ; but when the collector comes along «nd presents the note backed by the contract in plain figures, Che farmer sees that he Imadf has been strudc ig lightning while trying to protect his house. 3. The note is generally in the handh of an innocent party, and according to law may be collected. 4. The agent canvassing the victim generally promises that the rodding of the house shall not cost over f28.00 or $36.00. But that man, however, never appears on the scene again. 5. Kever deal with Irresponsible persons. If you desire rods, employ your hardware merchants ; or if you desire anything $n the machinery line, patronize honest and trusted dealers, and take no chances of "being taken in." 274 TBS FABM MACHIRBBT BWINDUL 27& THE FARM-MACHINERY SWINDLE. The latest scheme for fleecing unwaiy farmers is as followa: A plausible, yreli-di-essed fellow drives up to the farmer's house with two or thi-ee different kinds of farm-machinery, and asks permission to store his maoidnes in the farmer's bam, and the accommodating farmer usually gives permission. After the machines are stored away, the sharper remarks that they are the last of a large lot that he has been selling through the country, and that he is anxious to close out the consignment, and if the farmer will sell two or more of the machines while they are stored in the barn, he shall have fl* per cent, commission on the sale. The offer is a tempting one^ and the fanner usually accepts. He is then requested, merely as a business form, to aflix his signature to a document, specify* ing the terms on which the machines are stored on the premises. The farmer signs a lengthy printed document without reading it, or perhaps, if read, without understanding it. At the ex¬ piration of 30 days he is astounded by finding himself calleA upon by another stranger to pay an exorbitant price for the machines stored in his bam. When the farmer objects, he is shown his signature attached to an agreement, which agree¬ ment, his lawyer tells him, is drawn in good legal form. The victims of this game usually lose from $200.00 ta •fiOO.00. 276 the caed bwikdleb'b tricbh fe THE CARD SWINDLER'S TRICKS. How People Lose their Hard-Earned Money. s. The Three-Card Monte Trick. The thtee-card monto game is, of coarse, the old one and the best one known to get the greenhorn's money. 2. There are gamblers who make from twenty-five to fifty thousand dollars a year in playing this game, and this amount all comes from the innocent and unsuspecting people who think they have got a snap and try to make something beeauae they think they have the advantage, but on the oontraiy ate always taken in themselves. 3. The successful three-card monte player generally appeals In the disguise of a farmer or cattle man, he speaks in äm farmer's tone and acts in the farmer's mannerand isdiessed in the farmer's style. He appears ignorant and manifests more or less intoslcatlon. Generally has his pockets full of rolla of money. 4. The Game. Tlie cards are three in number and are made especially stiff so that they will bold a corner when turned. 5. The Capper. Every monte player has a capper. A «apper is a green ignorant looking man who always plays the ,game and wins a great deal of money. This Is done to Indues others to play the game. The capper and gamblers an generally in partnership. 6. The first turn the capper wins. Then he turns Mm eoinet of a card when the player is not looking, and his friend think- THE ENVELOPE BWINDLB. 27) me he has a sure thing bets on the card. In manipulating them the player flattens that card, with some sleight ot hand movement and turns the comer of another. The betting man ot course picks up the wrong card and loses his money. 7. The capper sometimes marks the card by putting a wet spot on it, and the man who bets on that card finds that the spot from the right card has been wiped off and the spot put on another card by the same sort of a sleightof-hand per> tormance. 8. There are some three-card monte players that are such experts at the game that the capper will tear off the corner of a card, and the innocent farmer betting on the card thus marked finds it has been turned under the corner of another card and the corner of the right card is covered up with the comer of another card. 9. Beware. The man who is fooling with cards and offer ing to bet is not fooling away his money. You will never win anything in that way. Do not ti'y to get something for noth ing and think you have a snap ; for if you play the game with some one else you will soon become a wiser but a poorer man. L The envelopes filling an ordinary box each have slip^ in« eloeed marked with numbers corresponding with numbers in a show case. There are generally numerous cappers around a game of this kind who play and win large prizes. THE ENVELOPE SWINDLE. 378 FICTITIOÜB NAHEB 07 STATES- 3. Many of the envelopes contain a double ticket and the man who plays the game generally opens the envelopes him* self when there is nothing at stake and shows you the winning number, but when you draw it he will show you the other slip that contains the other number and you are the loser, 8. Many of these players give a lot of brass or silver washed prizes that are worth about two or three cents apiece. I. If you desire to make money, remember that the man who plays games does not go around the country giving away money, but they are generally the sharpest and shrewdest of gamblers, and if you desire to be safe have nothing to do with them, and S0i*Uembert " that an honett man newr pdmAísf." FICTITIOUS NAMES OF STATES. friBCODEdii-'Badger State. flCassacbusetts^Bay State. HlBslBsippl—Bayou State. Arkanaas^Bear State. Loaiaian8>-CFeoIe State, Delaware— Diamond State. Ifew York-* Empire State. Excel* Blor State. Cimnecticut—Freestone State. Vew Hampshire—Granite State. Yermont—Green Mountain State. low^Hawkeye State, tndiana—Hoosier State. PviDBylvania—Keystone State. Michigan—Lake State. Texas—Lone Star State. Maine—Lumber State. Flne>tfea State. Virginia — Motbœ of Presidenta. Mother of States. Oonnecticnt—Nutmeg State. Massachusetts—Old Colony. Virginia—Old Dominion. North Caroline—Old North Stata South Carolina—Palmetto State. Florida—Peninsula State. Illinois—Prairie State. North Carolina—TurpmtÜae State. HOW LASO IS SORVEYED îï* « COMPASS FOR SURVETINQ UND. HOW LAND IS SURVEYED. 1. Bistort. Thomas Jefferson and Albert Gailatín are supposed to be the authors of our system of United States land surreys. 2. Townships. The land is first divided into squares by¬ lines, six miles apart. These squares are called iomtships, and a row of townships running north and south is called a rang». Townships are given proper names hutfor the purpose of loca* Hon. they are designated by numbers. 380 how lahd ib 8urvetbd. 8. Principal Meridians and Base Lines. First the sor* veyors select some promlnent object or point, and drawlng a straight line, north and south, through this point, make what Is known as the príncipál tn0Tidi Base Une. The numbers on the line A. B. mark the tomuiiip ¡mm, and the numbers on the line C. D. mark the rmge Une». Range lines are run north and south six miles apart on both sides of the principal meridian and numbered as shown in diagram above. Township lines are run six miles apart, par¬ allel to the base line and numbered as shown above. Example : E, is in range 5, west, and in township 4, norOl, BOW TO-KBAD A2- -v27h 26 ■■;-2;5i" 31 -86 SOUTM k TOWNSHIP WITH SECTION LINES. 1. United States survey ends with the location of the section Unes. Harks are, however, made by the surveyors at the eorneis of the section and also half-mile marks between the corners. By these marks any piece of land may be accurately located. 2, Land is generally bought and sold in lots of 40 acres, or 80 aeres, or 120 acres, or 160 acres, etc. 882 MEASURING TOWN LOTSi 640 Aonas. A 8 C 0 z- X Y Sec. 25. ExampU: Lots &. B. C. and U. taken together are one fourth of the entire section, and described as the N. W. Sec. 25. A. is described as N. W. K of N. W. ^ of See. 36, C. D. is described as 8. K of N. W. of Sec. 26. X. Y. is described as N. K of S. E. of Sec. 26. Z. is described as N. E. Ü of S. W. Ü of Sec. 26. N. B.—Where the government snrveys cannot be used,' a foB description has to be written out by the county surveyor. BOW TO ICBASURB LAIO) AKD'TOWN LOTS. 28S HOW TO MEASURE LAND AND TOWN LOTS. Fie. 1. RECTANGLB. Bole to find the number of acres in a rectangular piece of land ; Mnltíidy the length in rods by the breadth in rods« and divide by 1Ô0L HOW TO MEASURE TOWN LOTS. Ba1e.~Maltiply the length in feet by the breadth in feet, and divide hf fii,S60 (the Damber of square feet in an acre). Balo—Ifoltlply theivldth by the length, and divide by 2. Example—How many acres of land in a triangular field 80 rods long aaA diiodamdef 80x40-r* 2»1600 sq. rods. 1600-h 160—10 acres. Ans. Whtrt the Triangle ie Not a Bight-emgkd Triangle, et È Ii a triangle la without • right angle, a perpendicular has to be foundL 284 HOW TO UEASURE LAHD AHO TOWN LOTS. Rule—Multiply the base in rods by the perpendicular belgbt In niillbai diride by 2, and you bare the area in square rods. Example—Hot many acres in a triangular field wboae base or side Is lit rods, and its width (perpendicular height) is 40 roda T Solution ; 120x40 -1- 2—240O sq. tods. 240O 16(b-15 acres. AOS. HOW TO FIND THE AREA OF A PIECE OF LAND WHEN ONLY TWO OF TBI OPPOSITE SIDES ARE PARALLEL. '^r T \ Rule—Add the two parallel sides together, aod divide by 2, and yoa hM9 the average length. Then multiply the width in rods by the length la fods, and divide by 160, and you nave the number of acres. Example—How many acres of land in a field the two parallel stihi d| which are 60 and 100 rods long respectively, and 40 roda wule f Solution: 60-1-100-7-2-^ sq.roddi. 80x40-i-160-^ acxea. An When land Is irremlar as in Figure 5, divide the field into trhuuta asÉ nse the rulee under Figure 2 or 3. When land is very irregular as in Figure 6, divide the field up Into m many triangles andrectaogles as may be necessary and apply the ralea M given above. HOW TO MEASURE TOWN LOTS. Rule : Multiply the length in feet by the width in feet and divide the lesult by 43,560 and you will have the fractional part of an acre la the ink Example : What part of an aci-e is there in a lot 200 feet dew and MÊ feet wide f Solution * 200xl5&>-30,000 sq. feet in the lot. oc*boat-| of an sera. SMALL LOTS OF LAND.—WEIGHT OF COAL. 285 HOW TO UY OFF SMALL LOTS OF LAND. , Farmers and gardeners often ñnd it necessary to lay off small por* bons of land for the purpose of ezperimentine with different cropst fertUizere, etc. To such the following rules will be helpful : One acre contains 160 sq. rods, or 4,810 eq. yards, or 48,560 sq. feet. To measure off How (0 Calculate the WEIGHT of Coal in a Bin or Box. A solid cubic foot of anthracite coal weighs about 93 pounds. When broken for use it weighs about 56 pounds. Bitumi¬ nous coal when broken up for use weighs about 50 pounds. /iu&.—Multiply the length in feet by the height in feet, and again by the breadth in feet, and this result by jó for anthracite coal, or by jo for bituminous coal, and the result will equal the number of pounds. To find the number of tons, divide by 2,000. Example: A coal bin is 10 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 5 feet high. How many tons of anthracite coal will it bold? Solution: 10x 8x 5 x 54=21,600. 21,600-5-2,000=10 tons and 1,600 pounds. 28C LEGAL BIETS CGNCEBIHIIO lETEBBSI. Legal Hints and Helps Concerning Interest 1. It is the general practice of the courts in this country ts award interest computed at the legal rate, from the time when payment shouid have been made. Interest upon a judgment dates from the time the judgment is rendered. 2. A CBEDITOR may charge interest on an account from the expiration of the time of credit. Wlien no time is specified, interest may be charged from the time payment is demanded, or when the statement of account has been rendered. 3. A DEBT for board and lodging, where there was no fixed price or time of payment fixed, will not draw interest until it is reduced to judgment, or its amount otherwise determined. Interest may not be charged upon the items of a running account until the balance is struck, and the statement ren¬ dered. 4. COMPOUND interest cannot be collected by law. When Interest has already accrued and become payable, an agree¬ ment that it shall be added to the principal thus formed, will generally be deemed legal. When such interest would not he recoverable upon an ordinary contract in which its payment was agreed upon, yet, if it has actually been paid, it cannot be recovered. 8. GUARDIANS, EXECUTORS and ADMINISTRATORSk and TRUSTEES of every kind, may be charged interest upon all trust funds in their hands after their failure to invest them Within a reasonable time. 6. CUSTOM : Where it is a uniform practice of the seller to charge interest and this is known to the customer or purchaser at the time when the transaction takes place, interest may be charged on book accounts. 7. PARTNERS: If a partner withdraws money from the partnership funds belonging to the firm, for private use or for the purpose of speculation, he will be liable for tnfer-it on the money so withdrawn. 8. INSURANCE POLICY : When loss occurs under a policy of insurance, it bears interest from the time it is due according to the terms of the policy. UOHrrNINO METHOD FOB CALCULATING INTEBEBT. 287 The Celebrated Lightning Method for Calculating Interest. WHEBE THE TIME IS FOB DATS ONLT. Bmit—Tofind the interest on any given sum for any number e^ days^vtsUHf^ the fe mc^al by the number qf days^ and divide as /olloios ; At 5 per cent., divide by 72 At 6 per cent., divide by 60 At 7 per cent., divide by 62 At 8 per eent., divide by 45 At 9 per cent., divide by 40 At 10 per cent., divide by 36 At 12 per cent., divide by 30 Example: What is the interest on $900,00 for 8 days at 6 per cent.? Solution: 900X 8-=-60=fl.20 interest. WHEN THE TIME CONSISTS OE TEABS, MONTHS AND DATS. J. BuUv-^Bedvee years to moTiths, adding the number months,then place % tf the number qf dags to the right qf the months with a decimal point between. $. Then remove the decimal point two places to the Iqft in the principal, and Snide by t, and the reauU will equal the interest for ane month at 6 per een^ #. MuUipiy the interest for one month by the number of months^ and the product is the interest at 6 per cent, for the given time. Then add H of itself for 7 percent, " " H of itself for 8 per cent. " " K of itself for 9 per cent. " " of itself for 10 per cent. Snbtract H of itself for 5 percent. " }i of itself for 4 per cent. Example: Find the interest on $150, at 9 per cent, for 1 year, 4 months and 12 days. Solution: $1.50-1-2 =.75 interest for 1 month, 1 year, months and 12 days=l6.4 months. .75X16.4=$12.30, interest at 6 per een; 12.3(H-6.15=$18.45, interest at 9 per cent M. B.—The 16.15 is one-half of $12.30. 288 BANKER'S METHOD.—TIME TajSLE. Banker's Method of Calculating Interest. in banking nearly all the business Is transacted on the basis of 30, 60, and 90 days. Rule.—To find the interest on any amount at 60 dayStremooe the decimsd point two places to the tcfti and you have the interest at 6 per cent. Increase or diminish accordiny as the time is increased or diminishat. For 90 days add yi of Itself. For .30 days divide by 2. For 13 days divide by 4. For 120 days multiply by 2. Example: What Is the Interest on Í240 for 90 days at O-pet cent? 2.40 Interest for 60 days. 1.20 Interest for K of 60 days, or 30 daySw a.60 Interest for 90 days. TIME TABLE. Showing the number of days from any day in one month to the same day In any other. From To 1 Jan. 1 Feb. 1 March, April. eS a S s 1 July, «Ó 3 < 1 Sept. OcL s* S 1 Jan S(>5 81 59 90 120 151 181 212 248 273 804 884 Feb,.,.. m H65 28 59 89 120 150 181 212 242 2Ï8 80S March H()6 887 865 81 61 92 122 158 184 214 24b «75 April 275 806 8:^ 365 80 61 91 122 153 183 214 246 Ma^ 245 276 804 885 865 81 61 92 128 92 153 184 814 June 214 245 278 804 884 865 80 61 1» 153 188 July 184 215 248 274 804 385 865 81 62 1» 123 168 Aug 158 184 212 243 278 804 884 865 31 61 92 129 Sept. 122 158 181 212 242 273 808 884 865 SO 61 91 Oct »2 128 151 182 212 248 278 804 835 865 81 SI Not 61 92 120 151 181 212 242 278 804 884 865 88 Dec 81 62 90 121 151 182 212 243 274 304 835 366 Note.—Find in the left-hand column the month from any day of wbtoh yon wish to compute the number of days to the same day in any ether month ; then follow the line along until under thedesired month, and yim have the required number ot daya. Example: Bow many days from May 17 to Nov. 17? IM nays. Ans. INTEBEST TABLES. 289 HOW TO USE THE INTEREST TABLES. 1. The interest on any sum of money, and for any length of time, may be obtained, by adding to or doubling any certain sum, or length of time iu the tables, viz ; If the interest on a certain sum of money at eight per cent, for a given time should be {28.00, one-half of {28.00 or {U.OO would equal the interest at etc. 2. If the interest at 6^ should amount to $26.00 on a certain sum of money for a given time, twice that amount or $52.00 would equal the interest at 12^, etc. 3. The tables are computed on the principle of 360 days in a year, the rule adopted by bankers and merchants throughout the entire countiy. 4. When the fraction of interest is a half a cent or more, a whole cent is taken, but when less than a half cent, nothing Is charged. EXAMPLE : To find the interest ($1,108) for one year, three months and twenty-nine days, at 1%, according to table : Interest on $1,000, for 1 year, at •' '• 100, " 1 " " «{ f% 8 1 " " " 1,000, " Smths.," " " 100, " 3 " " « 1« 8 " 3 " " 1,000, " 29days," " " 100, " 29 " " " " 8, " 29 " " per cen t.» 970.00 It ■7.00 u 56 It 17.50 «C 1.75 (( 14 tt 5.64 It 56 II 05 Interest on the amount. .{103,30 290 INTEBEBT. INTEREST AT FIVE PER CENT. TIME. $1 $2 $3 «4 $s $6 $7 $8 $9 $10 $100 $1000 I Day. .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 $.00 $ .01 $ .14 2 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 •03 .28 3 " .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .04 .42 4 " .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .01 .06 5 " .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .07 ■Ö9 6 " .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .08 .83 7 " .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .10 •97 8 " .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 . .11 I.II 9 " .00 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 •13 1.25 10 " .00 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .14 '•39 II " .00 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 • 15 '•53 12 " .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 ■>7 l.fe 13 " .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .18 1.81 14 " .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .19 '•94 15 " .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .21 2.08 i6 " .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .02 .22 2.22 17 " .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .02 .24 2.36 i8 " .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .02 •03 2.50 19 " .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .02 .03 .20 2.64 20 " .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 ■03 •03 .28 2.78 21 " .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .03 ■03 .29 2.92 22 " .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 ■03 .03 •31 3.06 23 " .00 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 •03 .03 •03 ■32 3'9 24 " .00 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .03 .03 •03 •33 333 25 « .00 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 •03 .03 .03 •3| 3^47 26 " .00 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 •03 ■03 .03 .04 •36 3.61 27 " .00 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 •03 .03 •03 .04 •38 28 " .00 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 •03 •03 .04 .04 • 39 380 29" . ..CO .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .03 •03 .04 .04 .40 4.03 I Month. .00 .01 .01 .02 .02 .03 .03 •03 .04 .04 .42 4'7 2 " .01 .02 •03 •03 .04 .06 .07 .08 .08 .83 8.33 3 " .01 •03 .04 •05 .06 .08 .09 .10 .11 •13 1.25 12.50 4 " .02 •03 .07 .08 . 10 . 12 .13 .15 .17 1.67 16.67 5 " .02 .04 ,00 .08 . 10 .13 .15 .17 .19 .21 2.08 20.83 6 " .03 •95 .08 . 10 •13 . 15 .18 .20 .23 .25 2.50 25.00 7 " .03 .06 .09 . 12 .15 . 18 .20 •23 .26 .29 2.92 29.17 8 " .03 .07 .10 • 13 .17 .20 23 •27 .30 •33 3-33 33-33 8 " .04 .08 .11 • 15 ..19 .23 .26 •30 •34 .38 3-75 37-|o 10 " .04 .08 .13 .17 .21 .29 ■33 .38 .42 4'-67 II " .05 .09 .14 .18 ■23 .28 .32 •37 ■ 41 .46 4.58 45-83 I Tear. .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 •3? .40 .45 .50 5.00 50.00 'm m So 00n| m m n m So eô'^ m S? 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INTEREST AT SEVEN PER CENT. TIME. $2 83 $4 85 86 87 88 89 810 $100 $1000 1 Baj. .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 8.00 $ .02 $ .19 7 '* .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .04 •39 3" .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .01 .oC 4" .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .cS •78 5« .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .10 •97 6" .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .12 I.17 I" .00 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .14 >-3P 8 - .00 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 •02 .16 I.? 9" .00 .00 .01 .01 •01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .18 >•75 lo " .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .19 1.94 11 •• .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .21 2. M 12 " .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .02 •Í3 2 33 '3« .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .02 .03 .35 3.53 14 •• .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .02 •03 •27 2.73 'Í Ü .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .03 .03 •39 3.93 10 •• .00 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .02 .03 .03 •31 3 1» .00 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 •03 .03 .03 •33 3.3« i8 " .00 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 •03 ■03 .04 ■35 3-|c 19" .00 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .03 .03 .03 -04 .3^ 3.f9 20 " .00 .01 .01 .02 .02 .P2 .03 ■03 .04 .04 •39 3.89 21 .00 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 ■03 •03 .04 .04 .41 4.0S 22 * .00 .01 .01 .02 .02 •03 .03 .03 .04 .04 .43 4.28 33 " .00 .01 .01 .02 .02 .03 .03 .04 .04 .04 •45 4.47 24 " .oo .01 .01 .02 .02 •03 .03 .04 .04 .05 .47 4.Ö 2Ç •• .oo .01 .01 .02 .02 .03 .03 .04 .04 .05 .49 4.86 26 « .01 .01 .02 .02 .03 .03 .04 .04 .OS .05 •5« 5.06 27 " .01 .01 .02 .02 •03 .03 .04 .04 -05 .05 •53 5.25 28 " .OI .01 .02 .02 .03 .03 .04 .04 .05 .05 5.44 29 •• loi .01 .02 .02 •03 .03 .04 .05 .05 .05 •56 5.64 1 loDtb. .01 .01 .02 .02 •03 .04 .04 .05 .05 .06 • 58 583 2 " .Ol .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .11 .12 J.17 11.67 3 " .02 .04 .05 .07 .09 .11 . 12 .14 .16 .18 I 75 47.50 4 " .02 .07 •09 .12 .14 .16 .19 .21 .23 3.33 33.33 5 « •03 .06 .09 .12 .15 .18 .20 .23 .26 .29 2.g2 29.17 6 " .04 .07 .11 .14 .18 .21 .25 .28 .32 •35 3^50 35.00 Z Ü .04 .08 .12 . 16 .20 .29 .33 .37 .41 4.08 40.83 8 " .05 .09 .14 .19 •23 .28 33 •37 .42 .47 4.67 46.67 9 " .11 .16 .21 .26 •32 •37 .42 .47 5-fS 52.50 10 " .00 .12 .18 .23 .29 •35 •41 .47 .58 1-^3 58.33 II " .06 .13 .19 .26 •32 •39 .45 •5i .58 .64 6.42 04.17 I Tear. .07 .14 .21 .28 .35 .42 .49 -56 ■63 .70 7.00 70.00 M «! , PI ^ M fPAO CO Q « ^ tv <> ►-' «nvO 00 Q N ^ tN. 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TmE. • . j , «S". ..... . §5 S5333':3«l S :::5S8S8eS3I8«888Sa83888S8SM ^ « N <0 ^ wvo C^oo 0^ O M M ro ^ *AVO N>00 0^ O m N ro^ «#Ap r».00 (> M M C<) ^ l/>VO rvOO o « « § «ï , îTRîçgir&içg y&içs îraics îraRS ^ass ^ajçs iras as as as as as iHMMMeiMtiNcncncriro^^'^^ IAUMÀU%\O\O\OSO rsC^t^iAN ^ ^ w q^' ^ 8 « , Ö iO^ O "MN.O 0u^t>»0 N moo Q N u^^s.O cnirkt'sO N "^00 0Nt/%0^0u*i0u%0u^0u>0 ^ lo UMO u^NO VO VO ® l>»Îs,rsu>N O ^s»0^^ 0 l>iU^N O ^ * M N «ô «Ó ^ iA\o ^0 t^-oô o» O M 8SSSS90ÎÎÔÔSPÏ^îOÎ?3'^^">"^*'>*'^ "^"O vO o vO t>. N. ts.CO u^cnOOO *r»fnOOO Ln fO Q 00000 0000000000000000000000000*^t>QO & «i £ 8 8 3 o 3 9 8 8 8 8 8 ff ??5'88Sr5^o'yo'o'8««^.« Sr? frS5^a>8S S¿3 00 9 " .01 .01 .02 .02 ■03 ■03 ■04 .04 ■05 .05 •53 5.28 20 " .01 .01 .02 .02 •03 ■03 ■ 04 .04 ■OS > .06 •56 5.56 21 " .01 .or .02 .02 ■03 ■ 04 ■ 04 ■OS .06 .58 5.83 22 " .01 .01 .02 .02 ■03 .04 ■ 04 ■05 .06 .06 .61 6.II 23 " .01 .01 .02 .03 .03 .04 .04 ■05 .06 .06 .64 6-39 24 " .01 .01 .02 -03 .03 ■ 04 .05 .06 .07 ,67 6.67 2| - .01 01 .02 •03 ■03 ■ 04 ■OS .06 .c6 .07 . .69 6.94 26 .01 .01 .02 .03 ■04 .04 ■ 05 .06 .07 .07 .72 7.22 27 " .01 .02 .02 •03 .04 .05 ■05 .06 .07 .08 •75 7.50 28 " .01 .02 .02 .03 .04 .05 ■05 .06 .07 .08 ,78 29 " J3I .02 .02 •03 .04 .05 .06 .06 .07 .08 .81 8.06 I loitL .01 .02 .03 ■03 ■04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .08 :83 s.p 2 " .02 •03 ■OS • 07 .08 .10 .12 ■ 13 ■ "5 .17 1.67 16.67 3 " •03 •05 .08 .10 ■ 13 ■15 .18 .20 ■ 23 •25 2.50 25.00 4 " •03 •07 .10 ■ 13 ■ 17 .20 ■23 ■ 27 •3? •33 3-33 33-33 5 " .04 .08 ■13 .17 .21 •25 .29 ■ 33 ■ 38 .42 4-17 41.67 6 " .05 .10 .15 .20 ■25 ■30 ■35 .40 ■45 ■5° 5.00 50.00 z " .06 .12 .18 .23 ■ 29 •35 ■ 41 ■ 47 ■ 53 .58 |.83 li-P 8 " .07 .08 •>3 .20 .27 -33 .40 47 .60 .67 0.67 66.67 9 " • »5 •23 •30 •38 ■45 •53 .6c .68 •v> 7.5Ô 75.00 10 " .08 • 17 .25 ■33 .42 .50 ■58 ■ 67 •83 8-33 83-33 II " •09 .18 .2i ■37 ■ 46 ■55 ■ 64 ■73 ■ 83 .92 9.17 91.67 iTw. .IE .20 .30 JO .60 JO JO 1.00 10.00 100.00 296 TRUSTS. Time at which Money Doubles at Interest. Rate per cent. Sitaple Interetl. Compound Interat. 2 50 years. 35 years 1 day. 2>i 40 years. 28 years 26 days. 3 33 years 4 months. 23 years 164 days. 3JÍ 28 years 208 days. 20 years 64 days. 4 23 years. 17 years 246 days. iii 22 years 81 days. 15 years 273 days. 5 20 years. 15 years 75 days. 6 16 years 8 months. 12 years 327 days. 7 14 years 104 days. 10 years 89 days. 8 ,...12M years. 9 years 2 days. 9 11 years 40 days. 8 years 16 days. 10 10 years. 7 years 100 days. OIL W£LLS OF THE STANDARD OIL TRUST. TRUSTS. What Trusts are, and How they are Organized. 1. The name is certainly innocent, but the abuses and wrongs Rowing out of it are alarming. 2. It IS organized or brought about in üie following way: A majority of those dealing in, or manufacturing special oi certain articles unite their capital and form a corporation with a capital of two or three times that actually invested in TRUSTS. 29T the business. Thus the capital stock of each Individual or crx porate member of the trust is doubled without the invest- ineiit of au additional dollar. When this is done, the corpora-^ tiou is so managed that it pa}'S on this doubled or trebled capital stock dividends as great or greater than the earnings befora secured separately. 3. The "Trust" has absolute command of the product which it is formed to control, so that it is able to name its price and profits. i. If the supply is too large, certain of the mills or factories or refineries in the association are closed, and the owners can make no objections because they are partners in the scheme, and are sure of their dividends on two or three times the capital they had invested in their former business. Keducing the production only makes their dividends more certain. 5 Object.—It is very easily seen that the "trust" is but a dishonest device to destroy competition, and to swell the profits of the manufacturers, or operators, or dealers, without a dollar of additional capital being put into the business. 6. Eesoet.—rhe results are, that the consumer pays the in- cre.ised profité of the bogus capital of the corporation, and the producer has to accept for his products just what the managers of the "trust" choose to pay. T. Robbery.—It is organized robbery, and nothing less, and ehould be treated by our courts the same as any other stealing. 298 INTEREST LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES. INTEREST LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES. Showing days of grace in the Tarions States as they exist Jannary« 1897. States and Tbbbitoeies. Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Gonneoticnt Delaware DistrictDf Col.. Florida Qeorgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Ktoisas..... Kentneky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts... Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire. New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina.. North Dakota... OMo Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania.... iBhode Island.... Bouth Carolina.. Bouth Dakota... Tennessee Texas tJteh Vermont Virgùia Washington West Virginia... Wisconsin Wyoming. Penalty or Ububy. Forfeiture of all interest (a) Forfeiture of debt (a) None (a) Forfeiture of principal and interest (a) None (b) None (b) Forfeiture of all above le^l rate (b) Forfeiture of interest and principal (b)....... Forfeiture of entire interest (b) Forfeiture of interest (b) Forfeiture of excess of interest (b) ^or^eiture of entire interest (b) Foif eiture of excess of interest (a) Forfeiture of interest and costs (eMa) Forfeiture of excess of interest lap. Forfeiture of excess of interest (a; Forfeiture of interest (b) None (a) Forfeitureof allandlegnlinterestondebtCb) None(b) Forfeiture of interest (a) Forfeiture of all interest (a) Forfeiture of interest (a) Forfeiture of excess of interest (a) None (b) Forfeiture of interest and costs (a) None (b) Forfeiture of three times the interest (a).... Forfeiture of entire interest and costs (b)... Forfeiture of excess and $100 fine (b) of interest (a) Forfeiture of double the int. if collected (b) None (b) Forfeiture of interest (a) Forfeiture of principal and Interest (b)...... Forfeiture of all interest (b) None (a) Forfeiture of double the interest (a) Forfeiture of interest and pnnishable as mis¬ demeanor and fine not exceeding $500 fa).. Forfeit, of excess of int., also misdern'r (b).. Forfeiture of entire interest, and if paid double can be received back (a).... None (b) Forfeiture of excess of interest (b) Forfeiture of excess over 6 per cent, (b) Forfeiture of twice amount of interest (a)«.. Forfeiture of excess of interest (a) Forfeiture of entire interest (b) (b) ; (a) Grace, (b) No Grace, (o) Loss of interest by Imider; 10 per cent* from borrower for school fund, (d) Contract void; punishable as mied» meanor. (e) Defendant also forfeits 10 per cent, a year to achnnl fnml. COMPOUND XxmiBEBT TABLB. 299 THE APPLICATION OF COMPOUND INTEREST. Direct compound interest is illegal in all the States. But eyety maa thsá loans bis money and keeps It out at a legal rate ol interest, recelTes and makes a compound rate of interest. He annually collects his interest, and that in turn loaned out again makes an accumulation equal to a regular compound rate of interest. Example:—If Captain Newport, at his first landing at Jamestown, Vit» ginia, in 1607, had loaned out $100 at compound interest it would now equal a sum greater than the entire wealth of the United States. COMPOUND INTEREST TABLE. Showing the amount of $1 from 1 to 16 years at compound interest tnteieei added semi-annually, at diflerent rates. This table will be found ▼aiaable in computing Interest on Savings Bank deposits, Ac. TEARS S 4 S 6 7 S lO Per Cent Fer Cent. Fer Cent. Fer Cent. Per Cent. Fer Cent. Fer Cent H 1.015000 1.020000 1.026000 1.030000 1.085000 1.040000 1.050006 V 1.080226 1.040400 1.050625 1.0609U0 1.071225 1.081600 1.102500 1.045676 1.061208 1.076890 1.092727 1.108718 1.124864 1.157625 a 1.061363 1.082432 1.103813 1.125509 1.147623 1.169858 1.215506 1.077284 1.104081 1.131408 1.169274 1.187686 1.216653 1.276281 g 1.093448 1.126162 1.159698 1.194052 1.229255 1.265319 1.840096 1.109846 1.148685 1.188685 1.229874 1.272279 1.816981 1.407106 4 1.126492 1.171659 1.218408 1.226770 1.816809 1.868569 1.477455 1.148390 1.195092 1.248863 1.804778 1.863897 1.423812 1.661828 6 1.160641 1.218994 1.260084 1.843916 1.410598 1.480244 1.62889« «H 1.177949 1.243874 1.312086 1.884284 1.469969 1.539454 1.710889 g 1.195618 1.268241 1.344888 1.425761 1.611068 1.601082 1.795861 «H 1.21855a 1.298606 1.378511 1.468538 1.663956 1.666078 1.885646 7 1.281766 1.819478 1.412973 1.612589 1.618694 1.781676 1.979981 1» 1.2B02tt 1.845868 1.448298 1.657967 1.676840 1.800948 8.078938 300 COMPOUND INTEREST TABLE. compound Internst Table* — Continued. lEARS S 4 S 6 7 8 18 Per Cëut. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Percent. PerCenL 8 1.268985 1.372785 1.484505 1.604706 1.733986 1.872981 2.182874 1.288020 1,400241 1.521618 1.652847 1.794675 1.947900 2.292019 9 1.807840 1.428246 1.559668 1.702433 1.857489 2.026816 2.406619 914 1.3269.')0 1.466811 1.598650 1.753506 1.922501 2.106849 2.626969 10 1.34685.5 1.485947 1.638616 1.806111 1.989789 2.191123 2.653297 10)4 1.367058 1.515666 1.679581 1.860294 2.059431 2.278768 2.785962 11 1.387563 1.543980 1.721571 1.916103 2.131511 2.369919 2.925260 1.408377 1.576899 1.764610 1.973586 2.206114 2.464715 3.071523 12 1.429503 1.608437 1.808726 2.032794 2.283323 2.663304 3.225100 12H 1.450945 1.640606 1.853944 2.093T78 2,363245 2.665836 3.886355 IS 1.472709 1.673418 1.900292 2.156591 2.445959 2.772470 8.555672 13H 1.494800 1.706886 1.947800 2.221289 2.631567 2.883368 8.733456 14 1.517222 1.741024 1.996595 2.287927 2.620172 2.998703 3.920129 MM 1.589980 1.775845 2.046407 2.856565 2.711878 3.118651 4.116135 15 1.563080 1.811361 2.097567 2.427262 2.806793 3.243397 4.321940 Example.—What will $400. amount to In 8 rears and 6 months at 4 per cent, compound interest, interest added semi-annuallr ? Referring to table, it is found $1. in 8 years and 6 monlhs at 4 per cent, will amount to $1.400241. The amount of $400. will be 400 times this or $560.0964. Note.—If the interest only be wanted, deduct the principal $400. froaa 8560.0964. Possibilities of Componnd InteresL An Idaho correspondent sends the New York Tnbune a ph» tograph of an old Idaho mortgage, which shows in a startling way theamahing possibilities of compound interest. Themort<, gage was executed in 1861, on a piece of land in Boise City, " to secure the sum of $310, if paid in legal tender, with inter¬ est, at the rate of 10 per cent, per month. But if the said note shall not be paid then the sum of $170, with Interest, at II per cent, per month, and if said interest is not paid at the time of maturity of this note, said interest to he added to the prin¬ cipal, and said principal and interest together shall draw in¬ terest per month as above stated." These conditions were evi¬ dently not fulfilled, for a note is appended to the document as follows: "The above mortgage is not satisfied, according to the records of Ada County. With interest on $170, at 10 per cent, per month, compounded every six months, the debt wonld now amount to $15,972,003,182,826.60." Thero are a great many millionaires in the count^, but there is probably only one man in the world who Is indebted in the sum of nearly forty-six trillions of dollars. HOW MONEÏ GROWS AT INTEKEST. 201 JAY GOULD. Hoir Honey Grows at Interest If one dollar be invested and the Interest added to the pito* «Ipal annually, at the rates named, we shall have the following lesnlt as the accumulation of one hundred years. One dollar, 100 years at 1 percent —— One dollar, 100 years at 2 per cent Iii One dollar, 100 years at 3 per cent19X One dollar, 100 years at 4 per cent BOU One dollar, 100 years at 5 per cent 181)4 One dollar, 100 years at 6 per cent..... 340 One dollar, lOO years at 7 per cent 888 One dollar, 100 years at 8 per cent 8,203 One dollar, 100 years at 9 per cent 8,513 One dollar, 100 years at 10 per cent 18,809 One dollar, 100 years at 12 per cent 84,675 One dollar, 100 years at 15 per cent 1,174,405 One dollar, 100 years at 18 per cent 18,145,000 One dollar, 100 years at 24 per cent..... .......... ... 8,851,799,404 THE LAW OF NEWSPAPER SUBSCRIPTIONS. 1. Tlíere is nopostal law regulating the transactions between publishers and subscribers. The ordinary rules of contract govern all relations between the parties concerned, and the post-otBce has no part except to déliver the article, or return It when ordered to do so. 2. If the publisher of any paper or periodical sends his paper or magazine, the Postmaster must deliver it, if the per¬ son to whom it is sent will take it. If he will not take it, the Postmaster must notify the publisher. 3. The publisher must collect his subscription the same as any other debt. 4. If a man subscribes for a paper or periodical for one year, he cannot stop his paper at any time during that year, but at the end of the year he can stop bis paper, whether he has paid for it or not. 6. It at the end of t)te year the publisher continues to send his paper and the subscriber to receive it, the sending is the offer of another year's subscription at the same price, and the taking of the paper out of the post-office is an acceptancs. 6. If a subscriber has by express or implied agreement become liable for another yeai''s subscription, he cannot during and before the expiration of that year stop his paper, even by paying up all he owes to the publisher. 7. If the publisher advertises terms of subscription, all parties taking the paper under, these conditions will be held according to the conditions. HOW TO SEND MONEY. 303 HOW TO SEND MONEY. Bank Drafts.—A draft on some reliable bank is by far the btst and most business-like way to send large amounts of money. It is safe, convenient, and cheap. Better, however, have the draft issued in your favor (to your own order), and then indorse it, and make it payable to the party to whom you intend to send it. Post Office Orders.—By Post Office Order is also a safe and reliable way to send money. It costs a little more than to remit by draft, but is equally as secure, and many times more con¬ venient, because the Post Office is accessible at all hours of the day. Registered Letters.—The Government promises special care in handling and transmitting a Registered Letter or Package, but should it be lost, the owner is the loser, and not the Government. Money sent by Registered Letter is always at the risk of the sender. This is true at the present. Efforts have, however, been made to require the Post Office Department to pay for lost reg¬ istered letters. A bill making the department responsible to an amount not greater than ten dollars was presented in the second session of the Fifty-fourth Congress. Express Orders.—^The Express Order, as to security, has all the advantage of the Bank Draft or Post Office Order. Serious disadvantages often arise, however, when the Express office on which the order is drawn has not the money on hand to pay it, consequently the holder of the order has to wait the slow action of the company's agents in getting the amount for¬ warded from some other office. Personal Checks.—Never send money by your personal check, unless you are rated in commercial agencies. It may cause much delay in having it certified. There is also generally expense coimected with the cashing of the check. This may be charged to your account To avoid these annoyances, pay only your local bills with personal checks. Telegraph.—It is sometimes necessary to send money by telegraph. Although this is more expensive it is sometimes convenient. The rate is one per cent, of the amount çf the order, plus double the tolls on a single message of fifteen words between the transfer places. 21 How to Send Money to Other Countries. FOREIGN BILL OF EXCHANGE. £40. Chicago, Nov. so, iSgt. Thirty days afler sight of thisfirst of exchange {second and third unpaid) pay to Anna Holverson Forty Pounds Ster^ Ung, with exchange on Chicago, and charge to my account. To B. F. Lincoln, F. C. Barnard. Liverpool, Eng. Money is generally sent from one country to another in the ahoye fora or draft, knotyn as Foreign Sill of Exchange. They can be purchased al almost any national bank. There are generally three drafts sent, as there are many dangers and delays in crossing the ocean. The first draft received is paid, and thai cancels the remaining two. How to Change English Money to Dollars and Cents. Rule. — Reduce the pounde to shillings and add in the shiUingSt if oay* and multiply the result by JJ there are any pence, add in twice as mang cents. Example How many dollars in £20, 6a. and 6d. f Solution £20 and Os—406s. 406sX24>á-«98.79j4 79^12-698.91^. Ans. How to Reduce Dollars to Pounds. Rule.—Multiply the Dollars by IS and divide the result by 78, and yon wiê have tlie number ojpounds and the decimal 0/a pound. Example How many pounds in $467.20 f Solution 6467.20 X15 -i- 73 - £96. Ana. FOREIGN BILL OF EXCBAKOI. XONST-ORDEB FEB&—ANCIBKT MONEl. 306 International or Foreign Money-Order Fees. On Algeria, Belgium, British India, Cape Colony, Constantinople, Ben« mark. Dominion of Canada, Egypt, England, France, German Empire, Hong Kong, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Newfoundland, New South 'Wales* New Zealand, Portugal, Sandwich Islands, Scotland, Shanghai, Sweden,Switzerland, Tasmania, Victoria. For sums not exceeding $10. 10 cents Over $10, not exceed. fôO.. 20 c. I Over $30, not exceed. $40... 40 c. Oyer $20, not exceed. ^0 80 c. | Oyer ^0, not exceed. $00. SO c. Orders can also be obtained on Austria and the East Indies, by remit¬ tance through the Postal Department of Switzerland, subject to the rates of the ëwiss Department to those countries. Also on Norway and the Netherlands, through the Postal Department of the German Empire, sub¬ ject to the rates of the German Department to those countries. No order issued for a larger amount than $60 in U. S. money. VALUE OF ANCIENT MONEY. DetuminatUm, Grains. €Md Vatue. Add Bhekd« 1S2 S6.69 eold Maneh., - « 18,200 869.00 Gold Talent....... ...» 1,320,000 86,900.00 BUtbt Gerah.»» ».». 11 .02ld BUverBeka - 110 .26^ BUrer Shekel»». ».».. 200 .63 BUver Haneh»..»» - 13,200 82.00 BUverTalent 660,000 J/60.00 Copper Bhefcä...» vvv 5^ 14-100 Peraian Darle or Dram (gold). 1^ 6.62 Haccabaean Sbefcd (Bilrer).........»...». 220 .K "Piece of Money" (ataterailver)..»»— Penny (Denarlna, Bilrer) 68 6* .14 Farthing IQnadrana, copper) —.» 42 .OOJd Faitbing (Aaearinni, copper) 84 .0®| Mite (eoppei)—— —— a MH 006 FOREIGN MOLD AND SILVER COINS. THE VALUE OF FOREIGN GOLD AND SILVER COINS. Australia . Austria.... Belgium.., Bolivia..... Brazil Canada CentralAmerica ChUi Denmark.. Ecuaclor.M. England... (I France Oermany, North. Oennany, BoDtb. Greece Hindostán.... Italy Ja^an Mexico Naples Netherlands.... Norway New Granda... Peru. Portugal.. Prusab ... Rome Russia.... Sardinia.. Spain eOLD COINS. Found of 1852 Sovereign of 1855-60 Ducat Souverain New U nion Crown (assumed) Twenty-five-francs.,, Doubloon Twenty milreis,.. Two escudos Old doubloon..« Ten pesos. Ten tbaler Four escudos...« Pound or sovereign» new. Pound or sovereign, aven^. Twenty francs, hew. Twenty franca^ average,, Ten thaler Ten thaler, Prussian^. Krone (crown) Ducat Twenty drachms..... Mohur Twenty lire Old cobang New cobang Doubloon, average . Doubloon. new.M Six ducati, new Ten guilders I. Old doubloon, Bogota....... Old doubloon, Popayan... Ten pesos, new,. Old doubloon Twenty soles,.. Gold Crown New Union Crown (assumed) Sweden Switzerland,. Tunis Turkey Tuscany Two-and-a-half scudi, new., Five roubles One hundred reals...... Eighty reals Ducat Twenty-five piastres,. One hundred pi Sequin... f piastres.., 1 15.8 4.85 2.28 6.75 6.64 4.72 15.69 10.90 3. 15.59 9.15 7.90 7.65 4. 4.84 8.85 8.84 7.90 7.97 6.64 2.28 81LTBB COINA Old rix dollar...'. Old scudo......... ' Florin before 1858. New fiorin,.,,,., New Union dollür. Maria Theresa dnllar, 178Ó. Five franra... New dollar...... Half dollar. Double milreis... Twenty cents.. Dollar Old dollar.. ». New dollar Two rigsdALer.............. Shilling, new.. Shilling, average Five franc, average... Thaler, before 1857.., New thaler. 3.44 7.08 3.84 4.44 8.57 15.52 15.61 5.04 15.61 16.87 9.67 15.55 19.21 siso 5.64 Florin, before 1867 New florin (assumed).. Five drachms Rupee. Itzebn New Itzebu. Dollar, new Dollar, average.«...«.... Scudo. Two-and-a-baU guild.. Specie daler« Dollar f 1857.«...ri....M. Old dollar« Dollar of 1858. Half-dollar, 1885^.. Thaler befcsre New tba]er«M...»M.«...vft». Sendo.. Rouble................. Five lire. New pistueen «... «..«. Riz dollar Two francs.«....«.. Five piastres...«... Twenty piastres., Florin «... 81.02 1.08 61 48 73 1.08 'it 72 78 1.05 7S .90 m FOREIGN POSTAGE. 307 FOREIGN POSTAGE. The rates of postage to all foreign countries and colonies (except Canada and Mexico) are as follows : 1. On Lettebs.—Five cents for each half ounce or fraction thereof. On newspapers, books, pamphlets, photographs, engravings, and similar printed matter one cent for each two ounces or fraction thereof. 2. Canada and Mexico. Letters, newspapers and printed matter are now carried to Canada and Mexico at the same rates as in the United States. a. Limits of Size. Samples of merchandise to all postal union countries are admissable to 12 inches in length, 8 inches in width and 4 inches in depth. If they are in the form of a roll 12 inches in length and 6 inches in diameter. 4. Limits of Weight. The general limit of weight is 8^ ounces ; but by special agreement between the United States and Great Brit¬ ain, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Argentine Republic, Italy, âa- waiian Republic, Austria, Egypt, and the'British Colonies except India, Canada and Australia. Samples of merchandise are admissible in the mails up to 12 ounces in weight. 5. Pabcels Post. Unsealed packages of mailable merchandise may be sent by parcel posts to Jamaica, Barbadoes, the Bahamas, Britisb Honduras, Mexico, Hawaiian Republic, Leeward Islands, Costa Rica, Colombia, Salvador, British Guiana, Danish West Indies, Wind¬ ward Islands and Newfoundland at the following rate: For every pound or additional fraction thereof 12 cents. The maximum weight is 11 pounds. 8. Peep aid Postage. Foreign postage should always be piepaid in stamps of the country from which they are sent. If not prepaid it is chazgeable with double the amount. 808 TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. TABLE5 OF WEIQHT5 AND MEASURES. TROY WEIGHT. 24 grains make 1 penn3rweight, 20 pennyweights make 1 ounce. _ By this weight gold, siiyer and jewels only are weigbea. The ounce and pound in this are same as in Apothecaries* weight. APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. 20 grains make one scrapie, 3 scraplesmake 1 drachmas dnudimsmake 1 onnce, 12 ounces make 1 poand. AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 16 drachms make 1 ounce, 16 oances make 1 pound, 25 pounds make 1 quarter, 4 quarters make 100-weight, 2,000 pounds make a ton. DRY MEASURE. 2 pints make 1 quart, 8 quarts make 1 peck, 4 pecks make 1 bushel, 36 bushels make 1 chaldron. LIQUID OR WINE MEASURE. 4 gills make 1 pint, 2 pints make 1 quart, 4 quarts make 1 gallon, 81Vi gallons make 1 barrel, 2 barrels make 1 hogshead. TIME MEASURE. 60 seconds make 1 minute, 60 minutes make 1 hour, 24 hours make 1 day, 7 days make 1 week, 4 weeks make 1 lunar month, 28, 29, SO or 81 days make 1 calendar month (80 days make 1 month in computing interest), 52 weeks and 1 day, or 12 calendar months, make 1 year, 365 days, 5 hours, « minutes and 49 seconds make 1 solar year. CIRCULAR MEASURE. 60 seconds make 1 minute, 60 minutes make 1 degree, 80 degrees make 1 sign, 90 degrees make 1 quadrant, 4 quadrants or 860 degrees make 1 circle. LONG MEASURE-DISTANCE. 8 barleycornsl inch, 12 inches 1 foot, 8 feet 1 yard, 514 yards 1 rod, 40 rods 1 furlong, 8 furlongs 1 mile, 5,280 feet 1 mile. CLOTH MEASURE, inches 1 nail, 4 nails 1 quarter, 4 quarters 1 yard. MISCELLANEOUS. 8 inches 1 palm, 4 inches 1 hand, 6 inches 1 span, 18 inches 1 cubit, 21.8 inches 1 Bible cubit, 214 feet 1 military pace. SQUARE MEASURE. 144 square inches 1 square foot, 9 square feet 1 square yard, 8014 square yards 1 square rod, 40 square rods 1 rood, 4 roods 1 acre, or 160 square rods 1 acre, 48,560 square feetl acre, 100 square feet 1 square. SURVEYOR S MEASURE. 7.92 inches 1 link, 25 links 1 rod, 4 rods 1 chain, 10 square ftheina or 160 square rods 1 acre, 640 acres 1 square mile. CUBIC MEASURE. 1,728 oubic inches 1 cubic foot, 27 cubic feetl cubic yard, 128 cobic feet 1 cord (wood), 40 cubic feet 1 ton (shipping), 2,150.42 cubic inches 1 standard bushel, 231 cubic inches 1 standard gallon, 1 cubic foot four-fifths of a bushel. METRIC SYSTEM. The unit of the Metric System is the meter 89.37 inches long, 1 kilometer= about ^ of a mile. The gram is the unit of weight, weighing 1614 avoirdupois grains ; a kilogram weighs 2i pounds. The liter is the unit of measure of capacity and = .908 dry quarts, a hectoliter equal about 26 gallons. A hectare equals 2.47 acres. MISCELLANEOUS TABLES. 809 MISCELLANEOUS TABLE. 12 things make 1 dozen. 12 dozen make 1 gross. 12 gross make 1 great gross. 20 things make 1 score. 108 pounds of flour make.... 1 barrel. 200 pounds of beef or pork make 1 barrel. 135 pounds of potatoes make 1 barrel. 280 pounds of salt make 1 barrel. 400 pounds of molasses make 1 barrel. 200 pounds of sugar make... 1 barrel. 240 pounds of lime make .... 1 barrel. 100 pounds of fish make... .1 quintel. 100 pounds of nails make.... 1 keg. 50 pounds of soap make 1 box. 20 pounds of raisins make.. 1 box. 2 pounds of cigars make... 1 box. 20 pounds of scâa make .... 1 box. 40 pounds of cheese make.. .1 box. 25 pounds of tobacco make.l box. 62 pounds of tea make 1 box. 60 pounds of saleratus make 1 box. 25 ponndsof chocolate makel box. 56 pounds of butter make... 1 firkin. CARRYING CAPACITY OP FREIGHT CARS. One Car-Load. Salt SOtolOObbls. Lumber 8,000 to 13,000 feet» Barley 800 bush. Wheat 850 bush. Corn... 400bush. Potatoes 430 bush. Oats 6% bush. Bye 400 bush. Cattle 16 to 24 head. Hogs 40 to 60 head. Sheep....'. SOtolOOhead* Hay 10 tons. Coal 20 to 30 tone. Stone 2 cords. Tile, 3-inch....6,000feet. Tile, 4-inch....4,000feet. Tile, 6-inch.... 2,500 feet. Tile, 10-inch.... 1,200 feet. Tile, lûnch.... 1,000 feet. Gravel 7 cubic yards A CUBIC FOOT OF Common soil weighs.. Strong '* " lioose earâi or sand'* Clay " Lead " Copper Wrought iron.. ** Anthracite coal " Bituminous Pounds. .... 124 .... 127 135 7083Í . 4S6I4 .50-55 .45-55 Pounds. Clay or stone weighs 160 Cork " 15 Tallow " Bricks ** Marble " Granite " Oak wood '* Red pine " White pine ** .125 .171 .165 . 55 .. 42 . 30 NAILS TO THE POUND. Number to the lb. Length in inches. 3 penny fine 700 Spenny common.... 480 ■ IH 4 penny common.... 800 IVi 6penny common.... 160 2 8 penny common.... 92 2^ 10 penny common.... 60 8 16peony common.... 82 8H 20penny common.... 24 4 40penny common.... 14 5 60penny common.... 8 0 B penny fence 50 2H w penny fence 84 ' 8 GENERALS COMMAND¬ ING U. S. ARMY. George Washington. 9 years. Henry Knox 1 '' Josiah Harmer 3 Arthur St. Clair 5 James Wilkinson.... 14 Henry Dearborn 8 Jacob Brown 13" Alex. McComb 13 Winfield Scott 20 Geo. B. McClellan... 1 Henry W. Halleck... 2 U. S. Grant 5- W. T. Sherman ..14 Philip Sheridan 5. J. M. Schofíeld 7 Nelson B. Miles 310 BUSINESS FAILURES—IMMIGRATION. BUSINESS FAILURES IN THE UNITED STATES—1857 TO 1895- YEAB. 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869. 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874. 1875. 1876 4,932 4,225 8,913 8,676 6,993 1,652 495 520 530 1,505 2,780 2,608 2,799 3,546 2,915 4,069 5,183 5,830 7,740 9,092 Amouot of liabilities. $291,750,000 95,749,000 64,394,000 79.8(y7,000 207,210,000 23,049,000 7,899,900 8,579,000 17,625.000 53,783,000 96,666,000 63,691,000 75,054,054 88.242,000 85,252,000 121,056,000 228.499;900 155,239,000 201,000,000 191,177,000 YEAB. 1877. 1878. 1879. 188P. 1881. 1882. 1883 1884. 1885. 1886 1887. 1888. 1880. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 8,872 10,478 6,658 4.735 5,582 6,738 9,184 10,968 10,637 9,834 9,634 10 679 10,882 10,907 12,273 10,344 15,242 13,885 13,197 Amount of liabilities. 190,669,936 234,383,133 98,149,053 65,752,000 81,155,932 101,547,564 172,874,172 226,343.427 124,220,321 114,644,110 167,560,944 123,829,973 148,784,337 189,856,964 189,868,638 114,044,167 346.779,880 172.992,856 173,196.060 During the war the retaros were only partial, bat since 1866 they hare been kept with great care and regolarity. IMMIQRATION INTO THE UNITED STATES—1820-1896. (From 1789 to 1820, estimated at 250,000.) Year. 1821.. 1822.. 1823.. 1824.. 1825.. 1826.. 1827.. 1828.. 1829.. 1830.. 1831.. 1832.. 1833.. 1834.. 1835.. 1836.. 1837.. 1838.. Immi¬ grants. 8,385 9,127 6.911 6.854 7.912 10,199 10,837 18,875 27.382 22,520 28,322 22,633 60,482 58,640 65,365 45,874 76,242 79,340 88,914 Year. 1340.. 1841.. 1842.. 1848.. 1844.. 1845.. 1846.. 1847.. 1848.. 1849.. 1850.. 1851.. 1852.. 1853.. 1854.. 1855.. 1856.. 1857.. 1858.. Immi¬ grants. 84,066 80,289 104,565 52,496 78,615 114,371 154.416 234,968 226,527 297,024 369,986 379,466 371,603 368,645 427,883 200,877 195,857 246,945 119,501 118.616 Year. I860.. 1861.. 1862.. 1863.. 1864.. 1865.. 1866.. 1867.. 1868.. 1869.. 1870.. 1871.. 1872.. 1878.. 1674.. 1875.. 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. Immi¬ grants. 150,237 89,724 89,207 174,524 193,195 247,453 163,594 298,967 282,189 352,569 387,203 321,350 404,806 459,808 313,339 227,498 169,986 141,857 138,469 177.826 Year. 1881... 1882... 1883... 1884... 1885... 1886... 1887... 1888... 1889... 1890... 1891... 1892... 1893... 1894... 1895... 1896... Total. Immi¬ grants. 457,257 669,431 788,993 603,322 518,598 395,346 834,203 490,100 546,880 444,427 455,302 560,310 628,084 502,917 814,467 270,948 343,267 17,4U,692 so FIHU THE DAT OF THE WEEK FOB AHT DATE. 311 HOW TO FIND THE DAY OF THE WEEK FOR ANY DATE. Bvu.—Take the last two üguret of the given year and add one-fourth of Itself to it ; add also to this the day of the month and the ratio of the month and divide the sum by 7, and the remainder will be the day of the week, 1 denoting Sunday, 2 Monday, 8 Tuesday, and so on, and when there is no femainder it is Saturday. Batio : For Feb., March and Nov. is 6 ; for Sept. and Deo. 1 ; (or April and July 2 ; for May 4 ; for Jan. and Oct. 3 ; toi Aug. 6, and for June 0. Example: On what day of the week was was John bom tt the date was Sept. 16,1841 ? Last 2 figures 41 of the year. Solution : 41-7-4=10 Day of the month 16 Batio 1 Total 68 68-^=9 with 5 remainder. Hence John was born on the 5tb day of the week or Thursday. K. B. The above rule is for the present century, for the last century add 2 before dividing by 7, and for the next century subtract 2 before dividizmbyTe For leap years subtract X from the ratio of January aadFebraary« 312 WAGES IN THE UNITED STATES. WAGES IN THE UNITED STATES FROM CENSUS OF 1890. Employes. Agricultural Implements 42.544 Bicycles 2,231 Book Making 13,815 Boots and Shoes 184,275 Buttons 4,036 Carpets 31,213 Clothing 353,463 Iron and Steel 193,558 Jewelry 16,799 Liquors 41,525 Printing 166,093 Tobacco and Cigars 135.927 THE LABOREH'S GBEETIMG AT EVENING. HOW TO USE THE WAGES TABLE. Esa&iple: Find the amount due for 7 months, 19 days, at $19.00 a month* For 7 months $188.00 For 19 days 13.88 Total amount $146.8 Find the amount due for i year 8 months and 3 days, at $26.00 a month. For 1 year @ $26.00 per month $312.00 For 8 months @ $26.00 per month 208.00 For 3 days @ $26.00 per month '. 3.00 Total amount $523.00 To find the wages at $2.00, take it for $ 1.00, and multiply by 8. 4.00, 5.00, 6.00, 8.00, 9.00, 12.00, 10.00, 12.00, 16.00, 18.00, divide a. 2. 8. 2. 8. 1 2 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 28 24 25 Imo 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 yr MONTHLY WAGES TABLE. 313 MONTHLY WAGES TABLE.* TO CALCULATE THE WAGES OF HIRED HELP AT SIGHT. $1 $3 $7 $10 $11 $12 $13 $14 $16 $16 $17 $18 .04 .12 .27 .38 .42 .46 .50 .54 .58 .62 .65 .69 .08 .28 .54 .77 .85 .92 1.00 1.08 1.15 1.23 1.31 1.38 .12 .85 .81 1.15 1.27 1.38 1.50 1.62 1.78 1.85 1.96 2.08 .15 .46 1.08 1.54 1.69 1.85 2.00 2.15 2.31 2.46 2.62 2.77 .19 .58 1.35 1.62 2.13 2.81 2.50 2.69 2.88 3.08 3.27 8.46 .23 .69 1.62 2.31 2.54 2.77 3.00 3.23 3.46 3.69 8.92 4.15 .2? .81 1.88 2.69 2.96 3.28 8.50 3.77 4.04 4.81 4.5F 4.85 .81 .92 2.15 8.08 3.88 8.69 4.00 4.31 4.62 4.62 5.23 5.54 .85 1.04 2.42 8.46 8.81 4.15 4.50 4.85 5.16 5.54 5.88 6.23 .88 1.15 2.69 8.85 4.23 4.62 5.00 5.88 5.77 6.15 6.54 6.92 .42 1.27 2.96 4.28 4.65 5.08 5.50 5.92 6.35 6.77 7.19 7.62 .46 1.38 3.23 4.62 5.08 .5.54 6.00 6.46 6.92 7.88 7.85 8.81 .50 1.50 8.50 5,00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 .54 1.62 8.77 5.38 5.92 6.46 7.00 7.54 8.08 8.62 9.15 9.69 .58 1.73 4.04 5.77 6.35 6.92 7.50 8.08 8.65 9.23 9.81 10.88 .62 1.85 4.81 6.15 6.77 7.88 8.00 8.62 9.28 9.85 10.46 11.08 .65 1.96 4.58 6.54 7.19 7.85 8.50 6.15 9.81 10.46 11.12 11.77 .69 2.08 4.85 6.02 7.62 6.81 9.00 9.69 10.88 11.08 11.77 12.46 .73 2.19 5.12 7.31 8.04 8.77 9.50 10.28 10.96 11.69 12.42 13.15 .77 2.81 5.88 7.69 8.46 9.23 10.00 10.77 11.54 12.31 18.08 13.85 .81 2.42 5.65 8.08 8.88 9.69 10.50 11.81 12.12 12.92 13.73 14.54 .85 2.54 5.92 8.46 9.31 10.15 11.00 11.85 12.69 18.54 14.38 15.28 .68 2.65 6.19 8.85 9.73 10.62 11.50 12.88 18.27 14.15 15.04 15.92 .02 2.77 6.46 9.28 10.15 11.08 12.00 12.92 13.85 14.77 15.69 16.62 .96 2.88 6.78 9.62 10.58 11.54 12.50 13.46 14.42 15.38 16.85 17.31 1.00 8.00 7.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 18.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 2.00 6.00 14.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00 32.00 34.00 86.00 8.00 9.00 21.00 30.00 83.00 86.00 36.00 42.00 45.00 48.00 51.00 54.00 4.00 12.00 28.00 40.00 a. 00 48.00 52.00 56.00 60.00 64.00 68.00 72.00 5.Ù0 15.00 35.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 6.00 18.00 42.00 60.00 66.00 72.00 78.00 84.00 90.00 96.00 102.00 108 00 7.00 21.00 49.00 70.00 77.00 64.00 91.00 98.00 105.01) 112.00 119.00 126.00 8.00 24.00 56.00 80.00 88.00 96.00 104.00 112.00 120.00 128.0C 136.00 144.00 9.00 27.00 63.00 90.00 99.00 108.00 117.00 126.00 135.00 144.00 158.00 162 00 10.00 80.00 70.00 lOO.CO 110.00 120.00 180.00 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 11.00 88.00 77.00 110.00 121.00 132.00 143.00 154.00 165.00 176.00 187.00 198.00 12.00 36.00 84.00 120.00 182.00 144.00 156.00 168.00 180.00 192.00 204.00 216.00 * 26 worldog daya in a month. Ifficial Figuebs.—The average weekly wages of workmen in the ed States for the year 1891 is as follows: Bricklayers, $21.18; Hod iers, $16.68; Blasons, $21.00; Tenders, $9.60; Plasterers, $23.10; Slaters, 0; Hoofers, $17.60 ; Stonecutters, $21.00. 814 MONTHLY WAGES TABLE. MONTHLY WAaB3 TABLE.» BOW TO CALCULATE TEE WAGES OF HIRED HELP AT SIGHT. Time. $19 $20 $21 $22 $23 $24 $25 $26 $27 $28 $29 1 .73 .77 .81 .85 .89 .92 .96 1.00 1.04 1.07 1.12 2 1.46 1.54 1.61 1.70 1.77 1.85 1.92 2.00 2.08 2.15 2.21 3 2.19 2.31 2.42 2.55 2.65 2.77 2.88 3.00 3.12 8.23 8.34 4 2.92 3.08 8.28 3.38 8.54 8.70 8.85 4.00 4.15 4.30 4.46 6 3.65 8.85 4.04 4.28 4.43 4.62 4.81 5.00 5.19 5.88 5.58 6 4.88 4.62 4.85 5.08 5.30 5.54 5.77 6.00 6.28 6.46 6.69 7 5.12 5.88 5.65 5.92 6.20 6.46 6.74 7.00 7.27 7.54 7.81 8 5.85 6.15 6.46 6.77 7.08 7.88 7.69 8.00 8.81 8.62 8.99 9 6.58 6.92 7.27 7.62 7.96 8.31 *8.64 9.00 9.85 9.69 10.04 10 7.81 7.61 8.08 8.46 8.85 9.28 9.62 10.00 10.88 10.77 11.15 11 8.04 8.46 8.88 9.81 9.73 10.15 10.58 11.00 11.42 U.84 12.27 12 8.77 9.23 9.69 10.15 10.62 11.08 11.53 12.00 12.46 12.92 18.88 13 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 18.00 18.50 14.00 U.90 14 10.28 10.77 11.31 11.85 12.40 12.92 13.46 14.00 14.54 15.08 U.61 10 10.96 11.54 12.12 12.70 18.28 18.85 14.42 15.00 15.58 16.15 16.78 16 11.69 12.81 12.92 13.54 14.15 14.77 15.48 16.00 16.61 17.28 17.84 17 12.42 18.08 13.73 14.88 15.05 15.69 16.85 17.00 17.64 18.30 18.90 18 18.15 18.85 14.54 15.23 15.92 16.61 17.81 18.00 18.68 19.88 20.01 19 18.88 14.62 15.85 16.08 16.80 17.54 18.26 19.00 19.73 20.46 21.19 20 14.62 15.38 16.15 16.92 17.70 18.46 19.24 20.00 20.76 21.54 22.80 21 15.85 16.15 16.06 17.77 18.58 19.88 20.19 21.00 21.79 22-62 23.42 22 16.08 16.92 17.77 18-62 19.46 20.30 21.15 22.00 22.84 23.69 24.» 23 16.81 17.69 18.57 19.46 20.84 21.28 22.12 23.00 23.88 24.77 25.61 24 17.54 18.46 19.38 20.81 21.23 22.15 28.08 24.00 24.92 25.84 26.76 25 18.27 19.23 20.19 21.15 22.12 28.08 24.04 25.00 25.96 26.92 27.88 1 Uo. 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 2 88.00 40.00 42.00 44.00 46.00 48.00 50.00 52.00 54.00 56.00 58.00 3 57.00 60.00 63.00 66.00 69.00 72.00 75.00 78.00 61.00 84.00 87.00 4 76.00 80.00 84.00 88.00 92.00 96.00 100.00 104.00 108.00 112.00 116.00 5 95.00 100.00 105.00 110.00 115.00 120.00 125.00 180.00 135.00 140.00 145.00 6 114.00 120.00 126.00 182.00 138.00 144.00 150.00 156.00 162.00 168.00 174.00 7 183.00 140.00 147.00 154.00 161.00 168.00 175.00 182.00 189.00 196.00 208.00 8 152.00 160.00 168.00 176.00 184.00 192.00 200.00 208.00 216.00 224.00 232.00 9 171.00 180.00 189.00 198.00 207.00 216.00 225.00 234.00 243.00 252.00 261.00 10 190.00 2U0.00 210.00 220.00 280.00 240.00 250.00 260.00 270.00 280.00 290.00 11 209.00 220.00 231.00 242 00 258.00 264.00 275.00 286.00 297.00 308.00 819.00 1 Tr. 228.00 240.00 252.00 264.00 276.00 288.00 300.00 312.00 324.00 336.00 848.00 * 26 working days in a month. OtficiaIj Fiotjbes.—The average weekly wages of workmen in the United States for the year 189118 as follows; Plnmbers, $19.00; Carpenters, $15.25; Gasfitters, $11.90; Blacksmiths, $16.02; Gigarmakers, $16.08; Printers, $16.42; Tinsmiths, $14,85 ; Porters, $8.88. MONTHLY WAGES TABLE. 615 MONTHLY WAOES TABLE.* sow TO CALCULATE THE WAOES OF HIRED HELP AT SIOHT. Time. ï~ 880 $81 $32 $33 $34 $3S $86 $37 $38 $39 $40 1.15 1.19 1.23 1.27 1.31 1.35 1.38 1.42 1.46 1.50 1.54 S 2.31 2.38 2.46 2.54 2.62 2.69 2.77 2.85 2.92 8.» 8.07 S 3.46 3.57 3.69 8.81 3.62 4.03 4.15 4.27 4.88 4.50 4.62 4 4.62 4.77 4.92 5.08 5.» 5.88 5.53 5.69 5.84 6 » 6 19 6 5.77 5.66 6.15 6.35 6.54 6.73 6.92 7.12 7.80 7.50 7.69 $ 6.62 7.15 7.38 7.61 7.84 8.08 8.31 8.54 0.77 9.» 9.23 10.77 7 8 07 8.34 8.62 8.88 9.15 9.42 9.69 9.96 10.23 10.60 8 9.23 6.54 9.85 10.15 10.46 10.77 11.08 11.38 11.66 12.» 12.81 9 1 10.39 10.78 11.08 11.42 11.77 12.11 12.46 12.81 13.15 13.50 13.85 10 11 11.54 11.92 12.30 12.69 13.07 13.46 13.84 14.23 15.65 14.61 15.» 15.89 12.69 13.11 13.54 18.06 14.38 14.81 15.22 16.07 16.50 16.91 12 13 13.86 14.31 14.77 15.22 15.69 16.15 16.61 17.07 18.50 17.53 18.» 18.47 20.» 15.00 15.50 16.» 16.50 17.» 17.50 18.» 19.» 19.50 14 16.15 16.66 17.28 17.77 18.81 18.85 19.38 19.92 ».46 21.» 21.U 16 16 17.31 17.88 18.46 19.04 19.62 ».19 ».77 21.35 21 92 ».50 28.07 24.62 18.46 16.07 16.69 20.31 20.92 21.54 22.15 22.77 23.38 24.» 17 16.62 20.25 ».62 21.58 '22.23 22 89 23.58 24.19 24.84 25.50 26.15 27.69 18 20.77 a.44 22.15 ».85 ».54 24.22 24.92 25.61 ».80 27.» 19 a.62 22.64 ».38 24.12 24.84 ».57 ».31 27.08 27.77 28.50 29.» 50 51 21.07 28.84 24.62 ».89 ».15 ».62 27.69 28.46 ».28 ».» 30.77 24.23 25.» ».85 ».66 27.46 ».27 ».08 ».88 80.69 81.50 32.81 SS 25.» ».22 27.08 27.63 ».77 26.62 30.46 31.80 32.15 33.» 33.85 85.89 36.98 SS 96.54 27.41 ».30 ».» 80.07 30.66 31.84 32.72 33.61 34.56 84 27.» ».» ».54 80.47 81.88 32.81 33.23 34.15 35.07 86.» 85 1 Mo. ».85 ».81 30.77 81.73 32.69 33.65 34.62 35.57 86.53 37.50 38.47 40.00 80.» 120.» 1».W 2».» ».» 81.» 32.» 88.» 34.» 85.» 36.» 37 » 38.» 89.» a ».» 62.» 64.» 66.» 68.» 70.» 72.» 74.» 76.» 78.» s W.OO ».» ».» 99.» 102.» 105.» 108.» 111.» 114.» 117.» 4 5 6 120.00 124.» 1».» 132.» 136.» 140.» 144.» 148.» 15 .» 156.00 150.00 155.» 1».» 165.» 170.» 175.» 180.» 185.» 190.» 195.00 180.001 186.00 192.» 198.» 204.» 210.» 216.» 2».» 2».» 234.00 240.» 7 210.00 217.» 224.» »1.» 238.» 245.» 252.» 259.» »6.» 273.» 280.» 8 240.» 248.» 256.» 264.» 272.» 280.» 288.» 266.» 304.» 312.» 820.» 9 270.» 276.» 288.» 297.» 806.» 815.» 324.» 338.» 342.» 351.» 360.» 10 8UU.» 310.» S».00 830.» 840.» 850.» 360.» 370.» 880.» 390.» 4».» ^ Il 1 Yr. 830.» 841.» 352.» 868.» 874.» 885.» 396.» 407.» 418.» 429.» 440.» 8».» 872.» 884.» 3».» 4».» 4».» 432.» 444.» 456.» 468.» 480.» *M working daye in a month. Compare the following figures with those onpreyioos pages, the ayerage Wemlriy wages being giyen in each case : Bricklayers, liasons. Carpenters. Blacksmiths. Hodcarriers, Porters, ■ngland, 9tM 7.68 7.66 7.87 4.64 4.70 flemaor* 4.a 4.67 4.11 4.00 2.92 8.U TABLE OF WAdES BY THE WEEK, dIVEN BY THE DAY AND HOUR, co l-A C» SI S2 $3 u S5 S7 $8 S9 €10 €11 €12 €13 €lé €15 €16 €17 €18 H hr. IH 2M 3M 4i 5 5 6H m 8M 9Ä 10 10 IIH 12M ISM 14J 15 1 hr. IH SM 5 '6H 8M 10 llH 18M 15 16H 18M 20 21M 23M 25 26H 28M so 2 hrs. 6H 10 iSM 16H 20 23M 26H 30 33M 36H 40 43M 46H 50 53M 56H 60 S hrs. 5 10 15 20 25 SO 85 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 4 hrs. OH 13M 20 20H 33M 40 46M 53M 60 66H 73M 80 86H 93M 1.00 1.06H 1.18M 1.20 5 hrs. s% 16H 25 3SM 41H 50 58M 66H 75 83M 91H 1.00 1.08M 1.16M 1.25 1.83M 1.41H 1.50 6 hrs. 10 20 .30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 7 hrs. IIH 23M 35 46H 58M 70 81H 98M 1.05 1.16H 1.28M 1.40 1.51H 1.63M 1.75 1,86H 1.98M 2.10 8 hrs. 13H 26H 40 63M 66M 80 93M 1.Ü6H 1.20 1.S3M 1.46H 1.60 1.73M 1.86H 2.00 2.13M 2.26H 2.40 9 hrs. 15 80 45 60 75 00 1.05 1.20 1.85 1.50 1.65 1.80 1.9.5 2.10 2.25 2.40 2..55 2.70 Iday. 16H SSM 50 66H 83M 1.00 1.16H 1.S3M 1.50 i.eaH 1.83M 2.00 2.16H 2.33M 250 a.66H 2.83M 3.00 2 ds. 8SH 66H 1.00 1.33M 1.66H 2.00 2.3SM 2.66H 3.00 3.38M 3.66H 4.00 4.33M 4.66H 6.00 5.83M 5.66H 6.00 ds. 50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3..50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.60 8.00 8.50 9.00 4 ds. 66H 1.38M 2.00 2.6ÖH 3.83M 4.00 4.6ÖH 5.38M 6.00 6 66H 7.8SM 8.00 8.66H 9.83M 10.00 10.66H n.33M 12.00 5 ds. 83H 1.60H 2.50 3.SSM 4.16H 5.00 5.83M 6.66H 7.50 8.38M 916H 10.00 10.88M 11.66H 12.50 13.83M 14.16M 15.00 6 ds. 1.00 2.00 8.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 Example: What will the wages for 4 days and 7 hours amount to at$9.00 per weekf Ans., $7.05, The above table is based on 10 hours a day. To find the amount for any number of days, 8 or 9 hours a day, multiply the number opposite 8 hours or 0 hours, as the case may be, by the number of days. Thus, 8 days and 6 hours at $11.00 a week, working 9 hours a day, will amount to $1.65X8s$18.204$1.10, amount for ^honrB=$14.80. Eight days and 6 hours at $11X0 a week, working 8 hours a day, will amount to $1.40^ X 8 = $11.78 + $1.10, amount for 6 hours ^ $12.88. READY RECKONER. 317 READY RECKONER. How to Find tbe Price of any Number of Founds, Tards, Pieces or Busbels. The first column gives the numbeb —the top columns the Faxens. VtH. Î4C. 4c. 3ÍC. 2o. Sc. 4c. 5c. 6c. GHc, 6%c. 7c. Sc. S%c. Oc. lOc. 11c. 2 H .01 .014 .01 .06 .08 .10 .12 .12Vi .13% .14 .16 .16% .18 .20 .22 S H .014 .024 .06 .09 .12 .15 .18 .18^ .25 .20 .21 .24 .25 .27 .30 .SS 4 .01 .02 .08 .08 .12 .16 .20 .24 .26% .28 .82 .88% .36 .40 .44 5 .01^ .024 .0331 .10 .15 .20 .25 -.80 .81H .83% .35 .40 .41% .46 .50 .55 « .01 Vi .03 .044 .12 .18 .24 .30 .86 .87 Vi .40 .42 .48 .50 .54 .60 .66 7 .0141 .084 .054 .14 .21 .28 .35 .42 .48% .46% .49 .66 .58% .63 .70 .77 8 .02 .01 .06 .16 .21 .32 .40 .48 .50 .53% .56 .64 .66% .72 .80 .83 fi .Ü2Vi .014 .064 .18 .27 .36 .45 .54 .56% .60 .63 .72 .75 .81 .90 .99 IP .024 .05 .074 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .62V4 .66% .70 .80 .83% .90 1.00 1.10 11 .02^ .054 .084 .22 .83 .44 .55 .66 .68% .73% .77 .88 .91% .99 1.10 1.21 1 .03 .06 .09 .24 .36 .48 .60 .72 .75 .80 .84 .96 1.00 1.08 1.20 1412 13 .034 .064 .094 .26 .39 .52 .65 .78 .81% .86% .91 1.04 1.08% 1.17 1.30 1.4S 14 .084 .07 .104 .-28 .42 .56 .70 .64 .87Vi .98% .98 1.12 1.16% 1.26 1.40 1.54 15 .034 .074 .114 .30 .45 .60 .75 .90 .93% 1.00 1.05 1.20 1.25 1.35 1.50 1.65 1Ö .04 .08 .12 .32 .48 .61 .80 .96 1.00 1.06% 1.12 1.28 1.83% 1.44 1.60 1.76 17 .044 .084 .124 .84 .51 .68 .85 1.02 1.06% 1.13% 1.19 1.36 1.41% 1.58 1.70 1.87 18 .044 .0» .134 .86 .54 .72 .90 1.08 1.12% 1.20 1.26 1.44 1.50 1.62 1.80 1.98 10 .04K .094 .114 .38 .57 .76 .95 1.14 1.18% 1.26% 1.33 1.52 1.58% 1.71 1.90 2.00 20 .05 .10 .15 .40 .60 .80 1.00 1.20 1.25 1.83% 1.40 1.60 1.66% 1.80 2.00 2.20 21 .054 .»4 .154 .42 .63 .84 1.05 1.26 1.31% 1.40 - 1.47 1.68 1.75 1.89 2.10 2.81 22 ,054 .11 .164 .44 .66 .88 1.10 1.82 1.37% 1.46% 1.54 1.76 1.83% 1.98 2.20 2.43 23 .0534 .114 .174 .46 .69 .92 1.15 1.88 1.43% 1.53% 1.61 1.84 1.91% 2.07 2.30 2.5S .06 .12 .18 .48 .72 .96 1.20 1.41 1.50 1.60 1.68 1.92 2.00 2.16 2.40 2.64 25 .064 .124 .184 .50 .75 l.OO X.25 1.50 1.56% 1.66% 1.75 2.00 2.08% 2.25 2.50 2.75 20 .064 .13 .194 .52 .78 L.Ol 1,30 1.56 1.62% 1.73% 1.82 2.08 2.16% 2.84 2.60 2.86 27 .064 •134 .204 .54 .81 1.08 1.35 1.62 1.68% 1.80 1.89 2.16 2.25 2.43 2.70 2.97 28 .07 .11 .21 .56 .81 1.12 1.10 1.68 1.75 1.86% 1.96 2.24 2.83% 2.53 2.80 3.08 29 .074 .144 .214 .58 .87 1.16 1.43 1.74 1.81% 1.93% 2.03 2.82 2.41% 2.61 2.90 3.19 30 .074 .15 .224 .60 .90 1.20 1.50 1.80 1.87% 2.00 2.10 2.40 2.50 2.70 8.00 8.80 31 .0734 •154 .284 .62 .64 .93 1.24 1.55 1.86 1.93% 2.06% 2.17 2.48 2.58% 2.79 3.10 3.41 32 .(•a .16 .24 .96 1.28 1.60 1.92 2.00 2.13% 2.24 2.56 2.66% 2.88 3.20 asa 33 .084 •164 .244 .66 .99 1.32 1.65 1.98 2.06% 2.20 2.81 2.64 2.75 2.97 8.30 3.63 34 .084 .17 .254 .68 1.02 1.86 1.70 2.04 2.12% 2.26% 2.83% 2.38 2.72 2.83% 3.06 8.40 3.74 35 .0834 •174 .264 .70 1.05 1.40 1.75 2.10 2.18% 2.45 2.80 2.91% 3.15 8.50 3.85 36 .09 .18 .27 .72 1.06 1.14 1.80 2.16 2.25 2.40 2.52 2.88 8.00 3.24 8.60 8.96 37 .094 .184 .274 .74 1.11 1.18 1.85 2.22 2.81% 2.40% 2.59 2.96 3.08% 3.33 8.70 4.07 38 .094 .19 .284 .76 l.U 1.52 1.90 2.28 2.87% 2.53% 2.60 2.66 3.01 3.16% 3.42 8.80 4.18 89 .0934 .194 .294 .78 1.17 1.56 1.95 2.84 2.48% 2.78 8.12 3.25 3.51 3.90 4.29 40 .10 .20 .80 .80 1.20 1.60 2.00 2.40 2.50 2.66% 2.80 3.20 3.88% 3.60 4.00 4.40 41 ■104 .204 .804 .82 1.23 1.64 2.05 2.46 2.56% 2.73% 2.87 3.28 3.41% 3.69 4.10 4.51 42 .104 .21 .814 .84 1.26 1.68 2.10 2.52 2.62% 2.80 2.94 3.36 8.50 3.78 4.20 4.63 43 .1034 .214 .824 .86 1.29 1.72 2.15 2.5$ 2.68% 2.86% 3.01 S.U 3..58% 3.87 4.80 4.73 41 .11 .22 .83 .88 1.32 1.76 2.20 2.64 2.75 2.93% 3.08 3.52 8.66% 3.96 4.40 4.84 45 .114 .224 .834 .90 1.85 1.80 2.25 2.70 2.81% 3.00 8.15 8.60 3.75 4.05 4.50 4.95 46 .114 .23 .844 .02 1.38 1.84 2.80 2.76 2,87% 3.06% 8.22 3.68 3.88% 4.14 4.60 6.06 47 •114 .284 .24 .354 .94 1.41 1.88 2.85 2.82 2.93% 3.18% 3.29 3.76 3.91% 4.28 4.70 5.17 48 .12 .86 .96 1.44 1.92 2.40 2.88 8.00 8.20 8.36 3.84 4.00 4.82 4.80 5.28 48 .124 .244 .364 .96 1.47 1.96 2.45 2,94 3.06% 3.26% 3.43 3.92 4.08% 4.41 4.90 6.39 50 .124 .25 .374 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 8.00 8.12% 3.33% 3.50 4.00 4.16% 4..50 5.00 6.50 60 .15 .80 .45 1.20 1.80 2.40 8.00 8.60 3.75 4.00 4.20 4,80 5.00 5.40 6.00 6.60 70 .174 .85 .524 1.40 2.10 2.80 .8.50 4.20 4.37% 4.66% 4.90 5.60 5.83% 6.80 7.00 7.70 80 .20 .40 .60 1.60 2.40 8.20 4 OU 4.80 .5.00 5.83% 5.60 6 40 6.66% 7.20 8.00 8.80 00 .224 .45 .674 1.80 2.70 3.60 4.50 5.40 5.62% 6.00 d.SÜ 7.20 7.50 8.10 9.00 9.90 too .25 .50 .75 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 6.25 6.66% 7.00 8.00 8.88%|9.00 10.00|11.00 318 READY RECKONER. READY RECKONER—Continued. The flret colamn gives the nohbbe —the top colnmne the pkiceb. Hob, l2c. 13c. 14c. 15c. 16c. 16Hc. 17c. 18c. 18«o. 19c. 2üc. 21c. 2 .24 .36 .25 .26 .89 .28 .80 .32 .33H .84 .86 .37« .88 .57 .40 .43 8 .37V4 .42 .45 .48 .50 .51 .54 .56« .60 .63 4 .48 .50 .52 .56 .60 .64 .66H .08 .72 .75 .76 .80 .84 5 .60 .624 .65 .70 .75 .80 .85H .85 .90 .98« .95 1.00 1.05 6 .72 .75 .78 .84 .98 .90 .96 1.00 1.02 1.08 1.12« 1.14 1.20 1.26 7 .81 .96 .874 .01 1.05 1.12 1.16fá 1.19 1.26 1.31« 1.88 1.40 1.47 8 1.00 1.04 1.12 1.20 1.28 1.38^ 1.36 1.44 1.50 1.52 1.60 1.68 9 1.08 1.124 1.17 1.26 1.35 1.44 1.50 1.53 1.62 1.68« 1.71 1.80 1.89 10 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.66H 1.70 1.80 1.87« 1.90 2.00 2.10 11 1.32 1.874 1.43 1.54 1.65 1.76 1.8SH 1.87 1.98 2.06« 2.09 2.20 2.31 12 1.44 1.50 1.56 1.68 1.80 1.92 2.00 2.04 2.16 2.25 2.28 2.40 2.52 18 1.56 1.624 1.69 1.82 1.95 2.08 2.16H 2.21 2.34 2.43« 2.47 2.60 3.73 14 1.68 1.75 1.82 1.96 2.10 2.24 2.33M 2.38 2.52 2.62« 2.66 2.80 2.94 15 1.80 1.874 1.95 2.10 2.25 2.40 2.50 2.55 2,7u 2.81« 2.85 3.00 3.15 16 1.92 2.00 2.08 2.24 2.40 2.56 2M% 2.72 2.88 3.00 3.04 3.20 3.86 17 2.04 2.124 2.21 2.38 2.55 2.72 2.883^ 2.89 3.06 3.18« 3.23 8.40 3.57 18 2.16 2.2.5 2.34 2.52 2.70 2.88 8.00 3.06 3.24 3.37« 3.42 3.60 3.78 19 2.28 2.374 2.47 2.66 2.85 3 04 3.16« 3.23 3.42 3 66« 3.61 3.80 3.99 20 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.80 8.00 3.20 3.33« 3.40 8.60 3.75 3.80 4.00 4.20 21 2.52 2.624 2.73 2.94 3.15 3.36 3.50 8.57 3.78 3.93« 3.99 4.20 4.41 22 2.64 2.75 2.86 3.08 8.30 3.52 3.66« 3.74 3.96 4.12« 4.18 4.40 .4.62 23 2.76 2.88 2.874 2.99 3.22 8.45 3.68 3.88« 8.91 4.14 4.50 4.37 4.60 4.83 24 3.00 3.12 3.36 3.60 3.84 4.00 4.08 4.32 4.68« 4.56 4.80 5.04 25 8.00 3.124 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.16« 4.25 4.50 4.87« 4.75 5.00 5.25 26 3.12 3.25 3.88 3.64 3.90 4.16 4.33« 4.42 4.68 5.06« 4.94 5.20 5.46 27 3.24 8.374 8.51 3.78 4.05 4.32 4.50 4.56 4.86 5.25 5.13 5.40 5.67 28 8.36 8.50 3.64 3.92 4.20 4.48 4.66« 4.76 5.04 5.43« 5.32 5.60 5.88 29 8.48 3.624 3.77 4.06 4.35 4.64 4.83« 4.68 5.22 5.62« 5.51 5.80 6.09 80 3.60 3.75 3.90 4.20 4.50 4.80 5.00 5.10 5.40 5.81« 5.70 6.00 6.80 11 8.72 3.874 4.03 4.84 4.65 4.96 5.16« 5.27 5.58 6.00 6.89 6.20 6.51 82 88 8.84 4.00 4.16 4.48 4.80 5.12 5.83« 5.44 5.76 6.18« 6.08 6.40 6.72 3.96 1.124 4.29 4.62 4.95 5.28 5.50 5.61 5.94 6.37« 6.27 6.60 6.98 84 4.08 4.25 4.42 4.76 5.10 5.41 5.66« 6.78 6.12 6.56« 6.46 6.80 7.14 85 4.20 4.374 4.65 4.9i) 5.25 5.60 5.83« 5.95 6.30 6.75 6.65 7.00 7.35 86 4.32 4.50 4.08 5.04 5.40 5.76 6.00 6.12 6.48 6.93« 6.84 7.20 7,56 37 4.44 4.624 4.81 5.18 5.55 5.92 6.16« 6.26 6.66 7.12« 7.03 7.40 7.77 88 4.56 4.75 4.94 5.32 5.70 6.08 6.83« 6.46 6.84 7.81« 7.22 7.60 7.98 89 4.68 4.874 •5.07 5.46 5.85 6.24 6.50 6.53 7.02 7.50 7.41 7.80 &19 40 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.60 6.00 6.40 6.66« 6.80 7.20 7.68« 7.60 8.00 8.40 41 4.92 5.124 5.38 5.74 6.15 6.56 6.88« 6.97 738 7.87« 7.79 8.20 8.61 42 5.04 6.25 5.46 5.88 6.80 6.72 7.00 7.14 7.56 8.06« 8.25 7.98 8:40 8.82 48 5.16 5.374 5.59 6.02 6.45 6.88 7.16« 7.31 7.74 8.17 8.60 0.03 44 5.28 6.50 5.72 6.16 6.60 7.04 7.33« 7.48 7.92 8.43« 8.36 8.80 0.24 45 5.40 5.624 6.85 6.30 6.75 7.20 7.50 7.65 8.10 8.62« 8.55 9.00 9.45 46 6.52 5.75 5.98 6.44 6.90 7.86 7.66« 7.82 8.28 8.81« 8.74 9.20 9.66 47 5.64 5.874 6.11 6.58 7.05 7.52 7.83« 7.99 8.46 9.00 8.93 9.40 9.87 48 5.76 6.00 6.24 6.72 7.20 7.68 8.00 8.16 864 9.18« 9.12 9.60 10.06 49 6.88 6.124 6.37 6.86 7.35 7.84 6.16« 8.83 8.82 9.37« 9.31 ,9.80 10.2» 50 6.00 6.25 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.38« 6.50 9.00 9.56« 9.S0 10.00 10.50 60 7.20 7..50 7.80 8.40 9.00 9.60 10.00 10.20 laeo 11.25 11.40 12.00 12.60 70 8.40 8.75 9.10 9.60 10.50 11.20 11.66« 11.90 12.60 13.12« 13.30 14.00 1470 80 9.60 10.00 10.40 11.20 12.00 12.80 13.33« 18.60 14.40 15.00 15.20 16.00 16.80 90 10.80 11.25 11.70 12.60 13.50 14.40 15.00 15.30 16.20 16.87« 17.10 18.00 1&90 100 12.00 12.50 18.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 16.66« 17.00 18.00 18.75 19.00 20.00 8L0B READY RECKONER. 319 READY RECKONER—Continued. The first colomn gives the number —the top columns the prxces. Boe 22c. 23c. 240. 25c 26c 27c. 280. 29c. 30c. 31c. 32c. SSc. 88^0. 84e. 2 .44 .46 .48 .60 .52 .54 .56 .58 .60 .62 .64 .66 .66^ .68 8 .66 .69 .72 .75 .78 -.81 .84 .87 .90 .93 .66 .99 1.00 1.02 4 .88 .92 .96 1.00 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.20 1.24 1.28 1.82 1.38^ 1.36 8 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 l.SO 1.S5 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 IMH 1.70 6 1.82 1.38 1-44 1.50 1.56 1.62 1.68 1.74 1.80 1.86 1.92 1.98 2.00 2.04 7 1.54 1.61 1.68 1.75 1.82 1.89 1.96 2.08 2.10 2.17 2.24 2.81 2.38M 2.38 8 1.76 1.84 1.92 2.00 2.08 2.16 2.24 2.S2 2.40 2.48 2.56 2.64 2 66H 2.72 9 LOB 2.07 2.16 2.25 2.34 2.48 2.52 2.61 2.70 2.79 2.88 2.97 S.00 8.06 10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 8.00 8.10 8.20 8.80 S.3S>i 3.40 11 2.42 2.53 2.64 2.75 2.86 2.97 8.08 8.19 8.30 3.41 3 52 3.63 3.66^ 8.74 12 2.64 Z76 2.88 8.00 8.12 3.24 8.86 8.48 3.60 8.72 3.84 8.96 4.00 4.08 18 2.86 2.99 3.12 8.25 8.38 3.51 3.64 8.77 8.90 4.08 4.16 4.29 4.S3M 4.42 U 8.08 8.22 3.36 3.50 8.64 8.78 8.92 4.06 4.20 4.84 4.48 4.62 4.66^ 4.76 18 8.80 8.45 8.60 8.75 8.90 4.U5 4.20 4.85 4.50 4 65 4.80 4.95 6.00 6.10 18 8.52 8.68 3.84 4.00 4.16 4.32 4.48 4.64 4.80 4.96 5.12 5.28 5.33M 5.44 17 8.74 3.91 4.08 4.25 4.42 4.59 4.76 4.93 5.10 5.27 5.44 5.61 5.66^ 5.78 18 8.96 4.14 4.82 4.50 4.68 4.86 5.04 5.22 .5.40 5.58 5.76 5.94 6.00 6.12 19 4.18 4.87 4.56 4.75 4.94 5.18 5.32 5.51 5.70 5.89 6.08 6.27 6.S3H 6.46 90 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 580 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 QMH 6.80 21 4.62 4.83 5.04 5.25 5.46 5.67 5.88 6.00 6.80 6.61 6.72 6.98 7.00 7.14 22 4.84 5.06 5.28 5.50 5.72 5.94 6.16 6.88 6.60 6.82 7.04 7.26 7.8SM 7.48 21 5.06 5.29 5.52 5.75 5.98 6.21 6.44 6.67 6.90 7.18 7.86 7.59 7.66K 7.82 24 5.28 5.52 5.76 6.00 6 24 6.48 6.72 6.96 7.20 7.44 7.68 7.92 8.00 8.16 28 5.50 5.75 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.75 7.00 7.25 7.50 7.75 8.00 8.25 8.38M 8.60 28 5.72 5.98 0.24 6.50 6.75 7.02 7.28 7.54 7.80 8.06 8.32 8.58 8.66H 8.84 27 5.94 6.21 6.48 6.75 7.02 7.29 7.56 7.83 8.10 8.87 8.64 8.91 9.00 9.18 0.52 28 6.16 6.44 6.72 7.00 728 7.E6 7.84 8.12 8.40 8.68 8.96 9.24 9.83M 20 6.88 6.67 6.96 7.25 7.54 7.88 8.12 8.41 8.70 8.99 9.28 9.57 9.66H 9.86 80 6.60 6.90 7.20 7.60 7.80 8.10 8.40 8.70 9.00 9.30 9.60 9.90 10.00 10.20 81 0.62 7.13 7.44 7.75 8.06 8.37 8.68 8.99 9.30 9.61 9.92 10.23 10.83M 10.54 82 7.04 7.36 7.68 8.00 8.82 8.64 8.96 9.28 9.60 9.92 10.24 10.56 10.66K 10.88 88 f.26 7.59 7.92 8.25 8.58 8.91 9.24 9.57 9.90 10.23 10.56 10.89 11.00 11.23 34 7.48 7.82 8.16 8.50 8.84 9.18 9.52 9.86 10.20 10.54 10.88 11.22 U.38M 11.56 86 7.70 8.05 8.40 8.75 9.10 9.45 9.80 10.15 10.50 10.85 11.20 11.55 11.66^ 11.90 88 7.92 8.28 8.64 9.00 9.36 9.72 10.08 1044 10.80 11.16 11.52 U.88 12.00 12.24 87 8.14 8.51 8.88 9.25 9.62 9.91 10.36 10.73 11.10 11.47 11.84 12.21 12.8SM 12.58 88 8.86 8.74 9.12 9.50 9;88 10.26 10.64 11.02 11.40 11.78 12.16 12.54 12MH 12.92 89 8.58 8.97 9.86 9.75 10.14 10.58 10.92 11.31 11.70 12.09 12.48 12.87 13.00 18.S6 40 8.80 9.20 9.60 10.00 10.40 10.80 11.20 11.66 12.00 12.40 12.80 18.20 13.33^ 13.60 41 9.02 9.48 9.84 10.25 10.66 U.07 11.48 11.89 12.30 12.71 18.12 13.58 13MH 18.94 42 9.24 9.66 10.08 10.50 10.92 11.84 11.76 12.18 12.60 18.02 18.44 18.86 14.00 14.28 43 9.46 9.89 10.82 10.75 11.18 11.61 12.04 12.47 12.90 13.38 18.76 14.19 14.33M 14.62 44 9.68 10.12 10.56 ILOO 11.44 11.88 12.32 12.76 18.20 18.64 14.08 14.52 14.66^ 14.96 45 9.90 10.85 10.80 11.25 11.70 12.15 12.60 13.05 13.50 18.95 14.40 14.85 15.00 15.30 46 10.12 10.58 11.04 11.50 11.96 12.42 12.88 13.34 18.80 14.26 14.72 15.18 16.38M 15.64 47 10.34 10.81 11.28 11.75 12.22 12.69 13.16 13.68 14.10 14 57 15.04 15.51 15.66^ 15.98 48 10 86 1L04 11.52 12.00 12.48 12.96 13.44 18.92 14.40 14.88 15.86 15.84 16.00 16.32 49 10.78 U.27 11.76 12.25 12.74 18.28 18.72 14.21 14.70 15.19 15.68 16.17 16.33M 16.66 SO 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 18.00 18.50 14.00 14.50 1.5.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 16.66^ 17.00 60 13.20 18.80 14.40 15.00 15.60 16.20 16.80 17.41) 18.00 18.60 19.20 19.80 20.00 20.40 70 15.40 16.10 16.80 n.fiO 18.20 18.90 10.60 20.30 21.00 21.70 22.40 28.10 23.38H 23.80 80 17.60 18.40 19.20 20.00 20.80 21.60 22.40 23.20 24.00 24.80 25.60 26.40 26.66^ 27.20 20 19.80 20.70 2XM 22.50 28.40 24.30 25.20 26.10 27.00 27.90 28.80 29.70 30.00 80.60 100 22.00 28.00 24.00 25.0U 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 80.00 81.00 82.00 33.00 S8.8SH 84.00 320 READY RECKONER. READY RBCKONER'-Coatlnued. The first eolnmn gives the number —the top colnmne the prices. Ros, 85c. 36c. a7c. 87^0. 38c, 39c. 40c. 41c. 42c. 43c. 44c. 45c. 46c 47c. 2 .70 .72 .74 .75 .76 .78 .80 .82 .84 .86 .88 .90 .92 .94 8 1,05 1,08 1.11 1.12H 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.28 1.26 1.29 1.82 1.85 1.38 ÍAI 4 1.40 1.44 1.48 1.50 1.52 1.56 1.60 1.64 1.68 1.72 1.76 1.80 1.84 1.88 5 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.87H 1.90 1.65 2.00 2.05 2.10 2.15 2.20 2.25 2.80 2.35 6 2.10 2.16 2.22 2.25 2.28 2.84 2.40 2.46 2.52 2.58 264 2.70 2.76 2.82 7 2.45 2.52 2.59 2.62V4 2.66 2.73 2.80 2.87 2.94 8.01 8.08 8.16 8.22 8.20 8 2.80 2.88 2.96 3.00 3.04 8.12 8.20 8.28 3.36 8.44 3.52 8.60 8.68 8.76 9 3.15 3.24 8.33 «.37 >4 8.42 8.51 8.60 8.69 3.78 3.87 8.96 4.05 4.14 4.23 10 8.50 3.60 8.70 3.75 3.80 8.90 4.00 4.10 "4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 11 8.85 3.96 4.07 4.12H 4.18 4.29 4.40 4.51 4.62 4.78 4.84 4.95 5.06 5.17 12 4.20 4.32 4.44 4.50 4.56 4.68 4.80 4.92 5.04 5.16 5.28 5.40 5.52 5.64 18 4.55 4.68 4.81 4.87H 4.94 5.07 5.20 5.33 5.46 5.59 5.72 5.85 6.98 6.11 14 4.90 5.04 5.18 5.25 5.82 5.46 5.60 5.74 5.88 6.02 6.16 6.80 6.44 6.58 15 5.25 5.40 5.55 5.62H 5.70 5.85 6.00 6.15 6.80 6.45 6.60 6.75 6.90 7.05 16 5.60 5.76 5.92 6.00 6.08 6.24 6.40 6.56 6.72 6.88 7.04 7.20 7.36 7.52 17 5.95 .6.12 6.29 6.37V4 6.46 6.63 6.80 6.97 7.14 7.31 7.48 7.65 7.82 7.99 18 6.80 6.48 6.66 6.75 6.84 7.02 7.20 7.38 7.56 7.74 7.92 8.10 8.28 8.46 19 6.65 6.84 7.08 7.12V4 7.22 7.41 7.60 7.79 7.-98 8.17 8.86 8.55 8.74 8.98 20 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.80 8.00 8,20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 21 7.85 7.56 7.77 7.87H 7.98 8.19 8.40 SM 8.82 9.08 9.24 9.45 9.66 9.87 22 7.70 7.92 6.14 8.25 8.86 8.58 8.80 9.02 9.24 9.46 9.68 9.90 10.12 10.84 28 8.05 8.28 8.51 8.62V4 8.74 8.97 9.20 9.43 9.66 9.89 10.12 10.35 10.58 10.81 24 8.40 8.64 8.88 9.00 9.12 9.36 9.60 9.84 10.08 10.32 10.66 10.80 11.04 11.28 25 8.75 9.00 9.25 9.374 9.50 9.75 10.00 10.25 10.50 10.75 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 26 9.10 9.86 9.62 9.75 9.88 10.14 10.40 10.66 10.92 11.18 11.44 11.70 11.96 12.22 27 9.45 9.72 9.99 10.124 10.26 10.53 10.80 11.07 11.34 11.61 11.88 12.15 12.42 12.69 28 9.80 10.08 10.86 10.50 10.64 10.92 11.20 11.48 11.76 12.04 12.82 12.60 12.88 13.16 29 10.15 10.44 10.78 10.874 11.02 11.81 11.60 11.89 12.18 12.47 12.76 18.05 18.34 13.68 SO 10.50 10.80 11.10 11.25 11.40 11.70 12.00 12.30 12.60 12.90 13.20 13.50 13.80 14.10 81 10.85 11.16 11.47 11.624 11.78 12.09 12.40 12.71 18.02 18.38 13.64 18.95 14.26 14.57 82 11.20 11.52 11.84 12.00 12.16 12.48 12.80 13.12 13.44 18.76 14.08 14.40 14.72 15.04 88 11.55 11.88 12.21 12.374 12.54 12.87 18.20 18.53 18.86 14.19 14.52 14.86 15.18 15.51 84 11.90 12.24 12.58 12.75 12.92 13.26 13.60 13.94 14.28 14.62 14.96 15.30 15.64 15.98 85 12.25 12.60 12.95 18.124 13.30 13.65 14.00 14.35 14.70 15.05 15.40 15.75 16.10 16.45 86 12.60 12.96 13.82 18.50 13.68 14.04 14.40 14.76 15.12 15.48 15.84 16.20 16.56 16.92 87 12.95 13.82 18.69 13.874 14.06 14.48 14.80 15.17 15.54 15.91 16.28 16.65 17.02 17.39 88 18.80 13.68 14.06 14.25 14.44 14.82 15.20 15.58 15.96 16.84 16.72 17.10 17.48 17.86 89 18.65 14.04 14.43 14.624 14.82 15.21 15.60 15.99 16.88 16.77 17.16 17.55 17.94 18.88 40 14.00 14.40 L4.80 15.00 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 16.40 18.80 41, 14.35 14.76 15.17 15.874 15.58 15.99 16.40 16.81 17.22 17.68 18.04 18.45 18.86 19.27 42 14.70 15.12 15.54 15.75 15.96 16.38 16.80 17.22 17.64 18.06 18.48 18.90 10.32 19.74 48 15.05 15.48 15.91 16.124 16.84 16.77 17.20 17.63 18.06 18.49 18.92 19.85 19.78 20.21 44 15.40 15.84 16.28 16.50 16.72 17.16 17.60 18.04 18.48 18.92 19.36 19.80 20.24 20.68 45 15.76 16.20 16.65 16.874 17.10 17.55 18.00 18.45 18.90 19.85 19.80 20.25 20.70 21.15 46 16.10 16.56 17.02 17.25 17.48 17.94 18.40 18.86 19.32 19.78 20.24 20.70 21.16 21.63 47 16.45 16.92 17.89 17.624 17.86 18.38 18.80 19.27 19.74 20.21 20.68 21.15 21.62 22.09 48 16.80 17.28 17.76 18.00 18.24 18.72 19.20 19.68 20.16 2a64 21.12 21.60 22.08 22.88 49 17.15 17.64 18.18 18.374 18.62 19.11 19.60 20.09 20.58 21.07 21.56 22.05 22.54 28.08 60 17.50 18.00 18..50 18.75 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00'21.50 22.00 22.60 23.00 28.50 60 21.00 21.60 22.20 22.50 22.80 23.40 24.00 24.60 25.20 25.80 26.40 27.00 27.60 28.90 70 24.50 25.20 25.90 26.25 26.60 27.80 28.00 28.70 29.40 80.10 80.80 31.60 82.20 82.00 80 28.00 28.80 29.60 30.00 30.40 81.20 82.00 82.80 83.60 84.40 85.20 36.00 36.80 37.60 90 81.60 32.40 88.30 38.75 34.20 35.10 36.00 86.90 37.8088.70 39.60 40.50 41.40 42.80 100 85.00 86.00 37.00 87.50 38.0030.00 40.00 41.00 42.00|4S.00 44.00 45.00 16.00 47.00 READY RECKONER. 321 READY RECKONER—Continued. The first colomn gives the nümbbb—the top columns the pbzceb. fm. 48c. 40c. 66o. Sic. 62o. 53c. 64c. 55a. 60c. 62!4o. 65c. QßHc. 70c. 75o. 2 .96 .98 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.33Vá 1.40 1.50 8 1.44 1.47 1.50 1.53 1.56 1.59 1.62 1.65 1.80 1.87H 1.95 2.00 2.10 2.25 4 1.92 1.96 2.00 2.04 2.08 2.12 2.16 2.20 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.66^ 2.80 3.00 5 2.40 2.45 2.50 2.55 2.60 2.65 2.70 2.75 3.00 3.12H 3.25 S.S3H 8.50 3.75 6 2.88 2.94 8.00 3.06 3.12 8.18 3.21 3.30 8.60 8.75 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.50 7 3.36 3.43 8.50 8.57 8.64 3.71 8.78 8.85 4.20 4.37V4 4.55 4.66 Vá 4.9U 5.25 8 8.84 3.92 4.00 4.08 4.16 4.24 4.32 4.40 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.d3Vá 5.60 6.00 9 4.32 4.41 4.50 4.59 4.68 4.77 4.86 4.95 5.40 5.62V4 5.85 6.00 6.80 6.75 10 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.10 5.20 5.30 5.40 5.50 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.60H 7.00 7.50 U 6.28 5.39 5.50 5.61 5.72 6.83 6.94 6.05 6.60 6.87H 7.15 7.S8VÍ 7.70 8.25 12 6.76 5.88 6.00 6.12 6.24 6.36 6.48 6.60 7.20 7,50 7.80 8.00 8.40 9.00 18 6.24 6.87 6.50 6.63 6.76 6.89 7.02 7.15 7.80 8.12yi 8.45 8.66 9.10 9.75 14 6.72 6.86 7.0C 7.14 7.28 7.42 7.66 7.70 8.40 8.75 g.io 9.38 Vi 9.80 10.50 15 7.20 7.35 7.50 7.65 7.80 7.95 8.10 8.25 9.00 9.37 9.75 10.00 10.50 11.25 16 7.68 7.84 8.0U 8.16 8.32 8.48 8.64 8.80 9.60 10.00 10.40 10.66 Vi 11.20 12.00 17 8.16 8.33 8.50 8.67 8.84 9.01 9.18 9.85 10.20 10.62H 11.U5 11.88 Vi 11.90 12.75 18 8.64 8.62 9.00 9.18 9.36 9.54 9.72 9.90 10.80 11.25 11.70 12.00 12.60 13.50 19 9a2 9.31 9.50 9.69 9.88 10.07 10.26 10.45 11.40 11.87H 12.85 12.66 Vi 13.30 14.25 20 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.33 Vi 14.00 15.00 21 10.08 10.29 10.50 10.71 10.92 11.13 11.84 11.55 12.60 13.12H 13.65 14.00 14.70 15.75 22 10.56 10.78 11.00 11.22 11.44 11.66 11.88 12.10 13.20 13.75 14.30 14.66 Vi 15.40 16.50 23 11.04 11.27 11.50 11.73 11.96 12.19 12.42 12.65 18.80 14.87^ 14.95 15.38 Vi 16.10 17.25 24 11.52 11.76 12.00 12.24 12.48 12.72 12.90 18.20 14.40 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.80 18.00 25 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 18.00 13.25 18.60 13.75 15.00 15.62H 16.25 16.66 Vi 17.50 18.75 26 12.48 12.74 13.00 13.26 13.52 13.78 14.04 14.30 15.60 16.25 16.90 17.33Vi 18.20 10.50 27 12.96 13.23 13.50 13.77 14.04 14.31 14.58 14.85 16.20 16.87^ 17.55 18.00 18.00 20.25 28 13.44 18.72 14.00 14.28 14.56 14.84 15.12 15.40 16.80 17.50 18.20 18.66 Vi 19.60 21,00 29 13.92 14.21 14.50 14.79 15.08 15.37 15.66 15.95 17.40 18.12H 18.85 19.33VÍ 20.30 21.75 80 14.40 14.70 15.00 15.30 15.60 15.90 10.'20 16.50 18.00 18.75 19.50 20.00 21.00 22.60 81 14.68 15.19 15.50 15.81 16.12 16.43 16.74 17.05 18.60 19.37H 20.15 20.66Vi 21.70 23.26 82 15.86 15.66 16.00 16.32 16.64 16.96 17.28 17.60 19.20 20.00 20.80 21.38 Vi 22.40 24.00 88 15.84 16.17 16.50 16.83 17.16 17.49 17.82 18.15 19.80 20.62Vi 21.45 22.00 23.10 24.75 84 16.32 16.60 17.00 17.34 17.68 18.02 18.36 18.70 20.40 21.25 22.10 22.66 Vi 23.80 25.50 85 16.80 17.15 17.50 17.85 18.20 18.55 18.90 19.25 21.00 21.87V4 22.75 23.83Vi 24.50 26.25 86 17.28 17.64 18.00 18.86 18.72 19.08 19.14 19.80 21.60 22.50 23.40 24.00 25.20 27.00 87 17.76 18.18 18.50 18.87 19.24 19.61 19.98 20.35 22.20 23.12VÍ 24.05 24.66Vi 25.90 27.75 88 18.24 18.62 19.00 19.88 19.76 20.14 20.52 20.90 22.80 23.75 24 70 25.33Vi 26.60 28.50 89 18.72 19.11 19.50 19.89 20.28 20.67 21.06 21.45 23.40 24.37 Vi 25.35 26.00 27.30 29.25 40 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 26.66Vi 28.00 80.00 41 19.68 20.09 20.50 20.91 21.82 21.73 22.14 22.55 24.60 25.62VÍ 26.65 27.88Vi 28.70 80.75 42 20.16 20.58 21.00 21.42 21.84 22.26 22.68 28.10 25.20 26.25 27.80 28.00 29.40 81.50 48 20.64 21.07 21.50 21.93 22.36 22.79 23.22 23.65 25.80 26.87 Vi 27.95 28.66Vi 30.10 32.25 44 21.12 21..56 22.00 22.44 22.88 23.32 28.76 24.20 26.40 27.50 28.60 29.33VÍ 80.80 33.00 45 21.60 22.05 22.60 22.95 23.40 23.85 24.30 24.75 27.00 28.12VÍ 20.25 80.00 31.60 88.75 46 22.06 22.54 28.00 23.46 28.92 24.38 24.84 25.80 27.80 28.75 29.90 80.66Vi 32.20 34.50 47 22.56 23.03 28.50 28.97 24.44 24.91 25.38 25.85 28.20 29.37Vi 30.55 81.38 Vi 32.90 85.25 48 28.04 23.52 24D0 24.48 24.96 25.a 25.92 26.40 28.80 30.00 31.20 32.00 33.60 86.00 49 23.54 24.01 24.50 24.99 25.48 25.97 26.46 26.95 29.40 30.62VÍ 81.85 32.60Vi 84.80 86.75 90 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50 27.00 27,50 30.00 81.25 32.50 3S.33VÍ 86.00 37.50 60 26.80 2940 80.00 30.60 31.20 31.80 32.40 33.00 36.00 87.50 89.00 40.00 42.00 45.00 70 88.00 84.80 85.00 85.70 36.40 37.10 37.80 38.50 42.00 43.75 45.50 46.66Vi 49.00 52.50 00 3840 89.20 40.00 40.80 41.G0 42.40 43.20 u.oo 48.00 50.00 52.00 53.83Vi 56.00 60.00 90 48.20 44.10 45.00 45.90 46.80 47.70 Í8.60 49.50 54.00 56.25 58.50 60.00 03.00 67.60 100 48.00 49.00 50.00 5L00 52.00 58.00 54.00 55.00 60.00 62.50 65.00 66.6d9i 70.00 75.00 SSSS SSSS SSSS 8SSS SSSS SSSS SSSS SS8S SS3S SSSS SSSS SSSS SS8S. 88 SSSS gsg-g sgsg SSII IIIS IIIS IIIS ilil liSI ISIS IIIS §§§§§! lliiiiillililliiiillililliiiiilliiliilMliiiillllii «a lili IUI ÎIÎI111®^ s SS s 8$8S 88 ■t o tí tí > Q < tí tí SSII Uli iliiliil lili lili ill SSSSSS isSSSS IBISHlliSilliîliilliiïlilI a» ill lia lai aw «a «m «m a« aa «« aa 8551 îsîî Ii« lia «i iîii lili «il ill an lia «a a Siäiäiil "lîaiîsî! 5885 5558 5851 Iii liîi Iii «« UM g»! ig« Mil iiiîiîii II ®saa SSSS sasaa sassa asas ssss aaas ssss ssss ssss ssss s§ CARRYING CAPACITY OF TILE. 323 A TILE FACTOBT. HOW TO FIND THE CARRYING CAPACITY OF TILE. Gallons Per Minute. FALL FEB 100 FEET. SIZE OF TILE. 1 in. 8 in. 6 in. 9 in. 12 in. 24 in. 36 in. f-inch IS 28 82 40 46 64 79 4*inch 27 47 66 81 93 181 163 6-inch 75 129 188 224 258 864 450 S-inch 158 265 875 460 529 750 928 V-inch 205 855 593 617 711 1006 1240 lOuinch 2Ö7 468 655 803 926 1810 1613 l&inch 422 730 1038 1278 1468 2076 2551 A large tile will carry more water accordiDg to its size than a small one. This is because there is less enrface on the inside of the large tUe compared with the size of stream, and therefore less friction. More water will flow through a straight tile than a crooked one haying the same diameter. Example: A nine-inch tile at 6 inches fall to the 100 feet will flow 593 gala, per minute. AREA AND WEIGHT OF TILE. The following table shows the area and the weight of the different sized tile? SIZE. SIZE. WEIGHT. ABEA. ABEA. 5 lbs. ea. 6 " 7 10 » 18 " 8^ sq. in. 9V4 " 14 21% " 30% - 16 lbs. ea. 18 " 21 " 24 28 " 41 sq. in. 58H " 67 " 8054 " 113 " m •• 8 " 4 " 9 •' 10 '• $ " 12 " 324 USEFUL TABLES. Colleges in tbe United States. Universities and colleges... 476 Instmctors 10,897 Students, male 108,505 Students, female 81,527 Public Schools. Teachers, male 125,096 Teachers, female 286,912 Pupils, white 11,858,515 Pupils, colored 1,346,871 Teachers' wages $88,772,816 Armies of Different Nationa — Army and Navy Combined. Russia X000,984 Italy 754,743 France 552,000 Germany 461,816 Turkey 374,150 China 850,000 Great Britain 191,016 Switzerland 117,420 United States 87,011 RELIGIOUS STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES. Denomination. Members. Catholic 6,257.871 Methodist 4,589,284 Baptist 8,712,468 Presbyterian 1,278,882 Lutheran 1,231,072 Disciples of Christ 641,051 Protestant Spiscopals 540,509 Congregational 512,771 All other bodies 1,849,448 CREEDS IN THE WORLD. Christianity 480 millions. Confucianism 256 Hindooism 190 " Mohammedanism 175 " Buddhism 147 " Polytheism 120 " ILLITERACY. The per cent, of illiteracy in the scale of 100 in different countries is: India 95 Mexico 98 Russia fö Greece 82 Spain 72 Italy 53 China 50 Austria 45 Ireland 28 France 15 United States .'...,.18 Japan 10 England 9 Switzerland 5 Germany 4 Scandinavia 3 SALARIES OF RULERS. The following condensed table shows the salaries of the principal rulers of the world. Ont of these salaries soxne rulers have much to pay iu order to maintain the cbarac* ter of their position, so that comphri* sons cannot easily be made. In many of these cases the royal household is included. Country. Ruler. Salary. Russia Czar $12,0ü0,(Xj0 Turkey. Sultan.... 10,000,000 GreatBritain Queen..., 8,000,000 Germany Emperor. 4,000,000 Italy King 2,900,000 Austria Emperor. 5,000,000 Spain King 1,800,000 Japan Mikado .. 1,250,000 Brazil, Sweden, Portugal, each 600,000 France President 240,000 United States.... 50,000 Switzerland " 8,000 SALARIES OF UNITED STATES OFFICERS. President $50,000 Vice President 8,000 Cabinet OfiScers 8,000 each Inter-State Commerce Commissioners 7,500 Chief Justice 10,500 Associate Justices 10.000 ** Speaker of House 8,u00 Seuators 5,000 " Representatives in Con¬ gress 5,000 " Treasnrer of U. S 6,000 U. 8. Ministers to Great Britain, France, Ger¬ many Mexico, Russia... 17,500 U. S. Ministers to Italy, Brazil, China, Japan, and Spain 12,000 " U. S. Ministers to Austria, Argentine Republic, Chile, Colombia, Guate¬ mala, Nicaragua, Peru, and Turkey 10,000 ** &U>tL ¡lETBODS IN BUSINESS CALCULATIONS. 325 RAPID METHODS IN BUSINESS CALCULATIONS. T« Multiply any Two Numbers together, each having the same Fractions. bzauplba ¿ufe.—2. Multiply the whole nvmbere together, t. Add the two numhere together and multiply this sum by ^ either one ^ .17 Vearest unit, 22 x Sl— .16 (We omit the fraction and call It 16.) f7.81^ Ans. What is the eost of 17 dosen and 9 eggs at 12}^cents per dosen? Solution, 17 Z.12—32.04 17 x 9 (Make the a unit.) 9 eggsn*^ dozen, 12 z 9 t2.22 Ans. M. B.—The last fraction in business is generaU/ omitted^ 326 GRAIN. HOW TO ESTIMATE THE CONTENTS OF A PILE OF ORAIN, POTATOES, ETC. Rule—Put the commodity in the form of a heap. Then multiply the diarm cter in feet by itself, and then again by the height in feet, and divide the result oy 4, and you have the approximate contents in bushels. Example: How many bushels in a heap of grain 6 feet in diameter and 8 feet high? Solution: 6x6x3-s-4=27 bushels. Ans. HOW TO FIGURE UP A LOAD OF GRAIN. Rule,—Find the total number of founds and divide that by the number of founds in one bushel and it will equal the number of bushels. Example: How many bushels in 2840 pounds of wheat, and what will it cost at 90 cents per bushel ? Solution: 2840-^60=47 bushels and 20 pounds or 47)^ bushels. 47K X 90c.=$42.60. Ans. HOW TO USE THE GRAIN TABLE. The heavy type column represents the weight of the load, and the number of bushels and pounds are at the right under the kind of grain. Example: How many bushels of oats in 2490 pounds? Answer: 77 bushels and 26 pounds. NUMBER OF BUSHELS IN A LOAD OF GRAIN. 327 HOW TO FIND THE NUMBER OP BUSHELS IN A LOAD OF GRAIN AT SIGHT. Oats. 32.1bs. Oorn,r;6. 56 lbs. Barley. 48 lbs. Wheat. 60 lbs. Vóg't Oats. 32 lbs. Corn, rye. 56 lbs. Barley. 48 lbs. Wheat. 60 lbs. Bns Lbs 28 Bus Lbs Bub Lbs Bus Lbs « Bus Lbs Bub Lbs Bus Lbs Bus Lbs ISOO 46 26 26 44 LSI 12 25 00 2010 62 26 85 50 41 42 33' SO 1610 47 06 54 31 22 25 10 2020 63 04 36 04 42 04 33 40 16S0 47 16 26 27 08 81 82 25 20 2030 63 14 86 14 42 14 33 60 16S0 47 27 18 28 31 42 25 SO 2040 63 24 36 24 42 24 34 00 1640 48 04 27 32 04 25 40 2060 64 02 36 34 42 34 34 10 1660 48 14 27 88 82 14 25 50 2060 64 12 86 44 42 44 84 20 30 1560 48 24 02 27 48 82 24 26 00 2070 64 22 86 54 43 06 84 1670 49 28 02 82 84 26 10 2080 65 00 87 08 48 16 84 40 1680 40 12 22 28 12 82 44 26 20 2090 65 10 87 18 43 26 34 50 1690 49 28 22 S3 06 26 80 2100 65 20 87 28 43 36 85 00 1600 50 00 28 82 33 16 26 40 2110 65 80 37 88 43 46 83 10 1610 50 10 20 28 42 33 26 26 50 2120 66 08 37 48 44 08 85 20 1680 50 28 52 83 86 27 00 2130 66 18 88 02 44 18 35 SO 1630 50 80 29 06 83 46 27 10 2140 66 28 88 12 44 28 35 40 1640 51 08 29 16 84 08 27 20 2160 67 06 88 22 44 S8 85 50 1660 51 18 28 29 26 34 18 27 80 2160 67 16 38 82 45 00 36 00 1660 51 52 29 36 84 28 27 40 2170 67 26 04 38 42 45 10 36 10 1670 06 29 46 84 38 27 50 2180 68 38 62 45 20 36 20 1680 52 52 16 80 00 35 00 28 00 2190 68 14 39 06 45 80 36 30 1690 26 SO 10 35 10 28 10 2200 68 24 89 16 45 40 86 40 1700 53 04 SO 20 95 20 28 20 2210 69 02 39 26 46 02 86 50 1710 53 14 80 30 85 80 28 80 2220 69 12 39 36 46 12 87 00 1720 53 24 02 30 40 85 40 28 40 2230 69 22 89 46 46 22 37 10 1730 54 80 50 86 02 28 50 2240 70 OU 40 00 46 32 37 20 1740 54 12 31 04 86 12 29 00 2260 70 10 40 10 46 42 87 80 1760 54 22 31 14 36 22 29 10 2260 70 2Ü 40 20 47 04 37 40 1760 55 00 81 24 86 32 29 20 2270 70 80 40 80 47 14 37 50 1770 65 10 81 84 86 42 29 SO 2280 71 08 40 40 47 24 38 00 1780 55 20 31 44 87 04 29 40 2290 71 18 40 50 47 84 88 10 1790 55 30 81 54 37 14 29 50 2300 71 28 41 04 47 44 38 20 1800 56 08 82 08 87 24 30 00 2310 72 06 41 14 48 06 88 30 1810 56 18 82 18 87 84 80 10 2320 72 16 41 24 48 16 38 40 1820 56 28 82 28 37 44 30 20 2330 72 26 41 84 48 26 88 50 1830 57 06 32 38 88 06 80 SO 2340 73 04 14 41 44 48 36 89 00 1840 67 16 82 48 88 18 30 40 2360 73 41 54 48 46 89 10 1860 67 26 33 02 88 26 30 50 2360 73 24 42 08 49 08 39 20 1860 58 04 88 12 38 86 31 00 2370 74 02 42 "^18 49 18 39 30 1870 58 14 83 22 38 46 31 10 2380 74 12 42 28 49 28 89 40 1880 58 24 83 82 39 08 81 20 2390 74 22 42 88 49 38 39 50 1890 59 02 33 42 89 18 81 80 2400 75 00 42 48 50 00 40 00 1900 59 12 83 52 39 28 38 81 40 2410 75 10 43 02 50 10 40 10 1910 59 22 84 06 39 81 50 2420 75 20 43 12 50 20 40 20 1920 60 00 84 16 40 00 32 00 2430 75 80 43 43 22 50 30 40 SO 1930 60 10 84 26 40 10 82 10 2440 76 08 82 50 40 40 40 1940 60 20 84 86 40 20 82 20 2460 76 18 48 42 51 02 40 .50 1950 60 SO 34 46 40 SO 32 80 2460 76 28 43 52 51 12 41 00 1960 61 08 35 00 40 40 02 32 40 2470 77 06 44 06 51 22 41 10 1970 61 18 28 35 10 41 32 50 2480 77 16 44 16 51 32 41 20 1980 61 85 20 41 12 22 38 00 2490 77 26 44 26 51 42 41 80 1990 62 06 85 30 41 33 10 2600 78 04 44 36 52 04 41 40 2000 62 16 35 40 41 82 33 20 2610 78 14 44 46 52 14 a 50 Hie oeosas of 1890 gives in round numbers the following figures in busbele lor productions of that year : Irish potatoes, 217 % millions ; sweet potatoes, 44 mil- linns : apples, 148 millions ; cherrieSj IH millions ; peaches, 90Vi millions ; pearsi t miluoiis, plums and prunes, 2% millions. 328 NUMBER OF BUSHELS IN A LOAD OF GRAIN. HOW TO FIND THE NUriBER OF BUSHEL5 IN A LOAD OF GRAIN AT SIQHT. Vôig't. Oats, 32 lbs. Corn, ryo. 56 lbs. Barley. 48 lbs. Wheat. 60 lbs. Weig't Oats. 32 lbs. Com, rye. 56 lbs. Barley. 48 lbs. Wheat 60 lbs. Bus Lbs Bdb libs Bos libs Bob Lbs Bos Lbs Bos Lbs Bob Lbs Bos Lb* 2620 78 24 45 00 52 24 42 00 3020 94 12 58 52 62 44 SO 20 2630 79 02 45 10 52 34 42 10 3030 94 22 54 06 68 06 50 SO 2640 79 12 45 20 80 52 44 42 20 3060 95 00 54 16 63 16 50 40 2660 79 22 45 93 06 42 30 3060 95 10 54 26 68 26 50 50 2660 80 80 00 45 40 53 16 42 40 3060 95 20 54 86 63 36 51 00 2670 10 45 50 53 26 42 60 3070 95 30 54 46 68 46 51 10 2580 80 80 20 46 04 53 36 43 00 3080 96 08 55 00 64 08 61 20 2690 30 08 46 14 63 46 43 10 3090 96 18 65 10 64 18 51 SO 2600 81 46 24 64 08 43 20 3100 96 28 55 20 64 28 51 40 2610 81 18 46 34 54 18 43 30 3110 97 06 55 SO 64 88 51 50 2620 81 82 28 46 44 54 28 43 40 3120 .97 16 55 40 65 00 52 00 2630 06 46 54 54 38 43 50 3130 97 26 55 50 65 10 52 10 2640 82 83 16 47 08 55 00 44 00 3140 98 04 56 04 65 20 52 20 2660 26 47 18 28 55 10 44 10 3160 98 14 56 14 65 80 52 80 2660 83 04 47 55 20 44 20 3160 98 24 02 56 24 65 40 52 52 40 2670 83 83 14 47 38 55 SO 44 80 3170 99 56 34 66 02 12 50 2680 24 47 48 55 40 44 40 3180 99 12 56 44 66 53 53 00 2690 84 02 48 02 56 02 44 50 3190 99 100 22 56 54 66 22 10 2700 84 12 48 12 56 12 45 00 3200 00 67 08 66 82 53 20 2710 84 22 48 22 56 22 45 10 3210 ICQ 10 57 18 66 42 58 30 2720 85 85 • 00 48 32 56 32 45 20 3220 100 20 57 28 67 04 58 40 2730 10 48 42 56 42 45 80 3230 100 30 57 88 67 14 53 50 2740 85 20 48 62 57 04 45 40 3240 101 08 57 48 67 24 54 00 2760 85 SO 49 06 67 14 45 50 3260 101 18 58 02 67 84 54 10 2760 P6 86 08 49 16 57 24 46 00 3260 101 28 58 12 67 44 54 20 2770 18 28 49 26 57 34 46 10 3270 102 06 58 22 68 06 54 80 2780 80 49 36 57 44 46 20 3280 102 16 58 32 68 16 54 40 2790 87 06 49 46 58 06 46 80 3290 102 103 26 58 42 68 26 54 50 2800 87 16 50 00 58 16 46 40 3300 04 58 52 68 SB 55 00 2810 87 26 60 10 58 26 46 50 3310 108 14 59 06 68 46 55 10 2820 88 88 04 50 20 58 30 47 00 3320 103 24 59 16 69 08 55 20 2830 14 50 80 68 46 47 10 3330 104 02 59 59 26 69 18 55 SO 2840 88 89 24 50 40 59 08 47 20 3340 104 12 86 69 28 55 40 2860 02 60 50 59 18 47 80 33 60 104 22 59 46 69 38 55 50 2860 89 12 51 04 59 28 47 40 3360 105 00 60 00 70 no 56 00 2870 89 22 51 14 59 38 47 50 3370 105 10 60 10 70 10 56 10 2880 90 00 51 24 60 00 48 00 3380 105 20 80 60 20 70 20 56 20 2890 90 10 51 34 60 10 48 10 3390 105 60 60 30 70 30 66 80 2900 90 20 51 44 60 20 48 20 3400 106 08 40 70 40 56 40 2910 90 30 51 54 60 80 48 80 3410 106 18 60 50 71 02 56 50 2920 91 08 52 08 60 40 48 40 3420 106 28 06 61 04 71 12 57 00 2930 91 18 52 18 61 02 48 50 3430 107 61 14 71 22 57 10 2940 91 28 52 28 61 12 49 00 3440 107 16 61 24 71 32 57 20 2960 92 06 52 38 61 22 49 10 3460 107 26 61 84 71 42 57 80 2960 92 16 52 48 61 82 49 20 3460 108 04 61 44 72 04 57 40 2970 92 26 63 02 61 42 49 30 3470 108 14 61 54 72 14 57 50 2980 93 04 63 12 62 04 49 40 3480 108 24 62 08 72 24 58 00 2990 93 14 58 22 62 14 49 50 3490 109 02 12 62 18 72 34 58 10 8000 93 24 53 32 62 24 50 00 3600 109 62 28 73 44 58 20 8010 94 02 63 42 62 84 50 10 ■ Hie oenras of 1890 gireB, in roand nmnben, the following as the prodnotiong of the oereale for that year : Com, 2,122 million bushels ; oats, 809 million bnahela ; wheat, 468 million boeheli ; and barley, 78 million bnshels. UtOÁI. WEISET. 329 S i SS ;sss jSS s : :SS iSSS SS SSSSSSS ' iSSSSS 2S3SSS3 i'SS SSSS :2SS3Z2: iS |S2S Timothy .«SSSiSS« i :S ! IS iSSS ■S'SSSSS S 1 iSS ISSS Driid" S \S iSS |S?5?SSSS :sss ;s is Driir :S5 a j ;as33as j ; laas =s =8 : ■ jas :S .g SSg S iSS ;SSS IS i iSSSSSSSSS iSSSSSS IS IS ISSSS isss E iSEESSEE iSES IE IE IS SEESSESE S i jss jsss Mss i j g ja i N s js sss, s issss iss jsss i Mss i is M I jgg s N g igggggg j i ig j j lg jS is |S |g igSSSSSS jSSSSEES SS9 ESEES lEEESSES; SEE SSSS 330 COST OF COAL, HAT, ETC. How to Find the Cost of Coal, Hay, Etc., at Sight. Cost Per pound or ton. H«. $/ $ / $/ $ / $ / $ / $ / $ / $ / $ / $/ Ibi. 25 50 75 1 00 2 00 3 00 4 00 5 00 6 00 7 00 8 00 9 00 10 00 11 00 12 00 { 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 8 2 2 2 7 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 4 4 1( 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 20 1 1 1 2 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 80 1 1 2 8 6 6 8 9 11 12 14 15 17 18 40 1 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 50 1 2 8 6 8 10 18 15 18 20 23 25 28 80 60 2 2 8 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 83 86 70 2 3 4 7 11 14 18 21 25 28 82 85 39 42 80 2 8 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 86 40 44 48 90 2 8 5 9 14 18 23 27 32 86 41 45 60 54 too 3 4 5 10 15 20 25 80 85 40 45 60 55 60 800 S 5 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 00 1 10 1 20 800 4 8 11 15 30 45 60 75 90 1 05 1 20 1 35 1 50 1 65 1 80 400 5 10 15 20 40 60 80 1 00 2 20 1 40 1 60 1 80 2 00 2 20 2 40 500 6 13 19 25 60 75 1 00 1 25 1 50 1 75 2 00 2 25 2 50 2 75 3 00 600 8 15 23 30 60 90 1 20 3 50 1 80 2 10 2 40 2 70 8 00 3 30 3 60 700 9 18 26 35 70 1 05 1 40 2 75 2 10 2 45 2 80 3 15 3 50 3 85 4 20 800 10 20 30 40 80 1 20 1 60 2 00 2 40 2 80 3 20 3 60 4 00 4 40 4 80 900 11 23 34 45 90 1 35 1 80 2 25 2 70 3 15 S 60 4 05 4 50 4 95 6 40 1000 13 23 88 50 i 00 1 50 2 00 2 50 3 00 8 SO 4 00 4 50 5 00 5 50 6 00 llOO 14 28 41 55 1 10 1 65 2 20 2 75 8 80 3 85 4 40 4 95 5 50 6 05 6 60 1200 15 30 45 60 1 20 1 80 2 40 8 00 3 60 4 20 4 80 5 40 6 00 6 60 7 20 1300 16 33 49 63 1 80 1 93 2 60 3 25 3 90 4 55 5 20 5 85 6 50 7 15 7 80 1400 18 85 53 70 1 40 2 10 2 80 3 50 4 20 4 90 5 60 6 80 7 00 7 70 8 40 1600 19 88 66 75 1 50 2 25 3 00 3 75 4 50 5 25 6 00 6 75 7 50 8 25 9 00 1600 20 40 60 80 1 60 2 40 3 20 4 00 4 80 5 60 6 40 7 20 8 00 8 80 9 60 1700 21 43 64 83 1 70 2 55 3 40 4 25 5 10 5 95 6 80 7 65 8 50 9 85 10 20 1800 23 43 68 90 1 80 2 70 3 60 4 50 5 40 6 80 7 20 8 10 9 00 9 90 10 80 1900 24 48 71 95 1 90 2 85 3 80 4 75 5 70 6 65 7 60 8 55 9 50 10 45 11 40 1 TON 25 50 73 1 00 2 00 3 00 4 00 5 00 6 00 7 00 8 00 9 00 10 00 11 00 12 00 8 " 60 1 00 1 50 2 00 4 00 6 00 8 00 10 00 12 00 14 00 16 00 18 00 20 00 22 00 24 00 • " 76 1 50 2 25 3 00 6 00 9 00 12 00 15 00 18 00 21 00 24 00127 00 30 00 S3 00 86 00 4 " 1 00 2 00 3 00 4 00 8 00 12 00 16 00 20 00 24 00 28 00 32 00 36 00 40 00 44 00 48 00 1 25 2 50 3 75 5 00 10 00 15 00 20 00,25 00 30 00 33 00 40 00|43 00|50 00 55 00 60 09 Example : What is the cost of 1300 pounds of coal at $4.50 per ton 7 Solution • 12"" 'l""- ® *1-"» - 2-60 solution . Q gjg - gg 2.93 Ans. Example : What is the cost of 1740 pounds of Hay at $8.0# per ton ? Solution: 1740X8~2=$6.96. Ans. HOW TO MEASURE EAR CORN IN THE CRIB. 331 HOW TO MEASURE EAR CORN IN THE CRIB. Measuring corn in the crib is at best an estimate. Much depends upon the condition of the corn. A bushel of corn means either a bushel of shelled corn or ear corn enough to make a bushel of shelled corn. Rale.—Multiply the length in feet by the height in feet and that again by the width in feet, multiply the result by 4 and cut oñ the right hand figure and you have the contents in bushels of shelled com. Example : How many bushels of shelled com in a crib of com in the ear, 20 feet long, 10 feet high and 8 feet wide? Solution: 20X10X8X4=640.0bushels. Ans. Thie is the result when 2H cubic feet or 4320 cubic inches are taken fora bushel. Counting 4200 cubic inches in a bushel multiply by 411 4100 " " " " " " 421 4000 " " " 432 8900 *' " " 443 •• 8800 '* " " " 455 In each of these cases cut off the three right hand figures after multiply¬ ing. The result will be the number of bushels. There is often a disagreement in measuring ear com in the crib. As will be seen from the above, the differ¬ ences result from taking a different number of cubic inches to the bushel. Here is another very simple rule: Multiply the cubic feet by 4 and divide the product by 9. Example : A crib of com is 15 feet long, 8 feet wide and 9 feet high. How many busuels of com does it contain? Elution : 15 X8 x9=1080 X 4=4320+9=480 bushels. This allows 2H cubic feet, or about 3900 cubic inches for a bushel. This rule is not only very simple but is very frequently used. It will hold out in good dry corn. When the crib is flared at the side multiply half the sum of the top and bottom widths in feet by the perpendicular height in feet, and then again by the length in feet. This gives the number of cubic feet. Then proceed as above. 332 BOW TO MEASURE BAT. How to Measure Hay in the Mow or Stack. A ton of dry hay is variousiy estimated from 400 to 500 cubic feet to the ton. To be on the saf'^ side, it is best to estimate about 500 cubic feet to the ton. HAY IN A MOW. RvXe,—Sfultipïy the Cength in feet by the. height in feet, and this by the breadth injeet^ and divide the result by BOO, and you have the number of tons. Example : How many tons of hay in a mow 20 feet long, 10 feet liigh, and 15 feet wide? Solution : 20X10X15 500=6. Ans. HOW TO ESTIMATE THE NUMBER OF TONS IN A STACK. Rute.—Muttipty the length in feet by the vtidth in feet,and this tsy one-half the height, and divide the product by 300, ' Example : How many tons of hay in a stack 20 feet long, 12 feet liigh, and 15 feet wide ? Solution : 20X6X15 -èr 300=6 tons. Ans. HOW TO ESTIMATE THE CONTENTS OF A ROUND STACK. Rule—Multiply the square of the d istance around ike stack in yai^s hy i times the height in yards, and point off two places from the right, and this wiU be the number (f cubic yards in the stack, which divided by 20 will equal the viumher of tons. Example : How many tons ef hay in a stack, distanca around the bulge, 25 yards, and height, 9 yards? Solution : 25X25-636, then 625X36-22,500, pointing off two places makes 225, then 2257 20wll(^ tons, £a&. DISTANCE TRAVELED PLOWING—CHANGING EVENER. 333 HOW TO FIND THE DISTANCE TRAVELED IN PLOWINQ. Showing the distance traveled by a horse in plowing an acre of land, and the quantity of land cultivated per day, computed at the rate of 16 and 18 miles per day of 9 hours: Breadth of farrow slice in inches.. Miles traveled in plowing an acre. Acres plowed per da^. Breadth of furrow slice in iDcbes. Miles traveled in plowing an acre. Acres plowed per day. 18 Mi. 16 Mi. 18 Mi. 16 Mi, 7 14% 1% 1% 14 7 2% 2%. 8 12% 1% n 15 2M 2H Q 11 li 1% 16 6i aft 8f 22 10 »x-a 11 u 17 2^ 11 9 2 1% 18 2%. 2i% 12 s% '¿è 19 5K 2% 2^ IS 7H 2H 2% 20 4& n 2% HOW MUCH ADVANTAGE IS GIVEN IN CHANGING THE EVENER. Caution.—In moving the center pin of an evener one inch toward one of the end pins it changes the draft twice as much as it does to move one of the end pins one inch toward the center pin. Or in other words, moving the center pin changes the draft twice as much as changing one of the endpins or clevises. An average evener is 42 inches in length. Now if the center pin is moved one inch from the center to the right or left, the horse drawing on the short end will pull about more than the horse drawing on the opposite end. If one of the end pine is moved one inch the difference will be about Example: If a team of horses draw 2000 pounds, and the cen¬ ter pin is moved one inch from the center, what part of the whole load will each draw? 2000x^ = 100 pounds, the difference. 100-1-1000=11(K) pounds. 1000—100 = 900 pounds. Hence the horse at the short end of the evener draws 1100 lbs., and the other horse draws 900 lbs. The draft on a 14 inch plow, plowing 4 inches deep, is about 1000 lbs.; 5 inches deep, 1250 lbs.; 6 inches deep, 1500 lbs. m concerning stone-wohk. Facts Concerning Stone-work, Brick-Work and Piastering, STONE-WORK. 1. A cord of stone, three bushels of lime and a cubic yard «f sand will make 100 cubic feet of wall. 2. One cubic foot of stone-work weighs from 130 to 178 pounds. BRICK-WORK. .S. Five courses of brick will make one foot In height on a chimney. 4. One cubic foot of brick-work with common mortar weigns from 100 to 110 pounds. 8. A cask of lime will make mortar sufficient for 1000 bricks. FOR PLASTERING. 6. Six bushels of lime, 40 cubic feet* of sand, and IM bushels Of hair will plaster 100 squai-e yards with two coats of mortar. * N. B.—There are about 1}^ cubic feet in a bushel. Short Method of Estimating Stone-work. Bule.—Multiply (he length in feet by the height m feet, and thai ^ (he (hickmsi in feet, and divide tíiis remit by21}í and the quotient mil be the number of perches of stone in the wall. Exampie : A wall is 4 X IS X 2 = 120 the solid contents, 120-5-27perches. 1?. B.—Id a percn of stone there are 24^ cubic feet, but 2^ cubic feet are generally allowed for the mortar and filling. How to flnd the Number of Cord Stone to Build Cellar and Barn Wafli. Rule.—Multiply the length, height and thickness togethei In feet and divide the result by 156. N. B.—There are 128 cubic feet in a cord, but the mortar and eand make it necessary to use but 100 cubic feet of stone- «rSIOHT OF CATTLE BT MBASUBEMSNT. 336 How to Find the Weight of Cattte by Measurement. To find the approximate weight, measure as foliows : 1. The girth behind the slioulders. 2. The length from the fore-part of the shoulder-hlade along the hack to the hone at the tail, in a vertical line with the buttocks. Then multiply the square of the girth in feet by five times the length in feet. Divide the product by 1.5 for average cattle, (if cattle be very fat, by 1.425; if very lean, by 1,575 ; and the quotient will he the dressed weight of the quarteis. Thus : the girth of a steer is 6.6 feet, and the length from the shonlder-blade to the tail hone is 6.25. The square of 6.5 is 42.25, and 5 times 5.25 is 26.25. Multiply¬ ing these together gives 1109.0625, which, when divided by 1.5, produces 739.375 lbs. the approximate net weight of the steer after being dressed. THE SHORT METHOD. Multiply the distance around the animal (back of the fore- shoulder) by itself, and then multiply that result by llä and you have the weight of the animal (nearly). How to Find the Amount of Paper to Paper a Room. Measure the distance around the room ; deduct the width of each window and door ; take K of the result, and it will equal the number of strips required. Divide the result thus found by the number of strips that can be cut from one roll, and it will eqnal the number of rolls required to paper the room. Each roll is IK feet wide, 24 feet long and contains 36 square feet or 4 square yards. 23 m HOW TO Frau THE CONTENTS OF A WAGON BON. How to Find the Contents of a Wagon Box. A common Wagon Box is a little more than ten feet long and three feet wide, and will bold about two bushels forevery incli in depth. Xule,—'MuUiply ike depth of the wago7i box in inches by 2^ and you have thê number of bushels. If the wagon box is 11 feet long^ multiply the depth 3,240>'10 the number of acres. THREE FEET APART. If plants or hills are three feet apart each way, it will take 4,840 hills to the acre. SHOCKED CORN. Eight hills each way, or 64 hills, are usually cut for one shock. If the rows are 3 ft. 8 inch, apart each way, it will require SO shock to make one acre of corn. Notk,—It Is generally estimated that two bushels of com on the cofc Will nuke one bushel of shelled com. MEABUBIKQ CABPKT9. How to Find the Number of Yards of Carpet to Cover a Floor. Bdle.—MuU^ly Ote length cf Ote room in feel by Ote nidth in feet, and divide the remdt ig Ote mtmber of equare feet in one yard tf earpelmg, and thereeiM will equal the nvmter of yarde of car- 1 it will take to cover Ote floor. Note.—To find the number of square feet in one yard of carpet, multiplT She width of your carpet by 3 (the leugth of one'yard), and the result will he the number of square feet in one yard. Or for greater accurate, nmltiply Ote length of ihe room in indie» hy the width in inehee, and dtmde Ote remit by the mmtier of tquard in^ee in one yard of your earyä. Or dimde the width of you carpet in inches into the Width of Ota room in inehet, and the remit will he the number of etrips, muttip^ the mmber (f etrips ty the length of your room, and the result wUt equod the mmber of yards of carpeting to cover Ote floor. Example : A room is 12 feet 9 inches by 14 feet 6 inches, srhich I wish to cover with carpet one yard wide. hiolution : 12^14^—184;^ square feet in thoioom. 184;í-í-9=20;í yards, nearly. Or inches, 12 ft. and 9 in.—153 inches. 14 ft. and 6 in. =>174 inches. 163X174=26622 square inches in the floor. 26622 "i* 1296 (sq.in.in one yd.)—20K yds.nearly. 24 344 PRICE OF WOOD PER CORD. PRICE OP WOOD PER CORD. Explanation.—Find the number of feet in the left-hand column of the table« then the price in dollars and cents at the top of the table, and trace the line and column until they meet, and you will find the amount in dollars and cents. $6.00 •<«40»-e*oocooocQ{>'^e^'^oaoo»ao'^o«o oo>-*F-«cqc«oocor«f-Hkooooacoococ>A^co^c*cCOe:-0'^I^O'*ajCOt^O>f-1'^OqFHkO ^'iM^^OÍoáoíCÓOOCÓCÓOOwiWi^kOkO 00'S$ coI>^ioa^eo^>^C4cotocor*ooowcoaoeQaakOkoaoooo oo^^'-0'^t:*^^OOCO^OaOOOCOkOCOi-HkOa»COt-kOOOwO ppi-i^rHpcMoapcoi-H'^podoakopoftOcappppp f-H,-H^.-4OÍOÍOÍOÍCOOOCd000O^Tj4 $4.00 COCDOd04kOQO^^OdkOOkOOkOOk0004kOt«PiOOkOO OOOi-HrHpHC404-^£-004pe'.p04pcOt-pOOakOt«;0 .41-Í ,-4 oí CÍ oí oí CÍ CÍ CO 0Ô CO CO 'i«» O u? otS «fr 04kO00OC04,-Hp'^pppppt-p,-404'^pCDpp04kO * »4 .-Î ,4 *-i rH oí oí oí si ©Í oí CO 00 00 lO oa 04kor*ocOkot-oo^i-HeQoaoao4eocoeococo'<««'^44kOkO ppppNrH^^oa'^pœpp'^pœp^04pw*cooopc4 *4FHi4.44cíoíoíoícíoíoíoóeó o o CO «fr 04k0r-0»C4^€0^t*ppppo5'^pt-; ^4»4»444,-í4oíoíoíeíeí O kO c4 «fr 0a*6126 148 171 197 224 263 283 813 850 386 488 468 15 60 76 94 11 3185 158 184 211 24U 271 308 336 876 418 468 496 640 16 64 81 100 12 1144 169 196 225 266 289 324 859 400 441 484 680 676 612 17 68 86 106 12 .8153 179 2 OS 23 9 272 307 344 383 425 468 614 568 18 72 91 112 1Î 16!162 190 2 20 253 288 826 364 406 460 496 644 696 648 19 76 96 1191 3171 201 232 26 7 304 343 384 429 475 623 674 630 684 20 80 101 1251 l|l80 211 244 28 0 820 361 404 452 600 660 606 661 720 766 21 84 106 1311 )8,189 222 257 29 5 836 879 425 473 626 679 636 698 22 88 111 137 1( 16198 232 2 69 309 352 897 445 496 650 606 666 726 792 28 92 116 1441 4 207 243 281 32 8 368 415 465 619 675 632 695 760 828 -864 24 96 122 160 li 11216 254 294 83 8 384 488 486 641 600 662 726 794 25 100 127 1561 19'225 264 3 08 351 400 461 606 662 625 689 766 827 900 n S $ So A CO ee A S 3 S *«. 09 S S o Q g ei ta s J 1 S 1 a 'J i a § a i a 1 J 1 a ñ 9 a 1 1 10 891 422 45 6 490 52 6 6 62 601 640 081 723 766 810 850 908 962 11 480 4 66 60 2 589 678 619 661 704 749 795 842 891 942 994 1046 12 469 607 64 7 688 681 676 721 768 817 867 910 072 1027 1083 1141 18 6(1 18 649 69 2 637 684 781 781 832 88é 939 996 10631113 1173 [1287 14 647 691 63 8 686 736 787 841 896 963 10111070 1134,1198 1264 1831 16 SE 16 6 33 68 3 735 78 19 844 901 960 1021 10831199 1216 1284 1354 1426 16 6S 676 72 9 784 842 900 961 1024 1089 1166 1226 1296 1369 1444 1621 17 664 718 77 4 833 82 5 S 56 1021 1088 1167 1228:1302 1377 1466 1634 1616 18 708 761 82 0 882 946 1012 1081 1162 1226 1300,1879 1458 1641 1626 1711 19 742 8 OS 86 5 981 92 » 1069 1141 1216 1293 1872 1465 1539,1626 1715 1806 80 76 2 846 91 2 980 1062 1126 1202 1280 1361 1446 1630 1620 1712 1806 1902 21 62 •0 887 95 71029 1103 1181 1261 1344 1430 1618 1607 1701 i 1792 1896 1997 22 860 980 100 41078 1156 1288 1322 1408 1497 1690 1684 1782 1882 1966 2091 28 86 18 972 104 91127 1209 1296 1881 1472 1666 1662 1761 1868 1969 2077 2187 24 99 » 1014 109 4 1176 1262 1350 1442 1536 1634 1734 1838 1944 2055 2166 2282 25 977 1066 118 91226 1816 1406 1501 1600)1702 1806 1916 2026 2139 2266 2376 HOW TO USE THE LOG TABLE. Fint find the Average diameter of the log by adding together the two ends of the log, in inches ; then divide by two and the result will equal the average diameter, and then apply the above table. Example.—Bow many feet of lumber is there in a log IS inches at one end and 21 inehee at the other, and 22 feet long t Solution.—16+21s36 one half of 86=18 inchee, the average diameter. Then refer to the column under 18 inches opposite of 28 and you wQ ÉDd the answer—269 feet LOGS AND TIMBER. 861 How to Ascertain the Number of Feet (Boni lounn) In a log. Subtract from the diameter qf the tog in inoheSf 4 inches {/or stabs), ane/ourth qf this resutt squared and multiplied by the length in /eet, toiU give the correct amount qf lumber made from amy log. Example:—How manj feet of lumber can be made from a log wMeh ie M lachee in diameter and 10 feet long? Solation From S8 (diameter) eubtract 4 (for alEbB)^2. Take ^ of 82 which multiplied bf Itself eqnala 64. Then multipl7 64 by 10 (length) ^$40, Ana. ' Bopp's Bulb : Square the diameter in inches and subtract 60 from the tiSQltf then multiply thie result by the length and divide by 2, and cat oE the il^t hand figure. How to Bednoe Logs to Square Timber. Bolt: Multiply the square of the diameter in inches by the length of the log ia feet and divide the result by 800, and the result will equal the Bomber ef cuUc feet. Example: How many cubic feet in a log 30 inches in diameter and 90 feet long ? Solution : 80 z 80x20800»Ans. 60 cubic feet. 862 A complete set of carpenter's rules. A COMPLETE SET OF CARPENTER'S RULES. PLAIN, SIMPLE AND PRACTICAL. 1. The Gable is a space the form of a triangle on the end of • building, with a common double roof. 2. Quarter Pitch.—Is a roof that is one-fourth as high as tile width of the building. 24 feet. Bale,—To find the area of the g•11660 ■ßff . 4 3 I 66.40= e22.13i.^«i. Explanation: It will be seen at a glance that the number of pounds and the price are to be multiplied together and the result divided by 60 ; so place 1660 and 80 on one side of the line and 60 on the other and determine the result by can¬ cellation as shown in the above. This principle will apply to any commodity and is one of the best and most rapid methods in solving practical examples. Example: What will 2840 pounds of corn cost at 36 cents per bushel? Solution : ■614.60^. Ans. How to Figure Lumber by Cancellation. Bule: Lumber is measured by the running foot. A foot square and one inch thick is the unit of measurement. It is easily seen that the number of pieces of lumber, multiplied by the length and that result multiplied by the cost, and the total result divided by 12, will determine the cost of any quantity of lumber that may be desired. 70 28^7 .36 7 102.24- cakcellatiok. Example: How many feet in a stick of lumber 6x8 and 18 feet long ? Solution : J» já- 8 ar 72 feet, Am. ? Example: What will be the cost of 10 planks 14 Inches wide, 2 inches thick, 14 feet long, at 820 per thousand? Solution : (Î & -K7 14 10 20 Example: What will be the cost of long, at 812 per thousand? Solution : 3 196.00 = $6.53^. pieces 2 X I' 18 feet XÍ 2 18, $2,880. Am. How to Figure Up the Plastering of a Room by Cancellatioii. Rule: Multiply the distance around the room in feet by the height of the room in feet and this result by the price per square yard, and divide the product by 9, because there are 9 square feet in a square yard. For the ceiling multiply the length of the room by the width of the room in feet and this by the price per square yard, and divide the product by 9. Add the two results and you have the cost of plastering the room. Example: What would it cost to plaster a room 18 feet wide, 22 feet long, and 9 feet high, at 20 cents per square yard? Solution : i gq 4^ ^2' 22 20\ $16.00 + $8.80 $24.80. Am. BHOKT RULES OF ARITHMETIC. SHORT RULES OF ARITHMETIC. In these short niles, which we have developed and compiled,, our aim has been to make them superior to anything that has ever been published. We have endeavored to teach the how, and not the why. Our object is brevity and compieteness. Business demands brief and practical rules. To every fanner, teacher, mechanic, merchant, lawyer and laborer, these rules will pr^e available and valuable knowledge. How to Multiply by Eleven. To multiply any two figures by 11, add two figures together and place their sum between the two figures of that number. Example : 43X11=473, or 4, (4+3,) and 3. If the sum of the two figures exceed 9, the left-hand figure must be increased by 1. Thus 48X11=528. Lightning Method of Multiplication and Division. To multiply by 125, divide by 8, and call it thousands, be¬ cause 125 is of a thousand. To multiply by 32K, divide by 8 ; call it hundreds. To multiply by IJi, divide by 8 ; call It tens. To multiply by 62K, divide by 16, and call it thousands. To multiply by 6)4, divide by 16, and call it hundreds. To multiply by SIH, divide by 32, and call it thousands. 360 BUORT ByliES OF AUllRMúTlC. To multiply by 333Í4, divide by 3, and call it thousanda. To multiply by 33%, divide by 3, and cali it hundreds. To multiply by 3%, divide by 3, and call it tens. To multiply by 50, divide by 2, and call it hundreds. To multiply by 66^, divide by 13, and call it thousands. To multiply by 333%, divide by 15, and call it ten tbousandsi by annexing four ciphers. To multiply by 83^7 divide by 12, and call it thousands. To multiply by 3%, divide by 12, and call it hundreds, be¬ cause 3% is ß of a hundred. The reason is similar in each case. To multiply by 166^, divide by 6, and call it thousands. To multiply by 13%, divide by 6, and call it hundreds. To multiply by 1%, divide by 6, and call it tens. To multiply by 37%, take % of the number, aud call it hun¬ dreds ; 87%, % of the number, and call it hundreds, etc. We simply reverse these methods to divide. To divide by 10,100, 1,000,'etc., we remove the point one, two and three places to the left. To divide by 23, remove tho decimal point two places to the left, and multiply hy 4. Bemoving the point two places divides by one hundred ; hence the quotient-is 4 times too small ; hence we remove the point two places, and multiply by 4. To divide by 3%, remove the point one place to the left, and multiply by 4. To divide by 125, remove the point three places to the left, and multiply by 8. To divide by 12H, remove the point two places to the lef^ and multiply by 8. To divide by i%, remove the point one point to the left, and multiply by 8. There are about 1% cubic feet In one bushel. Hence dividing the number of cubic feet by 1^ gives the number of bushels nearly. To divide by 133^, remove the point three places to the left, then multiply by 3 and divide by 4. To divide by 8%, remove the point two places to the left, and multiply by 12. 8B0BX RULES OE ARITHUBTXe. 361 SHORT METHODS OF MULTIPLICATION. HOW TO MULTIPLY ANY SMALL NUMBER ENDfNQ WITH 6. Bxftmple : 25 x 86. To tibe proc^uct of S and 8 add one-half .their sum, and th result annex 25. Solution : 25 6 x 6^26 85 2 x 8»16,16+1 (2+8) s2L 2125 ' This rule is very simple and useful ; practise it, it never fails. THE COMPLEMENT RULE. The complement of a number added to the number makes it 10, or ^ t 100, or 1000, etc. The complement of 98 is 2, of 91 is 9. To find the product of these two numbers, multiply the complements together ; QQ,e and for the other two figures subtract across, either the 2 from the 91, or the 9 irom Üie 98. . HOW TO MULTIPLY ANY NUMBER BY 21. 22, 23, 24. etc. ICnltiply each figure in the multiplicand by the units figure in the multi« n02 increasing each separate-product by double the figure to the M right of the one multiplied ; double the last figure. Solution; 3x2=6,8x0=0, and double the right-hand figure, 2, =4. 3xl=3rand double the right-hand figure, 0, =3. 8x2=6, double the I, =8. Double the last figure. HOW TO MULTIPLY ANY NUMBER BY 21, 31, 41, etc. To multiply any number of two figures when the last is 1, or of three 230419 fibres when the last two are OL 40^24 Example : Uultiply 230412 by 21. Instead of the ordinary long process-, simply multíDly by 2, placing the product one figure to the 1^> i^nd then add. This rule is as practical as it is ample : try it, uang 31, 61, 201. etc. How to MuKlpfy any Two Numbers whose right-hand figures add to TEN, and the left-hand figures are the same. Example : gy Three times 7 are 21. Put down both figures, add one tO the second gg figure, and then say 9 times 8 are 72. Put down both rree, and you have the correct result. This rule is practical, and applica- tion of it is simple. Trvifcwitb 21 32 43 64 65 76 87 98 iTyicwiui. 29» 38» 47' 56' 65' 74' 88' 9? TO MULTIPLY BY 9's. To multiply by 9,99, or any number of 9's, annex as many ciphers to the multiplicaDd as there are 9*8 in the multiplier, and from the result subtract the multiplicand. Example : Multiply 2,736 by 999 =2,736,000 2,786 2,733,264 Ans. Weight and Value of Gold and Sitver. A too of pure gold is valued at $602,799.21. The weight of a million dollars In g Tide the lesnit by 2. To find Ou area of a trapmtm .-—Divide the trapezium in triangles and find the area according to previous rules in this book. 25 TViaozuLir Quadrangfcbr Pentagonal Prüm PklBia. Pi-lam. Cflisder. To find Ou area of a triangle .-—Multiply the base by one- half the altitude. Or .-—From half the sum of the three sides subtract each side separately ; multiply together the half sum snd-the three remainders, and extract the square root of the product. 368 eHOllT METHODS IH MENSDBATIOH. ^OOOOO fratagon. HezsgoD. Heptagon. Octagon. Honagon. Decagon. To Fifld the Area of Any of the Above Figures. Find the center ot the figure and multiply distance around the figure (perimeter) by one halt of the diameter and the re¬ sult wiii equal the area. ^ The square described within the above circle is exactly ^alf as large as the square described outside of the circle, that is the inscribed one is half the area of the circumscribed square. The square c d n k contains exactly one-half the area of the square a c m b. It is thus easily seen that the area of the circumscribed square—(that is the square a c m b) is equal to the square of the diameter of the circle. To find the dvmeter of a circle .'—Divide the circumferencq by 3.14166; or multiply it by .318309; or for rough estimates or approximate results, divide the circumference of the circle by 3. To find the circumference of a circle .'—Multiply the diame¬ ter by 3.14166. For approximate results, multiply the diame¬ ter bv 3. To find the area of a <íircíí .'—Multiply half the diameter by half the circumference. Or.'—Multiply the square of the diameter by .786398. For approximate results, multiply the square of toe diameter by 8, and cut off the right hand figure 8H0BT METHODS IN MENSURATION. 369 ILLUSTRATING SURFACE. 7b find the lide mrfaee of a prim or qyitTufer;—Uultlplj the distance around the basé by the height. (To find the en¬ tire surface the area of the base and top must be added to the surface of the sides.) To find the canteáis of a prim or i^isndsr.'—Multiply the area of the base by the height, To find Oie mrfaae of a regular pgramid or cone;—Multiply the distance around the base by one-half the height. (And to find the entire surface add the area of the base to the surface already found.) To find the content» of a tube .'—Multiply three sides together. To find the gwrface of a euAe;—Multiply the square of the length of one of the sides by 6. To find the »urface of a Multiply the diameter by the circnmference. To find the toUdity of a spAere.*—Multiply the square of the diameter to 3.1416. Or:—Multiply the cube of the diameter by .5236. To find the lotidity of a ((pfindsr;—Multiply he area of one end by the length. 370 DISTANCES AND RAILROAD FARES. DISTANCES AND RAILROAD FARES FROX CHI¬ CAGO TO ALL THE PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. First-Class Fare Subject to Slight Changes. (We aim to give the most direct rente only.) PLACES. MILES. FABE. Albany ..N. Y. 838 $16 65 Albuquerque .N. M. 1,391 43 00 Allegheny Cit y...Pa. 467 12 00 Alliance...... 385 9 70 Altoona 686 15 50 Annapolis.... ..Md. 834 17 50 Atlanta Ga. 733 21 40 Atlantic City ..N.J. 880 19 25 Atchison 656 12 50 Austin ^987 82 10 Augusta ...Ga. 905 25 70 Bangor ...Me. 1268 24 50 Baltimore.... 859 17 50 Battle Creek. .Mich. 164 4 14 Bellaire ....0. 469 11 00 Boston Mass. 1,004 19 00 Buffalo .N. Y. 523 12 00 Burlington.. ....la. 207 6 17 Burlington... ...-Vt. 1,095 21 19 Cairo ...lU. 865 10 94 Cape May.... .N. J. 903 20 00 Charleston... ..8. C. 1,103 26 80 Chattanooga. .Tenn. 595 17 SO Cheyenne.... .Wyo. 1,000 28 65 Cincinnati... ....O. 300 8 00 Cleveland.... 839 8 50 Columbus.... ....O. 898 8 35 Council Bluffs.. ..la. 488 12 50 Columbia.... ..S. C. 837 25 70 Concord .N. H. 763 19 00 Corsicana, Tez 075 28 25 Crestline O. 280 8 00 Davenport... ...Ja. 183 5 02 Dayton ....O. 265 7 25 Denver 1,118 30 65 Decatur ....lU. 170 4 46 Detroit .Mich. 272 7 25 Des Moines.. 357 10 15 Dover ...Del. 921 10 70 Dubuque ...la. 188 5 45 Dunkirk .N.Y. 500 IS 50 Duluth .Minn. 478 IS 55 Elgin ....lU. 36 1 10 Erie ...Pa. 452 12 65 Evansville... Ind. 287 8 65 Fargo ..N. D. 645 18 48 Femandina.. ..Fla. 1,083 27 80 PliACEB. Fort Wayne Ind, Foreet O. Fort Scott Kan. Fort Worth Tez. Frankfort Ky. Galveston .Tez. Galesbur^e 111. Gettysburg. Pa. Grand £apidB.Micb. Grenada Miss. Green Bay Wis. Greenville Tez. Hamiltim. ..Canada Harrisburg Fa. HannibaL Mo. Hamilton O. Hartford Conn. Helena.... .Montana Hot Sprinpis.. ..Ârk, Holly Springs.Miss. Houston Tez. Hudson N. Y. Indianapolis... .Ind. Iowa City la. Jacksonville... .Fla. Jackson Mies. Janeeville Wis. Jackson Mich. Jefferson City...Mo. Kansas City Mo, Keokuk la. La Crosse Wis. Lake Geneva.. Wis. Lansing Mich. Lead ville Colo. Leavenworth.. .Kan Lezington Ey. Lincoln Heb. LitUe Rock Ark Louisville I^. Logansport Ind. Long Branch.. .N. J. London Canada Lyons la. M^son Jnd. Madison Wis. Marquette.... Mich. KILBS. FABB. DISTANCES AND RAILROAD FARES. 37] DISTANCES AND RAILROAD FARES—Contlnned. PLAOEB. MILES. Hani to WOO... .Wis. 162 Maoon 821 528 Mempbia Tenn. BiinneapoliB.. M ino. Uilwaolcee Wis. 420 85 Uontpelier.. , ,vt. 1,224 MoDtgomery. ..Ala. 798 Mobile........ ..Ala. 978 Montreal... «Ganada 837 Mnscatine... la. 211 Nashrilie.... Tenn. 444 New York... .N. Y. 912 NewHaTon.. Conn. 015 New Orleans. ...La. 912 Newark ....O. 865 Newport.. ..B. I. 1,044 498 Nebraska City .Neb. Niagara Falle..N. Y. 513 Ogden 1,514 Oil City ,Pa. 498 Omaha . .Neb. 497 Ottawa Canada 757 Paterson .N. J. 969 Pensacola.... ..Fla. 955 Pern ..Ind. 132 Philadelphia ...Pa. 822 Pittsburgh.... 468 Pine Bluff.,.. 683 Portland ..Me. 1,114 Portland..... 2,488 Pullman ni. 14 Pueblo.... v.. . .Col. 1,107 Quebec Canada 1,007 262 Quincy ...m. Bacine 62 Balsigb .N. c. 1,154 Richmort, Mass New Bronswick, N* J New Castle, Pa New Hayen, Conn. (City of EHms) New London, Conn New Orleans, La. (Crescent City) Newport, Ky Ne^tport, B. I Newton, Mass New York. N. Y. ((^tham) Norfolk, Va Norristown, Pa North Adams, Mass Northampton, Mass Norw^Uc, Conif Norwich, Conn Oakland, Cal Ogden, Utah Ogdensbarg, N. Y - on City, Pa Omaha, Neb Orange, N. J Oswego, N. Y Ottawa, 111 T Ottnmwa, la...^ Owensbor^ Ky. Padncab, Ky Passaic, N.J Paterson, N. J Pawtucket, B. I PeabodyiMass Peek8kUl,N. Y Pmisacola, Fla Peoria. 111. (Whiskey Town) Perth Amboy, N. J Petersburg, va Philadelphia, Pa. (Quaker City) Pine Bluff, Ark..... Piqna, O ... •. Pinsbiirg, Pa. (Smoky City) Pittefleld, Mass Pittston, Pa Plainfield, N. J Plymonth. Pa Portland. Me. Port Hnson, Mich Portland, Ore Pcrtemonth, N. H Portemonth, O Portsmonth« Va PoMstown, Pa rottsrUle, Pa Pongbfce^sie, N. Y. Providence, R. I.. 1890. 181,515 14,869 21.008 40,705 19.009 19.010 28,263 13,914 18,459 11,581 85,981 18,759 241,995 24,938 19,449 24.857 1,513,501 34,986 19.750 16,067 14,961 17,739 16,192 48,540 14,919 11,667 10,943 189,526 18,774 21,826 11,500. 18,096 9.818 13,024 18,027 78.858 27,502 10,128 10,026 11.751 40,7.')8 9,476 23,817 1,046,262 9,952 9,060 288,478 17,252 10,295 11,250 0,841 86.608 18,510 47,294 9,811 12,387 12,845 18,201 14,194 22,836 122,043 1880. 136,508 9,600 16,428 26,845 12,679 11,800 18,049 13,588 17,166 8,418 62,882 10,537 216,090 20,433 15,698 16,095 1,206,299 21,966 18,063 10,101 12,172 7,560 15,112 84,555 6,069 10,341 7.315 80,518 13,207 21,116 7,834 9,004 6,231 8,086 6,532 51,031 19,030 9,028 6,898 6.845 29,269 4,803 21.656 847,170 8,208 6,081 156.889 13,864 7,472 8,125 6,065 83,810 8,883 17,577 9,690 11,321 11,890 5,305 13,253 20,207 104,857 378 POPULATION OF PRINCIPAL CITIES. Pueblo, Colo Quincy, 111 Ouincy, Maes Racioe.'Wia Raleigh, N. G Readiog, Pa Richmond, Ind.., Richmond, Va Rochester, N. Y Rockford, ill Rock Island, 111 Rome, N. y Rutland, Vt Bacramento. Gal Saginaw, Mich Salem, Masa Salt Lake City, Utah San Antonio, Tez Sandusky, O.. San Diego, Gal San Francisco (Golden City). San Jose, Gal Saratoga Springs, N. Y Savannah, Ga Schenectady, N. Y Scranton, Pa Seattle, Wash Sedalia, Mo Shamokin, Pa Shuboygan. Wis Shenandoah, Pa Sbreveport, La Sing Sing, N. Y Sioux City, la Sioux FaUs, 8. Dak..., Somerville. Mass i S. Bend, Ind S. Bethlehem, Pa Spokane Falls, Wash Springfield, 111 Springfield, Mass Springfield, Mo Springfield, O 8tamfordi_^(!/onn Steel ton, Pa Steubenville, O Stillwater, Minn St. Joseph, Mo St. Louis, Mo. (Mound (^ity).. Stockton, (ial St. Paul. Minn. (Gem City) Superior, Wis Syracuse, N. Y.... ;■ Tacoma, Wash Taunton, Maes Terre Haute, Ind Tiffin, O Topeka, Kan Toledo, O Trenton, N. J Ttoy, N. Y 28,128 81,478 16,711 21,022 12,798 58,926 16,845 80,838 188,827 25,589 18,596 14,980 11,759 26,272 46,215 30,735 45,025 88,681 19,234 16.153 297,990 18,027 13,124 41,762 18,892 83,460 48,914 13,994 14,391 16.841 18,447 U,482 10,072 37,862 10.154 40,117 21,786 10,386 22,626 24,852 44,164 21.842 82,185 15,685 9,230 13,868 11,239 52,811 460,357 14,376 133,156 18,000 87,877 85,858 25,389 30,287 10,978 31,809 82,652 58,488 60,899 1880. 8,217 27,268 10,570 16,031 9,265 43,278 12,472 66,600 89,866 13,129 11,659 12,194 12,149 21,420 10,525 27,563 20,768 20,550 15,838 2,637 233,959 12,567 8,421 30.709 13,655 45,850 3,533 9,561 8,184 7,814 10,147 8,009 6,578 7,366 2,163 24.933 13,280 4,925 350 19,743 83,340 6.522 20,780 11,297 2,447 12,093 9,055 32,431 850,518 10,282 41,473 655 51,792 1,098 21,213 26,042 7,879 15,452 50.137 29,910 56,747 POPULATION OF PRINCIPAL CITIES. 379 CITIES, Utica, N.Y Vickebnrg, Mies Waco, Tex Waltham, Blass Washington D. C Waterbn^, Conn WatartownN. Y Waosaa, Wis West Bay City, Mich... Westfiela, Mass Wast Troy, N. Y WeymonthjMass WheeUng^w. Va Wichita, Kan Wilkesbarre, Pa WilUamaporL Pa Wilmington, Del Wilmington, N.G Windlmm. Conn Winona, Minn Woborn^ Mass Wooneocket, B. I WorcsBter, Mass Yonkers, N. Y York, Pa Yonngstown, O Zanesville, O 1890. 44,001 13,298 18,667 18,522 229,296 28,691 14,788 9,251 ' 12,910 9,798 12,942 10,848 33,052 28,785 87,651 27,107 61,487 20,008 10,025 18,208 18,491 20,759 84,586 81,942 20,840 88,199 21,117 1880. 1870. 83,914 11,814 7,295 11,712 147,298 17,806 10,697 4,277 6,897 7,587 8,820 10,570 80,787 4,911 28,899 18,984 42,478 17,350 8,265 10,208 10,981 16,050 58,291 18,892 13,940 15,485 18,118 28,804 12,448 8,008 9,065 109,199 10,826 9,880 1,349 *6^519 10,698 9,010 10,280 689 10,174 16,080 80,841 13,446 5,412 7,192 8,560 11,527 41,105 12,783 11,008 8,075 10,011 AREA AND POPULATION OF THE EARTH, 1891. (From proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society.) Africa ; y Bonth America ; North America Bnrope Polar Regions Australasia Total Area in Square Miles. 14,710,000 11,514,000 6,887,000 6,446,000 8,555,000 4,888,800 8,288,000 51.238.800 Population. 850,000,000 127,000,000 86,420,000 80,250,000 880,200,000 ,300.000 4,730,000 1,487,900,000 AREA AND POPULATION OF LARGEST COUNTRIES. China... Brittah Empire, inclnding colonies Bossian Enwire Ptaiice and Colonies Oennaa Empire Ineo jlg^and Ctoloniee Area. 4,218,401 11,885,806 8,644,100 8,127,856 211,108 147,669 110,665 608,076 751,700- PopulatioQ. 402,680.000 881,087,874 118,854,649 50,666,967 49,421,064 89,607,284 29,699,785 17,550,210 11,682,984 380 STATES OF THE UNION. STATES OF THE UNION. Oovernors' Terms and Salaries. Areas, Dates of Admission, Thirteen Original States, Population In 1880 and 1890, and Electoral Votes. States andXerritor's. Qoy'rn'r's Terra and Salary. Alabama Arkansas California Colorado ('onnectlcnt Delaware Florida Oeor^a Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Loaisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi i.. Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada . New Hampshire... New Jersey New York North Carolina,... North Dakota Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina.... Sonth Dakota Tennessee Texas Dtah "Vermont— Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Alaska Arizona District of Colnrabia. Indian Territory,.. New Mexico Oklahoma Total 3,557.010 2 in $3,500 3.000 6,000 5,000 4,000 2,000 8,500 3,000 3,000 6,000 5,000 8,000 8,000 6,500 4,000 2,500 4,500 8,000 4,000 5,000 4,000 5,000 5,000 2,500 4,000 2,000 10,000 10,000 8,000 3,000 8,000 1,500 10,000 8,000 3,000 2,500 4,000 4,000 2,000 1.500 , 5,000 4,000 2,700 5,000 2,500 8,000 2,600 2,600 2,600 Area Square Miles. 50,540 53,045 158,860 108,645 4,990 2,050 58,680 59,475 84,800 56,650 86,850 56,025 82,080 40,400 48,720 33,040 12,210 8,315 58,915 83,365 46,810 68,735 146,080 77,5J0 110,700 9,305 7,815 49,170 52,250 70,795 41,060 96,030 45,215 1,250 80,570 77,680 42,050 265,780 84,900 9,565 43,450 69,180 24,780 56,040 97,890 531,410 113,020 70 81,400 122,580 89,030 When Popula¬ Popula¬ No. Ad¬ tion in tion in Elee. mitted. 1890. 1880. Votes. 1819 1,513.017 1,262,506 11 1836 1.128,179 802.525 8 1850 1,208,130 864,694 0 1876 412,198 194,827 4 •1788 746,258 622,700 6 •1788 168,493 146,608 3 1845 891,422 269,493 4 •1788 1,837,353 1,542.180 18 1890 84,385 32,610 8 1818 3,826,351 8,077,871 24 1816 2,192,404 1,978,901 15 1846 1,911,896 1,624,615 U 1861 1,427,096 996,096 10 1792 1,858,635 1,648,690 13 1812 1,118,587 939,946 8 1820 661,086 649.936 6 •1788 1,042,390 934,943 6 ♦1788 2,238,943 1,783,065 15 1837 2.003,889 1,636,937 14 1858 1,301,826 780,773 9 1817 1,289,600 1,131,697 9 1821 2,679,184 2,168,380 17 1889 132,159 39,159 3 1867 1,058,910 452,402 8 1864 45,761 62,266 3 •1788 376.560 346,991 4 •1787 1,444,933 1,131,116 10 •1788 5,997,853 5,082,871 86 •1789 1,617,947 1,399,750 U 1889 182,719 3 1802 8,672.816 3,198,062 23 1859 313,767 174,768 4 •1787 5,258,014 4,282,891 32 •1790 345,506 276,531 4 •1788 1,151,149 995,577 9 1889 328,808 4 1796 1,767,518 1,542,359 12 1845 2,235,523 1,591,749 IS 1896 207,905 143,963 3 1791 332,422 332,286 4 •1788 1,655,980 1,512,565 12 1889 849,390 75,116 4 1863 762,794 618,457 6 1848 1.686,880 1,315,497 12 1890 60,222 20,769 3 32,052 33,426 59,620 230,392 40,440 177,624 153,593 119,565 61,834 62,622,250 50,155,783 447 *Dates of ratifying constitntion of thirteen original states. Note.—All have biennial sessions of legislature except Georgia. Massa« ebneetts. New Jorsev. New York, Rhode Island and South Carolina, where they are held annually. •^RTH i\ 0AI«OTA i % '-yjfl SÖI^ OMI N G j_P'^ Jnebraska\"'°^'°' ISCONSI k /^TTxt- < "nncssW^í^J i í VoEon6iA\r •OLorado; ¡MISSOURI "HRKANSA! ''ZOna^EW, TinniTonuL qhoup« of The uniteo statu i interstate COMMERCE COMMiSSCN aîATlSTlClAN-S OFftCt COMPILATION OF flA'LWAt STATISTIC# INTER-STATE COMMERCE MAP, SHOWINa THE 0IVIBI0N8 AND SE0TI0N8 FOR THE DIFFERENT FREIQHT RATEÍL 582 the inter-btate commerce law. THE INTER-STATE COMMERCE LAW. 1. The opposite page shows the map of the United States, and the divisions of railroad territory made by the Inter- State Commerce Law. January 1st, 1893, there were 171,117 miles of railroad in the United States. The section of country through which railroads pass is divided into 10 sections, and the railways in these 10 divisions are grouped together on the oasis of similarity as to the cost and business expenses of run¬ ning and maintaining the roads. Thus, for example: — In group II you will find tire States of New York, Pennsylvania, New Jsrsey, Maryland and Delaware, the most densely popu¬ lated States, in which the cost of railroads per mile was the most expensive, on the account of density of population and amount of travel and freightage. The cost per mile for pas sengers carried is 2.02 cents, and the cost of a ton of freight per mile is cent, which is the lowest of any group in the Union. 2. Now contrast with group II group IX or X, whose sparse population, remoteness of trade centers and lack of manufac¬ tures, there must consequently be less profit on the capital invested, and consequently it would cost more to carry a pas¬ senger per mile, and it would cost more to carry a ton of fleight the same distance. 3. Group I receives the smallest revenue per mile for passen¬ gers, 1.90 cents; group IX the largest, 2.58 cents per mile. Group ill received the least per ton for freight per mile, .69}i cents; group X the most, namely, 1.65 cents per mile. Group X received the greatest per cent, of passenger earnings. Thus it is seen that rates are made on railroads according to the cost of road and the territory through which they pass, whether thinly or thickly populated, and hence the scale of prices must be governed accordingly. Tlfe same uniform rates must pre¬ vail In all the different railroad divisions into which the United States is divided by the Inter-State Commerce Law. Each division has its scale of prices, and every railroad com¬ pany must comply with the law of rates. PALIAMBKTART RTTLBB AND USAGES. 383 S Cotaoplete Set of PavliamentaKy l^ules and Usage* tov Publie lUeetlngs, Political Gatbei^ings and Debating Soeieties. * OVER THREE HUNDRED POINTS OF ORDER. Trace up each reference at the right» and then look up the eorresponding marks on opposite page» which will give the full information desired. Forms in which questions may be put 131415161718 10 Questions of precedence of questions 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 Motion to withdraw a motion 1 a A a II x To take up a question out of its proper order 1 a A 6II x Motion to take from the table 1 a * C h I! x Motion to suspend the rules 3 a f B a II x To substitute in the nature of an amendment 3 a f A a II x Motion to make subject a special order 3 a f A b II x Question whether subject shall be discussed 1 a * A b III y Motion that committee do not rise 1 a B a II x Motion to refer a question 3 b f B ft XI x Motion to recondder an undebatable question 1 a * B a II a Motion to reconsider a debatable question 3 b <<' B a II x Seeding papers. 1 a * A a II x Questions of prlyilege 3 a | A a II x Questions touching priority of business 1 a f A a II x Motion for previouB question .1 a A ft II x Motion to postpone indefinitely ..3 b A a II x Motion to postpone to a definite time 4 a f A a U s 884 PAKLIAMEXTART BULES AED USAOES. Motion for the orders of the day i a A o Hi y Objection to consideration of question 1 a * A 6 III y Motion to limit debate on question 1 a f A MI z Motion to lay on the table m1 a * C a II z Leave to continue speaking after indecorum .1 a * A a II z Motion to extend limits of debate on question^ 1 a t A a II z Motion to commit. 8 b t ^ o II ' Motion to close debate on question 1 a f A 6II z Call to order ........1 a * A a III y Motion to appeal from Speaker's decision generally a ^ A a II y Motion to appeal from Speaker's decision re indecorum ^.1 a f A a II y Sfotion to amend the rules «....8 a t A Ml z Motion to amend an amendment A a * A a II z Motion to amend A a f A a II z Motion to determine time to which to adjourn 2 a f A a II z Motion to adjourn 1 a * B a U z 1. Question-undebatable ; sometime remarks tacitly allowed. 2. Undebatable if another question is before the assembly. 8. debatable question. 4. Limited debate only on propriety of postponement. a. Does not allow reference to main question. b. Opens thennain question to debate. *. Cannot be amended. f. May be amended. A. Can be reconsidered. B. Cannot be reconsidered. C. An affirmative vote on this question cannot be reconsidered. 6. B^ttires two-third vote, unless special rules have been enacted. а. Simple majority suffices to determine the question, n. Motion must be seconded. UI.Does not require to be seconded, z. Not In order when another has the floor, y. Always in order though another may have the floor, z. May be moved and entered on the record when another has the floor« but the business then before the assembly may not be put aside. The motion must be made by one who voted with the prevailing side, and mi thesame day the original vote was taken, fl. Fixing the time to which an adjournment may be made ; ranks fintb б. To adjourn without limitation ; second. 7. Motion for the Orders of the Day ; third. 8. Motion to lay on the table ; fourth. 9. Motion for the previous question : fifth. 10. Motion to postpone definitely ; sixth. 12. Motion to commit ; seventh. 13. Motion to amend ; eighth. 14. Motion to postpone indefinitely ; ninth. 15. On motion to strike out words, "Shall the words stand part of the motion ?" unless a majority sustains the wor^ they are struck out. 16. On motion for previous qüestion the form to be obs^ed is : "ShaU the main question be now put ?" This, if carried, ends debate. 17. On an appeal from the chair's decision, "Shall the decision besua- tained as the ruling of the house?" The chur is generally sustained. 18. On motion for Orders of the Day, "Will the house now proceed to the Orders of the day ?" This, if carried, supersedes intervening motions. 19. When an objection is raised to considering question, "Shall the question be considered " objection may be made by any member before debpte has commenced, but not subsequently* HOW TO MIX FAINTS OF TABIOUS COLORS. 385 HOW TO MIX PAINTS OF VARIOUS COLORS. Buff—White, yellow ochre and red. Chestnut' Red, black and yellow. Chocolate—Raw umber, red and black. Claret—Red, nmber and black. Copper—Red, yellow and black. Dove—White, vermilion, blue and yellow. l)rab—Wliite, yellow ochre, red and black. Fawn—White, yellow and red. Flesh—White, yellow ochre and veimilion. Freestone—Red, black, yellow ochre and white. French 6rey—White, Prussian blue and lake. Grey—White lead and black. Gold—White, stone ochre and red. Green Bronze—Chrome green, black and yellow. Green Pea—White and chrome green. Lemon—White and chrome yellow. Limestone—White, yellow ochre, black and red. Olive—Yellow, blue, black and white. Orange—Yellow and red. Peach—White and vermilion. Pearl-White, black and blue. Pink—White, vermilion and lake. Purple—Tiolet, with more red and white. Rose—White and madder lake. Bandstone—White, yellpw ochre, black and red. Snuff—Yellow and Vandyke brown. Violet—Red, blue and whit»- A correspondent asks us a question on this subject, and we have no doubt there are numerous painter's manuals, or books of instruction, in ex¬ istence; but many of these are not very reliable. We give the following table of compound colors, showing the Simple colors which produce them, which may be of some service to our inquirer. 386 PAINTING BULBS. b the tabi* on {mcedlng inge of the combloetloa of esknfN^nSlb ■vodnce ft dealxftd tint, the flret-nemed color is alwftye the priDopftl lugnv •ftt, end the otbere follow in the order of their importance. Tnw u ing ft limestone tint, white is the principal ingredimit, end tbe na tbftCiW of which tbe least ta needed. The exact proportions of eocb eoler BOM b determined by experiment with o smaller qnantity. It is beet to MtosBft ^rtadpol In^ftdlent thick, Olid add to it tbe otiiec pabtft thlOMI. One eoat, or priming, will take, per 100 yards of painting J$ pimnds of lead and d gsUons of oil. Two-coat work, 40 ponnds of lead and 4 gallons of oil. Three-coat, tbe same qnantl^ M two-coat; so that a fair estimate for 100 yards of throe cost work would be 100 pounds of lead and 16 gallons of oiL One gallon priming color will cover 60 superficial yards; white sine, 60 yards; white paint, 44 yards; lead eolor, 10 yards; black paint, 60 yards; stone color, 40 yards; yellow paint, 44 yards ; blue color, 46 yards ; green paint, 45 yards ; bright emerald green, 26 yards; bronze green, 75 yards. One pound of paint will cover about four superficial yards the first coat, and about 6 each additional cost. One pound of iwt^, for stopping, every 20 yards. One gallon of tar and one pound of piten will cover 12 yards superficial the first coat, and IT yards each additional coat. A square yard of new brick wall requires, for the first coat of paint in oil, X pound ; for the second 3 pounds; for the third, 4 pounds. A day's work on the outside of a building is 100 yardsotUw first coat, and so yards of either second or third coat. An ec^ dinary door, including casings, will, on both sides, make S lo 10 yards of painting, or about 6 yards to a door wltbont the saalngA An oedinaty window makes about 3X or s yards. PAINTING RULES. aow TO WRITE MIMES OM IROM TOOLS AND OLASa 38} Hoir to Write Tour Name on Iron Tools. 1. iMlt a little beeswax or hard tallow and pour it on Hie kon at the place intended to be marked. After the wax or tallow oools take an awl or sharp piece of iron and write your Kune In it. 8. I\mr a little nitric acid on the wax, where you bare writ* ten your name, and allow it to remain a few moments. Then wipe off the wax, and your name . emains indelibly marked as written in the wax. 3. Be careful and allow none of the acid to come in contact VUh yonr clothes or hands. 1. .Apply beeswax and write your name as in the above. 9. Uten instead of nitric acic), apply hydrofluoric acid, and jmir name will remain permanently written on the clear florface of the glass. 388 OLD BÜFERSTITI01I& Old Superstitions. Bom on Monday, fair in the face. Bora on Tuesday, full of God's grace. Born on Wednesday, best to be bad. Bora on Thursday, merry and glad. Bora on iVlday, worthily given. Bora on Saturday, work bard for a living. Bora on Sunday, shall never know want. The Sundays Observed by the Different Natlont. Monday, • • • • ». • • GreekBi Tuesday, -••••.. Pebsiaiííl Wednesday, • • « « . AseTRiAim Thursday, ...... EovpTiANa Friday, ....... Tdskbl Saturday, ...... Ibbablites. Sunday, ...... Cmuenam BILITY OP R. K. AND EXPRESS COMPANIES. 389 Liability of Railroad and Express Companies. L Cotamon Carrier». Wbera goods are entrusted toacommoa aanrier, such as railroads, steamboats, etc., to be trausported Horn place to place, the canter impliedly promises ordinary TUigence, and they are liable for carelessness and negligence. Any accident or delay en account of carelessness will bold the oompany in whose possession the goods have been entrusted, 2. of Carrier». It Is the duty of carriers to take the ntmost care of goods from the moment they are received, and tn Obey the directions of the owner or ëhipper. 3. Bfíponeüáltty. Common carriers are not responsible for damages caused by the act of God, such as winds, storms, floods earthquakes, ete. 4. Damage», Any damages that have occurred to the goods to possession of the carrier must be made good if it occurred by carelessness of any of the employees. A Loi»bg Fan. The carrier m liable for any and all loss occasioned by accidental fire. & PeriFtaNê Qooáf. Carriers are not responsible for loss to fmits that decay in their possession or goods shipped in defeo» tt*e boxes, such as glassware not properly packed, and other artieles that are easily broken. Goods must be properly packed to Older to make the carrier responsible. f. Beeñft. In shipping goods by freight or express a receipt toiBid aNvaya be taken and safely laid array. 390 DAMAGES RECOVERABLE FOR DELAY, 8. (MteOing Damage». In ease of damages to goods Mw railroad or express cooipany should be duly notified and the amount of damages stated, or sworn to before proper offioen and with sufllcient evidence if required. Damages Recoverable for Unreasonable Delay la Forwardiof Baggage. The measure of damages recoverable for a common eanleiñi onreasonable delay in forwarding a passenger'a baggage is the value of the use of the property to owner during the delay la delivering it. As to what that value is the opinion of persons familiar with the facts, together with the facts and conditions» will be considered, (t would be dlfBcult, in such eases, to determine the value of use by a mere statement of the facts. And the opinion of persons having a knowledge of the facts though some evidence, is not an absolute guide, bat an assist¬ ance, which Is available in the absence of more reliable proof. Gulf, O. á 8. R Bg. Co. e. Vaneil. O. deit tppeaU 21 & 1R Sep. 30S: liability of Common Carriers for Loss or Injury of Freight A common carrier must pay the market value, at the point of destination, of all property intrusted to it for transporta¬ tion, which, through its fauit, is lost or destroyed, and Is not delivered. The law, also, is that if a carrier receives property for transportation, and delivers it at the end of its route, bat throngh Its fault it is damaged, and it fails to deliver it In the same condition as when received, it must pay the dilforence between the value of the property in Its damaged condition, at the point of destination, and what the value of the properly would have been at that place if delivered In the same oondl* tion as when it was received for transportation. Xm» FMb L.S. AW.&Oo.*.mu. 8.0.0.8. UAgkCIII.Ati. BIGHT or MARRIED WOMEN TO OWN PROPERTY. 391 Tin Right of Married Women to Own Property. Qyflieold common law a manled woman bad few rights. She vno onbject to the aathority of her husband, and he could rale •ser her, bnt the states have changed the common law and the MghtB ol married women are now recognized by every court. L AH property owned by the wife before marriage, or 392 AUTHORITY OF WIFE AWAY FRÓÍI ItUSBAND. delved after marriage and hoVl as her separate property, eaa be sold and transferred wltL at the consent of her husband. 2. if a husband fails to make proper provision for the sop- port of his wife, the law will compel him to furnish her proper support if he has sufficient property. 3. The wife must support her husband ont of ner separata property when he has no separate property and k withovt help or means of self-support. 4. The earnings of the wife are not liable for thedebtoof the husband. а. The separate proper^ of the wifb is not liable fOr the debts of her husband. б. The property owned by the husband before marriage, or acquired after marriage by gift or inheritance, to hto separóte property; but his wife, however, has a dower interest In the real estate. 7. The wife who deserts her husband cannot hold him for her support, unless she was Justified In leaving, or offers to return. 3. The earnings of the wife and her minor children after living separate from her husband are the property of the wif» 9. If husband or wife ti'ansfer real estate of any kind, both must sign the deed, mortgage or contract. Authority of Wife Living Apart front Husband to Bind Hia. Whether or not the person who supplies a wife with neces¬ saries with knowledge at the time of her husband's provision for her support, the presumption of a wife's authority M pledge her husband's credit is negatived by the fact of their Jiving apart, and the tradesman who supplies her under such ciroum- stances upon the credit of her husband, and without hto express sanction or approval, does so at his own peril, and in order to charge her husband with supplies furnished her ho must show that they were not only of the kind usually denom¬ inated "necessaries," because their need is common to all persons, but that,' in consequence of the inadequacy of the husband's provision, they were actually required for the wife'a proper support, commensurate with his means, her wonted living as nis spouse, and her station in the commnnitr. SioomiiMttoises. Brinekerhoff. Ü. Vmmmi Pîêêêl M jt. far «adflbwsbTwir. r.AvTm .—I«.— va HOW TO 5ECUKE A PATENT. 393 ONITED STATES PATENT OFFICE« MOW TO SECURE A PATENT. Any penon who has mvented or discovetod any new and ■sefnl art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement, not known and nsed by oOiets in this eonntry, and not patented or described in any printed publication in this or any foreign country, and not in pnblie use nor on sale for more than two years prior to bia applieatlon, nmy upon payment of the required fees, bbtain a patent Ibrlt. FEES REQUIRED BY UW. L rippbeoft«)!. On filing eaeb original application tor a patent eieept in design cases, fifteen dollars. I; OhgimU Pateut. On issuing each original patent, escept in design cases, twenty dollars. I. JaXb^yn 0am. For three years and sis months, ten dol- laiB: tar eeren years, fifteen dollars; for fonrteen yeaia, thirty dallara. 4. Oeesaf. Cr Ahns eaeb caveat, ten doliree. 894 >0W TO SECURB A PATBRT. S. €f Patent. On every spplicsUon for tbe i»4mh ef » patent, thirty dollars. •. Ditétaámer. On filing each disclaimer, ten dollars. 7. Exteimon if Patent. On every application for the estea> ■ion of a patent, fifty dollars. 8. Orattt of Extension. On tbe granting of every extension eC a patent, fifty dollars. V. Pirst Appeal. On an appeal for tbe first time from tbe primary examiners to the examiner-in-cbief, ten dollars. 10. Bkery Appeal. On every appeal from the ezuhinerdn« ebief to the commissioner, twenty dollars. 11. Qertifed Vopet» of Patent». For certified copies Of patento and other papers, including certified printed copies, ten eoali per hundred words. 13. Beeording. For recording every assignment, agreemsn^ power-of-attorney, or other paper, of three hundred words ee ander, one dollar; of over three hundred and under one thousand words, two dollars ; of over one thousand woid% three dollars. 13. VopUi ef Drawing. For copies of drawings, the reasona¬ ble cost of making them. 14. PuU Information. These fees may be paid to the Com¬ missioner of Patents, or to the Treasurer or any of the assistant treasurers of tbe United Stares. If yon desire to secure a patent write to tne Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C., and yon will receive all the necessary papers, tdankfi, and complete instructions and directions. ârrOINTMBMT UNDBE THB CIVIL SBBVICB LAB. 396 ■tw to SMore an Appolataeat nder tbe Civil Servim Law. 1. In 1883 Congress passed a law for tbe improvement of tbe civil service in tbe United States. Tbis iaw provides for tbree commissioners appoint¬ ed by the President. Tbey bave general charge of filling tbe vacancies in tbe various subordinate departments at Washington, and in ali cus¬ tom-bouses and postoBices having as many as fifty oBiee. holders.^ 2. There are over 120,OM clerks in tbe government em¬ ploy by whom tbe business oí each administration is car¬ ried on. About 5000 of these are directly appointed by tbe President; about 15,000 are under what is known as tbe " Civil Service Bules." Thür it is seen that a great body oi oBiceboiders are appointed by tbe beads of departments. 8. In order to Jisve better service and secure men ao- eording to their fitness rather than party allUiation, a system of competitive examinations baa been organized, and the competitors are required to be examined en tbe following subjects: 1. Orthography, pen¬ manship and copying, S. Aritbmctie — fundamental rules, fraeUeneand percentage. S. Interest, discount and tbe elementa of book-keeping and of aeconnte. 4. Elements of tbe English langnagB; letler writing, and tbe proper construction of sent- eneeo. B Beaaenteof tbe geography, blstory and government ottheD.a BBWLV BLBcnn MBMran or OONOBESS OH Bla ABBIVSL AT WASHIHOTON. 896 APrOINTMSMT UMSBR THB CIVH, SBRVICB LAW. 4. A »tMidiDg Of 6S per cent io the first three branches is meesaary io order to quality an applicant for an appointOMnt. Where special qualifications are necessary, special examina- tlons are given. 5. Every applicant must furnish proof that he is of good moral character and in good health. 6. There is a board of examiners in each of the principal cities of the United States, and severai examinations are held each year. Several of our States have adopted the principles of the general government, and are employing clerks under their own civil service rules. T. If yon desire to enter an examination, address, "Civil Service Commissioner", Washington, D. C., and yon will secure a full set of papers, and complete information as to time Hd place where the examinations are held, and f uil.instmm Hens for entering sama /lEW OF THE CAPITOL AT WAS.HINGTON, 0. C. THE COST OF SMOKING. 397 THE COST OP SMOKING. nw foUowiiig figares show the expense of smoking two cigars and three cigare aday. at o cents each, and at 10 cents each, from the age of 20 to the end (A ewn period of five years, up to the age of 70,6 per cent, compound fastarest semi-annually being reckoned upon the money. Fbou the Agb of— Two Cigars a Day at S Cents Each. Three Cigars a Day at 5 Gents Each. Fiineipal. Prin.&Int. Principal. Prin.dlnt., 20 to K years 20 to M " 20 to 85 " 20 to 40 " 30 to 46 ** 20 to SO 20 to 55 " 20 to 60 30 toes '* 20 to 70 ** $ 182.50 S65.00 574.50 730.00 912.50 1,095.00 1,277.50 1,460.00 1,642.50 1,825.00 $ 209.71 490.39 868.25 1,876.08 2,058.44 8,094.99 4,867.46 6,078.78 8,378.52 11,469.25 $ 278.75 547.50 621.25 1,095.00 1,868.75 1,642.50 1,916.25 2,190.00 2,468.75 2,737.10 $ 318.95 745.74 1,814.72 2,081.16- 8,110.74 4,494.41 6,858.67 8,655.02 12.215.36 16.216.37 Fbou tub Aob c Two Cigars a Day at 10 Gents Each. Three Cigars a Day at 10 Cents Each. Principal. PrimAInt. Principal. Prin. & Int» 20 to 25 years 20 to 30 20 to 85 '• 20 to 40 " 20 to 45 '* 20 to 50 " 20 to 65 20 to 60 20 to 65 " 30 to 70 " $ 865.00 730.00 1,095.00 1,460.00 1,825.00 2.190.00 2.555.90 2,920.00 3,285.00 8,650.00 $ 418.48 980.78 1,736.52 2,752.20 4,115.92 5,949.88 8,4U.47 11,738.03 10,093.51 21,937.72 $ 547.50 1,095.00 1,642.50 2,190.00 2.7S7.S0 8,285.00 8,832.50 4,380.00 4,927.50 5.475.00 $ 627.95 1,471.56 2,717.85 4,281.24 6,382.47 9,205.16 12,998.61 18,100.14 24,952.72 84,162.14 PRISONERS IN 1890. SoCalNumberin Ü.S 82,329 Whites 57,810 bnees 24,277 Cmineee tífí 822 Japanese 13 ILdes 75,924 Femmes 6,405 New STork 11,468 Pennsylvania 6,489' Massachusetts 5,227 Texas 4.747 Illinois 8,986 California 8,398 Wyoming (had the least) 74 Faufbes in 1890.—Alms-house paupers, 73,045. Males, 40,741; females» HOW WE SPEND OUR MONEY ANNUALLY. Wfipmjgp MîaaîftTifl $ 5,000,000 ioSS&eß 110.000,000 125,000,000 PUUto Education... 165,000.000 PM and Shoes 885,000,000 Flour $ 845,000,000 Tobacco 515,000,000 Iron and Steel 560,000,000 Meat 870,000,000- Liquors....... 1,080,000,000- 39d HOW TO USE THE HOG AND CATTLE TABLE. $108.71. Ans. HOW TO USE THE HOG AND CATTLE TABLE. HOGS. What will be the cost of 3345 pounds of $3.25 per hundred weight ?—See table. 3300 @ 3.25=$io7.25. 45 @ 3-25= 1-46. lire liogs, at CA-TTUE. What will 2255 pounds of live cattle cost, at $2.65 per bundred weight ? 2200 @ $2.5o==$5J.oo. 55 @ 2.50= 1.38. 2200 @ 15c. 3.3a 55 @ 15c. 08. $59.76. Ans. N. B.—Tn above example get the amount tirst from table for the 2200 pounds at $2.50, then for 55 pounds. Now you have the amount at $2.50 per hundred weight. To make it $2^5, take from the table the amount of 2255 at 15c. per hundred weight, and you will have the amount fer all at $2.65 per cwt. HOG AND CATTLE TABLE. 399 HOa AND CATTLE TABLE. Th« lir^ column gives t\e number of pounds, and the top of each column the price per hundred weight. irilGHT. 5c. 10c. 15c. 20c. 30c. 40c. 50c. 60c. 70c. 80c. 90c. s .00 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .02 .03 6 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .03 .08 .04 .04 .05 10 .01 .01 .02 .02 .08 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 10 .01 .02 .02 .08 .05 .06 .08 .09 .11 .12 .13 so .01 .02 .08 .04 .06 .08 .10 .12 .14 .16 .18 so .01 .03 .04 .05 .08 .10 .13 .15 .18 .20 .13 so .02 .03 .05 .06 .09 .12 .15 .18 .21 .24 .28 .27 .32 so .02 .04 .05 .07 .11 .14 .18 .21 .25 40 .02 .04 .06 .08 .12 .16 .20 .24 .28 .32 .36 40 .02 .05 .07 .09 .14 .18 .23 .27 .32 .36 .81 00 .08 .05 .08 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 00 .08 .06 .08 .11 .17 .22 .28 .33 .86 .44 .50 60 .08 .06 .09 .12 .18 .24 .30 .36 .42 .48 .54 60 .08 .07 .10 .13 .20 .26 .33 .39 .46 .52 .69 .63 TO .04 .07 .11 .14 .21 .28 .35 .42 .40 .56 TO .04 .08 .11 .15 .23 .30 .38 .45 .53 .60 .68 80 .04 .08 .12 .16 .24 .32 .40 .48 .56 .64 .72 80 .04 .09 .18 .17 .26 .84 .43 .51 .60 .68 .77 90 .06 .09 .14 .18 .27 .36 .45 .54 .63 .72 .81 90 .05 .10 .14 .19 .29 .88 .48 .57 .67 .76 .80 .86 100 .05 .10 .15 .20 .30 .40 . .50 .60 .70 .90 SOO. .. .10 .20 .80 .40 .60 .80 l.CO 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 SOO .15 .80 .45 .60 .90 1.20 1.50 1.80 2.10 2.80 2.40 2.70 400 .20 .40 .60 .80 1.20 1.60 2.00 2.40 8.20 3.60 000 .25 .50 .75 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 8.00 8.50 4.00 4.50 600 .SO .60 .90 1.20 1.80 2.40 3.00 8.60 4.20 4.80 5.40 TOO .35 .70 1.05 1.40 2.10 2.80 8.00 4.20 4.90 5.60 6.80 800. .40 .80 1.20 1.60 2.40 8.20 4.00 4.80 5.60 6.40 7.20 900.. .. .45 .90 1.35 1.80 2.70 8.60 4.50 5.40 6.80 7.20 8.10 1000 .50 1.00 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 1100.. .. .55 1.10 1.65 2.20 3.30 4.40 6.50 6.60 7.70 8.80 9.90 ISOO .60 1.20 1.80 2.40 8.60 4.80 6.00 7.20 8.40 9.60 10.80 ISOO .65 1.80 1.95 2.60 8.90 5.20 6.50 7.60 9.10 10.40 11.70 1400.. .. .70 1.40 2.10 2.80 4.20 5.60 7.00 8.40 9.80 11.20 12.60 1000 .75 1.50 2.25 3.00 4.50 6.00 7.50 9.00 10.50 12.00 18.50 1600 .80 1.60 2.40 8.20 4.80 6.40 8.00 0.60 11.20 12.80 14.40 ITOO .65 1.70 2.55 8.40 5.10 6.80 8.50 10.20 11.00 18.60 15.30 1800 .00 1.80 2.70 3.60 5.40 7.20 9.00 10.80 12.60 14.40 16.20 1900 .05 1.90 2.85 3.80 5.70 7.60 9.50 11.40 13.30 15.20 17.10 sooo 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 SlOO 1.05 2.10 8.15 4.20 6.80 8.40 10.50 12.60 14.70 16.80 18.90 ssoo 1.10 2.20 8.80 4.40 6.60 8.80 11.00 13.20 15.40 17.60 19.80 9300 1.15 2.80 8.45 4.60 6.90 9.20 11.50 13.80 16.10 18.40 20.70 8400 1.20 2.40 3.60 4.80 7.20 9.60 12.00 14.40 16.80 19.20 21.60 sooo 1.25 2.50 8.75 5.00 7.50 10.00 12.50 15.00 17.50 20.00 22.50 S600 l.SO 2.60 8.90 5.20 7.80 10.40 13.00 15.60 18.20 20.80 23.40 STOO 1.85 2.70 4.05 5.40 8.10 10.80 13 50 16.20 18.00 21.60 24.30 9800 1.40 2.80 4.20 5.60 8.40 11.20 14.00 16.60 19.60 22.40 25.20 8900. 1.45 2.90 4.35 5.80 8.70 11.60 14.50 17.40 20.30 23.20 26.10 3000.. l.Sü 8.00 4.50 6.00 9.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 21.00 24.00 27.00 3100 .. .. 1.55 8.10 4.65 6.20 9.30 12.40 15.50 18.60 21.70 24.80 27.90 SSOO 1.60 8.20 4.80 6.40 9.60 12.80 16.00 19.20 22.40 25.60 28.80 8300.. 1.65 8.80 4.95 6.60 9.90 13.20 16.50 10.80 23.10 20.40 29.70 3400 1.70 3 40 5.10 6.80 16.20 13 60 17.00 20.40 23.80 27.20 30.60 8000 1.75 8.50 5.25 7.00 10.50 14.00 17.50 21.00 24.50 28.00 81.50 888;;;:; 1.80 3.60 6.40 7.20 10.80 14.40 18.00 21.60 25.20 28.80 32.40 1.65 3.70 5.55 7.40 11.10 14.80 18.50 22.20 25.90 29.60 83.30 mm 1.90 8.80 5.70 7.60 11.40 15.20 19.00 22.80 26.60 30.40 34.20 •900 1.95 8.90 5.85 7.80 11.70 15.60 19.50 23.40 27.80 81.20 35.10 4000 s.ool 4.00 6.00 6.00 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 27 400 HOG AND CATTLE TABLE. HOa AND CATTLE TABLE. TAe fint column gives the number of pounds and the top cf euch column the price per hundred weight. Waiglit. $1.00 $2.00 $2.50 $2.75 $3.00 $3.25 $3.50 $3.75 $4.00 $4.25 $4.50 3 .08 :06 .08 .06 .09 .10 .11 .11 .12 .18 .U 6 .05 .10 .18 .14 .15 .16 .18 .19 .20 .21 .21 10 .10 .20 .25 .88 .28 .3(1 .88 .85 .88 .40 .48 .45 10 .15 .80 .41 .45 .49 .53 .56 .60 .64 .68 20 .20 .40 .50 .63 .55 .60 .65 .70 .75 .80 .85 .90 20 .25 .50 .69 .76 .81 .88 .94 1.00 1.06 1.18 00...*. .80 .60 .75 .83 .90 .W 1.05 1.18 1.20 1.28 1.88 80 .85 .70 .88 .96 1.05 l.U 1.28 1.81 1.40 1.49 1.58 éO .40 .80 l.OO 1.1(1 1.20 1.80 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.7Ü 1.8Q 40 .45 .90 1.18 1.24 1.85 1.46 1.58 1.6B 1.8Ü 1.91 2.01 00 .50 1.00 1.25 1.88 1.50 1.63 1.75 1.88 2.00 2.13 2.25 00 .55 1.10 1.88 1.51 1.65 1.79 1.93 2.06 . 2.20 2.34 2.48 60 .60 1.20 1.50 1.65 1.80 1.95 2.10 2.25 2.40 2.55 2.70 60 .65 1.30 1.63 1.79 1.95 2.11 2.28 2.44 2.60 2.76 2.98 TO .70 1.40 1.75 1.98 2.10 2.28 2.45 2.68 2.80 2.98 8.15 70 .76 1.50 1.88 2.06 2.25 2.44 2.63 2.81 3.00 3.19 S.SB 80 .80 1.60 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 8.00 8.20 340 3.60 80 .85 1.70 2.18 2.34 2.55 2.76 2.98 8.19 8.40 8-61 8.88 90 • .90 1.80 2.25 2.48 2.70 2.92 8.15 8.88 8.60 8.83 4.06 90 .95 1.90 2.88 2.61 2.85 8.08 8.33 8.56 8.80 4.04 4.28 100 1.00 2.00 2.50 2.75 S.OO 3.25 8.50 8.75 4.00 425 4.50 200 2.00 4.00 5.0Û 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 800 8.00 6.00 7.50 8.25 9.00 9.75 10.50 11.25 12.00 12.75 13.80 400..... 4.00 8.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15 00 16.00 17.00 18.00 600 5 00 10.00 12.50 18.75 15.00 16.25 17.5(] 18.75 20.00 21.25 23.80 600 6.00 12.00 15.00 16.50 18.00 19.50 21.00 22.50 24.00 25.50 27.00 700 7.00 14.00 17.50 19.25 21.00 22.75 24.50 26.25 28.00 29.75 31.50 800 8.00 16.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 80.00 82.00 34.00 86.00 900 9.00 18.00 22.50 24.75 27.00 29.25 31.50 33.75 86.00 38.25 40.50 1000 10.00 20.00 25.00 27..50 30.00 82.50 85.00 87.50 40.00 42.50 45.00 1100 U.OO 22.00 27.50 80.25 «3.00 85.75 88.50 41.25 44.00 46.75 40.80 1200 12.00 24.00 80.00 33.00 36.00 89.00 42.00 45.00 48.00 51.09 54.00 1300 18.00 26.00 32.50 85.75 89.00 42.26 45.50 4H.75 52.00 55.25 58.80 1400 14.00 28.00 35.00 88.50 42.00 45.50 49.00 52.50 56.00 59.50 63.00 1500 15.00 30.00 87.50 41.25 45.00 48.75 52.50 56.25 60.00 63.75 67.80 1600 16.00 32.00 40.00 44.00 48.00 52.00 56.00 60.00 64.00 68.C9 72.00 1700 17*00 34.00 42.50 46.75 51.00 55.25 59.50 63.76 68.00 72.25 76.50 1800 18.00 36.00 45.00 49.50 54.00 58.50 63.00 67.50 72.00 76.50 81.00 1900 19.00 38.00 47.50 52.26 57.00 61.75 66.50 71.25 76.00 80.75 85.50 2000 20.00 40.00 60.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 2100 21.00 42.00 52.50 57.75 63.00 68.25 73.50 78.75 84.00 89.25 94.50 2200 22.00 44.00 65.00 60.50 66.00 71.50 77.00 82.50 88.00 93.50 99.00 2300 23.00 46.00 57.50 68.25 69.00 74.75 80.50 86.25 92.00 97.75 108.50 2400 24.00 48.C0 60.00 66.00 72.00 78.00 84.00 90.00 96.00 102.00 108.CO 2600 25.00 50.00 62.50 68.75 75.00 81.26 87.50 93.75 lOO.OO 106.25 112.50 2600 26.00 52.00 65.00 71.50 78.00 84.50 91.00 97.50 104.00 110.50 117.00 2700 27.00 54.00 67.50 74.25 81,00 87.75 94.50 101.25 108.00 114.75 121.50 2800 28.00 56.00 70.00 77.00 84.00 91.00 98.00 105.00 112.00 119.00 126.00 2900 29.00 58.00 72.50 79.75 87.00 94.25 101.50 108.75 116.00 123.25 180.50 3000 80.00 60.00 75.00 82.50 90.00 97.50 105.00 112.50 120.00 127.50 135.00 3100 81.00 62.00 77.50 85.25 93.00 100.75 106.50 116.25 124.00 131.75 139.50 3200 32.00 64.00 80.00 88.00 96.00 104.Q0 112.00 120.00 128.00 188.00 144.00 3300 83.00 66.00 82.50 90.75 99.00 107.25 115.50 123.75 182.00 140.25 148.50 3400>.... 84.00 68.00 85.00 98.50 102.00 110.50 U9.00 127.60 136.00 144.50 168.00 8500 35.00 70.00 87.50 96.25 105.00 113.75 122.50 131.25 140.00 148.75 157.50 3600 86.00 72.00 90.00 99.00 108.CO 117.00 128.00 185.00 144.00 153.00 162.00 3700..... 87.OO 74.00 92.60 101.75 111.00 120.25 129.50 138.75 148.00 157.25 166.50 3800 38.00 76.00 95.00 104.60 114.00 128.50 133.00 142.50 152.00 161.50 171.00 8900 39.00 78.00 97.50 107.25 117.00 126.75 186.50 146.26 156.00 165.75 175.60 4000 40.00 80.00 100.00 110.00 120.00 180.00 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 401 Ice, Bran, Mill-feed, Stone, Hay, Iron, Coal, and Cotton Pickers' Table. I 6 10 15 ,80 25 SO 35 40 45 50 55 60 66 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 180 185 130 135 140 145 |4OO'2.00 -.35 38 .40 .« 35 .48 30 .53 .55 .58 .60 .63 .65 .68 .10 .73 .75 .78 .80 .83 .85 .88 .00 .93 .981 1.00 130 V, lO o to to .03 .06 .09 .12 .15 .18 .21 .24 .27 .03 .06 .08 .11 .14 .17 .19 .22 .25 .28 .30 .33 .36 .39 31 .44 37 .60 .52 .56 .58 .61 .63 .66 .69 .72 .74 .77 .80 .83 .85 .88 .91 94 .96 .99 1.02 1.05 .07 1.10 1.65 .36 .39 .42 .45 .48 .51 .64 .67 .60 .63 .66 .69 .72 .76 .78 .81 .84 .87 .90 .93 .961 .99 1.02 1 05 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.80 2.20 2.40 .04 .07 .10 .13 .16 .20 .23 .26 29 .04 .07 •11 .14 .18 .21 .?■) .28 .32 .35 .39 .42 .46 .49 .53 .56 .60 .63 .67 .70 .74 .77 .81 .84 .88 .91 .42 .46 .49 .62 .55 .69 .62 .65 .68 .72 .75 .78 .81 .85 .88 .91 .94 .98 l.Ol .04 1.0? 1 10 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.24 1.27 1.30 1.95 2.60 2.80 1.12 1.161 1.191 1 23 1 1.26 1.30 1.33 1 37 1 40 2 10 o © œ .04 .08 .11 .16 .19 .23 .26 .30 .34 .38 .41 .45 .49 .53 .56 .60 .64 .68 .71 .75 .79 .83 .86 .90 .941 .981 Qfi I!O2 1.09 1.05 1.13 1.09 1.16 1 1.201 .24 .28 .31 1.35 1.39 1.43 1.46 1.50 2.25 3.00 96 1.01 1.08 1.15 1.051.12 .04 .08 .12 .16 .20 .24 .28 .32 .36 .40 .44 .48 .52 .56 .60 .64 .68 .72 .76 .80 .84 .88 Q9 Í96 1.02 05 .09 .13 .17 .21 .26 .30 .34 .38 .43 .47 .51 •55 .60 .64 .68 .72 .77 .81 .86 .89 .94 .981 1.06 1 1.11 1 1.191 231 1.161. 1.20 1. 24 .28 1.32 1.36 1.40 1.44 1.48 1.52 1.56 1.60 2.40 2.55 28 1 1.32 1.36 1.40 1.45 2.49 1.53 1.57 1.62 1 66 1.701 3'.20l3;40 3 I V o ' lO œ I -OS .05 .09 .14 18 .23 •27 '.32 .36 .41 .45 .50 .54 .59 .63 .68 .72 .77 .81 .86 .90 .13 .17 1.22 .26 31 .35 1.40 1.44 1.49 1.53 1 58 1.62 1.67 1.71 1.76 .80 2.70 .60 .05 .10 .14 .19 .24 .29 .33 .38 .43 .48 .52 .57 .62 .67 .71 .76 .81 .86 .90 .95 .95 1.00 .99 1.05 .04 1.09 1 1.08 1.14 1.19 1.24 1 1.28 1.33 1.38 1.43 1.48 1.52 1.571 1.62 1.66 1.71 1.761 1.81 1 85 1.90 2.85 3.80 O.i m O O O Oá! .05 .06 .10, .11 .11 ,15 .16 .17 .20 .21 .22 .25 .26 .28 .30 .32 .33 .35 .38 .39 .40 .42 .44 .45 .47 .50 .50 .53 .55 .55 .58 .61 .60 .63 .66 .65 .69 .72 .70 .74 .77 .75 ,79 .83 .80 .84 .88 .85 .89 .94 .90 .95 .99 .951.001.051.091.141, 1.001.05 1.101.151.201. 1.061.101.161.211.261 1.211.27 1.32 1 1.10 15 1.20 1.25 .30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 .65 1.70 1.75 1.80 .85 1.90 1.95 2.00 3.00 4.00 1.16 1.21 1.26 1.31 1.37 1.42 1.47 1.52 1.58 1.63 1.68 1.73 1.79 1.84 1.89 1.94 2.00 2.05 2.10 3.15 1.49 1.60 1 65 1.76 1.82 1.87 1.93 1.98 2.04 2.09 2.15 ta o 4 K. W. Rep. 231. RESPONSIBILITY OF DOG OWNERS. |0S THE RESPONSIBILITY OF OWNINB A 006. 1. Dogs most be kept upon tlie owners' premises, unless accompanied by the owner or some member of the family. 2. If a Dog annoys travelers upon the public highway by scaring horses and frightening children, the owneris respon¬ sible for damages. 3. The owner of a Dog is responsible for damages caused by bis dog trespassing upon the public highway in running after teams or doing other damages. 4. If a Dog not accompanied by its owner annoys travelers npon tbe public highway, he may be killed, without any claim of damages on the part of the owner of the dog. When a dog becoiyes a nuisance he may be killed anywhere except on the owner's premises. 8. If a Dog kills sheep or destroys or injures any other domestic animals, the owner is responsible for damages. 6. Every owner of a savage and dangerous dog must keep him properly chained or otherwise secured that no injury may to done to others. 7. If a person on a social or business errand is bitten or otherwise injured by a savage dog on the premises of the owner, the owner is responsible. Dangerous animals are not permitted to run at large, even on the owner's own premises, unless he has sufficient safeguards to protect his neighbors •gainst injury. 406 difference of time. DIFFERENCE OF TIME BETWEEN WASHINOTON AND OTHER PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE WORLD AND LONGEST DAY AT PRINCIPAL PLACES. Lohqest Dat. Hr. Hin. 12.00 o'clock noon at Washington. St. Petersburg.. IS 38 12.12 P. M. New York. Stockholm . 18 35 12.24 <1 Boston. Cape Horn . 17 34 12.27 <1 Portland. Edinburgh 17 32 1.37 4.81 « (( St. John (N. F.). Lisbon. Copenhagen,... Dublin 17 16 20 52 4.43 II Dublin. Berlin 16 40 4.55 II Edinburgh. London 16 34 5.07 II London. Paris 16 05 5.17 II Paris. Victoria, B. C.. 16 00 5.58 II Rome. Vienna 15 56 6.02 II Berlin. Albany 15 20 6.14 Vienna. Boston 15 14 7.04 II Constantinople. Chicago 15 08 11.01 *1 Calcutta. Ogden 15 05 12.54 A. M. Pekin. Constantinople. 15 04 2.48 II Melbourne. Naples . 15 00 4.51 <1 Auckland. Pekin 14 58 8.58 «1 San Francisco. Philadelphia, 14 56 9.40 II Salt Lake. Washington 14 52 11.08 II New Orleans. Cape Town 14 20 11.18 II Chicago. Calcutta 24 11.52 II Buffalo. Panama 34 12.00 noon. Lima (Peru). Quito..,,...... 00 The Above la eotnal time, not al^iMKtaird tim LAW GOVERNING MINES AND MINERS. 40T EABLY CALtFOBNIA MINING. LAW aOVERNINQ MINES AND MINERS. I. The General Rule.—Laws differ in different States and Territories, but there are some general principles and general laws which apply to all States and Territories. The first thing a {trospector should do is to find under which laws the Territory or State is governed, and then by inquiry determine the steps necessary in order to legally locate the claim. But the following principles will apply to all unless recent changes have taken place: a. How to Stake Off a Claim.—If there is evidence of mineral in paying quantity, and the property is not owned by a private party, the miner is entitled to stake off the land, and is entitled to it according to the law of the State or Territory in which the ore is found. Caution must be taken to stake off the claim and give correct boundaries, or an application for a patent will be refused. The claim must be located according to law, and publication made by inserting the notice in some weekly newspaper for ten consecut;ive weeks, and a notice must be posted on a conspicuous part of the claim staked out. 408 LAW GOVERNING MINES AND MINERS. 3. An Adverse Claim.—An adverse claim, to be effective, must be made out in proper form and ñled in a proper legal office during the period of publication of the application for the patent. The adverse claimant must commence suit in proper form within the required time, and runs a risk if he trusts the un¬ certainty of the United States Mail. He must set forth in detail the facts on which he bases his adverse claim, 4. A Foreigner.—A foreigner may make a mining loca¬ tion and dispose of it if he becomes a citizen before disposing of the mine. 5. A Prospector.—A prospector with a discovery claim is allowed sixty days to sink a discovery shaft to the distance of ten feet. At the place of discovery it is customary to post a notice. Notice of Location. Notice Is hereby given. That the undersigned having compiled with the requirements of Section 2324 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, and the local laws, customs and regulations of this dis¬ trict, have located fifteen hundred feet in length by six hundred feet in width, on this, the California lode, vein or deposit, bearing gold, silver and other precious metals, situated in Levan Mining District, Juab County, Utah, the location being described and marked on the ground as follows, to-wit: Commencing at this monument and running 300 feet easterly, thence 1,000 feet southerly, thence 600 feet westerly, thence 1,500 feet northerly, thence 600 feet easterly, thence 500 feet southerly, thence 300 feet westerly to point of beginning; point of discovery and corners being designated by monument, stakes or blazed trees. The above mine is located about four miles up Levan Canyon on the left hand side and about six miles west of the town of Levan. The Mining Claim above described shall be known as the California Mine. Located this 17th day of September, 1897. NAMES OF LOCATORS: Richard Roe. John Doe. 6. Lawful Survey Made.—After sinking the shaft ten feet the miner will, if possible, have a competent and lawful survey made. But without a survey a claim will be defined sufficiently to enable a record to be made if it is marked oS by stakes driven into the ground or supported by a pile of stone around each. The next step is to have a record made in the recorder's office of that county. 7. The Term.—The term of a mining tunnel, ditch or mining company cannot exceed twenty years. No miner has a right to undermine the improvements of another unless by legal permission. A copy of mining laws in each district will be found at the county clerk's office in the district where the mine is located. LAW GOVERNING MINES AND MINERS. 409 8. Right of Way. —Miners have the right of way across any claim when hauling quartz. Water may be brought across any claim, road or ditch, or other mining improvement, provided it is so guarded that it does not interfere with the prior rights of another. 9. In Locating a Placer.—In locating a placer (that is sur- hice or loose dirt) claim, the amount of land is limited to 20 acres to one person. An association of eight persons may locate 160 acres. 10. Citizens of the United States.—To secure claims from the government the miner must be a citizen of the United States^ or have legally declared his intention to become such, 11. Destroy or Remove Location Stakes.—Any person who shall destroy or remove location stakes, except on abandoned property, shall be liable to a fine of ii,ooo and one year's im¬ prisonment. la. Jumping a Claim.—The person jumping a claim owned by another and gaining the same by threats or violence shall be liable to a fine of $250 and imprisonment in the county jail for six months. 13. United States Law.—The United States law allows five acres to be taken as a claim for a mill site, but the site must not be upon known mineral lands. Sometimes the district regu¬ lations restrict the amount to much less dimensions. 14. Change the True Value.—^Any person engaged, in mill¬ ing, sampling, reducing, shipping or producing Ores, who shall knowingly change the true value of the same, whereby the owney of such ore shall not obtain its true value, shall be liable to a fine of fl/xx>and one year's imprisonment. 15. "Sailing."'—"Salting" a claim, that is, taking ore from another mine and placing it in the one that is to be sold, thereby deceiving the purchaser, is punishable by a fine of $1,000 and confinement in the State prison fourteen years. 16. Liable to a Fine.—The superintendent, manager or owner of a quartz mill, mill furnace or cupel, engaged in ex¬ tracting ore, who shall neglect or refuse to account for and pay die owner of the quartz or mineral all sums which shall be du^ except such as may be retained for services, shall be liable to a fine of $1,000 and imprisonment not exceeding one year. 110 HOW TO LOCATE.A MINE. HOW TO LOCATE A MINE. 1. Who Hay Locate a Mine.—Any person of lawful age who is a citizen of the United States or shall have legaUy declared his intention to become such may locate a mine. 2. Most be Actually Discovered.—A mineral bearing ledge, lode or vein must be actually discovered on the claim it is proposed to locate. 3. The Ground Entitled to.—Unless the width is modi¬ fied by the laws of a local mining district, the ground enti¬ tled to with a mining claim is l,öOO feet along the ledge by 300 feet each side of the ledge or 600 feet wide. 4. Point of Discovery.—The point of discovery may be within any part of the l,oOO feet. 5. Bonndary Description.—In the boundary description of mine use the terms easterly and westerly, northerly and southerly instead of the more positive terms east, west, etc. 6. General Description.—Make the general description as short as possible, and mention adjacent or neighboring mines, distance and direction, well known natural objects, or permanent monuments. 7. Location Notice.—The location notice must be posted at the point of discovery. The corners of claim must be marked by blazed trees, stakes or monuments. About five days are allowed to post up location notice, and from ten to thirty days to have the same recorded. Record with the district recorder, or if in an unorganized mining district, repord with the county recorder. If not in actual personal possession of the proposed location, post location notice and have it recorded as soon as possible. 8. Assessment Work.—To hold a mine $100 worth of assessment work in labor or improvement must be done on it annually, and the calendar year in which to commence the assessment work begins with the January following the fractional year in which the location is made. 9. Two or More Locators.—Two or more locators on the same ledge may consolidate and do the amount of their combined assessment work on one claim of the group. How to Obtain a Patent.—The affidavits of assessment work by two credible witnesses should annually be filed with the district or county recorder. When $500 worth of assessment work has been done on a mine a patent to it may be obtained from the Government according to United States mining laws. ABBSETIATIONB. 411 ABBREVIATIONS. Relating to Law and Government Administrator. » Admr. Advocate Adv. Attorney Atty. Aninst (oernM) V. or vs. Araerman Aid. Assistant Asst. And others (a( oUi).. et al. Clerk « Clk, Commissioner., Com. Committee.... « .Com. Common Fleasi C. P. Congress Cong. Constable Const. Oonnty Court C. C. Co. CommissioDeT ^r Olk) C. C. Conrt of Common Pleas C. C. P. Court of Sessions C. S. Defendant Deft., Dft. Depnty i.. Dep. D^iartment Dep. - District Attorney Dist. Atty. His (Her) Brit. ä^Jesty—H. B. M. His (Her) Majesty H. His (Her) Boy. Highness, House of Bepresentatives H. R« Justice of the Peace .1. P. Legislature. Leg. Member of Congress M. C. Kon prosequitur (be does not prosecute) Non pros. Member of Parliament M. P. Notary Public N. P. Parliament ParU Plaintiff. plff. Post-Office P. O. Post-Master P. M. Public Document Pub. Doc* Queen Victoria ( Vieioria V. R. Bight Honorable ..Rt. Hon* Republic, Bepublican., Rep* Solicitor ' SoL Superintendent Supt. Surveyor General........Surv. Gen* Ecclesiastical. By God*8 Grace (De€0 Volenie)^....D. V* Episcopal Epin* Evangelical E vang. Ecclesiastical ecc., eccl. r of OtvQ Law B. C. L. Doctor of Civil Law D. C. L. Qoeen'sCounML Û. C. Dominion Land Surveyor ...J). L. 8. lioentiate of Dental Bnifeiy.L. D. 8. Privy OounoUlor F. C. Oommaoder of the Bath G. B. Fellow OolL of Aooonntanti.F. U. A. F^ow Boni Socktgr F. B. 8. Doctor of Divinf^ D. D. Bachelor of law» »... ..IX. B. Educational and Professional. Doctor of Laws....*.*.»»«..IX. Ik Doctor of Medicine K. Ik Baoheior of Arta AB. Master of Arts » AH. Bachelwof Mnsio ............M. Bu Doctor of Muric .D. M» Doctor of Philosophy nL Ik Baoheior of Philosophy Ph. & Bachelor of Smence. .B. Doctor of Sdenoe ............ *.8. Si Civil Engineer.^.....*»«*• «...O» & 412 ABBREVIATIONS. BUSINESS ABBREVIATIONS. ^cct Account. ^dotff Advertisiog. Jiomt Agroomont. Agt Agent.. Amt Amount. ^rt Article. AUy Attorney, B. or Bk Bank. Bal Balance. Barrel. K B Bill-book or Bank-book. B, Ex Bill of Exchange. B. P. or Bills Fay-Bills Payable. B. A. or Bills Fee.Bills Receivable. Bo't Bought. Bit Bushel. C, C't or ^ Cent. Cash Cashier. C. B Cash Book. Cer Certificate. Co Company. In Care of. [ery. C^'Ô. D Collect bn Deliv- Com Commission. Cbn. or Const Consignment. Cr Creditor. Ctot Hundredweight. B. B Book. Bep. B Deposit Book. Bft Draft. Bis Discount. Bo» or do (Ditto) The same. Boz Doaen. Br Debtor, Dsor ds T.-.Days. ea Each. jB.E. Errors excepted. g For example. B.& b.E Errors and omia- sions excepted. Ex. or Exch Exchange. p¿rn Expense. ' fav Favor. E.B.E Foreign Bill of Exchange. ^fa Cause it to bo done. A writ of execution. Jf, O. B Free on board. Forward. Freight Foot or Feet. Cal Gallon. Caar Guarantee. Hdkf Handkerchief. Bhd Hogshead. Band Hundred. J. or Inv Invoice. J, ß Invoice Book. - g.e That is. Ins Ineuranoe. inst (Instant) The present month. huol I nsolvency. Jnt Interest. Invt Inventory. J, or Jour Journal. J. P JTonrnal page. L. B Letter Book. lbs Pounds. L. F Ledger Folio. Mdse Merchandise. Mem. or memo....Memorandum. Mols.... A Molasses. Fat 1. National. F, B (Nota Bene) Take Notice. Fet Without dednc- - tion. O.I.B Outward Invoice F. orp Page. [Book. Payt Payment Pes Pièces. Fd Paid. Pkg Package. Per. or pr ^ the. per ct r. (Per centum) By the hundred. P. A L Profit and Loss. F. O. D Pay on Delivery. Pr Pair. Prem Preminm. prox (Proximo) The next mpntb. F. C. B Petty Cash Book. Reed Received. R.B Railroad. 8. B Sales Book. 8.8 Steamship. 8hipt Shipment ss Sworn Statement. 8t, Dft Sight Draft Sterling. Sunds Sundries. Tr. or Trans Transaotion. ult ( Cltimo) The last month. viz (Videlicet) To wit ; namely. vol Volume. vs (Versus) Against Yds Yards. $ Dollar, # Canta. £ Pounds Sterling. d .Pence. At, or to. Per cent Account. " ' (Ditto) The same. m Number. V Check Mark. i] One and 1 fourth. la.... Coa and2 fourths. U .....One anda foortha« BUSINESS DICTIONARY. 413 BUSINESS Abatement.—A discount allowed for damage or overcharge, or for the payment of a bill before it is due. Acceptance.—An assent and en¬ gagement to pay a bill or draft when due. Acceptance for Hoior.—An ac¬ ceptance maCe after a bill has been protested for non-acceptance, ior the honor 5f the drawer or any indorser. Accommodation Paper.—A bill or note to which a party has put his name to acoommodate another, who is to provide payment when due. Account. — A written or printed statement of debits and credits In any business transaction. Account Current. — A detailed statement of Uie transactions, be¬ tween parties for a certain period, showing the condition of adairs at the currenf or present time. Account Sales.—A detailed state¬ ment of a commission merchant to hie principal, showing his sales, the expenses attending the same, and the Miptoeeedi., Accountant.—A person trained to- keep aoconnts. Accrued.-Increase, or interest due and unjMid. Actiooaire.—The owner of shares in a stock company, a stockholder. Actuary. — A rentrer or clerk. Generally applied to the manager of a life insurance company. Adminiatrator. — A person ap¬ pointed to settle the estate of a tes¬ tator, or to manage an intestate estate. Admiralty.-The TOwer that con¬ trols naval afSùrs in Great Britain. —Coorts of Admiraltjy. — A court which decides questions of mari¬ time justice. Adutteration.i-The debaelng of an article or substance by spurious or less valuable admixture. Ad valorem.—According to value. Advance.—A rise in price, addi¬ tional profits, stocks above par. Adventure.—Goods sent to sea at the owner's risk, a speculation. Adventure in Co.— Goods sent to be sold on joint account of shippers and consignee. Advice. —Admonition, or sugges* tions offered, usually in r^ard to buying and selling goods. Affidavit. — A written statement made upon oath. Affreight.-To hire, as a ship, for transporting freight. Agent. — One Intrusted with the Dusiness of another, a deputy ol factor. Agio.—A term used toMlenote the difference between . the real and nominal value of money. Allonge.—A paper attached to a bill of exchange when .there are too many endorsements to be con¬ tained on the bill itself. Allowance.—A deduction made, for instance, from the gross weight of goods. Ambassador. — A minister em¬ ployed by one government to re¬ present it at the court of another. Anker.—A common liquid measure, varying, in difl^rent European countries, from nine to ten gallons. Antal. — A wine measure of Hun¬ gary, holding about thirteen and a hall gallons. Anticipate.—To be before in doing, or pay before due. Appraise.—To set avalué on goods or property. Appurtenance. — Adjunct or .ap¬ pendice. Arbitration.—^The bearing and de¬ cision of a cause between parties in controversy, by chosen persons. Arbitration of Exchange. — The . deduction cf a proportional or arbi/ratedra^r of exchange between two places through an intermediate place, to ascertain the most advan¬ tageous method of drawing or re¬ mitting. Arrear.—That which remains un¬ paid though due. Assay. -To subject an ore to chem¬ ical examination to find the amoudt of any metal contained in it. Assess.—To fix a certain value for the purpose of taxation. Assets.—The entire property of an individual or company. Assignee.—One to whom something is assigned, usually one who re¬ ceives property to dispose of tor the benefit of creditors. 414 BUfilNESfr AssÍEnor.->One who ASBlgos an íD". terest to another. Assignment.—Placing property in the bands of assignees. Association.—The union of a nam- ber of persons for some special aim. Assume. — To take on another's debts. . Attachment.—A seizure by virtae of a legal process. Attest.—To bear witness, to certify. Attorney (Powerof). — A written authority from one persdn empow¬ ering another to act for him. Attorney ill Fact.—An agent with full power. ■ Auctioneer.—One who sells goods at a public sale. Auditor.—A person appointed to ex¬ amine and settle accounts. Avails. — Profits of property dis¬ posed of, proceeds of goods sold. Average.—A pro^rtional share of a general loss, also, a mean time of payment for several debts due at different times. Avpirdupots. — Commercial stand¬ ard of weight in United States and England. Bail.—The security given for releas¬ ing a person from custody. Bailee.—The person to whom goods are intrusted. Bailor.—One who intrusts goods to another. Bailment.—A delivery of goods in trust. Balance,—The excess on one side; or what added to the other makes equality in an account. Balance Sheet. — A statement in condensed form showing the con¬ dition and progress of business. Ballast. — Any heavy material placed in the hold oi a ship to steady it in the water. Ballot.—A Swedish term signifying ten reams of paper : used also to designate a small hale or package. Balsa.—A kind of float or raft used on the coast of South America for landing goods through a heavy surf. Bmco.—A commercial term used in Hamburg to distinguish back money from common currency. Banking.—The business of a banker, or pertaining to a hank. Bankrupt.—An insolvent, one who is unable to pay his debts. Bank Stock.—Shares in the capital stock of a bank. Barratry.—An Int^tional hr^h iA trust, particularly any fraud by the master of a ship. Barque. — A three masted vessel carrying no square sails on ha iDizzeu mast. Bazaar.—A word of Eastern usage, signifying a place of exchange or general market-place, a repository of fancy articles — especially of dress. Beacon.—A signal or light for the guidance of mariners; usually erected and sustained by the gov« emment. Bidder.—One who bids or ofiers a price. Bill.—A name given to statemente in writing; as goods; a note: a draft ; a law not enacted j exhibi* lion of charges. Bill of Exchange.—A bill ordering one party to pay anotha a certain sum of money. Bill of Lading.—Written statement of goods shipped with terms of delivery. Bill of Parcela.—A detailed account of goods sold. Bill of Sale.—A formal instrument for the transía of goods and chat« tels. Board of Trade.—An association of business men for the advancement of commercial interests. Bona Fide. — In good faith, in reality. Bond.—A writing, nnda seal, bind¬ ing a person and his heirs to fulfill certain obligations. Bonded Goods.— Goods in chajve of the officers of customs for the duties on vhich bonds are given at the custoir house. Bonus.-A premium, or extra sum paid for a loan, a cuarta, or otha privily. Book-Debt.—An entry a charge on a ledger ; called also an open ac¬ count, in contradistinction to a written promise or note. Breakage.—An allowance made by the shippa or sella on certain descriptions of fragile goods. Bottomry.—A rontract which the owner of a ship pledges it as security for money loaned him. Bottomry Bond. — A bond given upon a ship to secure the repay¬ ment of money borrowed. BÜB1NB68 D Broker.—A person who transacts business for another, commonly in stocks, money, etc., using the name of his principal. Brokerage. —The tee charged, for transaetiqg business, by a broker. Bulls and Bears.—Persons engaged in the gambling transactions of the stock exchange. The bulls are personally interested in tossing ^ the prices of certain goods, while the bears are fighting to pull down prices. Bullion.—A commercial name for uncoinedgold or silver. c Capttali —The stock employea in trade; the fruit of past labors; saved. Carat.—An imaginary weight that expresses the fineness of gold. Cargo.—A ship's lading, or freight. Caah ier.—One who has charge of money and superintends the re¬ ceipts and payments. Centre.—A rate by the hundred. Certified Check —A check which has been certified by the hank on which it is drawn, making the bank absolutely responsible for its pay¬ ment. Chancellor.—The chief judge of,a court of chancery or equity. Charter.—An instrument in writing from the sovereign power, or legis¬ lature, conferring certain rights and privil^es. Charter Party.—A written agree¬ ment by which a ship is hired • under specified conditions. Choses in Action. — Things of which the owner has not posses¬ sion, but merely the right of legal action for possession, as notra, accounts, etc. Choses in Possession.—Things in possession of the owner. Circulating Medium. —Cash and bank notes payable on demand; the medium of exchange. Clearance. — Permission from the cnstom house officer for a ship to sail.. Clearing Houae.—A kind of bank¬ ing exchange for the convenience of daily settlements between banks. Clerical Error.—An error in calcu¬ lation or other accidental error on books or documents. Coasting. — Sailing near land, or vessels trading between ports of the same country. 28 ;CTIONART. 415 Codicil.—A supplement to a wilL Collaterals. — fledges or securltw for loans of money, or other indebu ednesB. Commerce.—The exchange of mer- chandise on a large scale. Commercial Paper. — Bills of eZ* change, drafts or promissory notes given in the course of trade. Common Law.—The unwritten law receiving its force from uni¬ versal reception, as distinguished from statute law. Commission. — The broken^e or allowance made to an ^ent or fac¬ tor for doing business for another. Cooperage. — Charges for putting hoops on casks or bales. Compact.—A covenant or contract between ditferént parties. Company. — A number joined together to undertake some com¬ mon enterprise. Compound. —To adjust by agree- mènt differently from the original terms, to settle by compromise. Compromise.—A friendly settle¬ ment of differences by mutual con¬ cessions. Consignment.—The act of consign¬ ing, as a charge for safe keeping and management, as goods, prop¬ erty, etc. Consignee, s. >Qe to whom gooda are intrusted. Consignor.—The person who com¬ mits goods to another. Consols. — In England three per cent, annuities granted at different times, and consolidated into one stock or fund. Consul—A person commissioned to reside in a foreign country as an agent of the government. Contraband.—Prohibited mercban- dise>or traffic. Contract.—To make an agreement, to covenant. Copartnership. —A joint interest in business. Counterfeit. — To copy or imitate without authority, with a view to defraud : a forgery. Countersign.—To sign in addition to the name of a superior, that of the secretary or subordinate officer, as bank notes are signed by the president and counterslgnea by the cashier. Coupon. — An interest warrant, printed at the end of bonds, to be cut off when the interest is paid. 416 BUSINESS r Court.,oftirfal assomblf legally met togeth^ foi' the transaction of judicial business. Covenant.—A formal contract be¬ tween two or more parties. Coverture. — Tbe condition of a married woman, being Cbnsidered as under the shelter and protection of her husband. Credentials.—Testimonials, or cer¬ tificates showing that a person is entitled to credit, authority or official powers. Credit. —Trust given or received; mercantile reputation entitiing one to be trusted ; also the side oT an account on which payment is entered. Creditor:—One to whom money is due. Credit Mobilier.—A name given to a joint-stock company in Paris, established in 1852, with ezcep-., tional charter privileges. The term has become iauMliar to,intelli¬ gent persons in this countrj through tbe congressional investi¬ gation of the credit Mobilier com¬ pany of tbe Pacific Railroad. Curb-Stone Brokers.—A term ap- filied to a class of stock operators n New York who do business on tbe sidewalk or pavement. Currency.—That which circulates as a representative of va* ue. Customs.—Customary toil, tax, or tribute on imported or exported goods. Custom House.—A.bulldingwhere duties are paid and vessels entered and cleared. D Damages.—A compenssciDU to one party for a wrong done him by another, the estimated reparation in money for the injury. Days of Grace. — Days granted for delay in the payment of a note, usually three after it is due. Debase. — To lessen in value by adulteration. Debenture.—A certificate given by the collector of the port of entry, to an importer for drawback ox duties on imported merchandise, duties on which when the mer^ chandise is exported, are to be refunded. Debit.—A recorded item of debt, the debtor side of an account. Debt.—That which is due from one person to another. Debtor.—The person who owes an* other either money, goods, or services. Decimal. — Having a tenfold in« crease or decrease. Decimal Fr(U> lions. Having any power of ten for a denominator. Deed.—A sealed instrument in writ¬ ing used to transfer property. Defalcation.—A diminution, deficit. Defaulter.—One who fails to dis¬ cbarge a public duty, as to account for money entrusted to him. Deficit.— A deficiency; the differ¬ ence between an account's state¬ ment of the assets and the assets themselves. Del Credere. —A commercial term implying a guarantee of tbe sol¬ vency of the purchaser. Delivery.—Giving money or goods to another. Demand.—A preremptory urging of a claim, an exaction. Demise.-To convey, to bequeathe by will. Demurrage.—Allowance for deten¬ tion of a ship. Depository. — A trustee, one to whom somethmg is committed for safe keeping. Deputy.—One appointed to act for another, a representative or dró¬ gate. Diplomacy.— The science of con¬ ducting negotiations between na¬ tions. Discount.—An allowance or déduc¬ tion made for the payment of money before it is due. Discount Days.—The days of the week on which the directors of a hank meet to consider paper offered for discount. Dividend.—A percentage of profits paid to stockholdere. Donee.—The person to whom a gift or donation Is made. Donor.—One who confers anything gratuitously. Dormant.—silent partner, one who takes no share in the active busi¬ ness, hut shares profit. Drawback. — Money paid back on goods exported, apart or the whole of the duty chai^d. Draft.—An order from deeming mortgaged property. Forestall.—To buy goods on its way to market, intendlng to sell again at a higher price. Folio.—Ä page in an account book, sometimes two opposite pages bear¬ ing the same serial number. Franc. — A silver, coin used in France, equal to about nineteen cents. Frank.—To exempt from charge for postage. Fraud,—Injurious strategem, deceit. Free Trade.—The policy of conduct¬ ing international commerce with¬ out duties. Freehold.—Land held by free ten¬ ure, or in fee simple, snhject to no superior or conditions. Freight. — Merchandise being moved from one place to another i the price paid for carrying freight j also to load or burden« Funded.—Turned into a permanent loan on which annual interest is paid. Funds.—The supply of money or the capital. Q Gain.—Advant^e, acquisition, ac¬ cumulation, profit. Garbled — Drugs, spices or other goods which have been sorted or picked over and freed from im¬ purities. Gauging.—Measuring the capacity of casks, etc. Gist.—The principal point of a ques¬ tion, the pith of the matter. Go-between.—Agent for both par¬ ties. Grant.—A transfer of property by deed; a conveyance made by the Government. Gross.—Twelve dozen ; groat weight; weight of goods including dust, dross, bag, cask, etc. Guarantee (or Guarantfr).—A se¬ curity or warranty given by a third party; one who warrants. Guarantor.—A warrantors a surity. Hebeaa Corpus.—A writ to bring a party before a court, tp prevent false imprisonment. Haberdasher. — A seller of small wares, as thread, pins, etc. Hand-book.—A book of référence; a manual. Hand-money.—Mone^ paid by the purcbaser at the closing of a con¬ tract or sale. Harbor.—A port or haven for ships. Haven.—A port or shelter for ships ; a harbor. Hazardous.—Frecarlons, dangerous, uncertain. High Seas. —The nninclosed waters of the ocean outside the bounda¬ ries of any country. Hollow-ware.—A trade name for cnni]^ and kitchen utensils made of cpst iron or wrought iron. Honor.—To accept and pay when due. Husbandage. —An owner's or an agent's commission lor attending to a ship. Hypothecate.—To pledge for the security of a creditor. Impolite. —Wanting in ittddent management; not politic. Import.—To bring in from abroad. Importer.—The merchant who im¬ ports goods. Imposition.—Tax, toll, duty or ex¬ cise prescribed by authority. Impost.—A tax or duty imposed on imported goods. Indem n ifyTo recompense for loss, to reimburse. Indenture.—A mutual agreement in writing. Indorsement. — A writing on the back of a note. Indulgence.—Extension of time of payment; forbearing to press for payment. Inland Bills.—Draft of bills of ex¬ change drawn on a party in tiie same State aa the drawer. Insolvency.—Inability to discbarge debts when due. Iiisurance.—Indemnity from loea; the premium ^d. Installment.—Payment of parts at different times. Interest.—Premium paid for the use of money. Internal Revenue.—The part of the revenue of our Government which is collected in the form of internal duties. Intestate.—Without à will ; not dis¬ posed of by will. Inventory.—A list of merchandise made periodically for the purpose of knowing the quantity and value of unsold good, in order to ascertain the condition of business. BUSINESS iBvestiftrat. — The laying out of oioney m the purchase of some species of property. lovoice.->A written account or bill of merchandise bought; a bill of Items. J Jettison. — Throwing goods over- I board in case of peril to lighten and ). preserTe the yessel. Jmnture.—An estate settled on a at the husband's death, for her life at least. JeiafStock. —Stock held in com- puy. Joaot Tenancy. — Joint occupancy ; not so close intimacy as partnership, fonrnal.—A book used to classiiy and arrange business transactions. Judgment Note. — A note in the . usual form, with the addition of ^ the power to confer judgment if not paid. Juriadiction.—The power of exer- cising judicial authority. Silegram,—The French measure of w^ht equal to 2^ lbs. avoirdu« ' pqie, or 1000 grains. Kiting or Kite flying.—Exchanging diecks on different banks, for the purpose of obtaining the use of money for a single day. L Lame Duck.—A stock broker's term for one who falla to meet, his en¬ gagements. If&pceny. — Theft ; taking personal property belonging to another. Law-merchant.—The general body of OODUnercial usages in matters selatiTe to commerce. Lay-daya.—Days allowed for load- . fying his consent to the writing above it. Sinking Fund. - A fund set apart from earnings or other income, iov the redempuon of debts of govern' ment, or oi a-coipwation. Sleeping partner.—One who sbares the profits of a business without letting his name appear, or taking part in it actively. Slop-shop.—A store where cheap ready-made clothing is sold. Smuggler-—One who avoids the payment-of duties by secretly im¬ porting goods into a country; a vemel engaged in smuggling. Solicitor.—An attorney or advocate, the title of a persor admitted to practice in the court of chancery or equity. Solvency.—Ability to pay all debts or just claims. Specialty. —A contract or obliga¬ tion under seal. Statement.—Usually a list of prop¬ erty, or resources and llablUtleB. Statistics.—A collection of facts ar¬ ranged and classified. Statute. — A positive law, estab¬ lished by act of Legislature. Stipend.—Sëttled pay or compensa¬ tion for services. Stipulation.—A contractor bargain 'Stock. —Money invested In busi« nesB. Stocks. — Property consuting of shares in joint stock companies. Stock Brokhr and Jobber.—A brn> . ker who deals in bhares or stocks. Stoppage in transitu.—The sellei ofgooas upon credit resuming pos¬ session after their shipment before they get Into actual possession of the buyer. , , Sue. — To seek justice by a legal process. Surcharge.—An overcharge. Surety.—A bondsman, a bail, curity* 422 BUSINESS DICTIONART. Buspeose Account. — An account used to contain balances of personal accounts wblcb may be considered doubtful. Butler.—An authorized vender oi pro^ionsi etc.» to soldiera in camp or garrison. Tacit.—Implied but not expressed, ally man.—One who receives par* ment for gooda in weekly instaU* ments. Tare.—An allowance in weight for the oask in which goods are con* tained. Tariff.—A list of cotíes to be Im¬ posed on goods Impurted or ez* ported. Tax.—A levy made upon property for the support of the government. Teller.—An officer in a bank who receives or pays money. Tenants in Common. — Persons holding lands etc. by several and distinct titles, and not by Jolui. title. Tenant.—One holding property un- der another. Tenement.—That which Is held. Tender. — To offer or present for acceptance. Tenure.—Thé manner of holding property In lands. Testator. —The person leaving a valid wiU. Textile Fabrics. — All kinds of woven goods, generally restricted to piece goods. Tickler.—A book containing a mem¬ oranda of notes and debts arranged in the order of tbelr maturity. Time draft.—A draft maturing at a future specified time. Tonnage.—The weight of goods car¬ ried in a boat or ship. Tort. — Mischief, any wrong or injury. Trade ¡Discount.—An allowance or discount made to a dealer in the sume trade. ^«nsact.—To perform commercial business, to conduct matters. Transfer.—To convey right, title, or property. Tranship. — To transfer merchan¬ dise from one conveyance to an¬ other. Treasury. —A place where public revenues are deposited and kept. Treasury Notes.—Notes of various denominations issued by the gov¬ ernment, and received in payment of all dues, except duties on im- poris. Tret.-An allowance to purchaseri for waste of 4 lbs. on every 104 lbs. of weight after the tare has been deducted. Trustee.—One who isentmsted wltl pri^rty for the benefit of another. Ultimo or Ult.—Last month. Uncurrent.-Not current, not pass* Jng in commoir payment, as un« current coin, notes, etc. Underwriter.—An lnBiirer,so-called because he underwrites his name, to the conditions of the policy Usage of Trade.—Custom,-or the frequent repetition of the same act in business. Usance.—Business custom which U Usury.—¿zortntant interest, f^n- eriy merely interest. Valid. — Having legal strength os force. Value.—Bate of estimated worth; amount obtainable In ezchange for a thing. Vend.-^o sell. Vendee. —The person co whom a thing is sold. Void.— Null, having no legal or binding force. Voidable.—Having some force, but capable of being adjudged void. Vouchers.—A paper attesting the truth of any thing, esoecially one confirming the truth of accounts. Wages.—Hire, reward, salary. Waiver.—The act of waiving; of not Insisting on some right, claim, or privilege. Wares.—Goods, merchandise, com* modities. Warrant. — A precept autborizinc an officer to seize an offender ana bring him to justUie; also to insure against defects. Water-logged.—Said of a ship when she has received so much water into her hold by leakage as to become unmanageable. Way-bill.—A document containing glist and description of goods seut y a common carrier by land. Wharfage.—Fee or duty for using a wharf. Wharfinger.—The proprietor of a wharf. Wrecker.—One who searches for the wrecks of vessels. Wreck-Master. — A person ap* pointed by law to take charge of goods etc. thrown ashore after A shipwreck. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. PAGB. Abbpepiations 411,412 Aeeounts (farm), how to keep 246 Addition, civil service method 364 Addition, easy way of 362 Addition, lightning method... 363 Admission of states 380 Advice by great men....15, 45, 47 Affidavits, how to write 198 Agent, how to do business with 195 Agreement for hiring a clerk. 167 Ag^ment to cnltivate land on shares 188 Agreement to build a house.. 174 Agents and agency 195, 196a Alphabet for marking boxes.. 72 Alphabet, German 73 Ancient money, value of 305 Arbitration 205 Arbitration best for farmers.. 206 Area of the earth 379 Area of largest countries.... 379 Arithmetic, short rules 359 Arming the case of a lost • note 155 Aasignment of mortgage.l82a,182b Aetm, John Jacob buying Curs 18 Banters' time table 288 Bank, how to do business with 139 Banking, how done 140, 141 Barrels, to find ccmtents of.. 337 Bennet, James Gordon ; 9 Betting 265 Bill of Exchange 145 Bills of sale 178, 179 Board and plank measure¬ ment 348 Boards of trade 221 Bookkeeping, rules for 234 Bookkeeping, how to learn.288-245 Bookkeeping, legal points.... 247 Boys with a future 11-13 Breach of prcnuise 169 Brick work, facts concerning. 341 Bucket shops 222 Bnshels, dimensions of 336 Business 40 Business and visiting cards.. 113 Business dictionary 414 Business, doing le^l 160 Business energy. 5 PAGB. Business failures in the U. S. 310 Business, bow to do 49 Business, how* to teach to children 228 Business letters, how to write 81 Business manners 37 Business maxims 43, 44 Business, teaching wives and daughters 227 Business qualifications 31, 32 Business writing 51-57 Calendar months * 217 Cancellation, how to deter¬ mine results by 356 Cancellation, how to figure plastering by 358 Cancellation, how to figure all kinds of products by.... 357 Capitals, use of 78 Cards, how to write 113, 114 Carpenters' rules 352 Carpet, yards required for a room 343 Cash book 241 Cash book, form of 246 Casks, to find contents of.... 337 Cattle, weight by measure¬ ment 335 Cattle and hog tables 398-400 Certificate of acknowledg¬ ment 182, 182b, 192, 198 Certificate of stock 232 Change, how to make quickly 116 Chattel mortgage, how to write 184 Chattel mortgage, form 185 Checks, common form 143 Check, different forms of. .132-149 Check, how to fill out 142 Check, how to write and in¬ dorse 131, 148 Cheering the owner of a win¬ ning horse 265 Children, illegitimate 173 Chinese court. 153 Cistern, to find contents of.. 339 Civil service law 395 Coal, weight of, in box or bin 285 Coal, how to find cost 330, 401 Coins, value of foreign 308 Commercial correspondence.. 89 Common carrier, liability of.. 390 Contracts, how to write 159 Contracts, law governing 160 423 424 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. PAGE. Contracts not lawful 161, 162 Contract for hiring ' farm hand 165 Contract for laying tile and building fence 175 Contract for renting a farm 164, 166 Contract for aale of horses... 176 Corn, how to measure in crib 331 Corn, to find cost of 330, 401 Corporal punishment 218 Corporations and stock in¬ vestments 231 Correct position of the pen.. 48 Cotton pickers' table 401 Counterfeit money; how to detect 223 Credit; how to ruin 20 Credit system 253 Criminal law, terms and facts of 207 Curves, how to make 354 Day book 288-240 Days of grace 298 Deaf and dumb alphabet 75' Debts, how to collect 252 Debts, time when outlawed. 257 Debts, property that cannot be taken for 254 Deeds, how to write 1S9 Deeds, law governing 190 Deeds, quitclaim 197 Deeds, warranty 190 Demand for payment 156 Detecting the forgery 157 Discounting note at bank.... 122 Distance and railway fares 370-372 Divorce laws 211-213 Drafts 68, 137, 138 Due bills 136 Ecclesiastical abbreviations... 411 Educational abbreviations... 411 Eleétoral votes 380 Employer and employe 171 Engagements to marry 168 Euvelopes, how to address . .88, 69 Estray notice 263 Bvarts, Wm. M 260 Evener, advantage by changing 333 Exemption laws 254, 255 Familiar notes 102 Family Instructions të Farm accounts, how to keep 246, 249 Fence laws 402 Fictitious names of states.... 278 Field measuring, rapid 365 TAom. Field, way to lay out In angles 366 Foreign gold and silver coins 306 Foreign postage 307 Forged paper, law governing 168 Forgery, detecting.-. 157 Franklin, Benjamin 2 Freight cars, carrying ca¬ pacity Ol 309 Fuller, Chief Justice 195 Gambling and betting 265, 267 Garfield's maxims 41 Generals commanding U. S. army 309 Getting on in the world 19 Gifts, legal 178 German alphabet 73 Girard, Stephen 14 Giving away property in old age 229 Gold and silver, weight and value « 361 Good advice by great menr.... 45 Good advice on conduct « 47 Good manners 35, 36 Governors' terms and salaries 380 Grace, days of 298 Grain, amount in box or bin. 336 Grain, how to figure up a load 326 Grain, legal weight of SE Grain tables, how to nse 326-38 Guaranties, forms of 201^ Guaranties, how to write ... 199 Hay, to find cost 830, 401 Hay. to measure In stack .... 332 Hints to young fortune hunt¬ ers 29 Hog and cattle weight ; Ubles 399-48 Holidays, legal 214, SO Homestead laws ^6a,.266Í£ Honesty 8' How stock is watered aS; How to apply for a situatioxL-l^ How to discount a note at the bank ....122 How to do business with a bank 139 How to estimate the contents of a pile of grain 326 How to find the contents of a wagon box 336 How to find the cost of coal, hay, etc.. at sight........336, 401 How to find the day ol the week 3U ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 425 PAGE. How to find the height ot a tree 355 ifiow to find the number of » bricks tor a wall or chim¬ ney 341 How to Improve your pen¬ manship 80 How to locate a mine 410 Uow to make change quickly.. 11Ô How to make a curve, with a set triangle 354 How to make carves for brick and stone arches 354 How to measure a day's work In the corn field 342 How to multiply by eleven.. 359 How to reduce dollars to . pounds 304 How to ruin your credit 20 How to secure an appoint¬ ment under the civil service 395 How to succeed 7 How to transfer all kinds of paper 154-156 fiow to write 48. 49 How to write business let¬ ters 81 ^ow to write and collect notes 119 How to write a postal card.. 79 How to write resolutions.... 115 §08, to find cost of 401 iBnmigration into the U. S... 310 Important test cases, findings Ol courts 404 Hidorsements, different forms 128-^0 bidorsemeots of notes ....154, 156 Interest, bankers' method..., 288 Interest, compound, applica¬ tion of 299, 300 IhiCereBt, how money grows at 301 Infereet laws in the U. S 298 btereet, legal helps and hints 286 Interest, lightning method. 287 btereet tables, how to use 289-295 interstate commerce maps... 381 Interstate commerce law 382 Bntroductlon 8 plTttation, notes of 110, 112 iron, cost of 401 4ackBon*e first lesson in farming 22 Joist, eeantllng and timber measurement 347 Indies' letter writer. 103-109 Eknd contract 166 PAGE, Land, how to survey, locate and find area of 279-285 Lath, amount needed for a room 346, 353 Law goTerningforged paper... 158 Law governing lost notes 163 Law governing mines and mining 407 Law on trading 177 Leases 186, 187 Ledger 242-244 Legal gifts 178 Legal holidays 214, 215 Legal relation of parent and child 172 Legal weights 329 Legislatures, sessions 380 Letters, business 91-99 Letters, how to begin and close 84-87 Letter of condolence 99 Letter of congratulation 99 Letter of credit 99 Letter of introduction 91, 98 Letter of recommend¬ ation 92, 98, 106 Liability of railroad and ex¬ press companies 389, 390 Lien, mechanic's, how to se¬ cure 203 Lien, forms of mechanic's— 204 Lincoln, Abraham, home of.. 34 Location of mine, notice of..,. 410 Log table, how to use 350 Log, number of feet in 351 Lost notes, law governing.... 153 Lost notes, receipt for 152 Iiost property, law on. 170 Lumbering in northern Mich¬ igan 349 Lumber, lightning method of measuring 345 Lumber tables 347-350 Lumber, weight of 346 Lunar months 217 Marking goods, merchant's method 250, 25L Marriage contract 168-170 Married women, rights to own property 391 Maxims, practical 19 Metric system... 308 MADsnrstioD. short cuts in...366-869 Mill feed, cost of 401 Mine, how to locate 410 Mines and mining 407 Misrepresentation never pays. 43 Money, how to change Eng¬ lish to U. S 304 426 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. PÁOB. Money, how to send 303 Money, bow to send to other countries 304 Money, bow we spend 397 Money is power 16 Money, love of 28 Money mahing and money 'getting 27, 28 Money order fees, interna¬ tional 305 Mortgage assignment 182a Mortgage chattel, how to write with forms ...184, 185 Mortgage forms and laws. 180-182 Mortgage, receipt for interest.. 144 Mortgage, release of 182b Multiplication, short methods of .* 359, 361 Nails to the pound 309 Newspapers, law of subscrip¬ tion 302 Notes, forms of...123-127, 146, 147 Notes, how to indorse 128-130 Notes, how to discount 122 Notes, how to write, collect . and transfer 119, 121 Notes of invitation 110 Offer and acceptance 177 Old-time justice of the peace.. 168 Opening letters, law on 170 Order for goods 61, 98 Orders, how to write 135, 136 Ornamental alphabet 71 Painting mies 886 Paints, how to mix 385 Paper to cover a room 335 Parent and child, legal rela¬ tion of 172 Parliamentary rules 383 Partnership, articles and dis¬ solution of 202 Partnership rules and laws... 201 Patents, how to secure 393 Paupers in U. S 397 Payment, demand of 156 Peabody, George 13 Penmanship, business 65 Penmanship, how to im¬ prove 80 Penmanship, plain and orna¬ mental 61-75 Pen printing 74 Personal appearance 38 Picket fence, level or over a hill 353 Plastering 334, 358 Plowing, distance traveled in. 333 PAOS. Politenees 87 Poor boys and great emi¬ nence 13, 14 Popping the question 168 Population of the different states 380 Population of the different cities 373-379 Population of the earth..379 Population of the largest countries 379 Postal cards, how to write.... 79 Postage, foreign.. ^... 307 Power of attorney 196b Practical maxims 19 Practical rules for success... 33 Practice, safe principles to.. 117 Presumptions of law pertain¬ ing to business papers...150-1Á Printing press, the first 303 Prisoners in the U. S 397 Property, law for sale and transfer of 176 Property, giving away....229, 230 Proposal to erect a public building 116 Public roads* law 258 Public school laws 216 Public school contracts 217 Punishment, coi^oral, in schools 218 Punctuation 79 Quitclaim deed... 197 Rafters, how to find length of 854 Railway fares 370-372 Railway liabilities 389 Rapid method in business cal¬ culations 825 Ready reckoner 317-322 Rec^pt for lost note.^ 152 Receipt, bow to write 133 Receipt, different forms of 59, 62, 134, 135, 144 Refinement in business 32 Registered letters 303 Release of mortgage 182b, 183 Reply to letter of Inquiry, with recommendation 90 Resolutions, bow to write.... 115 Responsibility of owning a dog 406 Riehes and charity. 11 Rights of way 260-262 RMd, laws of the public 268 Road, notice to work on...*... 268 Road, petition for laying out and changing ^ ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 427 PAGE. Runaway hones and teams, responslhlllty in 402 ^fe principles to practice.... 117 me and transfer of property. 176 Bcdiool contracts 217 Becurity tor rent 187 Bhtosles, laths, wood, etc.346, 852 Shorthand 76 higidng name in full 209 blgnlns name. married woman 209 Bigning name, never sign for a stranger 264, 271 name, person who /^nnot write 210 Bigntng name, read before.... 273 Bitnatlon, how to apply for.. 100 cost Of 397 Rprillnp, rules for 78 jmndard Oil Company 296 Statement 245 BUitos,-flotitiouB names of 2^8 Blate^ when admitted 380 Btoek exchange 221 Block investment 231 Btxme, cost of 401 Stone work, facte concerning.. 834 Buccess, practical rules for... 33 Sundays observed by differ¬ ent nations 388 Svperscriptlons, forms of.... 88 SnperstitionB, old 388 Bnrveying compass and how land is surveyed 279 Swindle, barb wire 271 Swindle, card 276 Sedadle, counterfeit money.. 270 Swindle, envelope 277 BiHndle, farm machinery 276 Swindle, Jewelry 269 Swindle, lightning rod 274 Swindle, patent fence 272 Swindlersecnringeignataie.... 271 Swindling note 268 Bwmdlingechemee 264 Tablee of weights and meas* wee 808 Wdee, miscellaneous 309 Tahle. monthly wages.... 818-315 Viehle, weekly wages 316 Tanks, to find contents of..838-840 TeUJng the truth 89 We traa^'B return 26 We young man's chance 8-10 Wirteen origmal states 380 Tilo, carrying capacity, area nod W(d^t.... 328 PAGE. Time, difference of, between Washington and other princi¬ pal cities in the world 406 Town lots, bow to meas¬ ure 283-284 Township with section lines.. 281 To young men 23, 24 Trading, law on 177 Transferring, found or stolen property 155 Transgressor, the way of 207 Tree, to find height of 355 Trespassing animals 404 Trial balance, how to detect errors in 236 Trusts 296 Vanderbilt. Cornelius 18, 33 View of Capitol at Washing¬ ton 396 Wages in 17, S 813 Wages tables 312-316 Wagon box, how to figure contents of 836 Warranty deed 190 Washington, George 119 Washington's boyhood 25 Washington on swearing....25, 27 Watering stock 223 Watering trough, contents of. 340 Wealth, how to obtain 256 Weight and price tables of products, ice, stone, hay, iron, coal, bran, mill feed, cotton, etc 330, 401 Weight of gold and silver.... 361 Weight, legal, in different states 329 What is their future 267 Where to get rich 15 Wife living apart from hus¬ band, authority of 392 Wills, law of 193 Wills, form of 194 Wood, number of cords in a pile 346 Wood, how to measure 346 Wood table 844 Working his way to the front 9 Working on holidays 215 Young Garfield watching with a sick neigdibor 41 Toung Lincoln cutting wood for his mother 6 Toung men 23 Yonng Peabody sawing wood.. 29 Yguf persfmal appearance.... 38 Your reputation 6